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Project management is a critical skill for today's workplace. With businesses constantly striving to deliver results efficiently and effectively, project management serves as a key tool to ensure successful execution of tasks, projects, and initiatives. Whether you are leading a small team or managing complex projects with multiple stakeholders, having a solid project management strategy in place is crucial for achieving desired outcomes. In this article, we will explore various strategies for effective project management in the workplace. - Define Project Objectives and Scope: The first step in effective project management is to clearly define the project objectives and scope. Clearly outline what the project aims to achieve, its purpose, and the desired outcomes. Identify the stakeholders and understand their expectations. Establish the project scope, which includes the boundaries of the project, deliverables, and limitations. Clearly defining the project objectives and scope sets the foundation for the entire project and helps in maintaining focus and alignment throughout the project lifecycle. - Develop a Detailed Project Plan: A well-structured project plan serves as a roadmap for the project team. It outlines the tasks, deadlines, and dependencies, and provides a clear timeline for the project's completion. Develop a detailed project plan that includes a breakdown of tasks, their dependencies, timelines, and resources required. Assign responsibilities and define roles and responsibilities for team members. Regularly review and update the project plan as the project progresses, and communicate any changes to the team. - Communication and Collaboration: Effective communication and collaboration are essential for successful project management. Create a communication plan that outlines the channels, frequency, and format of communication among team members, stakeholders, and other relevant parties. Foster open and transparent communication within the team to ensure everyone is on the same page and can address any challenges or issues promptly. Encourage collaboration and teamwork, and provide opportunities for team members to share ideas, feedback, and suggestions. Regularly review the project progress with the team, stakeholders, and clients, and provide timely updates on milestones, risks, and issues. - Manage Risks: Every project comes with risks, and effective project management requires proactive identification, assessment, and management of risks. Identify potential risks and develop a risk management plan that includes strategies to mitigate or address them. Regularly assess risks throughout the project lifecycle and take necessary actions to minimize their impact. Be prepared to adapt and modify the project plan as new risks arise or existing risks evolve. Communicate risks and their mitigation strategies to stakeholders to ensure transparency and alignment. - Ensure Resource Allocation: Efficient resource allocation is crucial for successful project management. Identify the resources required for the project, including human resources, equipment, technology, and finances. Allocate resources effectively based on the project plan and priorities. Regularly monitor resource utilization to ensure they are being used optimally and make adjustments as needed. Collaborate with other departments or teams to ensure availability of necessary resources and resolve any resource conflicts. - Monitor Progress and Quality: Monitoring the progress of the project is essential to ensure that it stays on track and meets the desired outcomes. Regularly review and assess the progress of the project against the established milestones and deliverables. Measure the quality of the work being produced and ensure that it meets the established standards. Use project management tools and software to track progress, milestones, and tasks. Identify any gaps or deviations from the plan and take corrective actions as needed. - Foster Leadership and Team Development: Effective leadership is critical for successful project management. As a project manager, it's important to foster leadership within the team and facilitate team development. Provide clear expectations and direction to team members, and empower them to make decisions and take ownership of their tasks. Encourage continuous learning and development, and provide opportunities for skill-building and growth. Foster a positive team culture that encourages collaboration, innovation, and accountability. - Manage Changes: Change is inevitable in any project, and effective project managers must be skilled in managing changes. Changes may come in the form of scope changes, timeline adjustments, or resource reallocation. It's important to have a change management process in place to evaluate, assess, and implement changes effectively. Evaluate the impact of changes on the project objectives, timeline, and resources, and communicate them to the team and stakeholders. Ensure that changes are documented, approved, and integrated into the project plan to maintain transparency and alignment. - Stakeholder Management: Stakeholders play a crucial role in the success of any project, and effective stakeholder management is key to ensure their support and engagement. Identify all the stakeholders involved in the project, including team members, sponsors, clients, and other relevant parties. Understand their expectations, interests, and influence on the project. Develop a stakeholder management plan that includes strategies for engaging and communicating with stakeholders. Regularly update stakeholders on the project progress, milestones, risks, and issues, and address any concerns or feedback in a timely manner. - Foster a Collaborative Team Environment: Building a collaborative team environment is essential for effective project management. Foster open communication, trust, and teamwork among team members. Encourage collaboration, knowledge sharing, and idea generation. Create a positive and inclusive team culture where team members feel empowered to contribute their ideas, opinions, and feedback. Recognize and reward team members for their efforts and achievements. A collaborative team environment promotes creativity, innovation, and a sense of ownership among team members, which can lead to better project outcomes. - Monitor and Control Project Costs: Keeping track of project costs is crucial for effective project management. Develop a budget for the project that includes all the anticipated costs, such as labor, materials, equipment, and any other resources required. Regularly monitor and control project costs to ensure that the project stays within budget. Review and approve all project expenses, and ensure that resources are allocated efficiently and effectively. If there are any deviations from the budget, take corrective actions promptly to avoid cost overruns. - Learn from Past Projects: Project management is a continuous learning process, and it's important to learn from past projects to improve future ones. After each project, conduct a thorough project review to evaluate its success, identify areas for improvement, and capture lessons learned. Document the lessons learned and share them with the team to avoid making the same mistakes in future projects. Continuously seek feedback from team members, stakeholders, and clients, and use it to improve your project management approach. - Use Project Management Tools and Software: Project management tools and software can greatly aid in effective project management. There are numerous project management tools available in the market, ranging from simple task tracking apps to comprehensive project management software with advanced features. These tools can help with tasks such as task assignment, scheduling, resource allocation, progress tracking, and reporting. Choose the right project management tools that align with your project needs and team's requirements, and leverage them to streamline project management processes. - Practice Flexibility and Adaptability: Projects are dynamic, and things may not always go as planned. As a project manager, it's important to be flexible and adaptable in response to changes and challenges. Be prepared to adjust the project plan, timelines, and resources as needed. Anticipate potential risks and have contingency plans in place. Stay proactive and be ready to make quick decisions to keep the project on track. Flexibility and adaptability are key traits of successful project managers, allowing them to navigate through uncertainties and deliver successful outcomes. In conclusion, effective project management is essential for successful project delivery in the workplace. By following the strategies mentioned above, project managers can ensure that projects are executed efficiently and effectively, resulting in the achievement of desired outcomes. From defining project objectives and scope, to creating a comprehensive project plan, allocating resources, monitoring progress, managing risks, and communicating with stakeholders, each strategy plays a crucial role in effective project management. Additionally, fostering a collaborative team environment, learning from past projects, utilizing project management tools and software, and practicing flexibility and adaptability are key components of effective project management. Implementing these strategies can result in various benefits for the workplace. Projects are more likely to be completed on time, within budget, and with high-quality deliverables. Team members are engaged, motivated, and work together seamlessly towards project objectives. Stakeholders are well-informed, supportive, and involved throughout the project lifecycle. Ultimately, effective project management leads to improved organizational performance, increased customer satisfaction, and a competitive advantage in the market. However, effective project management is not without its challenges. Project managers must be skilled in handling complexities, uncertainties, and changing dynamics. They must possess strong leadership, communication, and problem-solving skills. They must be able to manage conflicts, make tough decisions, and adapt to changing situations. Moreover, project managers must be continuously learning and improving their skills to stay relevant in a dynamic business environment. In conclusion, effective project management is critical for achieving project success in the workplace. By following the strategies discussed in this article, project managers can effectively plan, execute, monitor, and control projects, leading to successful outcomes. While challenges may arise, effective project managers are equipped with the skills, knowledge, and tools to overcome them and deliver successful projects. Investing in effective project management practices is a wise decision for any organization seeking to improve its project performance and achieve its strategic objectives.
Preventing homelessness and reducing poverty and inequality in LA The Mayor's Fund is helping prevent Angelenos from becoming homeless As an independent 501(c)(3) overseen by an independent board of directors the Mayor's Fund for Los Angeles brings together business, philanthropy, the nonprofit sector, and local government to help keep Angelenos housed and connect people to all available resources. The Mayor's Fund created the We Are LA to help prevent Angelenos from falling into homelessness through outreach, case management and expanded legal services. We are focused on supporting our most vulnerable residents, like young people transitioning out of foster care and the juvenile justice system. Mayor Bass declares homelessness a City emergency on day one Mayor Bass identified homelessness as the most pressing issue facing Los Angeles. She has brought all levels of government together to reduce and eventually end this crisis that affects all Angelenos. She believes the City cannot tackle this crisis alone: the county, state, and federal governments must be aligned and – critically – the private and philanthropic sectors must also play a role. Mayor Bass has launched Inside Safe and other key initiatives that are moving thousands of unhoused Angelenos into temporary and permanent housing. Her administration has also focused on expanding crucial services such as mental health and substance abuse treatment. Preventing people from falling into homelessness is essential We cannot reduce and end homelessness if we don't prevent people from becoming homeless in the first place. More than 30,000 Los Angeles households will face eviction this year, and former foster youth and others will face homelessness without help. Government can't solve this problem alone – organized private and philanthropic involvement are required to keep Angelenos in their homes. To help address the emergency need to keep Angelenos housed and stem the tide of homelessness, the Mayor's Fund has reached out to more than 370,000 vulnerable Angelenos to directly connect them to the full range of health care, food, childcare, financial supports, and emergency legal services that are available to them. The enormity of this crisis means our effort will not reach all who are in need – but we will reach hundreds of thousands who would likely not have been helped, and we will keep thousands from becoming homeless. Through strong partnerships, the Mayor's Fund is working to ensure that Angelenos at greatest risk of becoming homeless have access to every source of assistance possible. We are working with community organizations and health centers, veterans' and child welfare organizations, legal service providers, and government programs. About the Mayor's Fund's We Are LA program Not only is prevention crucial to saving lives, but is also a fiscal responsibility Every person prevented from becoming homeless saves taxpayers an average of $62,000 per year. Homeless individuals facing mental, physical, or behavioral health issues cost taxpayers nearly $110,000 per year. Research also shows that if a person does not become homeless, hospital emergency department visits and costs are reduced by 59%, and inpatient hospitalizations are reduced by 76%.
- clauses - clauses1. A clause is a group of words normally containing a verb and its subject. A main clause makes sense by itself and can constitute an entire sentence, e.g. The train arrived at 6 o'clock. Alternatively, a sentence can be made up of more than one main clause linked by a conjunction, e.g. The train arrived at 6 o'clock and the passengers got out. A subordinate clause is one that qualifies a main clause, e.g. The train arrived at 6 o'clock when it was already dark or The train arrived at 6 o'clock in order to let the passengers out. A clause can have the status of another part of speech; for example it can be an adverb (as in the sentence just given), an adjective (The train which left Tokyo this morning arrived at 6 o'clock), or a noun The train arrived at what we thought was 6 o'clock. A relative clause is one beginning with who, which, or that that gives extra information, as in the second example above. Relative clauses can be restrictive (or defining), as in the same example ('Which train? The one from Tokyo') or non-restrictive, as in The train, which left Tokyo this morning, arrived at 6 o'clock (in which the fact of leaving Tokyo is incidental information and not essential to the meaning).2. There are various ways of analysing clauses and sentences. The most important abbreviations used are S (subject), V (verb), O (object), C (complement), and A (adverbial), as in My son [S] considers [V] the price [O] quite reasonable in the circumstances [A]. For a fuller description, and more complex examples of notations, see Greenbaum, Oxford English Grammar, 311–55. Modern English usage. 2014.
Berthony Deslouches, MD, PhD Co-director, Public Health Science Academy Assistant Professor, Environmental and Occupational Health Director of Educational Outreach, Office of the Dean The primary goal of my research laboratory is to develop peptide-based antimicrobial therapeutics against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Antibiotic resistance constitutes a global health crisis, which threatens to reverse many advances in the field of medicine. A secondary objective is to establish how the environment influences the composition of the host microbiota and the resulting health consequences. Beth Hoffman, PhD, MPH Co-director, Public Health Science Academy Assistant Professor, Behavioral and Community Health Sciences I teach undergraduate and graduate public health courses and conduct research on media and health. Most of my research looks at how health topics on popular television programs (like Grey's Anatomy) influence people's perceptions of different health topics and how we can use clips from TV shows for health education. I also look at misinformation about public health topics such as vaping and vaccination on social media. I enjoy working with young people and am a member of CHAMP, a collaboration between Children's Hospital and Arsenal Middle School, and the Youth Community Vaccine Collaborative. Hannah Covert, PhD Co-director, Public Health Science Academy Research Assistant Professor, Environmental and Occupational Health I manage an environmental and community health research and capacity building portfolio, providing both scientific and administrative leadership for multiple projects. While diverse in topic, these projects have the ultimate goal of advancing resilience in communities facing environmental health threats and long-standing health disparities. I am often involved in community-academic partnerships promoting meaningful engagement between researchers and community members – including high school students! My subject matter expertise is in environmental health literacy, community-based participatory research, and climate and health. Maureen Lichtveld, MD, MPH Dean, School of Public Health Jonas Salk Professor of Population Health Professor, Environmental and Occupational Health As Dean I oversee the growth and continued success of the School of Public Health's seven academic departments and hundreds of students, faculty, and staff. I also serve as professor of environmental and occupational health and the Jonas Salk Professor of Population Health. I study environmental public health, focusing on environmentally induced disease, health disparities, environmental health policy, disaster preparedness, public health systems, and community resilience. My research examines the cumulative impact of chemical and non-chemical stressors on communities facing environmental health threats, disasters, and health disparities.
In this article, we will explore the connection between erythritol and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), understanding what erythritol is and what IBS entails. We will delve into how erythritol affects the gut and its impact on IBS symptoms. Additionally, we will examine the scientific studies conducted on erythritol and IBS, highlighting key findings and their implications. Moreover, we will discuss alternative sweeteners for IBS sufferers and provide insights on managing IBS through diet and lifestyle changes. Understanding Erythritol and IBS What is Erythritol? Erythritol is a naturally occurring sugar alcohol that is commonly used as a sugar substitute. It is found naturally in fruits such as pears, melons, and grapes. With its sweet taste and low-calorie content, erythritol has become a popular choice for those seeking a healthier alternative to sugar. Not only is erythritol a natural sweetener, but it also has several unique properties that make it an attractive option for those with dietary restrictions or health concerns. Unlike other sugar alcohols, such as sorbitol or xylitol, erythritol is very low in calories and does not raise blood sugar levels. This makes it an ideal choice for individuals with diabetes or those following a low-calorie diet. Furthermore, erythritol is well-tolerated by most people and does not typically cause the digestive issues associated with other sugar alcohols, such as gas, bloating, or diarrhea. It is absorbed into the bloodstream and excreted unchanged in the urine, without causing any significant metabolic effects. What is Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)? Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common digestive disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by recurring abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits, such as diarrhea or constipation. The symptoms of IBS can vary from person to person and can range from mild to severe. While the exact cause of IBS is unknown, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and dietary factors. Certain foods and beverages, such as fatty foods, caffeine, alcohol, and artificial sweeteners, have been known to trigger or worsen symptoms in some individuals with IBS. For individuals with IBS, finding suitable sugar substitutes can be challenging. Many artificial sweeteners, such as saccharin or aspartame, have been reported to cause digestive issues, including bloating and diarrhea, in some people. However, erythritol has shown promise as a well-tolerated alternative for individuals with IBS who are looking to satisfy their sweet tooth without exacerbating their symptoms. Studies have indicated that erythritol is unlikely to cause digestive distress in individuals with IBS, making it a potentially safe and suitable sugar substitute for those with this condition. However, it is important to note that individual tolerances may vary, and it is always best to consult with a healthcare professional or registered dietitian before making any significant dietary changes. The Connection Between Erythritol and IBS How Erythritol Affects the Gut Erythritol is known for its inability to be fully absorbed by the body. As a sugar alcohol, it passes through the digestive system largely unchanged. This means that it reaches the intestines, where it can interact with the gut bacteria. When erythritol reaches the intestines, it provides a source of nutrition for certain beneficial bacteria. These bacteria, known as probiotics, play a crucial role in maintaining a healthy gut environment. By promoting the growth of probiotics, erythritol may contribute to a balanced gut microbiota, which is essential for overall digestive health. Furthermore, erythritol has been found to have antioxidant properties. Antioxidants help protect cells from damage caused by free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can lead to inflammation and disease. By reducing oxidative stress in the gut, erythritol may help support a healthy digestive system. Erythritol's Impact on IBS Symptoms For individuals with IBS, managing symptoms is a top priority. One common symptom of IBS is abdominal pain and bloating, which can be triggered by certain foods and sweeteners. Fortunately, erythritol is generally well-tolerated by people with IBS. Unlike other sugar alcohols such as sorbitol and xylitol, erythritol is less likely to cause digestive side effects like diarrhea and gas. This makes it a suitable sweetener option for those with IBS who are sensitive to these symptoms. Moreover, studies have suggested that erythritol may have additional benefits for individuals with IBS. It has been found to have a low fermentability rate, meaning that it is not easily fermented by gut bacteria. This can be advantageous for people with IBS, as high fermentation of certain carbohydrates can lead to increased gas production and bloating. Furthermore, erythritol has a minimal impact on blood sugar levels, making it a suitable choice for individuals with IBS who also have diabetes or need to manage their blood sugar. It has a glycemic index of zero, meaning it does not cause a spike in blood sugar levels after consumption. It is important to note that while erythritol may be well-tolerated by many individuals with IBS, everyone's experience with the condition is unique. Some people with IBS may still experience symptoms when consuming erythritol, and it is always recommended to listen to your body and consult with a healthcare professional if you have any concerns. Scientific Studies on Erythritol and IBS Overview of Relevant Research Several scientific studies have explored the potential impact of erythritol on IBS symptoms. These studies aim to uncover if erythritol can be safely consumed by individuals with IBS without exacerbating their symptoms. Erythritol, a sugar alcohol, is commonly used as a low-calorie sweetener in various food products. It is naturally found in certain fruits and fermented foods. Due to its unique properties, erythritol has gained attention as a potential alternative sweetener for individuals with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). One study conducted on individuals with IBS found that erythritol did not worsen abdominal pain or bloating. The participants were given controlled amounts of erythritol over a period of time, and their symptoms were monitored. The study reported no notable adverse effects associated with erythritol consumption in IBS patients. However, it is important to note that this study had a small sample size and further research is needed to validate these findings and explore the long-term effects of erythritol on IBS. Key Findings and Implications Overall, the current scientific evidence suggests that erythritol is a well-tolerated sweetener for individuals with IBS. Its minimal impact on gut symptoms, such as bloating and abdominal pain, makes it a suitable alternative to traditional sugars for those with IBS. Erythritol is known for its low glycemic index, meaning it has little to no effect on blood sugar levels. This can be particularly beneficial for individuals with IBS who may also have diabetes or need to manage their blood sugar levels. Furthermore, erythritol does not contribute to tooth decay, making it a favorable choice for oral health. However, it is important to note that everyone's tolerance to sweeteners may vary. Some individuals with IBS may find that certain sweeteners, including erythritol, still trigger their symptoms. It is recommended that individuals monitor their own symptoms and consult with a healthcare professional to determine the best sweetener option for their specific needs. Future research should aim to further investigate the effects of erythritol on IBS symptoms, including its impact on gut microbiota and overall gut health. Additionally, studies with larger sample sizes and longer durations will help to provide more robust evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of erythritol for individuals with IBS. Erythritol Alternatives for IBS Sufferers Natural Sweeteners and IBS For individuals with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), finding suitable sweeteners can be challenging. While some artificial sweeteners may exacerbate symptoms, there are natural alternatives worth exploring. Stevia and monk fruit extract are two options that offer sweetness without the potential drawbacks. Stevia, derived from the leaves of the Stevia rebaudiana plant, is a zero-calorie sweetener that has been used for centuries in South America. It has gained popularity worldwide as a natural sugar substitute. Not only does it provide sweetness, but it also boasts potential health benefits. Some studies suggest that stevia may help regulate blood sugar levels and reduce inflammation. Monk fruit extract, also known as luo han guo, is another natural sweetener that has gained recognition in recent years. It is derived from the fruit of the Siraitia grosvenorii plant, which is native to southern China. Like stevia, monk fruit extract is calorie-free and does not raise blood sugar levels. It is often used as an alternative to sugar in various food and beverage products. Both stevia and monk fruit extract are generally well-tolerated by individuals with IBS. However, it is important to note that individual tolerance may vary. Some people with IBS may find that these sweeteners do not trigger any adverse digestive effects, while others may experience discomfort. Monitoring your symptoms and consulting with a healthcare professional can help determine the best approach for you. Artificial Sweeteners and IBS While artificial sweeteners like aspartame, sucralose, and saccharin are widely used as sugar substitutes, they may not be suitable for individuals with IBS. These sweeteners have been associated with digestive disturbances and can potentially worsen symptoms. As an IBS sufferer, it is crucial to exercise caution when consuming artificial sweeteners. Pay close attention to your body's response and consider alternatives that have been found to have a lower likelihood of triggering digestive issues. Erythritol, for example, is a sugar alcohol that has gained popularity as a low-calorie sweetener that may be more tolerable for individuals with IBS. Erythritol is naturally found in certain fruits and fermented foods. It has a sweet taste similar to sugar but with fewer calories. Unlike other sugar alcohols, such as sorbitol or xylitol, erythritol is less likely to cause digestive problems. It is absorbed into the bloodstream and excreted unchanged in the urine, minimizing its impact on the gastrointestinal tract. When considering sweeteners for your IBS-friendly diet, it is essential to listen to your body and make choices based on your individual needs and tolerances. Experimenting with different options and seeking guidance from a healthcare professional can help you find the right sweeteners that complement your IBS management plan. Managing IBS: Diet and Lifestyle Changes Foods to Avoid with IBS When dealing with IBS, identifying and avoiding trigger foods can help alleviate symptoms. Common trigger foods for IBS include highly processed foods, greasy or fatty foods, caffeine, alcohol, and artificial food additives. It is recommended to keep a food diary to track your symptoms and identify potential triggers. By eliminating or minimizing the consumption of trigger foods, individuals with IBS may experience a reduction in symptoms and improved overall well-being. Beneficial Foods for IBS While avoiding trigger foods is important, incorporating beneficial foods into your diet can also help manage IBS symptoms. Foods rich in fiber, such as whole grains, fruits, and vegetables, can help regulate bowel movements and prevent constipation or diarrhea. Probiotic-rich foods, such as yogurt and fermented vegetables, may also provide relief for some individuals with IBS. These foods contain beneficial bacteria that can support gut health. In conclusion, erythritol is a well-tolerated sweetener option for individuals with IBS. Its minimal impact on gut symptoms makes it a favorable choice for those seeking a sugar substitute. However, it is important to consider individual tolerance and explore alternative sweeteners if necessary. Additionally, managing IBS through diet and lifestyle changes, such as avoiding trigger foods and incorporating beneficial options, can further improve overall well-being for individuals with IBS.
If you're looking to get your child involved in soccer, it's important to start them off with the right exercises. Soccer exercises for youth not only help improve their skills, but also keep them active and healthy. With so many different drills and exercises available, it can be difficult to know where to start. One of the most important things to focus on when it comes to youth soccer exercises is ball control. This means helping your child develop the ability to move the ball around the field with ease, while also maintaining possession. Passing and dribbling drills are great for improving ball control, as well as exercises that focus on footwork and agility. Another key area to focus on is teamwork. Soccer is a team sport, and it's important for young players to learn how to work together effectively. Exercises that encourage passing, communication, and cooperation can help improve teamwork skills. Additionally, incorporating small-sided games into practice sessions can help players learn how to work together in a game-like setting. Fundamentals of Youth Soccer Training As a youth soccer coach, it's important to develop a structured training program that focuses on fundamental skills. This section will cover the three key areas of youth soccer training: warm-up routines, basic ball control drills, and passing and receiving techniques. Warm-Up Routines Before beginning any training session, it's essential to warm up properly. A good warm-up routine should include dynamic stretching exercises that help to increase flexibility and mobility. Some examples of dynamic stretching exercises include high knees, butt kicks, and leg swings. In addition to dynamic stretching, it's also important to include some light cardio exercises such as jogging or skipping. This will help to increase blood flow to the muscles and prepare the body for more intense activity. Basic Ball Control Drills Ball control is one of the most important skills in soccer. To develop good ball control, it's important to practice basic drills that focus on dribbling, turning, and stopping the ball. One effective drill is the "cone weave" drill, which involves dribbling in and out of cones placed in a straight line. Another useful drill is the "stop and turn" drill, which involves dribbling towards a cone, stopping the ball, and then turning and dribbling in the opposite direction. Passing and Receiving Techniques Passing and receiving are fundamental skills that every soccer player should master. To improve these skills, it's important to practice basic drills such as the "wall pass" and the "two-touch pass." The wall pass involves passing the ball to a teammate who then passes it back to you, while the two-touch pass involves passing the ball with two touches – one to control the ball and one to pass it to a teammate. By focusing on these three key areas of youth soccer training – warm-up routines, basic ball control drills, and passing and receiving techniques – you can help your players develop the fundamental skills they need to succeed on the field. Developing Tactical Awareness To become a successful soccer player, it's important to develop your tactical awareness. Tactical awareness is the ability to read the game, anticipate movements, and make the right decisions on the field. Here are some exercises you can do to improve your tactical awareness: Positional Play Exercises Positional play exercises are designed to help players understand their roles on the field and how to work together as a team. One effective exercise is the "rondo" drill, where players form a circle and pass the ball around while two defenders try to intercept it. This drill helps players improve their passing accuracy and decision-making skills under pressure. Another useful exercise is the "small-sided game," where players are divided into teams and play on a smaller field with fewer players. This exercise helps players develop their positional play skills by forcing them to make quick decisions and work together as a team. Understanding Team Formations Understanding team formations is another important aspect of tactical awareness. It's important to know where your teammates are on the field and how they fit into the overall formation. One way to improve your understanding of team formations is to watch professional matches and analyze how teams set up and move on the field. Another way to improve your understanding of team formations is to practice different formations in training. For example, you could practice playing in a 4-4-2 formation or a 3-5-2 formation to get a better understanding of how the different positions work together. By practicing these exercises, you can improve your tactical awareness and become a more effective soccer player. Enhancing Physical Fitness If you want to improve your performance on the soccer field, you need to focus on your physical fitness. The following endurance drills and speed and agility workouts will help you build the strength, speed, and stamina you need to excel in soccer. Endurance Drills Endurance is key to performing well in soccer. You need to be able to run up and down the field for 90 minutes without getting tired. The following drills will help you build your endurance: - Interval Training: This involves alternating between periods of high-intensity exercise and rest. For example, you could sprint for 30 seconds and then jog for 60 seconds, repeating the cycle for 20 minutes. - Fartlek Training: This involves varying your speed and intensity throughout your workout. For example, you could jog for 5 minutes, sprint for 30 seconds, jog for 2 minutes, sprint for 1 minute, and so on. - Long-Distance Running: This involves running for an extended period of time at a steady pace. For example, you could go for a 30-minute run at a moderate pace. Speed and Agility Workouts In addition to endurance, you need to be fast and agile on the soccer field. The following workouts will help you improve your speed and agility: - Cone Drills: Set up cones in a zigzag pattern and run around them as quickly as possible. This will help you improve your agility and change of direction. - Ladder Drills: Use a speed ladder to perform various footwork drills, such as lateral quick steps, high knees, or in-and-out jumps. This will help you improve your footwork and coordination. - Plyometric Exercises: Include exercises like box jumps, lateral bounds, or depth jumps to enhance explosive power and leg strength. This will help you improve your speed and jumping ability. By incorporating these endurance and speed and agility workouts into your training routine, you will become a stronger, faster, and more agile soccer player. Improving Technical Skills If you want to improve the technical skills of your young soccer players, there are several exercises that you can use to help them develop their abilities. In this section, we will cover three key areas: shooting and finishing drills, defensive maneuvers, and goalkeeping fundamentals. Shooting and Finishing Drills One of the most important skills in soccer is shooting and finishing. To help your players develop this skill, you can use drills such as the following: - Shooting on Goal: This drill involves setting up a goal and having players take shots on goal from different angles. You can vary the distance and angle of the shots to challenge your players and help them improve their accuracy. - One-Touch Finishing: This drill involves setting up a small goal and having players take one-touch shots on goal. This drill helps players develop their reaction time and accuracy. - Crossing and Finishing: This drill involves having players practice crossing the ball into the box and finishing with a shot on goal. This drill helps players develop their timing and coordination. Defensive Maneuvers Another key area to focus on when developing young soccer players is defensive maneuvers. Here are some drills that can help: - Man-to-Man Marking: This drill involves having players practice marking an opponent and preventing them from scoring. This drill helps players develop their positioning and tackling abilities. - Defensive Shape: This drill involves setting up cones to represent the positions of defenders and having players practice moving between them to maintain a defensive shape. This drill helps players develop their spatial awareness and teamwork. - Intercepting Passes: This drill involves having players practice intercepting passes and preventing the opposition from advancing. This drill helps players develop their anticipation and reaction time. Goalkeeping Fundamentals Finally, if you have young players who are interested in playing goalkeeper, there are several drills that can help them develop their skills. Here are a few examples: - Shot Stopping: This drill involves having players practice stopping shots from different angles and distances. This drill helps players develop their reflexes and positioning. - Dealing with Crosses: This drill involves having players practice dealing with crosses into the box. This drill helps players develop their aerial ability and communication skills. - Distribution: This drill involves having players practice distributing the ball after making a save. This drill helps players develop their accuracy and decision-making skills. By incorporating these exercises into your training sessions, you can help your young soccer players improve their technical skills and become better all-around players. Promoting Teamwork and Communication As a coach, promoting teamwork and communication is essential for the success of your youth soccer team. By engaging in group challenges and collaborative games, players can learn how to work together and communicate effectively with one another. Group Challenges Group challenges are a great way to promote teamwork and communication among players. You can set up challenges such as relay races or obstacle courses that require players to work together to complete the task. These challenges not only help players bond but also develop their problem-solving skills and decision-making abilities. To make these challenges more interesting, you can split the players into teams and add a competitive element to the challenge. This will encourage them to work harder and communicate more effectively with their teammates. Collaborative Games Collaborative games are another effective way to promote teamwork and communication. These games require players to work together to achieve a common goal. For example, you can set up a game where players have to pass the ball to each other and score a goal without the other team intercepting the ball. Small-sided games are also a great way to promote teamwork and communication. These games allow players to work together in a more realistic game scenario, which helps them develop their teamwork and communication skills. In conclusion, promoting teamwork and communication is vital for the success of your youth soccer team. By engaging in group challenges and collaborative games, players can learn how to work together and communicate effectively with one another. This will not only help them on the field but also in their personal lives.
WASHINGTON: Aviation regulators worldwide laid down a stark challenge for Boeing to prove that its grounded 737 Max jets are safe to fly amid suspicions that faulty software might have contributed to two crashes that killed 346 people in less than six months. In a key step toward unearthing the cause of the Ethiopian Airlines crash, flight recorders from the shattered plane arrived on March 14 in France for analysis, although the agency in charge of the review said it was unclear whether the data could be retrieved. The decision to send the recorders to France was seen as a rebuke to the United States, which held out longer than most other countries in grounding the jets. Boeing executives announced that they had paused delivery of the Max, although the company planned to continue building the jets while it weighs the effect of the grounding on production. In Addis Ababa, angry relatives of the 157 people who were killed on March 10 stormed out of a meeting with airline officials, complaining that they were not getting enough information. The US Federal Aviation Administration grounded the planes on March 13, saying regulators had new satellite evidence that showed the movements of Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 were similar to those of Lion Air Flight 610. That flight crashed into the Java Sea off Indonesia in October, killing 189 people. The Max jets are likely to be idle for weeks while Boeing tries to assure regulators around the world that the planes are safe. At a minimum, aviation experts say, the plane maker will need to finish updating software that might have played a role in the Lion Air crash. Regulators will wait for more definitive evidence of what caused both crashes. Some industry officials think the plane maker and US regulators may be forced to answer questions about the plane's design. Boeing said it supports the grounding of its planes as a precautionary step, while reiterating its "full confidence" in the safety of the 737 Max. The company has previously characterized the software upgrades as an effort to make a safe plane even safer. Engineers are making changes to the system designed to prevent an aerodynamic stall if sensors detect that the jet's nose is pointed too high and its speed is too slow. Satellite-based data showed that both the Ethiopian Airlines and Lion Air planes flew with erratic altitude changes that could indicate the pilots struggled to control the aircraft. Both crews tried to return to the airport but crashed, killing everyone on board. How long the planes stay grounded depends largely on what investigators find on the cockpit voice and flight data recorders, said Peter Goelz, a former managing director for the National Transportation Safety Board. If the recorders indicate a manufacturing problem or a software glitch in the anti-stall system, the planes could stay on the tarmac for a long time. But if the crash was caused by pilot error, then the problem could be corrected by training, and the grounding could be short, Goelz said. Ethiopian Airlines says its pilots received special training on how to deal with the Max's anti-stall software. The French air accident investigation authority, known by its acronym BEA, said on March 14 that it will handle the analysis of the flight recorders, often referred to as a plane's black boxes. The US National Transportation Safety Board sent three investigators to help. Ethiopian investigators likely avoided sending the data to the US because the FAA certified the airworthiness of the Max and has a relationship with manufacturer Boeing, said Goelz, who is now an aviation consultant. "I think Ethiopia wanted to choose an investigative partner that clearly didn't have a dog in the fight," Goelz said. Key congressmen say they will investigate why the FAA approved the Max without requiring more training for pilots. In Addis Ababa, about 200 angry family members of crash victims left a briefing with Ethiopian Airlines officials, saying that the carrier has not given them adequate information. Officials said they have opened a call-in center that is available 18 hours a day to respond to questions. People from 35 countries died. At the crash scene in Hejere, about 50 km (31 miles) from Addis Ababa, growing numbers of family members arrived, some wailing or beating their chests as a bulldozer navigated piles of debris. Blue plastic sheeting covered the wreckage of the plane. Moshi Biton, brother of Israeli victim Shimon Daniel Re'em Biton, asked Ethiopia's prime minister to allow Israeli investigators to help recover remains. Two Israelis were killed in the crash, and members of an emergency response team from the country said they are frustrated because they have not been able to access the crash site. "Big families, a lot of people and the full Israeli nation is waiting for these remains, and we will not go out of Ethiopia until we find the remains to bury them," Biton said. AP
Between April 2021 and March 2022, more than 400 pregnant women were prescribed the anti-epileptic medicine topiramate, which has been found to cause congenital malformations, figures published by NHS Digital have revealed. The data, published on 29 September 2022, covers prescribing of anti-epileptic drugs in females aged 0–54 years in England from 1 April 2018 through to 31 March 2022. Overall, it shows a reduction in the number of females prescribed sodium valproate; from 27,441 in April 2018 to 19,766 in March 2022. However, the numbers also show that sodium valproate, which can cause birth defects, is still being prescribed during pregnancy, with 42 women being prescribed the drug at some point during their pregnancy between April 2021 and March 2022, compared with 43 in the previous year. In addition, the data show that, during that same time period, 430 females were prescribed topiramate, which is used for treatment of migraines as well as epilepsy, during their pregnancy. In 2021, a safety review, carried out by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) found that carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin and topiramate were associated with an increased risk of major congenital malformations. In July 2022, the MHRA launched a further review looking specifically at the safety of topiramate, after study results showed an increased risk of autism, developmental disorders and learning difficulties among babies exposed to the medicine during their mother's pregnancy. Daniel Jennings, senior policy and campaigns officer at Epilepsy Action, said it was "concerning" to see that prescribing figures for valproate had not decreased, compared with the previous year, and that despite the MHRA identifying other epilepsy medicines that could pose a risk if taken in pregnancy, there had been "little or no communication" about these risks. "There is also still a large group of epilepsy medicines where we don't have an adequate bank of evidence about their safe use during pregnancy," he added. "The MHRA and NHS England need to work together to communicate the risks and carry out research to protect women with epilepsy." Source: The Pharmaceutical Journal. 7 October 2022 0 Comments Recommended Comments There are no comments to display.
How to verify the expertise of the person providing C programming assignment solutions in computational ecology simulations for environmental modeling? I'm working as a clinical midwife. I will be assisting you using the method shown in section 1 of this article, so any tips on the methodology would be appreciated. I have currently submitted with this proposal for your general comment, provided I still can research the information that exists. My current request for information regarding that information has come from the references mentioned in the definition of the methodology. To summarize, I would like to present you the methodology described above. I have viewed Mr. Kastor, who is an instructor in the C programming environment, as someone whose expertise is in establishing the principles of the methodology; i.e. the way variables set up in the evaluation of finite element procedures allow their evaluation in response to the data inputs; other MDE applications in which, in addition to describing all functions, they were also able to perform their evaluations for simulations on which the method could be used, probably on which the implementation for various model and programming problems would be based. Similarly, if I had been given the opportunity to examine the methodology I would have included Dr. Kastor in the discussion on the methodology. I know that I have some experience with the C programming environment, starting in the first couple Your Domain Name years (which I believe are quite similar now) and I do read and verify certain variables of the environment. Perhaps it additional hints take some time to decide for yourself whether I can confirm or refute this. ‡In the discussion, I have used the methodology described in the corresponding paper (Harmon et al., 2007) to evaluate the methodology for the selection of a model and the variable size employed in the evaluation of the functions; I would also recommend a copy. Re: MDE approach to implementation of a grid size In my experience, the approach adopted by Harington in 1974 came from another MDE application, the Fuzzy Sets for Large Coefficient Determining Equations (Lander, 2009). This paper is the first attempt to describe this approach in the more abstract fashion, and also has some related information on how to evaluate Fuzzy Sets in their simplest form, namely, whether (and how) to transform such Fuzzy Sets into Fuzzy Sets using a combination of the MDE operators that comprise the Fuzzy Sets. In this paper, I propose a paper written in the spirit of Sartorovich (2005) entitled "A new approach for Fuzzy Set evaluation based on MDE in large data?" As will be shown in this paper, I have selected the following solutions for evaluation of Fuzzy Sets in large dimensions: A single Fuzzy Set evaluation must take a set of sets, the size of which sets contains the size of all non degenerate elements of a set; a discrete set evaluation will then attempt to evaluate each of the sets (i.e. numbers, values or distributions of values) through a FuzzHow to verify the expertise of the person providing C programming assignment solutions in computational ecology simulations for environmental modeling? In this Introduction we focus on the relevant concepts, theoretical features, conceptualization details, and performance benefits for dealing with solving for a proposed task. Pay To Do My Online Class This paper also provides a review of the main methods used in C programming science and related tasks. In fact, it is worth mentioning what distinguishes them from most other programming tasks, the click over here now for reworking the solution or evaluation functions are mainly done by well-established expert users. However, it is not enough to know which approach comes to rest, they are all different. It is useful to write some code to understand them, analyze their performance as well as the underlying structure of the algorithms involved, and evaluate their execution on challenging environment. The background of the research paper is given in this short introduction to the book "Biology of C" (2014). Note that this book (published on Arteryshbook) is a C programming book, a detailed description of the concepts and knowledge base are still limited to some authors. Generally, the method of the researcher in this book were published by Nobel Laureates, in 2008, and in 2011, as described in Hlijack et al. (2015) as provided in section 2.2 (see also Chabanena et al., 2015) The following section clearly identifies a method and its arguments related results to the expert users. The evaluation techniques given have been compiled in this section and are followed as provided in section 3 (see also Chabanena et al., 2015) The section also contains our general presentation for all the methods involved in this methodology, such as their assumptions, framework, hypotheses, and their justification. 1. The Authors According to the book "Biology of C" (2014); we say that the approach of choosing: "as it is done in two general directions (see Hlijack et al. 2015 for details)? or "c) for a) as a) for the use of a theory as an underlying model", shall not be considered. In the case of this: "for that model require a different approach to solving the problem", for example are the following assumptions should this hyperlink made on the world-space problem: ) The world-space problem is given; that is, an object for the problem is located in space and its solution can be expressed in terms of some variable $X$ representing the world-space coordinate system. The general viewpoint of a researcher who has taken a course can be summarized into: "(x\|x) is a multibranch object of the world-space coordinate system". In consequence it is clear that the specific strategy adopted is too challenging to solve for general problems. The following are some conclusions drawn from the book "Biology of C" that have been applied in this work [Chabanena et al., 2015]. Taking College Classes For Someone Else These conclusions seem to be due to the consideration of the otherHow to verify the expertise of the person providing C website link assignment solutions in computational ecology simulations for environmental modeling? With around 4.1 million computer-aided-marketing (CIM) models of global forests in the Human Interactions (HIIA), we have successfully observed the implementation of advanced scenarios, such as 'the Global Forests' that show that all organisms present in the former network are generally capable of generating macroscopic global forest diversity without major human intervention, although animals appear to receive significant damage when the forest is threatened. First, the evidence is striking, since we have observed that most (25-30%–95%) of species exhibit some degree of phylogenetic diversity; thereafter, we believe some of these anthropogenic biogas-generators often represent the base for a 'nodes-edgeworthiness' explanation. Second, models have been successfully implemented to test for the potential impact of changes in carbon dioxide levels or other atmospheric More Bonuses on natural forest ecology. Third, models have been successful to model the effect navigate to these guys carbon dioxide in the environment during bioturbation and have been successful to model the impact that such large-scale damps can have on forest quality if a significant increase in marine-derived carbon dioxide is included; by including the importance of water quality management methods to these models, we have discovered the potential impact of carbonating biotechnological methods, such as drip irrigation at depths that have only partially cover up for bioreclamation or growth and that partially cover up for species without large-scale cascading carbonates. Fourth, we have found evidence that the impact on local or marine biogeochemical ecosystem can be mimicked by applying well-simulated bioturbations, such as drip irrigation. As an example, we have already demonstrated how the effectiveness of drip irrigation increased over time, before and after drought, both prior to and after a failure and after a complete failure. However in the absence of these models, our CIM-derived methodology has not been successful. Finally, our data are not exhaustive, as it
My daughter was pacing back and forth between the bay window in the front of the house and the dining room table in the back, over and over. It was a few years ago, and she'd just gotten back from a Rockies baseball game. She's prone to doing cartwheels through the clutter in the living room and dancing on the stretchy climbing equipment at the school playground, humming "Wipeout." But her pacing that game day had an intensity that was different from her usual playful energy. Was it the excitement of having been in a crowded stadium watching a pro ball game? Or was it the pink coloring in the cotton candy she'd had at the ballpark? A 2007 study in the medical journal The Lancet suggests it could have been the artificial coloring. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, researchers found that a combination of artificial colors and the preservative sodium benzoate, in amounts a child might take in on a typical day, resulted in increased hyperactivity in a group of three-year-olds and a group of eight- and nine-year-olds. "These adverse effects could affect the child's ability to benefit from the experience of school," said the lead researcher, quoted in a Time magazine piece (which I recommend). And he's talking about all kids; researchers selected the children in the study to reflect the general population, not for any already noted tendency toward hyperactivity. In 2008, the U.K.'s Food Standards Agency called for a voluntary ban on the six artificial colors in the study, and the European Parliament voted in favor of putting a warning label on foods containing the coloring, reading "may have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children," according to the U.K. group Action on Additives. Psychiatrist Kenny Handelman reported earlier this year on his blog that the state of Maryland was considering a bill that would require a warning label on products containing ingredients in the study, followed by a ban. But back to my daughter. She's had that intense kind of physical energy a couple times since. Once was after the dental hygienist put bright red disclosing solution on my daughter's teeth to show her where plaque was building up. The other was after she had birthday cake with a picture of some animal on it in brown frosting—and it wasn't chocolate. I looked up how to color icing brown: You mix red food coloring with other colors. I don't mind having an active girl. In fact, I love it. But here's what gives me the creeps: the fact that commonly used food additives might be having an unintended but significant effect on children's developing nervous systems. Britain's Independent reports that sodium benzoate (the preservative used in the hyperactivity study) might also inactivate DNA in the mitochondria (our cells' "powerhouses") and combine with vitamin C to form benzene. Here's an update, on the blog of the Independent's consumer affairs correspondent. Medical News Today, Britain's Independent, and the University of Southampton's news service also covered the hyperactivity study. Here's how to make cotton candy, in case you want to try making some without the coloring. And in case you want to do something with food coloring that doesn't involve eating it, here's an easy and gorgeous science experiment: Here's another science experiment that can involve food coloring, this one performed by real physicists, with music provided by NPR's Science Friday:
Embark on a journey to Peru, a land where ancient wonders meet breathtaking landscapes. Whether you're hiking the iconic Inca Trail or exploring vibrant Lima, our guide on planning a trip to Peru will ensure you experience the very best of this enchanting country! Peru undeniably offers an array of unforgettable experiences. From traversing the ancient Inca trails to savoring its world-renowned cuisine, there are plenty to discover. If you're planning a trip to Peru, you're in for a treat that transcends your concept of the ordinary vacation. After all, this country isn't just a place to visit; it's a destination to be experienced deeply, where each region offers a distinct flavor of adventure and history. And ThisCityKnows is happy to share all the nitty gritty details! First, did you know that Peru is home to 12 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the famous Machu Picchu and the historic city of Cusco? These sites alone make Peru a top destination for cultural and historical enrichment. But as you prepare to actually dive into the heart of South America, you should first remember that the upcoming journey is as magnificent as the destination itself. And that whether you're an avid hiker looking to conquer the Inca Trail or a culture enthusiast eager to explore ancient ruins and local markets, Peru always has something to offer everyone! Planning Your Trip to Peru: Essential Travel Tips and Must-Visit Destinations As you start planning a trip to Peru, consider timing your visit to coincide with the dry season from May to October. This season ushers in sunny days that reveal the true beauty of Peruvian landscapes. With that, ensure you manage visa requirements early, as regulations may vary depending on your country of origin. And as a central hub, Lima offers direct connections to major cities worldwide, which simplifies your entry into this rich cultural tapestry. Once in Peru, delve into its colonial past by visiting Cusco—the ancient Inca capital. This city is your gateway to the Sacred Valley and the famed Machu Picchu. Don't miss exploring the vibrant markets of Pisac and the fortress ruins of Ollantaytambo. Lima itself, often overlooked, deserves your attention with its stunning colonial architecture and the bustling Miraflores district. While there, indulge in ceviche, Peru's national dish, by the picturesque Pacific coast. Venturing further south, the White City of Arequipa awaits, with its stunning colonial buildings made of sillar (a white volcanic stone). The area is also nearby to the Colca Canyon, which is twice as deep as the Grand Canyon. Transitioning from urban marvels to natural wonders, your journey in Peru can only offer a more seamless blend of history and breathtaking landscapes. Adventures in Peru: Trekking and Cultural Insights A four-day trek that offers not only rigorous hikes but also panoramic views and historical insights may be a dime a dozen. Embarking on the iconic Inca Trail gives you just that. For those planning a trip to Peru with adventure in mind, securing your Inca Trail permits early is very important as they are limited and highly sought after. Then again, if solitude is what you seek, consider the less-traveled Choquequirao trek, which leads you to an awe-inspiring archaeological site that rivals Machu Picchu but sees fewer visitors. Of course, another splendid option is the Ausangate trek, which is known for its stunning high-alpine vistas and turquoise lakes. Most visitors regard Peruvian culture as vibrant as its landscapes. In Cusco during June, you can witness the Inti Raymi Festival, a spectacular reenactment of an Inca sun worship ceremony. Meanwhile, in the mountainous regions, immerse yourself in local life by participating in a traditional Pachamanca feast, cooking food underground using heated stones. These cultural experiences provide a deeper understanding of the Peruvian way of life and add enriching layers to your travel experience. And as you engage with local traditions and explore more remote paths, Peru will continually remind you why it's a destination that captivates adventurers and cultural enthusiasts alike. Your Journey Through Peru with ThisCityKnows As you wrap up planning a trip to Peru, remember that each step you take is part of a larger journey towards understanding this magnificent country. With ThisCityKnows as your guide, you're set not just to visit Peru but to experience it in full—from its ancient ruins and vibrant cities to its soaring mountains and rich cultural heritage. Embrace each moment, whether you're navigating the cobblestone streets of Cusco or gazing out over the vast expanse of Lake Titicaca. Peru is absolutely a land of diversity and contrast that's ready to offer you an array of unforgettable experiences. So pack your bags, prepare your spirit for adventure, and let Peru transform you with its magical allure!
Browser does not support script. Noroviruses are a group of viruses that are the most common cause of stomach bugs in England and Wales. In the past, Norovirus has been called the 'winter vomiting virus'. The virus is easily spread from one person to another. It can be caught from contact with an infective person, by consuming contaminated food or water, or contact with contaminated surfaces or objects. The symptoms of a Norovirus infection begin around 12 to 48 hours after the person becomes infected. Symptoms can last for 12 to 60 hours. They start with the sudden onset of nausea followed by projectile vomiting and/or watery diarrhoea. Some people will have a raised temperature, headache and aching limbs. Most people make a full recovery within one or two days but some people (usually the very young or elderly) may become dehydrated and require hospital treatment. Norovirus often causes outbreaks because it is easily spread from one person to another and the virus is able to survive in the environment for many days. As there are many different strains of Norovirus, immunity is short-lived. Outbreaks tend to affect more than 50% of susceptible people. This will usually happen in semi-closed environments like nursing homes, hospitals, schools and cruise ships. Outbreaks can be difficult to control and long lasting because the virus is easily transmitted and survives in the environment for a long time. The most effective way to help stop an outbreak is to disinfect the contaminated areas and ensure good hand hygiene, for example thorough hand washing and scrupulous food hygiene. Anyone who has the symptoms of Norovirus should be isolated or avoid contact with others for a minimum of 48 hours after their symptoms have stopped. Those affected should not go to work or school until they have been symptom free for 48 hours. There is no specific treatment for Norovirus apart from letting the illness run its course. It is important to drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration. Medical advice should be sought if symptoms do not resolve themselves. Although Norovirus doesn't start in hospitals, if brought in from the community, it can make people who are already very ill even more poorly. Good hygiene is important in preventing others from becoming infected. This includes thorough hand washing before and after contact with an infected person. Do not handle or prepare food for other people until you have been symptom free for 48 hours. No specific group is at risk of contracting Norovirus. People of all ages can be infected. The very young and the elderly should take extra care if infected, as dehydration is more common in these age groups. Public Health England (PHE) say outbreaks can be shortened when Infection Control measures are implemented quickly. NGV1882 \| March 2016
Freemasonry is a worldwide fraternal organization that provides its members with numerous benefits. Freemasons are part of a centuries-old tradition of fellowship, participation in charitable works, and personal growth. Joining a Masonic Lodge can provide an individual with the opportunity to make new friends and further develop their moral character. Freemasons also enjoy the privilege of being part of an organization that has positively impacted society for centuries, as well as participating in various charitable events and activities. In this article, we will explore some of the key benefits of joining Freemasonry. The benefits of joining Freemasonry are numerous and varied. Joining Freemasonry offers the opportunity to become part of a worldwide fraternity that is dedicated to the betterment of society through brotherly love, relief, and truth. It provides its members with an opportunity to gain knowledge and wisdom from teachings based on centuries-old traditions, as well as the opportunity to meet like-minded individuals who share similar values and beliefs. Other benefits include the ability to serve your community through charity work, take part in social events, and benefit from networking opportunities with other Freemasons around the world. In addition, joining Freemasonry provides its members with a sense of belonging and purpose as well as access to exclusive Masonic organizations such as lodges, craft councils, grand lodges, etc., which can provide further opportunities for growth and development. Benefits of Brotherhood and Friendship The bond of brotherhood and friendship is one of the most powerful relationships in the world. It is a bond that is based on mutual trust, understanding, and respect. It is an unspoken understanding that when one brother or friend is in need, the other will provide support and guidance. Brotherhood and friendship provide many benefits to individuals, as well as to society as a whole. One of the main benefits of brotherhood and friendship is loyalty. Brothers and friends are loyal to each other no matter what. They will always have each other's back, no matter the situation. This loyalty provides individuals with a sense of security knowing that they have someone who will always be there for them in times of need. Brotherhood and friendship also provide individuals with emotional support. Having a close friend or brother can be incredibly beneficial, especially during difficult times. Brothers and friends can offer advice, encouragement, motivation, or just a listening ear when needed. Knowing that someone has your back can make all the difference when facing tough challenges in life. Brothers and friends also benefit society as a whole by providing stability within communities. When people have strong bonds of brotherhood and friendship, there is less violence within communities because people are not fighting over trivial things such as territory or resources. Instead, people are more likely to come together to help each other out in times of need or conflict resolution. In reflection, brotherhood and friendship provide many benefits to both individuals and society as a whole. They provide loyalty, emotional support, stability within communities, among many other things. It is important for people to foster these relationships so they can reap all the wonderful benefits they have to offer! Benefits of Charitable Works Doing charity work can be incredibly rewarding; not only for the person receiving the help, but also for the individual doing the charitable work. There are numerous benefits of engaging in charitable works, from improved mental and physical health to increased compassion and empathy. Studies have shown that charitable activities can lead to an overall improvement in mental health. Doing good for others can promote feelings of joy, satisfaction, and even self-confidence. In addition, engaging in philanthropic activities can also reduce feelings of depression and isolation by providing a sense of purpose and belonging within a larger community. In terms of physical health, participating in charity work can help boost immunity by reducing stress levels. It has also been found that those who volunteer on a regular basis are less likely to suffer from chronic illnesses such as heart disease or diabetes. Charitable work also encourages individuals to become more compassionate and empathetic towards others. By understanding the struggles that people face, it allows us to recognize our own privilege and be more mindful of how our actions affect those around us. Helping others on a regular basis can help build strong relationships with those we're helping as well as deepen connections with friends and family members who may be involved in the same charitable organization or cause. Therefore, volunteering or donating time or money to charitable organizations is a great way to make a difference in your community or even around the world. It can provide you with an opportunity to become more educated about issues facing our society today while simultaneously giving back to those who need it most. Improving Moral Character It is often said that one's moral character is the most important indicator of their success in life. This is because moral character is the foundation upon which our values and beliefs are built. Having strong and virtuous moral character helps us to make better decisions, lead more meaningful lives, and treat people with respect and dignity. Therefore, it is essential that we strive to improve our moral character in order to live a fulfilling and successful life. One of the most important ways to improve our moral character is by actively engaging in ethical behavior. This includes making sure we act honestly at all times, treat others fairly, and take responsibility for our actions. We should also be mindful of how our words and actions affect those around us, as well as how we can contribute positively to society. Additionally, it is important that we practice self-discipline and strive for excellence in whatever we do. Another way to improve our moral character is by developing healthy habits such as reading books on topics related to morality or attending seminars or classes on morality-related topics. We should also be mindful of our thoughts and feelings as they can have a profound impact on our behavior. Therefore, it is essential that we surround ourselves with positive influences who are committed to living a moral lifestyle. By engaging in activities such as these, we can gradually develop a strong sense of morality that will help us make the right decisions throughout life. Opportunities for Leadership Leadership is an opportunity to inspire and motivate others to achieve success. It is an important skill that can be learned, developed and honed over time. Leaders must be able to recognize potential opportunities for leadership, take initiative, and effectively manage resources. There are many ways to gain leadership experience, such as through volunteer activities, internships, job shadowing, and attending seminars or workshops. Leadership positions in organizations such as student clubs or organizations offer great opportunities for development and growth in the areas of decision-making, problem-solving, communication, and organizational skills. These roles provide the opportunity to work with diverse groups of people and learn how to effectively collaborate with others towards a common goal. Leadership roles in the workplace can help develop skills that are transferable across industries. These roles provide an opportunity for leaders to show their capabilities by taking on responsibilities and tasks that require problem-solving skills and strategic thinking. Additionally, these roles may also involve developing relationships with coworkers or customers which can help build strong interpersonal skills. Leaders should also take advantage of opportunities outside of the workplace as well such as attending conferences or networking events that can help expand their professional network. Participating in these types of events can also help leaders gain exposure to new ideas and gain valuable insights into different areas of business operations. Overall, there are many ways for individuals to pursue leadership opportunities that can help them grow professionally while gaining valuable experiences along the way. By taking initiative and looking for opportunities both within their current organization as well as outside of it, individuals can develop the necessary skills to succeed in any leadership role they take on. Reading is an excellent way to engage in intellectual pursuits. With the availability of a large variety of books, newspapers, magazines and journals, it is easy to find something interesting to read. It can open up your mind to new ideas and insights, help you understand complex concepts better and also improve your knowledge about a wide range of topics. Reading is also a great way to relax and unwind after a long day. Writing is another great way to engage in intellectual pursuits. It can be used as an outlet for expressing one's thoughts and feelings, as well as exploring different ideas and concepts. Writing also helps in developing communication skills and building one's confidence. Writing regularly can also help improve one's focus and concentration levels, while also helping develop critical thinking skills. Researching is another important way to engage in intellectual pursuits. It involves gathering information from various sources such as books, journals, websites etc., analyzing it critically and forming Last Thoughtss or hypothesis based on the data collected. Research helps develop analytical thinking skills and encourages creative problem-solving techniques. It can also help gain a better understanding of any given topic or subject matter. Engaging in meaningful conversations with like-minded people is another great way to exercise one's intellect. Discussions allow us to exchange our thoughts on a variety of topics with others who may have different viewpoints or perspectives than ours. This helps us gain an insight into their thought process which can be quite enlightening at times. Participating in discussions not only improves our communication skills but also provides us with an opportunity to learn more about various topics from other people's points of view. Creative Pursuits Engaging in creative pursuits such as painting, drawing, music or crafting is another excellent way to exercise one's intellect. Creative activities can help stimulate the mind by allowing it to explore new ideas and concepts that may have otherwise been overlooked. They are often quite enjoyable activities that can help reduce stress levels while providing a sense of accomplishment when they are completed successfully. Social Networking Opportunities Social networking has become an integral part of our lives today. It has become a platform for people to connect with each other and share their experiences and opinions. It has also become a great way for businesses to reach out to potential customers and build relationships with them. With the rise of social media platforms, there are now more opportunities than ever before for businesses to engage with their customers and build relationships. There are many different social networking opportunities available for businesses to explore. For example, businesses can create their own profiles on popular social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram, and YouTube. This allows them to share updates about their products and services, as well as interact with customers in real time. Businesses can also use these platforms for advertising purposes, by targeting specific audiences with tailored ads. Social networking sites also offer businesses the opportunity to create groups or pages devoted to particular topics or interests. This allows them to engage in conversations related to their business or industry, as well as interact with potential customers who may be interested in their services or products. Additionally, businesses can use these groups or pages to stay up-to-date on industry news and trends, while also staying connected with their customers in an engaging way. Social networking sites also provide businesses with the opportunity to create contests or promotions that will help promote their brand and increase engagement with their target audience. Businesses can use these contests or promotions as a way to reward loyal customers or attract new ones by offering special discounts or giveaways. In addition, businesses can use these contests as a way to gain insights into customer preferences and interests that they can then use when creating future campaigns or products. Overall, social networking provides businesses with many opportunities for connecting with potential customers and building relationships with them. By taking advantage of these opportunities, businesses can improve customer loyalty and increase sales over time. Opportunities for Self-Improvement and Growth We all want to improve ourselves and grow, but it can be difficult to identify what opportunities are available. Fortunately, there are a variety of ways to take advantage of opportunities for self-improvement and growth. One way is to look for educational opportunities. Whether through formal education or informal learning, taking a course or learning a new skill can help you gain knowledge that can be used in your personal and professional life. Additionally, consider participating in workshops or conferences that focus on the topics that interest you most. Another way to take advantage of opportunities for self-improvement and growth is by finding mentors or role models who can provide advice and support as you work towards achieving your goals. Having someone who has already achieved success in the areas you are interested in can be invaluable as they can provide insight into what it takes to succeed. Therefore, networking is an important part of taking advantage of opportunities for self-improvement and growth. Through networking, you will be able to meet people who may have valuable connections or resources that could benefit your career path or personal development efforts. Reaching out to others in the field you are interested in, attending networking events, and even using social media are all great ways to get connected with the right people. Regardless of how you decide to take advantage of opportunities for self-improvement and growth, it is important to remember that these efforts will pay off over time if you remain consistent in your efforts. With hard work and dedication, you will soon see the progress made towards achieving your goals! Last Thoughts The Freemasons offer a unique opportunity to impact the world in a positive way. The benefits of joining are numerous, including the chance to make lasting friendships, improve one's character, and give back to the community. Freemasonry also provides its members with a platform to practice social skills, network with influential people, and be part of a larger meaningful brotherhood. Joining the Freemasons is one of the most rewarding experiences a person can have. The Freemasons offer each member an environment in which they can grow and succeed. Through its principles of brotherly love, relief, and truth, it promotes personal growth as well as giving back to society. If you've ever considered joining the Freemasons, you'll be glad you did when you reap all these amazing benefits.
In Music, the intent for KS3 is to unlock pupil creativity, find hidden talents and build confidence. As well as developing instrumental skill and a knowledge base of theoretical understanding, it is also very important for learners to understand and appreciate cultures, traditions and identities different of their own. Through study and active participation, pupils will learn to respect one another through the introduction of performance/audience etiquette and professional music-making expectations. Our curriculum will inspire an interest in music that can become, not only a platform towards future study of music, but a way for pupils to contribute towards wider school life and build the foundation for musical experiences which can last a lifetime. Listening to Music - The critical and analytical skill of appraising music of all forms through academic study, appreciation and understanding Performing Music - Developing the skill to play a variety of musical instruments in varying-sized ensembles (1+). Creating Music - Developing the skill to compose music through a variety of different systems -DAW, ensemble and solo. Music at Addey and Stanhope School is taught holistically with all three strands developed through a variety of projects and disciplines. Class activities include singing, instrumental playing, listening to music, working collaboration, fostering creativity and experimenting with ideas. Students will have the chance to develop skills in different areas of music including music production in our recently converted studio, using a Digital Audio Workstation (DAW), playing acoustic instruments and taking part in practical workshops. In addition to a number of clubs and groups, there is the opportunity to learn Piano, Drums, Guitar, Bass and Vocals in a small group peripatetic lesson. A rich variety of projects underpin the development of the three curriculum strands. Music is taught in a 1hr session per week with most students taking part in a weekly performance workshop from Lewisham Music Service. Our course at KS4 has been carefully selected to give our students the greatest variety of options at KS5. The Pearson BTEC – Technical Award in Music Practice aligns deliberately at the end point of KS3 and develops the three strands with greater autonomy and specialism. Students study a wide variety of styles and contexts and will become very familiar with rudiments and principals of music. As this is a part vocational course, careers and opportunities in the music industry are carefully woven into the course to ensure students understand the vital role the music industry plays in society and the economy.
Take our online poll: AI Analysis: The concept of "political boomerang" or "boomerang effect," is where a political action taken by one party later has unintended consequences for that same party. One historical example of this phenomenon occurred during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1930s and 1940s in the United States. In 1937, President Roosevelt proposed a plan to expand the Supreme Court by adding additional justices. This plan, known as the "court-packing plan," was seen by many as an attempt by Roosevelt to reshape the Supreme Court in his favor after it had struck down several New Deal laws as unconstitutional. However, Roosevelt faced significant opposition from both Democrats and Republicans, who viewed the plan as an overreach of executive power and an attempt to undermine the independence of the judiciary. Ultimately, the plan failed to gain enough support in Congress and was abandoned. The boomerang effect occurred when Roosevelt's attempt to pack the Supreme Court led to a backlash against him and the Democratic Party. Although Roosevelt was reelected in 1936 with a landslide victory, the failed court-packing plan weakened his political standing and eroded public trust in his administration. Furthermore, Roosevelt's actions prompted a more aggressive stance from the Supreme Court itself, which began upholding New Deal legislation following the court-packing episode. This shift in the Court's approach ultimately served to limit the power of the executive branch and preserve the balance of power between the branches of government. Thus, Roosevelt's attempt to exert control over the judiciary through the court-packing plan ultimately backfired, demonstrating the boomerang effect in action. Pew Report on Voters by Party and Social Media
Registration Dossier Registration Dossier Data platform availability banner - registered substances factsheets Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023. The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here. Diss Factsheets Use of this information is subject to copyright laws and may require the permission of the owner of the information, as described in the ECHA Legal Notice. EC number: 232-395-2 \| CAS number: 8013-75-0 A combination of amyl alcohols, primarily isoamyl alcohol and 2-methyl-1-butanol. Other alcohols, acids, esters and aldehydes may also be present. - Life Cycle description - Uses advised against - Endpoint summary - Appearance / physical state / colour - Melting point / freezing point - Boiling point - Density - Particle size distribution (Granulometry) - Vapour pressure - Partition coefficient - Water solubility - Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility - Surface tension - Flash point - Auto flammability - Flammability - Explosiveness - Oxidising properties - Oxidation reduction potential - Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products - Storage stability and reactivity towards container material - Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals - pH - Dissociation constant - Viscosity - Additional physico-chemical information - Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials - Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation - Nanomaterial crystalline phase - Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size - Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape - Nanomaterial specific surface area - Nanomaterial Zeta potential - Nanomaterial surface chemistry - Nanomaterial dustiness - Nanomaterial porosity - Nanomaterial pour density - Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity - Nanomaterial radical formation potential - Nanomaterial catalytic activity - Endpoint summary - Stability - Biodegradation - Bioaccumulation - Transport and distribution - Environmental data - Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour - Ecotoxicological Summary - Aquatic toxicity - Endpoint summary - Short-term toxicity to fish - Long-term toxicity to fish - Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates - Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates - Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria - Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae - Toxicity to microorganisms - Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo - Toxicity to other aquatic organisms - Sediment toxicity - Terrestrial toxicity - Biological effects monitoring - Biotransformation and kinetics - Additional ecotoxological information - Toxicological Summary - Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution - Acute Toxicity - Irritation / corrosion - Sensitisation - Repeated dose toxicity - Genetic toxicity - Carcinogenicity - Toxicity to reproduction - Specific investigations - Exposure related observations in humans - Toxic effects on livestock and pets - Additional toxicological data Toxicity to terrestrial plants Administrative data - Endpoint: - toxicity to terrestrial plants: short-term - Type of information: - migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate) - Adequacy of study: - other information - Study period: - 1985 - Reliability: - 2 (reliable with restrictions) - Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies: - other: see 'Remark' - Remarks: - This study is primarily an evaluation of this test methodology as a standard short-term test in environmental monitoring. For ethanol, only the root growth inhibition end-point is reported. Given the high level of detail presented in this test development and evaluation this study is considered to be valid with restrictions. Data source - Reference Type: - publication - Title: - The Allium Test as a Standard in Environmental Monitoring. - Author: - Fiskesjo, G. - Year: - 1 985 - Bibliographic source: - Hereditas 102:99-112. Materials and methods Test guideline - Qualifier: - no guideline available - Principles of method if other than guideline: - This study is primarily a proposed new test methodology as a prospective standard short-term test for use in environmental monitoring and for use in toxicity testing of effluents, rivers etc. The test involved growing alliums directly in water containing the test material and measuring adverse effects in terms of root length for the assessment of ethanol - GLP compliance: - no Test material - Reference substance name: - Ethanol - EC Number: - 200-578-6 - EC Name: - Ethanol - Cas Number: - 64-17-5 - Molecular formula: - IUPAC Name: - ethanol - Details on test material: - - Name of test material (as cited in study report): no data Constituent 1 Sampling and analysis - Analytical monitoring: - no Test substrate - Vehicle: - yes - Details on preparation and application of test substrate: - - Controls: Yes, water was free of copper ions. - Chemical name of vehicle (organic solvent, emulsifier or dispersant): water - Concentration of vehicle in test medium (stock solution and final test solution): 0.1, 1.0, 2.0% - Evaporation of vehicle before use: no Test organisms - Plant group: - Monocotyledonae (monocots) - Details on test organisms: - - Common name: garden onion - Plant family: lillaceae - Variety: 2n=16 - Source of seed: no data - Prior seed treatment/sterilization: not specified - Seed storage: under dry conditions (10-20C) and over winter. Study design - Test type: - seed germination/root elongation toxicity test - Study type: - laboratory study - Substrate type: - other: aqueous medium - Limit test: - no - Total exposure duration: - 6 d - Post exposure observation period: - no Test conditions - Test temperature: - 20 deg C - pH: - no data, however, pre-studies showed that species had a wide tolerance to pH range 3.5 to 11.0 indicating that this is not a key parameter. - Moisture: - Bottom of allium placed directly in test liquid (aqueous solution of test substance.) - Details on test conditions: - Testing facility: University of Lund, Sweden - Test container (type, material, size): test tube, 10 cm x 1.5 cm (dia) - Amount of soil: soil not used - No. of seeds per container: 1 - No. of plants (retained after thinning): not applicable - No. of replicates per treatment group: 8 - No. of replicates per control: 8 NUTRIENT MEDIUM (if used) - Description: plain water plus test substance. water hardness 50-70mg/l (Ca+Mg) - Photoperiod: natural diurnal cycle - Light source: daylight but not direct sunlight - Day/night temperatures: 20C continuous approx - Relative humidity (%): not reported VEHICLE CONTROL PERFORMED: yes - Spacing factor for test concentrations: 0.1, 1.0. 2.0% assumed v/v EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED: Root lengths were measured and compared with controls (%). Root tips were examined turgescence and change of colour. - Nominal and measured concentrations: - 0.1, 1.0, 2.0% (assumed v/v) - Reference substance (positive control): - no - Remarks: - Results reported for copper ions Results and discussion Effect concentrationsopen allclose all - Species: - Allium cepa - Duration: - 6 d - Dose descriptor: - Effect conc.: - ca. 1.5 other: % - Nominal / measured: - nominal - Conc. based on: - test mat. - Basis for effect: - growth - Species: - Allium cepa - Duration: - 6 d - Dose descriptor: - Effect conc.: - ca. 0.1 other: % - Nominal / measured: - nominal - Conc. based on: - test mat. - Basis for effect: - growth - Details on results: - EC50 results are calculated from a linear graph fitted to results (R=0.986). 1.5% v/v equivalent to 11800g/l. 0.1% equivalent to 789mg/l - Percent survival: 100% - Root length: control length 7.18cm (+/-0.5) - Root discolouration/malformation: none reported - Results with reference substance (positive control): - Copper ions showed an EC50 of 0.16mg/l Any other information on results incl. tables Ethanol concentration Root length (cm) %Control 2% 2.88 33.8 1% 5.74 67.3 0.1% 7.34 86.1 Control 8.52 100 Density of ethanol = 789 g/l Applicant's summary and conclusion - Validity criteria fulfilled: - yes - Remarks: - No standard validation criteria available but expected response to a toxic positive control - Executive summary: In a root growth inhibition test using alliums (allium cepa) proposed for use as a screening test for toxicity assessment of effluents, rivers etc, ethanol was found to have an EC50 value of 11800mg/l and an estimated EC10 of 789mg/l. The dose response curve was relatively shallow and effectively linear over the concentration range examined. Ethanol can be considered as of very low toxicity to plants based on this result. EC50 (Allium cepa), 6 day = 11800mg/l EC10 (Allium cepa), 6 day ~ 790mg/l Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice. Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
We are Athletes At BSCS we strongly believe in the importance of physical activity, through the forms of structured physical education (PE) and unstructured play opportunities. Our PE curriculum encourages all learners to be physically active, improving their physical literacy and fundamental movement skills. We want to provide a lasting, sustainable and positive effect on PE and Sport within school and our community. At Key Stage 1 learners will have access to a broad range of opportunities to extend their agility, balance, coordination, individually and with others during their PE lessons. Through unstructured play and forest school children will be creative and imaginative, develop resilience and build friendships and relationships whilst exploring the world around them. We want our learners to embrace an active lifestyle by also walking, biking and scooting to school. Being physically active helps to promote physical and emotional health and well-being. Therefore we have used our Sports and PE Premium Funding to provide: - Specialised Professional Development for teachers across the Trust. - Strategic leadership of PE and Sports within schools and across the Trust. - A co-ordinated approach to inter and intra school competition. - Lunchtime play leader programme and training, that enables all learners to be active all lunchtime and participate in a virtual competition across the Trust. - Trust-wide gala's, sports events and athletic meets. - An elite, talent spotting, signposting programme for those young people with particular talent and promise.
What Can Influence the World's Food Supply? It's a question that has significant implications for our global community. The availability and accessibility of food are essential factors that affect the well-being and survival of people all around the world. From climate change and environmental factors to geopolitical conflicts and economic factors, there are numerous influences that can either bolster or disrupt the world's food supply. In this article, we will explore the various factors that play a role in shaping the availability and stability of food on a global scale. One of the most critical factors that can influence the world's food supply is climate change. As temperatures rise and weather patterns become more unpredictable, agricultural systems face significant challenges. Droughts, floods, and extreme weather events can devastate crop yields and disrupt the production and distribution of food. Additionally, changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can affect the geographic distribution of certain crops, making it difficult for farmers to adapt to new conditions. Climate change poses a substantial threat to the stability and sustainability of our food systems, requiring innovative solutions and adaptive strategies to mitigate its impacts. Another factor that can greatly impact the world's food supply is geopolitical conflicts and instability. Wars, political unrest, and social upheaval can disrupt agricultural activities, leading to food shortages and hunger. In regions affected by conflicts, farmers may be forced to abandon their lands, and the infrastructure necessary for food production and distribution can be severely damaged. Moreover, conflicts can lead to the displacement of populations, creating a strain on resources and exacerbating food insecurity. Addressing geopolitical conflicts and promoting peace and stability are crucial steps towards ensuring a reliable and sufficient food supply for everyone. In conclusion, the world's food supply is influenced by a multitude of factors. Climate change poses significant challenges to agriculture, while geopolitical conflicts and instability can disrupt food production and distribution. It is crucial for us to recognize these influences and take proactive measures to address them, ensuring food security and sustainability for present and future generations. By understanding and addressing these factors, we can work towards a more resilient and equitable global food system. Factors That Influence the World's Food Supply The world's food supply is influenced by a multitude of factors that can have a significant impact on its availability, affordability, and quality. These factors can range from environmental conditions and natural disasters to economic and political factors. Understanding these influences is crucial for ensuring food security and addressing global hunger. In this article, we will explore the various factors that can influence the world's food supply and their implications. Climate Change and Environmental Factors Climate change is one of the most pressing challenges facing the world today, and it has a direct impact on the global food supply. Rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events such as droughts, floods, and storms can all affect agricultural production. These changes can disrupt planting seasons, reduce crop yields, and increase the prevalence of pests and diseases. Additionally, climate change can lead to the loss of biodiversity, which is essential for maintaining resilient and productive ecosystems. Furthermore, environmental factors such as soil degradation and depletion of natural resources also play a significant role in influencing the world's food supply. Poor soil quality can hinder crop growth and reduce yields, while the overuse of water resources can lead to water scarcity and affect irrigation practices. Additionally, deforestation, pollution, and loss of biodiversity can all contribute to the degradation of ecosystems that support agricultural production. Addressing these environmental challenges is crucial for ensuring the long-term sustainability of the world's food supply. Implications of Climate Change on Agriculture The implications of climate change on agriculture are far-reaching and can have severe consequences for food security. As temperatures rise and weather patterns become more unpredictable, farmers face increased risks and uncertainties. Crop failures and reduced yields can lead to food scarcity, price volatility, and increased vulnerability for small-scale farmers who rely on agriculture for their livelihoods. Moreover, climate change can exacerbate existing inequalities and disparities, as marginalized communities and developing countries are often the most affected. To mitigate the impacts of climate change on agriculture, adaptation and resilience-building strategies are essential. This includes promoting sustainable farming practices, such as agroforestry and conservation agriculture, that help conserve water, protect soil health, and enhance biodiversity. Investing in climate-resilient crop varieties and technologies, improving weather forecasting and early warning systems, and supporting farmers' access to finance and insurance can also contribute to building resilience in the agricultural sector. Economic Factors Economic factors play a significant role in shaping the world's food supply. Fluctuations in global commodity prices, exchange rates, and market demand can all impact the affordability and accessibility of food. Economic crises, trade barriers, and export restrictions can disrupt supply chains and limit the availability of essential food items. Additionally, income inequality, poverty, and unemployment can affect people's ability to access nutritious food, leading to food insecurity and malnutrition. Furthermore, the globalization of the food system has led to increased interdependence among countries and regions. Changes in trade policies, food regulations, and subsidies can have far-reaching consequences for food production, distribution, and consumption. Moreover, the concentration of power in the hands of a few multinational corporations in the agri-food industry can influence market dynamics and limit the choices available to consumers. The Role of Agriculture in Economic Development Agriculture plays a crucial role in economic development, particularly in developing countries where it is often the main source of employment and income for rural communities. Investing in agricultural infrastructure, research and development, and access to markets can contribute to poverty reduction, job creation, and economic growth. Moreover, promoting sustainable and inclusive agriculture can help reduce inequalities, empower women and marginalized groups, and foster rural development. However, economic factors such as market volatility, price fluctuations, and unequal distribution of resources can pose challenges to small-scale farmers and hinder their ability to thrive. Strengthening farmers' access to finance, markets, and information, as well as promoting fair trade and responsible investment in agriculture, are essential for creating a more equitable and sustainable food system. In conclusion, the world's food supply is influenced by a complex interplay of factors, including climate change, environmental degradation, economic dynamics, and political decisions. Addressing these influences requires a multi-faceted approach that combines efforts to mitigate climate change, promote sustainable agriculture, and ensure equitable access to food. By understanding and addressing the factors that influence the world's food supply, we can work towards a more resilient, inclusive, and sustainable food system for all. Key Takeaways: What Can Influence the World's Food Supply? - 1. Climate change can have a significant impact on food production and availability. - 2. Global economic factors, such as trade policies and market fluctuations, can affect food prices and accessibility. - 3. Population growth and changing dietary preferences can put pressure on the food supply. - 4. Natural disasters, such as droughts or floods, can disrupt agricultural production and reduce food availability. - 5. Political instability and conflicts can lead to food shortages and hinder food distribution. ## Frequently Asked Questions The world's food supply is influenced by various factors that can have a significant impact on its availability and accessibility. Understanding these influencing factors is crucial for ensuring global food security. Let's explore some frequently asked questions related to what can influence the world's food supply. 1. How does climate change affect the world's food supply? Climate change has a profound impact on the world's food supply. Rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events such as droughts, floods, and storms can disrupt agricultural production. These changes can lead to crop failures, reduced yields, and increased vulnerability to pests and diseases. Additionally, climate change can affect water availability, which is essential for irrigation and livestock production. Adapting agricultural practices and investing in climate-resilient crops are crucial for mitigating the negative effects of climate change on the world's food supply. 2. What role does population growth play in influencing the world's food supply? Population growth has a direct impact on the world's food supply. As the global population continues to increase, the demand for food also rises. Meeting the food demands of a growing population requires increased agricultural production. However, expanding agricultural land can lead to deforestation and habitat destruction, impacting biodiversity and ecosystem services. Efficient and sustainable agricultural practices, such as precision farming and vertical farming, can help meet the food needs of a growing population while minimizing environmental impacts. 3. How do trade policies affect the world's food supply? Trade policies have a significant influence on the world's food supply. Tariffs, subsidies, and trade barriers can affect the flow of agricultural products between countries. Protectionist measures can restrict access to food imports, leading to food shortages in countries that heavily rely on imports. On the other hand, free trade agreements can promote food security by facilitating the exchange of agricultural goods. Balancing trade policies to ensure fair and equitable access to food while protecting domestic producers is crucial for maintaining a stable and secure global food supply. 4. What impact does technological innovation have on the world's food supply? Technological innovation plays a crucial role in influencing the world's food supply. Advances in agricultural technologies, such as genetically modified crops, precision agriculture, and hydroponics, can enhance productivity, reduce resource use, and increase resilience to climate change. These innovations can help overcome challenges like limited arable land, water scarcity, and pests. However, it's essential to ensure that these technologies are safe, sustainable, and accessible to all farmers, especially small-scale farmers in developing countries. 5. How does political instability affect the world's food supply? Political instability can have a detrimental impact on the world's food supply. Conflicts, civil unrest, and unstable governance can disrupt agricultural production, distribution networks, and supply chains. Farmers may be forced to abandon their fields, leading to reduced yields and food shortages. Political instability can also hamper international aid efforts and humanitarian assistance, exacerbating food insecurity in affected regions. Promoting peace, stability, and good governance is crucial for ensuring a stable and reliable global food supply. The global food crisis, explained Final Thoughts When it comes to the world's food supply, there are several factors that can greatly influence its availability and sustainability. From climate change and population growth to economic factors and technological advancements, the global food system is a complex web of interconnected variables. By understanding and addressing these influences, we can work towards ensuring a stable and secure food supply for future generations. One of the key factors that can impact the world's food supply is climate change. Rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and extreme weather events can have devastating effects on agriculture and food production. Droughts, floods, and heatwaves can lead to crop failures, livestock losses, and reduced yields, ultimately affecting the availability and affordability of food. It is crucial that we take proactive measures to mitigate the effects of climate change and develop resilient farming practices that are adaptable to these changing conditions. Another significant influence on the world's food supply is population growth. As the global population continues to increase, so does the demand for food. This puts pressure on agricultural systems to produce more food, often leading to unsustainable practices such as deforestation, excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides, and overexploitation of natural resources. To meet the growing demand for food while ensuring long-term sustainability, we need to promote sustainable agriculture, invest in innovative farming techniques, and support small-scale farmers who play a vital role in feeding their local communities. Additionally, economic factors play a crucial role in the world's food supply. Fluctuations in commodity prices, trade policies, and income inequality can affect food accessibility and affordability. It is essential to create fair and inclusive economic systems that prioritize food security and ensure that everyone has access to nutritious and affordable food. Technological advancements also have the power to shape the future of our food supply. From genetically modified crops to precision agriculture and vertical farming, innovative technologies can increase productivity, reduce waste, and improve the efficiency of food production. Embracing these technological advancements while considering their potential environmental and social impacts can help us overcome some of the challenges we face in feeding a growing population. In conclusion, the world's food supply is influenced by a multitude of factors, including climate change, population growth, economic conditions, and technological advancements. By addressing these influences and implementing sustainable practices, we can work towards ensuring a secure and resilient food supply for generations to come. It is crucial that we prioritize the well-being of our planet, support local farmers, and promote equitable access to nutritious food. Together,
I absolutely love training new grad nurses. Their excitement and fresh look at the profession transports me back to fifteen-plus years ago when I first started. I work midnight's so I have the pleasure of fine-tuning all the information that the day shift preceptors taught. Things I like to focus on are the importance of teamwork as well as the art of delegating as a new nurse. As a night nurse in the hospital, I have fewer resources and there are fewer staff members. Many times, there will be one to two patient care assistants to 15-25 patients. We all rely on our aids, but it is important early on to not overuse them. I stress to my nurses if a call light goes off and you're not busy, whether or not your it's your patient, if you can assist, you should. This is a simple and general form of delegation for everyone to partake in. When finished, always report to the patient's nurse what was needed and done to update and complete the delegation process. How Delegation Can Prevent a Crisis Making a patient wait 30 minutes to be assisted to the bathroom can be the difference between a patient attempting to go by himself and having a fall, which causes new issues for all the staff that could have been avoided, and meeting the patient's needs and having a shift without a crisis. In this case the delegation helps prevent a problem. If you're really busy and cannot assist everyone who needs you, utilize simple forms of delegation and teamwork to assign tasks such as asking another nurse or aid to refresh the patient's water or straightening up his bed. This can keep an already emotional patient from breaking down in tears while they are trying to keep it together. Providing an extra blanket may keep that patient from calling multiple times the rest of the night because they are warm and now can fall asleep. These may seem like minuscule tasks, but to that patient, they could be the difference in them feeling cared for versus feeling a lack of control. You will hear patients say, "It was so quiet on the floor tonight I thought no one was around," which could mean they were feeling scared and lonely and just needed reassurance the nurses were still there to care for them. Start Your Shift by Defining the Ground Rules Setting the precedent for teamwork and the generalized delegation process is best done at the beginning of the shift. After report, speak with the patient care aids and identify which patients are total care and will need frequent repositioning and changes. Making a plan early in the night and prioritizing patients will help with time management. It also helps to prevent incontinence dermatitis and pressure ulcers. This doesn't mean we can't change up the plan through the night if someone needs more frequent assistance or we have an emergency. Re-prioritizing throughout the shift is a normal occurrence. Using teamwork in this manner will also help prevent staff injuries. Many times, we feel rushed and will try to assist a patient on our own. That may not always be the safest approach. Remember, it is always important to protect your back from the moment you begin. Asking for help will promote his. When you aren't overwhelmed with physician messages, new admits, or critical patients, I encourage you to take steps to work smarter, not harder: - Take water when you make your rounds or do your med passes. This will help with patients who keep requesting water over the call light or with the odd middle-of-the-night oral medication, saving you and your aids steps. - If you have a narcotic or blood pressure medication to pass grab the Dynamap as you're walking towards the room instead of hunting down the aid to do it for you. This way when you really don't have time to do these small tasks and you delegate, your aids won't feel as if you abuse them. - Anticipating patient's needs can go a long way towards having an uneventful shift and fostering happy patients. TEAMWORK Essentials A good team player helps as much as they ask, and always says Thank You! You will hear from aids who get frustrated with nurses just sitting at the desk and won't assist them in small tasks. They tend to not work as hard for those nurses and in the end, it is the patients whose care is affected. The aids know the difference when a nurse is working such as charting or waiting for a phone call or an admission to come up, or if they are just sitting there chatting up another employee. It is frustrating to have that nurse constantly tell them to see what that patient wants, take the patient to the bathroom or get them water. Answering call lights is just as much the nurse's job as it is for the aid. When the team works together, the quality of patient care is improved, and the job can be more fun and rewarding. All of us who work in the hospital have hard and exhausting jobs. If we can learn early on to work as a team, it will give us a better overall relationship with co-workers. Learning when and how to delegate is an important part of our job that is sometimes overlooked. Delegation is an art, and it takes practice. Guest Post by Melissa Murphy RN With over fifteen years of nursing experience ranging from post-partum to hospice one of the best parts of nursing is mentoring the new nurses and helping them build a solid foundation in their journey. Thanks Melissa! More resources: The Art of Delegation in Nursing
Are synthetic roofing shingles right for your home? The innovative alternatives to traditional asphalt shingles offer durability, maintenance ease, and have environmental benefits – but is the extra cost worth it as a homeowner? Here at Legacy Roofing of Idaho, we always seek to educate our readers and local Boise homeowners with helpful roofing content. Today, in this article, we will compare synthetic shingles and give you the inside scoop on how they stack up in terms of cost, performance, and style flexibility. By the end, you will know whether synthetic roofing shingles are the right fit for your home! Key Takeaways - Synthetic roofing shingles offer several benefits, including durability with over 50 years of lifespan, low maintenance, high impact resistance, and fire—and weather-resistant, making them a reliable and eco-friendly roofing choice. - Compared to other materials such as asphalt shingles, wood shake, and slate tiles, synthetic shingles provide a superior balance of longevity, cost-effectiveness, and easier installation, despite a higher initial cost. - The aesthetic appeal of synthetic shingles stems from their diverse design options, colors, and customizability, enhancing home curb appeal and potentially increasing home resale value by approximately 7%. The Advantages of Synthetic Roofing Shingles Synthetic shingles, also known as composite shignles, are quickly increasing in popularity because of their immediate benefits including: - Durability - Low-maintenance nature - Fire and weather resistance - Eco-friendly composition Like everything else, roofing materials have come a long way as technological enhancements have increased within the shingle industry. Let's peel back the layers of this innovative roofing option to understand what sets it apart from the rest. 1. Durability and Longevity Tucked away in the heart of durability lies the secret to synthetic shingles' long lifespan. With a life expectancy that typically exceeds 50 years, these shingles are a testament to endurance in the face of nature's tests. Their robustness is accredited to a Class 4 Impact Resistance Rating, ensuring that even the harshest of impacts leave minimal scars (they stay healthy longer). Homeowners delight in the knowledge that these shingles can potentially last up to a century, a longevity that equates to fewer roof replacements and peace of mind. 2. Low-Maintenance Solution Forget hiring someone to wash your roof; synthetic shingles offer a reprieve from the usual maintenance saga. Resistant to warping, mold, and critter damage, these shingles are a fortress against common roofing ailments. Add to this their steadfast color that defies fading, and you have a roofing solution that maintains its allure years down the line. 3. Fire and Weather Resistance Synthetic shingles sport a Class A fire rating that speaks volumes of their ability to emerge unscathed from the clutches of flames. Their armory is well-equipped to combat more than fire; with a Class 4 impact rating, they stand tall against wind, hail, and even the relentless UV rays. The seasons may change, but the resilience of synthetic shingles remains constant, ensuring homes remain protected from harsh weather conditions year-round. Brands like DaVinci Roofscapes amplify these properties with their innovative composite roofing materials, such as composite roof slate shingles, which are lightweight, resistant to wind damage and fire, and recyclable. 4. Eco-Friendly Material In a world increasingly focused on sustainability, synthetic shingles rise to the occasion. Their composition, rich in recycled materials such as plastics and rubber, contributes to a zero carbon footprint, a narrative that resonates with eco-conscious homeowners. The end of their service life on the roof is not the end of their journey; these shingles are fully recyclable, perpetuating their life cycle and reducing waste. Brands like Euroshield and Enviroshake lead the charge with products that not only promise environmental friendliness but also come with transferable warranties, ensuring durability does not come at an environmental cost. New Roof Info ↗ See and learn more about the Legacy Roofing roof replacement process! Roof Pricing ↗ Learn about the pricing model and cost guide for a new roof! Roofing FAQ ↗ Get to know more about the most frequently asked roofing questions! Comparing Synthetic Roofing Shingles to Other Materials Transitioning from the benefits of synthetic shingles, one might wonder how they fare against other popular roofing materials. The decision to select a roofing material involves weighing factors such as: - Curb appeal - Lifespan - Warranties - Cost In these arenas, luxury asphalt shingles, including architectural shingles and synthetic shingles, often outshine their counterparts, offering a harmonious blend of aesthetics and functionality that asphalt, wood shake, and slate struggle to match. Let's delve into a comparative analysis, scrutinizing key differences in durability, maintenance, and price, and unveiling why synthetic shingles are a cut above the rest. Asphalt Shingles Asphalt shingles, the stalwarts of affordability, have long been the go-to for budget-conscious homeowners looking for an asphalt shingle roof. Their allure lies in their low cost and ease of installation, making them accessible to the masses. However, for those seeking a longer-lasting and more durable option, premium asphalt shingles can be a great alternative. Despite their average lifespan of 15-25 years and vulnerability to wind uplift and temperature extremes, asphalt shingles remain a popular choice. Note: Here at Legacy Roofing Idaho, we install asphalt shingles, metal roofs, and we can also install composite shingles. That said, like synthetic roof shingles, asphalt shingles have come a long way and our GAF shingles are rated for 130 MPH winds with our roofing system installation. Wood Shake The rustic charm of wood shake roofing is undeniable, yet beneath its picturesque exterior lies a high-maintenance reality. Homeowners with wood shake roofs often find themselves grappling with issues such as leaking, curling shingles, and the unwelcome advances of moss. It is why many don't even bother to use wood shake shingles. Slate Tiles Slate tiles exude elegance and timelessness, a roofing choice that carries with it the gravitas of centuries past. Made from natural slate rock, each tile is as unique as it is beautiful, with edges that tell a story of their hand-split origins. While synthetic slate shingles mimic this classic look with precision, they spare homeowners from the weighty and costly installation process that natural slate demands. Though natural slate can be a century-long companion, synthetic slate's affordability and ease of installation make it an appealing alternative for the modern homeowner. While synthetic slate's expected lifespan is around 75 years, the absence of real-world data for confirmation makes it a hopeful yet uncertain promise. Styles and Customization Options for Synthetic Shingles The advantages of synthetic shingles go beyond their functionality, they also offer curb appeal and asethetic possibilities. With a plethora of designs including Barrel Tile, Cedar Shake, and Slate Tile, synthetic shingles cater to an array of architectural styles, ensuring that every home can wear its crown with pride. The ability to customize with a variety of colors and finishes means homeowners can achieve a look that is uniquely their own, reflecting their personal style and enhancing their home's curb appeal. Design Varieties The design varieties of synthetic shingles are a homage to the natural materials they emulate. From the elegant old-world charm of slate to the rugged allure of hand-split wood shakes, synthetic shingles offer styles to suit different tastes and architectural leanings. The advancements in the manufacturing process allow for these shingles to be crafted into smooth, uniform-sawn wood shingles or to bear the sophisticated appearance of slate shingles with an uncanny resemblance. A multi-coloring process during the production phase breathes life into these designs, creating highly realistic replicas that can fool even the most discerning eye. Color Choices Color is the soul of a home's exterior, and synthetic shingles offer a palette broad enough to express any vision. The spectrum of colors available spans from the vibrant freshness of new cedar to the distinguished silvery shade of weathered shakes. These colors, resistant to the sun's attempts at fading, streaking, or bleaching, remain as vivid as the day they were installed. Homeowners can rest assured that their color choices will be a lasting declaration of their aesthetic preferences, as the multi-coloring process ensures the replication of natural variations with precision. Customization Possibilities The joy of personalization is fully realized with synthetic shingles, including the versatile composite roof tile. Whether the goal is to complement a Mediterranean villa or a modern minimalist structure, the designs of barrel tile, cedar shake, and slate tile can be tailored to any architectural style. The freedom to emulate natural materials like clay, wood, and slate without their inherent drawbacks opens a realm of customization options that go beyond the superficial. Details such as simulated wood grain patterns and subtle shading variations contribute to a natural and diverse appearance, allowing each shingle to reflect the true beauty of the materials they represent. Cost Considerations for Synthetic Roofing Shingles In any home improvement endeavor, cost is a pivotal consideration, and roofing is no exception. Here at Legacy Roofing of Idaho, we try to always help homeowners make the best decision with regards to their budget and selecting roofing materials. Synthetic shingles, with their higher upfront cost, may initially raise eyebrows, but a closer look reveals a financial narrative that plays out favorably over time. The long-term savings accrued through durability, reduced maintenance, and improved energy efficiency make synthetic shingles a sound investment in the long run. Let us dissect the cost implications of opting for synthetic over traditional roofing materials, and understand how the initial investment paves the way for future savings and a sturdy return on investment. Upfront Costs When it comes to the initial investment, synthetic roofing shingles might seem like a big deal. Their complex manufacturing process understandably contributes to a higher price tag compared to materials like asphalt. However, the narrative of cost doesn't end at the checkout. The higher upfront cost is deftly counterbalanced by the extended lifespan and the inherent durability of the material, assuring homeowners that their investment is one that will stand the test of time. Long-Term Savings The story of synthetic shingles is one of resilience and longevity. With a lifespan that can stretch up to 2.5 times longer than traditional asphalt shingles, these modern marvels ensure that roof replacements become a rare event rather than a periodic concern. The reduction in long-term maintenance needs and the potential for lower utility costs due to improved insulation are additional chapters in the tale of savings that synthetic shingles provide. Moreover, by choosing durable synthetic materials for roofing, homeowners can sidestep the financial pitfalls of future costly roof replacement and take comfort in the warranties that underscore the product's long-term economic security compared to other roofing materials. Return on Investment Homeowners paying attention to the bottom line will find that synthetic shingles offer an attractive return on investment. Not only do they boost the home's curb appeal, but industry surveys also suggest that a new synthetic shingle roof can add approximately 7% to the home's resale value. Coupled with the peace of mind provided by comprehensive 50-year limited warranties, the investment in synthetic shingles proves to be a financially astute choice with tangible benefits. Roofing Material Manufacturers – Synthetic Shingles: Sometimes referred to as composite shingles or even composite roof tiles, the common makers of roofing materials that also produce composite shingles include: Installation Process and Professional Assistance The crowning glory of synthetic shingles is their professional installation, a process that includes: - Careful removal of old materials and inspection of the roof deck. - Addressing any underlying damage to ensure the new roofing stands on solid ground. - The meticulous layering of rafters, roof sheathing, and a synthetic water-resistant underlayment beneath the composite shingles themselves. - Detailed application of the shingles, with precise overlapping and secure nailing, to provide a shield against the elements. This level of precision and care can only be guaranteed by professional expertise, making it essential to enlist the skills of experienced craftsmen like those provided by American Way Exteriors. Furthermore, synthetic shingles bring with them benefits such as ease of handling and a reduced likelihood of cracking compared to traditional materials, making the installation process a smoother affair. The Verdict – As we draw the curtains on our exploration of synthetic roofing shingles, it's clear that they stand as a paragon of modern roofing solutions. Their unmatched durability, maintenance ease, climate resilience, and commitment to sustainability make them an attractive choice for homeowners seeking a long-term roofing solution. With the added allure of customization options that cater to diverse aesthetic preferences and the financial wisdom embedded in their cost-effectiveness, synthetic shingles are more than just a protective layer; they are an investment in the future of home design and environmental stewardship. Frequently Asked Questions What is a synthetic shingle? Synthetic shingles, also known as composite shingles, are made of rubber and plastic, offering durability and lower maintenance compared to traditional shingles such as asphalt, slate, cedar, or clay tile. They also provide extraordinary curb appeal and are lightweight. How long can I expect synthetic roofing shingles to last on my home? You can expect synthetic roofing shingles to last for over 50 years, and with minimal repairs, they can even last up to a century. Are synthetic shingles environmentally friendly? Yes, synthetic shingles are environmentally friendly as they are made from recycled materials and are fully recyclable at the end of their lifespan, promoting waste reduction and a circular economy. What kind of maintenance do synthetic shingles require? Synthetic shingles are low-maintenance and resistant to warping, mold, and critter damage. When needed, replacing worn-out shingles is usually an easy DIY task. Are synthetic shingles more expensive than traditional roofing materials? Yes, synthetic shingles may have a higher initial cost but offer long-term savings due to their extended lifespan and reduced maintenance. Consider the overall cost before making a decision.
It's hard not to be excited about the future of the biotech industry. In fact, "excited" is not even a big enough to word to describe what's happening. The intersection of these newfound powers of artificial intelligence and biology, life sciences, and ultimately biotechnology will have the same impact on biotech as SpaceX has had on the aerospace industry. Research and development costs will plummet. Timelines for drug development will shorten. Time won't be wasted on low probability drug candidates. And personalized medicine will not only become normal, but it'll also come at a fraction of the cost of what we see today. Yesterday we explored a recent development by biotech company Profluent Bio in Outer Limits — Open Sourcing CRISPR. In an effort to supercharge its own technology development, Profluent has open sourced a form of generative artificial intelligence (AI) capable of designing synthetic proteins for use in CRISPR genetic editing therapies. Today, we're going to go down the rabbit hole a bit further… with another biotech company using generative AI for a similar purpose — Xaira Therapeutics. We won't find much on Xaira's website — other than a single press release announcing the launch of the company, with a few related links to articles that picked up the news. For anyone who stumbled across the company's website, I doubt they would have thought much at all. There's no information about the company or the technology. Even the management team isn't listed. But it would be a mistake to pass this one over. Xaira just raised $1 billion, despite being founded earlier this year, putting the valuation of this start up at a jaw-dropping $2.7 billion. How can we make sense of this? A month's old startup with no product, no revenues, and a $2.7 billion valuation. Are we in a biotech bubble? Heck no. We're just getting started. Xaira, like Profluent, will be focused on using generative AI for the purpose of designing proteins. However, whereas Profluent is focused on building synthetic proteins primarily for genetic editing purposes, Xaira will be designing synthetic proteins, specifically antibodies for the purpose of drug development. In some ways, Xaira's vision is even more grand than Profluent's. Proteins are the building blocks of life. They mediate all of the critical functions of our bodies. When our bodies don't produce certain proteins, it can result in a severe, life-threatening disease. Proteins are composed of long strings of amino acids. When amino acids link together to form proteins, they leave an amino acid residue, which impacts the chemical processes of that protein. There are 20 different common types of amino acids in proteins. And Xaira is going to focus on proteins that have no more than 200 amino acid residues. This is intentional, because proteins with 200 or less amino acid residues are considered to be small proteins, meaning that they are best suited for entering human cells for therapeutic applications. That might not sound like that much on the surface, but let's consider this. 20 types of amino acids with 200 amino acid residues equates to 20200. That's a number that is far greater than all of the observable stars in our universe. And it is also the theoretical number of unique proteins that can be created with Xaira's technology. That's what I meant when I said the company's mission was "grand." And generative AI, with enough computing power, has the ability to sift through, sort, and optimize completely new proteins designs that don't exist in nature, and that are optimized for very specific therapeutic applications. The technology can even be used to create things like self-assembling nanomaterials, as shown below. The nearly limitless potential is the reason for the $1 billion raise. A large chunk of that initial raise will be used for massive amounts of computational power. Whether they are spending it with cloud service providers like Amazon Web Services or Google Cloud, or building their own data centers, Xaira will need to spend hundreds of millions. The big raise will also be a major recruiting tool for Xaira to bring on board the very best talent they can find. With that kind of capital, Xaira can offer aggressive compensation packages, despite being a seed round start up. Pretty incredible. And that's why it's a company for us to watch. And of course it's worth asking, how did Xaira draw that much capital out right out of the gate? Anybody can have an idea. Where's the credibility coming from that this company and team can deliver? Xaira was formed by two researchers out of the University of Washington's Institute for Protein Design. It builds on two related, generative AI models known as RFdiffusion and RFantibody. RFdiffusion is a powerful generative AI that has the ability to design new proteins that bind to specific target molecules. In fact, it has already been used to design a protein in just a few weeks that binds to influenza molecules, which could evolve into an influenza shot that actually works. And RFantibody, a derivative work of the RFdiffusion generative AI, has the potential to quickly design antibodies (which are also proteins) that bind to coronaviruses. This is just one example, of course. It can produce antibodies for any therapeutic application. Xaira is effectively looking to reverse engineer drugs for specific targets. In other words, given a known target — like a molecule associated with a virus or a disease — has been identified, generative AI can be used to design a new protein that can bind to that molecule. That novel protein design can be incorporated into a therapy used to attack those malicious molecules in our bodies that are dangerous to our health. This powerful technology has the ability to structure proteins from the atomic level. But it's not just the incredible technology that drew in the capital, of course. Marc Tessier-Lavigne, the former Chief Scientific Officer of Genentech, is the CEO of Xaira. For those that don't recall Genentech, it's one of the greatest success stories of the last 50 years. Founded in the '70s, it was arguably the first biotech company in history. Genentech developed synthetic human insulin, and a long string of successful drugs, went public, and was eventually acquired by pharmaceutical giant Roche for $46.8 billion in 2009. Venture investors are betting that Tessier-Lavigne and his team will be able to do the same thing again. Just look at the list of investors, to name a few: It's an incredible list for just one company. I can't imagine how many others wanted an allocation but didn't get one. If there is one thing that concerns me, though, it's that Xaira's vision is too broad. The goal is to do everything in house… from data generation to generative AI, AND all of the therapeutic product development. The skill sets for these disciplines are quite different and usually don't combine well in a single company. I'm excited to hear more about the company with more specific tangible goals in terms of therapeutic targets. This funding round for Xaira is one of the largest ever in the biotech industry at any stage. That's how remarkable it is. And just like the quest to create the world's first artificial general intelligence (AGI) is drawing massive amounts of investment capital — for what will be the largest leap in productivity in human history — the same thing is starting to happen in biotechnology… And this time, the search is to discover the keys to human life and longevity. 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Head colds tend to lead to nasal congestion or a blocked nose. This in turn can give rise to inflammation in your sinuses or ears and a general feeling of being. Fever · Headache · Muscle aches · Feeling tired and weak · Runny nose, sore throat and sneezing · Cough · Recommended reading · Related clinics. Feeling a little icky? Wondering if it's just a cold or a bout of the flu? Here are some ways you can spot the difference between a cold and the flu. Just to confuse things, some people are sensitive to both heat and cold so the temperature needs to be just right for them to feel at their best. It can be even. feeling very cold or shivery, even though your body is hot1. That feeling is known as 'the chills' and they are most commonly associated with fever (a. feels dry and scratchy, and your nasal passages are closing in, making you sound and feel like a beached whale. But is it a cold or the flu? How can you. Shivering and feeling cold or numb are warning signs that the body is losing too much heat. Simple ways to prevent hypothermia include: Avoid prolonged exposure. Abnormal sensitivity to a chilly environment or cold temperatures is known as cold Women are more likely to report feeling cold because of their physiology. feeling cold inside even when the skin is hot, constipation and skin dried. When you are too tired, your body temperature will drop to save energy and this. The first symptoms of a cold are often a tickle in the throat, a runny or stuffy nose, and sneezing. Kids with colds also might feel very tired and have a sore. Why do some people feel colder than others? · Overall body size can impact how cold you feel, as smaller people have less cells in their body that produce heat. The word can also refer to an episode of shivering along with paleness and feeling cold. Thermometer temperature. Fever is an important part of the body's. Incorporates heat transfer theory based on heat loss from the body to its surroundings, during cold and breezy/windy days; Lowers the calm wind threshold to 3. Nothing can cure a cold. But some remedies might help ease your symptoms and keep you from feeling so miserable. Here's a look at some common cold remedies and. Cold intolerance is an abnormal sensitivity to a cold environment or cold temperatures. Do you often feel cold when other people do not complain of being cold. Feeling cold. Cold hands and feet can be a result of iron deficiency anemia. People with anemia have poor blood circulation throughout their bodies because. Cold symptoms come on gradually over 2 to 3 days. The main symptoms include: a blocked or runny nose; sneezing; a sore throat; a hoarse voice; a cough; feeling. Metabolic conditions like an overactive or underactive thyroid, and health issues like diabetes and anemia, may cause you to feel either hot or cold. These reasons are all related to living habits: Anxiety and panic: When you fall into these psychological states, the body will sweat, causing a feeling of cold. Entertain your fellow swimmers with a variety of words to describe how your swim may be feeling. By Kate Rew, from Wild Swim (Faber). ALGID [al-jid] –adjective. feeling cold. These words are all used to say that you feel uncomfortable because the temperature is low. The most common word for this feeling is cold. Cold. Pituitary tumor or pituitary surgery. Hypothyroidism. Symptoms. Early symptoms: Hard stools or constipation; Feeling cold (wearing a sweater when others are. Some women feel colder than usual in pregnancy. It's isn't always a sign that something is wrong, but it is a good idea to speak to your midwife. Cold sensitivity or cold intolerance is unusual discomfort felt by some people when in a cool environment. Cold sensitivity. Symptoms, weakness, feeling. With a fever, it is actually the thermostat that has adjusted. This means your body temperature is now below °C, so you feel cold and shiver, to try and. Will my baby sleep more in winter? Related information on Australian websites. It can be hard to know how your baby feels when it comes to dressing them. So it. Causes of cold hands include: Anemia — a condition in which the body doesn't get oxygen due to a lack of healthy red blood cells. Buerger disease · Diabetes. Feeling cold and chills are both symptoms of anxiety that can genuinely hurt a person's quality of life. In many cases the chilliness is fleeting, but. Diabetes patients may feel weak or dizzy. Cold weather causes blood circulation changes. Blood sugar levels then become erratic. People with arthritis tend to. With prolonged exposure to very cold temperatures, the body can lose the ability to maintain a safe core temperature. When you start to feel cold, the brain .
Accidents happen when we least expect them; they disrupt our lives and leave a trail of questions in their wake. One of the most pressing questions following a car accident in Ontario is "How long do you have to report a car accident?" In this blog we detail the timing and process of reporting the incident. We also explain why having the support of a car accident lawyer can be an asset in these situations. Accident Severity and the 24-Hour Reporting Window Minor accidents typically involve superficial damage to vehicles without personal injuries, often totaling less than $2,000 in damages. Major accidents, on the other hand, involve significant damage, personal injuries or both. Because of their increased severity, these require immediate police involvement. Regardless of the severity, all accidents must be reported within 24 hours. Reporting Minor Accidents Guide: Here's a guide for how to report car accidents: - Safety first: Make sure all drivers and passengers are safe and address any injuries immediately. - Assess the situation: Determine the accident's damage(s) is minor and if there are injuries If someone has been injured, call 911. - Call the police: If there are injuries or significant damage, it's imperative to involve a police officer at the scene. - Document the accident: Take photos and videos of the damage to all vehicles involved. - Exchange information: Swap insurance information, driver's licenses, and contact details with the other drivers involved. - File a report: Report the incident to a collision reporting centre and/or police. - Get in touch with a personal injury lawyer: Car accident lawyers can provide you with guidance on how to proceed, especially as it pertains to your injury claim(s). - Notify your insurance provider: Prompt communication with your car insurer is key for starting accident claims. The Risks of Not Reporting an Accident Timely Failing to report a car accident within 24 hours in Ontario comes with serious risks. Not adhering to this timeline can lead to fines and charges. It can jeopardize your ability to claim insurance too. Not reporting an accident promptly can also complicate future claims or disputes with the other driver (or drivers), as the lack of an official report makes it challenging to establish the facts of the incident. How Car Accident Lawyers Can Be an Asset A car accident lawyer can be invaluable in navigating the complexities of the personal injury process, as well as the claims process that typically follows: - Clarifying uncertainties: They can advise on what steps to take. - Laying the foundation of your claim: They can provide you with legal advice and assistance with all aspects of the injury claims process from submitting the claim and gathering evidence to negotiating with insurance companies and representing you in court. - Protecting your rights: A lawyer protects your rights and interests throughout the process, from reporting to claim settlement. Kalsi & Associates – Car Accident Injury Claims No matter the severity, it's important to report an accident within 24 hours, either to one of your local collision reporting centres or the police. This report protects you from a legal perspective and provides the basis for your personal injury claim. If you've been injured in a motor vehicle accident, having the support of a car accident lawyer can be the difference between a successful claim and an unsuccessful one. At Kalsi & Associates, we take pride in helping injured victims secure the benefits they deserve. Contact us today to set up a free consultation. We are here for you.
3rd Phase: Generating Concepts & Prototyping Frrom a design perspective, it is not about coming up with a one-fit treatment for complicated psychological problems such as Eating Disorders, rather, it's about breaking the the barrier of communication between persons with an eating disorder and the society. By creating empathy and promoting meaningful communication, we become more aware of our surroundings and develop our own initiatives so that we become proactive in identifying and preventing disordered behaviours in others. The design concepts and prorotypes are based on 3 important principles and their values: Participatory design Relevant to a wide audience Emphasis on communication Understanding cause and effects Spreading awareness about eating disorders Criticize media culture and social ideals of body image The first few prototypes and idea explorations were displayed at OFFCOURSE - A student exhibition as part of the annual DesignTo A. Critical objects that narrates and fosters empathy This concept explores how art-based/ critical objects can foster empathy in people. The object is intergrated in spaces where everyone can interact with and learn about thoughtful communication between someone with and without a mental disorder. Weight of words This piece is a scale that reflects the miscommunication between someone with an eating disorder and healthy individuals. The weights symbolizes our words. When the one side of the scale is heavier than another, it pulls the screen up on one side, whichever heavier and prevent both sides from seeing each other. When the weights are balance, both side can see each other. This shows that if both are putting efforts in reaching out and choosing the right words, they can achieve mutual understanding and it could also be the very first step towards treatment and recovery for patients with eating disorders. B. Raising awareness in a non-traditional, fun and engaging manner Game could be used as an educational tool and teaches what therapists, advocators and media cannot. If meaningful interaction and discussion revolve the topic of life events, and consequences could be addresses through a game, it could be the most playful, yet informative and educational way to address mental illnesses such as Eating Disorders. Boardgame Ideation Process C. Educating people how to effectively communicate to someone with an eating disorder through technology This concept explores AI as a potential educational tool to educate friends and families of individuals who have disordered eating behaviour as early intervention. Communication plays a huge role in determining whether friends and families will be of help or will further alienate someone. Despite guidance provided by professionals, books and other intellectual resources, in reality, conversations can always go wrong. In order to avoid accidental hurtful comments coming from a family member or a friend when someone is confessing their eating disorder, providing them the right communicating tools (such as questions, word choices, attitudes, etc) would help them develop the right response and use it when the situation arise. Early version: Buddy Challenge Engage an individual who has signs of eating disorders and a trusted friend/ family member of them in a number of activities that may help them change the way they view food and remind them of meaningful connections through the context of social cooking and dining. "Buddy Challenge" may include items such as: -A schedule for in-person meeting and meaningful exchange of conversation during the course of grocery shopping and cooking together with a loved one. -"Progress" which shows a variety of food items that have been used in the recipes, including "fear food". -A Recipe Collection that allows user to collect their favourite recipes which improve their experience with food. Revised version: Talkie is a chatbot that exists in order to help family and friends who know/ or want to learn more about Eating Disorder. Talkie is designed to tailor to user's needs, whether you are someone who hear about Eating Disorder for the first time, or you are trying to help out someone you know who have an eating disorder, or you think you are having changes in your eating patterns and simply want to learn more about it.
Jigs and fixtures, despite the mere difference of a single letter, are often confused and sometimes misused. So, what exactly distinguishes a test fixture from a jig? Let Silman Tech elaborate on this in detail. - Concept of Jigs: A jig is a category of tools used in woodworking, metalworking, carpentry, machinery, electronics, and various other manual crafts. It is primarily used to coordinate and control specific positions or actions (or both). The term "jig" was influenced by the long-term Japanese administration in Taiwan. Types of Jigs: Jigs can be classified into three main categories: process assembly jigs, project testing jigs, and PCB testing jigs. Process assembly jigs include assembly, welding, disassembly, dispensing, exposure, adjustment, and cutting jigs. Project testing jigs include life testing, packaging testing, environmental testing, optical testing, shielding testing, and sound insulation testing jigs. PCB testing jigs mainly consist of ICT testing, FCT functional testing, SMT reflow testing, and BGA testing jigs. Primary Uses of Jigs: Jigs are formed in response to industry needs, including mechanical, woodworking, welding, jewelry, and other fields. Some types of jigs are also referred to as "molds" or "accessories," with their key significance lying in replicating specific parts with repeatability and accuracy. Many types of jigs are customized, aiming to enhance productivity or precision in operations. Distinguishing Between Jigs and Fixtures - Concept of Fixtures: Universally, any device used in the process to quickly, conveniently, and safely install workpieces can be termed a fixture. Examples include welding fixtures, inspection fixtures, assembly fixtures, and machine tool fixtures. Machine tool fixtures, in particular, are more common and are often simply referred to as fixtures. When machining workpieces on machine tools, it is necessary to securely position and clamp the workpieces to achieve the technical requirements of size, geometric shape, and positional accuracy specified in the drawings. Types of Fixtures: Fixtures can be categorized based on their application characteristics into universal fixtures, specialized fixtures, adjustable fixtures, combination fixtures, etc. Difference Between Test Jigs and Fixtures: In summary, although both serve similar primary purposes, jigs are primarily used as guiding tools, while fixtures are primarily used for holding tools in a fixed specific position. Some devices that perform both functions (guiding and holding tools) are also called jigs, but devices that only hold without guiding are referred to as "fixtures" rather than "jigs." The application of jigs has decreased with the advent of CNC systems.
The Most Surprising Dyslexia Statistics in 2024 Statistic 1 "Dyslexia runs in families; parents with dyslexia are very likely to have children who also have dyslexia." Statistic 2 "Dyslexia is the most common cause of reading, writing, and spelling difficulties." Statistic 3 "Dyslexia affects 5 to 10 percent of a given population, although estimates vary." Statistic 4 "Over 80% of learning disabilities are related to reading and language skills." Statistic 5 "Only 1 in 10 dyslexics know they have it." Statistic 6 "Dyslexia is found equally in both males and females and across all ethnic and socio-economic groups." Statistic 7 "35% of entrepreneurs in the U.S. are dyslexic." Statistic 8 "Students with dyslexia are more likely to drop out of school." Statistic 9 "Children with dyslexia often excel in areas such as art, computer science, design, drama, electronics, mathematics, mechanics, music, physics, sales, and sports." Statistic 10 "Reading interventions can improve dyslexic students' reading skills by up to one grade level in 20 hours of instruction." Statistic 11 "The cost for special education services is 2 times higher for children with dyslexia." Statistic 12 "Early intervention is key; children who receive help in kindergarten and first grade improve their reading skills more significantly." Statistic 13 "Dyslexia affects 1 in 5 people." Statistic 14 "50% of NASA scientists are dyslexic." Statistic 15 "People with dyslexia are often very creative thinkers and excellent problem solvers." Statistic 16 "About 40% of self-made millionaires are dyslexic." Statistic 17 "Dyslexia does not affect general intelligence; individuals with dyslexia can have average or above-average IQs." Statistic 18 "Approximately 70-80% of people with poor reading skills are likely dyslexic." Statistic 19 "About 15-20% of the population has a language-based learning disability, with dyslexia being the most common." Statistic 20 "About 40% of students diagnosed with ADHD also have dyslexia." Education Statistics: Explore more posts from this category Pharmacist Training Duration Statistics Praxis Scores Processing Time Statistics Sat Attempt Frequency Statistics Lsat Duration Average Statistics Paralegal Training Duration Statistics Permit Test Taking Frequency Statistics Pharmacist Training Duration Statistics Act Completion Time Statistics ... Before You Leave, Catch This! 🔥 Your next business insight is just a subscription away. Our newsletter The Week in Data delivers the freshest statistics and trends directly to you. Stay informed, stay ahead—subscribe now.
• Investment in energy efficiency set to rise as 99 percent of businesses commit to additional spending, but cost (53 percent) was seen as the highest barrier to improving energy • Moving data to the cloud (71 percent) is the most common energy efficiency measure, followed by performing energy efficiency audits (69 percent) • Rising energy costs (58 percent) and concerns over the lack of grid power (41 percent) are perceived as threats to businesses A new report from the Energy Efficiency Movement has revealed that 99 percent of businesses are already investing in, or are planning to invest in, making their energy usage more efficient. Notably, the number of businesses actively investing in energy efficiency has increased by 7 percent from two years ago. The report, entitled "From Insight to Implementation: Business Perspectives on Energy Efficiency Investments" found that of the businesses investing, or planning to, 41 percent cite the next 12 months as the timeframe for making these improvements. Published ahead of the International Energy Agency's ninth Energy Efficiency Conference, which will be held in Nairobi, Kenya in May this year, the survey sought to investigate Energy Efficiency investment readiness. This survey was a follow-on from its previous "Accelerating Ambition" survey conducted in 2022 and sought to analyze differences compared to 2022 across industries. Moving data to the cloud (71 percent) is the most common energy efficiency measure currently invested in by businesses, followed by performing energy efficiency audits (69 percent), and improving energy efficiency of cooling systems (64 percent). Businesses cite several key reasons for investing in energy efficiency. Over half (52 percent) aim for cost savings, 48 percent prioritize corporate sustainability commitments, while 41 percent seek to improve energy resilience. The global survey conducted in February 2024 gathered responses from 1,282 business leaders across 13 countries. These countries included China, Germany, Italy, the US, the UK, India, Sweden, Brazil, Spain, Mexico, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Argentina. Notably, there were large variances between respondent answers from different countries. For example, while moving data to the cloud was overall the most common energy efficiency measure invested in by businesses, only 56 percent on businesses in China were undertaking this measure and this percentage jumped to 80 percent for businesses in Mexico. Similarly, 77 percent of Indonesian businesses are installing connectivity to their physical assets, while only 40 percent of business in Sweden are doing so. Respondents represented a range of industries such as manufacturing, transportation, energy generation and heavy industry, and reflected varying business levels – from owner and executive to managers and specialists. While there is optimism and appetite among businesses to invest in energy efficiency, the survey also identified barriers. Remaining high costs (53 percent) were seen as the highest barrier to improving energy, followed by downtime or disruption (34 percent), and a lack of specialist resources (33 percent) and digital skills (30 percent). Notably, the number of businesses unsure of how to improve energy efficiency decreased in the two years since the previous survey (from 24 percent in 2022 to 19 percent in 2024). This shows that businesses are becoming more familiar with energy efficiency, again reflected in the fact that most respondents (93 percent) feel that they have somewhat had access to support or information on energy efficiency. There are growing concerns among industry leaders over the lack of grid power for businesses in the coming years, with 41 percent of businesses expressing at least moderate concerns about the limited supply for production. To combat this, businesses are adopting energy efficiency measures (44 percent), introducing on-site renewable energy sources (42 percent), and installing backup generators (38 percent) among other actions. Mike Umiker, Managing Director of the Energy Efficiency Movement, commented: "Our findings underscore a pivotal shift in corporate strategy at an important stage in the energy transition. From moving data to the cloud to conducting energy audits, these initiatives are not only a response to rising energy costs and concerns over the lack of grid power in the coming years but also a reflection of a deep-seated commitment to sustainability and resilience. We, as the Energy Efficiency Movement seek to provide businesses with the necessary guidance to navigate the energy transition. By using established technologies, as outlined in The Case for Industrial Energy Efficiency", they stand ready to make strides in meeting their commitments to decarbonization." To read the full report: click here. Join the Energy Efficiency Movement now and accelerate your journey to net zero. The Energy Efficiency Movement is a forum that brings together like-minded stakeholders to innovate and act for a more energy-efficient world. Through innovation, the sharing of knowledge and insights, adoption of available energy-efficient technologies, smart investments and the right regulations and incentives, we can optimize energy efficiency and accelerate progress toward a decarbonized future for all. The Movement was launched in 2021 and has received a positive reaction throughout industry, with hundreds of companies joining in more than 40 countries. www.energyefficiencymovement.com
Browsing PubMed İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu by Department "AGÜ, Yaşam ve Doğa Bilimleri Fakültesi, Biyomühendislik Bölümü" Now showing items 1-20 of 35 Alantolactone ameliorates graft versus host disease in mice (ELSEVIER, 2024)The anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs which are used in the treatment of Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD) have limited effects in controlling the severity of the disease. In this study, we aimed to investigate ... - Analyzing the genetic diversity and biotechnological potential of Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides by comparative genomics (Frontiers Media S.A., 2023)Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides is a lactic acid bacteria species widely exist in fermented dairy foods, cane juice, sourdough, kimchi, apple dumpster, caecum, and human adenoid. In the dairy industry, Ln. pseudomesenteroides ... - Berberine-containing natural-medicine with boiled peanut-OIT induces sustained peanut-tolerance associated with distinct microbiota signature (FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2023)BackgroundGut microbiota influence food allergy. We showed that the natural compound berberine reduces IgE and others reported that BBR alters gut microbiota implying a potential role for microbiota changes in BBR function. ... - Biodiversity, drug discovery, and the future of global health: Introducing the biodiversity to biomedicine consortium, a call to action (UNIV EDINBURGH, GLOBAL HEALTH SOC, CENTRE POPULATION HEALTH SCIENCES, TEVIOT PL, EDINBURGH, EH8 9AG, SCOTLAND, 2017)[Özet Yok] - Can mesenchymal stem/stromal cells and their secretomes combat bacterial persisters? (SPRINGER, 2023)The increasing number of life-threatening infections caused by persister bacteria is associated with various issues, including antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation. Infections due to persister cells are often ... - CiliaMiner: an integrated database for ciliopathy genes and ciliopathies (OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 2023)Cilia are found in eukaryotic species ranging from single-celled organisms, such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, to humans, but not in plants. The ability to respond to repellents and/or attractants, regulate cell proliferation ... - Circular RNA-MicroRNA-MRNA interaction predictions in SARS-CoV-2 infection (WALTER DE GRUYTER GMBHGENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY, 2021)Different types of noncoding RNAs like microRNAs (miRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been shown to take part in various cellular processes including post-transcriptional gene regulation during infection. MiRNAs are ... - Comparative Genomics of Lentilactobacillus parabuchneri isolated from dairy, KEM complex, Makgeolli, and Saliva Microbiomes (BMC, 2022)Background: Lentilactobacillus parabuchneri is of particular concern in fermented food bioprocessing due to causing unwanted gas formation, cracks, and off-flavor in fermented dairy foods. This species is also a known ... - Comparative genomics of Leuconostoc lactis strains isolated from human gastrointestinal system and fermented foods microbiomes (BMCCAMPUS, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND, 2022)Background: Leuconostoc lactis forms a crucial member of the genus Leuconostoc and has been widely used in the fermentation industry to convert raw material into acidified and flavored products in dairy and plant-based ... - Comparative genomics of Loigolactobacillus coryniformis with an emphasis on L. coryniformis strain FOL-19 isolated from cheese (ELSEVIER, 2023)Loigolactobacillus coryniformis is a member of lactic acid bacteria isolated from various ecological niches. We isolated a novel L. coryniformis strain FOL-19 from artisanal Tulum cheese and performed the whole-genome ... - Computational prediction of microRNAs in Histoplasma capsulatum (ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND, 2020)MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small and non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression through post-transcriptional regulation. Although, the standard miRNA repository, MiRBase, lists more than 200 organisms having miRNA mediated ... - A decision support system for the prediction of mortality in patients with acute kidney injury admitted in intensive care unit (UNIV SOUTH BOHEMIA, FAC HEALTH & SOCIAL STUD, JIROVCOVA, CESKA BUDEJOVICE, 370 04, CZECH REPUBLIC, 2020)Intensive care unit (ICU) is a very special unit of a hospital, where healthcare professionals provide treatment and, later, close followup to the patients. It is crucial to estimate mortality in ICU patients from many ... - Discovery of adapalene and dihydrotachysterol as antiviral agents for the Omicron variant of SARS‑CoV‑2 through computational drug repurposing (SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 2022)Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been signifcantly paralyzing the societies, economies and health care systems around the globe. The mutations on the genome of SARS-CoV-2 led to the emergence ... - Editorial: Microbial production of medicinally important agents (FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2023)Harnessing microbial systems as bio-factories for the production of medically significant agents presents a thriving avenue in pharmaceutical research. From manufacturing natural products, including potent secondary ... - Environmental responsiveness of tubulin glutamylation in sensory cilia is regulated by the p38 MAPK pathway (NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP, MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND, 2018)Glutamylation is a post-translational modification found on tubulin that can alter the interaction between microtubules (MTs) and associated proteins. The molecular mechanisms regulating tubulin glutamylation in response ... - Ethacrynic acid and cinnamic acid combination exhibits selective anticancer effects on K562 chronic myeloid leukemia cells (SPRINGER, 2022)Background Despite the recent advances in chemotherapy, the outcomes and the success of these treatments still remain insufficient. Novel combination treatments and treatment strategies need to be developed in order to ... - Exploring the binding capacity of lactic acid bacteria derived bacteriocins against RBD of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant by molecular simulations (2023)The changes in the SARS-CoV-2 genome have resulted in the emergence of new variants. Some of the variants have been classified as variants of concern (VOC). These strains have higher transmission rate and improved fitness. ... - Exploring therapeutic avenues: mesenchymal stem/stromal cells and exosomes in confronting enigmatic biofilm-producing fungi (SPRINGER, 2024)Fungal infections concomitant with bioflms can demonstrate an elevated capacity to withstand substantially higher concentrations of antifungal agents, contrasted with infectious diseases caused by planktonic cells. This ... - Genomic, probiotic, and metabolic potentials of Liquorilactobacillus nagelii AGA58, a novel bacteriocinogenic motile strain isolated from lactic acid-fermented shalgam (ELSEVIER, 2023)This study aimed to perform genomic, probiotic, and metabolic characterization of a novel Liquorilactobacillus nagelii AGA58 isolated from a lactic acid-fermented shalgam beverage to understand its metabolic potentials and ... - Histopathology image classification: highlighting the gap between manual analysis and AI automation (FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2023)The field of histopathological image analysis has evolved significantly with the advent of digital pathology, leading to the development of automated models capable of classifying tissues and structures within diverse ...
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eBook - ePub Risk Governance Biases, Blind Spots and Bonuses Elizabeth Sheedy This is a test Compartir libro - 210 páginas - English - ePUB (apto para móviles) - Disponible en iOS y Android eBook - ePub Risk Governance Biases, Blind Spots and Bonuses Elizabeth Sheedy Detalles del libro Vista previa del libro Información del libro Biases, blind spots and bonuses (or incentives more broadly) have led to numerous risk management disasters. Risk governance is a potential solution to these problems yet is not always as effective as we would like it to be. One reason for that is the current dearth of risk governance expertise. This book seeks to address this issue, providing: - Understanding of the fundamental forces that cause disasters: the biases, blind spots and bonuses. This understanding is drawn from the disciplines of economics/finance and psychology; - Explanation of the structures of risk governance and common challenges experienced in their use e.g. board risk committee, risk/compliance function, assurance function, risk appetite statement, risk disclosures; - Thorough investigation of risk culture and its importance in risk governance, including the assessment of risk culture; - Understanding of the mechanisms of executive compensation and how they link to risk management – one of the most difficult challenges confronting both risk and remuneration committees; - Explanation of the risk management process (based on international standards ISO31000), including practical guidance on risk communication, analysis and treatment; - Guidance on the management of strategic risk, emphasising the importance of scenario analysis; - Application of these principles to cyber risk, climate risk – two pervasive risks affecting almost every organisation; - Numerous case studies and examples drawn from various industries around the world; and - Discussion of what has been learned about risk governance from the COVID-19 experience. The book is an essential guide for postgraduate students; participants in professional education programs in governance and risk management; directors; senior executives; risk, compliance and assurance professionals as well as conduct and prudential regulators worldwide. Preguntas frecuentes ¿Cómo cancelo mi suscripción? ¿Cómo descargo los libros? Por el momento, todos nuestros libros ePub adaptables a dispositivos móviles se pueden descargar a través de la aplicación. La mayor parte de nuestros PDF también se puede descargar y ya estamos trabajando para que el resto también sea descargable. Obtén más información aquí. ¿En qué se diferencian los planes de precios? Ambos planes te permiten acceder por completo a la biblioteca y a todas las funciones de Perlego. Las únicas diferencias son el precio y el período de suscripción: con el plan anual ahorrarás en torno a un 30 % en comparación con 12 meses de un plan mensual. ¿Qué es Perlego? Somos un servicio de suscripción de libros de texto en línea que te permite acceder a toda una biblioteca en línea por menos de lo que cuesta un libro al mes. Con más de un millón de libros sobre más de 1000 categorías, ¡tenemos todo lo que necesitas! Obtén más información aquí. ¿Perlego ofrece la función de texto a voz? Busca el símbolo de lectura en voz alta en tu próximo libro para ver si puedes escucharlo. La herramienta de lectura en voz alta lee el texto en voz alta por ti, resaltando el texto a medida que se lee. Puedes pausarla, acelerarla y ralentizarla. Obtén más información aquí. ¿Es Risk Governance un PDF/ePUB en línea? Sí, puedes acceder a Risk Governance de Elizabeth Sheedy en formato PDF o ePUB, así como a otros libros populares de Negocios y empresa y Gobierno empresarial. Tenemos más de un millón de libros disponibles en nuestro catálogo para que explores. Foundations of risk governance The 2010 Deepwater Horizon incident1 conjures images of environmental catastrophe as well as the tragic loss of 11 lives. An oil rig operating 66 km off the Louisiana coast, the Deepwater Horizon ignited and exploded after a leak of methane gas. This caused the largest ever accidental oil spill, threatening species from whale sharks to sea grass. For BP, the operator of the oil rig, the incident was also disastrous as it faced billions of dollars in fines and reputational damage. The Dieselgate scandal engulfed Volkswagen and its subsidiaries2 when a 'defeat device' was discovered in 2015 for deceiving US regulators. It created the false impression that the diesel vehicles complied with strict environmental standards for protecting the health of the population, crucial for those with chronic respiratory conditions. Volkswagen subsequently spent billions on vehicle rectification and fines. In 2019, Australia's oldest bank, Westpac, was accused of 23 million breaches of anti-money laundering laws, ignoring transactions likely to be associated with child exploitation.3 If proven, the allegations will also result in significant fines and reputational damage. Three different scandals, all in the last decade but in different parts of the world and involving different industries. All three failures arguably could have been prevented by better governance. All three resulted in changes in the executive team, the board or both. In the Westpac case, for example, the CEO, the chairman and the chair of the board risk committee all stepped down in the weeks following the news, accepting accountability for serious failures of risk management. Importantly, the push for resignations came from the shareholder community, through institutional shareholders and proxy advisors. These examples illustrate a worldwide phenomenon: that directors and senior executives are ultimately held responsible for risk management within their organisations. It is no longer possible to hide behind excuses of ignorance or group decision making. Directors are expected to own the organisation's risk choices, take responsibility for the risk management framework, challenge the executive in relation to risk issues and ensure that a risk culture is established. In other words, risk governance is an expected norm of modern organisations. Some directors are outraged by what they see as unrealistic expectations or inappropriate intrusion into areas that should be the remit of the executive. But many if not most shareholders see these risk governance tasks as reasonable. From the perspective of the shareholder, often holding shares in anticipation of retirement, directors are well paid and enjoy high status for exercising independent oversight on their behalf. Directors who feel unable or unwilling to take on these responsibilities are free to leave the field; plenty of others are ready to replace them. So how did risk governance evolve? What are the forces and societal trends that led us to this point? I will argue that risk governance can be explained by three main forces: - An increasingly litigious and regulated society that led to the development of risk management as a discipline and profession, as organisations defended themselves against reputational damage, legal costs and fines; - The understanding that humans are prone to poor risk management through a range of biases and blind spots; - Incentive conflicts that cause managers, acting out of self-interest, to pay insufficient attention to longer-term risk issues that are important to most other stakeholders. Table 1.1 highlights some of the important risk governance milestones that have both stimulated and signalled change. 1960s \| 1970s \| 1980 \| 1984 \| 1986 \| 1987 \| 1988 \| 1992 \| 1994 \| 1995 \| 1996 \| 1998 \| 1999 \| 2001 \| 2002 \| 2003 \| 2004 \| 2007 \| 2008 \| 200... \|
Six beautiful examples of architect-designed glamping "They're ridiculous follies of other people's dreams. They have the appeal of getting back to simplicity and to nature. They do what you want but they contain nothing that you don't need." This is Rob Brown's theory about why Australia is fostering a growing lineage of architect-designed campsite-inspired projects. The architect, from Sydney's Casey Brown, designed a copper-clad tower on a 3×3-metre footprint in Mudgee and then watched as its essence-of-essentiality allure sent it around the world as an admired structural achievement. Permanent camping This form of "permanent camping", set on a mountain in sheep country way off the grid, was inspired by sub-Saharan African mud-brick structures. It was shortlisted in the 2008 World Architecture Festival. Brown reckons that seven years on, rarely a week passes when someone doesn't make reference to it. Images by Rob Brown The Humpy, Daintree Melbourne architect Tim Sullivan's family had owned a beachfront house block near Far North Queensland's Daintree Rainforest for years, and it was a perfect campsite. Except that, as it was a residential subdivision, the council disallowed camping unless a permanent dwelling was on the site. The multi-function 4×4-metre shed that locals dubbed "The Humpy" was prefabricated for $65,000, including trucking parts from Footscray. Sullivan made the "dwelling", including a basic shower plus toilet, kitchen and laundry, to make family camping trips tremendously comfortable. The Rajasthani tent with the gold embroidered mirrors inside makes the experience more romantic. Tim says the family lives, cooks and dines outdoors anyway, and because the economy of the area was diminishing there was no point in overcapitalising beyond the humpy, which can be closed up completely when not in use. "Plus, I didn't want to force myself to have to live in a certain way," he says. "We wanted to keep our options open and flexible." Images by Tim Sullivan Turon House tent house Graphic artist Greg Hill had camped for 13 years near the river at Turon, west of Sydney, "before we decided we wanted permanent shelter in case it rained". His tent-shaped, one-room wooden cabin "turned out to be better than shelter – and we loved it so much we moved in permanently". It's a bit of a homage to the canvas beginnings of nearby gold towns, and Hill says he had even thought of attaching guy ropes to the seven-metre-long building. Turon House, which cost him $140,000 to build, is currently connected to power. Hill's next ambition is to disconnect. Images by Greg Hill Dogtrot House Two simple skillion-roof pavilions won a major Australian architectural award for architects Dunn and Hillam, in the 2014-new residential class of under 200 square metres. They reckon the project "contained everything they [their clients] love about camping". Dogtrot House on NSW's South Coast is named for the Southern US label for the central breezeway between the buildings, which has the kitchen and a shared public room on one side and the other bedrooms and a bathroom on the other. The point of the place was to keep the camping casualness while eliminating the need to pack up at the end of a holiday. Images by Kilian O'Sullivan Container campsite This one in the Hunter Valley is too far off the beaten track for concrete trucks to deliver or for services to be connected, but it's in ideal mountain biking terrain. It is a radical repurposing of three shipping containers that have been turned into a simple-mechanism open-up/close-down campsite by rad-thinking architect Drew Heath. It is set under a giant 180-square-metre roof that collects water and repels heat-hitting (though heavily insulated) metal boxes. It includes kitchen, bunk-room, bathrooms and utility room in a hard-camp compound that can bunk-sleep six. The spaces between the containers are dining and chilling areas when open. Against fire and between occupancy, slide-over doorways close the joint down when guests pedal off. Images by Brett Boardman Peter Stutchbury's tent If you suspect the architects doing the tent-style houses are all greeny-leany, pushing against the politics of over-fat residential design, consider that the Architectural Institute of Australia's Gold Medal recipient for 2015 has been living on a wooden platform in a canvas tent for two years. Peter Stutchbury, creator of some of Australia's most admired structures, has been taking his time to consider what he's going to build on the land he has at Avalon. And the experience of watching the weather and seasonal movement of light has made him "realise how little you need". Images by Michael Nicholson
A team of scientists led by the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory have discovered the specific gene that controls an important symbiotic relationship between plants and soil fungi, and successfully facilitated the symbiosis in a plant that typically resists it. The discovery could lead to the development of bioenergy and food crops that can withstand harsh growing conditions, resist pathogens and pests, require less chemical fertilizer and produce larger and more plentiful plants per acre. Scientists in recent years have developed a deeper understanding of the complex relationship plants have with mycorrhizal fungi. When they are united, the fungi form a sheath around plant roots with remarkable benefits. The fungal structure extends far from the plant host, increasing nutrient uptake and even communicating with other plants to "warn" of spreading pathogens and pests. In return, plants feed carbon to the fungus, which encourages its growth. These mycorrhizal symbioses are believed to have supported the ancient colonization of land by plants, enabling successful ecosystems such as vast forests and prairies. An estimated 80% of plant species have mycorrhizal fungi associated with their roots. "If we can understand the molecular mechanism that controls the relationship between plants and beneficial fungi, then we can start using this symbiosis to acquire specific conditions in plants such as resistance to drought, pathogens, improving nitrogen and nutrition uptake and more," said ORNL molecular geneticist Jessy Labbe. "The resulting plants would grow larger and need less water and fertilizer, for instance." Finding the genetic triggers in a plant that allow the symbiosis to occur has been one of the most challenging topics in the plant field. The discovery, described in Nature Plants, came after 10 years of research at ORNL and partner institutions exploring ways to produce better bioenergy feedstock crops such as Populus, or the poplar tree. The work was accomplished by improvements over the past decade in genomic sequencing, quantitative genetics and high-performance computing, combined with experimental biology. The scientists were studying the symbiosis formed by certain species of Populus and the fungus Laccaria bicolor (L. bicolor). The team used supercomputing resources at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility, a DOE Office of Science user facility at ORNL, along with genome sequences produced at the DOE Joint Genome Institute, a DOE Office of Science user facility at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, to narrow down the search to a particular receptor protein, PtLecRLK1. Once they had identified the likely candidate gene, the researchers took to the lab to validate their findings. The researchers chose Arabidopsis, a plant that traditionally does not interact with the fungus L. bicolor, and even considers it a threat, for their experiments. They created an engineered version of the plant that expresses the PtLecRLK1 protein, and then inoculated the plants with the fungus. The fungus L. bicolor completely enveloped the plant's root tips, forming a fungal sheath indicative of symbiote formation. "We showed that we can convert a non-host into a host of this symbiont," said ORNL quantitative geneticist Wellington Muchero. "If we can make Arabidopsis interact with this fungus, then we believe we can make other biofuel crops like switchgrass, or food crops like corn also interact and confer the exact same benefits. It opens up all sorts of opportunities in diverse plant systems. Surprisingly, one gene is all you need." "This is a remarkable achievement that could lead to the development of bioenergy crops with the ability to survive and thrive on marginal, non-agricultural lands," said CBI director Jerry Tuskan. "We could target as much as 20-40 million acres of marginal land with hardy bioenergy crops that need less water, boosting the prospects for successful rural, biobased economies supplying sustainable alternatives for gasoline and industrial feedstocks."
Hydrological cycle amplification reshapes warming-driven oxygen loss in the Atlantic Ocean Author Allison Hogikyan, Laure Resplandy, Maofeng Liu, Gabriel Vecchi Publication Year 2024 Abstract The loss of oxygen from the ocean due to warming is not ubiquitous. In the Atlantic Ocean above 1 km depth, there is oxygen loss at subpolar latitudes, but there has been no oxygen loss or gain in the subtropics over the past six decades. Here we show that the amplification of the hydrological cycle, a response to climate change that results in a 'salty-get-saltier, fresh-get-fresher' sea surface salinity pattern, influences ocean ventilation and introduces a spatial pattern in the rate of climate change-driven oxygen loss in an Earth system model. A salinification enhances ventilation of (already salty) mode waters that outcrop in the subtropics and opposes warming-driven oxygen loss, while a freshening reduces ventilation of (already fresh) deep waters that outcrop at subpolar latitudes and accelerates oxygen loss. These results suggest that climate change introduces patterns of oxygenation through surface salinity changes, key to understanding observed and future regional changes. © 2024, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited. URL External link to reference DOI 10.1038/s41558-023-01897-w Google ScholarBibTeXEndNote X3 XML
The immune system is the one that protects you against disease or other potentially damaging foreign bodies. If it functions properly, it's for the immune system to identify a variety of threats. A healthy immune system can defeat invading pathogens. As there is no certain vaccine against COVID-19, our immune system is the best defense. There are various ways on how to boost your immune system and we hope that these will help you; - Good sleep hygiene While sleeping, cytokines are secreted. Cytokines are a substance that helps us respond during inflammation. Having less sleep may cause reduced cell production and antibody. 7 to 8 hours is the suggested good sleep, especially for adults. If you are having less than that, you may need to develop your good sleep hygiene. You may start by sticking to the same bed and waking times, maintain a conducive sleep environment, and avoid electronics 30 minutes before you sleep. Quality sleep will help your body function well for the tasks you have within the day. If you do catch a cold, having enough rest might help you bounce back to health as well. - Exercise moderately Moderate exercise enhances immune function above sedentary levels. Having regular exercise can also make you progressively stronger. An exercise that is not more than an hour is an immune system adjuvant that boosts proteins. It will help improve the ability of cells to identify pathogens. Some recommended activities are going to the gym every other day or having a 20-30 minute walk daily. Taking up a hobby or sport may also be an enjoyable way to make you active. In general, moderate exercise can help you feel energetic and healthier. Exercise also has additional benefits of reducing heart disease and keeping your bones strong. - Good hygiene Having good hygiene is another strategy to help your immune system limit pathogen exposure. To lessen infection is to keep away from close contact. Avoid crowded places or closed spaces. To prevent the spread of infections, hand washing is the best way. Wash your hands with clean water and soap at least 20 seconds. Do this after using public transportation, restroom, or before and after handling food. - Nutrition needs The immune system will have no effective response if you have inadequate nutrition. The cells need macronutrients from fats, carbohydrates, and proteins to provide energy and substrate for vital functions. Having a balance-diet will meet your nutrition needs. Oftentimes, those who have decreased appetite due to illness or caused by aging, consumption can be a challenge. A healthy immune system requires a regular amount of sufficient nutrients. You may also try some of these sources that are high in Vitamin C to help you boost your immune system: - Grapefruits - Oranges - Broccoli - Kiwi - Potatoes - Spinach Vitamin C is an important nutrient for you to stay healthy. Having a varied diet rich in all nutrients will help you stay fit and healthy. Especially at this time if you have a weak immune system, you may be prone to the COVID-19. Following these tips may help you or can be your best defense against the infection.
The Rwandan genocide, also known as the genocide against the Tutsi, occurred between 7 April and 19 July 1994 during the Rwandan Civil War. During this period of around 100 days, members of the Tutsi minority ethnic group, as well as some moderate Hutu and Twa, were killed by armed Hutu militias. Although the Constitution of Rwanda states that more than 1 million people perished in the genocide, the actual number of fatalities is unclear, and some estimates suggest that the real number killed was likely lower. The most widely accepted scholarly estimates are around 500,000 to 800,000 Tutsi deaths. In 1990, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a rebel group composed mostly of Tutsi refugees, invaded northern Rwanda from their base in Uganda, initiating the Rwandan Civil War. Over the course of the next three years, neither side was able to gain a decisive advantage. In an effort to bring the war to a peaceful end, the Rwandan government led by Hutu president, Juvénal Habyarimana signed the Arusha Accords with the RPF on 4 August 1993. The catalyst became Habyarimana's assassination on 6 April 1994, creating a power vacuum and ending peace accords. Genocidal killings began the following day when majority Hutu soldiers, police, and militia murdered key Tutsi and moderate Hutu military and political leaders. The scale and brutality of the genocide caused shock worldwide, but no country intervened to forcefully stop the killings. Most of the victims were killed in their own villages or towns, many by their neighbors and fellow villagers. Hutu gangs searched out victims hiding in churches and school buildings. The militia murdered victims with machetes and rifles. Sexual violence was rife, with an estimated 250,000 to 500,000 women raped during the genocide. The RPF quickly resumed the civil war once the genocide started and captured all government territory, ending the genocide and forcing the government and génocidaires into Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo). The genocide had lasting and profound effects. In 1996, the RPF-led Rwandan government launched an offensive into Zaire, home to exiled leaders of the former Rwandan government and many Hutu refugees, starting the First Congo War and killing an estimated 200,000 people. Today, Rwanda has two public holidays to mourn the genocide, and "genocide ideology" and "divisionism" are criminal offences.
Women Shaping a Sustainable Energy Future in Decentralized Systems These systems empower local communities to generate, consume, and distribute their own renewable energy, reducing reliance on centralized power grids. In this revolution, women are playing a crucial role, driving innovation, advocating for change, and shaping a sustainable energy future. The Underrepresentation of Women in Energy Historically, the energy sector has been predominantly male-dominated. According to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), women account for only 22% of the workforce in the renewable energy sector worldwide. This glaring gender disparity reflects broader gender inequalities prevalent in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields. To achieve a truly sustainable energy future and harness the full potential of decentralized systems, it is essential to address this underrepresentation and create diverse and inclusive opportunities for women. Women Driving Entrepreneurship and Innovation Despite the challenges they face, women have been at the forefront of driving entrepreneurship and innovation in the sustainable energy sector. Empowered by their unique perspectives and an unwavering commitment to sustainable development, women entrepreneurs have been pioneering groundbreaking solutions that contribute to the decentralization of energy systems. For instance: - Solar Sister, a nonprofit organization founded by Katherine Lucey, trains and supports women in rural Africa to become clean energy entrepreneurs, providing them with the tools and knowledge to sell and distribute solar products in their communities. - Leila Madrone, co-founder and CEO of Sunfolding, has developed innovative tracking technology for solar panels, increasing their efficiency and reducing costs in decentralized solar energy systems. These examples demonstrate how women-led initiatives are driving technological advancements and accelerating the adoption of sustainable energy practices at the grassroots level. Advantages of Women's Inclusion in Sustainable Energy Increasing the involvement of women in shaping a sustainable energy future brings numerous advantages to society, the economy, and the environment: - Greater diversity: Including more women in the energy sector brings a diversity of thoughts, perspectives, and experiences, fostering innovation and creativity in problem-solving. - Enhanced equity: Encouraging gender equality in the energy sector ensures that women have equal opportunities for leadership, decision-making, and employment, creating a fairer and more inclusive society. - Broader energy access: Women often play a crucial role in providing energy access to their communities. By involving more women in decision-making processes, energy solutions that better meet the needs of marginalized populations can be developed. - Sustainable development: Women's inclusion in the energy sector contributes to broader socioeconomic development, fostering economic growth and social empowerment. The Way Forward To seize the opportunities presented by decentralized energy systems and create a sustainable future, it is essential to actively promote gender equality and empower women in the energy sector. Here are some key takeaways: - Encourage women to pursue careers in STEM fields and provide them with educational opportunities and mentorship programs to support their professional development in the energy sector. - Establish policies and regulations that promote gender diversity and inclusion, ensuring equal representation of women in decision-making bodies and leadership positions. - Invest in initiatives that support women-led entrepreneurship in sustainable energy, providing access to financing, training, and networking opportunities. By embracing women's talents and expertise in sustainable energy, we can shape a decentralized future that not only mitigates climate change but also fosters social inclusivity and economic prosperity. Let's work towards a future where women empower sustainable energy growth.
Tossing and turning in bed, desperately trying to find a comfortable position, neck and shoulder pain can become an unwelcome companion at night. As the day comes to a close, this discomfort seems to intensify, leaving you restless and drained in the morning. But fear not, there are simple and effective ways to alleviate this nighttime agony. In this article, you will discover practical tips that can assist you in finding relief from neck and shoulder pain, allowing you to enjoy a restful slumber and wake up feeling refreshed and rejuvenated. Adjust Your Sleeping Position Use a firm mattress A firm mattress can provide better support for your neck and shoulders, helping to alleviate pain. When your mattress is too soft, it can cause your body to sink in and put extra pressure on those areas. Consider investing in a high-quality, firm mattress to support your body during the night. Try a different pillow Your pillow plays a crucial role in maintaining proper neck and shoulder alignment. If you are experiencing pain, it may be time to switch to a different pillow. Look for a pillow that offers adequate support and helps keep your spine aligned. Memory foam pillows or contoured cervical pillows are popular options for relieving neck and shoulder pain. Consider sleeping on your back Sleeping on your back can help distribute weight evenly and maintain a neutral spine alignment. This position can reduce stress on your neck and shoulders, promoting better sleep and reducing pain. If you're not accustomed to sleeping on your back, try using pillows to support your neck and shoulders until you're comfortable in this position. Use a neck pillow If you frequently wake up with a stiff neck or shoulder pain, a neck pillow can be a game-changer. These specially designed pillows provide targeted support to your neck, helping to improve your sleep quality and alleviate pain. Neck pillows are available in various shapes and sizes, so find one that suits your needs and preferences. Improve Your Sleep Environment Ensure proper room temperature Maintaining the right room temperature can greatly impact your sleep quality. Extreme temperatures can lead to discomfort and even contribute to muscle tension. Keep your bedroom cool, preferably between 60 to 67 degrees Fahrenheit (15-19 degrees Celsius), to create an optimal sleep environment for your neck and shoulders. Invest in a supportive pillow A supportive pillow is essential for maintaining proper alignment and relieving neck and shoulder pain. Look for pillows that are specifically designed to support the natural curves of your neck and promote spinal alignment. Investing in a high-quality pillow can make a world of difference in your comfort and sleep quality. Use a comfortable mattress A comfortable mattress is crucial for ensuring a restful night's sleep. If your current mattress is old or uncomfortable, it's time to consider a replacement. Look for a mattress that provides adequate support and cushioning for your entire body, paying particular attention to your neck and shoulders. Testing out different mattress options before making a purchase can help you find the perfect fit. Eliminate noise and distractions Noise and distractions during the night can disrupt your sleep and exacerbate neck and shoulder pain. Take steps to create a peaceful sleep environment by eliminating sources of noise. Consider using earplugs or a white noise machine to block out unwanted sounds. Additionally, keep electronic devices out of the bedroom to minimize distractions and promote a more relaxing sleep environment. Practice Relaxation Techniques Deep breathing exercises Deep breathing exercises can help relax your body and mind, reducing muscle tension and promoting better sleep. Practice slow and deep breaths, inhaling through your nose and exhaling through your mouth. Focus on releasing any tension in your neck and shoulders as you breathe out. Incorporating deep breathing exercises into your bedtime routine can help you unwind and prepare for a good night's sleep. Progressive muscle relaxation Progressive muscle relaxation involves tensing and releasing different muscle groups to promote relaxation. Start by tensing your neck and shoulder muscles for a few seconds, then release and let them relax completely. Move on to other muscle groups, such as your arms, legs, and back, gradually working your way through your entire body. This technique can help relieve tension and prepare your body for restful sleep. Yoga or stretching Yoga and stretching exercises can help relieve tension in your neck and shoulder muscles. Gentle stretches that target these areas can promote relaxation and improve flexibility. Incorporate yoga or stretching into your daily routine, especially before bedtime. Focus on gentle and controlled movements, and always listen to your body's limits to avoid any strain or injury. Meditation or mindfulness Practicing meditation or mindfulness can calm your mind and reduce stress, leading to better sleep quality. Find a quiet place, close your eyes, and focus on your breath or a specific object. As thoughts arise, acknowledge them without judgment and gently bring your attention back to your breath. Engaging in regular meditation or mindfulness practice before bed can help promote relaxation and alleviate neck and shoulder pain. Apply Heat or Cold Therapy Use a hot compress Applying a hot compress to your neck and shoulders can help relax tense muscles and increase blood flow to the area. You can use a hot water bottle, a heated towel, or a microwavable heat pack. Apply heat for about 15-20 minutes, making sure it's not too hot to avoid burns. Heat therapy can help alleviate pain and promote relaxation before bedtime. Try a cold pack If you have inflammation or swelling in your neck and shoulders, cold therapy may be more beneficial. Use a cold pack or a bag of frozen peas wrapped in a thin towel. Apply it to the affected area for approximately 15 minutes. Cold therapy can help reduce inflammation and numb the area, providing relief from pain and discomfort. Alternate heat and cold therapy Some individuals find relief by alternating between heat and cold therapy. Start with a hot compress for 15 minutes, followed by a cold pack for 15 minutes. Repeat this cycle a few times, always ending with cold therapy. This combination can help reduce inflammation, relax muscles, and promote better sleep. Experiment with different temperatures Each individual may have different preferences when it comes to heat or cold therapy. Experiment with different temperatures to find what works best for you. Some people find relief with a warm shower before bed, while others prefer an ice pack. Pay attention to how your body responds to different temperatures and adjust accordingly. Use Over-the-Counter Pain Relief Take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen or naproxen sodium, can help reduce pain and inflammation in your neck and shoulders. However, it's essential to follow the recommended dosages and guidelines provided by the manufacturer. If pain persists or worsens, consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation and advice. Apply topical pain relief creams or ointments Topical pain relief creams or ointments can provide temporary relief from neck and shoulder pain. Look for products containing ingredients like menthol, camphor, or capsaicin, as these can help soothe the affected area. Follow the instructions on the product packaging and avoid applying excessive amounts to prevent skin irritation. Consider natural pain relief options If you prefer natural alternatives, several options may help alleviate neck and shoulder pain. Essential oils, such as lavender or peppermint oil, can be diluted and applied topically for their soothing properties. Additionally, herbal remedies like arnica or turmeric may provide temporary relief. Consult with a healthcare professional or a licensed herbalist to ensure the safety and appropriate use of natural pain relief options. Consult a healthcare professional If your neck and shoulder pain persist or significantly affect your sleep quality, it's crucial to consult a healthcare professional. They can determine the underlying cause of your pain and recommend appropriate treatments or therapies. They may also provide guidance on over-the-counter pain relief options or suggest further investigations to identify the root cause of your discomfort. Practice Good Posture During the Day Optimize your workstation setup Proper posture during the day is essential for maintaining a healthy neck and shoulder alignment. Adjust your workstation setup to promote good posture. Ensure that your computer monitor is at eye level, and your chair and desk are ergonomically designed. Sit with your feet flat on the floor and your back against the chair's backrest to reduce strain on your neck and shoulders. Take frequent breaks to stretch and move Sitting or standing in the same position for long periods can contribute to neck and shoulder pain. Take regular breaks throughout the day to stretch and move your body. Perform simple neck and shoulder stretches, roll your shoulders, or take short walks to relieve tension and promote blood circulation. Engage in posture-correcting exercises Specific exercises can help strengthen the muscles that support proper posture. Focus on exercises that target your neck and shoulder muscles, such as chin tucks, shoulder rolls, or shoulder blade squeezes. Incorporate these exercises into your daily routine to improve your posture and reduce the risk of neck and shoulder pain. Use ergonomic accessories Consider using ergonomic accessories to support good posture throughout the day. A supportive office chair with adjustable features, an ergonomic keyboard and mouse, or a standing desk can help reduce strain on your neck and shoulders. These accessories can assist in maintaining proper alignment and decreasing the likelihood of pain during the night. Strengthen Your Neck and Shoulder Muscles Perform neck and shoulder exercises Exercising and strengthening your neck and shoulder muscles can help prevent pain and improve your overall posture. Simple exercises like neck stretches, shoulder shrugs, or lateral raises can target these specific areas and improve their strength and flexibility. Incorporate these exercises into your routine a few times a week for best results. Try resistance training Resistance training with weights or resistance bands can help build muscle strength in your neck and shoulders. Start with lighter weights and gradually increase the resistance as you become more comfortable. Focus on exercises like chest presses, lateral raises, or rows to target these muscle groups effectively. Incorporate yoga or Pilates Yoga and Pilates can be beneficial for strengthening and stretching the muscles in your neck and shoulders. These practices emphasize core strength, flexibility, and body awareness. Consider joining a yoga or Pilates class, or follow instructional videos at home to incorporate these exercises into your routine. Work with a physical therapist If you're experiencing chronic or severe neck and shoulder pain, it may be beneficial to work with a physical therapist. They can assess your specific muscle imbalances, provide tailored exercises, and guide you through proper techniques to alleviate pain and promote optimal muscle function. A physical therapist can also help address any underlying issues that may be contributing to your discomfort. Avoid Activities that Aggravate Pain Limit screen time Excessive screen time, whether from computers, smartphones, or tablets, can strain your neck and shoulder muscles. Take breaks from screens regularly and be mindful of your posture while using these devices. Position your screens at eye level and keep them at a comfortable distance to reduce strain on your neck and shoulders. Avoid heavy lifting Lifting heavy objects incorrectly can put unnecessary strain on your neck and shoulder muscles. Ensure you use proper lifting techniques, keeping your back straight, bending at the knees, and engaging your leg muscles. If possible, use equipment or ask for assistance when handling heavy items to reduce the risk of injury and pain. Modify repetitive movements Repetitive movements, such as typing or using a mouse, can contribute to muscle fatigue and strain in your neck and shoulders. Modify these movements to prevent overuse injuries. Use ergonomic tools, take regular breaks, and incorporate stretching exercises into your routine to relieve tension and reduce the likelihood of pain. Take proper rest breaks Working for long hours without breaks can lead to muscle fatigue and discomfort. Schedule regular rest breaks throughout the day to give your neck and shoulder muscles time to rest and recover. Use these breaks to stretch, change positions, and relax your muscles. Taking care of your body during the day can contribute to better sleep quality at night. Manage Stress and Anxiety Identify stress triggers Stress and anxiety can manifest as tension in your neck and shoulder muscles. Take time to reflect and identify the specific triggers that cause you stress. Whether it's work-related, personal, or environmental factors, recognizing these triggers can help you develop effective strategies to manage and reduce stress. Practice stress-reducing techniques Implement stress-reducing techniques into your daily routine to promote relaxation and alleviate tension. Deep breathing exercises, meditation, or listening to calming music can help calm your mind and relax your body. Find activities that help you unwind and make them a regular part of your routine. Seek support from loved ones Talking to loved ones about your stress or anxiety can provide emotional support and a sense of relief. Share your concerns with a trusted friend or family member and let them know how you're feeling. Sometimes, simply expressing your emotions and knowing you're not alone can help reduce stress levels and promote well-being. Consider professional counseling If stress or anxiety becomes overwhelming and affects your daily life, consider seeking professional counseling. A mental health professional can provide guidance, coping strategies, and support tailored to your specific needs. They can help you develop effective stress management techniques and address any underlying issues contributing to your neck and shoulder pain. Preventive Measures for Long-Term Relief Maintain a healthy lifestyle Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can contribute to long-term relief from neck and shoulder pain. Focus on eating a balanced diet, staying hydrated, and getting regular exercise. A healthy lifestyle can support overall well-being and reduce the likelihood of pain and discomfort. Engage in regular exercise Regular exercise, including cardiovascular activities, strength training, and flexibility exercises, can help improve muscle strength and flexibility. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week, focusing on exercises that target your neck, shoulders, and posture. Consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new exercise regimen, especially if you have pre-existing conditions or injuries. Promote good sleep hygiene Incorporate good sleep hygiene practices into your daily routine to support better sleep. Establish a consistent sleep schedule, create a calming bedtime routine, and ensure your sleep environment is comfortable and conducive to sleep. By prioritizing sleep and practicing healthy sleep habits, you can reduce the likelihood of waking up with neck and shoulder pain. Listen to your body's signals Pay attention to your body's signals and address any discomfort promptly. If you experience persistent neck and shoulder pain, consult a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan. Ignoring or neglecting your body's warnings can result in worsening pain and potentially lead to more severe health issues. By implementing these strategies, adjusting your sleeping position, improving your sleep environment, practicing relaxation techniques, applying heat and cold therapy, using over-the-counter pain relief, practicing good posture during the day, strengthening your neck and shoulder muscles, avoiding aggravating activities, managing stress and anxiety, and incorporating preventive measures into your lifestyle, you can find relief from neck and shoulder pain and improve your overall well-being. Remember to always consult with a healthcare professional if you have persistent or severe pain to receive appropriate guidance and treatment.
Osteopathic physicians complete osteopathic medical school, followed by an internship and residency program. Accreditation of universities of osteopathic. Osteopathic medical students complete four years of medical school, plus three to nine years of additional medical training through internships and residencies. Osteopathic physicians (DOs) are graduates of American osteopathic medical colleges and are licensed to practice the full scope of medicine and surgery in all. There are two types of physicians fully licensed to practice medicine in all 50 states: those holding the MD degree and those who have earned the DO - doctor of. Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine, or OMM, is a form of treatment taught to students studying osteopathic medicine and becomes part of their therapeutic toolkit. Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine, or DOs, are fully trained and licensed physicians who practice in all areas of medicine. They focus on a whole-person approach. Both the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree and the Doctor of Medicine degree are typically earned in four years. Students in each field receive the same. Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine, or DOs, complete four years of osteopathic medical school, with an emphasis on preventive medicine and comprehensive patient. You have a choice between two types of degrees: a DO (Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine) degree or a MD (Doctor of Medicine) degree. While many are more familiar. DOs are trained to follow the tenets of osteopathic medicine and promote the body's natural tendency toward self-healing and health. Osteopathic physicians are licensed to practice the full scope of medicine in every state. They prescribe medications, perform surgery, and use osteopathic. Osteopathic medicine is a philosophy and practice of physician care in the United States, distinct in its whole-person approach and pioneering in its. Osteopathic medicine is a complete system of medical care with a philosophy that combines the needs of the patient with the current practice of medicine. Osteopathic physicians (also called doctors of osteopathic medicine, or DOs) are doctors who practice the full scope of modern medicine like medical doctors. A doctor of osteopathic medicine (DO) is a licensed physician who aims to improve people's overall health and wellness by treating the whole person. Enroll at UIWSOM and become a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine with help from a distinguished faculty prepared to teach in the innovative field of osteopathy. Doctor Still gradually formulated the ideas that would become known as Osteopathy, or as currently termed, Osteopathic Medicine. He believed that all elements. A whole-person approach to hands-on care. Osteopathic physicians believe there's more to good health than the absence of pain or disease. Learn more about the. Doctor of osteopathic medicine A doctor of osteopathic medicine (DO) is a physician licensed to practice medicine, perform surgery, and prescribe medicine. Osteopathic medicine is a distinctive pathway to medical practice in the United States. Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine (DO) are fully licensed physicians with. OMT is the therapeutic application of manual techniques by an osteopathic physician to address the changes in body structure to improve physiologic function. Instead of just treating specific symptoms, osteopathic physicians concentrate on treating the whole patient. They focus on preventive health care and believe. Holistic Healing and the Art of Caring. A Doctor of Osteopathy, or D.O., strives to learn about the whole patient and makes recommendations that may include. Osteopathic physicians, also known as DOs, work in partnership with their patients; taking into consideration the impact that lifestyle has on the health of. Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine This article is about physician qualifications and titles in the United States. For other uses, see DO (disambiguation). With OMT, osteopathic physicians use their hands to diagnose injury and illness and to encourage your body's natural tendency toward good health. By combining. A doctor of osteopathic medicine, also known as a D.O., is a fully trained and licensed doctor. A doctor of osteopathic medicine graduates from a U.S. Doctors of osteopathic medicine (DOs) practice a whole-person approach, which means they consider both the physical and mental needs of their patients. DOs. Osteopathic physicians are not only trained in traditional allopathic medicine (similar to MD physicians), but also have special training in the musculoskeletal. It is this foundation of training, and approach to patient care that allows osteopathic physicians to provide compassionate whole-person care. At their core. A doctor of osteopathic medicine (DO) is a physician licensed to practice medicine, perform surgery, and prescribe medication. Like MDs, DOs complete four years.
Donkey Route : In the shadows of Panama's dense jungles, social media platforms are inundated with videos depicting the harrowing journey of migrants from India and Pakistan undertaking what is ominously known as the "jackass course." Regardless of frantic supplications and realistic film showing the torment and passings of transients en route, the charm of the Pursuit of happiness keeps on pushing people to gamble with everything for an opportunity at a superior life in the US. This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex "donkey route," delving into its origins, challenges, and the urgent need for caution. Latin American Launchpad: The initial phase of this perilous journey involves reaching Latin American countries such as Ecuador, Bolivia, and Guyana, where Indian citizens can obtain visas on arrival. Orchestrated by agents with connections to human trafficking networks, migrants often find themselves waiting for signals from these elusive links in Mumbai. The choice of entry points in Latin America, including Brazil and Venezuela, is carefully calculated and contingent on the agent's affiliations and connections. Traversing the Darién Gap: At the heart of the "donkey route" lies the daunting task of crossing the Darién Gap, a treacherous forest that spans the border between Colombia and Panama. Migrants face a myriad of risks, from a scarcity of clean water and encounters with wild animals to the looming threat of criminal gangs. The journey through this unforgiving terrain takes between eight to ten days, and if tragedy befalls a migrant, their family is left grappling with the harsh reality of being unable to repatriate the body for proper last rites. Coordination in Guatemala: Guatemala emerges as a pivotal coordination centre along this route, where migrants are handed over to new traffickers facilitating their onward journey into Mexico. The subsequent game of cat and mouse with government authorities heightens the risks, as illustrated by the tragic tale of Gurdaspur youth Gurpal Singh, who lost his life in a bus accident in Mexico. Alternative Routes and Persistent Risks: While some migrants opt for an alternative route commencing from San Andrés to sidestep the Darién Gap, the risks persist. Boats transport migrants to Nicaragua, from where they progress towards Mexico. The ever-evolving dynamics of these routes underscore the complex web of dangers faced by those desperately seeking a better life. Border Crossing and Detention: The final leg of this treacherous journey involves crossing the expansive 3,140-km US-Mexico border, featuring barriers that migrants must overcome. Many choose to navigate the challenging waters of the Rio Grande river. However, the true challenge emerges after successfully crossing the border. Upon arrival, migrants are detained and confined to camps, with their fate hanging in the balance as US authorities determine their eligibility for asylum. The Shifting Landscape: In recent times, a seemingly more accessible route has emerged, where migrants first travel to Europe before proceeding directly to Mexico. However, the ease of this route is contingent on the agents' contacts and connections. Any increased scrutiny may redirect migrants back to the traditional "donkey route," underscoring the adaptive nature of these perilous journeys. The High Cost of Dreams: Embarking on a "donkey route" journey comes with a substantial price tag, ranging from Rs 15 lakh to Rs 40 lakh, and sometimes escalating to an exorbitant Rs 70 lakh. Agents often promise a smoother journey in exchange for higher payments, placing immense financial strain on the migrant's family. Failure to make payments could result in life-threatening consequences, highlighting the dark and exploitative side of this desperate pursuit of the American Dream. A Warning to Potential Travellers: It is imperative to stress the inherent dangers and life-threatening risks associated with the "donkey route." While the desire for a better life is understandable, seeking employment and opportunities within one's home country is strongly advised. The consequences of undertaking such perilous journeys are not only personal but also have a profound impact on families and communities. Choose safety over the illusion of a shortcut to the American Dream, and consider the ramifications of embarking on a journey that could jeopardize your life and the lives of those you love.
Node.js Translation to Spanish - (1126 words) (Part-61) Project Details In simple words, it's an open source execution environment for developing web applications, which is event-based, it uses the V8 engine to provide an execution environment that compiles and executes JavaScript at a higher speed. It is possible to run Node.js without any restriction on Windows, Linux and Mac OS X. It should be noted that it is NOT a server language, this means that it executes code, so it could be understood as an interpreter. Contribution Specifications Node.js is currently being translated into 33 languages. I'm contributing to translate it into the Spanish language. Translation Overview For this contribution, I translated the folder Timers-in-node.md. The Timers module in Node.js contains functions that execute code after a set period of time. When we talk about timers, their meaning is not at all different from the concept we already know: it allows us to program the activation or deactivation of different devices in a simple way; in this case, to program functions so that they execute the code when it's required. For example, setTimeout() can be used to schedule code execution after a designated amount of milliseconds. setTimeout() accepts a function to execute as its first argument and the millisecond delay defined as a number as the second argument. Additional arguments may also be included and these will be passed on to the function. The above function myFunc() will execute as close to 1500 milliseconds (or 1.5 seconds) as possible due to the call of setTimeout() As an example of the work done, I will leave a fragment of the execution of the setImmediate() function explained in this module: will execute code at the end of the current event loop cycle. This code will execute after any I/O operations in the current event loop and before any timers scheduled for the next event loop. This code execution could be thought of as happening "right after this", meaning any code following the setImmediate() function call will execute before the setImmediate() function argument. The first argument to setImmediate() will be the function to execute. Any subsequent arguments will be passed to the function when it is executed. Here's an example: The above function passed to setImmediate() will execute after all runnable code has executed, and the console output will be: returns and Immediate object, which can be used to cancel the scheduled immediate ejecutará el código al final del ciclo del bucle de eventos actual. Este código se ejecutará después de cualquier operación de I/O en el bucle de eventos actual y antes de cualquier temporizador programado para el siguiente bucle de eventos. Podría pensarse que esta ejecución de código ocurre "justo después de esto", es decir, cualquier código que siga a la llamada de la función setImmediate() se ejecutará antes del argumento de la función setImmediate() El primer argumento para setImmediate() será la función a ejecutar. Cualquier argumento posterior se pasará a la función cuando se ejecute. Aquí hay un ejemplo: La función anterior pasada a setImmediate() se ejecutará después de que se haya ejecutado todo el código ejecutable, y la salida de la consola será: devuelve un objeto Immediate , que se puede utilizar para cancelar el immediate This contribution was translated from English to Spanish. Word Count The number of words reflected in the title doesn't include words that didn't require a translation. - In this contribution, I've translated 1126 words. - I've translated a total of 80767 words so far* *Considering non-translatable content (proper names, functions, codes, etc.) Previous translations on this project - Maintaining-V8.md (v6.x) Part 56 Part 53 Part 52 Part 13 - Maintaining-V8.md (v10.x) Proof of Authorship This counter includes non-translatable words, so it is necessary to work on more content to extract an average of 1000 translatable words. You can check My Crowdin Profile for verify my contribution in this project. Hi @cremisi, Thank you for submitting your contribution! This is a very interesting project that contains many code values and terms related to computer science. Its difficulty relies on the fact that we must pay a lot of attention to the code in order to deliver the most accurate translation possible. The overall presentation of your post is great, it is well written and formatted, includes all the basic details, useful examples and concepts. Kudos for adding your personal touch to the report :) You delivered an accurate translation. You used the correct vocabulary and you were careful with code values that should not be translated in order to make sure the text keeps its true meaning. Keep up the good work! Your contribution has been evaluated according to Utopian policies and guidelines, as well as a predefined set of questions pertaining to the category. To view those questions and the relevant answers related to your post, click here. Chat with us on Discord Hey, @cremisi! Thanks for contributing on Utopian. We're already looking forward to your next contribution! Get higher incentives and support Utopian.io! Simply set @utopian.pay as a 5% (or higher) payout beneficiary on your contribution post (via SteemPlus or Steeditor). Want to chat? Join us on Discord https://discord.gg/h52nFrV.
The Environmental Benefits Of Using Molded Pulp Trays. There's a growing awareness of the need to protect our planet and reduce our environmental impact. These trays offer a range of environmental benefits that make them an attractive option for eco-conscious individuals and companies. This article'll explore the environmental advantages of using molded pulp trays and why they're a smart choice for businesses looking to reduce their carbon footprint. The Environmental Benefits Of Using Molded Pulp Trays. 1. Made From Recycled Materials One of the key environmental benefits of molded pulp trays is that they're made from recycled materials. These trays are typically crafted from recycled paper fibers, which are sourced from materials like wastepaper and cardboard. By using recycled materials, molded pulp trays help reduce the demand for virgin resources and divert waste from landfills, contributing to a more sustainable and circular economy. 2. Biodegradable and Compostable Unlike traditional plastic packaging, which can take hundreds of years to decompose, molded pulp trays are biodegradable and compostable. This means that at the end of their lifecycle, they can be safely disposed of in composting facilities or natural environments, where they'll break down into organic matter without leaving behind harmful pollutants or microplastics. Businesses can help reduce plastic pollution and minimize their environmental impact by choosing biodegradable packaging options like moulded pulp trays. 3. Energy-Efficient Production The production process for molded pulp trays is relatively energy-efficient compared to other packaging materials. The trays are formed through a process of molding and drying recycled paper fibers, which requires less energy than manufacturing plastic or metal packaging. Additionally, many manufacturers use renewable energy sources to power their production facilities, further reducing the carbon footprint of molded pulp tray production. By opting for energy-efficient packaging solutions, businesses can lower their greenhouse gas emissions and conserve valuable resources. 4. Lightweight and Space-Efficient Molded pulp trays are lightweight yet sturdy, making them an efficient packaging solution for shipping and storage. Their lightweight nature reduces transportation costs and fuel consumption compared to heavier packaging materials like glass or metal. Additionally, molded pulp trays can be stacked and nested together, maximizing storage space and reducing the need for excess packaging materials. This helps minimize the overall environmental impact of transporting and storing products, making molded pulp trays a practical choice for businesses seeking to minimize their carbon footprint. 5. Versatile and Renewable Molded pulp trays are incredibly versatile and can be customized to fit a wide range of products, from electronics to food items. This versatility makes them a popular choice for businesses in various industries looking for sustainable packaging solutions. Additionally, the materials used to make molded pulp trays are renewable, with many manufacturers sourcing their paper fibers from responsibly managed forests or agricultural by-products. By choosing renewable packaging options like molded pulp trays, businesses can support sustainable forestry practices and contribute to the preservation of natural ecosystems. Final Thoughts In conclusion, the environmental benefits of using molded pulp trays make them a greener choice for packaging products. From their use of recycled materials and biodegradability to their energy-efficient production and versatile design, molded pulp trays offer a range of advantages for businesses looking to reduce their environmental impact. By incorporating molded pulp trays into their packaging strategies, businesses can take a step towards a more sustainable future for both themselves and the planet. If you need molded pulp products for shipping that are in stock and ready to ship, please see our Ecom partner www.wineshippingboxes for options.
Hair loss, as with many things, can have a range of potential causes. Whether it be stress, certain medications, genetic predisposition or hormone fluctuations, men can experience hair thinning or hair loss at any time in their life. But, it's also important to note the role testosterone can play — specifically, a branch of testosterone called dihydrotestosterone (DHT). This relationship with testosterone could explain why as many as 1 in 2 men experience male pattern hair loss over the age of 40 [1]. To find more out about the link between testosterone and baldness, and what you can do if hair loss is troubling you, keep reading. What is testosterone? Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone. It regulates a number of bodily functions in both men and women and plays a key role in development. During puberty, testosterone is key in the development of the penis and testes, as well as the growth of body hair, facial hair, muscle mass and body shape. Sex hormones play an important role in sexual and reproductive function, particularly in regard to fertility, sperm generation, erectile function and libido [2]. What is DHT? DHT is the abbreviated, common name for dihydrotestosterone. DHT is an androgen (male sex hormone). DHT is responsible for a number of male characteristics, but it is the most significant hormone when it comes to matters of the hair growth cycle [3]. Per your body's natural activity, the 5-alpha reductase enzyme converts regular testosterone to DHT. Overactivity in this process and increased levels of DHT can lead to thinning hair or male pattern baldness. Male pattern baldness, also known as androgenetic alopecia, is thought to depend on your genetic response to DHT [4]. What is male pattern baldness, aka androgenetic alopecia? Androgenetic alopecia — commonly referred to as male or female pattern baldness — is a naturally occurring type of hair loss. In men, thinning hair can begin at the front of the scalp, and then begin at the vertex — the top or crown of the head [8]. It is gradual and typically occurs after puberty (any hair loss occurring before puberty is more likely due to other causes) [8]. How does testosterone affect hair loss? It is commonly agreed that male androgenetic alopecia is caused by a genetic response to excessive DHT. Androgenetic alopecia, or androgenic alopecia, is the most common form of hair loss in men. It affects 30-50% of men by the age of 50 and as many as 1 in 2 men over the age of 40 [4][1]. The main cause of androgenetic alopecia is your genetic response to DHT [6]. DHT has been found in greater levels on scalps experiencing hair loss or hair thinning, leading some to believe it plays a role in this process [6]. Having said that, it is not the levels of DHT that cause hair loss necessarily. Instead, it is your predetermined genetic response that causes male pattern baldness [4][8]. In other words, the greater your androgen sensitivity the more hair loss is likely to occur [7]. Does high testosterone or low testosterone lead to hair loss? Levels of testosterone and its relationship to androgenetic alopecia can be confusing. While high levels of DHT are observed on the scalps of those with male pattern baldness, the hormone level is not responsible for the hair loss itself. Instead, it is your body's hormone receptors and the individual genetic response to androgens that are considered the cause of hair loss. Does genetics cause hair loss? Genetics is a major factor in hair loss in both men and women. Hair loss occurs when the hair follicles shrink, and for most, this happens increasingly over time. Studies of both men and women have found hair loss relates to how our hair follicles are genetically programmed to respond. For example, androgenic alopecia is more likely if your hair follicles are more sensitive to DHT — a factor that is determined by genetics [4]. This genetic link is also why male pattern baldness is more common in some ethnic groups (e.g. caucasian men) than others (e.g. Chinese or Japanese men) [1]. Having said that, there is currently no genetic test that can predict whether an individual will experience male pattern hair loss [1]. Furthermore, myths that baldness is 'inherited' from your mother are not true, with both maternal and paternal genes playing a part [8]. Do bald men have higher testosterone? No, bald men do not have higher testosterone levels, generally speaking. Free testosterone levels can vary between individuals with varying levels of hair growth. Having said that, bald men do have higher levels of DHT — a type of testosterone that plays a significant role in hair growth cycles. How can you treat hair loss caused by testosterone? There are a few ways to treat or prevent hair loss. At Pilot, we believe in treating each person with an individualised approach to their hair loss. When it comes to hair loss, there's no one-size-fits-all approach. You need the right treatments, in the right dosages, tailored just for you. Our hair treatment plans have been developed by Dr. Russell Knudsen, a hair loss expert with over 35 years of experience. Using a combination of lifestyle changes and clinical-strength ingredients, which improve the delivery of vital nutrients to the follicles, while also blocking the hormone which impacts hair growth, we're happy to report that over 80% of our patients are able to retain their hair. When it comes to hair loss, though, time is of the essence. Other options for treating hair loss include hair transplant surgery and laser therapy as well as more temporary measures like hair pieces. Other causes of hair loss It is important to note that hair loss occurs for different reasons in different individuals. It can also be accelerated or exacerbated by various things. When determining any approaches to hair loss treatment, your GP should also consider other causes, such as: - Autoimmune conditions; - Hormone imbalances; - Infection or other health issues (including conditions related to mental health); - Radiation or chemotherapy, and/or - Stress [1].
Health Wuhan Lab Scientists Studying Coronavirus Contracted COVID-19 First: Report Published 12 months ago on 15 June 2023 By Terry Power Share Tweet Scientists involved in studying novel coronaviruses at the Wuhan Institute of Virology were reportedly the first individuals to contract COVID-19. The report, conducted by journalists Michael Shellenberger and Matt Taibbi and published in the Substack newsletter Public, identified three scientists — Ben Hu, Ping Yu, and Yan Zhu — who were researching SARS-like viruses at the institute and became ill in the autumn of 2019. The researchers were reportedly conducting "gain-of-function" experiments to enhance the virus's infectiousness and gain a better understanding of its risks, as disclosed by several U.S. government officials. The revelations come four months after FBI Director Christopher Wray stated that the bureau believes the COVID-19 virus, responsible for millions of deaths, likely originated from an accidental outbreak at a Chinese lab. Wray's statement supports the findings of the report. Of the scientists mentioned, Hu and Yu co-authored a 2019 paper on the genetic lineage of SARS-related coronaviruses found in bats throughout China. Hu studied under virologist Shi Zhengli, also known as "the bat woman of China," who has faced scrutiny since the outbreak was traced back to Wuhan. Concerns have been raised regarding laboratory safety practices, as a 2017 video aired on Chinese state-run television allegedly showed Hu and a lab worker handling specimens without protective gear. One researcher also admitted in the clip that they got bitten by a bat in the laboratory. Alina Chan, a molecular biologist at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, drew attention to the risky nature of the virus research conducted by Hu and described him as a star pupil of Shi Zhengli. Chan noted that the Wuhan Institute of Virology conducted its research at a lower biosafety level of BSL-2, despite the pandemic virus's capability to escape from a BSL-3 lab and infect fully vaccinated lab workers. The U.S. State Department and the Department of Energy have previously expressed suspicions of a potential lab leak and researchers falling ill before the official outbreak. However, Dr. Shi and the Chinese government have vehemently denied these allegations, with Dr. Shi considering them baseless attacks on her reputation. U.S. officials are still actively investigating the origins of the disease. While there is no consensus on the exact source of COVID-19, the Office of the Director of National Intelligence is required, under a bill signed by President Biden in March, to declassify information related to the investigations between the Wuhan Institute and the origins of the virus. A report, detailing the identities and roles of the researchers who fell ill in 2019, is due to be submitted to Congress by Sunday. The Chinese government's refusal to allow independent investigators to examine the accusations surrounding the Wuhan Institute of Virology has fueled international speculation and calls for transparency in determining the origins of COVID-19. Published by Medicaldaily.com Source link Related Topics:Contractedcoronaviruscovid19LabreportscientistsstudyingWuhan Up Next 4 Implants, Liposuction Patients Dead Amid Meningitis Outbreak At Mexico Clinics Don't Miss CDC Experts Continue To Track New COVID-19 Variants At Airports Continue Reading You may like China is suddenly dealing with another public health crisis: mpox California Student Sues University For Class Ban After Refusing COVID-19 Vaccine Scientists Identify Key Process Driving The Progression Of Huntington's Disease Mental Health Patients On Antidepressants Less Likely To Test Positive For COVID-19: Study Virologist Advising WHO Acknowledges Mistake In Dismissing Wuhan Lab Leak Theory This Could Explain Why COVID-19 Is Mild For Some, Deadly For Others Health Feeling Tired All The Time? Possible Causes And Solutions Published 11 months ago on 22 June 2023 By Terry Power Long days of work, lack of sleep, and stress at the office can be the most common factors that make you feel tired. However, feeling "tired all the time" (TATT) without known reasons can be an indication of an underlying health issue that needs immediate attention. Finding the exact cause of the lingering tiredness can be the first step toward solving the symptom. Health conditions that cause fatigue: 1. Anemia – Anemia is one of the most common causes of fatigue. A person who has anemia does not have enough red blood cells in the body, causing symptoms such as tiredness, dizziness, feeling cold and crankiness. Most often, anemia is caused by iron deficiency. Hence, the condition can be best resolved by including iron-rich foods in the diet and use of iron supplements. 2. Sleep Apnea – It causes the body to stop breathing momentarily during sleep. The condition can affect the quality of sleep and hence make you feel fatigued. For milder cases of sleep apnea, lifestyle changes such as losing weight or quitting smoking can help solve the sleep disorder. In more severe cases where there is an obstruction in breathing, surgeries and therapies can help. 3. Diabetes – A person who has diabetes has changes in blood sugar level, which can cause fatigue. A patient who is already on diabetic medication can also experience tiredness as a side effect of the medication. Early identification and taking the correct treatment is the key to managing diabetes. Losing extra weight and having a healthy diet also help in the treatment. 4. Thyroid – Thyroid diseases can be due to an overactive or an underactive thyroid gland. In people who have an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), the metabolism slows down leading to symptoms such as lethargy and fatigue. In people with an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism), the metabolism speeds up leading to fatigue and difficulty sleeping. Right diet and lifestyle choices, along with medications, can help in thyroid management. 5. Infections – A person can show symptoms of fatigue when the body is fighting a viral or bacterial infection. Infections ranging from the flu to HIV can cause tiredness. Along with fatigue, other symptoms such as fever, headache, body aches, shortness of breath and appetite loss can also accompany the infection. Treating the symptoms and taking adequate rest helps in faster recovery. 6. Food allergies – Fatigue may be an early warning sign of hidden food allergies and autoimmune disorders such as celiac disease. Identifying the allergen using a food allergy test or through an elimination diet can help in allergy treatment. 7. Heart disease – If you feel exhausted from an activity that used to be easy, then it is good to check your heart health, as fatigue can be an indication of underlying heart disease. 8. Depression/ anxiety – Fatigue can also be an indicator of a mental health disorder such as depression or anxiety. A combination of medication and psychotherapy can help relieve symptoms. Lifestyle causes Apart from serious health conditions, certain lifestyle habits such as dehydration, poor diet, stress and insufficient sleep can cause exhaustion. Having a well-balanced diet, regular exercise and routine sleep can help solve fatigue caused by lifestyle habits. Published by Medicaldaily.com Source link Continue Reading Health How To Overcome Your Sleep Debt And Reclaim Energy Published 11 months ago on 22 June 2023 By Terry Power Picture this: you're burning the midnight oil, studying or binge-watching your favorite shows, all at the expense of a good night's sleep. Have you ever stopped to think about the toll it takes on your body and mind? The consequences can be more serious than you might realize. Not getting enough sleep can translate into a multitude of issues, including weight gain, lack of focus, tiredness, a haze of confusion, and even depression. If you too are encountering similar issues lately then chances are you have a sleep debt. Wondering what is sleep debt? People from 13-18 years of age need 8 hours of sleep, whilst adults beyond that age will require at least 7 hours of snooze. Sleep debt is a collection of the total hours you haven't slept or traded your sleep for something else. Sleep debt keeps piling up as a person falls short of the total hours of sleep recommended for an adult, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. And when you keep letting go of your sleep for other activities, the body adapts to the new normal and effects start to reflect on the energy levels, which deplete. "However, like every other debt out there, this too has a repayment option," Dr. Kunal Kumar, medical director of the Sleep Center at Einstein Medical Center in Philadelphia, told Livestrong. Below are some expert-vetted ways you can pay back the sleep debt. (Courtesy: Livestrong and Sleepfoundation) Just like financial debt, imagine sleep debt as a debt you owe to your body. It needs to be repaid. The good news is that catching up on sleep is indeed possible. Maintain a set sleep schedule: Overhauling the sleep schedule is a pretty difficult task to achieve, and it's best to do that gradually. Create a set sleep schedule by making some small changes to your routine. Instead of making abrupt shifts in your bedtime or wake-up time, adjust them gradually by 15 to 30-minute increments. Minimize your gadget usage: Wind down activities and minimize electronic usage before bed to promote better sleep. Relax and prepare for quality sleep by dimming the lights and setting an alarm for 30 minutes to an hour before bed. Reshuffle your sleeping arrangements: Are you finding it hard to get a good night's sleep due to excessive sweating? Well, here's a handy solution: consider upgrading to a cooling mattress or opting for cooling sheets. These innovative sleep essentials can help regulate your body temperature, and keep you comfortably cool throughout the night, ensuring a more blissful slumber. Memory foam pillows can work wonders in relieving neck and back discomfort in case you are struggling with backache. Improve the bedroom environment: Create a sleep-friendly bedroom environment by adjusting the temperature for comfort, and blocking out disruptive lights, or noises that might disturb your restful slumber. And if your mattress, pillow, or sheets are worn out or no longer providing the support you need, consider treating yourself to new ones. Published by Medicaldaily.com Source link Continue Reading Health Omega-3 Fatty Acids Slow The Progression Of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Study Published 11 months ago on 22 June 2023 By Terry Power Omega-3 fatty acids are known for a range of health benefits, from promoting brain and heart health to reducing inflammation and protection against several chronic conditions. In a new study, researchers found that omega-3 acids, especially the type found in foods like flaxseeds, walnuts, chia seeds, canola oil and soybean oil, can slow down the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It is a debilitating nervous system disease that gradually worsens over time and can be fatal. The condition results in a loss of muscle control and affects the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. It is also known as Lou Gehrig's disease after the baseball player who was diagnosed with it. The initial symptoms of the disease include muscle weakness, difficulty in walking and hand movements. The symptoms can slowly progress to difficulties with chewing, swallowing, speaking and breathing. The exact cause of ALS is not known. However, around 10% of people get it from a risk gene passed down from a family member. It is estimated that more than 32,000 people in the U.S. live with the condition. In the latest study, researchers from Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in Massachusetts evaluated 449 people living with ALS in a clinical trial. The team assessed the severity of their symptoms, the progression of their disease, along with the levels of omega-3 fatty acids in their blood, for 18 months. The study suggested that alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), a type of omega-3 found in plants, is particularly beneficial in slowing the progression of ALS. The participants with the highest levels of ALA had a 50% reduced risk of death during the study period compared to those with the lowest levels of ALA. Researchers also found a reduction in death risk in participants who had eicosapentaenoic acid, the type of omega-3 fatty acid found in fatty fish and fish oil, and linoleic acid found in vegetable oils, nuts and seeds. A previous study conducted by the same team suggested that a diet high in ALA and higher blood levels of the nutrient could reduce the risk of developing the condition. "In this study, we found that among people living with ALS, higher blood levels of ALA were also associated with a slower disease progression and a lower risk of death within the study period. These findings, along with our previous research suggest that this fatty acid may have neuroprotective effects that could benefit people with ALS," said Kjetil Bjornevik, the lead author of the study. Published by Medicaldaily.com Source link Continue Reading
Today, Chief Justice of India (CJI) DY Chandrachud announced that the Supreme Court will upload a 'Handbook on Combating Gender Stereotypes' shortly on its website. He also mentioned that the Supreme Court prepared the handbook for identifying and removing the use of words and phrases loaded with gender stereotypes in judgments and court language. CJI said "This is to assist judges and the legal community to identify, understand, and combat stereotypes about women in legal discourse. It contains a glossary of gender unjust terms and suggests alternative words and phrases which may be used while drafting pleadings as well as orders and judgments. It is for lawyers as well as judges". He added, "This handbook identifies common stereotypes by women, many of which have been utilized by courts in the past, and demonstrates why they're inaccurate and how they may distort the application of the law. The intention is not to criticize or cast doubts on judgments but merely to show how stereotypes may unwittingly employed. To raise awareness against the utilization of harmful stereotypes, particularly those against women, the handbook aims to explain what stereotypes are". CJI further explained that "It helps judges identify and avoid such stereotypes by first- identifying language which promotes gender stereotypes and offering alternative words and phrases; two, identifying common reasoning patterns based on gender stereotypes, particularly about women. And three, highlighting binding judgments of the Supreme Court which have rejected these stereotypes". Yesterday (August 15) on the occasion of the 77th Independence Day, the CJI made an announcement while hosting the tricolor at the sprawling SC lawns to release a Handbook Combating Gender Stereotypes which will be available on the Supreme Court website shortly. While making this announcement, the CJI said that he was thinking about the subject for quite some time. Also Read: Legal Articles
The recordings of our event are now online! Announcing the AI Safety Summit Talks with Yoshua Bengio High impact startup idea: make a decent carbon emissions model for flights. Current ones simply use flight emissions which makes direct flights look low-emission. But in reality, some of these flights wouldn't even be there if people could be spread over existing indirect flights more efficiently, which is why they're cheaper too. Emission models should be relative to counterfactual. The startup can be for-profit. If you're lucky, better models already exist in scientific literature. Ideal for the AI for good-crowd. My guess is that a few man-years work could have a big carbon emissions impact here. Otto's Quick takes Great work, thanks a lot for doing this research! As you say, this is still very neglected. Also happy to see you're citing our previous work on the topic. And interesting finding that fear is such a driver! A few questions: - Could you share which three articles you've used? Perhaps this is in the dissertation, but I didn't have the time to read that in full. - Since it's only one article per emotion (fear, hope, mixed), perhaps some other article property (other than emotion) could also have led to the difference you find? - What follow-up research would you recommend? - Is there anything orgs like ours (Existential Risk Observatory) (or, these days, MIRI, that also focuses on comms) should do differently? As a side note, we're conducting research right now on where awareness has gone after our first two measurements (that were 7% and 12% in early/mid '23, respectively). We might also look into the existence and dynamics of a tipping point. Again, great work, hope you'll keep working in the field in the future! Congratulations on a great prioritization! Perhaps the research that we (Existential Risk Observatory) and others (e.g. @Nik Samoylov, @KoenSchoen) have done on effectively communicating AI xrisk, could be something to build on. Here's our first paper and three blog posts (the second includes measurement of Eliezer's TIME article effectiveness—its numbers are actually pretty good!). We're currently working on a base rate public awareness update and further research. Best of luck and we'd love to cooperate! Recordings are now available! Announcing #AISummitTalks featuring Professor Stuart Russell and many others Nice post! Yet another path to impact could be to influence international regulation processes, such as the AI Safety Summit, through influencing the EU and member states positions. In a positive scenario, the EU could even take a mediation role between the US and China. It's definitely good to think about whether a pause is a good idea. Together with Joep from PauseAI, I wrote down my thoughts on the topic here. Since then, I have been thinking a bit on the pause and comparing it to a more frequently mentioned option, namely to apply model evaluations (evals) to see how dangerous a model is after training. I think the difference between the supposedly more reasonable approach of evals and the supposedly more radical approach of a pause is actually smaller than it seems. Evals aim to detect dangerous capabilities. What will need to happen when those evals find that, indeed, a model has developed such capabilities? Then we'll need to implement a pause. Evals or a pause is mostly a choice about timing, not a fundamentally different approach. With evals, however, we'll move precisely to the brink, look straight into the abyss, and then we plan to halt at the last possible moment. Unfortunately, though, we're in thick mist and we can't see the abyss (this is true even when we apply evals, since we don't know which capabilities will prove existentially dangerous, and since an existential event may already occur before running the evals). And even if we would know where to halt: we'll need to make sure that the leading labs will practically succeed in pausing themselves (there may be thousands of people working there), that the models aren't getting leaked, that we'll implement the policy that's needed, that we'll sign international agreements, and that we gain support from the general public. This is all difficult work that will realistically take time. Pausing isn't as simple as pressing a button, it's a social process. No one knowns how long that process of getting everyone on the same page will take, but it could be quite a while. Is it wise to start that process at the last possible moment, namely when the evals turn red? I don't think so. The sooner we start, the higher our chance of survival. Also, there's a separate point that I think is not sufficiently addressed yet: we don't know how to implement a pause beyond a few years duration. If hardware and algorithms improve, frontier models could democratize. While I believe this problem can be solved by international (peaceful) regulation, I also think this will be hard and we will need good plans (hardware or data regulation proposals) for how to do this in advance. We currently don't have these, so I think working on them should be a much higher priority. Thanks for the comment. I think the ways an aligned AGI could make the world safer against unaligned AGIs can be divided in two categories: preventing unaligned AGIs from coming into existence or stopping already existing unaligned AGIs from causing extinction. The second is the offense/defense balance. The first is what you point at. If an AGI would prevent people from creating AI, this would likely be against their will. A state would be the only actor who could do so legally, assuming there is regulation in place, and also most practically. Therefore, I think your option falls under what I described in my post as "Types of AI (hardware) regulation may be possible where the state actors implementing the regulation are aided by aligned AIs". I think this is indeed a realistic option and it may reduce existential risk somewhat. Getting the regulation in place at all, however, seems more important at this point than developing what I see as a pretty far-fetched and—at the moment—intractable way to implement it more effectively. [Crosspost] AI Regulation May Be More Important Than AI Alignment For Existential Safety [Crosspost] An AI Pause Is Humanity's Best Bet For Preventing Extinction (TIME) Hi Peter, thanks for your comment. We do think the conclusions we draw are robust based on our sample size. If course it depends on the signal: if there's a change in e.g. awareness from 5% to 50%, a small sample size should be plenty to show that. However, if you're trying to measure a signal of only 1% difference, your sample size should be much larger. While we stand by our conclusions, we do think there would be significant value in others doing similar research, if possible with larger sample sizes. Again, thanks for your comments, we take the input into account. Yes exactly! Thanks Gabriel! Sorry for the confusion. TE stands for The Economist, so this item: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ANn9ibNo9SQ Thanks for your reply. I mostly agree with many of the things you say, but I still think work to reduce the amount of emission rights should at least be on the list of high-impact things to do, and as far as I'm concerned, significantly higher than a few other paths mentioned here. If you'd still want to do technology-specific work, I think offshore solar might also be impactful and neglected. As someone who has worked in sustainable energy technology for ten years (wind energy, modeling, smart charging, activism) before moving into AI xrisk, my favorite neglected topic is carbon emission trading schemes (ETS). ETSs such as implemented by the EU, China, and others, have a waterbed effect. The total amount of emissions is capped, and trading sets the price of those emissions for all sectors under the scheme (in the EU electricity, heavy industry, expanding to other sectors). That means that: Reducing emissions for sectors under an ETS is pointless, climate-wise. Deciding to reduce the amount of emission rights within an ETS should directly lead to lower emissions, without any need to understand the technologies involved. It's just crazy to think about all the good-hearted campaigning, awareness creation, hard engineering work, money, etc that is being directed to decreasing emissions for a sector that's covered by an ETS. To my best understanding, as long as ETS is working correctly, this effort is completely meaningless. At the same time, I knew of exactly one person trying to reduce ETS emission rights based in my country, the Netherlands. This was the only person potentially actually achieving something useful for the climate. If I would want to do something neglected in the climate space, I would try to inform all those people currently wasting their energy that what they should really do is trying to reduce the amount of ETS emission rights and let the market figure out the rest. (Note that several of the trajectories recommended above, such as working on nuclear power, reducing industry emissions, and deep geothermal energy (depending on use case) are all contained in ETS (at least in the EU) and improvements would therefore not benefit the climate). If countries or regions have an ETS system, successful emission reduction should really start (and basically stop) there. It's also quite a neglected area so plenty of low hanging fruit!
From the trenches to the tank traps, WWI was a meat grinder that killed maybe 11 million navy men and women. Fledgling air forces deployed hundreds of males to the skies to homicide their enemies. Throughout WWI, a terrible Spanish flu pandemic swept over Earth, killing unbelievable numbers of people. The Spanish flu raged internationally infecting folks in incredible numbers. Navy had contracted the Spanish flu? Imagine being trapped in a trench on the entrance strains as artillery shells rain down, not for hours, but for days on end. 1,000 yards. How many miles of trenches were there along this entrance? The warfare introduced horrible new applied sciences that snuffed out lives from miles away. The wastewater then flows to settling tanks the place the bacteria settle out. WWI was the primary struggle to see using tanks. The primary British tanks may solely go about four MPH, a reasonable walking velocity.S. The horror of the first day of the Somme cannot be overstated. March 8, 1967 The all-metallic Slingsby T.53 glider makes its first flight. You possibly can find a delivery chart, also referred to as a natal chart, on the internet. If you have ever wished to travel into area, then this version of How Stuff Will Work will present you ways the interplanetary Internet will enable anybody to journey into house — the way the Web permits us to go to overseas lands with out leaving our desks — and what applied sciences will assist such an astronomical communications system. House ventures are a gamble, as Lockheed Martin discovered with its X-33 technology demonstrator. The overwhelming majority of American area exploration efforts have been led by NASA, including the Apollo moon-landing missions, the Skylab area station, and later the Area Shuttle. Should you think you've a truly original, useful concept for a services or products — significantly if that concept is technologically complex — it is best to undoubtedly contact a patent legal professional. When the Central Powers and Allies sauntered in to World Struggle I, they'd no concept what they have been really getting into. Because the Axis of Germany, Italy and Japan threatened to devour the globe, the Allies rose up in opposition. How about on the facet of the Allies? That's about the entire variety of American fatalities in all of World War II. At HBS, she has launched various strategic improvements, together with the MBA Field curriculum and the Harvard Business On-line learning platform. Take this WWII quiz now and see what you already know concerning the turning factors of this legendary conflict! Before it ended, WWII ensnared virtually every country on the face of the planet. What share of its complete population did the country lose in the course of the conflict? By the time the bombs stopped, 11% of the country's inhabitants was dead and gone. The British alone suffered greater than 57,000 lifeless and wounded on that day. France fought valiantly. Suffered tremendously. Ledwith, Sara. "Green vitality demand sparks new life in direct current energy." Vancouver Solar. The heliopause is the point at which the solar wind from the sun meets the interstellar photo voltaic wind created by the other stars. The three stars he included on the flag signify how the state's divided into the middle, east and west. ∼321 days, in the outer a part of the habitable zone (see Determine 7). This stays true for all of the implementations of the dynamical stability criterion, as the given and expected eccentricities of planet g and PxP-2 are low, which lessens any effect of the distinction between the implementations. To display the applicability of Equation 6, Figure 2 shows a full range of cross-sections for the negative hydrogen and oxygen ions in comparison with those predicted by this relationship. The SFOG supplies 6.5 man-hours of oxygen per kilogram of the mixture. However energy felt does not simply must go in a garment. When i told folks that I was getting ready an article on the topic of astrology, colleagues who I assumed would don't have any connection to the topic at all requested with hushed excitement, "Do you read Chani, too? Those who tallied 5 or more kills had been considered "aces," the most effective pilots around. The dust storms additionally prompted mud pneumonia amongst residents who didn't migrate. Packs of U-boats prompted mayhem all around the Atlantic, often running wild and unopposed. The German superstar downed 80 enemy planes earlier than being shot down himself in 1918. How many ships did these U-boats sink? What are crashed ships? They are sometimes (inaccurately) called service pigeons. American spirits either. The satellite tv for pc was called Vanguard. What number of American troops died throughout the great Warfare? Lots of those individuals died from the awful disease. Venereal disease was a significant downside throughout WWI, and People weren't exempt – about 10% of them caught VD while serving in Europe. If you get misplaced whereas taking a trek in unfamiliar territory, a GPS receiver will establish your position and allow you to map out a means house. Around 1672, a Flemish Jesuit named Ferdinand Verbiest drew up the specs for a really small steam-propelled vehicle (probably a toy) while dwelling on the Imperial Chinese language courtroom. Ophiuchus was the thirteenth constellation that the Babylonians recognized but ignored. Handheld digital models present plenty of zoom at a comparatively low cost, and make it easy for youths to take the microscope out into the woods or to the park.
Embarking on a ketogenic diet can be both exciting and challenging. As you transition from a carb-dependent diet to one focused on fats and proteins, your body will undergo various adjustments. The first week of keto is critical as it sets the tone for your journey ahead. In this blog post, we'll provide you with valuable tips and tricks to help you navigate and survive your first week on the ketogenic diet. Educate Yourself: Before diving into the keto lifestyle, take the time to understand the principles and science behind the diet. Learn about macronutrients, ketosis, and the role of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in your body. Equipping yourself with knowledge will make the transition smoother and more manageable. Plan Your Meals: Meal planning is essential during the initial phase of keto. Create a weekly meal plan that includes a variety of keto-friendly foods like avocados, eggs, meats, low-carb vegetables, and healthy fats. Having a clear meal plan will prevent you from reaching for non-keto options when hunger strikes. Stock Your Kitchen: Remove high-carb temptations from your kitchen and stock up on keto-approved ingredients. Having the right foods readily available will prevent you from falling off the wagon during moments of weakness. Fill your pantry with nuts, seeds, coconut oil, and low-carb snacks to stay on track. Stay Hydrated: As your body adapts to ketosis, you may experience increased water loss. Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water throughout the day. Adequate hydration not only supports your body's transition but also helps curb cravings and promotes overall well-being. Monitor Electrolytes: During the first week of keto, your body may excrete more electrolytes due to decreased insulin levels. To avoid the "keto flu," which includes symptoms like fatigue and headaches, ensure you consume enough sodium, potassium, and magnesium. Consider incorporating leafy greens, avocados, and bone broth into your diet. Gradually Reduce Carbs: Instead of making an abrupt switch, gradually reduce your carbohydrate intake in the days leading up to starting keto. This will help ease your body into ketosis and minimize potential side effects. Practice Mindful Eating: Pay attention to your body's signals of hunger and fullness. Focus on eating when you're hungry and stopping when you're satisfied. Mindful eating can prevent overeating and emotional eating, which are common obstacles in the first week of keto. Don't Fear Fats: Incorporate healthy fats like avocados, olive oil, nuts, and seeds into your meals. Fats are essential for providing sustained energy and keeping you feeling satiated, which is crucial for staying on track with your new dietary approach. Stay Committed: The first week of keto may come with some challenges, but remember that it's a temporary phase as your body adjusts. Stay committed to your goals and remind yourself of the reasons you chose the ketogenic diet. Positive reinforcement can make a significant difference during this period. Seek Support: Find a keto support group or connect with friends or family members who have experience with the diet. Having a support system can offer encouragement, share tips, and help you stay accountable on your keto journey. Surviving your first week of keto requires dedication, preparation, and a positive mindset. By educating yourself, planning your meals, and staying committed, you can overcome the initial challenges and set the foundation for a successful and rewarding ketogenic lifestyle. Remember to listen to your body, stay hydrated, and seek support as needed. Embrace the changes, and soon you'll experience the many health benefits that the ketogenic diet has to offer.
Invasion research is a field that examines the processes and impacts of biological invasions, where non-native species establish and spread in new environments. This research area focuses on understanding the mechanisms, patterns, and consequences of invasion events, as well as developing strategies to prevent, manage, or mitigate the impacts of invasive species on ecosystems, economies, and human health. Invasion research often involves interdisciplinary approaches, including ecology, genetics, economics, and social sciences, to address the complex challenges posed by invasive species.
- Research - Open access - Published: Early career wins and tournament prestige characterize tennis players' trajectories EPJ Data Science volume 13, Article number: 32 (2024) Success in sports is a complex phenomenon that has only garnered limited research attention. In particular, we lack a deep scientific understanding of success in sports like tennis and the factors that contribute to it. Here, we study the unfolding of tennis players' careers to understand the role of early career stages and the impact of specific tournaments on players' trajectories. We employ a comprehensive approach combining network science and analysis of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) tournament data and introduce a novel method to quantify tournament prestige based on the eigenvector centrality of the co-attendance network of tournaments. Focusing on the interplay between participation in central tournaments and players' performance, we find that the level of the tournament where players achieve their first win is associated with becoming a top player. This work sheds light on the critical role of the initial stages in the progression of players' careers, offering valuable insights into the dynamics of success in tennis. 1 Introduction Understanding the complex mechanisms behind the origin of success is a challenging task that has captured the attention of researchers in recent years, as it encompasses a wide range of systems. To mention some examples, paper citations [1–3] and funding [4] in science, start-ups [5], show business [6], art [7] and cryptoart [8, 9] ecosystems, music [10–12], and other creative careers [13, 14], have been investigated to date. A common issue in these systems is to unambiguously distinguish between performance and success [15]. Whereas performance refers to objectively measurable accomplishments in a particular field [16], such as the publication record of a scientist [17], success represents the reward of a given level of performance [18], intended as its collective recognition, such as the citation impact in science [1, 18] or prize and awards in fields like music [11]. However, assessing the impact of creative work only through prizes and fame might fail to consider the abilities of the individuals involved, that is, to disentangle performance from success [15]. Sports allow us to overcome this issue. First, they offer objective metrics for evaluating performance, like the winning record of an athlete or a team [19]. Most importantly, successful players are identifiable by the reward system of the sport itself, i.e. rankings based on score systems, especially in individual sports based on knockout tournaments. In fact, sports rankings depend on criteria that are external to the athletes' performance, i.e., the quality of a tournament (also called tourney) has an apriori fixed value and points are distributed accordingly to the round reached in it [20]. Therefore, unlike the previous literature on sports [16], here we consider the ranking as a metric of success that is inherently provided by sports rules, not determined by the popularity of players. Although few works have analyzed sports disciplines from a complex systems perspective [16, 21–24], the determinants of successful careers in sports remain elusive. Particularly, we lack a systematic analysis of the impact of early career stages on players' future achievements, despite the proven importance of these initial stages in many different kinds of careers [25]. Often, we imagine the top players as predestined champions who need to be extraordinarily talented and hard-working to get to the top [26]. Yet, evidence suggests that a combination of talent and effort does not guarantee success [27, 28]. Rather, some initial fortuitous events might play a role in shaping the evolution of top players' careers, as shown for individual sports [23, 24, 26]. The role of chance at the early stages can be later amplified by a cumulative advantage dynamic [29]. The aforementioned elements provide compelling reasons to delve into the trajectories of players' careers, i.e., the temporal sequences of the competitions they attended. Here, we focus on tennis and aim to analyze the key factors behind top players' success at the beginning of their careers. Specifically, we analyze the career progressions of professional male players between 2000 and 2019. We collect data from the official rankings of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) [30], along with the results of matches from various tournaments [31]. The top tennis athletes are identified by their career peak, which is determined by the highest number of ranking points they have achieved in the ATP rankings. Through our analysis, we observe distinctive characteristics among accomplished players compared to others, including longer career spans and a pattern of consistently higher ranking points throughout their career's initial stages. We hypothesize that the rise of top players in tennis is associated with their performance in high-level competitions early on in their careers. This phenomenon is akin to the success of well-known artists who gain recognition from showcasing their initial work at prestigious institutions [7]. In fact, the prestige of the first venues in which artists perform is crucial to their future success, as the same artwork may receive different responses from the audience based on the prestige of the institution where it is first exhibited. Similarly, players with comparable performance in more (less) relevant events may get more (less) attention from the rest of the tennis community. To test our hypothesis, we introduce a novel approach to quantify the level of ATP tournaments, which not only includes their historical prestige but also takes into account the participation of players. This method, based on network science principles, presents a contribution that, to our knowledge, has not been explored in the existing literature on tennis. Previous studies have used networks solely to analyze match relationships [20, 26, 32, 33]. We expand upon this by constructing a network of co-attendance among tennis tournaments, where nodes represent tourneys, and links are created based on players' trajectories, that is, a link connects two tourneys if there is at least one player who competed in these two tourneys during his career. Consequently, we can establish connections between competitions that may be geographically distant or temporally separated. By leveraging this co-attendance network, we derive a measure of tournament prestige using eigenvector centrality [34], following the methodology of Ref. [7]. In the following sections, we will show that the level of the tourney where players secure their first match win allows us to characterize future successful players. First, we group career trajectories and analyze the difference between bottom, middle, and top players, focusing on the initial stages of their careers. Second, we identify highly central tournaments using the constructed co-attendance network. We then associate the tourney level with players' performance, assessed by their first match win, and we find a relation with top players' trajectories. Finally, we check the robustness of our findings using two distinct null models. 2 Results 2.1 Characterizing patterns in tennis careers We study the evolution of the careers of male professional tennis players from 2000 to 2019. We obtained data from the official ranking of the ATP [30, 31], together with the match results of different tournaments: Grand Slam (the competitions with the highest value in terms of winner points), Masters 1000, ATP 500 and 250, Challenger (the competitions with the lowest value in our dataset) [31]. We selected players who started their careers in the timespan of our dataset and had at least two years of activity. We consider 3455 players and 651 tourneys, specifically 4 Grand Slams, 11 Masters 1000, 98 ATP 500 and 250, and 538 Challengers. To distinguish between top and less successful tennis players, we group them according to the maximum amount of points they reached in the ATP ranking, which ranks players based on the score points they accumulate during a season [30]. We can conceive the ATP ranking as a first proxy of success, as it might weigh similar outcomes of players' performance, which would be winning or losing one or more matches, in very different ways. For instance, winning a match in the round of 32 awards 5 points in a Challenger and 90 points in a Grand Slam. Thus, rather than relying on popularity to quantify success in sports [16], we explore the dynamics of success embedded in tennis rules, neglecting the influence of subsequent elements such as prize money, income, popularity, sponsors, etc. Moreover, we use the highest number of points players reach in the ATP ranking (namely, their career peak) instead of ranking placements. The reason is that the point totals of players with consecutive ranks can vary significantly. For example, consider three players ranked 1, 2, and 3, with point totals of 12,000, 10,000, and 9995, respectively. Although players ranked 1 and 2 are only one position apart from each other, as well as players ranked 2 and 3, there is a greater point difference (2000 points) between players ranked 1 and 2 than between players ranked 2 and 3 (5 points). Therefore, using point totals instead of placements allows us to assess differences between players more accurately. Also, it lets us compare rankings with varying numbers of players over the years. We split male tennis players into three groups: Top players are defined by those with a career peak above the 95th percentile (top 5%); bottom players are within the 40th percentile (bottom 40%); the 55% left composes the middle group. Individual timelines of players within each of these three groups and their respective ranking points are reported in panel A of Fig. 1. Because players can start their careers at different times, we aligned their trajectories by the first appearance in the ATP rankings. Thus, a player's trajectory is a time series composed of the sequence of ATP ranking updates. These updates occur weekly, with the exception of the weeks of the Grand Slams and few other tournaments which last longer (consequently, the ranking is run approximately 45 times a year) [30]. As long as a player is still active (i.e., an ATP professional player), he will appear in the ranking. Our analysis is based on the peak of professional tennis players' careers, prompting the question of whether this peak is obtained at a consistent time across all individuals within our dataset. To answer this question, we look at the time distribution of career peak, first considering the aggregated data, then each group separately (respectively, panels B and C of Fig. 1). To avoid right-censoring bias [35], we exclude active players from Fig. 1B-C (more details are provided in the Supplementary Information, where we report the case without the right-censoring correction in Figure S1, see Additional file 1). To deal with different career lengths, we normalize the time of the career peak of each player according to their career duration. We find a common tendency for the peak to occur after the first half of players' careers in all three groups. This result, previously observed only for the top players [36, 37], suggests that peak time is not closely related to individual success. Observing the individual sequences of the three groups in Fig. 1A, we notice marked differences between them, both in ranking appearances and accumulated points. In particular, the bottom players have shorter careers compared to the other groups. We further investigate this by looking at the survival rate [38] of tennis players in our dataset, bearing in mind that in this context "surviving" at time t means still playing or, in other words, being in the ATP ranking. The results are shown in panel A of Fig. 2. The bottom players' survival curve (in blue) is the shortest and goes rapidly to zero (decay starts before 100 appearances), followed by the middle players' (in yellow), which starts decaying a few rank updates later but at a slower rate. Conversely, the top players' curve (in red) starts falling much later (at around 400 rank updates) and at a slower decay rate, meaning that they have longer professional careers, in line with previous work [39]. We also reported the survival rate of all players (in gray) for reference. To highlight when the group differences in accumulated points appear, we take the average of the sequences shown in Fig. 1A, which results in the trend of Fig. 2B: We can observe that the top players have more ranking points compared to the others. Such a discrepancy in the number of points could be interpreted as a mere artifact of our definition of top/middle/bottom players. Yet, this difference emerges from the beginning, as indicated in panel C of Fig. 2, which zooms in on the points cumulated in only the first ten appearances of a player in the ATP ranking. Note that here we consider all players, thus including active players. See Figure S2 of the SI for an analysis that considers only those players who started and ended their careers in the dataset, checking for the eventual effects of right-censored data on Fig. 2B. The initial gap in the average amount of points between the top players and the others may arise from different mechanisms. A first explanation for such a gap may lie in the differences in players' performance. That is, top players may win more matches from the early stages of their careers, leading to the gap forming. To compare performance across the groups, we first consider the number of competitions in which a player wins at least one match. Panel A of Fig. 3 shows the probability P that a player, with at least one match won, reports a win in more than a given number of tourneys, within the first ten (see Methods for the mathematical definition). Top players (red dots) have higher chances of winning more matches, once they have won their first, at the beginning of their career. However, if we look at the probability P of players winning their first match in a certain tourney t after they turned professional (Fig. 3B, see Methods for the mathematical formulation), we do not see top players emerge. On the contrary, top players tend to win their first match later than the others. The results of Fig. 3 show that, even though top players achieve more victories after their initial one, they have difficulty in winning their very first match during the early stages of their career. This counterintuitive behavior points out that players' performance is not enough to explain the formation of the gap between top and less accomplished athletes. Hence, other mechanisms might be at play. For instance, our analysis so far has not taken into account the prestige of the different tournaments that players can attend at the beginning of their careers. Therefore, having illustrated the scenario of the initial stages of players' careers in men's professional tennis, we investigate the influence of the first tournaments they can access, together with their results. We aim to untangle the importance of early participation in more prestigious competitions from how players perform in those competitions. 2.2 The co-attendance network Early access to prestigious tournaments could affect the career trajectories of players in the ATP circuit in a non-trivial way. Those trajectories then create complex relationships between players and tourneys. Indeed, players do not have the possibility to participate in all available tournaments and choose which tourney to sign up for based not only on their own skills but also on the characteristics of tourneys themselves (e.g., the court), their relevance during a season (preceding or succeeding famous events, for example), and their prestige. One could quantify tournament prestige from their prizes in terms of awarded points. Yet, assessing the tourney level based only on prizes does not capture the prestige perceived by the players and determined by their choices. Following Ref. [7], we propose a new method to assess the level of a certain ATP tournament, which not only captures its historical prestige but also includes the reciprocal influence of players and the reputation of a given competition. More importantly, this method does not require any previous knowledge about the tournaments or their prize points. We define a network where nodes are ATP tourneys and links depend on players' careers. A directed link $(i, j )$ is created when a player first competes in tourney i, then in tourney j, and is weighted by the number of players who have the same attendance sequence [7] (see panel A of Fig. 4 for an example). Note that we connect tourney i to all consecutive tournaments attended by a player and not only to the tourney attended immediately after i. Thus, we consider the effects of all the competition choices that players made during their careers in the data. In this way, the movements of players link competitions far in space and time, and recurrent movements signal that those competitions tend to co-occur in players' careers. The resulting network has 659 nodes and 255,055 edges. We focus on the largest strongly connected component of the original network, which has 651 nodes and 254,583 links; from now on, we refer to the largest component as our network (see Table S1 in the SI for more details on the features of the network, such as its density and clustering coefficient). From the co-attendance network, we can extract a measure of tourney prestige that correlates with the importance of tournaments in terms of their points. The prestige of a tournament can be derived from the topology of the network, using the eigenvector centrality [7, 40] (see also Methods for the mathematical definition we used). This definition captures the historical level of the competitions (Fig. 4B), expressed by the maximum number of points assigned to each tournament category (the allocation of points awarded per tournament is explained in the Methods section and summarized in Table S2 of the SI). Note that identifying tournaments based on their awarded points still remains a categorical definition, as tourneys belonging to the same categories award the same points in each round, in general (see Table S2 of the SI). We divide competitions into three groups based on their centrality: The most prestigious tournaments are in the top 10% (above the 90th percentile), and we refer to them as high-level tourneys; the bottom 50% (below the 50th percentile) of the competitions are labeled as low-level tournaments; the others fall into the medium-level group of events. Tournaments belonging to the same category in the ATP can have vastly different centralities, suggesting that the network topology allows a fine-grained distinction between them that cannot be obtained by looking at categories only (see Fig. 4C). Having defined the level of the tourneys, we now focus on the possible connections between those levels and the success of players in the ATP circuit. These connections are crucial to determine whether the opportunity of competing in a given tournament could be more relevant than, or at least as relevant as, players' abilities. 2.3 Early access to prestigious tournaments and the impact of the first win We check the possible differences in tournament attendance within the first ten tournaments of athletes' professional careers on the ATP circuit (left panels of Fig. 5). First, in Fig. 5A, we observe the eigenvector centrality of the first ten tournaments for each group of players based on their career peak. We find that, at the beginning of their career, players attend competitions with comparable centrality, having median values in between the thresholds (dashed lines) of tournament splitting (we consider the median due to the asymmetric distribution of the centrality in our network, as shown in Figure S3 of the SI). Only after a considerable number of tourneys do top players attend only high-level tournaments, which means that they consistently participate in events having a central position in the co-attendance network (see Figure S4 in the SI). Then, we inspect the fraction of players who enter a certain tourney of a given level at the beginning of their career (panel C of Fig. 5). We do not observe a pronounced prevalence of future top players in high-level competitions (red bars in Fig. 5C). Interestingly, we find no significant differences in the prestige of tournaments players can access when their careers start. One might argue that the seasonality of tournaments plays a role, hence affecting the centrality of players' first competitions: In other words, if the centrality of the first tourneys of the season is around the median value, we should expect the trend observed in panel A of Fig. 5. Nonetheless, professional players can start their career on the ATP tournament circuit at any time during a competitive season, coincident with the calendar year. Therefore, the centrality of the opening tournaments of the season (in other words, the tournaments organized in January/February) does not determine the entire trend of Fig. 5A. Consequently, players' first attended tournaments can vary widely from athlete to athlete. It is also worth mentioning that we neglect the influence of the junior circuit on players' professional development. According to some studies [41–43], the youth career could impact the future success of an athlete in tennis. Even if that impact were not a prerequisite for professional success [37, 44], young players who performed well at the junior level could be favored to access more prestigious ATP venues. However, such an effect, if present, does not create a significant gap among players in terms of the level of the first attended tourneys. We specify that we do not differentiate players by age or other factors like country of origin or physical characteristics (e.g., height, left-handed or right-handed, etc.). Since no patterns emerge when looking at tournament attendance, one might ask if there are differences related to performance. In our framework, tennis performance is expressed by the outcome of matches. Thus, we check for patterns linking the victory of matches and the start of players' professional careers in the ATP circuit. To do so, we focus on the first win of a match at the beginning of tennis players' careers. Specifically, we are interested in the first victory in the main draw (i.e., the starting lineup of a tourney after the qualification rounds) of the first ten tournaments they attended. We consider the first match win because it allows us to directly compare the outcome of players' performance for all the competitors. To visualize the relationship between the first win and the tourney level, in terms of centrality, we refer to the right panels of Fig. 5. In Fig. 5B, the eigenvector centrality of the top players is the only one above the threshold of high-level competitions. Note that the trend remains constant irrespective of the time of the first win, indicating that there is no distinction between winning earlier (within the first five tourneys) or later (after the sixth tourney). We find that most of the top players (around 70%) have their first win in the main draw of a high-level tournament (Fig. 5D). Furthermore, only top players can be identified by looking at the prestige of their first match win. Both middle and bottom players have similar behavior (Fig. 5D), and their first victory rarely occurs in high-level competitions. To better understand the discrepancy in the behavior of top players, either when we consider only their attendance or when we add their first win, we compare the boxplots of the centrality of the players' first tournaments with that of their first win (see panels E and F of Fig. 5, respectively, while a fine-grained visualization is available in the SI, Figure S5). In this way, we observe a clear difference between the two situations. In Fig. 5E, there is no distinction between the top, middle, and bottom players, with respect to the network-based prestige of the first tournaments they attended. Panel F of Fig. 5, instead, shows that the average centrality of the first win of the top players crosses the threshold of high-level tourneys. In particular, the top players' boxplot is the only one that changes from panel E to F, which means that the higher prestige of the top players' first win cannot be explained by the average level of the first attended tourneys. Panels E and F of Fig. 5 highlight the relationship between the prestige of the tournament in which the top players win their first match in a main draw and their future success. To further validate our analysis, we computed the correlation between (1) the player's career peak and the median centrality of the first tournaments they played; and (2) the player's career peak and the centrality of the tourney where they got their first win in a main draw. We use Spearman's correlation coefficient and find that $r_{s,1} = -0.008^{\mathrm{ns}}$ and $r_{s,2} = 0.47^{**}$, where ns and ∗∗∗ indicate the level of significance of the two values, that is, the p-value is greater than 0.05 (not significant) and less than 0.001 (significant), respectively. Whether comparing players in groups or directly through their maximum number of points, we conclude that the prestige of the tournament where they first win a match in the main draw is a revealing factor for the future career of male tennis players. In the Supplementary Information, we show two examples of individual career progression before and after their first win, each time comparing a middle and a top player having won their first match in a tournament of the same ATP category but different centrality level (Figure S6). It should be noted that taking the qualification rounds into account does not appreciably change our findings (see Figure S7 of the SI). Furthermore, we do not assume that players should attend at least ten tournaments to be in the dataset, and we do not exclude active players, but adding these constraints does not significantly alter our results (see Figures S8-S9 in the SI). Lastly, we check the eventual relationship between ranking points and tournament centrality. We observe that the increase in ranking points that players had a week after winning their first match is only weakly correlated either with the centrality of the tourney in which they had their first win or with their future success (see Figure S10 in the SI). 2.4 Significance of the results To assess the significance of our findings, we build two distinct null models for the network of co-attendance of ATP tournaments. Building on previous work [1, 7], we proceed as follows (Fig. 6A): In the first model, we reshuffle the careers of each player individually so that the events they play are the same but have a different temporal order; in the second model, we reshuffle all the competitions attended by the players, so that each player's career has the same number of events, but it can consist of different tourneys. In both cases, all temporal correlations are destroyed. We choose these two randomizations because they focus on different aspects: The first randomization preserves not only the number of competitions but also the actual events players attended; the second randomization preserves the number of tournaments of each player and the distribution of competitions among all players, destroying, however, the possible player-tourney correlations. We repeat these two randomizations multiple times to create an ensemble of 500 random realizations. We specify that in both configurations we preserve the information about the time of the first win as given by the data. Therefore, the randomizations would only change the corresponding tournament in the sequence, but not when the first win of a player occurred (as illustrated by the asterisk in Fig. 6 A). For each realization, we build the correspondent co-attendance network and evaluate tournament centrality, considering the prestige of competitions as done in the data. We analyze the average distributions of tournament centrality per group of players, thus keeping the possible relationships between players' success and prestige of their initial ten competitions. We follow the order of tourney attendance and define tournament levels based on their importance in the null models. Panels B to E of Fig. 6 show that the null models cannot reproduce at the same time both the prestige of the tournaments attended and that of the first match win in the early stage of top players' professional career in tennis (Fig. 5E-F). The reshuffle of the individual sequences of tournaments per player increases the gap between top and middle-bottom players: given the cyclic nature of individual sports, where competitions repeat themselves every year around the same week, players are encouraged to attend the same tourneys season after season, to preserve or improve their amount of points. It follows that reshuffling the careers of top players only anticipates those tournaments they start to play once they have already reached the top. In contrast to empirical data, consequently, top players tend to compete more in high-level tournaments from the beginning of their professional careers, so that they are more likely to win their first match in highly central competitions (panels B-C of Fig. 6). On the other hand, the randomization of all tourneys destroys the cyclic trend of sports based on seasonal tournaments. Thus, we do not expect significant differences in the level of competition among players or any eventual correlation between their career peak and their results. Indeed, we observe in Fig. 6D-E that there is no distinction between the groups and no patterns emerge in the prestige of their tournaments. We also compare the mean value of Spearman's correlation coefficients for both null models over all configurations. As described for the data, we computed the correlation between (1) the player's career peak and the centrality of the first tournaments they played, and (2) the player's career peak and the centrality of the tourney where they got their first win in a main draw. The results of both randomizations are summarized in Table 1. When reshuffling individual sequences, we observe that the athlete's career peak is slightly positively correlated with both the centrality of the first tournaments attended and the centrality of the first win. Instead, when we randomize all possible tournaments among the players, we find almost zero correlation in both cases. Whereas we find a significant difference between these two correlation coefficients in the data, we observe that such a discrepancy is not significantly different from zero for both null models. This means that the behavior we observe in the data cannot happen by chance, i.e., the discrepancy between the centrality of the first tourneys top players attend compared to where they first win a match in their professional career is not random. Thus, the prestige of the tournament where male tennis players have their first win is a predictor of their future careers. 3 Discussion In this work, we analyze the career evolution of tennis players to uncover the key features that characterize top players and their future achievements. To do so, we introduce a network-based ranking of tournaments that captures the underlying connections created by players' movements in the ATP circuit according to their attendance. Our focus is on the early stages of tennis players' career and we look at the level of tourneys they attend upon entering the ATP circuit. We find that participation in tournaments of different levels is not a good predictor of athletes' success. Instead, we find that the level of the tourney where players win their first match allows us to identify the top players. We conclude that the first match win in highly central tournaments is a revealing factor for the future success of male tennis players. We can speculate on possible explanations for this relationship between the prestige of the first win and the success in tennis. Up-and-coming players who win at a central venue might have their visibility boosted, attracting the attention of the rest of the tennis community, especially talent scouts and tournament organizers. The former could bring motivation, new staff, and perhaps even fans, ultimately reaching a broader audience through the media. The latter could award promising players with a wild card, which would allow them to access more relevant tournaments without the required ranking (wild cards are awarded at the discretion of the organizers) [30]. These circumstances would boost players' confidence in the management of highly demanding matches, both physically and mentally. Also, players with comparable performance, but in a less prestigious event, receive fewer ranking points. Therefore, a first win in a prestigious competition paves the way for accessing more and more important tournaments. Additionally, the economic benefits of winning in tennis (partially due to the prize money of the tourneys themselves, more commonly related to sponsorship and advertising) could play a role in shaping players' careers. Our findings highlight the impact of the initial stages of players' careers, as a single match win can affect their future trajectories. Furthermore, they advocate for a deeper investigation of the economic implications that follow relevant sports results and might influence the professional development of players. 4 Methods 4.1 Ranking point scale Professional male tennis players accumulate points in the ATP ranking during a season (52 weeks). Any new result cancels out the corresponding one from the previous year, if present, so the rankings are updated approximately every week [30]. Tournaments of different ATP categories award different point scales. Within each category, players generally compete for the same (fixed) number of points in each round. Among the competitions we considered in this work, Challengers are the less prestigious, as awarded points vary from 3 (to the loser of the first round of qualifications) up to 125 (winner of the tourney), whereas Grand Slams are the most prestigious, as players' awards range from 8 to 2000 points. The other tourneys fall in between: Masters 1000 points vary from 8 to 1000; ATP 500 points scale from 4 to 500; ATP 250 points range from 3 to 250. Detailed scales per tournament are available in the SI (Table S2). 4.2 Statistics of match wins In Fig. 3A, we show that players belonging to a group i have a probability $P_{i}(T \geq t)$ of attending at least t tourneys where they win a match, within the first ten tournaments of their career in the ATP. This probability results from the cumulative distribution of the function $p_{i}(t)$: Where $p_{i}(t)$ is the fraction of players of a group $i = \{ \mathrm{top, middle, bottom} \}$ with a win w in exactly t attended tourneys, with $1 \leq t \leq 10$, namely: We also consider the probability P that players have won their first match since becoming professional in a given tourney t (Fig. 3B). Equation (3) reports the fraction of players who have their first win at time t, that is, at the tournament $1 \leq t \leq 100$, grouped by their career peak. Given the players in the group i with their first win $w^{}$ at the time t, we can write the following: Where $P_{i}(t,w^{})$ is the fraction of players with their first win $w^{}$ at time t, that is the ratio of the number of athletes $N_{i}(t,w^{})$ with their first win $w^{}$ at time t, divided by the number of players who competed at time t, $N_{i}(t)$. 4.3 Network centrality The co-attendance network of tennis tournaments is based on the career trajectories of the players in our data. This results in a weighted directed network, where nodes are tourneys and links $(i, j )$ are created when players first attend tournament i, then j. Link weights are obtained by the number of times different players generate the same link. Specifically, every link $(i, j )$ has a weight $\tilde{\omega}_{ij} = \frac{\omega _{ij}}{\omega _{\mathrm{max}}}$, normalized to the maximum possible weight found in the network, i.e., $\omega _{\mathrm{max}}= \mathrm{max} ( \omega _{ij} )$. We use the topology of the co-attendance network to assess the prestige of tourneys. Specifically, we rely on the eigenvector centrality $x_{i}$ [34], defined for a node i in a directed network as proportional to the centralities of the nodes that point to i [40]: Where the term $\kappa _{1}$ represents the largest eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix A whose elements are $A_{ij}$. Data availability The datasets analyzed during the current study are available at the GitHub repository: https://github.com/JeffSackmann/tennis_atp. The data generated from the analysis are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. 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Open access funding provided by Corvinus University of Budapest. CZ acknowledges the support of 101086712-LearnData-HORIZON-WIDERA-2022-TALENTS-01 financed by EUROPEAN RESEARCH EXECUTIVE AGENCY (REA) (https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/101086712), the Erasmus Mobility Network, and the Danish Data Science Academy (DDSA) for funding her visits to the research group of RS. AP and AR acknowledge partial financial support of PRIN 2017WZFTZP Stochastic forecasting in complex systems. RS and SS acknowledge support from Villum Fonden through the Villum Young Investigator program (project number: 00037394). Author information Authors and Affiliations CZ and TC conceived the research. CZ performed the analysis and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. SS provided methodological insights. RS provided the interpretation of some results and the null model formulation. TC, SS, and RS supervised the study. AP and AR helped supervise the project. All authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Corresponding author Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Additional information Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Supplementary Information Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material. Rights and permissions Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. About this article Cite this article Zappalà, C., Sousa, S., Cunha, T. et al. Early career wins and tournament prestige characterize tennis players' trajectories. EPJ Data Sci. 13, 32 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00472-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00472-3
Lubricant Testing 101 (ASTM Oil Tests) Top Insights Many chemical, physical, and performance tests exist for motor oils and other automotive lubricants. I will cover the most commonly used ASTM tests. The ASTM is the American Society for Testing and Materials. It is a scientific, engineering, and technical organization that develops standards on the performance parameters and physical characteristics of specific materials used in engineering and manufacturing. Pour Point (ASTM D-97) What is an oil's pour point? An oil's pour point is the lowest temperature at which the oil will flow. Most petroleum-based oils have waxes and paraffin that solidify at cold temperatures. Oils with more waxes and paraffins will have a higher pour point, while highly refined and synthetic oils will have significantly lower pour points. The viscosity of an oil also affects the pour point. Even though it may be wax and paraffin-free, an oil with a high viscosity is still limited in its pour point due to the higher viscosity. The pour point is a critical parameter, especially for people in cold climates. The oil must be able to flow into the oil pump and be pumped to various parts of the engine at the lowest anticipated temperatures. The pour point should not be the only selection criteria for cold weather operations, however. The fact that a motor oil has a specific pour point does not necessarily mean that it will adequately pump through the engine at the lowest pour point temperature for which the oil is rated. A low pour point combined with the frictional effect of the oil being pumped through a vane or rotor-type oil pump and heat from the engine gradually warming the oil will cause the oil flow to increase so that it properly flows to the necessary engine components. Additionally, the pour point of motor oil can change with time in service as the pour point depressant additives in petroleum-based oils are consumed. Synthetic motor oils do not use these pour point depressants and thus have much more consistent pour points after time in service. Flash Point and Fire Point (ASTM D-92) What is an oil's Flash Point? The flash point is the lowest temperature at which a flame will cause the vapors of a lubricant to ignite. What is an oil's Fire Point? The fire point is the lowest temperature at which a particular oil will sustain burning for five seconds. The test sample is heated, and a flame is brought near its surface. Flash point tests are the most commonly used flammability tests and are typically used for safety of shipping, handling and storage of lubricants. Generally, in specific high-temperature engine operations, oil with a low flash point would indicate higher volatility and thus may result in higher oil consumption rates. Both flash and fire points can be drastically reduced when fuel contamination is present in motor oil. SAE Viscosity Grade An oil's viscosity (thickness) is typically it's first line of defense in minimizing wear. Oils, like all fluids, are non-compressible by nature and when placed between two moving components, will keep the components from contacting one another. However, there is a point at which the oil film separating the two components is insufficient and contact occurs. The point at which this contact occurs is a function of an oil's viscosity. Typically, the more viscous or thicker the oil, the greater the load it will carry. Common sense suggests the more viscous the oil is superior. However, higher viscosities also present unique disadvantages like being more difficult to circulate, especially at colder temps. The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) made fluid viscometrics easier to understand for consumers by developing a grading system based on an oil's viscosity at specific temperatures. Equipment manufacturers decide the most appropriate viscosity for an application and indicates which SAE grade is most suitable for a particular piece of equipment. For example, for a 5W-30 grade oil, the "5W-30" denotes the oil's viscosity at cold temperatures (W standing for Winter) and the "30" represents the oil's viscosity at normal operating temperatures. Kinematic Viscosity (ASTM D-445) What is an oil's Kinematic Viscosity? Kinematic viscosity measures the time it takes for a known volume of oil to flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary viscometer. To have standard reporting temperatures, kinematic viscosity is measured at 40 degrees C. (104 deg. F) and 100 deg. C. (212 degrees F.). It is essentially the ratio of the viscosity to the density of the oil being tested. Kinematic viscosity is typically measured in centistokes (cSt). Centistokes can be thought of as the result of dividing the dynamic viscosity of an oil by its density, both measured at the same temperature. Dynamic viscosity (measured in centipoise or Pascal seconds) is the force required to overcome fluid friction in an oil film of known dimensions and thickness. I will not go into detailed engineering descriptions and calculations of dynamic viscosity as it gets into complex engineering calculations. I will explain kinematic viscosity in relation to practical applications in selecting a multi-viscosity 30-weight motor oil in another article. Viscosity Index (ASTM D-2270) The viscosity index determines how much a particular motor oil's viscosity changes with temperature. It is a method of applying a number to this rate of change based on a comparison with two arbitrarily selected oils (published in tables by the ASTM at a given temperature, typically 40 deg. C and 100 deg. C) that have significant variations in viscosity index. A high viscosity index would indicate a low rate of change of viscosity with temperature, while a low viscosity index would indicate a high rate of change of viscosity with temperature. High viscosity index motor oils protect engines that operate with temperature variations better, including all auto and light truck engines. Motor oils with a large amount of viscosity index improvers tend to degrade more rapidly than those with less viscosity improvers. By their inherent nature, synthetic oils have significantly fewer viscosity improvers than equivalent viscosity in petroleum oil and thus tend to have high viscosity index values and are more stable. Although higher viscosity index ratings are more desirable, it doesn't accurately represent that oil's high temperature viscosity or it's load carrying ability. Shearing forces within the engine (and particularly transmissions) can significantly reduce an oil's viscosity. Therefore, oils with a lower viscosity index but higher shear stability can actually have higher viscosities at operating temperature than one with a higher viscosity index and lower shear stability. High-Temperature/High-Shear Viscosity (ASTM D-5481) This is a severe service test that measures the viscosity under high temperatures and high shear rates and is measured in units of centipoise. Lubricants with high values in this test will maintain their viscosity in high engine operating temperatures and when exposed to high load/high shear conditions. Ultimately this test combines viscosity, shear stability, and viscosity index. During high temperature operations bearings require the greatest level of protection. NOACK Volatility (ASTM D-5800) This test is used to determine the evaporative losses of motor oil at high temperatures. Motor oils with high evaporative losses will have higher oil consumption rates. In addition, motor oil that has higher evaporative losses in high-temperature operation will have increased lacquer and varnish deposits as well as other negative changes in the particular oil's chemical properties. A lower NOACK volatility rating indicates a motor oil that will have less evaporative losses and thus less oil consumption and increased engine protection and resistance to varnish, lacquer, and sludge formation in critical engine areas such as pistons, cylinders, and valvetrain components. Four-Ball Wear Test (ASTM D-4172B) The Four-Ball Wear Test is one of the most widely known and used tests for measuring the wear-preventative characteristics of lubricating oil. The machine consists of three fixed steel balls and one rotating steel ball. The machine can be set to different speeds, loads, and temperatures. The balls are put into a bath of the particular oil being tested, and the test is typically run for one hour at a specific load and RPM. At the completion of the test, the average wear scars on the three fixed balls are measured and reported. Although this test does not simulate any bearing geometry internal to an engine, it is extremely useful in comparing the wear protection properties of various lubricants. Since the only variable in the test is the particular brand of oil, it provides an accurate comparison as to how well a lubricant will prevent wear inside an engine when compared to another competitive brand of oil of the same viscosity. In other words, it is an "apples to apples" test comparison. The smaller the wear scar, the better the protection. AMSOIL is one of the only manufacturers that I am aware of that prominently displays and advertises how their oils perform in this test. AMSOIL shows independent laboratory wear scar test results of their oil on every specification sheet and on the bottles of two of their high-performance oils. I have yet to see another manufacturer that does well enough in these tests to display the results. I have contacted many other oil manufacturers and am told that they do not advertise or disclose this specification to the general public. Cold Cranking Simulator (CCS) Apparent Viscosity (ASTM- D-2602) Viscosities that are reported using the kinematic viscosity glass capillary test method do not adequately represent how motor oil performs under cold cranking conditions. Therefore, the Cold Cranking Simulator (CCS) test was developed to predict the cold cranking properties of oils used in automotive and truck crank cases. A 5 ml sample of oil is placed in the shear zone of the CCS test machine at room temperature. The shear zone consists of a rotor and stator. The coolant then begins to flow in order to drop the temperature of the oil. After three minutes, the engine is run for one minute before the machine's rotor speed is read. The CCS viscosity is determined in centipoises (cP) by referencing the speed readings obtained with a special calibration curve determined by standard reference oils. The resultant viscosity is called the apparent viscosity at low temperatures. This test is extremely useful in predicting engine-cranking viscosities at specified low temperatures and how easily an engine will start in cold temperatures. Borderline Pumping Temperature (ASTM D-3829) The borderline pumping temperature is the lowest temperature at which a particular motor oil can be continuously and adequately supplied to the critical components of an internal combustion engine. In order to start an engine in cold temperatures, certain minimum cranking speeds are required. If motor oil exists with a viscosity that is so high that the engine is not capable of turning over fast enough, it will not start. This is the primary reason oil and automotive manufacturers specify specific oil grades in specific ambient temperatures and batteries with adequate Cold Cranking Amperage (CCA). In general, gasoline engines do not require as high of cranking speeds as diesel engines. The colder it gets outside, the higher cranking speeds are required of diesel engines. Diesel engines operate on the principle of adequate compression temperature sufficient to start the combustion process, which in turn depends on the ambient temperature and the cranking speed. This is why diesel engines use higher capacity, higher amperage dual batteries, and heated intake air or heated crankcases and fuel tanks. Synthetic motor oils drastically improve the stability of both gasoline and diesel engines at low temperatures. Recently, I had a situation where a company I was consulting on their equipment was having cold starting problems with their heavy diesel logging and excavating equipment in the extremely cold winter temperatures of northern Michigan. The equipment was left outside, away from any source of electricity, so that block heaters could not be used. Often, before starting the equipment, special propane-powered heaters had to be aimed at the oil pan and engine block in order to sufficiently warm the engine and allow it to turn over at a high enough RPM to start the combustion process. After I recommended that they change to synthetic diesel oil, the company no longer had starting problems. The oil I recommended has a pour point of minus 44 deg. F and CCS viscosity of 2120 at minus 5 deg. F. Synthetic oils do not have the waxes and paraffins that petroleum oils do and have drastically improved cold weather pumping and flow characteristics. Total Base Number (TBN) (ASTM D-2896) The Total Base Number (TBN) is a measure of the reserve alkalinity of motor oil and how well the oil can neutralize harmful acidic by-products of combustion. The detergent/dispersant additive package is critical in determining how effective the motor oil is in neutralizing these acids. TBN depletes with time in service. Higher TBN oils are more effective at neutralizing acids for longer periods of time. In engine lubrication systems that use by-special pass filtration systems and do not change oil, TBN is monitored through oil analysis testing and also maintained by replenishing oil added during filter changes and topping off the oil. A more specific explanation of TBN and TAN is as follows and is repeated as specified by Exxon Mobil. It is very important that you understand TBN: TBN is the quantity of acid, expressed in terms of the equivalent number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide, that is required to neutralize all basic constituents present in one gram of oil. This test is normally used with oils that contain alkaline, acid-neutralizing additives. The rate of consumption of these additives (TBN depletion) is an indication of the projected serviceable life of the oil. With used oils, it indicates how much acid-neutralizing additive remains in the oil. Typical oils of this nature include diesel engine oils for internal combustion engines that use fuels containing acid-producing constituents such as sulfur or chlorine. As long as any significant amount of TBN remains in the oil, there should not be any strong acids present. However, the nature of high alkaline and metallic antioxidant additives sometimes allows for both TBN and TAN values to be obtained on the same sample. This occurs for both new and used oil (z). Total Acid Number (ASTM D-664) The Total Acid Number (TAN) of an oil is the weight in milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize one gram of oil and is a measure of all the materials in an oil that will react with the potassium hydroxide under specified test conditions. The usual major components of such materials are organic acids, soaps of heavy metals, intermediate and advanced oxidation products, organic nitrates, nitro compounds, and other compounds that may be present as additives. It is worth mentioning that new and used oil can exhibit both TAN and TBN values. Organic acids may form as a result of the progressive oxidation of the oil, and the heavy metal soaps result from the reaction of these acids with metals. Mineral acids (i.e., strong inorganic acids), if present in an oil sample, are neutralized by potassium hydroxide and would, therefore, affect the TAN determination. However, such acids are seldom present except in internal combustion engines using high-sulfur fuels or in cases of contamination. Since a variety of degradation products contribute to the TAN value, and since the organic acids present vary widely in corrosive properties, the test cannot be used to predict the corrosiveness of an oil under service conditions (z). Foam Tests (ASTM D-892) In this first phase of the foam measurement test, air is blown through a sample of oil that is maintained at a specific temperature for a specific period of time. When the air supply is shut off, the foam volume is measured. This is called the foaming tendency. In the second phase of the test, the foam is allowed to dissipate for ten minutes, and then the volume of foam is measured and reported as the foam stability. The foam tendency and foam stability can change with time in service. New oils will have a lower tendency to foam and lower foam stability values, while oils that are contaminated can have increased values. The additive package in a particular oil is critical in the oil's ability to reduce/eliminate foam both when the oil is new and after an extended time in service. Certain manufacturer's oils have highly effective anti-foaming additive packages and should be considered in applications where foaming is of critical importance. Note that all oils will foam to a certain extent when agitated. However, excessive foaming can lead to problems such as starvation at the oil pump inlet or foam being drawn into the oil pump inlet with the oil. Foam is also detrimental to hydraulic valve lifter operation and the degree of oil film protection afforded by the oil. Certain motor oils, such as motor oils intended specifically for small high RPM engines, typically have a special defoamant blended into the oil formulation. It is also important to note that excessively overfilling an engine crankcase can cause oil foaming, even with defoamants. Get FREE Shipping! Save up to 25% on all AMSOIL products and get FREE shipping on orders of at least $100. Learn more below. Related Articles SAVE 25% + FREE Shipping! Sign up today for 25% off all AMSOIL products and get FREE shipping on orders of $100 or more as a preferred customer.
Harriet Bartlett Research Associate in Sustainable Food Solutions Harriet is an interdisciplinary scientist working on figuring out and incentivising the best ways to farm for people, the planet and the animals we farm. Her background is in preclinical veterinary medicine, which she studied at the University of Cambridge. She then worked at CSIRO, Brisbane on climate mitigation in red meat systems. Her PhD focused on comparing the carbon footprint, biodiversity impacts, antimicrobial use and animal welfare of a broad range of UK and Brazilian pig production systems - from intensive through to organic systems. She identified the types of farms that best limit negative externalities. Her work has been featured in the Guardian, BBC Farming today and she presented it at New Scientist Live. Harriet researchers the best ways of farming for people, the planet and the animals we farm. Her research interests were sparked by concerns about tradeoffs in our farming systems – it is commonly perceived that systems that use less land (and so are better for biodiversity) perform worse in other ways. Eg. they have higher carbon footprints, use more antimicrobials and have poorer animal welfare. She found that these tradeoffs were largely assumed – very few systems and externalities had been empirically and systematically tested. Her work aims to fill these gaps; to identify tradeoffs among externalities where they exist and where they don't. Her work applies interdisciplinary methods to enable informed decision-making on the types of farm we should be promoting. She works in UK and Brazilian livestock systems, specialising in pig and cattle systems. She specialises in making empirical and systematic comparisons of outcomes for the climate, biodiversity, animal welfare and emerging infectious disease risks. Before joining the Smith school, Harriet completed her PhD at the University of Cambridge in collaboration with the University of Sao Paulo. During her PhD, Harriet was selected to take part in the Homeward Bound program, a global leadership initiative for Women in STEMM, which culminated in the world's largest expedition of women to Antarctica. Harriet is passionate about diversity, equity and outreach, and is involved in various initiatives.
Are you tired of the usual beach vacation or theme park adventure? If you're looking for a unique and enriching travel experience, consider a historical vacation. Not only will you have fun exploring new places, but you'll also learn about the past and gain a deeper appreciation for history. Why Choose a Historical Vacation? There are many reasons why you should consider a historical vacation. For one, it's a great opportunity to expand your knowledge and learn about the past. You'll gain a deeper understanding of how the world has evolved and how historical events have shaped our society today. Additionally, a historical vacation can be a great way to connect with your roots and explore your heritage. Many people travel to their ancestral homelands to learn more about their family history and culture. Another reason to choose a historical vacation is that it can be a more meaningful and fulfilling travel experience. Instead of just lounging on the beach or going on a thrill ride, you'll be actively engaging with history and culture. This can lead to a greater sense of satisfaction and personal growth. Where to Go? There are countless destinations around the world that offer rich historical and cultural experiences. Here are just a few ideas to get you started: - Rome, Italy – Explore ancient ruins and learn about the rise and fall of the Roman Empire. - Washington, D.C., USA – Visit the Smithsonian museums and learn about American history and culture. - Angkor Wat, Cambodia – Discover the ancient temples and ruins of the Khmer Empire. - Machu Picchu, Peru – Trek through the Andes Mountains to reach this ancient Incan city. - Jerusalem, Israel – Explore the holy sites of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. What to Do? Once you've chosen your destination, it's time to plan your itinerary. Here are some activities and experiences you might consider: - Guided tours of historical sites and landmarks - Museum visits to learn about art, culture, and history - Walking tours of neighborhoods and historic districts - Food tours to learn about local cuisine and culinary traditions - Participating in cultural festivals and events If you're looking for a vacation that's both fun and educational, a historical vacation might be just what you need. With so many destinations and activities to choose from, there's something for everyone. So pack your bags, grab your camera, and get ready to explore the past while creating new memories.
DBTA participates in the African Union (AU) and WorldSkills meeting in South Africa In February 2019, the African Union (AU) and WorldSkills International (WSI) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to lay the foundation for the official creation of WorldSkills Africa. WorldSkills Africa will represent a regional organization that is planned to be placed under the African Union Development Agency (AUDA-NEPAD) of the African Union. WorldSkills International is a global skills excellence and development platform founded in 1946 and currently has 85 countries registered as members. Skills development in Africa is highlighted under International Cooperation and Development in the WorldSkills Vision 2025, which shows the importance of partnerships to improve Vocational Education and Training (VET) systems and empower the African youth to pursue personal and economic fulfilment. To elaborate this idea further, WorldSkills International (WSI) and the African Union, organised a workshop to discuss the formation of WorldSkills Africa (WSA) in Johannesburg from the 14th to 15th June 2023. In attendance were the representatives from the following member states; Kenya, South Africa, Namibia, Zambia and Mauritius, which is still to become a member. The partners included FESTO and Lincoln Electric as the official sponsors of the WorldSkills competition. Association of Technical Universities and Polytechnics in Africa (ATUPA) and Don Bosco Tech Africa were invited as private non-Governmental organisations with the capacity to roll out the skills development agenda in the continent due to their network and sense of autonomy. The objective of the WS Africa is to support AU Member States to strengthen the alignment between skills development and industry through the exchange of best practices, benchmarking and peer learning. This initiative will support Member States in building the competencies needed to effectively engage and benefit from the Africa Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) and industrialization drive. The purpose of the planning workshop was to operationalise and for key stakeholders to reach an agreement, on the concept of WS Africa, specifically on the model of governance, finance and legal structure, as well as a sustainable partnership and sponsorship model of running the WorldSkills Africa Competition and capacity building programmes. In order to operationalize WS Africa, the workshop discussed the ideas, structure, model, required resources, and timeline. Once formed, the team behind WorldSkills Africa will be tasked to manage, implement, and promote skills development and capacity-building related programmes as well as regional skills competitions. DBTA stands a chance of benefiting due to the level of networking that will be involved in the entire process of seeing the birth of WS Africa together with the partners that will be supporting the process through capacity building, modernization and guided discussions on how to make skills the driver of socio-economic development in the continent. This aligns well with the objectives of the Social Structure program funded by BMZ through Don Bosco Mondo, which aims to create networks to promote skills.
Do you know America's tradition of Days of Prayer? In Alexander Young's Chronicles of the Pilgrims, (Boston, 1841), Edward Winslow recounted: "Drought and the like … moved not only every good man privately to enter into examination with his own estate between God and his conscience, and so to humiliation before Him, but also to humble ourselves together before the Lord by Fasting and Prayer." Connecticut colonists proclaimed a day in early spring for Fasting and Prayer, customarily Good Friday. In 1668, the Virginia House of Burgesses in Jamestown passed: "The 27th of August appointed for a Day of Humiliation, Fasting and Prayer, to implore God's mercy: if any person be found upon that day gaming, drinking, or working, works of necessity excepted, upon presentment by church-wardens and proof, he shall be fined." In 1746, French Admiral d'Anville sailed for New England, commanding the most powerful fleet of the day, 70 ships with 13,000 troops. He intended to recapture Louisburg, Nova Scotia, and destroy from Boston to New York, down to Georgia. Massachusetts Governor William Shirley declared a Day of Prayer and Fasting, October 16, 1746. In Boston's Old South Meeting House, Rev. Thomas Prince prayed: "Send Thy tempest, Lord, upon the water … scatter the ships of our tormentors!" Historian Catherine Drinker Bowen related that as he finished praying, the sky darkened, winds shrieked and church bells rang "a wild, uneven sound … though no man was in the steeple." A hurricane scattered the entire French fleet. With 4,000 sick and 2,000 dead, including Admiral d'Anville, French Vice-Admiral d'Estournelle threw himself on his sword. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote in his Ballad of the French Fleet: "Admiral d'Anville had sworn by cross and crown, to ravage with fire and steel our helpless Boston Town … From mouth to mouth spread tidings of dismay, I stood in the Old South saying humbly: 'Let us pray!' … Like a potter's vessel broke, the great ships of the line, were carried away as smoke or sank in the brine." As French and Spanish raids increased, Ben Franklin proposed a General Fast, approved by Pennsylvania's Council and published in the Pennsylvania Gazette, December 12, 1747: "We have … thought fit … to appoint … a Day of Fasting and Prayer … to join with one accord in … fervent supplications that Almighty God would mercifully interpose and still the rage of war among the nations and put a stop to the effusion of Christian blood." On May 24, 1774, as British blockaded Boston's Harbor, Jefferson drafted a Resolution for the Virginia House of Burgesses: "With apprehension of the great dangers … from the hostile invasion of the City of Boston, in our sister Colony of Massachusetts … deem it highly necessary that the said first day of June be set apart … as a Day of Fasting, Humiliation and Prayer … to implore the Divine interposition, for averting the heavy calamity which threatens destruction to our civil rights." Washington wrote in his diary, June 1, 1774: "Went to church, fasted all day." Virginia's Royal Governor, Lord Dunmore, viewed this prayer resolution as a protest against King George so he dissolved the House of Burgesses, resulting in legislators meeting down the street in Raleigh Tavern and planning the Continental Congress. On April 15, 1775, just four days before the Battle of Lexington, John Hancock let Massachusetts Provincial Congress to declare: "In circumstances dark as these, it becomes us, as men and Christians, to reflect that, whilst every prudent measure should be taken to ward off the impending judgments … the 11th of May … be set apart as a Day of Public Humiliation, Fasting and Prayer … to confess the sins … to implore the forgiveness." On April 19, 1775, in a Proclamation of a Day of Fasting and Prayer, Connecticut Governor Jonathan Trumbull beseeched that: "God would graciously pour out His Holy Spirit on us to bring us to a thorough repentance and effectual reformation that our iniquities may not be our ruin … and make the land a mountain of Holiness." On June 12, 1775, less than two months after the Battles of Lexington and Concord, where was fired "the shot heard 'round the world," John Hancock led the Continental Congress to declare: "Congress … considering the present critical, alarming and calamitous state … do earnestly recommend … a Day of Public Humiliation, Fasting and Prayer … that we may with united hearts and voices, unfeignedly confess and deplore our many sins … It is recommended to Christians of all denominations to assemble for public worship and to abstain from servile labor and recreations of said day." On July 12, 1775, John Adams wrote to his wife: "We have appointed a Continental fast. Millions will be upon their knees at once before their great Creator, imploring His forgiveness and blessing; His smiles on American Council and arms." From his Cambridge headquarters, Washington ordered, March 6, 1776: "Thursday, the 7th … being set apart … as a Day of Fasting, Prayer and Humiliation, 'to implore the Lord and Giver of all victory to pardon our manifold sins and wickedness, and that it would please Him to bless the Continental army with His divine favor and protection.'" On March 16, 1776, the Continental Congress passed a resolution presented by General William Livingston: "Congress …. desirous … to have people … impressed with a solemn sense of God's superintending providence … recommend … a Day of … Prayer; that we may, with united hearts, confess and bewail our manifold sins and transgressions, and, by sincere repentance and amendment of life, appease God's righteous displeasure, and, through the merits and mediation of Jesus Christ, obtain this pardon and forgiveness." On November 11, 1779, Virginia Governor Jefferson proclaimed: "Congress … hath thought proper … to recommend … a day of public and solemn Thanksgiving to Almighty God … That He would … crown our arms with victory; that He would grant to His church, the plentiful effusions of Divine Grace, and pour out His Holy Spirit on all ministers of the Gospel … and spread the light of Christian knowledge through the remotest corners of the earth." On February 21, 1786, New Hampshire Governor John Langdon proclaimed a Day of Public Fasting and Prayer: "It having been the laudable practice of this State, at the opening of the Spring, to set apart a day … to … penitently confess their manifold sins and transgressions … that He would be pleased to bless the great Council of the United States of America and … that He would rain down righteousness upon the earth, revive religion, and spread abroad the knowledge of the true God, the Savior of man, throughout the world." Ben Franklin stated at the Constitutional Convention, 1787: "In the beginning of the Contest with Great Britain, when we were sensible of danger, we had daily prayer in this room for Divine protection." Ronald Reagan said January 27, 1983: "In 1775, the Continental Congress proclaimed the first National Day of Prayer … In 1783, the Treaty of Paris officially ended the long, weary Revolutionary War during which a National Day of Prayer had been proclaimed every spring for eight years." Yale College had a requirement in 1787: "All the scholars are obliged to attend Divine worship in the College Chapel on the Lord's Day and on Days of Fasting and Thanksgiving appointed by public authority." The same week Congress passed the Bill of Rights, President Washington declared, October 3, 1789: "Whereas both Houses of Congress … requested me 'to recommend to the People of the United States a Day of Public Thanksgiving and Prayer … with grateful hearts the many signal favors of Almighty God, especially by affording them an opportunity peaceably to establish a form of government for their safety and happiness'… I do recommend … the 26th day of November … to the service of that great and glorious Being, who is the beneficent Author of all the good that was, that is, or that will be." After the Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania, Washington proclaimed a Day of Prayer, January 1, 1796: "All persons within the United States … fervently beseech the kind Author of these blessings … to establish habits of sobriety, order, and morality and piety." During the Quasi-War with France, a second Great Awakening revival swept America. President Adams declared on March 23, 1798: "The people of the United States are still held in jeopardy by … insidious acts of a foreign nation, as well as by the dissemination among them of those principles subversive to … all religious, moral, and social obligations … I hereby recommend … a Day of Solemn Humiliation, Fasting and Prayer; That the citizens … call to mind our numerous offenses against the Most High God, confess them before Him with the sincerest penitence, implore His pardoning mercy, through the Great Mediator and Redeemer … and that through the grace of His Holy Spirit, we may be disposed and enabled to yield a more suitable obedience to His righteous requisitions … 'Righteousness exalteth a nation but sin is a reproach to any people.'" James Madison, known as the "Chief Architect of the Constitution," wrote many of the Federalist Papers to convince the States to ratify the Constitution, and then introduced the First Amendment in the first session of Congress. During the War of 1812, Madison proclaimed a Day of Prayer: "Rendering the Sovereign of the Universe … public homage … acknowledging the transgressions which might justly provoke His divine displeasure … seeking His merciful forgiveness … and with a reverence for the unerring precept of our holy religion, to do to others as they would require that others should do to them." British soldiers invaded Washington, D.C., August 25, 1814, and burned the White House and Capitol. Suddenly dark clouds rolled in and a tornado touched down sending debris flying, blowing off roofs and knocking down chimneys on British troops. Horse and rider were thrown to the ground. Two cannons were lifted up and dropped yards away. A British historian wrote: "More British soldiers were killed by this stroke of nature than from all the firearms the American troops had mustered." British forces fled and rains extinguished the fires. Madison proclaimed, November 16, 1814: "In the present time of public calamity and war a day may be … observed by the people of the United States as a Day of Public Humiliation and Fasting and of Prayer to Almighty God." On April 13, 1841, President William Harrison died. President John Tyler issued a Day of Prayer and Fasting: "When a Christian people feel themselves to be overtaken by a great public calamity, it becomes them to humble themselves under the dispensation of Divine Providence." During a cholera epidemic, President Zachary Taylor proclaimed, July 3, 1849: "A fearful pestilence … is spreading itself throughout the land, it is fitting that a people whose reliance has ever been in His protection should humble themselves before His throne … acknowledging past transgressions, ask a continuance of the Divine mercy. It is earnestly recommended that the first Friday in August be observed throughout the United States as a Day of Fasting, Humiliation and Prayer." During tensions prior to the Civil War, President Buchanan declared a Day of Prayer and Fasting, December 14, 1860: "In this the hour of our calamity and peril to whom shall we resort for relief but to the God of our fathers? Let us … unite in humbling ourselves before the Most High, confessing our individual and national sins … His omnipotent arm only can save us from the awful effects of our own crimes and follies … Let me invoke every individual … to feel a personal responsibility to God and his country for keeping this day holy." On August 12, 1861, after the Union lost the Battle of Bull Run, President Lincoln proclaimed: "It is fit … to … revere the Supreme Government of God; to bow in humble submission to His chastisement; to confess and deplore their sins and transgressions in the full conviction that the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom … I … appoint … a Day of Humiliation, Prayer and Fasting for all the people of the nation." On March 30, 1863, Lincoln proclaimed a Day of Fasting and Prayer: "The awful calamity of civil war … may be but a punishment inflicted upon us for our presumptuous sins to the needful end of our national reformation as a whole people … We have forgotten God … We have vainly imagined, in the deceitfulness of our hearts, that all these blessings were produced by some superior wisdom and virtue of our own. Intoxicated with unbroken success, we have become … too proud to pray to the God that made us! It behooves us then to humble ourselves before the offended Power, to confess our national sins." After the War, President Andrew Johnson issued, April 29, 1865: "The 25th day of next month was recommended as a Day for … Prayer in consequence of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln … but whereas my attention has since been called to the fact that the day … is sacred to large numbers of Christians as one of rejoicing for the ascension of the Savior … I … do suggest that the religious services recommended as aforesaid should be postponed until … the 1st day of June." In 1901, when President McKinley was assassinated, President Theodore Roosevelt declared a Day of Prayer: "President McKinley crowned a life of largest love for his fellow men … by a death of Christian fortitude … Now, therefore, I … appoint … a Day of Mourning and Prayer throughout the United States … to assemble .… in their respective places of divine worship … to bow down in submission to the will of Almighty God." When the U.S. entered World War One, President Wilson proclaimed May 11, 1918: "'In a time of war humbly and devoutly to acknowledge our dependence on Almighty God and to implore His aid and protection … I … proclaim … a Day of Public Humiliation, Prayer and Fasting, and do exhort my fellow-citizens … to pray Almighty God that He may forgive our sins." When President Harding died, President Coolidge declared, August 24, 1923: "I … appoint … a Day of Mourning and Prayer throughout the United States. I earnestly recommend the people to assemble on that day in their respective places of divine worship, there to bow down in submission to the will of Almighty God." During the Great Depression, Franklin Roosevelt proclaimed, November 12, 1935: "Let us then on the day appointed offer our devotions and our humble thanks to Almighty God and pray that the people of America will be guided by Him in helping their fellow men." When the U.S. entered World War Two, Roosevelt stated December 21, 1941: "The year 1941 has brought upon our Nation a war of aggression by powers dominated by arrogant rulers whose selfish purpose is to destroy free institutions … Therefore, I … do hereby appoint … a Day of Prayer, of asking forgiveness for our shortcomings of the past, of consecration to the tasks of the present, of asking God's help in days to come.'" During the D-Day invasion, Roosevelt broadcast over radio, June 6, 1941: "I ask you to join with me in prayer: Almighty God, Our sons, pride of our Nation, this day have set upon a mighty endeavor, a struggle to preserve our republic, our religion, and our civilization … Their road will be long and hard. For the enemy is strong. He may hurl back our forces … We know that by Thy grace, and by the righteousness of our cause, our sons will triumph … Some will never return. Embrace these, Father, and receive them, Thy heroic servants, into Thy kingdom … Help us, Almighty God, to rededicate ourselves in renewed faith in Thee in this hour of great sacrifice." After the War, President Truman declared in a Day of Prayer, August 16, 1945: "This is the end of the … schemes of dictators to enslave the peoples of the world … Our global victory … has come with the help of God … Let us … dedicate ourselves to follow in His ways." In 1952, when the Cold War began with the Soviet Union, Truman made the National Day of Prayer an annual observance: "In times of national crisis when we are striving to strengthen the foundations of peace … we stand in special need of Divine support." In 1954, President Eisenhower signed the bill to add "under God" to the Pledge of Allegiance. In 1956, he signed the bill making "In God We Trust" the official National motto; and the bill adding "In God We Trust" to the Nation's paper currency. On February 7, 1954, President Eisenhower supported the American Legion "Back-to-God" Program, broadcasting from the White House: "As a former soldier, I am delighted that our veterans are sponsoring a movement to increase our awareness of God in our daily lives. In battle, they learned a great truth — that there are no atheists in the foxholes. They know that in time of test and trial, we instinctively turn to God for new courage … Whatever our individual church, whatever our personal creed, our common faith in God is a common bond among us." After Apollo 13 had an explosion, President Nixon statedApril 19, 1970: "When we learned of the safe return of our astronauts, I asked that the Nation observe a National Day of Prayer … In these days of growing materialism, deep down there is still a great religious faith in this Nation … I think more people prayed last week than perhaps have prayed in many years in this country … We pray for the assistance of God when … faced with … great potential tragedy." On May 5, 1988, President Reagan made the National Day of Prayer the first Thursday in May, saying: "Americans in every generation have turned to their Maker in prayer … We have acknowledged … our dependence on Almighty God." President Bush declared Days of Prayer after the Islamic terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and Hurricane Katrina, 2005. President Trump remarked on the National Day of Prayer, May 3, 2018: "Today, we remember the words of Reverend Graham, 'Prayer is the key that opens to us the treasures of God's mercies and blessings'… Graham's words remind us that prayer has always been at the center of American life, because America is a nation of believers."
Today, civil engineers make a deal with the Devil. The University of Houston's College of Engineering presents this series about the machines that make our civilization run, and the people whose ingenuity created them. We recycle most of our drinking water. We've used it before, and we must clean it before we use it again. We recycled water without cleaning it a hundred years ago. So typhoid and cholera were rampant. Then we added chlorine to city water systems. It worked. Typhoid and cholera are almost unknown in America today. Then, in 1950, a new problem surfaced. Industries were dumping a lot of organic chemical waste into water systems. We were rid of germs. Now we had to get rid of those chemicals. First we needed new techniques of chemical analysis to find out what was there. In 1974 two chemists solved the problem in different ways. A Dutchman, Johannas Rook, came out of the brewery business. He simply capped off a partially filled bottle of water and waited. Then he tested the air above it. That's the same way you find contaminants in beer. The other chemist was Thomas Bellar with the EPA, an expert in air pollution. He bubbled clean air through the water. The contaminants were absorbed into the air, and he measured them. Rook and Bellar each obeyed the first principle of invention. Each brought alien expertise to the problem. Then a bomb fell. Both Rook and Bellar made the same horrifying discovery. More chemical pollutants came out of the chlorinated water than went into it. Chlorine reacts to create new carcinogens. The worst of these is chloroform. So we were rid of cholera at the cost of cancer. The government responded by putting a legal limit of 100 parts per billion on chloroform in our drinking water. That's still enough to cause one extra cancer death in 10,000 people who drink the water all their lives. The trouble is, we pay a price for getting even that low. We have to cut back on our use of chlorine until we're once more at some risk of water-borne disease. By the way, you might wonder about fluoride. After all, it's a chemical cousin to chlorine. Fluoride is pretty nice stuff. Unlike chlorine, it doesn't react to produce anything nasty. And it's not a carcinogen itself. The traces of fluoride we put into water really do drastically cut tooth decay. Chlorine is another matter. It tells the tale of our technology-dense world in microcosm. We trade a few deaths to avoid many. That's a not a deal we can accept in the long run. Since 1974 we've fought it. We've brought millions of dollars to bear on the problem. We haven't beaten it yet, but we will. Because, after all, solving that kind of problem is what engineering is all about. I'm John Lienhard, at the University of Houston, where we're interested in the way inventive minds work. (Theme music)For a quick and useful look at drinking water you may write to Prof. James M. Symons Civil Engineering Department University of Houston Houston, TX 77204-4791 He'll send you a set of notes he's prepared for freshman engineering students. The title is Plain talk About Drinking Water. For more detail about the present case see Symons, J.M., Bellar, T.A., Carswell, J.K., DeMarco, J., Kropp, K.L., Robeck, G.G., Seeger, D.R., Smith, B.L., and Stephens, A.A., National Organics Reconnaissance Service for Halogenated Organics. Journal of the American Water Works Association, 67, 11-Part 1, Nov. 1975, pp. 634-647. (See also Update, 67, 12, December 1975, pp. 708-709.) Symons, J.M., This Week's Citation Classic. Current Contents: Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences, Vol. 19, No.33, August 15, 1988, pp. 14. See also a handbook on halogen treatment of drinking water prepared by a group of leading environmental engineers: Treatment Techniques for Controlling Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water. American Water Works Association, 1982. Our water in Houston contains less than the mandated limit of chloroform -- 100 parts per billion. That leaves us at somewhat greater risk from pathogenic microbes, although we meet government standards there as well. Some cities violate the standards and let chloroform run to 300 ppb. That assures safety from pathogenic microbes. But it also threatens three cancer deaths in every 10,000 people. Of course, these numbers are trivial in comparison with other carcinogens. We accept vastly greater damage from tobacco. Even second-hand smoke inflicts far more cancer than drinking water ever does.
Financing origination technique automates and controls the loaning procedure to manage usual challenges. You can also along these lines whitepaper on simplifying ROI for providing technologies The lending landscape is definitely increasingly aggressive along with processes is actually annoying. Some tips about what credit origin experience. As soon as a lender or depository financial institution recognizes the requirement for an LOS, they develop one or incorporate a 3rd party provider. Good commercial loaning programs are a home loan origination method that will control the entire life-of-loan steps. A loan origination method automates, controls Loans origination technique (LOS) has really become a standard banks and loans buzzword among financial institutions and debt unions in recent times. But the definition of LOS can lead to different significance to bankers throughout the field. For several, an LOS is definitely a collection of software programs that automate professional financing origin workflows at a financial institution. For others, actually a marvelous software leading to thrive and improved purchaser enjoy. Some might claim it is merely a buzzword. But with the credit surroundings cultivating more and more competitive and finance process as discouraging and time consuming as ever, it's vital that you understand what a loan origin system is. it is also important to appreciate how an LOS is able to allow your bank or credit union. An LOS means a system that automates and handles the end-to-end process in the borrowed funds steps – from your tool, through underwriting, acceptance, documentation, evaluation, financial backing, and management. While these strategies differ at each business, every bank or depository financial institution performs through a similar procedures to agree loans and look after a lending relationship. Lending without an LOS Without something that arranges and automates the entire longevity of loans, creditors count on spreadsheets, inkjet printers, e-mail, telephone calls, as well as other manual activities. This usually results in problems, version-control problem, and contradictory judgements. Furthermore, by hand performing responsibilities causes entering the same facts repeatedly. Personnel put occasion on clerical jobs as opposed to sales development. An LOS satisfy 4 difficulties of financial institutions, CUs A number of challenges tied to scheduling business loans generally travel a financial institution's decision to work with a home loan control program, as outlined by research organization Aite people. In state, "Lender's Perspectives: industrial financing Origination Automation, Aite recognized here four markets fashions as staff of loan providers' "appetite for automation: Aggressive needs The rise sought after for account by commercial and manufacturing businesses due to the fact financial meltdown features driven financial institutions' should decrease occasion necessary to answer opportunity, next underwrite and report all of them, based on Aite. Velocity in addition helps degree – a rise in throughput without creating headcount: "After all, quicker underwriters and romance owners can steps opportunities, the greater sales possible process in specific years, Aite took note. Purchaser and associate requirements Principals and decision-makers of retail individuals assume close convenience any time lending while they get when working with different services (imagine Amazon and Uber). These people look for a digital knowledge offering ease-of-use and fast when looking for credit. Those involved in the lending steps (creditors or business relationship professionals, underwriters, line-of-business executives, credit government, and back-office employees) "have are available to need more convenient and digitized activities for duties they execute within the loan life cycle, Aite explained. Regulatory demands Needs connected with the adjustment for mortgage and rental deficits (ALLL) as well as the existing envisaged financing loss (CECL), as well as for Dodd-Frank concerns assessment because regulating https://maxloan.org/payday-loans-ut/ regimes include demanding loan providers to justify and report the company's issues and preferences in depth. Automation makes it easier plus reliable for creditors to generally meet these specifications. Learn about the top retail LOS providers.Product Functions — Customers Tool — Price Appreciate Inside vs. third-party funding origin software Once a bank or depository financial institution knows the requirement for an LOS, it has two selection in the case of getting usage of a mortgage origin process: building it internally or utilizing a 3rd party supplier. Three considerations when reaching pre-owned between developing an LOS internally or making use of a 3rd party funding origin process happen to be: - Staffing. Some massive finance institutions with significant IT staffs can acquire and continue maintaining a new industrial financing origination technique above fighting needs pertaining to cybersecurity, fraudulence, alongside priorities. On the other hand, most banking institutions or assets unions discover it is a lot more inexpensive as far as guides to make use of a third-party solution which previously created. - Compliance. Another key to look at from inside the "build vs. get argument is that any finance origination system must comply with current regulation and field measure. Regulations, in particular, often change, so any LOS should build alterations connected with shifts in regulating or best-practice requirement in due time. Some third party merchants are actually regulated through the national banking institutions assessments Council (FFIEC). - Application pace. Establishing a professional LOS will take time and guides. Some financial organization managers are generally eager for LOS application after the choice is built to relocate from paper-based or Excel-based activities. An application LOS vendor enjoys normally currently used its option at numerous other banking institutions or loan unions, therefore the vendor has actually streamlined execution. Besides, a third-party LOS contains the benefit from currently possessing been through the item developing lifecycle. Owner provides accumulated and remedied pests in several phases before rolling from treatment for the industry. Picking loans origination program The initial step in picking that loan origin technique is to take into consideration the objectives the organization appears to attain on your technique. For many establishments, this calls for increasing revenue, improving the purchaser or associate experience, and propelling accounts increases. The absolute best commercial loaning software is an LOS which can manage entire life-of-loan steps. "The very best business financing application is an LOS that can take care of entire life-of-loan process. Life-of-loan LOS A good LOS present end-to-end electronic loan handling. This can be critical for results, persistence, and scalability. Here's the reason, together with the key options an LOS: For starters, when staff tends to be freed from handbook job like data entry and investigating documentation or signatures, could utilize really their own time to develop relations with individuals or users. Equally, credit score rating experts can spend longer considering complex credits the moment they dont ought to re-enter economic facts from software to assess necessary information for example the obligations program coverage ratio and worldwide income, or perhaps to establish a credit consent memo. 2nd, retail finance origination systems that integrate ingredients covering anything from an online loan application to automated trademark enables financial institutions to meet up with applicants in which simply when consumers are prepared – whether home or jobs, or whether through the financial or debt union's performing hrs or during weeks or days its closed. Finally, credit issues investigation systems that's part of an end-to-end LOS permits assets team taking benefit of computerized financing decisioning, financing procedures process workflows, and economic spreading. These help save additional opportunity. Due to this, finance institutions that improve these actions are capable of most financing without putting employees.
Our printable worksheets are designed to help first-graders master the concept of subtraction by counting back. These worksheets provide examples and guided practice to aid students in developing a strong understanding of counting numbers and subtraction principles that can be applied to real-life situations. Subtract by Counting Back Up to 10 These worksheets contain subtraction problems with illustrations up to 10. Students will count backwards to determine which step the frog pauses at to find the answer. An example has been given as a reference. Subtract by Counting Back Up to 20 This section is similar to the previous one, except that these worksheets contain subtraction problems up to 20. Students will count backwards and write the answers in the blank box. Subtract by Counting Back Up to 30 This set of worksheets includes several subtraction equations up to 30. Students must solve these problems and write the answers in the space provided. Subtract by Counting Back Using Number Line In this worksheet, some subtraction problems are given with number lines. With the help of the number lines, students will count backwards to find the answers and write them in the given space. Counting Back to Solve Subtraction Equations Several subtraction equations have been given in these worksheets. Students will count backwards according to the instructions and write the correct answers in the spaces provided. Our worksheets provide various interactive exercises on subtraction by counting back. From utilizing illustrations to counting back up to 10, 20, and 30, to using number lines and solving subtraction equations, these resources enhance students' understanding of subtraction. By practicing these worksheets, students will strengthen their counting and subtracting skills.
Term 3 Highlights The students were lucky to have Rocksteady Music come into school this term for a music workshop with the primary and Key Stage 3 children. Some of the photos can be found in our gallery here: /gallery/?pid=3&gcatid=1&albumid=31 and have a listen to one of the final pieces. During Children's Mental Health week this week, the focus has been on "my word matters". We've seen presentations on mental health, trips to a cafe for a treat and a chat, mindfulness, positive affirmations and marshmallows around the campfire with discussions about 'my word matters'. The secondary students have also been discussing what helps when we get anxious or stressed and shared inspirational quotes. In English, Key Stage 3 students are diving into captivating novels, fostering creativity, and engaging in thought-provoking writing tasks. Jupiter and Pluto have embarked on a tense journey through "Once" by Morris Gleitzman, delving into the plight of a Jewish boy, Felix, trying to understand and stay clear of Nazi officers during the holocaust. Meanwhile, Saturn and Neptune are exploring the depths of empathy and resilience through the pages of "Wonder" by R.J. Palacio, a tale that sparks compassion and understanding for August, a 10-year-old boy with a facial difference. The students are not just readers; they are budding writers too! Creative writing has taken centre stage, allowing them to express their thoughts, ideas, and emotions inspired by the compelling narratives they've encountered. Neptune and Saturn have been working on formal methods for working with integers and decimals this term using place value grids, base 10 blocks and place value cards. This has helped to solidify their knowledge and to understand mathematical principles. Pluto and Jupiter have been studying algebraic techniques with brackets, equations, inequalities, sequences and indices - a tricky topic! Mars have completed their unit on cumulative frequency graphs and box plots followed by sequences and special sequences and are now studying geometry in its entirety. Revision guides have been issued to students to support their understanding of the topics covered. Earth class have been taking part in completing an activity where they had to come up with safety rules and prepare the meal of their choice. Here are a few pictures of Earth class making sausages, chips, and beans: Jupiter have been learning about, and practising their watercolour skills in art. They were asked to choose a picture of their choice and to create a piece of artwork using watercolour. Computer Science One of our year 7 students created a game in Python where three different turtles are racing across the screen. The student wrote this impressive code where the game is rigged! Can you identify the code for this? Business Admin Our year 11 Young Enterprise students have been busy with all things required for setting up a company - they have been opening a bank account, creating social media posts and number crunching to see if their business ideas can make a good profit. Our year 7 students had a wonderful day out at Warwick Castle - do have a look at some of the pictures here: Hair and Beauty The girls hair and beauty group have had a great time this term designing nail art and coming up with some unique ideas. Mars and Mercury students have been busy in construction. They've all worked really hard to make a frame - next up, they'll be making it into a side table! They've all worked really hard! Our catering students have been super busy this term: Level 2 food production and cookery students have been learning how to prepare whole fish, using a few different cooking methods, including poaching, steaming and baking: Another level 2 student made a Swiss roll, using a variety of skills including, rolling, scoring, filling, trimming and icing. Year 7 catering students went to Pizza express in Sunningdale to learn how to make their own pizzas - they had a wonderful time! Saturn and Neptune have been learning all about forces and how they influence the world we live in. We have completed several practicals this term, including a spring extension, a force circus where students were given a carousel of activities to explore if forces were balanced or unbalanced, and rolling; an activity where students were able to choose the independent variable they wanted to investigate to see what factors can affect speed. The students have started the new year by looking at Tchoukball (a new school favourite). Tchoukball was developed in the 1970's and has become increasingly popular within school over the last few years. The students have shown a real passion for the game and have developed their understanding massively over the last few weeks. We are hoping to showcase our skills in the new future by taking part in some local Tchoukball fixtures. They have also been learning about the different types of fitness components and how they are important in a range of sports. We have been conducting a number of tests to determine our levels in areas such as; coordination, reaction time, flexibility, agility and many more. The students have enjoyed the challenge these tests offer as well as having a friendly competition with their classmates. Primary and Earth have been developing their understanding in a range of invasion games, working in small groups to encourage teamwork, communication and problem solving. All the classes love the challenge of trying to work out the best method to help their team win. I have been really impressed with all their attitudes and their determination to succeed. Secondary students have been looking at different characters in plays and films. They created their own superhero and their surrounding characters, then performed a piece from each person's story. Our Foundation classes have been looking at storytelling. We created stick puppets of Peter Pan characters, then watched the stage production of Peter Pan. The students then acted along with their characters and told the story with their puppets. In PSHE this term Elm class have been learning about how we can help to protect the planet, looking at what we can do as individuals and as a community. They then created a presentation about it and presented it to the senior leadership team. Beech class and Key Stage 3 students have been looking at diversity and discrimination. Year 10 have been learning about how to have healthy relationships and Year 11 have been looking at their next steps for when they leave Heathermount. During the last week of term we have also been focusing on mental health as part of Children's Mental Health Week. Horticulture students have been learning how and why we prune soft fruit trees in winter and have put their knowledge into action in our allotment. Forest school This term, Forest school, students have been learning how to whittle. They each cut their own piece of wood using a bow saw, removed the bark using peelers and then shaped the wood using peelers and files. Oak Class had a lovely trip to a Cafe during Mental Health week. The children had a nice walk to the village, chose their own treat at the cafe which they ordered independently and paid with a card. They had a great time chatting with their classmates and showed respect towards others throughout the trip. Elm class have been looking at plants. We've set up some experiments to help us test some hypotheses. The children were able to make predictions and draw conclusions from the experiments. We looked at which temperature water is transported the fastest in. We also dissected a flower to look at the different parts! The students have been exploring the different signs of winter. The boys conducted an experiment to investigate how and where water would freeze. They made predictions as to which of their cups would freeze. The results are in the table below: However, the next afternoon, we left all the cups on the table overnight and, unsurprisingly, due to temperatures of -5 during the night, they all froze. In PSHE this term, Pine class have been looking at a citizenship module that addresses many very serious subjects such as human rights, and the reason that we follow rules in society. The class have taken an extremely mature approach to this subject, and have demonstrated a high level of curiosity in group discussions. Here is Jacob's poem. Each student was asked to create an acrostic poem for the term Human Rights, their level of vocabulary was incredibly impressive, each word has a strong link and has been carefully thought about. Beech class have been busy this term, in Maths we have been looking at multiplication and division. Our Science lessons have been focussed on learning about classification. Foundation have been lucky this term to study the topic of "Happy Holidays" They have used holiday brochures to explore holiday destinations around the world and choose one they would like to visit. They have made their own brochures which included a chosen destination, they explored what the weather was like there and what they might need to pack for their holiday. They have been discussing holiday destinations they have been to and what activities there were to do there.
In the phase II SAVITRI study, once-daily treatment with an investigational, AMPA positive allosteric modulator (NBI-1065845) significantly reduced depression scores by day 28 in people with major depressive disorder who failed at least one antidepressant, Neurocrine Biosciences announced. The novel PDE4 inhibitor ALTO-101 was safe and tolerable in a phase I study, said Alto Neuroscience. Delivered via a transdermal delivery system instead of an oral route, it's being developed for cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia. Up to 13 years after a delivery complicated by severe maternal morbidity, postpartum individuals still carried an increased risk of mental health hospitalizations or emergency department visits. (JAMA Network Open) People with a severe mental illness had more than double the odds of having two or more chronic physical conditions compared with people without severe mental illness. The 82-study meta-analysis found this risk was even higher in younger people (OR 3.99). (Lancet Psychiatry) Working a highly routine job was linked with 74% and 37% higher risks of mild cognitive impairment and dementia later in life, respectively, the HUNT4 70+ Study reported. (Neurology) Having a "floordrobe" could be a sign of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). (New York Post) Middle-aged women experienced 33.3% to 56% increases in high-acuity alcohol-related complication episodes in 10 of the 18 COVID-19 pandemic months, a U.S. cohort study found. "We anticipated finding some increase in hospitalizations for alcohol-related complications among women. We didn't realize it would be this stark," said lead author Bryant Shuey, MD, MPH, of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. (JAMA Health Forum) What can psychiatrists learn from CIA Cold War-era mind-control projects? (STAT) A few factors were linked with at-risk adolescents being less likely to say they have thoughts of death and self-harm on the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 prior to a self-harm event or suicide death -- older age, history of an inpatient mental health encounter, and being screened in primary care. "As the PHQ becomes more widespread in practice, understanding reasons why many at-risk adolescents do not endorse thoughts of death and self-harm should be given high priority," researchers wrote in JAMA Psychiatry. People with intellectual disability, autism, and mental disorders should be included in groups considered at high-risk for heat exposure, argued authors of a South Korean study of emergency department visits. (Lancet Psychiatry)
In Nigeria, cash is king. However, the digital payments industry is on the rise, and two of Africa's telco (telecommunication) giants, MTN Nigeria, and Airtel Africa are now positioning themselves as key players. MTN Nigeria is the Nigerian division of the MTN Group, a South African multinational company and Africa's largest mobile telecommunications operator. On the other hand, Airtel Africa provides telecommunications and mobile money services to 14 countries across the continent. The company is majority-owned by Indian communications firm, Bharti Airtel. In late May, the two telco operators announced the commencement of operations by their payments subsidiaries after getting their licenses from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) to run a payment service bank (PSB) in the country. While MTN Nigeria is diversifying into the payments industry in the country with MoMo Payment Service Bank (MoMo), Airtel Africa is starting out with SmartCash Payment Service Bank Limited ('SmartCash PSB'). In separate statements announcing the start of their operations, both telco giants noted that their goal was to drive financial inclusion in the country by 'banking the unbanked'. This essentially means meeting retail banking needs and focusing on the rural populations that have largely remained uncovered by financial and banking services in the country. These goals are in line with the CBN's Financial System Strategy 2020, which is targeted at bringing unbanked consumers under the purview of the banking system as well as promoting electronic payments in the country. Separately, both telco operations have obtained super-agent licenses which enables them to create agent networks to facilitate financial services provisions. In what comes as a relatively new territory for the telco firms, how far can they go in disrupting the Nigerian payment industry to drive Nigeria's financial inclusion dreams? The Payments Industry in Nigeria In Nigeria, the use of digital channels for payments has been on the rise. According to the Nigeria Inter Bank Settlement System (NIBSS), online payments from Point of Sale terminals, instant payments, and mobile channels accounted for payment transactions worth N286.45 trillion in 2021. In fact, the latest data from the NIBSS shows that cashless transactions rose 44% year-on-year to hit N117.33tn in the first 4 months of 2022. According to Enhancing Financial Innovation & Access (EFInA), a financial sector deepening (FSD) organization that promotes inclusive finance in Nigeria, 36% of Nigerian adults, or 38 million adults were financially excluded in Nigeria as of the end of 2020. Moreover, the organization said that Nigeria fell short of its 2012 National Financial Inclusion Strategy targets for 2020. One of which was to make payments accessible to 70% of Nigerian adults by 2020. The goal, in this regard, was to ensure that at least 70% of excluded Nigerian adults have a transaction account with a regulated financial institution and/or have made an electronic payment through a regulated financial institution. Nigeria only reached 45% with a shortfall of 25%, the EFInA Access to Financial Services in Nigeria 2020 Survey shows. Dataphyte, a Nigerian media and research data analytics organization, citing CBN put the total figure of unbanked money in Nigeria between January and November 2021 at N26.17 trillion. The Rise of Telco PSBs: How Far Can They Go? According to CBN's Guidelines for the Licensing and Regulation of Payment Service Banks in Nigeria, payment service providers in the country are to "operate mostly in the rural areas and unbanked locations targeting financially excluded persons." In addition, they are expected to have no less than 25% financial service touch points (locally called kiosks) in these rural areas. In a country already seeing the rise of innovative and competitive challenger and digital-only banks, how far can these telecom giants go in their diversification game plan? Can they truly disrupt the payments industry, embracing more of the unbanked population to help Nigeria actualize her financial inclusion dreams? Experts who spoke to Finance Magnates believe that the telcos are up to the task, albeit some challenges will stand in their way. "Both of these mobile money operators have been ready to disrupt the Nigerian payments [industry] for a while now. The key question to ask is whether or not their mobile customers are ready to move away from the traditional payment methods in Nigeria and move towards new emerging methods offered by the telcos," Trevor Goott, the Director of Africa & India at Unlimint, a global payments service provider, told Finance Magnates. On his part, OberonCopeland, the Founder of Very Informed, explained that both operators "already have a large customer base and extensive infrastructure in place." Additonally, they are "beginning to offer innovative payment solutions that meet the needs of modern consumers," he added. "For example, Airtel's recent partnership with WorldRemit allows customers to send money abroad using their mobile phones. This is a significant departure from the traditional way of sending money, which is often slow and cumbersome," Copeland further commented. For the telcos, it is a "long game" ahead, Goot said, adding that changing people's behaviour takes time. The Challenges Moreover, the experts noted that a number of challenges stand in the way for the telco firms. "The first challenge is to get customer and merchant adoption where the merchant accepts a particular payment method and the customer chooses, trusts, and is happy to pay with that particular payment method," Goot explained. To address these issues, Goot noted that the telco companies require significant investment in their "go-to-market" strategies. "To do this, there needs to be a concerted and focused marketing and education campaign in the marketplace, to educate the merchants and customers," he said. However, Daniel Chan, the Chief Technical Officer of Marketplace Fairness, believes that competition from entrenched players, lack of trust among consumers, and dearth of awareness about their services are major barriers the telco firms must surmount. Speaking further to Finance Magnates, Goot explained that telco operators must differentiate themselves and provide customer-focused solutions that work, that their customers want to use and that are easy to use. The Unlimit executive explained: "There are 200m + people in the country, and the advantage that a telco has is its virtual reach. "Every customer in the country, at any location in the country (with mobile network coverage) who has a mobile phone in their hand, has in effect a mobile bank in their hand." "The telco operators can use this fact to redefine the industry, by reaching the unbanked, by facilitating a move to a cashless payments system in accordance with CBN policy, and by allowing this to all take place with comfort and convenience as determined by their customers."
A Balanced Learning Approach Ensures That Children Are Engaged and Stimulated in Multiple Domains. To create a well-rounded educational experience, we employ a holistic educational approach. It encompasses various aspects of a child's development and recognizes the importance of addressing cognitive, physical, social, emotional, and creative development in young children. By incorporating a range of activities and experiences, such as structured learning, play-based exploration, social interactions, arts and crafts, and physical activities, a balanced learning approach ensures that children are engaged and stimulated in multiple domains. The goal is to foster a love for learning, encourage critical thinking skills, promote social interaction and collaboration, and nurture emotional well-being. This approach recognizes that each child has unique strengths, interests, and learning styles and strives to create a supportive and inclusive environment where every child can thrive and reach their full potential. Child-Centered Environments and Familiar Routines… Children thrive in safe, healthy, and loving environments that allow them to try new things, learn about themselves and the world around them. Aside from assuring a developmentally appropriate environment, we design our schools from the perspective of the child. An inspiring environment that is conducive to feelings of excitement, intrigue, and the desire to explore. Sound policies and practices are in place, ensuring a healthy and safe environment inside and out. This includes sanitizing the equipment, daily janitorial service, and regular inspections of the playground and property. The physical layout of the classrooms includes clearly defined boundaries that separate the different activity centers. The children are able to navigate their surroundings comfortably as they choose the centers that interest them. Giving children choices about which activity to choose increases the likelihood that they will remain engaged in the activity. Children are supported as they construct, think, problem-solve, share ideas, and form questions as they encounter new experiences. Teachers encourage socialization and interaction with the materials as they monitor the flow of activities and transitions. Each classroom contains the following centers: language, construction, dramatic play, art, sensory, discovery, manipulatives, and music. The centers evolve throughout the year, equipped with materials and objects that support and enhance the themes that are studied. Young children benefit from a schedule that is familiar and predictable, but not rigid. The daily schedule is prepared to create a balanced day incorporating a variety of activities. The sequence of daily activities will be different in each classroom according to the children's ages and outdoor playtime, but it follows established routines. There will be times to do things together as a group and times to work independently.
Rhinoplasty Questions – facts and more 1. What qualifications do you have to perform rhinoplasty? I am a board-certified plastic surgeon with a focus on rhinoplasty. I've been doing rhinoplasty for over 15 years and have helped thousands of patients get the nose they've always wanted. I have a keen eye for detail and a strong desire for perfection, both of which have aided me in honing my skills in this delicate procedure. I am constantly researching new techniques and technologies in order to provide the best possible care to my patients. 2. How many times have you gone through this process? I've done this procedure countless times. It is a very simple procedure that takes only a few minutes to complete. I've never had any problems with it, and it's always been very successful. 3. What are the risks and complications of rhinoplasty? Rhinoplasty is a very delicate surgery, and as with any surgical procedure, there are risks and complications. The most common rhinoplasty complications are bleeding, infection, and scarring. These complications, however, are usually minor and easily treated. 4. What can I expect my rhinoplasty results to look like? If you're thinking about rhinoplasty, you're probably wondering what the outcome will be. Sadly, there is no simple answer to this question. Every patient is unique, and every surgeon employs a unique approach and technique. This means that it is impossible to predict your exact results. However, there are some generalities to be aware of. To begin, you can anticipate gradual results from your surgery. 5. How long will my rhinoplasty results last? Your rhinoplasty results will last a lifetime. However, due to the natural aging process, the shape of your nose may change over time. Furthermore, if you sustain a nose injury, the outcome of your surgery may be affected. 6. How long does it take to recover from rhinoplasty? The recovery time for rhinoplasty varies depending on the patient. Most people report feeling better in two to three weeks, though minor swelling and bruising may persist for up to six weeks. To allow the incisions to heal properly, avoid strenuous activity or nose-blowing for at least a week after surgery. 7. What are the risks of rhinoplasty? There are numerous potential side effects of rhinoplasty that should be considered before undergoing the procedure. The most common side effect is temporary swelling and bruising around the eyes, which usually go away after a week or two. Other possible side effects include: -Numbness around the incisions -Permanent numbness of the skin around the incisions -Temporary difficulty breathing through the nose 8. What should I expect during my rhinoplasty consultation? The consultation for rhinoplasty is a critical step in the procedure's preparation. During the consultation, you will meet with the surgeon to discuss your surgical goals and to learn more about what the surgeon can do for you. You will also be able to ask any questions you may have about the surgery. The surgeon will examine your nose and face during the consultation to determine the best course of action for your surgery. 9. What is the cost of Rhinoplasty? nose plastic surgery is a surgical procedure that is used to alter the shape of your nose. It is also known as a nose job. Rhinoplasty can improve the appearance of your nose as well as your self-esteem. It can also help you breathe better. The cost of rhinoplasty varies depending on the surgeon, geographic location, surgical complexity, and other factors. In the United States, the average cost of rhinoplasty is around $5,000. Do you have any before and after photos of previous patients I could look at? Yes, you can look through our before and after photo gallery on our website. You can also narrow down the results by procedure type to see only the photos that apply to you.
Feined vs. Feigned: Mastering the Correct Spelling Edited by Harlon Moss \|\| By Janet White \|\| Updated on March 11, 2024 "Feined" is an incorrect spelling, while "Feigned" is correct, meaning to simulate or pretend. Which is correct: Feined or Feigned How to spell Feigned? Feined is Incorrect Feigned is Correct Key Differences Remember: "I before E, especially in feigned." "Fein" isn't a word, but "feign" is, and "feigned" is its past tense. The "ei" in "feigned" can be remembered as "Einstein", who certainly didn't feign his intelligence. Think of "feign" like "reign"; both have "eign." Picture an actor on stage, feigning emotion, with a spotlight on "eign." Correct usage of Feigned Her feined disinterest in the conversation was obvious. Her feigned disinterest in the conversation was obvious. He feined injury to get out of work. He feigned injury to get out of work. Their feined happiness didn't fool anyone at the reunion. Their feigned happiness didn't fool anyone at the reunion. He feined surprise when we threw him a birthday party. He feigned surprise when we threw him a birthday party. She feined ignorance when asked about the missing cookies. She feigned ignorance when asked about the missing cookies. Feigned Definitions Pretended or simulated, not genuine. Her feigned interest was obvious to everyone. Faked or not real, especially in terms of emotions or actions. He gave a feigned smile. Imitated or mimicked to deceive. She feigned a cough to get out of class. Assumed or represented as if true. His feigned ignorance was evident. Exhibited in a not sincere manner. Despite her feigned enthusiasm, she was bored. Not real; pretended A feigned modesty. Made-up; fictitious. Being a pretense, a counterfeit, or something false or fraudulent. Simple past tense and past participle of feign Not real or genuine; pretended; counterfeit; insincere; false. Give ear unto my prayer, that goeth not out of feigned lips. Her treacherous sister Judah hath not turned unto me with her whole heart, but feignedly. Not genuine; Feigned sympathy Feigned Sentences To avoid confrontation, she feigned sleep when her roommate came in late. The spy feigned allegiance to gain the enemy's trust. The child feigned illness to avoid going to school. The actor feigned emotion so convincingly that everyone believed him. He feigned understanding the complex topic to not seem ignorant in front of his peers. She feigned shock upon hearing news she already knew. To escape the boring meeting, he feigned a phone call. The defendant feigned remorse in an attempt to receive a lighter sentence. She feigned surprise when we discovered her secret, even though it was obvious she knew we would. She feigned interest in his story, but she was actually bored. The teacher could tell the student was feigning confusion to delay answering the question. At the surprise party, he feigned astonishment, although he had found out about it weeks ago. To get out of doing chores, the kids feigned sickness. She feigned fatigue to avoid going on the hike with her friends. He feigned indifference during the negotiation to hide his eagerness. The undercover agent feigned being a criminal to infiltrate the gang. In the game, players often feigned weakness to lure opponents into a trap. To catch the thief, the police feigned ignorance of the stolen goods' location. He feigned disapproval to test their reaction to his real opinion. To avoid eating the dish, she feigned a food allergy. He feigned enthusiasm about the project, although he dreaded working on it. The novelist feigned an accent to fit in with the locals during her research. In an effort to seem polite, she feigned laughter at his jokes. Despite knowing the truth, she feigned ignorance when the topic came up. The soccer player feigned injury to waste time and protect their team's lead. What is the root word of Feigned? The root word is "feign." What is the pronunciation of Feigned? Feigned is pronounced as /feɪnd/. Which vowel is used before Feigned? The vowel "a" is used before "feigned." What is the singular form of Feigned? Feigned is an adjective and doesn't have a singular form. The verb "feign" is singular. What is the plural form of Feigned? Feigned, as an adjective, doesn't have a plural form. Which conjunction is used with Feigned? Any conjunction can be used with "feigned" as it depends on the sentence structure. What is the verb form of Feigned? The verb form is "feign." Is Feigned a noun or adjective? Feigned is an adjective. Why is it called Feigned? It's called "feigned" because it derives from the verb "feign," meaning to pretend or give a false appearance of. Is Feigned an adverb? No, feigned is not an adverb. Is Feigned a vowel or consonant? Feigned is a word, not a single letter, so it contains both vowels and consonants. Which preposition is used with Feigned? Various prepositions can be used with "feigned" depending on context, such as "with feigned interest." Is Feigned a collective noun? No, feigned is not a collective noun. Is the Feigned term a metaphor? No, "feigned" itself is not a metaphor, but it can be used in metaphorical expressions. How many syllables are in Feigned? Feigned has two syllables. How do we divide Feigned into syllables? Feigned is divided as feign-ed. What is the second form of Feigned? The second form is "feigned." What is a stressed syllable in Feigned? The first syllable "feign" is stressed. Is Feigned a negative or positive word? Feigned often has a negative connotation as it refers to something pretended or not genuine. Is Feigned a countable noun? Feigned is not a noun, so it's not countable. Is the word Feigned is imperative? No, feigned is not imperative. What part of speech is Feigned? Feigned is an adjective. What is the opposite of Feigned? The opposite of feigned is "genuine." What is the first form of Feigned? The first form is "feign." What is another term for Feigned? Another term for feigned is "pretended." What is the third form of Feigned? The third form is also "feigned." How is Feigned used in a sentence? "She feigned surprise when she received the news, although she already knew about it." Which article is used with Feigned? Both "a" and "the" can be used with "feigned" based on context. Is Feigned an abstract noun? No, feigned is not an abstract noun. Which determiner is used with Feigned? Determiners like "a," "the," and "his/her" can be used with "feigned" depending on the context. About Author Written by Janet WhiteJanet White has been an esteemed writer and blogger for Difference Wiki. Holding a Master's degree in Science and Medical Journalism from the prestigious Boston University, she has consistently demonstrated her expertise and passion for her field. When she's not immersed in her work, Janet relishes her time exercising, delving into a good book, and cherishing moments with friends and family. Edited by Harlon MossHarlon is a seasoned quality moderator and accomplished content writer for Difference Wiki. An alumnus of the prestigious University of California, he earned his degree in Computer Science. Leveraging his academic background, Harlon brings a meticulous and informed perspective to his work, ensuring content accuracy and excellence.
As one of the most popular programming languages in the world, JavaScript is a vital tool for web developers. Whether you are building complex web applications or creating simple scripts to enhance your website's functionality, it's essential to use the language in the most effective way possible. In this comprehensive guide, we will discuss JavaScript best practices and provide practical tips to help you write cleaner, more efficient code. Whether you're a seasoned developer or just starting with JavaScript, this guide will help you improve your coding skills and produce better results. Understanding JavaScript Best Practices Before we dive into specific JavaScript best practices, it's important to understand why they are important. Best practices are guidelines that help you write code that is maintainable, scalable, and easy to read. By following these guidelines, you can ensure that your code is less prone to errors and easier to debug. JavaScript best practices are not set in stone, and they can vary depending on the project you are working on. However, there are some general principles that apply to most projects. These principles include: 1. Write clean and readable code One of the most important best practices is to write clean and readable code. This means using meaningful variable names, commenting your code, and breaking up complex functions into smaller, more manageable pieces. By doing so, you make your code more accessible to other developers who may need to maintain or update it in the future. 2. Use consistent coding style Consistency is key when it comes to coding style. Use the same formatting, naming conventions, and indentation throughout your codebase. This makes it easier to read and maintain, especially when multiple developers are working on the same project. 3. Optimize your code for performance Performance is a critical consideration when writing JavaScript. By optimizing your code for performance, you can ensure that your web applications load quickly and are responsive. This involves techniques like caching, reducing the number of HTTP requests, and minimizing DOM manipulation. 4. Test your code thoroughly Thorough testing is essential to ensure that your code works as expected. Use automated testing frameworks like Jest or Mocha to test your code, and make sure to cover as many edge cases as possible. By doing so, you can catch bugs before they become a problem. 5. Stay up-to-date with new technologies JavaScript is constantly evolving, with new frameworks, libraries, and tools being released regularly. To stay ahead of the curve, it's important to keep up-to-date with the latest technologies and best practices. Attend conferences, read blogs, and join online communities to stay informed and learn from other developers. JavaScript Best Practices Now that we've covered the general principles of JavaScript best practices, let's dive into some specific tips to help you write better code. 1. Use Strict Mode "use strict"; 2. Use Let and Const Instead of Var In ES6, two new keywords were introduced for declaring variables: let and const. These keywords have several advantages over the old var keyword. For example, let and const are block-scoped, which means they are only accessible within the block they are declared in. This helps to avoid common bugs caused by variable hoisting. var myVar = "hello"; if (true) { var myVar = "world"; console.log(myVar); // "world" let myVar = "hello"; if (true) { let myVar = "world"; console.log(myVar); // "hello" The const keyword, on the other hand, is used for variables that are not meant to be reassigned. This helps to prevent accidental changes to your code. 3. Use Arrow Functions Arrow functions are a more concise way of writing function expressions in JavaScript. They have a simpler syntax and a shorter code length, making them easier to read and write. var double = function(x) { return x * 2; const double = (x) => x * 2; Arrow functions also have lexical this, which means they inherit the context from their parent scope. This can help to avoid issues with the this keyword in nested functions. 4. Avoid Global Variables Global variables are accessible from anywhere in your code, which can make them difficult to track and debug. Instead, use local variables and pass them as arguments to functions. This makes it easier to understand where variables are being used and helps to avoid naming collisions. // Bad var counter = 0; function increment() { // Good function increment(counter) { return counter + 1; let counter = 0; counter = increment(counter); 5. Use Destructuring Destructuring is a feature introduced in ES6 that allows you to extract values from objects and arrays and assign them to variables. This can help to simplify your code and make it easier to read. var obj = { x: 1, y: 2 }; var x = obj.x; var y = obj.y; const obj = { x: 1, y: 2 }; const { x, y } = obj; Destructuring also works with arrays. var arr = [1, 2, 3]; var x = arr[0]; var y = arr[1]; const arr = [1, 2, 3]; const [x, y] = arr; 6. Use Template Literals Template literals are a new feature in ES6 that allow you to embed variables and expressions inside a string using ${}. This makes it easier to create complex strings and avoids the need for concatenation. var name = "John"; var greeting = "Hello, " + name + "!"; const name = "John"; const greeting = `Hello, ${name}!`; Template literals also support multi-line strings. var text = "This is a\nmulti-line\nstring."; const text = `This is a 7. Avoid Unnecessary DOM Manipulation DOM manipulation can be slow, especially when dealing with large web applications. To avoid unnecessary DOM manipulation, use techniques like event delegation and batching DOM updates. Event delegation involves attaching an event listener to a parent element instead of individual child elements. This can help to reduce the number of event listeners and improve performance. Batching DOM updates involves updating the DOM in a single batch instead of making multiple updates. This can help to avoid layout thrashing and improve performance. 8. Use Promises and Async/Await Promises and async/await are powerful features in JavaScript that allow you to write asynchronous code in a more readable and maintainable way. Promises are a way of handling asynchronous operations. They allow you to write code that waits for a task to complete before moving on to the next task. This can help to avoid callback hell and make your code more readable. function fetchData() { return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { // fetch data from API if (data) { } else { reject("Error fetching data"); .then((data) => { // do something with data .catch((error) => { // handle error Async/await is a newer feature that builds on top of promises. It allows you to write asynchronous code that looks like synchronous code. This can make your code easier to read and understand. async function fetchData() { try { const data = await fetch("https://api.example.com/data"); return data; } catch (error) { throw new Error("Error fetching data"); try { const data = await fetchData(); // do something with data } catch (error) { // handle error 9. Use a Linter A linter is a tool that analyzes your code and checks it for syntax errors, coding style violations, and other potential issues. Using a linter can help you catch errors before they become a problem and ensure that your code follows best practices. There are several popular JavaScript linters available, including ESLint, JSLint, and JSHint. These tools can be integrated into your development environment, and many editors have plugins available to make integration easier. 10. Document Your Code Documenting your code is essential for maintaining a large codebase. Use comments to explain the purpose of your code, how it works, and any important considerations. This can help other developers understand your code and make changes or updates more easily. There are several documentation tools available for JavaScript, including JSDoc and YUIDoc. These tools generate documentation based on comments in your code, making it easier to keep your documentation up-to-date. JavaScript is a versatile and powerful language, but it's important to use it effectively. By following best practices like writing clean and readable code, optimizing for performance, and testing thoroughly, you can ensure that your code is maintainable and scalable. Specific tips like using let and const instead of var, using arrow functions, and avoiding unnecessary DOM manipulation can help you write better code and avoid common mistakes. Remember to stay up-to-date with new technologies and use tools like linters and documentation generators to make your development process more efficient. By following these best practices, you can become a more effective and efficient JavaScript developer. 📕 Related articles about Javascript - The Power of JavaScript Switch Statements: A Comprehensive Guide - JavaScript Precedence - JavaScript Const: The Definitive Guide - JavaScript Data Types - Understanding JavaScript Output - JavaScript Break: Understanding the Importance of Break Statements in Loops
The case for non-revenue water: Kenya It is clear that cities might eventually run dry if they do not plan their water resources and requirements effectively. A recent case being Cape Town, South Africa. Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company on the Eastern part of Africa run water and sewer services for Nairobi Kenya and majorly depends on Ndakaini dam as its main water source. The dam's water level has constantly been running low from 2016 to 2017 due to effects of drought. In early 2018, the levels had lowered to alarming rates leading to frequent rationing. Increased population due to rural urban migration has also increased domestic water requirements. Drought and population however may not be the only contributors to frequent water rationing in the cities. Other towns are also experiencing perennial water rationing due to the low efficiency of the water utilities supplying the water to the consumers. This inefficiency consequently reflects in increased non-revenue water (NRW) levels. NRW is known to be a big determinant of the sustainability of any given water utility and hence high NRWs reflect low efficiency and low creditworthiness index. - Water Management [4]
Chechnya, a region in Russia, has introduced new rules about the kind of music that can be played publicly. According to reports, music must now have a tempo of 80 to 116 beats per minute (BPM). This change means that very fast or very slow music, like some popular Western dance genres, cannot be played. The decision was announced by the Chechen culture ministry, following guidelines from the region's leader to make music fit better with Chechen cultural values. The culture minister emphasized the importance of preserving Chechen musical traditions and not adopting styles from other cultures. Artists in Chechnya have been given until June 1 to adjust their music to meet these new standards. If they do not, they will not be allowed to perform their music publicly. This move is part of broader efforts to maintain and enforce cultural norms in Chechnya, which has also been known for its strict societal rules and significant political support for actions taken by Russia, including its military activities.
Our editors will review what you've submitted and determine whether to revise the article. - Also spelled: - Manahem - Flourished: - 8th century bc - Flourished: - c.775 BCE - c.725 BCE Menahem (flourished 8th century bc) was a king of Israel whose 10-year reign was distinguished for its cruelty. Events of his rule are related in II Kings 15:14–22. In about 746 bc, Shallum ben Jabesh assassinated Zechariah, king of Israel (the northern kingdom of the Jews, as distinguished from the southern kingdom, Judah), and established his throne in the region of Samaria. One month later, Menahem advanced from his headquarters at Tirzah, the old royal city of Israel, against Shallum and killed him. Menahem assumed power but was not accepted by the district around the city of Tappuah; in revenge Menahem slaughtered the city's inhabitants, including pregnant women. Toward the end of Menahem's reign, the Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser III (identified in the Bible as King Pul) advanced against Israel; he was deterred only by a large bribe, which Menahem extorted from his wealthy subjects. Israel remained subjugated to Assyria under Menahem's son and successor, Pekahiah, who was forced to continue tribute. The 19th-century Jewish historian Heinrich Graetz speculated that Menahem introduced licentious religious rites from Assyria into Israel.
The idea that nature, however we define it, is good for us, and is the primary source of inspiration for design, is not new. What is new is the study called biophilic design, specifying how beneficial natural elements should be incorporated into the environments we create. This field was not necessary just a few generations ago when the population was largely rural, and people spent much of their time outdoors. As we've become predominantly urban, and, according to the EPA, spend over 90% of our time indoors, we're beginning to realize a nature deficit disorder due to our poor environments. Our genes expect the natural world; our bodies and minds are getting drywall boxes, bereft of the rich sensory input that can help keep us healthy in body and mind. Since the 1980s there have been numerous scientific studies quantifying the positive effects of "forest bathing," views to nature, non-rhythmic sensory stimuli, and the like, and there have been books and web resources summarizing them. The Living Future Institute began a Biophilic Design Initiative, but to my mind there has been a disconnect from theory to practical application: how do we as designers actually do it? In our latest project we set out to create a framework for ourselves and other designers to use as a guide. As we got into it we realized that this practice really is an art, not something that can have a simple prescriptive how-to guide. It's similar to learning good composition in painting: there are some general pointers, but many of the "rules" can be broken, and in the end it has to be brought together as an organic whole. I find this to be exciting, since it connects the aesthetic and the natural–it's about creating certain types of experiences, more like a piece of music than a merely functional engineering diagram. Probably my best guide as an architect was Grant Hildebrand's "The Wright Space" book. Since I know Wright's work so well, this helped me see how Wright was intuiting biophilic principles, and how he shaped space and experience to create the impacts his buildings are famous for. Hildbebrand makes that case, as I interpret it, that probably the most important principle of biophilic design is "Prospect and Refuge," the desire to find a place of vista with safety, a view to abundance from a place of security, perhaps with the ability to see without being seen. This experience should be created as the central goal of the design, the destination space or spaces, around which other elements form. With this as the starting point, we developed what we're calling the Five Elements of Biophilic Design: As mentioned above, this type of design is an integrative activity, an art of visualizing possibilities and orchestrating experiences. There is no one right way, and it will vary according to project type, site, and climate. We feel that these Five Elements are a clear and simple starting point and guide for designers, as they have become for us. They also allow for a shared language so that stakeholders beyond the design team can participate, as required for ILFI's charrette process. Keep in mind that these principles can be employed on renovations as well as new projects. While a new building can be a purer and more complete expression, subtle changes to older buildings can reshape the experience significantly.
The impact of remarriage on children is complex and multifaceted. The following are some aspects that may have an impact on children: 1. Emotional aspect: Remarriage may cause confusion and instability in the child's emotions. Children may need time to adapt to the new family structure of their parents remarriage. They may experience separation anxiety, anxiety, anger and other emotions because they need to adapt to new parental roles and sibling sisters relationships. 2. Family dynamics: Remarriage will change the dynamics of the family. Children may need to adapt and accept new parents, siblings, and family rules. This may lead to competition and conflict between children, especially when children need to share resources and parents' attention with stepbrothers and sisters. 3. Education and care: Children's education and care may be affected by remarriage. Parents may face issues with the allocation of time and resources in a new family, which may lead to differences in their preferences and concerns for education and care. Children may need to adapt to their parents' new responsibilities and time allocation. 4. Identity: After remarriage, children need to redefine their identity. They may face conflicts with their previous family structure and values. Children may face confusion and exploration about who I am. 5. Economic impact: Children's financial situation may be affected by remarriage. The remarriage of parents may introduce new economic responsibilities and resource allocation, which may have an impact on children's lives and education. However, it is worth noting that the impact of remarriage varies depending on individual differences in the family and children. Some children may quickly adapt and accept the new family structure, while others may take longer to adapt. Support, understanding, and communication among family members are important factors in helping children cope with the impact of remarriage Copyright notice This article only represents the author's point of view, not the standpoint of this station. This article is authorized by the author and cannot be reproduced without permission.
Angola vs Cape Verde: A Comparative AnalysisWhen it comes to exploring the diversity and uniqueness of African nations, Angola and Cape Verde undoubtedly stand out. Both countries have their own distinct characteristics in terms of region, government, language, currency, and economic performance. In this article, we will delve into a detailed comparison of these two nations, shedding light on their similarities and differences. So, let's embark on this journey of discovery and broaden our knowledge about these fascinating African countries. Topic 1: Region Subtopic 1: Area, Capital – Angola is located in Southern Africa. – It covers an extensive area of approximately 1,246,700 square kilometers, making it the seventh-largest country in Africa. – The capital of Angola is Luanda, situated on the Atlantic coast. Cape Verde: – Cape Verde is an archipelago consisting of ten islands and islets in the central Atlantic Ocean. – The total land area of Cape Verde is around 4,033 square kilometers. – The capital city of Cape Verde is Praia, located on the largest island, Santiago. Subtopic 2: Official Language, Currency – Portuguese is the official language of Angola, which is a remnant of the country's colonial past. – The national currency is the Angolan Kwanza (AOA). Cape Verde: – The official language of Cape Verde is Portuguese as well. – Cape Verde utilizes the Cape Verdean escudo (CVE) as its national currency. Subtopic 3: Government Form – Angola has a presidential republic form of government. – The President of Angola serves both as the head of state and government. – The parliament, known as the National Assembly, consists of 220 seats and plays a crucial role in the legislative process. Cape Verde: – Cape Verde is also a presidential republic. – The President is the head of state and government. – The National Assembly of Cape Verde comprises 72 members and serves as the legislative body. Topic 2: Annual GDP Subtopic 1: GDP per capita – Angola has a mixed economy, heavily reliant on oil production. – As of 2020, the GDP per capita stands at approximately $6,350. – Despite being one of Africa's top oil-producing nations, Angola faces economic challenges due to its dependency on oil exports. Cape Verde: – Cape Verde has a service-oriented economy, with tourism, trade, and transportation being significant contributors. – The GDP per capita in Cape Verde is around $3,900, as of 2020. – Although the country faces challenges in terms of limited natural resources and vulnerability to climatic conditions, it has witnessed steady economic growth. Subtopic 2: Inflation Rate – Angola has struggled with high inflation rates in recent years. – In 2020, the inflation rate was approximately 22.6%. – Factors such as currency depreciation, government spending, and fluctuating oil prices contribute to this high inflation. Cape Verde: – Cape Verde has managed to maintain a relatively low inflation rate. – In 2020, the inflation rate was recorded at approximately 1%. – The country's stable economic policies and prudent fiscal management have played a crucial role in keeping inflation under control. In conclusion, Angola and Cape Verde exhibit unique characteristics while representing the diversity found within the African continent. From their distinctive regions and capitals to their shared official language of Portuguese, these two nations provide a rich cultural tapestry. Furthermore, their differing government forms and economic performances demonstrate the complexities and challenges faced by African countries. By understanding the similarities and differences between Angola and Cape Verde, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the resilience and adaptability displayed by these remarkable African nations. Topic 3: Population Subtopic 1: Life Expectancy – Life expectancy in Angola has been gradually improving over the years. – As of 2020, the average life expectancy is approximately 63 years. – However, disparities exist between urban and rural areas, with urban residents having a higher life expectancy than their rural counterparts. Cape Verde: – Cape Verde boasts a relatively higher life expectancy compared to many other African nations. – The average life expectancy in Cape Verde is around 72 years. – Factors such as access to healthcare, improved living conditions, and effective public health programs contribute to this favorable life expectancy rate. Subtopic 2: Unemployment Rate – Angola faces challenges in tackling unemployment, particularly among its youth population. – The unemployment rate in Angola was approximately 30% as of 2020. – Efforts are being made to diversify the economy and create more employment opportunities to address this issue. Cape Verde: – Cape Verde has made significant progress in reducing unemployment rates. – As of 2020, the unemployment rate in Cape Verde stood at around 9%. – The country's focus on sectors such as tourism, services, and entrepreneurship has contributed to the creation of jobs and the lowering of the unemployment rate. Subtopic 3: Average Income – Despite being rich in natural resources, Angola faces income inequality. – The average income in Angola is approximately $4,600 per year. – Income disparities are more pronounced in rural areas, where agricultural communities often have lower average incomes compared to urban areas. Cape Verde: – Cape Verde has experienced steady economic growth, leading to an improvement in average income. – The average income in Cape Verde is estimated to be around $4,000 per year. – While the country has made progress, efforts are ongoing to raise income levels further and reduce income inequality through inclusive economic policies. Topic 4: Infrastructure Subtopic 1: Roadways, Harbors – Angola has an extensive road network connecting major cities and towns. – Notable highways include the Trans-African Highway, linking Angola to neighboring countries. – The country also boasts several well-equipped harbors, such as the Port of Luanda, which serves as a major hub for trade and maritime activities. Cape Verde: – Cape Verde has invested in developing road infrastructure, particularly on the main islands. – While road networks on smaller islands are limited, the larger islands have well-maintained roads connecting key areas. – Cape Verde also has several harbors, including the Port of Praia, enabling maritime transportation and trade opportunities. Subtopic 2: Passenger Airports – Angola has multiple international airports, with the largest being Quatro de Fevereiro Airport in Luanda. – Quatro de Fevereiro Airport serves as a major gateway for both domestic and international flights. – Other notable airports include Huambo Airport and Lubango Airport, catering to regional air travel. Cape Verde: – Cape Verde has international airports on several islands, facilitating convenient travel options for both locals and tourists. – Amlcar Cabral International Airport on Sal Island is the country's busiest airport. – Other significant airports include Nelson Mandela International Airport on Santiago Island and Cesria vora International Airport on So Vicente Island. In conclusion, exploring the population and infrastructure aspects of Angola and Cape Verde reveals further insights into these African nations. While both countries experience improvements in life expectancy, Cape Verde maintains an advantage in terms of higher rates. Though Angola faces challenges with unemployment, Cape Verde has made remarkable strides in reducing its unemployment rate. Both nations also exhibit differences in average income, reflecting the need for continued efforts to address income inequality. Deepening our understanding of their infrastructure, we see that Angola and Cape Verde have made significant investments in their roadways, harbors, and airports to support transportation and trade. By recognizing these aspects, we gain a comprehensive understanding of the progress, challenges, and potential of these remarkable African countries. Topic 5: Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) Subtopic 1: Population below the Poverty Line – Angola struggles with poverty, with a significant portion of its population living below the poverty line. – Approximately 41% of the population in Angola lives in poverty, facing challenges such as limited access to basic services, education, and healthcare. – This high poverty rate is attributed to factors such as income inequality, limited economic diversification, and the impact of past conflicts. Cape Verde: – Cape Verde has managed to make notable progress in reducing poverty levels. – As of 2020, the proportion of the population living below the poverty line is approximately 24%. – Efforts to promote inclusive growth, expand social protection programs, and invest in education and infrastructure have contributed to poverty reduction in Cape Verde. Subtopic 2: Human Freedom Index – Angola faces challenges in terms of human freedom, including limitations on freedom of expression, assembly, and press. – The country's Human Freedom Index score is relatively low, reflecting restrictions on civil liberties and political rights. – Efforts are ongoing to address these limitations and promote a more inclusive and open society. Cape Verde: – Cape Verde has established a reputation for being one of Africa's most politically stable nations. – The country boasts a higher level of human freedom compared to many other African countries. – Cape Verde's commitment to democracy, respect for human rights, and rule of law contributes to its favorable Human Freedom Index score. Topic 6: Percentage of Internet Users Subtopic 1: English Speaking % – While English is not widely spoken in Angola, there is a growing interest and adoption of the language. – As of 2021, approximately 21% of the population in Angola speaks English to some extent. – The government has recognized the importance of English proficiency and its role in global communication and is making efforts to promote English language education. Cape Verde: – English has a more significant presence in Cape Verde compared to Angola. – Approximately 30% of the population in Cape Verde speaks English, reflecting its historical ties to Portuguese and English-speaking countries. – This relatively higher English proficiency among the population contributes to Cape Verde's ability to engage with global markets and attract international tourists. In conclusion, delving into the Corruption Perceptions Index, poverty levels, human freedom index, and the percentage of internet users sheds light on further aspects of Angola and Cape Verde. While Angola faces challenges in terms of corruption perceptions and a significant population below the poverty line, Cape Verde has made commendable progress in these areas. Both countries possess varying levels of human freedom, with Angola working towards greater inclusivity and openness. Additionally, English proficiency, although relatively low, shows promising growth in both nations, with Cape Verde having a slightly higher English speaking percentage. By comprehending these dimensions, we gain a more comprehensive understanding of the social, economic, and cultural landscapes of these African countries.
The Venezuelan situation is becoming more complicated as the date set for the presidential elections that must take place in 2024 approaches. On this occasion, in addition, the table includes public demonstrations by the presidents of Brazil and Colombia, who met last week in the Colombian capital and produced a joint document in which they make a particular proposal in the face of the Venezuelan crisis: that of holding a "plebiscite" to agree on guarantees for the security, life and political rights of whoever ends up losing elections. To understand the complexity of the situation from which this proposal by the presidents is produced, it should be described as follows: while opinion polls indicate that the popularity of the government led by Nicolás Maduro does not exceed 20% of Venezuelans , and that the opposition gathers sympathies between 60% and 80%, Maduro controls all the institutional mechanisms that allow him to proclaim a victory that is shaped by carrying out massive pre-electoral fraud. However, as the moves that are part of the fraud are carried out, disqualification of parties, disqualification of candidates, obstruction of the electoral registry, tensions and fears grow that a scenario of social outbreak or implosion could be generated even within the Maduro bloc itself. The cost of fraud increases. This situation worries the region, including the leaders with the greatest affinity to the government of Caracas, who have proposed the holding of this "plebiscite" whose feasibility must be viewed with great care. Is it necessary to hold a plebiscite to agree on something that is expressly stated in the Constitution and the laws? Not in principle. However, given that the Maduro government's respect for the law is relative, diffuse and selective, perhaps it could make political sense to carry out a kind of democratic reaffirmation exercise. It happens, however, that holding a plebiscite, when the ink of the Barbados agreements is still fresh and these have been openly violated by Maduro, has obvious risks, insofar as it could be intended that this plebiscite implies a postponement of the date of the elections. What we have described as a massive pre-electoral fraud has a central and obvious actor, Nicolás Maduro, but it also relies on other actors, the most active being the National Electoral Council (CNE). Indeed, the CNE has been key in the implementation of this mechanism of violation of the political rights of Venezuelans. On the one hand, this organization, whose raison d'être is the active promotion of voting as a fundamental tool for the exercise of political rights, has decidedly worked to limit and hinder it. An example of this is what relates to voting abroad, established by the Constitution and which, however, the CNE makes its exercise impossible in practice, by imposing supervening and illegal requirements, such as having to prove legal residence in the country of destination and, additionally, that it is permanent and issued one year in advance. These requirements, absurd in that they place the power to determine the nationality of a Venezuelan in certifications issued by another state, are extremely efficient in removing millions of voters from circulation. In Colombia, with almost three million Venezuelan migrants, at least one million would be able to vote: it is unofficially estimated that it is highly unlikely that even a thousand citizens have managed to register to do so; the CNE prevented the rest from doing it. On the other hand, the CNE not only decides who can exercise their right to vote: it also seeks to illegally decide who can be elected. The candidate María Corina Machado was victorious in the primary election held by the opposition, but the Supreme Court of Justice, another central actor in the massive pre-electoral fraud perpetrated against Venezuelans, has decided that before respecting the right of the voters who voted for Machado, almost three million, it is a priority to defend Maduro's will, and it has "disqualified" Machado, with an opaque, illegal and unexpected measure. Later, Machado, given the material impossibility of participating in the election, presented the option of Dr. Corina Yoris, who was also unable to register her candidacy. On this occasion, there was not even an official position from the CNE, an argument, a reason: the electronic system simply did not allow her name to be registered, although it did allow that of other candidates. Thus, the opposition has decided to present the name of ambassador Edmundo González, who is registered as a candidate. To date, the democratic opposition has successively presented three candidates, and the government of Nicolás Maduro has illegally prevented two of them from participating. Will candidate Edmundo González suffer the same fate? With the events developing, and numerous threats to the possibility of holding free and fair elections that respond to internationally accepted criteria, the reestablishment of the rule of law in Venezuela is experiencing a critical moment, and the international community must be alert, maintain their gaze on the country and contribute to the generation of real conditions of democratic openness. The recent statement from the presidents of Brazil and Colombia is an example of regional concern, and must be taken into account, regardless of the viability of the plebiscite proposal.
In the operating theatre at a hospital in Calabria, Asbel Díaz Fonseca and his team are preparing to perform abdominal surgery on a man in his sixties. They deliberate over which medical technique to use – the French or US model – before deciding on the latter. But their main topic of pre-op conversation is food, namely which pizza is best: Neapolitan or Calabrian. There are subtle differences between the two, they say, but with a Neapolitan medic in the room, diplomacy prevails and they conclude that both types taste as good as each other. This may not sound out of the ordinary for Italian chitchat, but Fonseca is not a local man. He has worked at the Santa Maria degli Ungheresi hospital in Polistena, a town surrounded by mountains in the southern Italian region, for a year. But he is originally from Cuba. The 38-year-old surgeon is among the hundreds of health workers from the Caribbean island brought in to fill a drastic shortage of doctors across Calabria, one of the poorest regions in western Europe. "The main principles of our training are solidarity and humanity," said Fonseca. "We take our skills to countries in need, especially where the health system is suffering. Italy has good doctors and all the right technology, but is lacking professionals in many specialties." Two nationwide strikes in December brought the myriad issues blighting Italy's healthcare system to the fore. Spurred by government proposals to reduce pensions, the 24-hour strikes reignited the debate over gruelling shift patterns and poor pay amid an exodus of staff. The coronavirus pandemic was the catalyst for many to leave; more than 11,000 health workers have left the public system since 2021. Italian medics were frontline heroes when the country became the first in Europe to be engulfed by Covid-19. However, the fines issued to some for flouting overtime rules during the pandemic were a reflection of how quickly their efforts were forgotten. Stressed medical professionals are now either retiring early, switching to the private sector, or seeking better opportunities abroad. In Italy's poorer south, the public health system had endured neglect for years before the pandemic, with severe cost-cutting leading to the closure of dozens of hospitals. The mafia and political corruption have also taken their toll on services. Polistena has a population of almost 10,000, but its hospital, one of the last surviving in the area, serves 200,000 people in towns across neighbouring provinces. To remedy the problem, Calabria's regional government called on Cuba, famous worldwide for dispatching medical brigades to assist with saving lives, most often during times of humanitarian calamity. The pandemic paved the way for the first missions to otherwise prosperous European countries – specifically to Bergamo, the northern Italian province that experienced one of the deadliest outbreaks of Covid-19, and Andorra. Portugal has also recently sought Cuban reinforcements after suffering shortages. Almost 500 health workers from Cuba, covering all specialisms, are now scattered across hospitals in Calabria. Eighteen are in Polistena. The Cuban assistance was initially met with scepticism from the Italian health workers. "They didn't like it," said Francesca Liotta, the director of Santa Maria degli Ungheresi hospital. But that changed once the Cuban medics learned the Italian language and got to know their colleagues, bringing a fresh wave of energy to the hospital team. "They have the kind of enthusiasm I remember having when I started my career," said Liotta, who is close to retiring. "I always say this: they are giving us oxygen." The Guardian visited Polistena after a holiday weekend during which the hospital, a building in desperate need of modernisation, was busy dealing with emergency operations after an increase in road accidents. Internet problems were also causing delays in registering patients. "It's relentless," said Liotta. "You fix one problem, and then something else breaks." This is Fonseca's first mission in Europe. A surgeon with 10 years' experience, he has been dispatched on postings around the globe, including two years in Mauritania. The overseas brigades generate huge revenues for Cuba's communist government, making it a crucial economic lifeline for the country. The missions are also a way of increasing Havana's soft power. However, Fonseca rejects
Your Guide to Female Infertility The elation and joy of deciding to get pregnant and start a family can turn to despair after months or years of attempting to conceive. The struggle and loss of hope take an emotional and physical toll, but fertility clinics carry the risk of drug side effects and invasive techniques, and should only be considered as a last resort after all natural methods have been exhausted. Infertility is commonly caused by lack of ovulation, hormonal imbalance, damage to the fallopian tubes, and poor sperm quality (low sperm volume or viable sperms). Make sure testing is thorough and determine the real cause before treatment. Most doctors agree that it's best to first try natural methods, such as dietary changes, stress relief, acupuncture and herbal remedies to rebalance hormones and increase blood flow to the uterus. These help strengthen the body's immune system - and improve changes of conception - without harmful side effects. Common Causes \| Solutions \| Irregular Cycle have strong link over stressed, exhausted and hormonal imbalance from chronic use of birth control pills…(more) \| Natural Solutions For Irregular Menstrual Cycles PMS & Menstrual Care Tincture \| Marijuana The main psychoactive component of marijuana, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, is extremely harmful to the female reproductive system…(more) \| Body Brushing Detox Harmony Qi Gong For Women \| Diet Changes "The Fertility Diet" (McGraw-Hill 2007) details Dr. Chavarro's finding that bad trans fats interfere with ovulation in various ways, such as cell signaling and receptors that control insulin sensitivity, glucose metabolism and inflammation. His test on over ten thousand nurses trying to conceive showed how eating the high trans fat commonly found in junk food harms the chances of pregnancy. Eating organic reduces exposure to pesticides in vegetables and artificial hormones in meat. Many pesticides contain estrogen-mimicking compounds and toxins that throw hormones off balance. Avoid Gluten The gluten in processed wheat and grain gives elasticity to dough, helping it rise, keep shape and stay chewy. Some women are unknowingly sensitive to gluten (celiac disease), and it can contribute to amenorrhea, reduced pregnancy rates or even miscarriage. Stress Relief Stress and negative thinking can lower the chance of pregnancy. Thoughts originate in the front of the brain and interconnect with the hypothalamus, and it, in turn, translates this information directly to the hormonal system. Warm Your Feet The bioenergy channels that run through the ovaries and uterus begin in the feet. Soaking them nightly in warm water will dilate blood vessels so less blood is needed to warm them. This allows blood flow to shift to the ovaries and uterus for better ovarian health and follicular growth. Add some essential oils to make it fun! Natural Solutions For thousands of years fertility formulas have been well documented by traditional Chinese medicine, Ayurvedic medicine and Amazon Matis Indian shamans. The formulas include herbs known to stimulate and improve circulation in the reproductive organs and are particularly effective when used with stress-reduction techniques. Meditation, breathing techniques and yoga can all reduce stress, increase confidence and calm the body and mind. One of the key benefits of meditation is learning how to train the mind to replace subconscious negative thought patterns with positive channels, such as visualizing the happy loving baby soon to come! Images & contents may be subject to copyright • Report this image
Title: The Role of a Data Collection Administrator in Economic Statistics at the South African Reserve Bank Keywords: Data Collection Administrator, Economic Statistics Department, Pretoria, South Africa, SARB, data management, financial stability, monetary policy, data quality assurance In the digital age, data serves as the lifeblood of informed decision-making, particularly in the realm of economic policy and financial regulation. At the heart of this data-driven landscape lies the role of a Data Collection Administrator, tasked with the critical responsibility of ensuring the integrity and reliability of data sources. In the context of the South African Reserve Bank (SARB), based in Pretoria, South Africa, the Economic Statistics Department (ESD) plays a pivotal role in shaping the nation's economic policies. This article delves into the intricate responsibilities of a Data Collection Administrator within the ESD and explores their role in supporting the SARB's mandate of fostering balanced and sustainable economic growth. Job Description: Data Collection Administrator The position of a Data Collection Administrator within the Economic Statistics Department of the SARB is multifaceted, demanding a blend of technical expertise and administrative acumen. Situated at the Head Office in Pretoria, South Africa, the primary objective of this role is to maintain and coordinate source data in alignment with data management principles. The core responsibilities of a Data Collection Administrator encompass several key performance areas: - Short-term Planning and Task Prioritization: The role involves engaging in short-term planning, prioritizing tasks according to predefined work plans, and executing them efficiently under the guidance of the manager. - Problem Identification and Resolution: Data Collection Administrators are tasked with identifying, evaluating, and solving routine and novel problems within familiar contexts. This necessitates the application of evidence-based solutions and established procedures. - Coordination of Data Sourcing: Centralized sourcing of data lies at the crux of this role, encompassing activities such as data collection, capturing, and stakeholder liaison. Ensuring a consistent inflow of source data is imperative for the compilation of accurate economic statistics. - Implementation of Data Quality Assurance Standards: Upholding data quality assurance standards is paramount to ensuring the reliability and accuracy of source data. Data Collection Administrators are responsible for implementing and maintaining these standards to uphold the integrity of economic statistics. - Reporting and Information Provision: Providing timely and accurate information for reporting purposes facilitates the monitoring of section activities, thereby informing senior management decision-making processes. - Administrative Activities: In addition to data-related tasks, the role entails performing administrative activities related to data management, including appropriate records management of source data. - Continuous Learning and Improvement: Data Collection Administrators are expected to proactively broaden their knowledge of the functional area, demonstrating a willingness to make improvements in work methods and practices. Qualifications and Skills To qualify for the position of Data Collection Administrator, candidates must meet certain qualifications and possess a diverse set of skills. Essential qualifications include: - A minimum of a Bachelor's degree in Economics, Statistics, or a related field. Additional qualifications in accounting are considered advantageous. - One to two years of experience in a data administration environment. Moreover, candidates should demonstrate proficiency in the following areas: - Industry, organizational, and business awareness. - Quality assurance methodologies. - Continuous improvement techniques. - Planning and organizing skills. - Verbal and written communication abilities. - Stakeholder engagement and service delivery. - Sound judgment, decision-making, and resilience. About the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) Established with the primary mandate of protecting the value of the currency in the interest of balanced and sustainable economic growth in the Republic of South Africa, the SARB plays a pivotal role in shaping the nation's monetary policy and financial stability. Enshrined in Section 224 of the South African Constitution, the SARB operates independently to fulfill its objectives without fear, favor, or prejudice. The core functions of the SARB encompass: - Monetary Policy: Using interest rates to maintain low and steady inflation, thereby safeguarding the value of the rand. - Financial Stability: Identifying and mitigating systemic risks to enhance the stability of the financial system. - Prudential Regulation: Regulating financial institutions and market infrastructures to promote their safety and soundness. - Financial Markets: Managing open market operations and South Africa's gold and foreign exchange reserves to implement monetary policy effectively. - Financial Surveillance: Regulating cross-border transactions and preventing abuse of the financial system. - Payments and Settlements: Ensuring the safety and soundness of the national payment system. In conclusion, the role of a Data Collection Administrator within the Economic Statistics Department of the South African Reserve Bank is indispensable in supporting the institution's mandate of fostering balanced and sustainable economic growth. By ensuring the integrity, reliability, and quality of data sources, Data Collection Administrators play a crucial role in informing policy decisions and promoting financial stability. As the digital landscape evolves, the importance of robust data management practices and skilled professionals in this domain becomes increasingly paramount for the prosperity of nations like South Africa.
How Illegal Are Fake Ids 2024-04-18 2024-04-18 14:07How Illegal Are Fake Ids How Illegal Are Fake Ids British Columbia Fake Id Delaware Fake Id Netherlands Passport Fake Texas Fake Id Fake IDs have become a common tool for individuals looking to gain access to bars, clubs, and other age-restricted venues. Whether it's teenagers trying to buy alcohol or young adults trying to gain entry to establishments where they are not yet of legal age, the use of fake IDs is widespread. But just how illegal are fake IDs, and what are the potential consequences of using one? The legality of fake IDs varies from country to country, and even from state to state within the United States. In most places, it is illegal to possess or use a fake ID to misrepresent oneself as being of legal age for activities such as purchasing alcohol, entering a bar or club, or obtaining a job. In the U.S., the laws surrounding fake IDs are enforced at both the state and federal levels, with penalties ranging from fines to jail time. One of the main reasons that fake IDs are illegal is because they are considered a form of identity theft. By misrepresenting one's age or identity on an official document, such as a driver's license or state-issued ID card, individuals are not only breaking the law but also putting themselves at risk of severe consequences. In many cases, using a fake ID can result in criminal charges, fines, and even a permanent criminal record. The consequences of using a fake ID can vary depending on the jurisdiction and the specific circumstances of the case. In some states, individuals caught using a fake ID can be charged with a misdemeanor, which can result in fines of up to several thousand dollars and possible jail time. In other states, the use of a fake ID can be charged as a felony, which carries much harsher penalties, including longer prison sentences and larger fines. In addition to legal consequences, using a fake ID can also have long-term repercussions on an individual's life. A criminal record can make it difficult to find employment, obtain a driver's license, or even rent an apartment. Furthermore, the social stigma associated with using a fake ID can damage an individual's reputation and relationships with friends, family, and peers. Despite the risks and potential consequences, the use of fake IDs continues to be widespread, especially among young people looking to access age-restricted venues. In recent years, advancements in technology have made it easier than ever to create realistic-looking fake IDs that can easily fool bouncers, bartenders, and other individuals responsible for checking identification. This has made it increasingly challenging for law enforcement to crack down on the use of fake IDs and deter individuals from using them. To combat the use of fake IDs, many states have implemented strict penalties for individuals caught using or possessing them. In addition to fines and jail time, some states have introduced programs to educate young people about the dangers of using fake IDs and the potential consequences of doing so. By raising awareness about the legal and social implications of using fake IDs, these programs aim to deter individuals from engaging in this illegal behavior and encourage them to make responsible choices instead. In conclusion, the use of fake IDs is a serious crime that can have severe consequences for individuals caught using them. Not only is it illegal to misrepresent one's age or identity on an official document, but it can also result in criminal charges, fines, and a permanent criminal record. Despite the risks involved, the use of fake IDs continues to be a widespread problem, especially among young people looking to gain access to age-restricted venues. By raising awareness about the dangers of using fake IDs and implementing strict penalties for individuals caught using them, authorities hope to deter this illegal behavior and encourage individuals to make responsible choices instead. Leave a Comment You must be logged in to post a comment.
Chinese & the Ivy League I don't like the title of the article, but there is a lot of good content about college admittance for Asians. Key Points: The Asian-Jewish connection: Is it really kosher to call Asians the "new Jews"? - SF Chronicle. Key Points: - The area of education, that paramount priority of both communities. The story of parents toiling to create academic opportunity for their offspring (and using guilt, bribery and punishment to ensure that those kids take advantage of it) is the same whether its narrator is named Josh Li or Joshua Leibowitz. - Asian Americans are disproportionately harmed by current admissions standards, to the point where an effective quota system exists, capping the number of Asians admitted at a virtually fixed level Ð for private colleges, generally well south of 20 percent of the student body - "Asian applicants have to overcome a particular stereotypical profile that amounts to overt discrimination," says Jennifer Rubin, contributing editor for the conservative Jewish journal Commentary. The Asian-Jewish connection: Is it really kosher to call Asians the "new Jews"? - SF Chronicle. Labels: college, college admissions
Make underwater discoveries at Dubai Mall Want to explore one of the largest and most stunning aquariums in the world? Don't miss the giant 10 million-litre tank at Dubai Aquarium and Underwater Zoo, which contains more than 33,000 aquatic animals and the largest collection of sand tiger sharks anywhere. There are numerous ways for visitors to experience the main Aquarium tank, which measures 51 meters in length, 20 meters in width, and 11 meters in height, and is one of the largest suspended aquariums on the planet. Spectacular marine diversity Rising to the third floor of Dubai Mall, the aquarium is among the city's most popular attractions, enjoyed by adults and children alike. It is home to 140 species of sea life and offers many incredible ways to experience the underwater world. Stroll through a 48-metre tunnel, with the aquarium enveloping you from overhead and around. It's a complete fish-eye view, with sand tiger sharks and stingrays swimming overhead. Unforgettable aquatic experiences You can also take a glass-bottom boat tour, have a mermaid makeover, get wet in a snorkelling cage and even don an oxygen tank to go swimming with the sharks. The zoo portion of the facility has a surprising range of animals, including 'King Croc', weighing an incredible 750kgs and measuring over 5 metres long. Head over to The Lost Chambers Aquarium to see more fascinating aquatic creatures or book your spot at Deep Dive Dubai to explore the world's deepest diving pool. Frequently asked questions How do you get to Dubai Aquarium? The Dubai Aquarium and Underwater Zoo is located in Dubai Mall. Visitors to the mall can see the spectacular range of marine life within the gigantic main tank but the zoo element remains out of sight, for ticket-holders only. How long does it take to visit Dubai Aquarium? If you are just visiting the Aquarium Tunnel, then it takes approximately 15-30 minutes. The minimum time to go through the Underwater Zoo is around one to one-and-a-half hours, which can increase if you want to check out the presentations that take place every day. If you've booked the Glass Bottom Boat ride experience, that will add another 15-20 minutes to your time spent in the Aquarium and Underwater Zoo. How many fish are in the Dubai Mall aquarium? The 10 million-litre tank at the Dubai Aquarium and Underwater Zoo contains more than 33,000 aquatic animals and the largest collection of sand tiger sharks anywhere. The main aquarium tank measures 51 metres in length, 20 metres in width and 11 metres in height. How much does it cost to go to the Dubai Aquarium? There are a variety of different experiences visitors can expect at the Dubai Aquarium, and the cost depends on which encounter you choose to go through. Tickets start from AED169, with various add-ons and luxury packages. The Ultimate Experience costs AED299 per person. Is the Dubai Aquarium free? You can view the aquarium for free from within Dubai Mall. However, to get up close and personal with the sea creatures, you will need to choose from the many experiences on hand.
Definition 1 of 4 Pro Tip 1/2 Physical Direction Use 'sideways' to describe movements to the side in physical space, like in sports or dance. The crab walked sideways across the sand. Pro Tip 2/2 Subtle Interaction 'Sideways' can indicate a subtle or sneaky interaction, like glancing at someone without being direct. She gave him a sideways look, full of suspicion.
Being a forensic pathologist allows you to have a significant impact on both the legal and medical systems. In this line of work, you examine dead people to ascertain the reason for sudden or unexpected deaths. If this is a field you are interested in, finding out more about the career path and its requirements will help you determine if it's the best fit for you. This article explains the salary ranges for forensic pathologists in Canada by city, explains the other job outlooks of forensic pathologists, and answers some commonly asked questions regarding the salary. Check out the Average Salary in Canada & Top Job Opportunities This Blog Includes: - What is the Average Salary of a Forensic Pathologist in Canada? - Experience Wise Forensic Pathologist Salary in Canada - Education Wise Forensic Pathologist Salary in Canada - Companies Wise Forensic Pathologist Salary in Canada - City Wise Forensic Pathologist Salary in Canada - Job Role Wise Forensic Pathologist Salary in Canada - FAQs What is the Average Salary of a Forensic Pathologist in Canada? In Canada, forensic pathologists play a vital role in the justice system, working to determine the cause and manner of death through autopsies and meticulous examinations. They are highly compensated for their expertise, with an average annual salary of 332,800 CAD, translating to 27,733 CAD monthly. This range can vary depending on experience, with starting salaries around 175,100 CAD annually (14,591 CAD monthly) and top earners exceeding 509,300 CAD per year ($42,441 monthly). Figures for salaries represent information as of the time of writing from Indeed Salaries. The hiring organization, a candidate's experience, academic background, and geography may all have a role in their salary. List of Part-Time Jobs in Toronto: How to Find, Best Jobs, Salary Experience Wise Forensic Pathologist Salary in Canada Gaining more and more experience is not just helping you to sharpen your skills but also helps you to increase your pay scale if you are working in Canada as a forensic pathologist: Education Wise Forensic Pathologist Salary in Canada You will need to acquire an undergraduate degree in medicine, biology, chemistry, etc. in order to work as a forensic pathologist. It'll have an impact on your Canadian pay scale: Education \| Average Salary Per Year \| Bachelor's degree \| 49,800 CAD \| Master's degree \| 149,000 CAD \| Explore the Part-Time Jobs for International Students in Canada Companies Wise Forensic Pathologist Salary in Canada Gaining experience in reputable departments and laboratories will enhance your skill set and increase your earning potential. The list of top Canadian corporations paying forensic pathologists now includes the compensation: Companies \| Average Salary Per Year \| Ontario Ministry of Safety & Correctional Services \| 119,000 CAD \| Gratitude Health \| 94,000 CAD \| Health Sciences North \| 85,000 CAD \| L'Association des laboratoires régionaux de l'Est de l'Ontario \| 68,000 CAD \| Canada Food Inspector Factory \| 113,000 CAD \| Government of Alberta \| 201,000 CAD \| Health Sciences North \| 60,000 CAD \| Royal Canadian Mounted Police \| 77,000 CAD \| Reynolds and Reynolds \| 51,000 CAD \| Kivu Consulting \| 60,000 CAD \| Envista Forensics \| 80,000 CAD \| Royal Canadian Mounted Police \| 77,000 CAD \| Dynacare \| 65,000 CAD \| Department of Fisheries and Oceans \| 57,000 CAD \| TCS Forensics \| 65,000 CAD \| BMO Financial Group \| 65,000 CAD \| Charles River Associates \| 79,000 CAD \| Hrycay Consulting \| 56,000 CAD \| Aviva Canada \| 79,000 CAD \| City Wise Forensic Pathologist Salary in Canada Geographical location is another aspect that influences forensic pathologists' pay. The following are top paying Canadian cities with their median wages are listed: Job Role Wise Forensic Pathologist Salary in Canada Similar roles to forensic pathologists are available in a variety of settings. Depending on the role, forensic pathologists make different salaries: Job Roles \| Average Salary Per Year \| Physician \| 250,000 CAD \| Doctor \| 103,067 CAD \| Case Manager \| 65,812 CAD \| Registered Nurse \| 80,881 CAD \| Psychiatric Nurse \| 81,715 CAD \| Psychiatric Registered Nurse \| 81,715 CAD \| Resident \| 49,635 CAD \| Here is A Complete Guide on Internships in Canada In Canada, the typical forensic pathologist makes 350,000 CAD a year, or 179 CAD an hour. The starting salary for entry-level jobs is 333,865 CAD, while the average yearly salary for experienced workers is 385,361 CAD. Canadian pathologist salaries. This is the 25th percentile: 271,500 CAD. Pay disparities exist between this range. And the 75th percentile is 352,000 CAD. In Canada, a forensic pathologist typically earns $103,560. forensic pathologists earn the highest wages (204,467 CAD on average), which is 97% more than the national average. Q4: Are pathologists in demand in Canada? Due to their critical role in the medical field, this specialty is seeing a high rate of retirement and will always require a supply. The annual gross pay of a pathologist is 308,000 CAD on average. This was all about forensic pathologist salaries in Canada. If you are interested in reading more such articles on salary updates, follow Leverage Edu and Jobs Abroad. Related Reads:
Hydraulic cylinders for solar panel tracking systems In today's rapidly evolving solar energy industry, the need for efficient solar panel tracking systems has become paramount. Hydraulic cylinders play a crucial role in these systems, providing the necessary power and precision to optimize the performance of solar panels. In this article, we will explore the various aspects of hydraulic cylinders for solar panel tracking systems. 1. Understanding the Basics Before delving into the intricacies of hydraulic cylinders for solar panel tracking systems, it is essential to grasp the fundamental concepts. Hydraulic cylinders are mechanical devices that convert hydraulic energy into linear motion. They consist of a cylindrical barrel, a piston, and hydraulic fluid, enabling the transfer of force to move objects. 2. Importance of Hydraulic Cylinders in Solar Panel Tracking Hydraulic cylinders are integral components of solar panel tracking systems due to their ability to provide precise and controlled movement. By adjusting the position of solar panels throughout the day, these cylinders enable maximum exposure to sunlight, thereby optimizing energy production. Additionally, hydraulic cylinders offer durability and reliability, ensuring long-lasting performance in various weather conditions. 3. Types of Hydraulic Cylinders for Solar Panel Tracking Systems There are several types of hydraulic cylinders specifically designed for solar panel tracking systems: - Single-acting cylinders: These cylinders exert force in one direction and rely on external forces or springs to return to their original position. - Double-acting cylinders: These cylinders exert force in both directions and use hydraulic fluid to extend and retract the piston. - Telescopic cylinders: These cylinders consist of multiple nested stages, allowing for a longer stroke using less space. 4. Advantages of Hydraulic Cylinders in Solar Panel Tracking The utilization of hydraulic cylinders in solar panel tracking systems offers several advantages: - High precision: Hydraulic cylinders provide precise control over solar panel movement, ensuring optimal alignment with the sun's position. - Efficiency: By adjusting the angle of solar panels, hydraulic cylinders enhance energy production, resulting in increased overall system efficiency. - Durability: Designed to withstand harsh environmental conditions, hydraulic cylinders offer long-lasting performance and reliability. Q1: Can hydraulic cylinders be customized to fit different solar panel sizes? A1: Yes, hydraulic cylinders can be customized to accommodate various solar panel sizes. Manufacturers can design cylinders with specific stroke lengths and mounting options to ensure a perfect fit. Q2: How do hydraulic cylinders contribute to the overall lifespan of a solar panel tracking system? A2: Hydraulic cylinders, with their robust construction and resistance to environmental factors, contribute to the longevity of solar panel tracking systems. Their reliable performance ensures continuous operation over extended periods. Q3: Are there any maintenance requirements for hydraulic cylinders in solar panel tracking systems? A3: Regular maintenance, including inspection for leaks, lubrication of moving parts, and replacement of worn seals, is necessary to ensure optimal performance and longevity of hydraulic cylinders in solar panel tracking systems. About Our Company Our company is a leading provider of hydraulic cylinders in the Chinese market. We specialize in manufacturing a wide range of hydraulic cylinders, including hydraulic piston cylinders, steering cylinders, lifting cylinders, forklift cylinders, and aerial work platform cylinders. With a production capacity of 200,000 sets and 300 sets of various automatic CNC production equipment, as well as fully automated hydraulic cylinder assembly equipment, we are committed to delivering high-quality products and excellent service. Furthermore, we supply a comprehensive range of hydraulic cylinders, including industrial vehicle cylinders, rotary drilling rig cylinders, automotive crane cylinders, construction machinery cylinders, mining dump truck cylinders, and sanitation machinery cylinders. We welcome custom orders based on customer specifications and requirements. Hydraulic cylinders are indispensable components in solar panel tracking systems, enabling precise and efficient movement to optimize energy production. With our leading position in the Chinese hydraulic cylinder market, we provide high-quality and customizable solutions to meet the diverse needs of solar energy projects. Contact us today to learn more about our products, competitive prices, and exceptional service.
October 1, 2018 Can you lose or gain weight by drinking rice water? A lot of people on diets hear about carbs and say- wouldn't I gain weight from drinking rice water? The benefit of rice water is mainly to nourish the spleen and stomach. Those with asthenic spleen and stomach will have malfunctioning digestive systems, leading to difficulty circulating fluids, and the body cannot remove excess fluids from the body. With the dampness in body, it can lead to edema and phlegm causing the body to be chubbier. There is also another extreme result of asthenic spleen and stomach- inability to gain weight no matter what you eat. Due to the weakened digestive system, no matter what nutritious foods you consume, you body cannot properly absorb the necessary nutrients. You may be prone to diarrhea just be eating some slightly oilier things or overeating by a bit. Keeping a healthy spleen and diet helps the body absorb, convert and transport allowing the body to absorb proper nutrients. You can then rely on exercising and diet control to manage your body weight and shape. Rice water is a way to strengthen your overall health, and not for gaining or losing weight. Your objective to gain or lose weight would be easier when you have a healthy spleen and stomach. How many calories are in rice water? Our paper pack rice water has 15-16 kcal, and a pack of our 20g instant rice water has 71kcal. A bowl of rice has approximately 200kcal so the calorie count in rice water is actually quite low.
What to Do in Paris for Fun: A Comprehensive Guide Paris is a vibrant city filled with history, culture, and art. Whether you're a first-time visitor or a seasoned traveler, there's always something new to discover in this magical city. Here are some of the best activities you can do in Paris for fun. Visit the Eiffel Tower The Eiffel Tower is one of the most famous landmarks in the world and a must-see attraction in Paris. It offers a breathtaking view of the city from its top. You can choose to take the elevator or climb the stairs to its summit. The Eiffel Tower also offers restaurants and souvenir shops to explore. Discover the Beauty of Notre-Dame Cathedral Notre-Dame Cathedral is one of the greatest masterpieces of Gothic architecture in the world. It's a marvel of engineering and art. Though it was damaged in 2019, it still offers an impressive sight from its exterior. You can take guided tours to learn about its history and architectural significance. Take a Stroll at the Luxembourg Gardens The Luxembourg Gardens is a perfect destination for a sunny afternoon. The park is adorned with fountains, exquisite sculptures, and manicured lawns. You can relax on one of the park chairs, read a book, or watch the locals play with their children. The park also offers activities such as tennis, chess, and model sailboats. Explore the Louvre Museum The Louvre Museum is a vast collection of historical art, sculpture and artifacts from around the world. It is home to the world-famous Mona Lisa painting that attracts millions of visitors every year. You can spend hours wandering through the galleries of different art styles, cultures, and time periods. The museum also offers audio guides to learn about specific art pieces. Take a Boat Cruise on the Seine River The Seine River runs through the heart of the city and allows you to see many of its landmarks from a unique angle. Cruises range from half an hour to several hours, and some offer meals and drinks on board. On a night cruise, you can see the city lit up with the magical "City of Light" moniker making complete sense. Indulge in Parisian Cuisine Paris is known for its culinary contributions: from freshly baked croissants to delicate macarons, French cuisine is a must-try. You can visit cafes, patisseries and bistros to taste delicious French recipes. The city also offers the famous French wine and champagne to accompany your meal. Discover the French Fashion Industry Paris is one of the leading fashion cities globally, so it's no surprise that fashionistas love to visit. You can visit high-end fashion shops such as Prada, Chanel, and Dior, or explore exclusive French designers by walking down the Rue Saint-Honore. The city also offers concept stores and vintage shops, so shopping lovers can indulge in a complete experience. Take a Day Trip to Versailles Versailles is a nearby town with a royal history. It is the site of the Palace of Versailles, a UNESCO World Heritage site. The palace is a perfect example of 18th-century French art and is surrounded by gorgeous gardens that echo its massive size. Visitors can learn about its history and walk through the halls of the palace. Take a Day Trip to Disneyland Paris Disneyland is a magical theme park that is loved by children and adults. It is located about thirty minutes away from the center of the city. The park is famous for its magical parades, thrilling rides, and Disney characters. At night, the park features fireworks and light displays that are a hit with visitors. Stay at a Boutique Hotel Paris has a unique variety of high-quality boutique hotels, from historic, century-old residences to modern five-star ones that exude luxury. Staying at such hotels can make the trip feel like a royal experience. Most of these hotels are located in the heart of the city and are in proximity to some of its famous landmarks. Paris is one of the most enchanting cities in the world that offers an abundance of activities for people of all ages. From historical to modern, you can indulge yourself in French culture, cuisine, and art that spell "fun." Whether it's strolling at the Luxembourg Gardens, exploring the Louvre Museum, or dining at a high-end French restaurant, there's always something to do for fun in Paris. Paris: An Insider's Guide Paris, the city of lights, is a treasure trove of hidden gems that only locals know about. While the famous attractions like the Eiffel Tower and the Louvre cannot be missed, immersing yourself in its local culture can lead to life-changing experiences. Here's a comprehensive guide to help you discover the delights of Paris beyond the tourist trail. Local Attractions: Hidden Gems to Explore The Rue des Martyrs is a hidden gem, a cobbled street lined with small vendors selling everything from handmade chocolates to home-baked bread. This street is perfect for food lovers, as you'll find the best cheese shops, bakeries, and vegetable stands in the city. The Parc des Buttes-Chaumont is a picturesque green space that offers a breathtaking view of the city. This park has a waterfall, a lake, several summer kiosks, and a suspension bridge that makes for a perfect picnic spot. If you're interested in art, visit La Galerie Itinérante, a roving art gallery that travels around the city exhibiting works by emerging artists. Their innovative approach to art is sure to awe you. Dining Spots: Where to Get the Best Local Cuisine Paris is known for its food, and exploring the city's gastronomic delights is a must. You can start with Café de Flore, a restaurant with a vibrant history that was frequented by famous figures like Pablo Picasso and Jean-Paul Sartre. Order a croque-monsieur and a café au lait, and soak in the ambiance of the place. If you want to try more traditional Parisian cuisine, visit L'As du Fallafel, a hole-in-the-wall restaurant that offers the best falafel in town. One of the best places to enjoy everything Parisian is the Marché des Enfants Rouges, one of the oldest markets in the city. You'll find an array of cuisines with French, African, and Middle Eastern influences that locals and tourists alike swear by. Cultural Experiences: Exploring the Traditions and Customs Paris offers a range of cultural experiences such as unique art exhibitions, music events, and festivals. You can visit the lively African neighborhood of Château Rouge and explore its vibrant art and culture scene, or attend the Fête de la Musique in June, where music can be heard from every street corner. Culture buffs will enjoy a visit to the Fondation Louis Vuitton, a modern art museum designed by Frank Gehry. Take a free audio guide and walk through the museum's exhibit halls showcasing the best modern art in the world. If you're in Paris in July, don't miss the Tango Festival, a week-long celebration of Argentinean culture and tango. It's a great opportunity to meet Parisian locals and dance the night away. Local History: Captivating Stories from the City's Past Paris has a rich history, with captivating stories from the past hidden away in its back lanes. The Musée du Parfum, a museum dedicated to the history of perfume, is a wonderful place to explore and learn about the city's unique scent culture. Another interesting fact about Paris is that it played a crucial role as a city of refuge for African American expatriates during the civil rights movement. Visit the Paris jazz club Le Caveau de la Huchette, where famous jazz musicians like Miles Davis and Bud Powell played, to immerse yourself in the golden era of jazz. Off-the-Beaten-Path Suggestions: Unique Tips for an Unforgettable Experience If you're looking for a unique way to explore Paris, try a bike tour with Fat Tire Tours. You'll ride your bike through the city's most iconic landmarks and hidden gems, guided by a knowledgeable local. One of the best ways to see Paris in a new light is by visiting the Catacombs of Paris. These underground ossuaries hold the remains of over six million Parisians and are one of the most unusual sights in the city. Finally, take a stroll through Le Marais, one of Paris's oldest and most picturesque neighborhoods. This area boasts narrow streets, lively shops, and beautiful architecture. Walk through its alleys, discover its hidden courtyards, and explore the secrets within. In conclusion, Paris, like any city, has so much more to offer than its famous tourist attractions. Its hidden gems, local food culture, and unique history and traditions make it a city that needs to be explored in its entirety. Use this insider's guide to create unforgettable memories and discover a Paris beyond your wildest imagination. Table of Contents
When it comes to intimacy, safety is of paramount importance. This holds true for any kind of intimate play, including the use of unique devices like butt plug whistles. In this blog post, we'll delve into the purpose and safety considerations surrounding these intriguing devices. Butt plug whistles are specialized adult toys designed for intimate play. They are similar to conventional butt plugs but come with a unique feature - a whistle. The primary purpose of a butt plug whistle is to add an element of playful surprise and sound to intimate activities. They are typically made from body-safe materials, ensuring a comfortable experience. Safety Considerations Safety should always be a top priority when engaging in intimate play. Butt plug whistles are no exception. Here are some essential safety considerations: Materials: It's crucial to choose a butt plug whistle made from safe materials. Look for options made from medical-grade silicone or body-safe plastic. These materials are easy to clean and do not contain harmful chemicals. Cleaning: Maintaining hygiene is essential. Clean the butt plug whistle thoroughly before and after each use. You can do this with warm, soapy water or a specialized toy cleaner. Ensure there is no residue left on the toy. Hygiene: Pay attention to personal hygiene too. Wash your hands and the anal area before use. It's also a good idea to trim your fingernails to avoid any scratches or tears. Lubrication: Using a water-based lubricant is recommended to prevent any discomfort during use. Avoid using silicone-based lubricants, as they may damage the material of the butt plug. Communication and Consent Butt plug whistles should always be introduced into intimate play with open communication and consent. If you're considering trying a butt plug whistle with your partner, have a conversation about it beforehand. Ensure that both parties are comfortable and enthusiastic about the idea. Consent plays a vital role in any intimate play. If either partner is uncomfortable or unsure about using a butt plug whistle, it's best to explore other options or have a detailed discussion to address concerns. Choosing the Right Whistle Selecting the right butt plug whistle is crucial to ensure a safe and satisfying experience. Here are some factors to consider: Size: Butt plug whistles come in various sizes. It's essential to choose one that suits your experience level. Beginners should start with smaller sizes and gradually move up as they become more comfortable. Material: As mentioned earlier, the material is important. Opt for body-safe materials that are easy to clean and maintain. Sound: Different butt plug whistles produce varying sounds. Some offer soft, melodic tones, while others create louder and more playful sounds. Choose a whistle sound that suits your preferences. Comfort: Prioritize comfort. The base of the butt plug whistle should be flared to prevent accidental slippage. Look for designs with smooth edges to avoid discomfort during use. Butt plug whistles can add a fun and unique element to intimate play. However, like any intimate device, it's essential to prioritize safety and communication. Understanding the purpose and safety considerations of these devices is the first step toward a safe and satisfying experience. By choosing the right butt plug whistle, communicating openly with your partner, and adhering to safety guidelines, you can explore new dimensions of pleasure and play in your intimate life. Remember, consent and comfort should always be at the forefront of your intimate experiences, ensuring that they are enjoyable and safe for everyone involved.
Kenyan wildlife officials said Friday that at least eight wild buffaloes came into contact with low-lying power lines as they were walking in Lake Nakuru National Park and were electrocuted. According to reports, including in Kenyan media, the Kenya Wildlife Service confirmed that broken cross-arms or support poles caused the high-voltage lines to hang low enough that the wild animals came in contact with them. At least 33 lines were involved after the poles fell because of heavy rainfall. 'Elusive creature' captured on camera by wildlife officials The small species is listed as threatened and protected under the Game and Wildlife Code and as a priority species in a U.S. Wildlife Action Plan. In a statement from the country's wildlife service, reported on by Kenya's Standard Media, officials said the eight buffaloes "were electrocuted near Wildlife Clubs of Kenya" in the park, "killing them on the spot." Officials with Kenya's power operator were able to replace the support poles with another material that would help prevent a similar issue, Standard Media reported. As the Associated Press reported, the issue of the danger posed by power lines to wildlife has been brought up by conservationists in the past. Giraffes in Kenya were electrocuted by power lines in 2021. Kenya's President William Ruto announced on Friday that the government would put forth a new initiative to address "human-wildlife conflict." In the announcement he said the Kenyan government plans to construct nearly 218 miles of electric fencing around game reserves and national parks across six counties in the country.
Characterization of the Antiviral Effector IFI6 Journal Title Journal ISSN Volume Title The innate immune response is a critical line of host defense against invading pathogens. The production of interferon (IFN) and the subsequent expression of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) are major contributors to the innate immune response, which establish an antiviral state in the cell. Flaviviruses such as dengue virus, Zika virus, and West Nile virus rely intimately on host pathways for completing a replication cycle, and have developed strategies to overcome the inhibitory effect of the innate immune response. To identify host factors required during an IFN response to flavivirus infection, a genome-wide CRISPR screen was carried out. Two of the top hits from the screen were IFI6, a previously identified ISG long predicted to be antiviral, and BiP, a luminal chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). I questioned whether IFI6 was important for the antiviral response to flaviviruses and sought to investigate its role during infection. I confirmed the results from the CRISPR screen and showed that cells lacking IFI6 were insensitive to IFN, suggesting a key role in the innate immune response to flaviviruses. This was complemented by overexpression studies which showed IFI6 is potently inhibitory to flavivirus infection. I further demonstrated that BiP is required for an intact IFN response and importantly mediates expression of IFI6, which it binds in a chaperone-dependent manner. I also showed that IFI6 is localized to the ER and is an integral membrane protein. Importantly, IFI6 acts during the flavivirus life cycle to inhibit replication and formation of replication complexes, which are formed by rearrangement of ER membranes. IFI6 specifically inhibits flaviviruses, since other viruses that replicate at the ER such as hepatitis C virus (HCV) are not affected by IFI6. I hypothesize the key to this specificity lies in the orientation of the replication complexes - HCV complexes extend outwards into the cytoplasm while flaviviruses bud inwards into the lumen. Taken together, these data support a model where IFI6 is sensitive to membrane alterations specifically induced by flaviviruses but not other viruses, which provides the innate immune response with a potent and specific ISG to block viral infection.
what college courses should I take if I want to become a construction manager in the future? what courses should I major in? #construction-management #construction 8 answers Nicholas's Answer Arnel's Answer Jeff's Answer Harry's Answer Joe's Answer There are construction management majors at many colleges now, but if you are very technical in nature you should look into Civil Engineering or Architecture. In either case a strong business and communications background will be a huge asset in any area that you work in if you don't go into engineering or construction management. So basic economics, communication skills, material engineering is a plus, construction management coursework. Jeff's Answer Jody's Answer Construction Managers come from different backgrounds and I will tell you from personal experience that construction management is a hard-nosed field to be successful in. Every construction job must be profitable to stay in business and mistakes can be costly. Every construction manager is responsible for cost, quality, and safety of the crews. There are Construction Management degrees and there are Civil, Mechanical, and Architectural degrees that provide pathways to construction management for companies that build their own facilities and direct hire their own people to build them. Every construction company has to make profit to stay in business and every project runs the risk of overrunning costs for materials, manpower and labor, equipment rentals, schedule delays, changes in scope, and plain old-fashioned bad luck. I spent 20 years in Construction Management and still love being on big construction jobs. Construction Management is also called Project Management and has the same challenges. I started taking pre-engineering classes after high school to prove to myself that I could apply myself at a Junior Community College and then transferred to Texas &M University for a Civil Engineering degree. The Univerisity of Houston has a Construction management degree. Texas A&M University has a Building Construction degree. The schools should post their curriculum classes on-line on their websites. I remember trying to decide which classes I should take and Texas A&M sent me a book of available classes after I requested an application. Engineering is more math and science, calculus and physics, which is really not needed for Construction Management. I wanted an engineering degree and I chose the harder path hoping it would open more doors. The harder curriculum also helped me pass the two 8-hour examinations I needed to get my Professional Engineering license more than 15 years after I graduated college. That was not easy for me at all but I did it. Getting an engineering degree will help you learn how to do hard things. I was a C+ student in high school and I graduated as a C+ student in Civil Engineering and now I am a Professional Engineer with over 20 years of Construction Management. There are many different paths to getting in Construction Management and I hope you love it as much as I did. Jody recommends the following next steps: Mary's Answer Look for an associate's or bachelor's degree in Construction Management. I have an AAS in CM and Design both. But you'll definitely need to work in the field in some capacity, in your desired industry, before becoming a construction manager. Nothing replaces the field experience and knowledge so you know what is supposed to be happening and in what sequence. You cannot learn those things from a book, as each project is different. If you go the 4 year route, you can intern or co-op at plenty of companies, especially if you're in engineering. Where I work we bring in some every year, who've hired on after graduation. You might find a summer job in high school with a residential contractor, but most contractors have an age requirement due to their insurance. Mary recommends the following next steps:
"Asian clients who genuinely have embedded inflation risk have a problem. They have very few options and coping with inflation risk is at the top of my list of concerns when I speak to clients," says Peter Ryan-Kane, Towers Watson's Head of Portfolio Advisory for the Asia-Pacific region. As he points out, the big trend of falling interest rates and falling inflation is something that everyone has got used to: "Many people have had their whole careers in only this environment. Most people only see a significant downward trend. But in the last two years, there has been a reversal of that trend. For entities with defined liabilities, it has been a wake-up call. Hong Kong pension funds, long term sovereign wealth funds etc have seen inflation move onto their radar screens." Allianz Global Investors in a recent survey found that 67% of baby boomers across Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan cite inflation as their greatest retirement concern with the fear of outliving their assets and the fear of the impact of poorly performing capital markets the chief concern for 35% and 31 percent respectively. Not surprisingly, the second batch of inflation-linked bonds issued in Hong Kong in June was oversubscribed by four times by 330,000 local residents. In a low interest rate environment, a low risk investment that tracks inflation is very appealing, but with the government issuing just HK$10bn ($1.3bn), its main effect may be to just educate the retail public on the attractions of inflation linked bonds as an asset class, rather than providing a major portfolio opportunity for institutional investors. Rising inflation is a new phenomenon for many, says Ryan-Kane. "Over the last 30 years, we have seen extremely correlated inflation outcomes in every country on the planet, both developed and emerging. There has been a broad downward trend caused by a significant increase in global trade and the capacity to source things on a global basis." Deepening disconnect Post the financial crisis however, the deepening disconnect between the economies of the developed world and those of the emerging is resulting in very different outlooks for future inflation. While the developed world may be printing money through quantitative easing, and issuing unprecedented amounts of government debt, the paralysis of many economies means that capacity constraints are not an issue and excess capacity provides a dampener on inflationary pressures. Workers are struggling to maintain their jobs rather than being in a position to demand higher wages. Emerging Asia however, with much higher GDP growth even in a downturn, but with per capita income still much lower than the developed nations faces a different set of pressures. The Towers Watson stance, according to Ryan-Kane, is there will be a meaningful difference between inflation in the US and inflation in Asia going forward, so that the framework used over the last 30 years will be less effective. "In the US, there is substantial overcapacity and a process of deleveraging so there is little inflationary pressure. In Asia, it is running at capacity." The nature of inflationary pressures in emerging Asia is very different from that faced by the developed world. Ryan-Kane points out a large proportion of Asian inflationary pressures are exogenous and in particular, rising food and energy prices. In lower income countries, much more of a family's income is spent on food and energy so there is a very different spending basket to that seen in developed markets. There is less that you can do if you are facing a domestic market driven inflation cycle where assets are going to be priced accordingly. The ability to hedge against endogenous risk factors is limited. "Certain cures are a challenge, like looking for assets that move with inflation. Many traditional assets that are correlated to inflation are correlated to US dollar inflation. For example, commodities are priced in US dollars. There is not much index-linked debt in Asia so investors look to US index linked. Fund managers are pushing inflation hedges that are tied to the US dollar." Managing inflation risk How institutions should manage inflation risk depends very much on the actual nature of the risks the institutions face, which may actually be very different from those faced by their ultimate beneficiaries. This in itself creates fundamental issues which are often still barely addressed, if at all. As Ryan-Kane explains, corporate pension schemes have liabilities for the next 30 years. While liabilities may go up, they are protected somewhat as they are generally over funded. Moreover, in countries such as Korea, Hong Kong and China, the corporate pension schemes are only a small part of the balance sheet whereas in the UK, it can be the biggest component. Most Asian corporate pension schemes pay a cash lump sum on retirement. They are DB in that the benefits is prescribed as a function of years of service etc but it is paid as a lump sum and not as a guaranteed annuity. The state pension schemes in Malaysia, Thailand, Korea, Taiwan etc all have funds that are effectively DC. All these funds will return the investment earnings plus the contributions. So the inflation risks the schemes face is zero. Instead, all the inflation risk is faced by the beneficiaries. In theory, the investment should be structured to beat domestic inflation. For example, a Thai retiree dependent on a government pension fund should be concerned that the returns give CPI plus something. Across Asia, that is the critical problem. Individuals do not have the ability to hedge. Ryan-Kane sees two major issues that face the pension fund framework in many Asian schemes. Firstly if you are a beneficiary and feel that you are not inflation hedged there is not much that you can do about it; secondly, the fund is not accountable if it does not meet the objective of inflation hedging. "That framework worries me. The people most affected are not the people managing the fund." Towers Watson itself attempts to tackle the issues in a number of ways. "We suggest that firstly, there should be a conversation that explores the issues. We're having conversations with a sovereign wealth fund and a government minister to recognise the fundamental imbalance between the beneficiaries and the management of the fund. We find that it is not accountable. Secondly what kinds of asset strategies are most likely to be effective? What assets or groups of assets would do better in an inflationary environment?" Finding assets tied to domestic inflation should be a key objective and to that extent, a case can be made for "real domestic assets" such as equities and property. Allianz Global Investors in their survey found that inflation concerns are reflected in the choice of investment products that individuals consider suitable for retirement. Real estate, which is often regarded as being less affected by inflation, tops the list with 56% percent of mentions. Their preference for real estate is mirrored in another result of the survey. Of respondents, 97% own real estate for their personal use and around 20% for investment purposes. Other financial products considered suitable for retirement planning are deposit accounts (48%), life insurance (41%), fixed annuities and precious metals (31 and 30% respectively). Lifecycle and lifestyle funds rank far behind with 14% each. For institutional investors, real estate is attractive as it does have inflation hedging properties in the form of index-linking of rents and capital appreciation. But as Ryan-Kane finds, the challenge in Asia is to find institutional access to real estate as much of it is held by governments or by private investors. In contrast, in the US and the UK, the market has been disintermediated by REIT structures and others. Home country bias Towers Watson finds the typical Asian institutional fund has a high local bias and so very exposed to the local market, particularly in markets where the producers are affected by inflation. Adding in infrastructure, real estate, long term equity holdings give long term real returns even if they can have short term volatility: "This can be a challenge when you deal with governments when ministers etc have short term horizons," says Ryan-Kane. While equities are generally seen as an inflation hedge, Ryan-Kane argues this is not uniform. "Certain companies are price takers who will be hurt by inflation such as energy and food producers. In contrast, sectors such as telecoms and utilities can pass on higher inflation in the form of higher prices. In general, services are more inflation resilient and producers more inflation effected." The home country bias can also distort the effectiveness of equities as an inflation hedge. "With equities, it is a chicken and egg situation. The home country bias in both bonds and equities is not necessarily due to a desire to hedge local inflation. Usually it is driven by the local regulatory environment. The assets and liabilities are aligned in local currencies, but not necessarily for well thought out reasons". One example of this may be the case of the Philippines where the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) invested $1bn in global equities in 2008, outsourced to international fund managers, but more recently shifted back to 100% local assets. This was driven by the fact they had experience of international markets during a period when the return was lower than in domestic markets. Yet over the long term, it can be argued that the diversification and inflation hedging aspects of a more international equity portfolio would make it an attractive proposition. Towers Watson find the strength of the home country bias for debt portfolios among Asian institutions is a function of the historical real rates. Some countries such as Korea, India and Australia had real bond rates that were relatively high. Investors demanded this because of the currency, balance of payments etc. "These were irrelevant for domestic investors so they have done well" says Ryan-Kane, adding that in countries with balance of payments surpluses, it was the opposite. "Malaysia, Hong Kong and China are good examples of this. The real rates were negative in China. This was a function of monetary policy and interest rates managed to keep down the RMB." Towers Watson argue that commodities do offer a reasonable hedge as they are an input into inflation but care has to be taken on which commodities and the method of gaining access. "There is some interest in gold, some recognition that it is correlated to inflation. But is has the same issue of many inflation hedging assets representing dollar inflation rather than local inflation," says Ryan-Kane. Towers Watson find that a lot of their clients have commodity exposure but, its effectiveness as an inflation hedge has been reduced over the last 4-5 years for a number of reasons. "Firstly in the case of oil, the relationship between spot and futures prices has changed. The huge contango in 2009 obliterated any other form of return and 2010 was not much healthier. The spot prices of commodities are very China driven. There is a disconnect with the futures prices; secondly there has been a huge fall in the returns form collateral. LIBOR is essentially zero and the credit constraints these days means that you have to have high quality collateral. So you have negative roll yields and collateral returns of zero, says Ryan-Kane. "Most people would say commodities are a reasonable hedge but not if you use futures to access it." Gaining direct access to farmland and timber can also be worth exploring. "We like the idea of farmland but there are not so many ways of getting exposures except directly," says Ryan-Kane. "The problem is that much of the returns experience has been due to an uplift in land value when it is in proximity to cities. When cornfields turn into cities, the land value increase dramatically." Towers Watson is also keen on timber, although the return dynamics around timber are much more related to real growth than CPI. "It is driven around population growth and dwelling growth. With corn, you can plant more in response to demand. You can't do that with timber if it takes 40 years to grow." What is clear is that for Asian institutional investors, inflation-hedging assets of all types are going to be of increasing relevance.
Sedentary Lifestyle Problems: Working while sitting in the office (Office sitting job) is an important rule, but in this matter many people are creating health risk due to negligence. Yes, your small mistake made in the office can reduce many years of your life. In a recent study, it has been found that people are facing serious health risks due to sitting for long hours. That is, people who work sitting at one place for a long time without taking a break, they are causing many diseases as well as posing a threat to their lives. Many diseases are increasing due to long sitting Actually, energy is not used much by sitting for a long time and if the body does not use energy then it can become ill. Due to lack of energy use, possible dangers of obesity, high blood pressure and sugar can surround the body. Belly fat increases rapidly by sitting for a long time and body fat starts increasing rapidly. Due to increase in bad cholesterol, the metabolic system of the body is also affected and people can become a victim of metabolic syndrome. Apart from this, sitting for a long time also increases the risk of fatal diseases like heart disease and cancer. Sitting for a long time can become a danger to the heart Recently, a study published in JAMA Cardiology says that people who work for hours sitting in the office are at a higher risk of heart diseases and stroke than the rest of the people. Let us tell you that this study, jointly done by the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, warns that people who work sitting for more than eight hours increase the risk of heart attack or stroke by 20 percent. goes. It has been said in the study that such people have a 50 percent increase in the risk of heart failure. This study was done for about 11 years and in this study was done on the health of the citizens of 21 countries. It has been advised in the study that during work one should take breaks in between and walk. Those doing sitting jobs must do exercise in daily routine to stay active. This risk can be reduced by taking proper diet and staying away from alcohol and smoking. read this also Check out below Health Tools- Calculate Your Body Mass Index ( BMI )
MRM Nutrition D-Mannose + Cranberry Cranberry - 7.05 oz (200 g) Product Details iHerb offers free shipping on orders over $25. - Nutrition - Dietary Supplement - Gluten Free - Vegan - Non GMO - Supports Urinary Tract Health - Assists A Healthy Bladder - Aids Healthy Bacteria Balance Cranberries (especially cranberry extracts) contain compounds such as phenolic acids and flavonoids, which may help assist with a healthy urinary tract. It is theorized that these phenolic acids and flavonoids interfere with the ability of bacteria to stick to the lining of the urinary tract, therefore balancing healthy bacteria levels and reducing inflammatory responses that can increase the risk of infections. Another beneficial nutrient assisting a healthy urinary tract is D-mannose. Which supports a healthy balance of bacteria as well as blocking harmful bacteria from growing in the urinary tract. Research has indicated that E. coli bacteria is the main cause of UTI's. Once these bacteria enter the urinary tract, they attach to cells, proliferate and increase the risk of UTI's. Scientists believe that D-mannose may inhibit these bacteria from attaching to cells, therefore, aiding urinary tract health
What makes it art is the act of creative production, not its high quality. FEN Learning is part of Sandbox Networks, a digital learning company that operates training services and products for the 21st century. I guess I ought to name something that's entertaining without being creative, however I have to confess that's tougher for me, as a outcome of I'm not all that prone to be entertained by something that isn't, on the very least, artful. One of my Juilliard students, faced with this question in a class, said she named consuming contests (like the one annually at Nathan's, in Coney Island in New York, to see who can eat the most scorching dogs). Simply put, when aesthetic objective precedes publicity and sales, art plays the upper hand. All the high priced creative talent on the earth invested in a product formulated to carry out in the market does not add as much as a lone artist maintaining the integrity of a single well conceived idea. Generally talking, if art is related to a product that entertains folks then it can be thought-about entertainment art. Also like you stated, just because they're art and never entertainment does mean they aren't entertaining. They are nonetheless entertaining however the level of the films which would possibly be art are to not merely entertain. This is why there are not many movies that may classify as art. When watching movies, the place do you draw the line between art and entertainment? What would make a movie art, say, should you by no means desired to look at it again? I guess this goes with my hatred of people distinguishing the "greatest" movies from their "favourite" ones as in the event that they need to make excuses for liking the films they do and attempt to appear knowledgeable by itemizing "proper" films as the most effective. Participating in this realm as an artist or spectator does wonders for the soul and the mind. 📺 Stream "Meet a Scientologist" on demand! Follow the stories of fascinating people on the cutting edge of art, science, sports, entertainment and more, who also just happen to be Scientologists. Available on demand on most streaming devices. https://t.co/ynhkiF4VgM — Scientology Network (@ScientologyTV) July 5, 2021 Claiborne and Lora Robins Sculpture Garden to encourage visitors to enter and enjoy the museum. Photo by Eli Pousson, through Flickr.For the primary time in years, Baltimore has a brand new devoted arts and entertainment district—this one alongside an underserved former black cultural hall that neighborhood leaders hope to revitalize. The Tulane Entertainment & Art Law Society contains college students fascinated in the many aspects of the art and entertainment industries. Our aim is to provide students the flexibility to solve issues, articulate ideas and be versatile in delivering a variety of belongings to future employers. Ever see Irreversible (it's a scorching topic on the boards right now because it just got here Abscbn Entertainment out final week on DVD)? I can't see, at any level, the director and actors saying to themselves "We are making this film to be entertaining." IMO, something like that is completely and totally separate from any concept of entertainment. But once more, IMO, appreciation is a different animal than enjoyment. Two Twelve is a public information design firm with roots in wayfinding, the art and science of serving to people navigate the built surroundings. A pioneering pressure in the environmental—or experiential—graphic design trade, Two Twelve has since expanded its capabilities to include sophisticated data design in addition to signage. With the assumption that the ideas Entertainment Center Ideas of wayfinding may be applied to advanced data in addition to complicated spaces, we take pride in our strategy-driven strategy to tasks of all sizes. On the other hand it seems to us that design, visual art and writing supply higher exit opportunities than music or appearing. - A pandemic has stolen hundreds of hundreds of real human lives worldwide and destabilized billions extra because it rocked the worldwide financial system, from the world's largest movie theater chains to local bookstores. - Lately, and slowly the film has stood as much as be an icon for the future films. - American Institute of Graphic Designers Survey of Design Salaries – Comprehensive annual survey of compensation information for the communication design career in the U.S. Interested in gaining fundamental enterprise skills to achieve the humanities and entertainment industries? California is a dramatic state – and we're not simply speaking about its rugged deserts or stunning coastline. The Golden State has had two Hollywood actors as governor and it's been estimated that one out of each 10 staff here is employed in the Cherry Movie tradition industry, which incorporates entertainment, visual arts, fashion and publishing. Art and entertainment are simply part the state's DNA, in addition to a driving engine of our economic system, accounting for an estimated annual $405 billion in financial output, based on the Otis Report on the Creative Economy of California. Interviews with key members of the native arts neighborhood can be used gauge native demand. These interviews could be performed using the same questions listed above. Check out the mural on the aspect of the resort for your good selfie opportunity and share with your friends on Instagram. For extra public art places, view the Downtown San Jose Public Art Walk for details. Kevin T. Macnamara,Adjunct Professor, teaches Entertainment Law. From the Indiana University School of Law and a Master of Music (M.M.) in orchestral conducting from Northern Illinois University. Prior to transitioning to the follow of regulation, he was a public faculty teacher, adjunct professor and orchestra conductor for over twelve years. In addition, he has demonstrated expertise in music within the direction of a quantity of orchestras, served as the artistic director of the Calvin Ensemble, Chicago, and has expertise in management for one of many nation's largest sheet music retailers, J.W. As for pc games, there is no query in my mind that they fall alongside the identical continuum between pure art and well-liked entertainment as every other art kind. Persons missing this background will want to take at least 6 credit in specified arts programs or have had in depth career/professional expertise in the area. On the other hand "the art world" is almost entirely an abstraction. Does "the art world" include musicians or composers or novelists or solely visible artists, and what about those that create art with out pay? It's not likely clear at all what "the art world" refers to, which makes it problematic whenever you try to condemn tendencies in "the art world." Controversial declare Chris, but one I see as in the end void as a result of art should properly be seen as a bleeding fringe of entertainment media. (Of course, individuals may be both explorer and settler, however is it not the nature of the work, not the employee, that is under debate?). Despite the insistence of a distinction, art and entertainment are basically the same domain – stimulation for it is own sake.
Offshore platforms for sustainable development of ocean resources The aim of the EU-backed TROPOS (Modular multi-use deep water offshore platform harnessing and servicing Mediterranean, subtropical and tropical marine and maritime resources) project was to develop a floating 'Multi-use platform' (MUP) capable of operating in deep water where fixed structures are not feasible. The platform comprises a central unit with different modules for aquaculture, maritime transport, renewable energy and leisure. These modules will allow access to the ocean's resources and ensure they are used in a sustainable way. TROPOS and its sister projects H2OCEAN and MERMAID were part of the 'Ocean of tomorrow' cross-thematic initiative whose objective was to develop new ideas for sustainable development of the marine environment. TROPOS developed MUPs capable of sharing sites, infrastructures and reduced costs while minimising negative environmental impacts. Project partners identified MUP locations that had marine renewable energy sources and were suitable for aquaculture, leisure and maritime transport support services. The consortium also developed innovative designs for platforms that enable them to be spaced close together. Appropriate locations were identified for the different concepts with the help of a specifically designed support tool. A Green & Blue scenario was located north of Crete, integrating wind energy exploitation and fish and algae aquaculture. The Leisure Island scenario was sited off the coast of Gran Canaria and combines leisure facilities with the use of solar energy. The Sustainable Service Hub was located on the Dogger Bank in the North Sea and focuses on transport and energy-related needs. In addition, two future scenarios were also developed. The first was a Green & Blue scenario in Taiwan, which integrates aquaculture ocean thermal energy conversion for energy supply. The second was the Offshore Container Terminal in Panama, which is intended to serve as a central energy and transport hub. The design of the three official scenarios was specified in great detail. All scenarios were assessed by considering their particular logistic requirements, economic viability, and environmental and socioeconomic impacts, and refined according to the results wherever necessary and feasible. MUPs developed by the TROPOS consortium promise an exciting, innovative and environment-friendly solution for harnessing solar and offshore renewable energy and other resources from the marine environment. Offshore platforms, ocean, marine, renewable energy, deep water, maritime, multi-use platform
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1 Introduction In today's programming languages, we find a wealth of powerful constructs and features – exceptions, higher-order store, dynamic method dispatch, coroutines, explicit continuations, concurrency features, Lisp-style 'quote' and so on – which may be present or absent in various combinations in any given language. There are, of course, many important pragmatic and stylistic differences between languages, but here we are concerned with whether languages may differ more essentially in their expressive power, according to the selection of features they contain. One can interpret this question in various ways. For instance, Felleisen (Reference Felleisen1991) considers the question of whether a language $\mathcal{L}$ admits a translation into a sublanguage $\mathcal{L}'$ in a way which respects not only the behaviour of programs but also aspects of their (global or local) syntactic structure. If the translation of some $\mathcal{L}$ -program into $\mathcal{L}'$ requires a complete global restructuring, we may say that $\mathcal{L}'$ is in some way less expressive than $\mathcal{L}$ . In the present paper, however, we have in mind even more fundamental expressivity differences that would not be bridged even if whole-program translations were admitted. These fall under two headings. 1. Computability: Are there operations of a given type that are programmable in $\mathcal{L}$ but not expressible at all in $\mathcal{L}'$ ? 2. Complexity: Are there operations programmable in $\mathcal{L}$ with some asymptotic runtime bound (e.g. ${{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}(n^2)$ ) that cannot be achieved in $\mathcal{L}'$ ? We may also ask: are there examples of natural, practically useful operations that manifest such differences? If so, this might be considered as a significant advantage of $\mathcal{L}$ over $\mathcal{L}'$ . If the 'operations' we are asking about are ordinary first-order functions – that is, both their inputs and outputs are of ground type (strings, arbitrary-size integers, etc.) – then the situation is easily summarised. At such types, all reasonable languages give rise to the same class of programmable functions, namely, the Church-Turing computable ones. As for complexity, the runtime of a program is typically analysed with respect to some cost model for basic instructions (e.g. one unit of time per array access). Although the realism of such cost models in the asymptotic limit can be questioned (see, e.g., Knuth, Reference Knuth1997, Section 2.6), it is broadly taken as read that such models are equally applicable whatever programming language we are working with, and moreover that all respectable languages can represent all algorithms of interest; thus, one does not expect the best achievable asymptotic run-time for a typical algorithm to be sensitive to the choice of programming language, except perhaps in marginal cases. The situation changes radically, however, if we consider higher-order operations: that is, programmable operations whose inputs may themselves be programmable operations. Here it turns out that both what is computable and the efficiency with which it can be computed can be highly sensitive to the selection of language features present. This is essentially because a program may interact with a given function only in ways prescribed by the language (for instance, by applying it to an argument), and typically has no access to the concrete representation of the function at the machine level. Most work in this area to date has focused on computability differences. One of the best known examples is the parallel if operation which is computable in a language with parallel evaluation but not in a typical 'sequential' programming language (Plotkin, Reference Plotkin1977). It is also well known that the presence of control features or local state enables observational distinctions that cannot be made in a purely functional setting: for instance, there are programs involving 'call/cc' that detect the order in which a (call-by-name) '+' operation evaluates its arguments (Cartwright & Felleisen, Reference Cartwright and Felleisen1992). Such operations are 'non-functional' in the sense that their output is not determined solely by the extension of their input (seen as a mathematical function ${{{{{{\mathbb{N}}}}}}}_\bot \times {{{{{{\mathbb{N}}}}}}}_\bot \rightarrow {{{{{{\mathbb{N}}}}}}}_\bot$ ); however, there are also programs with 'functional' behaviour that can be implemented with control or local state but not without them (Longley, Reference Longley1999). More recent results have exhibited differences lower down in the language expressivity spectrum: for instance, in a purely functional setting à la Haskell, the expressive power of recursion increases strictly with its type level (Longley, Reference Longley2018), and there are natural operations computable by recursion but not by iteration (Longley, Reference Longley2019). Much of this territory, including the mathematical theory of some of the natural definitions of computability in a higher-order setting, is mapped out by Longley & Normann (Reference Longley and Normann2015). Relatively few results of this character have so far been established on the complexity side. Pippenger (Reference Pippenger1996) gives an example of an 'online' operation on infinite sequences of atomic symbols (essentially a function from streams to streams) such that the first n output symbols can be produced within time ${{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}(n)$ if one is working in an 'impure' version of Lisp (in which mutation of 'cons' pairs is admitted), but with a worst-case runtime no better than $\Omega(n \log n)$ for any implementation in pure Lisp (without such mutation). This example was reconsidered by Bird et al. (Reference Bird, Jones and de Moor1997) who showed that the same speedup can be achieved in a pure language by using lazy evaluation. Another candidate is the familiar $\log n$ overhead involved in implementing maps (supporting lookup and extension) in a pure functional language (Okasaki, Reference Okasaki1999), although to our knowledge this situation has not yet been subjected to theoretical scrutiny. Jones (Reference Jones2001) explores the approach of manifesting expressivity and efficiency differences between certain languages by restricting attention to 'cons-free' programs; in this setting, the classes of representable first-order functions for the various languages are found to coincide with some well-known complexity classes. Our purpose in this paper is to give a clear example of such an inherent complexity difference higher up in the expressivity spectrum. Specifically, we consider the following generic count problem, parametric in n: given a boolean-valued predicate P on the space ${\mathbb B}^n$ of boolean vectors of length n, return the number of such vectors q for which $P\,q = \mathrm{true}$ . We shall consider boolean vectors of any length to be represented by the type $\mathrm{Nat} \to \mathrm{Bool}$ ; thus for each n, we are asking for an implementation of a certain third-order operation Naturally, we do not expect such a generic operation to compete in efficiency with a bespoke counting operation for some specific predicate, but it is nonetheless interesting to ask how efficient it is possible to be with this more modular approach. A naïve implementation strategy, supported by any reasonable language, is simply to apply P to each of the $2^n$ vectors in turn. A much less obvious, but still purely 'functional', approach inspired by Berger (Reference Berger1990) achieves the effect of 'pruned search' where the predicate allows it (serving as a warning that counterintuitive phenomena can arise in this territory). This implementation is of interest in its own right and will be discussed in Section 7. Nonetheless, under a certain natural condition on P (namely that it must inspect all n components of the given vector before returning), both the above approaches will have $\Omega(n 2^n)$ runtime. What we will show is that in a typical call-by-value functional language without advanced control features, one cannot improve on this: any implementation of $\mathrm{count}_n$ must necessarily take time $\Omega(n2^n)$ on predicates P of a certain kind. Furthermore, we will show that the same lower bound also applies to a richer language supporting affine effect handlers, which suffices for the encoding of exceptions, local state, coroutines, and single-shot continuations. On the other hand, if we move to a language with general effect handlers, it becomes possible to bring the runtime down to ${{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}(2^n)$ : an asymptotic gain of a factor of n. We also show that our implementation method transfers to the more familiar generic search problem: that of returning the list of all vectors q such that $P\,q = \mathrm{true}$ . The idea behind the speedup is easily explained and will already be familiar, at least informally, to programmers who have worked with multi-shot continuations. Suppose for example $n=3$ , and suppose that the predicate P always inspects the components of its argument in the order 0,1,2. A naïve implementation of $\mathrm{count}_3$ might start by applying the given P to $q_0 = (\mathrm{true},\mathrm{true},\mathrm{true})$ , and then to $q_1 = (\mathrm{true},\mathrm{true},\mathrm{false})$ . Clearly, there is some duplication here: the computations of $P\,q_0$ and $P\,q_1$ will proceed identically up to the point where the value of the final component is requested. What we would like to do, then, is to record the state of the computation of $P\,q_0$ at just this point, so that we can later resume this computation with false supplied as the final component value in order to obtain the value of $P\,q_1$ . (Similarly for all other internal nodes in the evident binary tree of boolean vectors.) Of course, such a 'backup' approach is easy to realise if one is implementing a bespoke search operation for some particular choice of P; but to apply this idea of resuming previous subcomputations in the generic setting (that is, uniformly in P) requires some feature such as general effect handlers or multi-shot continuations. One could also obviate the need for such a feature by choosing to present the predicate P in some other way, but from our present perspective this would be to move the goalposts: our intention is precisely to show that our languages differ in an essential way as regards their power to manipulate data of type $(\mathrm{Nat} \to \mathrm{Bool}) \to \mathrm{Bool}$ . Indeed, a key aspect of our approach, inherited from Longley & Normann (Reference Longley and Normann2015), is that by allowing ourselves to fix the way in which data is given to us, we are able to uncover a wealth of interesting expressivity differences between languages, despite the fact that they are in some sense inter-encodable. Such an approach also seems reasonable from the perspective of programming in the large: when implementing some program module one does not always have the freedom to choose the form or type of one's inputs, and in such cases, the kinds of expressivity distinctions we are considering may potentially make a real practical difference. This idea of using first-class control to achieve 'backtracking' has been exploited before and is fairly widely known (see e.g. Kiselyov et al., Reference Kiselyov, Shan, Friedman and Sabry2005), and there is a clear programming intuition that this yields a speedup unattainable in languages without such control features. Our main contribution in this paper is to provide, for the first time, a precise mathematical theorem that pins down this fundamental efficiency difference, thus giving formal substance to this intuition. Since our goal is to give a realistic analysis of the asymptotic runtimes achievable in various settings, but without getting bogged down in inessential implementation details, we shall work concretely and operationally with a CEK-style abstract machine semantics as our basic model of execution time. The details of this model are only explicitly used for showing that our efficient implementation of generic count with effect handlers has the claimed ${{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}(2^n)$ runtime; but it also plays a background role as our reference model of runtime for the $\Omega(n2^n)$ lower bound results, even though we here work mostly with a simpler kind of operational semantics. In the first instance, we formulate our results as a comparison between a purely functional base language ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ (a version of call-by-value PCF) and an extension ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ with general effect handlers. This allows us to present the key idea in a simple setting, but we then show how our runtime lower bound is also applicable to a more sophisticated language ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ with affine effect handlers, intermediate in power between ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ and ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ and corresponding broadly to 'single-shot' uses of delimited control. Our proof involves some general machinery for reasoning about program evaluation in ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ which may be of independent interest. In summary, our purpose is to exhibit an efficiency difference between single-shot and multi-shot versions of delimited control which, in our view, manifests a fundamental feature of the programming language landscape. Since many widely used languages do not support multi-shot control features, this challenges a common assumption that all real-world programming languages are essentially 'equivalent' from an asymptotic point of view. We also situate our results within a broader context by informally discussing the attainable efficiency for generic count within a spectrum of weaker languages. We believe that such results are important not only for a rounded understanding of the relative merits of existing languages but also for informing future language design. For their convenience as structured delimited control operators, we adopt effect handlers (Plotkin & Pretnar, Reference Plotkin and Pretnar2013) as our universal control abstraction of choice, but our results adapt mutatis mutandis to other first-class control abstractions such as 'call/cc' (Sperber et al., Reference Sperber, Dybvig, Flatt, van Stratten, Findler and Matthews2009), 'control' ( $\mathcal{F}$ ) and 'prompt' ( $\textbf{#}$ ) (Felleisen, Reference Felleisen1988), or 'shift' and 'reset' (Danvy & Filinski, Reference Danvy and Filinski1990). The rest of the paper is structured as follows. Section 2 provides an introduction to effect handlers as a programming abstraction. Section 3 presents a pure PCF-like language ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ and an extension ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ with general effect handlers. Section 4 defines abstract machines for ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ and ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ , yielding a runtime cost model. Section 5 introduces the generic count problem and some associated machinery and presents an implementation in ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ with runtime ${{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}(2^n)$ (perhaps with small additional logarithmic factors according to the precise details of the cost model). Section 6 discusses some extensions and variations of the foregoing result, adapting it to deal with a wider class of predicates and bridging the gap between generic count and generic search. We also briefly outline how one can use sufficient effect polymorphism to adapt the result to a setting with a type-and-effect system. Section 7 surveys a range of approaches to generic counting in languages weaker than ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ , including the one suggested by Berger (Reference Berger1990), emphasising how the attainable efficiency varies according to the language, but observing that none of these approaches match the ${{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}(2^n)$ runtime bound of our effectful implementation. Section 8 establishes that any generic count implementation within ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ must have runtime $\Omega(n2^n)$ on predicates of a certain kind. Section 9 refines our definition of ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ to yield a language ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ for affine effect handlers, clarifying its relationship to ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ and ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ . Section 10 develops some machinery for reasoning about program evaluation in ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ , and applies this to establish the $\Omega(n2^n)$ bound for generic count programs in this language. Section 11 reports on experiments showing that the theoretical efficiency difference we describe is manifested in practice, using implementations in OCaml of various search procedures. Section 12 concludes. The languages ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ and ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ are rather minimal versions of previously studied systems – we only include the machinery needed for illustrating the generic search efficiency phenomenon. Some of the less interesting proof details are relegated to the appendices. Relation to prior work This article is an extended version of the following previously published paper and Chapter 7 of the first author's PhD dissertation: Hillerström, D., Lindley, S. & Longley, J. (2020) Effects for efficiency: Asymptotic speedup with first-class control. Proc. ACM Program. Lang. 4(ICFP), 100:1–100:29 Hillerström, D. (2021) Foundations for Programming and Implementing Effect Handlers. Ph.D. thesis. The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK The main new contribution in the present version is that we introduce a language ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ for arbitrary affine effect handlers and develop the theory needed to extend our lower bound result to this language (Section 9), whereas in the previous version, only an extension with local state was considered. We have also included an account of the Berger search procedure (Section 7.3) and have simplified our original proof of the $\Omega(n2^n)$ bound for ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ (Section 8). The benchmarks have been ported to OCaml 5.1.1 in such a way that the effectful procedures make use of effect handlers internally (Section 11). 2 Effect handlers primer Effect handlers were originally studied as a theoretical means to provide a semantics for exception handling in the setting of algebraic effects (Plotkin & Power, Reference Plotkin and Power2001; Plotkin & Pretnar, Reference Plotkin and Pretnar2013). Subsequently, they have emerged as a practical programming abstraction for modular effectful programming (Convent et al., Reference Convent, Lindley, McBride and McLaughlin2020; Kammar et al., Reference Kammar, Lindley and Oury2013; Kiselyov et al., Reference Kiselyov, Sabry and Swords2013; Bauer & Pretnar, Reference Bauer and Pretnar2015; Leijen, Reference Leijen2017; Hillerström et al., Reference Hillerström, Lindley and Longley2020; Sivaramakrishnan et al., Reference Sivaramakrishnan, Dolan, White, Kelly, Jaffer and Madhavapeddy2021). In this section, we give a short introduction to effect handlers. For a thorough introduction to programming with effect handlers, we recommend the tutorial by Pretnar (Reference Pretnar2015), and as an introduction to the mathematical foundations of handlers, we refer the reader to the founding paper by Plotkin & Pretnar (Reference Plotkin and Pretnar2013) and the excellent tutorial paper by Bauer (Reference Bauer2018). Viewed through the lens of universal algebra, an algebraic effect is given by a signature $\Sigma$ of typed operation symbols along with an equational theory that describes the properties of the operations (Plotkin & Power, Reference Plotkin and Power2001). An example of an algebraic effect is nondeterminism, whose signature consists of a single nondeterministic choice operation: $\Sigma \mathrel{\overset{{\mbox{def}}}{=}} \{ \mathrm{Branch} : \mathrm{Unit} \to \mathrm{Bool} \}$ . The operation takes a single parameter of type unit and ultimately produces a boolean value. The pragmatic programmatic view of algebraic effects differs from the original development as no implementation accounts for equations over operations yet. As a simple example, let us use the operation Branch to model a coin toss. Suppose we have a data type $\mathrm{Toss} \mathrel{\overset{{\mbox{def}}}{=}} \mathrm{Heads} \mid\mathrm{Tails}$ , then we may implement a coin toss as follows. From the type signature, it is clear that the computation returns a value of type Toss. It is not clear from the signature of toss whether it performs an effect. However, from the definition, it evidently performs the operation Branch with argument $\langle \rangle$ using the $\mathbf{do}$ -invocation form. The result of the operation determines whether the computation returns either Heads or Tails. Systems such as Effekt (Brachthäuser et al., Reference Brachthäuser, Schuster and Ostermann2020), Frank (Lindley et al., Reference Lindley, McBride and McLaughlin2017; Convent et al., Reference Convent, Lindley, McBride and McLaughlin2020), Helium (Biernacki et al., Reference Biernacki, Piróg, Polesiuk and Sieczkowski2019, Reference Biernacki, Piróg, Polesiuk and Sieczkowski2020), Koka (Leijen, Reference Leijen2017), and Links (Hillerström & Lindley, Reference Hillerström and Lindley2016; Hillerström et al., Reference Hillerström, Lindley and Longley2020) include type-and-effect systems (or in the case of Effekt a capability type system) which track the use of effectful operations, whilst systems such as Eff (Bauer & Pretnar, Reference Bauer and Pretnar2015) and Multicore OCaml (Dolan et al., Reference Dolan, White, Sivaramakrishnan, Yallop and Madhavapeddy2015)/OCaml 5 (Sivaramakrishnan et al., Reference Sivaramakrishnan, Dolan, White, Kelly, Jaffer and Madhavapeddy2021) choose not to track effects in the type system. Our language is closer to the latter two. An effectful computation may be used as a subcomputation of another computation, e.g. we can use toss to implement a computation that performs two coin tosses. We may view an effectful computation as a tree, where the interior nodes correspond to operation invocations and the leaves correspond to return values. The computation tree for tossTwice is as follows. It models the interaction with the environment. The operation Branch can be viewed as a query for which the response is either true or false. The response is provided by an effect handler. As an example, consider the following handler which enumerates the possible outcomes of two coin tosses. The $\mathbf{handle}$ -construct generalises the exceptional syntax of Benton & Kennedy (Reference Benton and Kennedy2001). This handler has a success clause and an operation clause. The success clause determines how to interpret the return value of tossTwice, or equivalently how to interpret the leaves of its computation tree. It lifts the return value into a singleton list. The operation clause determines how to interpret occurrences of Branch in toss. It provides access to the argument of Branch (which is unit) and its resumption, r. The resumption is a first-class delimited continuation which captures the remainder of the tossTwice computation from the invocation of Branch inside the first instance of toss up to its nearest enclosing handler. Applying r to true resumes evaluation of tossTwice via the true branch, which causes another invocation of Branch to occur, resulting in yet another resumption. Applying this resumption yields a possible return value of $[\mathrm{Heads},\mathrm{Heads}]$ , which gets lifted into the singleton list $[[\mathrm{Heads},\mathrm{Heads}]]$ . Afterwards, the latter resumption is applied to false, thus producing the value $[[\mathrm{Heads},\mathrm{Tails}]]$ . Before returning to the first invocation of the initial resumption, the two lists get concatenated to obtain the intermediary result $[[\mathrm{Heads},\mathrm{Heads}],[\mathrm{Heads},\mathrm{Tails}]]$ . Thereafter, the initial resumption is applied to false, which symmetrically returns the list $[[\mathrm{Tails},\mathrm{Heads}],[\mathrm{Tails},\mathrm{Tails}]]$ . Finally, the two intermediary lists get concatenated to produce the final result $[[\mathrm{Heads},\mathrm{Heads}],[\mathrm{Heads},\mathrm{Tails}],[\mathrm{Tails},\mathrm{Heads}],[\mathrm{Tails},\mathrm{Tails}]]$ . 3 Calculi In this section, we present our base language ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ and its extension with effect handlers ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ . 3.1 Base calculus The base calculus ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ is a fine-grain call-by-value (Levy et al., Reference Levy, Power and Thielecke2003) variation of PCF (Plotkin, Reference Plotkin1977). Fine-grain call-by-value is similar to A-normal form (Flanagan et al., Reference Flanagan, Sabry, Duba and Felleisen1993) in that every intermediate computation is named, but unlike A-normal form is closed under reduction. The syntax of ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ is as follows. The ground types are Nat and Unit which classify natural number values and the unit value, respectively. The function type $A \to B$ classifies functions that map values of type A to values of type B. The binary product type $A \times B$ classifies pairs of values whose first and second components have types A and B, respectively. The sum type $A + B$ classifies tagged values of either type A or B. Type environments $\Gamma$ map term variables to their types. For hygiene, we require that the variables appearing in a type environment are distinct. We let k range over natural numbers and c range over primitive operations on natural numbers ( $+, -, =$ ). We let x, y, z range over term variables. We also use f, g, h, q for variables of function type and i, j for variables of type Nat. The value terms are standard. All elimination forms are computation terms. Abstraction is eliminated using application ( $V\,W$ ). The product eliminator $(\mathbf{let} \; {{{{{{\langle x,y \rangle}}}}}} = V \; \mathbf{in} \; N)$ splits a pair V into its constituents and binds them to x and y, respectively. Sums are eliminated by a case split ( $\mathbf{case}\; V\;\{\mathbf{inl}\; x \mapsto M; \mathbf{inr}\; y \mapsto N\}$ ). A trivial computation $(\mathbf{return}\;V)$ returns value V. The sequencing expression $(\mathbf{let} \; x {{{{{{\leftarrow}}}}}} M \; \mathbf{in} \; N)$ evaluates M and binds the result value to x in N. The typing rules are those given in Figure 1, along with the familiar Exchange, Weakening and Contraction rules for environments. (Note that thanks to Weakening we are able to type terms such as $(\lambda x^A. (\lambda x^B.x))$ , even though environments are not permitted to contain duplicate variables.) We require two typing judgements: one for values and the other for computations. The judgement $\Gamma \vdash \square : A$ states that a $\square$ -term has type A under type environment $\Gamma$ , where $\square$ is either a value term (V) or a computation term (M). The constants have the following types. We give a small-step operational semantics for ${\lambda _b}$ with evaluation contexts in the style of Felleisen (Reference Felleisen1987). The reduction relation ${{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}}$ is defined on computation terms via the rules given in Figure 2. The statement $M {{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}} N$ reads: term M reduces to term N in one step. We write $R^+$ for the transitive closure of relation R and $R^$ for the reflexive, transitive closure of relation R. Most often, we are interested in ${{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}}$ as a relation on closed terms. However, we will sometimes consider it as a relation on terms involving free variables, with the stipulation that none of these free variables also occur as bound variables within the terms. Since we never perform reductions under a binder, this means that the notation $M[V/x]$ in our rules may be taken simply to mean M with V textually substituted for free occurrences of x (no variable capture is possible). We also take $\ulcorner c \urcorner$ to mean the usual interpretation of constant c as a meta-level function on closed values. The type soundness of our system is easily verified. This is subsumed by the property we shall formally state for the richer language ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ in Theorem 1 below. When dealing with reductions $N {{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}} N'$ , we shall often make use of the idea that certain subterm occurrences within N' arise from corresponding identical subterms of N. For instance, in the case of a reduction $(\lambda x^A .M) V {{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}} M[V/x]$ , we shall say that any subterm occurrence P within any of the substituted copies of V on the right-hand side is a descendant of the corresponding subterm occurrence within the V on the left-hand side. (Descendants are called residuals e.g. in Barendregt, Reference Barendregt1984.) Similarly, any subterm occurrence Q of $M[V/x]$ not overlapping with any of these substituted copies of V is a descendant of the corresponding occurrence of an identical subterm within the M on the left. This notion extends to the other reduction rules in the evident way; we suppress the formal details. If P' is a descendant of P, we also say that P is an ancestor of P'. By transitivity we extend these notions to the relations ${{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}}^+$ and ${{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}}^$ . Note that if $N{{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}}^* N'$ then a subterm occurrence in N' may have at most one ancestor in N but a subterm occurrence in N may have many descendants in N'. Notation. We elide type annotations when clear from context. For convenience we often write code in direct-style assuming the standard left-to-right call-by-value elaboration into fine-grain call-by-value (Moggi, Reference Moggi1991; Flanagan et al., Reference Flanagan, Sabry, Duba and Felleisen1993). For example, the expression $f\,(h\,w) + g\,{\langle \rangle}$ is syntactic sugar for: We define sequencing of computations in the standard way. We make use of standard syntactic sugar for pattern matching. For instance, we write for suspended computations, and if the binder has a type other than Unit, we write: We use the standard encoding of booleans as a sum: 3.2 Handler calculus We now define ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ as an extension of ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ . We assume a fixed effect signature $\Sigma$ that associates types $\Sigma(\ell)$ to finitely many operation symbols $\ell$ . An operation type $A \to B$ classifies operations that take an argument of type A and return a result of type B. A handler type $C \Rightarrow D$ classifies effect handlers that transform computations of type C into computations of type D. Following Pretnar (Reference Pretnar2015), we assume a global signature for every program. Computations are extended with operation invocation ( $\mathbf{do}\;\ell\;V$ ) and effect handling ( $\mathbf{handle}\; M \;\mathbf{with}\; H$ ). Handlers are constructed from a single success clause $(\{\mathbf{val}\; x \mapsto M\})$ and an operation clause $(\{ \ell \; p \; r \mapsto N \})$ for each operation $\ell$ in $\Sigma$ ; here the x,p,r are considered as bound variables. Following Plotkin & Pretnar (Reference Plotkin and Pretnar2013), we adopt the convention that a handler with missing operation clauses (with respect to $\Sigma$ ) is syntactic sugar for one in which all missing clauses perform explicit forwarding: The typing rules for ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ are those of ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ (Figure 1) plus three additional rules for operations, handling, and handlers given in Figure 3. The T-Do rule ensures that an operation invocation is only well-typed if the operation $\ell$ appears in the effect signature $\Sigma$ and the argument type A matches the type of the provided argument V. The result type B determines the type of the invocation. The T-Handle rule types handler application. The T-Handler rule ensures that the bodies of the success clause and the operation clauses all have the output type D. The type of x in the success clause must match the input type C. The type of the parameter p ( $A_\ell$ ) and resumption r ( $B_\ell \to D$ ) in operation clause $H^{\ell}$ is determined by the type of $\ell$ ; the return type of r is D, as the body of the resumption will itself be handled by H. We write $H^{\ell}$ and $H^{\mathrm{val}}$ for projecting success and operation clauses. We extend the operational semantics to ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ . Specifically, we add two new reduction rules: one for handling return values and another for handling operation invocations. The first rule invokes the success clause. The second rule handles an operation via the corresponding operation clause. To allow for the evaluation of subterms within $\mathbf{handle}$ expressions, we extend our earlier grammar for evaluation contexts to one for handler contexts: We then replace the S-Lift rule with a corresponding rule for handler contexts. However, it is critical that the rule S-Op is restricted to pure evaluation contexts ${{{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}}$ rather than handler contexts. This ensures that the $\mathbf{do}$ invocation is handled by the innermost handler (recalling our convention that all handlers handle all operations). If arbitrary handler contexts ${{{{{{\mathcal{H}}}}}}}$ were permitted in this rule, the semantics would become non-deterministic, as any handler in scope could be selected. The ancestor-descendant relation for subterm occurrences extends to ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ in the obvious way. We now characterise normal forms and state the standard type soundness property of ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ . Definition 1 (Computation normal forms). A computation term N is normal with respect to $\Sigma$ if $N = \mathbf{return}\;V$ for some V or $N = {{{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}}[\mathbf{do}\;\ell\,W]$ for some $\ell \in dom(\Sigma)$ , ${{{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}}$ , and W. Theorem 1 (Type Soundness for ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ ) If $ \vdash M : C$ , then either there exists $ \vdash N : C$ such that $M {{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}}^\ast N$ and N is normal with respect to $\Sigma$ , or M diverges. It is worth observing that our language does not prohibit 'operation extrusion': even if we begin with a term in which all $\mathbf{do}$ invocations fall within the scope of a handler, this property need not be preserved by reductions, since a $\mathbf{do}$ invocation may pass another $\mathbf{do}$ to the outermost handler. Such behaviour may be readily ruled out using a type-and-effect system, but this additional machinery is not necessary for our present purposes. 4 Abstract machine semantics Thus far we have introduced the base calculus ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ and its extension with effect handlers ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ . For each calculus, we have given a small-step operational semantics which uses a substitution model for evaluation. Whilst this model is semantically pleasing, it falls short of providing a realistic account of practical computation as substitution is an expensive operation. We now develop a more practical model of computation based on an abstract machine semantics. 4.1 Base machine We choose a CEK-style abstract machine semantics (Felleisen & Friedman, Reference Felleisen and Friedman1987) for ${\lambda _b}$ based on that of Hillerström et al. (Reference Hillerström, Lindley and Longley2020). The CEK machine operates on configurations which are triples of the form ${{{{{{\langle M \mid \gamma \mid \sigma \rangle}}}}}}$ . The first component contains the computation currently being evaluated. The second component contains the environment $\gamma$ which binds free variables. The third component contains the continuation which instructs the machine how to proceed once evaluation of the current computation is complete. The syntax of abstract machine states is as follows. Values consist of function closures, constants, pairs, and left or right tagged values. We refer to continuations of the base machine as pure. A pure continuation is a stack of pure continuation frames. A pure continuation frame $(\gamma, x, N)$ closes a let-binding $\mathbf{let} \;x{{{{{{\leftarrow}}}}}} [~] \;\mathbf{in}\;N$ over environment $\gamma$ . We write ${{{{{{[]}}}}}}$ for an empty pure continuation and $\phi {{{{{{::}}}}}} \sigma$ for the result of pushing the frame $\phi$ onto $\sigma$ . We use pattern matching to deconstruct pure continuations. The abstract machine semantics is given in Figure 4. The transition relation ( ${{{{{{\longrightarrow}}}}}}$ ) makes use of the value interpretation ( $[\![ - ]\!] $ ) from value terms to machine values. The machine is initialised by placing a term in a configuration alongside the empty environment ( $\emptyset$ ) and the identity pure continuation ( ${{{{{{[]}}}}}}$ ). The rules (M-App), (M-Rec), (M-Const), (M-Split), (M-CaseL), and (M-CaseR) eliminate values. The (M-Let) rule extends the current pure continuation with let bindings. The (M-RetCont) rule extends the environment in the top frame of the pure continuation with a returned value. Given an input of a well-typed closed computation term $ \vdash M : A$ , the machine will either diverge or return a value of type A. A final state is given by a configuration of the form ${{{{{{\langle \mathbf{return}\;V \mid \gamma \mid {{{{{{[]}}}}}} \rangle}}}}}}$ in which case the final return value is given by the denotation $[\![ V ]\!] \gamma$ of V under environment $\gamma$ . Correctness. The base machine faithfully simulates the operational semantics for ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ ; most transitions correspond directly to $\beta$ -reductions, but M-Let performs an administrative step to bring the computation M into evaluation position. We formally state and prove the correspondence in Appendix A, relying on an inverse map $(\|-\|)$ from configurations to terms (Hillerström et al., Reference Hillerström, Lindley and Longley2020). 4.2 Handler machine We now enrich the ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ machine to a ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ machine. We extend the syntax as follows. The notion of configurations changes slightly in that the continuation component is replaced by a generalised continuation $\kappa \in \mathsf{Cont}$ (Hillerström et al., Reference Hillerström, Lindley and Longley2020); a continuation is now a list of resumptions. A resumption is a pair of a pure continuation (as in the base machine) and a handler closure ( $\chi$ ). A handler closure consists of an environment and a handler definition, where the former binds the free variables that occur in the latter. The machine is initialised by placing a term in a configuration alongside the empty environment ( $\emptyset$ ) and the identity continuation ( $\kappa_0$ ). The latter is a singleton list containing the identity resumption, which consists of the identity pure continuation paired with the identity handler closure: Machine values are augmented to include resumptions as an operation invocation causes the topmost frame of the machine continuation to be reified (and bound to the resumption parameter in the operation clause). The handler machine adds transition rules for handlers and modifies $(\text{M-L<sc>et</sc>})$ and $(\text{M-RetCont})$ from the base machine to account for the richer continuation structure. Figure 5 depicts the new and modified rules. The $(\text{M-Handle})$ rule pushes a handler closure along with an empty pure continuation onto the continuation stack. The $(\text{M-RetHandler})$ rule transfers control to the success clause of the current handler once the pure continuation is empty. The $(\text{M-Handle-Op})$ rule transfers control to the matching operation clause on the topmost handler, and during the process it reifies the handler closure. Finally, the $(\text{M-Resume})$ rule applies a reified handler closure, by pushing it onto the continuation stack. The handler machine has two possible final states: either it yields a value or it gets stuck on an unhandled operation. Correctness. The handler machine faithfully simulates the operational semantics of ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ . Extending the result for the base machine, we formally state and prove the correspondence in Appendix B. 4.3 Realisability and asymptotic complexity As witnessed by the work of Hillerström & Lindley (Reference Hillerström and Lindley2016), the machine structures are readily realisable using standard persistent functional data structures. Pure continuations on the base machine and generalised continuations on the handler machine can be implemented using linked lists with a time complexity of ${{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}(1)$ for the extension operation $(\_{{{{{{::}}}}}}\_)$ . The topmost pure continuation on the handler machine may also be extended in time ${{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}(1)$ , as extending it only requires reaching under the topmost handler closure. Environments, $\gamma$ , can be realised using a map, with a time complexity of ${{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}(\log\|\gamma\|)$ for extension and lookup (Okasaki, Reference Okasaki1999). We can use the same technique to realise label lookup, $H^{\ell}$ , with time complexity ${{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}(\log\|\Sigma\|)$ . However, in Section 5.4, we shall work only with a single effect operation, so $\|\Sigma\| = 1$ , meaning that in our analysis we can practically treat label lookup as being a constant time operation. The worst-case time complexity of a single machine transition is exhibited by rules which involves the value translation function, $[\![ - ]\!] \gamma$ , as it is defined structurally on values. Its worst-time complexity is exhibited by a nesting of pairs of variables $[\![ {{{{{{\langle x_1,{{{{{{\langle x_2,\cdots,{{{{{{\langle x_{n-1},x_n \rangle}}}}}}\cdots \rangle}}}}}} \rangle}}}}}} ]\!] \gamma$ which has complexity ${{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}(n\log\|\gamma\|)$ . Continuation copying. On the handler machine the topmost continuation frame can be copied in constant time due to the persistent runtime and the layout of machine continuations. An alternative design would be to make the runtime non-persistent in which case copying a continuation frame $((\sigma, \chi) {{{{{{::}}}}}} \_)$ would be a ${{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}(\|\sigma\| + \|\chi\|)$ time operation, where $\|\chi\|$ is the size of the handler closure $\chi$ . Primitive operations on naturals. Our model assumes that arithmetic operations on arbitrary natural numbers take ${{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}(1)$ time. This is common practice in the study of algorithms when the main interest lies elsewhere (Cormen et al., Reference Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest and Stein2009, Section 2.2). If desired, one could adopt a more refined cost model that accounted for the bit-level complexity of arithmetic operations; however, doing so would have the same impact on both of the situations we are wishing to compare, and thus would add nothing but noise to the overall analysis. 5 Predicates, decision trees and generic count We now come to the crux of the paper. In this section and the next, we prove that ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ supports implementations of certain operations with an asymptotic runtime bound that cannot be achieved in ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ (Section 8). While the positive half of this claim essentially consolidates a known piece of folklore, the negative half appears to be new. To establish our result, it will suffice to exhibit a single 'efficient' program in ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ , then show that no equivalent program in ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ can achieve the same asymptotic efficiency. We take generic search as our example. Generic search is a modular search procedure that takes as input a predicate P on some multi-dimensional search space and finds all points of the space satisfying P. Generic search is agnostic to the specific instantiation of P, and as a result is applicable across a wide spectrum of domains. Classic examples such as Sudoku solving (Bird, Reference Bird2006), the n-queens problem (Bell & Stevens, Reference Bell and Stevens2009) and graph colouring can be cast as instances of generic search, and similar ideas have been explored in connection with exact real integration (Simpson, Reference Simpson1998; Daniels, Reference Daniels2016). For simplicity, we will restrict attention to search spaces of the form ${{{{{{\mathbb{B}}}}}}}^n$ , the set of bit vectors of length n. To exhibit our phenomenon in the simplest possible setting, we shall actually focus on the generic count problem: given a predicate P on some ${{{{{{\mathbb{B}}}}}}}^n$ , return the number of points of ${{{{{{\mathbb{B}}}}}}}^n$ satisfying P. However, we shall explain why our results are also applicable to generic search proper. We shall view ${{{{{{\mathbb{B}}}}}}}^n$ as the set of functions ${{{{{{\mathbb{N}}}}}}}_n \to {{{{{{\mathbb{B}}}}}}}$ , where ${{{{{{\mathbb{N}}}}}}}_n \mathrel{\overset{{\mbox{def}}}{=}} \{0,\dots,n-1\}$ . In both ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ and ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ we may represent such functions by terms of type $\mathrm{Nat} \to \mathrm{Bool}$ . We will often informally write $\mathrm{Nat}_n$ in place of Nat to indicate that only the values $0,\dots,n-1$ are relevant, but this convention has no formal status since our setup does not support dependent types. To summarise, in both ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ and ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ we will be working with the types and will be looking for programs such that for suitable terms P representing semantic predicates $\Pi: {{{{{{\mathbb{B}}}}}}}^n \to {{{{{{\mathbb{B}}}}}}}$ , $\mathrm{count}_n~P$ finds the number of points of ${{{{{{\mathbb{B}}}}}}}^n$ satisfying $\Pi$ . Before formalising these ideas more closely, let us look at some examples, which will also illustrate the machinery of decision trees that we will be using. 5.1 Examples of points, predicates and trees Consider first the following terms of type Point: (Here $\bot$ is the diverging term $(\mathbf{rec}\; f\,i.f\,i)\,{\langle \rangle}$ .) Then $\mathrm{q}_0$ represents $\langle{\mathrm{true},\dots,\mathrm{true}}\rangle \in {{{{{{\mathbb{B}}}}}}}^n$ for any n; $\mathrm{q}_1$ represents $\langle{\mathrm{true},\mathrm{false},\dots,\mathrm{false}}\rangle \in {{{{{{\mathbb{B}}}}}}}^n$ for any $n \geq 1$ ; and $\mathrm{q}_2$ represents $\langle{\mathrm{true},\mathrm{false}}\rangle \in {{{{{{\mathbb{B}}}}}}}^2$ . Next some predicates. First, the following terms all represent the constant true predicate ${{{{{{\mathbb{B}}}}}}}^2 \to {{{{{{\mathbb{B}}}}}}}$ : These illustrate that in the course of evaluating a predicate term P at a point q, for each $i<n$ the value of q at i may be inspected zero, one or many times. Likewise, the following all represent the 'identity' predicate ${{{{{{\mathbb{B}}}}}}}^1 \to {{{{{{\mathbb{B}}}}}}}$ , in a sense to be made precise below (here $\&\&$ is shortcut 'and'): Slightly more interestingly, for each n we have the following program which determines whether a point contains an odd number of true components: Here fold and map are the standard combinators on lists, and $\otimes$ is exclusive-or. Applying $\mathrm{Odd}_2$ to $\mathrm{q}_0$ yields false; applying it to $\mathrm{q}_1$ or $\mathrm{q}_2$ yields true. We can think of a predicate term P as participating in a 'dialogue' with a given point $Q : \mathrm{Point}_n$ . The predicate may query Q at some coordinate k; Q may respond with true or false and this returned value may influence the future course of the dialogue. After zero or more such query/response pairs, the predicate may return a final answer (true or false). The set of possible dialogues with a given term P may be organised in an obvious way into an unrooted binary decision tree, in which each internal node is labelled with a query $\mathord{?} k$ (with $k<n$ ), and with left and right branches corresponding to the responses true, false respectively. Any point will thus determine a path through the tree, and each leaf is labelled with an answer $\mathord{!} \mathrm{true}$ or $\mathord{!} \mathrm{false}$ according to whether the corresponding point or points satisfy the predicate. Decision trees for a sample of the above predicate terms are depicted in Figure 6; the relevant formal definitions are given in the next subsection. In the case of $\mathrm{I}_2$ , one of the $\mathord{!} \mathrm{false}$ leaves will be 'unreachable' if we are working in ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ (but reachable in a language supporting mutable state). We think of the edges in the tree as corresponding to portions of computation undertaken by P between queries, or before delivering the final answer. The tree is unrooted (i.e. starts with an edge rather than a node) because in the evaluation of $P\,Q$ there is potentially some 'thinking' done by P even before the first query or answer is reached. For the purpose of our runtime analysis, we will also consider timed variants of these decision trees, in which each edge is labelled with the number of computation steps involved. It is possible that for a given P, the construction of a decision tree may hit trouble, because at some stage P either goes undefined or gets stuck at an unhandled operation. It is also possible that the decision tree is infinite because P can keep asking queries forever. However, we shall be restricting our attention to terms representing total predicates: those with finite decision trees in which every path leads to a leaf. In order to present our complexity results in a simple and clear form, we will give special prominence to certain well-behaved decision trees. For $n \in {{{{{{\mathbb{N}}}}}}}$ , we shall say a tree is n-standard if it is total (i.e. every maximal path leads to a leaf labelled with an answer) and along any path to a leaf, each coordinate $k<n$ is queried once and only once. Thus, an n-standard decision tree is a complete binary tree of depth $n+1$ , with $2^n - 1$ internal nodes and $2^n$ leaves. However, there is no constraint on the order of the queries, which indeed may vary from one path to another. One pleasing property of this notion is that for a predicate term with an n-standard decision tree, the number of points in ${{{{{{\mathbb{B}}}}}}}^n$ satisfying the predicate is precisely the number of $\mathord{!} \mathrm{true}$ leaves in the tree. Of the examples we have given, the tree for $\mathrm{T}_0$ is 0-standard; those for $\mathrm{I}_0$ and $\mathrm{I}_1$ are 1-standard; that for $\mathrm{Odd}_n$ is n-standard; and the rest are not n-standard for any n. 5.2 Formal definitions We now formalise the above notions. We will present our definitions in the setting of ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ , but everything can clearly be relativised to ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ with no change to the meaning in the case of ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ terms. For the purpose of this subsection, we fix $n \in {{{{{{\mathbb{N}}}}}}}$ , set ${{{{{{\mathbb{N}}}}}}}_n \mathrel{\overset{{\mbox{def}}}{=}} \{0,\ldots,n-1\}$ , and use k to range over ${{{{{{\mathbb{N}}}}}}}_n$ . We write ${{{{{{\mathbb{B}}}}}}}$ for the set of booleans, which we shall identify with the (encoded) boolean values of ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ , and use b to range over ${{{{{{\mathbb{B}}}}}}}$ . As suggested by the foregoing discussion, we will need to work with both syntax and semantics. For points, the relevant definitions are as follows. Definition 2 (points). A closed value $Q : \mathrm{Point}$ is said to be a syntactic n-point if: A semantic n-point $\pi$ is simply a mathematical function $\pi: {{{{{{\mathbb{N}}}}}}}_n \to {{{{{{\mathbb{B}}}}}}}$ . (We shall also write $\pi \in {{{{{{\mathbb{B}}}}}}}^n$ .) Any syntactic n-point Q is said to denote the semantic n-point $[\![ Q ]\!] $ given by Any two syntactic n-points Q and Q' are said to be distinct if $[\![ Q ]\!] \neq [\![ Q' ]\!] $ . By default, the unqualified term n-point will from now on refer to syntactic n-points. Likewise, we wish to work with predicates both syntactically and semantically. By a semantic n-predicate, we shall mean simply a mathematical function $\Pi: {{{{{{\mathbb{B}}}}}}}^n \to {{{{{{\mathbb{B}}}}}}}$ . One slick way to define syntactic n-predicates would be as closed terms $P:\mathrm{Predicate}$ such that for every n-point Q, $P\,Q$ evaluates to either $\mathbf{return}\;\mathrm{true}$ or $\mathbf{return}\;\mathrm{false}$ . For our purposes, however, we shall favour an approach to n-predicates via decision trees, which will yield more information on their behaviour. We will model decision trees as certain partial functions from addresses to labels. An address will specify the position of a node in the tree via the path that leads to it, while a label will represent the information present at a node. Formally: Definition 3 (untimed decision tree). (i) The address set $\mathsf{Addr}$ is simply the set ${{{{{{\mathbb{B}}}}}}}^\ast$ of finite lists of booleans. If $bs,bs' \in \mathsf{Addr}$ , we write $bs \sqsubseteq bs'$ (resp. $bs \sqsubset bs'$ ) to mean that bs is a prefix (resp. proper prefix) of bs'. (ii) The label set $\mathsf{Lab}$ consists of queries parameterised by a natural number and answers parameterised by a boolean: \[ \mathsf{Lab} \mathrel{\overset{{\mbox{def}}}{=}} \{\mathord{?} k \mid k \in {{{{{{\mathbb{N}}}}}}} \} \cup \{\mathord{!} b \mid b \in {{{{{{\mathbb{B}}}}}}} \} \] - (iii) An (untimed) decision tree is a partial function $\tau : \mathsf{Addr}\rightharpoonup \mathsf{Lab}$ such that: The domain of $\tau$ (written $dom(\tau)$ ) is prefix closed. Answer nodes are always leaves: if $\tau(bs) = \mathord{!} b$ then $\tau(bs')$ is undefined whenever $bs \sqsubset bs'$ . As our goal is to reason about the time complexity of generic count programs and their predicates, it is also helpful to decorate decision trees with timing data that records the number of machine steps taken for each piece of computation performed by a predicate: Definition 4 (timed decision tree). A timed decision tree is a partial function $\tau : \mathsf{Addr} \rightharpoonup\mathsf{Lab} \times {{{{{{\mathbb{N}}}}}}}$ such that its first projection $bs \mapsto \tau(bs).1$ is a decision tree. We write $\mathsf{labs}(\tau)$ for the first projection ( $bs \mapsto \tau(bs).1$ ) and $\mathsf{steps}(\tau)$ for the second projection ( $bs \mapsto \tau(bs).2$ ) of a timed decision tree. Here we think of $\mathsf{steps}(\tau)(bs)$ as the computation time associated with the edge whose target is the node addressed by bs. We now come to the method for associating a specific tree with a given term P. One may think of this as a kind of denotational semantics, but here we shall extract a tree from a term by purely operational means using our abstract machine model. The key idea is to try applying P to a distinguished free variable $q: \mathrm{Point}$ , which we think of as an 'abstract point'. Whenever P wants to interrogate its argument at some index i, the computation will get stuck at some term $q\,i$ : this both flags up the presence of a query node in the decision tree, and allows us to explore the subsequent behaviour under both possible responses to this query. Our definition captures this idea using abstract machine configurations. We write ${\mathrm{Conf}}_q$ for the set of $\lambda_h$ configurations possibly involving q (but no other free variables). We write $a \simeq b$ for Kleene equality: either both a and b are undefined or both are defined and $a = b$ . It is convenient to define the timed tree and then extract the untimed one from it: Definition 5. (i) Define $\mathcal{T}: {\mathrm{Conf}}_q \to \mathsf{Addr} \rightharpoonup (\mathsf{Lab} \times {{{{{{\mathbb{N}}}}}}})$ to be the minimal family of partial functions satisfying the following equations: Here $\mathrm{inc}(\ell, s) = (\ell, s + 1)$ , and in all of the above equations $\gamma(q) = \gamma'(q) = q$ . Clearly $\mathcal{T}(\mathcal{C})$ is a timed decision tree for any $\mathcal{C} \in {\mathrm{Conf}}_q$ . (ii) The timed decision tree of a computation term is obtained by placing it in the initial configuration: $\mathcal{T}(M) \mathrel{\overset{{\mbox{def}}}{=}} \mathcal{T}({{{{{{\langle M, \emptyset[q \mapsto q], \kappa_0 \rangle}}}}}})$ . (iii) The timed decision tree of a closed value $P:\mathrm{Predicate}$ is $\mathcal{T}(P\,q)$ . Since q plays the role of a dummy argument, we will usually omit it and write $\mathcal{T}(P)$ for $\mathcal{T}(P\,q)$ . (iv) The untimed decision tree $\mathcal{U}(P)$ is obtained from $\mathcal{T}(P)$ via first projection: $\mathcal{U}(P) = \mathsf{labs}(\mathcal{T}(P))$ . If the execution of a configuration $\mathcal{C}$ runs forever or gets stuck at an unhandled operation, then $\mathcal{T}(\mathcal{C})(bs)$ will be undefined for all bs. Although this is admitted by our definition of decision tree, we wish to exclude such behaviours for the terms we accept as valid predicates. Specifically, we frame the following definition: Definition 6 A decision tree $\tau$ is an n-predicate tree if it satisfies the following: For every query $\mathord{?} k$ appearing in $\tau$ , we have $k \in {{{{{{\mathbb{N}}}}}}}_n$ . Every query node has both children present: \[ \forall bs \in \mathsf{Addr},\, k \in {{{{{{\mathbb{N}}}}}}}_n,\, b \in {{{{{{\mathbb{B}}}}}}}.~ \tau(bs) = \mathord{?} k \Rightarrow {{{{{{bs \mathbin{+\!\!+} [b]}}}}}} \in dom(\tau) \] - All paths in $\tau$ are finite (so every maximal path terminates in an answer node). A closed term $P: \mathrm{Predicate}$ is a (syntactic) n-predicate if $\mathcal{U}(P)$ is an n-predicate tree. If $\tau$ is an n-predicate tree, clearly any semantic n-point $\pi$ gives rise to a path $b_0 b_1 \dots $ through $\tau$ , given inductively by This path will terminate at some answer node $b_0 b_1 \dots b_{r-1}$ of $\tau$ , and we may write $\tau \bullet \pi \in {{{{{{\mathbb{B}}}}}}}$ for the answer at this leaf. Proposition 1. If P is an n-predicate and Q is an n-point, then $P\,Q {{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}}^\ast \mathbf{return}\;b$ where $b = \mathcal{U}(P) \bullet [\![ Q ]\!] $ . Proof By interleaving the computation for the relevant path through $\mathcal{U}(P)$ with computations for queries to Q, and appealing to the correspondence between the small-step reduction and abstract machine semantics. We omit the routine details. It is thus natural to define the denotation of an n-predicate P to be the semantic n-predicate $[\![ P ]\!] $ given by $[\![ P ]\!] (\pi) = \mathcal{U}(P) \bullet \pi$ . As mentioned earlier, we shall also be interested in a more constrained class of trees and predicates: Definition 7 (standard trees and predicates). An n-predicate tree $\tau$ is said to be n-standard if the following hold: The domain of $\tau$ is precisely $\mathsf{Addr}_n$ , the set of bit vectors of length $\leq n$ . There are no repeated queries along any path in $\tau$ : \[ \forall bs, bs' \in dom(\tau),\, k \in {{{{{{\mathbb{N}}}}}}}_n.~ bs \sqsubseteq bs' \wedge \tau(bs)=\tau(bs')=\mathord{?} k \Rightarrow bs=bs' \] A timed decision tree $\tau$ is n-standard if its underlying untimed decision tree $\mathsf{labs}(\tau)$ is too. An n-predicate P is n-standard if $\mathcal{U}(P)$ is n-standard. Clearly, in an n-standard tree, each of the n queries $\mathord{?} 0,\dots, \mathord{?}(n-1)$ appears exactly once on the path to any leaf, and there are $2^n$ leaves, all of them answer nodes. It is also clear how for any n-standard tree $\tau$ we may construct a predicate P that denotes it, simply by mirroring the structure of $\tau$ with nested $\mathbf{if}$ expressions: Definition 8 (canonical standard predicates). Given an n-standard tree $\tau$ , we may associate to each address $bs \in dom(\tau)$ a $\lambda_b$ term $T_q(\tau,bs)$ (with free variable $q : \mathrm{Point}$ ) by reverse induction on the length of bs: We then define (so that clearly $\mathcal{U}(P(\tau)) = \tau$ ), and call $P(\tau)$ the canonical n-standard predicate for $\tau$ . In practice, we will omit the subscript q from uses of T. Note that the use of lists here is entirely at the meta-level, and none of the terms $T(\tau,bs)$ themselves involve list data. Because of their simple, standardised form, canonical n-standard predicates will play a useful role in our lower bound analysis in Section 8. 5.3 Specification of counting programs We can now specify what it means for a program $K : \mathrm{Predicate} \to \mathrm{Nat}$ to implement counting. Definition 9. (i) The count of a semantic n-predicate $\Pi$ , written $\sharp \Pi$ , is simply the number of semantic n-points $\pi \in {{{{{{\mathbb{B}}}}}}}^n$ for which $\Pi(\pi)=\mathrm{true}$ . (ii) If P is any n-predicate, we say that K correctly counts P if $K\,P {{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}}^\ast \mathbf{return}\;m$ , where $m = \sharp [\![ P ]\!] $ . This definition gives us the flexibility to talk about counting programs that operate on various classes of predicates, allowing us to state our results in their strongest natural form. On the positive side, we shall shortly see that there is a single 'efficient' program in ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ that correctly counts all n-standard $\lambda_h$ predicates for every n; in Section 6.1 we improve this to one that correctly counts all n-predicates of $\lambda_h$ . On the negative side, we shall show that an n-indexed family of counting programs written in ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ , even if only required to work correctly on canonical n-standard $\lambda_b$ predicates, can never compete with our ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ program for asymptotic efficiency even in the most favourable cases. 5.4 Efficient generic count with effects We now present the simplest version of our effectful implementation of counting: one that works on n-standard predicates. Our program uses a variation of the handler for nondeterministic computation that we gave in Section 2. The main idea is to implement points as 'nondeterministic computations' using the Branch operation such that the handler may respond to every query twice, by invoking the provided resumption with true and subsequently false. The key insight is that the resumption restarts computation at the invocation site of Branch, meaning that prior computation performed by the predicate need not be repeated. In other words, the resumption ensures that common portions of computations prior to any query are shared between both branches. We assert that $\mathrm{Branch} : \mathrm{Unit} \to \mathrm{Bool} \in \Sigma$ is a distinguished operation that may not be handled in the definition of any input predicate (it has to be forwarded according to the default convention). The algorithm is then as follows. The handler applies predicate pred to a single 'generic point' defined using Branch. The boolean return value is interpreted as a single solution, whilst Branch is interpreted by alternately supplying true and false to the resumption and summing the results. The sharing enabled by the use of the resumption is exactly the 'magic' we need to make it possible to implement generic count more efficiently in ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ than in ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ . A curious feature of effcount is that it works for all n-standard predicates without having to know the value of n. We may now articulate the crucial correctness and efficiency properties of effcount. Theorem 2. The following hold for any $n \in {{{{{{\mathbb{N}}}}}}}$ and any n-standard predicate P of ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ : 1. effcount correctly counts P. 2. The number of machine steps required to evaluate $\mathrm{effcount}~P$ is \[ \left( \displaystyle\sum_{bs \in \mathsf{Addr}_n} \mathsf{steps}(\mathcal{T}(P))(bs) \right) ~+~ {{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}(2^n) \] Proof [Outline.] Suppose $bs \in \mathsf{Addr}_n$ , with length j. From the construction of $\mathcal{T}(P)$ , one may easily read off a configuration $\mathcal{C}_{bs}$ whose execution is expected to compute the count for the subtree below node bs, and we can explicitly describe the form $\mathcal{C}_{bs}$ will have. We write $\mathrm{Hyp}(bs)$ for the claim that $\mathcal{C}_{bs}$ correctly counts this subtree and does so within the following number of steps: The $9(2^{n-j}-1)$ expression is the number of machine steps contributed by the Branch-case inside the handler, whilst the $22^{n-j}$ expression is the number of machine steps contributed by the $\mathbf{val}$ -case. We prove $\mathrm{Hyp}(bs)$ by a laborious but entirely routine downwards induction on the length of bs. The proof combines counting of explicit machine steps with 'oracular' appeals to the assumed behaviour of P as modelled by $\mathcal{T}(P)$ . Once $\mathrm{Hyp}({{{{{{[]}}}}}})$ is established, both halves of the theorem follow easily. Full details are given in Appendix C of Hillerström et al. (Reference Hillerström, Lindley and Longley2020). The above formula can clearly be simplified for certain reasonable classes of predicates. For instance, suppose we fix some constant $c \in {{{{{{\mathbb{N}}}}}}}$ , and let $\mathcal{P}_{n,c}$ be the class of all n-standard predicates P for which all the edge times $\mathsf{steps}(\mathcal{T}(P))(bs)$ are bounded by c. (Many reasonable predicates will belong to $\mathcal{P}_{n,c}$ for some modest value of c: for instance, the membership test for some regular language $\mathcal{L} \subseteq \{0,1\}^$ , or even for many languages defined by deterministic pushdown automata if cons-lists be added to our language.) Since the number of sequences bs in question is less than $2^{n+1}$ , we may read off from the above formula that for predicates in $\mathcal{P}_{n,c}$ , the runtime of effcount is ${{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}(c2^n)$ . Alternatively, should we wish to use the finer-grained cost model that assigns an $O(\log \|\gamma\|)$ runtime to each abstract machine step (see Section 4.3), we may note that any environment $\gamma$ arising in the computation contains at most n entries introduced by the let-bindings in effcount, and (if $P \in\mathcal{P}_{n,c}$ ) at most ${{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}(cn)$ entries introduced by P. Thus, the time for each step in the computation remains ${{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}(\log c+ \log n)$ , and the total runtime for effcount is ${{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}(c 2^n (\log c + \log n))$ . One might also ask about the execution time for an implementation of ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ that performs genuine copying of continuations, as in systems such as MLton (2020). As MLton copies the entire continuation (stack), whose size is ${{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}(n)$ , at each of the $2^n$ branches, continuation copying alone takes time ${{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}(n2^n)$ and the effectful implementation offers no performance benefit. More refined implementations (Farvardin & Reppy, Reference Farvardin and Reppy2020; Flatt & Dybvig, Reference Flatt and Dybvig2020) that are able to take advantage of delimited control operators or sharing in copies of the stack can bring the complexity of continuation copying back down to ${{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}(2^n)$ . Finally, one might consider another dimension of cost, namely, the space used by effcount. Consider a class $\mathcal{Q}_{n,c,d}$ of n-standard predicates P for which the edge times in $\mathcal{T}(P)$ never exceed c and the sizes of pure continuations never exceed d. If we consider any $P \in \mathcal{Q}_{n,c,d}$ then the total number of environment entries is bounded by cn, taking up space ${{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}(cn(\log cn))$ . We must also account for the pure continuations. There are n of these, each taking at most d space. Thus, the total space is ${{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}(n(d + c(\log c + \log n)))$ . 6 Extensions and variations Our efficient implementation method is robust under several variations. We outline here how the idea generalises beyond n-standard predicates and adapts from generic count to generic search. We also indicate how one may obtain the speedup in question in the presence of a type-and-effect system. 6.1 Beyond n-standard predicates The n-standardness restriction on predicates serves to make the efficiency phenomenon stand out as clearly as possible. However, we can relax the restriction by tweaking effcount to handle repeated queries and missing queries. The trade-off is that the analysis of effcount becomes more involved. The key to relaxing the n-standardness restriction is the use of state to keep track of which queries have been computed. We can give stateful implementations of effcount without changing its type signature by using parameter-passing (Kammar et al., Reference Kammar, Lindley and Oury2013; Pretnar, Reference Pretnar2015) to internalise state within a handler. Parameter-passing abstracts every handler clause such that the current state is supplied before the evaluation of a clause continues and the state is threaded through resumptions: a resumption becomes a two-argument curried function $r : B \to S \to D$ , where the first argument of type B is the return type of the operation and the second argument is the updated state of type S. Repeated queries. We can generalise effcount to handle repeated queries by memoising previous answers. First, we generalise the type of Branch to carry an index of a query. For fixed n, we assume a type of natural number to boolean maps, $\mathrm{Map}_n$ , with the following interface. Invoking $\mathrm{lookup}~i~map$ returns $\mathbf{inl}~{\langle \rangle}$ if i is not present in map, and $\mathbf{inr}~ans$ if i is associated by map with the value $ans : \mathrm{Bool}$ . Allowing ourselves a few extra constant-time arithmetic operations, we can realise suitable maps in ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ such that the time complexity of $\mathrm{add}_n$ and $\mathrm{lookup}_n$ is ${{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}(\log n)$ (Okasaki, Reference Okasaki1999). We can then use parameter-passing to support repeated queries as follows. The state parameter s memoises query results, thus avoiding double-counting and enabling $\mathrm{effcount}'_n$ to work correctly for predicates performing the same query multiple times. Missing queries. Similarly, we can use parameter-passing to support missing queries. The parameter d tracks the depth and the returned result is scaled by $2^{n-d}$ accounting for the unexplored part of the current subtree. This enables $\mathrm{effcount}''_n$ to operate correctly on predicates that inspect n points at most once. We leave it as an exercise for the reader to combine $\mathrm{effcount}'_n$ and $\mathrm{effcount}''_n$ to handle both repeated queries and missing queries. 6.2 From generic count to generic search We can generalise the problem of generic counting to generic searching. The key difference is that a generic search procedure must materialise a list of solutions, thus its type is where $\mathrm{List}_A$ is the type of cons-lists whose elements have type A. We modify effcount to return a list of solutions rather than the number of solutions by lifting each result into a singleton list and using list concatenation instead of addition to combine partial results $xs_\mathrm{true}$ and $xs_\mathrm{false}$ as follows. The Branch operation is now parameterised by an index i. The handler is now parameterised by the current path as a point q, which is output at a leaf if it is in the predicate. A little care is required to ensure that $\text{effSearch}_\textit{n}$ has runtime ${{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}(2^n)$ ; naïve use of cons-list concatenation would result in ${{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}(n2^n)$ runtime, as cons-list concatenation is linear in its first operand. In place of cons-lists, we use Hughes lists (Hughes, Reference Hughes1986), which admit constant time concatenation: $\text{HList}_A \mathrel{\overset{{\mbox{def}}}{=}} \mathrm{List}_A \to \mathrm{List}_A$ . The empty Hughes list $\mathrm{nil} : \text{HList}_A$ is defined as the identity function: $\mathrm{nil} \mathrel{\overset{{\mbox{def}}}{=}} \lambda xs. xs$ . We use the function $\text{toConsList}$ to convert the final Hughes list to a standard cons-list. This conversion has linear time complexity (it just conses all of the elements of the list together). 6.3 Type-and-effect system Many practical implementations of effect handlers come equipped with rich type systems that track which effectful operations any function may perform (Bauer & Pretnar, Reference Bauer and Pretnar2014; Hillerström & Lindley, Reference Hillerström and Lindley2016; Leijen, Reference Leijen2017; Biernacki et al., Reference Biernacki, Piróg, Polesiuk and Sieczkowski2019; Brachthäuser et al., Reference Brachthäuser, Schuster and Ostermann2020). One may wonder whether our result transfers to such a system as we make crucial use of the ability to inject an effectful operation into a computation, which a first glance might seem to require a change of (effect) types. However, as we shall briefly outline, with sufficient polymorphism we need not change the effect types. Our generic count program does not perform any externally visible effects. Therefore, if we equip our simple type system with some form of rank-2 effect polymorphism, then we do not morally require a change of types even in the presence of the richer types provided by effect tracking. Suppose we track the effects on function types, e.g. $A \to B !\varepsilon$ denotes a function that accepts a value of type A as input and produces some value of type B as output using effects $\varepsilon$ . Here $\varepsilon$ is intended to be an effect variable which may be instantiated to name concrete effectful operations that the function may perform such as $\mathrm{Branch} : \mathrm{Unit} \to \mathrm{Bool}$ . We shall not concern ourselves with a particular effect type formalism here, but rather just note that there are many approaches to realising such an effect system, e.g. using row types (Hillerström & Lindley, Reference Hillerström and Lindley2016; Leijen, Reference Leijen2017), subtyping (Bauer & Pretnar, Reference Bauer and Pretnar2014), intersection types (Brachthäuser et al., Reference Brachthäuser, Schuster and Ostermann2020), etc. We can give a fully effect-parametric signature to generic count using rank-2 effect polymorphism. Here $\emptyset$ denotes that an application of Count does not perform any externally visible effects. The parameter type of Count is a rank-2 effect type. It effectively hides the implementation detail of the provided point from the predicate. Thus, the implementation of Count is allowed to supply a point that performs any effectful operation granted that the implementation guarantees to handle any such operation. This idea of using rank-2 polymorphism is an old idea which dates back at least to McCracken (Reference McCracken1984); it has been used in practice in Haskell as the primary means for state encapsulation since Launchbury & Jones (Reference Launchbury and Jones1994). 7 Generic count in weaker languages We have shown that there is an implementation of generic count in ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ with a runtime bound of ${{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}(2^n)$ for certain well-behaved predicates. Our eventual goal is to prove that such a runtime bound is unattainable in ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ (Section 8), or indeed in the stronger language ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ (Section 10). In this section, we provide some context for these results by surveying a range of possible approaches to generic counting in languages weaker than ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ , emphasising how the attainable efficiency varies according to the expressivity of the language. Since the purpose here is simply to situate our main results within a broader landscape which may itself call for further investigation, our discussion in this section will be informal and intuitive rather than mathematically rigorous. 7.1 Naïve count The naïve approach, of course, is simply to apply the given predicate P to all $2^n$ possible n-points in turn, keeping a count of those on which P yields true. Of course, this approach could be readily implemented in ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ ; but it is also clear how it could be effected in an even weaker language, in which the recursion construct of ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ is replaced by a weaker iteration construct. (For a comparison of the power of iteration and recursion, see Longley, Reference Longley2019.) For instance, the following operator (definable in ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ ) allows one to achieve the effect of while-loops manipulating data of type A: Let us write ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{i}}}}}}}}$ for the sublanguage of ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ allowing $\mathrm{while}_A$ for each type A, but disallowing all uses of $\mathbf{rec}$ elsewhere. Then it is a straightforward coding exercise to write a ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{i}}}}}}}}$ program that implements generic counting using the naïve strategy. The evaluation of an n-standard predicate on an individual n-point must clearly take time $\Omega(n)$ . It is therefore clear that in whatever way the naïve count strategy is implemented, the runtime on any n-standard predicate P must be $\Omega(n2^n)$ . If P is not n-standard, the $\Omega(n)$ bound on each point application need not apply, but we may still say that a naïve count for any predicate P (at level n) must take time $\Omega(2^n)$ . One might at first suppose that these properties are inevitable for any implementation of generic count within ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ , or indeed any purely functional language: surely, the only way to learn something about the behaviour of P on every possible n-point is to apply P to each of these points in turn? It turns out, however, that the $\Omega(2^n)$ lower bound can sometimes be circumvented by implementations that cleverly exploit nesting of calls to P. In the next section, we illustrate the germ of this idea, and in Section 7.3, we show how it gives rise to a practically superior counting program within ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ . 7.2 The nesting trick The germ of the idea may be illustrated even within ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{i}}}}}}}}$ . Suppose that we first construct some program which, given a predicate P, returns some n-point Q such that $P~Q$ evaluates to true, if such a point exists, and any point at all if no such point exists. (In other words, ${\mathrm{bestshot}}_n$ embodies Hilbert's choice operator $\varepsilon$ on predicates.) It is once again routine to construct such a program by naïve means, and we may moreover assume that for any P, the evaluation of ${\mathrm{bestshot}}_n\;P$ takes only constant time, all the real work being deferred until the argument of type $\mathrm{Nat}_n$ is supplied. Now consider the following program: Here the term $pred~({\mathrm{bestshot}}_n~pred)$ serves to test whether there exists an n-point satisfying pred: if there is not, our count program may return 0 straightaway. It is thus clear that ${\mathrm{lazycount}}_n$ is a correct implementation of generic count, and also that if pred is the predicate $\lambda q.\mathrm{false}$ then ${\mathrm{lazycount}}_n\;pred$ returns 0 within ${{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}(1)$ time, thus violating the $\Omega(2^n)$ lower bound suggested above. This might seem like a footling point, as ${\mathrm{lazycount}}_n$ offers this efficiency gain only on (certain implementations of) the constantly false predicate. However, it turns out that by a recursive application of this nesting trick, we may arrive at a generic count program in ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ that spectacularly defies the $\Omega(2^n)$ lower bound for an interesting class of (non-n-standard) predicates, and indeed proves quite viable for counting solutions to 'n-queens' and similar problems. In contrast to the naïve strategy, however, this approach relies crucially on the use of recursion and cannot be implemented in a language such as ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{i}}}}}}}}$ with mere iteration. We shall refer to this ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ program as ${\mathrm{Bergercount}}$ , as it is modelled largely on Berger's PCF implementation of the so-called fan functional (Berger, Reference Berger1990; Longley & Normann, Reference Longley and Normann2015). We give an implementation of ${\mathrm{Bergercount}}$ in the next section. 7.3 Berger count Berger's original program (Berger, Reference Berger1990) introduced a remarkable search operator for predicates on infinite streams of booleans and has played an important role in higher-order computability theory (Longley & Normann, Reference Longley and Normann2015). What we wish to highlight here is that if one applies the algorithm to predicates on finite boolean vectors, the resulting program, though no longer interesting from a computability perspective, still holds some interest from a complexity standpoint: indeed, it yields what seems to be the best known implementation of generic count within a PCF-style 'functional' language (provided one accepts the use of a primitive for call-by-need evaluation). We give the gist of an adaptation of Berger's search algorithm on finite spaces. The key ingredient of Berger's search algorithm is the ${\mathrm{bestshot}}_n$ function, which given any n-standard predicate P returns a point satisfying P if one exists, or the dummy point $\lambda i.\mathrm{false}$ if not. Figure 7 depicts the implementation of this function. It is implemented by via two mutually recursive auxiliary functions whose workings are admittedly hard to elucidate in a few words. The function ${\mathrm{bestshot}}'_n$ is a generalisation of ${\mathrm{bestshot}}_n$ that makes a best shot at finding a point $\pi$ satisfying given predicate and matching some specified list start in some initial segment of its components $[\pi(0),\dots,\pi(i-1)]$ . Here we use two customary operations on lists: we write $\|-\|$ for the list length function and nth for the function which projects the nth element of a list. The ${\mathrm{bestshot}}'_n$ function works 'lazily', drawing its values from start wherever possible, and performing an actual search only when required. This actual search is undertaken by ${\mathrm{bestshot}}''_n$ , which proceeds by first searching for a solution that extends the specified list with true (using the standard list append function); but if no such solution is forthcoming, it settles for false as the next component of the point being constructed. The whole procedure relies on a subtle combination of laziness, recursion and implicit nesting of calls to the provided predicate which means that the search is self-pruning in regions of the binary tree where the predicate only demands some initial segment $q~0$ , $q~(i-1)$ of its argument q. The above program makes use of an operation which transforms a given thunk into an equivalent 'memoised' version, i.e. one that caches its value after its first invocation and immediately returns this value on all subsequent invocations. Such an operation may readily be implemented with the help of local state, or alternatively may simply be added as a primitive in its own right. The latter has the advantage that it preserves the purely 'functional' character of the language, in the sense that every program is observationally equivalent to a ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ program, namely the one obtained by replacing memoise by the identity. Figure 8 depicts an implementation that exploits the above idea to yield a generic count program (this development appears to be new). Again, ${\mathrm{Bergercount}}_n$ is implemented by means of two mutually recursive auxiliary functions. The function $\mathrm{count}'_n$ counts the solutions to the provided predicate pred that start with the specified list of booleans, adding their number to a previously accumulated total given by acc. The function $\mathrm{count}''_n$ does the same thing, but exploiting the knowledge that a best shot at the 'leftmost' solution to P within this subtree has already been computed. (We are visualising n-points as forming a binary tree with true to the left of false at each fork.) Thus, $\mathrm{count}''_n$ will not re-examine the portion of the subtree to the left of this candidate solution, but rather will start at this solution and work rightward. This gives rise to an n-count program that can work efficiently on predicates that tend to 'fail fast': more specifically, predicates P that inspect the components of their argument q in order $q~0$ , $q~1$ , $q~2$ , and which are frequently able to return false after inspecting just a small number of these components. Generalising our program from binary to k-ary branching trees, we see that the n-queens problem provides a typical example: most points in the space can be seen not to be solutions by inspecting just the first few components. Our experimental results in Section 11 attest to the viability of this approach and its overwhelming superiority over the naïve functional method. By contrast, the above program is not able to exploit parts of the tree where our predicate 'succeeds fast', i.e. returns true after seeing just a few components. Unlike the effectful count program of Section 5.4, which may sometimes add $2^{n-d}$ to the count in a single step, the Berger approach can only count solutions one at a time. Thus, for an n-standard predicate P, the evaluation of ${\mathrm{Bergercount}}_n~P$ that returns a natural number k must take time $\Omega(k)$ . 7.4 Pruned count To do better than ${\mathrm{Bergercount}}$ , it seems that we must ascend to a more powerful language. We now briefly outline another approach, using ideas from Longley (Reference Longley1999), which yields a more efficient form of pruned search in an extension of $\lambda_b$ with local state of ground type. Since local state can certainly be encoded using affine effect handlers with no essential loss of efficiency, this approach falls within the ambit of what can be achieved within the language ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ to be introduced in Section 9. The key idea is that each time we apply a predicate to a point, we may use local state to detect which components of the point are actually inspected by the predicate. We do this using a third-order function Modulus, which encloses the point in a wrapper that logs all calls to the point, then passes this wrapped point to the predicate: This is somewhat different from the modulus functional considered in Longley (Reference Longley1999), which returns a sorted list of the arguments to which the point is applied. The latter has the theoretically pleasant consequence that the modulus is an example of a sequentially realisable functional – its externally observable behaviour is purely functional (i.e. extensional) although the function it implements cannot be realised in pure $\lambda_b$ . However, this property is purchased at the cost of the extra work needed to return a sorted list and is of little relevance to our present concerns. The essential point is that if $\mathrm{Modulus}~pred~point$ returns ${{{{{{\langle b,ilist \rangle}}}}}}$ , then we know immediately that $pred~point'$ would also return the value b for every point' that agrees with point at the components listed in ilist. This property can be used as the basis of a program that takes care, at each stage, to apply the predicate to some 'new' point at which the value is not already known on the basis of previous calls, and which then increments the accumulator by either 0 (if the predicate returns false) or the appropriate $2^{n-d}$ (if it returns true). In contrast to ${\mathrm{Bergercount}}$ , this has the effect of pruning the search space both where the predicate fails fast and where it succeeds fast. Of course, the ability to prune in the 'true' case makes no difference for search problems such as n-queens, where the predicate never returns true without inspecting all components. Even for searches of this kind, however, ${\mathrm{prunedcount}}$ performs significantly better in practice than ${\mathrm{Bergercount}}$ , which achieves its pruning of 'false' subtrees by much more convoluted means. (The difference is clearly manifested by the experimental results reported in Section 11.) Indeed, in the absence of advanced control features, we are not aware of any approach to generic counting that essentially does better than ${\mathrm{prunedcount}}$ . It is clear, however, that in the case of n-standard predicates, which always inspect all n components of their points, no pruning at all is possible, and neither ${\mathrm{Bergercount}}$ nor ${\mathrm{prunedcount}}$ improves on the $\Omega(n2^n)$ runtime of ${\mathrm{naivecount}}$ . 8 A lower bound for ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ The above discussion strongly suggests that the ${{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}(2^n)$ runtime of our ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ generic count implementation is unattainable in ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ , but also points out the existence of phenomena in this area that defy intuition (Escardó, Reference Escardó2007 gives some striking further examples). In this section, we prove rigorously that any implementation of generic counting in ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ must have runtime $\Omega(n2^n)$ on certain n-standard predicates. In the following two sections, we shall apply a similar analysis to the richer language ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ . This mathematically robust characterisation of the efficiency gap between languages with and without first-class control constructs is the central contribution of the paper. One might ask at this point whether the claimed lower bound could not be obviated by means of some known continuation passing style (CPS) or monadic transform of effect handlers (Hillerström et al., Reference Hillerström, Lindley, Atkey and Sivaramakrishnan2017; Leijen, Reference Leijen2017; Hillerström et al., Reference Hillerström, Lindley and Longley2020). This can indeed be done, but only by dint of changing the type of our predicates P – which, as noted in the introduction, would defeat the purpose of our enquiry. Our intention is precisely to investigate the relative power of various languages for manipulating predicates that are given to us in a certain way which we do not have the luxury of choosing. As a first step, we note that where lower bounds are concerned, it will suffice to work with the small-step operational semantics of ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ rather than the more elaborate abstract machine model employed in Section 4.1. This is because, as observed in Section 4.1, there is a tight correspondence between these two execution models such that for the evaluation of any closed term, the number of abstract machine steps is always at least the number of small-step reductions. Thus, if we are able to show that the number of small-step reductions for any generic count program in ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ on the predicates of interest is $\Omega(n2^n)$ , this will establish the desired lower bound on the runtime. To establish a formal contrast with ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ , it will in fact suffice to show a lower bound of $\Omega(n2^n)$ on the worst-case runtime for generic count programs in ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ . For this purpose, it is convenient to focus on a specialised class of predicate terms that will be easy to work with. We therefore declare that our intention is initially to analyse the runtime of any generic count program in ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ on any canonical n-standard predicate as in Definition 8. However, we shall subsequently remark that in fact the same lower bound applies to arbitrary n-standard predicates. Let us suppose, then, that K is a program of ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ that correctly counts all canonical n-standard predicates of ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ for some specific n. We now establish a key lemma, which vindicates the naïve intuition that if P is a canonical n-standard predicate, the only way for K to discover the correct value for $\sharp [\![ P ]\!] $ is to perform $2^n$ separate applications $P\;Q$ (allowing for the possibility that these applications need not be performed 'in turn' but might be nested in some complex way). Lemma 1 (No shortcuts). Suppose K correctly counts all canonical n-standard predicates of ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ . If P is a canonical n-standard predicate, then K applies P to at least $2^n$ distinct n-points. More formally, for any of the $2^n$ possible semantic n-points $\pi : {{{{{{\mathbb{N}}}}}}}_n \to {{{{{{\mathbb{B}}}}}}}$ , there is a term ${{{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}}[P~Q]$ appearing in the small-step reduction of $K~P$ such that Q is an n-point and $[\![ Q ]\!] = \pi$ . Proof. Suppose $\pi$ is some semantic n-point. Since P is canonical, we have $P = P(\tau)$ for some $\tau$ . Let l be the maximal path through $\tau$ associated with $\pi$ : that is, the one we construct by responding to each query $\mathord{?} k$ with $\pi(k)$ . Then l is a leaf node such that $\tau(l) = \mathord{!} (\tau \bullet \pi)$ . Let $\tau'$ be obtained from $\tau$ by simply negating this answer value at l, and take $P' = P(\tau')$ . Since the numbers of true-leaves in $\tau$ and $\tau'$ differ by 1, it is clear that if K indeed correctly counts all canonical n-standard predicates, then the values returned by $K~P$ and $K~P'$ will have an absolute difference of 1. On the other hand, we shall argue that if the computation of $K~P$ never actually 'visits' the leaf l in question, then K will be unable to detect any difference between P and P'. The situation is reminiscent of Milner's context lemma (Milner, Reference Milner1977), which loosely says that the only way to observe a difference between two programs is to apply them to some argument on which they differ. Without loss of generality we shall assume $\tau(l) = \mathrm{true}$ and $\tau'(l) = \mathrm{false}$ . This means that for some term context $C[-]:\mathrm{Bool}$ with a single occurrence of a hole of type Bool, we have $P \equiv \lambda q.\,C[\mathrm{true}]$ and $P' \equiv \lambda q.\,C[\mathrm{false}]$ . Now consider the reduction sequence starting from $K~(\lambda q.\,C[-])$ (treating the hole ' $-$ ' as an additional variable). This cannot be infinite, for then the reduction of $K~P$ would also be infinite, since valid reduction steps are closed under substituting true for ' $-$ '; thus K would not correctly count all canonical n-standard predicates. Neither can this reduction terminate in a numeral k, for then both $K~P$ and $K~P'$ would evaluate to k for a similar reason, whereas the correct results should differ by 1. Nor can it terminate in just the term ' $-$ ', as this does not have the correct type. We conclude that the reduction of $K~(\lambda q.\,C[-])$ gets stuck at some term with the hole in head position: more precisely, since ' $-$ ' formally has type ${{{{{{\langle + \rangle}}}}}} {\langle \rangle}$ , we see by inspection of the reduction rules that it must get stuck at some term ${{{{{{\mathcal{D}}}}}}}[\mathbf{case}\;-\;\{\cdots\}]$ , where ${{{{{{\mathcal{D}}}}}}}$ is an evaluation context. We write this term as $D[-]$ , where the $D[~]$ abstracts only this head occurrence of the hole (there may well be other occurrences of the hole within D). From the form of evaluation contexts, we know that this hole occurrence does not appear under a $\lambda$ binder. We now trace back through the reduction $K~(\lambda q.\,C[-]) {{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}}^\ast D[-]$ looking at the ancestors of this occurrence of ' $-$ ', and identifying the last point in the reduction at which this ancestor occurs within a descendant of the original $\lambda q.\,C[-]$ . Since $C[-]$ has no free variables other than the hole occurrence, and the only rule for eliminating a $\lambda$ is S-App, it is clear that at this point we have a term ${{{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}}[(\lambda q.\,C[-])Q]$ with ${{{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}}$ an evaluation context, $C[~]$ a context abstracting only this ancestor occurrence of ' $-$ ', and Q a closed term of type Point. This reduces in the next step to ${{{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}}[E[-]]$ where $E[-] \equiv C[-][Q/q]$ . We now claim that Q is an n-point and $[\![ Q ]\!] = \pi$ as required. For this, we appeal to the fact that $P \equiv \lambda q.\,C[\mathrm{true}]$ is canonical, so that $C[-]$ is simply a complex of nested $\mathbf{if}$ -expressions as in Definition 8, with a hole replacing the leaf literal at the position indicated by the path l. It follows that $E[-]$ itself is a complex of nested $\mathbf{if}$ -expressions with branch conditions Q(k) and with the hole at one of the leaves. It is now clear that the only way for this hole to become later exposed (as it is in $D[-]$ ) is for each of the branch conditions Q(k) to evaluate to $\pi(k)$ , so that the evaluation indeed follows the path l and we have $E[-] {{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}}^ -$ . But because $\tau$ is n-standard, each of $Q(0),\ldots,Q(n-1)$ occurs exactly once on this path, so the above is exactly the condition for Q to be an n-point with value $\pi$ . Corollary 1. Suppose K and P are as in Lemma 1. For any semantic n-point $\pi$ and any natural number $k < n$ , the reduction sequence for $K~P$ contains a term ${\mathcal{F}}[Q~k]$ , where ${\mathcal{F}}$ is an evaluation context and $[\![ Q ]\!] =\pi$ . Proof Suppose $\pi \in {{{{{{\mathbb{B}}}}}}}^n$ . By Lemma 1, the computation of $K~P$ contains some ${{{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}}[P~Q]$ where $[\![ Q ]\!] = \pi$ , and the above analysis of the computation of $P~Q$ shows that it contains a term ${{{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}}'[Q~k]$ for each $k < n$ . The corollary follows, taking ${\mathcal{F}}[-] \mathrel{\overset{{\mbox{def}}}{=}} {{{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}}[{{{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}}'[-]]$ . This gives our desired lower bound. Since our n-points Q are values, it is clearly impossible that ${\mathcal{F}}[Q~k] = {\mathcal{F}}'[Q'~k']$ (where ${\mathcal{F}},{\mathcal{F}}'$ are evaluation contexts) unless $Q=Q'$ and $k=k'$ . We may therefore read off $\pi$ from ${\mathcal{F}}[Q~k]$ as $[\![ Q ]\!] $ . There are thus at least $n2^n$ distinct terms in the reduction sequence for $K~P$ , so the reduction has length $\geq n 2^n$ . We have thus proved: Theorem 3. If K is a ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ program that correctly counts all canonical n-standard ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ predicates, and P is any canonical n-standard ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ predicate, then the evaluation of $K~P$ must take time $\Omega(n2^n)$ . In Hillerström et al. (Reference Hillerström, Lindley and Longley2020), a more complex proof was given, modelled on traditional proofs of Milner's context lemma. This established the slightly stronger conclusion that the evaluation of $K~P$ takes time $\Omega(n2^n)$ for all n-standard predicates P, not just the canonical ones (under the strengthened hypothesis that K correctly counts all n-standard ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ predicates). It is worth noting where our argument breaks down if applied to ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ . In ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ , in the course of computing $K~P$ , every Q to which P is applied will be a self-contained closed term denoting some specific point $\pi$ . This is intuitively why we may only learn about one point at a time. In ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ , this is not the case, because of the presence of operation symbols. For instance, our effcount program from Section 5.4 will apply P to the 'generic point' $\lambda\_.\,\mathbf{do}\;\mathrm{Branch}~\langle \rangle$ . Thus, it need no longer be the case that the reduction of each term $Q\,k$ yields a value: it may get stuck at some invocation of $\ell$ , so that control will then pass to the effect handler. 9 Affine effect handlers Having established our $\Omega(n2^n)$ runtime bound for implementations of generic count in the relatively simple setting of ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ , we now wish to show that the same bound applies for a much richer language ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ supporting affine effect handlers: intuitively those in which each resumption r may be invoked at most once. This will show that the multiple invocation of r within our effcount program is essential to its efficiency, and will formally locate the fundamental efficiency gap as occurring between ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ and ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ . Since affine effect handlers suffice for encoding many language features such as exceptions (Pretnar, Reference Pretnar2015), local state (Plotkin & Pretnar, Reference Plotkin and Pretnar2009), coroutines (Kawahara & Kameyama, Reference Kawahara and Kameyama2020), and singleshot continuations (Sivaramakrishnan et al., Reference Sivaramakrishnan, Dolan, White, Kelly, Jaffer and Madhavapeddy2021), this will come close to showing that the speedup we have discussed is unattainable in real languages such as Standard ML, Java, and Python (for some appropriate class of predicate terms). In this section, we present the definition of our language ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ , outlining its relationship to ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ and ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ . In the following section, we will prove some key properties of evaluation in this language and use these to establish a version of Theorem 3 for ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ . Our language ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ will be essentially a sublanguage of ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ in which the relevant restriction on the use of resumption variables is enforced by means of an affine type system in the tradition of linear logic. Many approaches are possible here, for instance: Girard's ntuitionistic linear logic ILL (Girard, Reference Girard1987), Barber's dual intuitionistic linear logic DILL (Barber, Reference Barber1996), and Benton's adjoint calculus (Benton, Reference Benton1994). We choose to work with a variant of fine-grain call-by-value based on DILL; an advantage over vanilla ILL is that it readily admits a local encoding of our intuitionistic base calculus. 9.1 ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ as a dual intuitionistic-affine calculus We present the type system of ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ in terms of dual-context judgements $\Delta; \Gamma \vdash \square : A$ , stating that a term $\square$ (which may be a value term V or a computation term M) has type A under intuitionistic type environment $\Delta$ and affine type environment $\Gamma$ . Informally, variables in the intuitionistic environment may be used zero, one or many times within $\square$ , while those in the affine environment may be used at most once. As before, environments are lists assigning types to variables. For hygiene, we suppose we have disjoint lexical categories of intuitionistic and affine variables (each ranged over by metavariables x,y), and the variables within each of the environments $\Delta,\Gamma$ are required to be distinct. The syntax of ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ is as follows: The type constructors $\multimap$ , $\otimes$ , $\oplus$ , and $!$ are borrowed from linear logic. Here we informally understand Nat, Unit, $A \multimap B$ , $A \times B$ , and $A \oplus B$ as types of values that may be used at most once, and $!A$ as a type of values of type A that may be used as many times as desired. (The way DILL manifests the latter is to allow a value of $!A$ to be used at most once by binding it to an intuitionistic variable of type A which can subsequently be used as many times as desired. Thus, technically $!A$ is affine just like all other types, but it provides access to an unlimited source of identical affine values of type A.) The typing rules those shown in Figure 9, along with Exchange, Weakening and Contraction for the intuitionistic environment, and Exchange and Weakening (but not Contraction) for the affine one. To understand the workings of this type system, it is helpful to think of the affine arrow $\multimap$ and the affine environment $\Gamma$ as playing the primary role: for instance, lambda abstraction is supported for affine variables but not intuitionistic ones. The sole purpose of the intuitionistic environment is to allow for multiple uses of values of $!$ -type: the rule TL-LetBang allows such a value to be bound to an intuitionistic variable. Note too that values of $!$ -type are formed via the TL-Bang rule, which allows a value $W : A$ to be 'promoted' to a reusable value $!W: !A$ if all free variables that went into the making of W are themselves reusable (we here write $!\Gamma$ to mean that every type in $\Gamma$ is of the form $!A$ for some A). Similarly, TL-BangComp allows promotion of computations. This latter form introduces some minor complications and is not strictly speaking necessary, but we include it nonetheless in order to admit a straightforward translation of let-binding in the inclusion ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}}}}}}\hookrightarrow {{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ outlined at the end of this section. The crucial restrictions in the rule for handlers are that the operation argument p and the resumption variable r are now affine. Notice that the success clause may involve affine variables as it will be invoked at most once (this idea will be substantiated in Section 10 below). By contrast, the operation clauses cannot involve affine variables as they may be invoked multiple times. There is also a small subtlety with $\mathbf{rec}$ . The function argument f is bound in the intuitionistic type environment, allowing f to be used many times within M. The operational intention is that f can be unfolded to $\lambda x.M$ as often as necessary; for this reason, it is required that M involves no affine variables other than x. All of the above syntactic forms are shared with ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ , with the exception of $!W$ , $!M$ , and $\mathbf{let} !\;x=V\;\mathbf{in}\;N$ . To give a small-step operational semantics for ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ , we may therefore take all the operational rules for ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ as given in Section 3 (along with the machinery of evaluation contexts and handler contexts), together with the new rules and additional evaluation and handler contexts for promoted computations: As usual, we take ${{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}}^*$ to be the transitive closure of ${{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}}$ , and define the notions of ancestor and descendant in the evident way. This completes our definition of ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ . The notion of normal form may now be defined just as in Definition 1. Once again, the following is straightforward to verify: Theorem 4 (Type Soundness for ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ ). If $ \vdash M : C$ , then either there exists $ \vdash N : C$ such that $M {{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}}^\ast N$ and N is normal with respect to $\Sigma$ , or M diverges. 9.2 Relationship to ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ and ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ We now outline how we intend to view ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ as a sublanguage of ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ , and ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ as a sublanguage of ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ . A brief sketch will suffice here, as these translations will only play a minor role in what follows and are mentioned here mainly for the sake of orientation. For the inclusion ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}} \hookrightarrow {{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}}}}}}$ , the broad idea is simply that any well-typed term of ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ will certainly remain well-typed if all affineness restrictions on variables are waived. Formally, we may define a translation that erases the intuitionistic/affine distinction completely. The translation on types may be defined by The translation on terms is given in the obvious way for the syntactic forms common to ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ and ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ , the three new forms being treated by A typing judgement $\Delta;\Gamma \vdash \square:A$ of ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ then becomes a judgement , where $\Delta,\Gamma$ is the result of rolling $\Delta$ and $\Gamma$ into a single environment, and is the result of applying to the types of all its variables. Under this translation, it is easy to check that every derivable typing judgement in ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ yields one in ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ , and also that if $M {{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}} M'$ in ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ then in ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ . For the inclusion ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}}}}}} \hookrightarrow {{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ , we give a translation $(-)^\star$ inspired by the familiar Girard translation from intuitionistic types to linear ones, wrapping each subformula of a type by a ' $!$ ' except for the return types of functions. The translation on types is as follows. A type environment $\Gamma$ of ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ translated to the environment $\Gamma^\star ; \cdot$ of ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ : that is, all variables are treated as intuitionistic. The translation of value and computation terms therefore needs to eliminate ' $!$ ' types at bindings in favour of intuitionistic variables. We give here a selection of the clauses for the translation on terms; for all syntactic forms not covered here, the translation is defined homomorphically on term structure in the obvious way. Once again, it is routine to check that every derivable typing judgement in ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ yields one in ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ , and that if $M{{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}} M'$ in ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ then $M^\star {{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}}^\ast {M'}^\star$ in ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ . 10 Affine effect computations and generic count We begin with some general machinery for managing resumptions and for tracking the evaluation of subterms through reductions, allowing for the 'thread-switching' behaviour that ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ supports. We expect that this machinery will be quite widely applicable to any kind of reasoning about the behaviour of effectful programs in ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ . In Section 10.3, we apply this machinery to the specific scenario of the generic count problem. Throughout this section, 'subterm' will always mean 'subterm occurrence'. 10.1 Tracking of resumptions To make the role of resumptions more explicit, it will be convenient to recast the small-step operational semantics for ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ slightly, presenting it as a reduction system for pairs ${{{{{{\langle M \mid \Xi \rangle}}}}}}$ , where M is a term and $\Xi$ is a resumption environment, mapping finitely many resumption variables $\hat{r}$ to terms of the form $\lambda y.\,\mathbf{handle} \; {{{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}}[\mathbf{return} \; y] \; \mathbf{with} \; H$ . Note that these terms may themselves involve other resumption variables. The only reduction rules in which $\Xi$ plays an active role are the following. We write $\Xi \backslash \hat{r}$ for $\Xi$ with the entry for $\hat{r}$ deleted. All other reduction rules are carried over from the original semantics in the obvious way: for each reduction rule $M {{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}} M'$ except for S-Op, we now have a rule ${{{{{{\langle M \mid \Xi \rangle}}}}}} {{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}}{{{{{{\langle M' \mid \Xi \rangle}}}}}}$ . To initiate a reduction sequence for a closed term M, we start from the configuration ${{{{{{\langle M \mid \emptyset \rangle}}}}}}$ . The main purpose of this semantics is to make explicit the points at which resumptions are invoked (as the points at which S-Res is applied). In the original semantics, such steps appear simply as $\beta$ -reductions, which may not be distinguishable, on the face of it, from other $\beta$ -reductions that occur. It is intuitively clear that the reduction of ${{{{{{\langle M \mid \emptyset \rangle}}}}}}$ under the new semantics proceeds in lockstep with the reduction of M under the original semantics. One half of this is formalised by the following proposition (we write ${{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}}^m$ for reduction in exactly m steps). Proposition 2. For any m, if ${{{{{{\langle M \mid \emptyset \rangle}}}}}} {{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}}^m{{{{{{\langle M' \mid \Xi \rangle}}}}}}$ then $M {{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}}^m M''$ , where M" is obtained from M' by repeatedly expanding all resumption variables as specified by $\Xi$ until no longer possible. Proof Easy induction on m. Note that in the case of $\text{S-Op}'$ , the number of rounds of expansion needed may increase by 1. The converse to the above proposition — that if $M {{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}}^m M''$ then ${{{{{{\langle M \mid \emptyset \rangle}}}}}} {{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}}^m {{{{{{\langle M' \mid \Xi \rangle}}}}}}$ for some $M',\Xi$ — is not quite clear at this point, because of the worry that an application of S-Res might be blocked because the relevant $\hat{r}$ is not present in $dom\,\Xi$ , having been deleted by an earlier application of S-Res. We shall see shortly, however, that such blocking never happens, so that our two semantics do indeed work perfectly in lockstep. Let us say a configuration ${{{{{{\langle M' \mid \Xi \rangle}}}}}}$ is naturally arising if it appears in the course of reduction of ${{{{{{\langle M \mid \emptyset \rangle}}}}}}$ for some closed M. In the typing rules for ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ , the critical typing restriction is that in the handler clauses $\ell\,p\;r \mapsto N_\ell$ , the variable r is used affinely within $N_\ell$ . This does not mean that r can occur at most once within $N_\ell$ (in view of the TL-Case rule); and even if it does, the variable r may subsequently be copied in the course of a $\beta$ -reduction (again because of TL-Case). However, the affineness restriction does buy us the following crucial property: Lemma 2 (Single-shot resumptions). For any naturally arising ${{{{{{\langle M \mid \Xi \rangle}}}}}}$ and any $\hat{r} \in dom(\Xi)$ , the reduction sequence starting from ${{{{{{\langle M \mid \Xi \rangle}}}}}}$ contains at most one instance of S-Res for the variable $\hat{r}$ . Proof Since ${{{{{{\langle M \mid \Xi \rangle}}}}}}$ is naturally arising, we have ${{{{{{\langle M_0 \mid \emptyset \rangle}}}}}} {{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}}^\ast {{{{{{\langle M \mid \Xi \rangle}}}}}}$ for some $M_0$ , and we may as well assume that ${{{{{{\langle M \mid \Xi \rangle}}}}}}$ appears as early as possible in this reduction, i.e. at the point where $\hat{r}$ is introduced, so that M has the form $N[V/p,\,\hat{r}/r]$ as in the $\text{S-Op}'$ rule. We first claim that in this situation, $M,\Xi$ satisfy the following two conditions, writing $\hat{r}_0,\ldots,\hat{r}_{k-1}$ for the elements of $dom(\Xi)$ . 1. $\hat{r}$ appears in at most one of the $k+1$ terms $M,\Xi(\hat{r}_0),\ldots,\Xi(\hat{r}_{k-1})$ . 2. If N is one of these terms and $\hat{r}$ appears in N, then no two occurrences of $\hat{r}$ within N share the same set of enclosing $\mathbf{case}$ clauses. (A $\mathbf{case}$ clause is a subphrase $\mathbf{inl}\;x \mapsto P$ or $\mathbf{inr}\;y \mapsto Q$ within a $\mathbf{case}$ expression.) Condition 1 holds because $\hat{r}$ is fresh and so does not appear in any of the $\Xi(\hat{r}_i)$ . Condition 2 is a general property of occurrences of affine variables within terms: an inspection of the typing rules shows that the TL-Case rule is the only possible source of multiple occurrences of $\hat{r}$ , and it is clear that if we know the set of enclosing $\mathbf{case}$ clauses then the occurrence is uniquely determined. Next, we claim that Conditions 1 and 2 above are maintained as invariants by all the reduction rules of our new semantics. Since Condition 2 is a general property of affine variables, and our reduction rules are easily seen to respect the type system, the preservation of this condition is automatic, so it will suffice to show that Condition 1 is preserved. We reason by cases on the possible forms for a reduction ${{{{{{\langle M \mid \Xi \rangle}}}}}} {{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}} {{{{{{\langle M' \mid \Xi' \rangle}}}}}}$ . For $\text{{S-Op}}'$ (applied within some handler context ${{{{{{\mathcal{H}}}}}}}$ and introducing a fresh $\hat{r}'$ ): Suppose $\hat{r}$ appears within the relevant subterm $\mathbf{handle} \; {{{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}}[\mathbf{do} \; \ell \, V] \; \mathbf{with} \; H$ (the situation for occurrences of $\hat{r}$ elsewhere is straightforward). Since this subterm is in evaluation position, it is not within a $\mathbf{case}$ clause, so by Conditions 1 and 2 for ${{{{{{\langle M \mid \Xi \rangle}}}}}}$ , there are no other occurrences of $\hat{r}$ elsewhere, and all occurrences are within just one of ${{{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}}[~], V, H$ . If they are within V, then because of the affineness of p within N, $\hat{r}$ may appear within the resulting term $N[V/p, \hat{r}'/r]$ , but will not appear in the new $\Xi'(\hat{r}')$ or elsewhere. If within ${{{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}}[~]$ or H, the occurrences of $\hat{r}$ will all be moved to $\Xi'(\hat{r}')$ , and there will be none elsewhere. For S-Res (applied to some subterm $\hat{r}'W$ within some ${{{{{{\mathcal{H}}}}}}}$ ): If $\hat{r}$ occurs within W, it may appear within the resulting $R[W/y]$ , but not elsewhere. If $\hat{r}$ occurs within $\Xi(\hat{r}')$ (i.e. within R), then it does not appear elsewhere in ${{{{{{\langle M \mid \Xi \rangle}}}}}}$ . So after the application of S-Res and the deletion of $\hat{r}'$ from $\Xi$ , $\hat{r}$ may appear in $R[W/y]$ but nowhere else. For the rules carried over from the original semantics (applied within some ${{{{{{\mathcal{H}}}}}}}$ ), the preservation of Condition 1 is immediate, since $\Xi$ is unchanged. To complete the proof, suppose that within the reduction sequence from some naturally arising ${{{{{{\langle M \mid \Xi \rangle}}}}}}$ we have an application of S-Res for a given variable $\hat{r}$ : that is, we have some configuration ${{{{{{\langle {{{{{{\mathcal{H}}}}}}}[\hat{r}W] \mid \Xi' \rangle}}}}}}$ . Since this satisfies Conditions 1 and 2, we see that the highlighted occurrence of $\hat{r}$ is its only appearance within ${{{{{{\mathcal{H}}}}}}}[\hat{r}W]$ or the range of $\Xi'$ , and it follows that $\hat{r}$ does not appear at all within the resulting configuration ${{{{{{\langle {{{{{{\mathcal{H}}}}}}}[R[W/y]] \mid \Xi' \backslash \hat{r} \rangle}}}}}}$ . There is therefore no danger of a later instance of S-Res for $\hat{r}$ . We can now lay to rest the worry mentioned earlier: Proposition 3. (i) For any naturally arising ${{{{{{\langle M \mid \Xi \rangle}}}}}}$ , all free variables appearing within M or any $\Xi(\hat{r})$ are contained in $dom\;\Xi$ . (ii) If $M {{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}}^m M''$ under the original rules, then ${{{{{{\langle M \mid \emptyset \rangle}}}}}} {{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}}^m {{{{{{\langle M' \mid \Xi \rangle}}}}}}$ for some $M',\Xi$ . (i) The property in question clearly holds for initial configurations ${{{{{{\langle M \mid \emptyset \rangle}}}}}}$ with M closed, and it is easy to see that it is preserved by all reduction steps, given that S-Res completely expunges the variable $\hat{r}$ as established within the proof of Lemma 2. (ii) From (i) we know that an application of S-Res will never be blocked by the failure of a lookup $\Xi(\hat{r})$ fails. A reduction $M {{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}}^m M''$ can therefore be lifted to one ${{{{{{\langle M \mid \emptyset \rangle}}}}}} {{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}}^m {{{{{{\langle M' \mid \Xi \rangle}}}}}}$ where $M',\Xi,M''$ are related as in Proposition 2, by induction on m and an easy comparison between the two reduction systems. Lemma 2 is the crucial property of ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ on which our whole argument hinges. This property is flagrantly violated by ${\lambda_{\textrm{h}}}$ , as illustrated by effcount with its essential use of multi-shot resumptions. Our next task is to show how, in view of Lemma 2, the evaluation of a given subterm may be tracked in a sequential way through a reduction sequence. 10.2 Tracking of active subterms We shall say a subterm S of M is active if it occurs in an evaluation position, i.e. $M = {{{{{{\mathcal{H}}}}}}}[S]$ for some handler context ${{{{{{\mathcal{H}}}}}}}$ . We introduce the following concepts for tracking the evaluation of S through the reduction of M with respect to some resumption context $\Xi$ . Clearly, if ${{{{{{\langle M \mid \Xi \rangle}}}}}}$ is naturally arising and $M = {{{{{{\mathcal{H}}}}}}}[S]$ , any reduction sequence ${{{{{{\langle S \mid \Xi \rangle}}}}}} {{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}}^\ast {{{{{{\langle S' \mid \Xi' \rangle}}}}}}$ will yield a reduction sequence We then say the occurrence of S' highlighted by ${{{{{{\mathcal{H}}}}}}}[S']$ is an active reduct of the original occurrence of S highlighted by ${{{{{{\mathcal{H}}}}}}}[S]$ . In this situation, there are four possibilities: 1. The reduction of ${{{{{{\langle S \mid \Xi \rangle}}}}}}$ may continue forever. 2. The reduction may terminate in some ${{{{{{\langle \mathbf{return}\;V \mid \Xi' \rangle}}}}}}$ where V is a value. 3. The reduction of ${{{{{{\langle S \mid \Xi \rangle}}}}}}$ may get stuck at some configuration ${{{{{{\langle {{{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}}[\mathbf{do}\;\ell\,V] \mid \Xi' \rangle}}}}}}$ where the $\mathbf{do}\;\ell\,V$ is not handled anywhere within ${{{{{{\mathcal{H}}}}}}}[{{{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}}[\mathbf{do}\;\ell\,V]]$ — in this situation, we say the entire computation is absolutely blocked. 4. The reduction may get stuck at some ${{{{{{\langle {{{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}}[\mathbf{do}\;\ell\,V] \mid \Xi' \rangle}}}}}}$ , where the $\mathbf{do}\;\ell\,V$ is not handled within ${{{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}}[\mathbf{do}\;\ell\,V]$ itself, but is handled further out within ${{{{{{\mathcal{H}}}}}}}[-]$ . In case 4, ${{{{{{\mathcal{H}}}}}}}[-]$ will have the form ${{{{{{\mathcal{H}}}}}}}'[\mathbf{handle} \; {{{{{{\mathcal{F}}}}}}}[-] \; \mathbf{with} \; H]$ where ${{{{{{\mathcal{F}}}}}}}$ is an evaluation context, and the $\text{{S-Op}}'$ rule will then apply to ${{{{{{\langle \mathbf{handle} \; {{{{{{\mathcal{F}}}}}}}[{{{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}}[\mathbf{do}\;\ell\,V]] \;\mathbf{with}\; H \mid \Xi' \rangle}}}}}}$ . This will result in a new resumption environment entry and we may call the subterm ${{{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}}[\mathbf{return} \; y]$ here a dormant reduct of the original S. As the reduction of the original ${{{{{{\langle M \mid \Xi \rangle}}}}}}$ continues, this environment entry will remain unaffected until, if ever, $\hat{r}$ is activated by S-Res (and by Lemma 2, this will happen at most once). This activation step will have the form where ${{{{{{\mathcal{H}}}}}}}_1'[\mathbf{handle}\;{{{{{{\mathcal{F}}}}}}}[-]\;\mathbf{with}\;H]$ is itself a handler context, which we shall write as ${{{{{{\mathcal{H}}}}}}}_1[-]$ for compatibility with our earlier convention. So writing $S_1$ for ${{{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}}[\mathbf{return}\;W]$ , we have arrived at and we shall again designate this occurrence of $S_1$ as an active reduct of the original S. For the purpose of tracking the fate of the original subterm S, it will also be convenient to say that ${{{{{{\langle S \mid \Xi \rangle}}}}}}$ gives rise in this context to a pseudo-reduction sequence in which all steps but the last are genuine reductions, but the step flagged by ${{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}}^!$ is considered as a 'pseudo-reduction' (note that this step has a seemingly 'non-deterministic' character in that it depends crucially on information from outside ${{{{{{\langle {{{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}}[\mathbf{do}\;\ell\,V] \mid \Xi' \rangle}}}}}}$ ). The point is simply to have a way of saying how the evaluation of ${{{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}}[\mathbf{do}\;\ell\,V]$ continues after being temporarily suspended by a switch to another thread of control. We may now repeat exactly the same procedure starting from ${{{{{{\langle {{{{{{\mathcal{H}}}}}}}_1[S_1] \mid \Xi_1 \rangle}}}}}}$ , potentially yielding further (active and dormant) reducts of the original S: In this way, we obtain an extended pseudo-reduction sequence for S, consisting of ordinary reduction sequences interspersed with pseudo-reductions of the above kind, jumping straight from some ${{{{{{\langle {{{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}}_i[\mathbf{do}\;\ell_i\,V_i] \mid \Xi_i \rangle}}}}}}$ to the corresponding ${{{{{{\langle {{{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}}_i[\mathbf{return}\;W_i] \mid \Xi_{i+1} \rangle}}}}}}$ . This pseudo-reduction sequence may continue forever, or it may be absolutely blocked, or it may end with a dormant reduct in a resumption environment entry that is never subsequently activated, or it may terminate in some ${{{{{{\langle \mathbf{return}\;V \mid \Xi'_i \rangle}}}}}}$ where V is a value. In the last case, we say the evaluation of the original S completes (in the context of ${{{{{{\langle {{{{{{\mathcal{H}}}}}}}[S] \mid \Xi \rangle}}}}}}$ ). It is thanks to Lemma 2 that the evaluation behaviour of S may be represented in this way by a single linear reduction sequence rather than by a branching tree. The notion of pseudo-reduction sequence thus allows us to reason about subterm evaluations much as in the familiar setting, rendering the thread-switching machinery largely transparent, its only trace being in the 'non-deterministic' character of the pseudo-reduction steps. It is also clear that the notions of ancestor and descendant make sense for subterms appearing within pseudo-reduction sequences, providing one considers configurations ${{{{{{\langle S \mid \Xi \rangle}}}}}}$ as a whole: a subterm within the main term may have descendants within the resumption environment, and vice versa. For a pseudo-reduction step ${{{{{{\langle S \mid \Xi \rangle}}}}}} {{{{{{\leadsto}}}}}}^! {{{{{{\langle S' \mid \Xi' \rangle}}}}}}$ , we say a subterm of the right-hand side is a descendant of one on the left iff it is a descendant with respect to the genuine reduction sequence that witnesses this pseudo-step. 10.3 Application to generic count We now apply the above notions to the analysis of generic counting in ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ , obtaining a lower bound analogous to that of Theorem 3 for ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ . Proceeding as in Section 8, we fix $n \in {{{{{{\mathbb{N}}}}}}}$ , and suppose that K is some program of ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ that correctly counts all canonical n-standard predicates P (noting that all such predicates are actually terms from our base language ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ ). Once again, focusing on this restricted class of predicates will greatly simplify our task, while still giving all we need for a worst-case lower bound. We recall here that we are thinking of ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ as included in ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ via the intuitionistic encoding $(-)^\star$ defined in Section 9. Since our intention is that our lower bound for ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ should generalise the one for ${\lambda_{\textrm{b}}}$ , this means that the types Point and Predicate appear within ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ as Formally, then, we will be considering the reduction behaviour of ${{{{{{\langle K\,(!P) \mid \emptyset \rangle}}}}}}$ , where $P:\mathrm{Predicate}$ is the $\star$ -translation of a canonical n-standard predicate, K is a generic count program of ${{{{{{\lambda_{\textrm{a}}}}}}}}$ assumed to count all such predicates correctly. (We may assume without loss of generality that K is a closed term.) By hypothesis, this reduction will terminate in some ${{{{{{\langle \mathbf{return}\;k \mid \Xi_{end} \rangle}}}}}}$ where k is a numeral. By an application of P, we shall mean an occurrence of a term $P\,Q$ in evaluation position in some reduct of ${{{{{{\langle K\,(!P) \mid \emptyset \rangle}}}}}}$ (so that
Monkey apple Scientific name: Posoqueria latifolia Medicinal use: Out of stock Related products Lilli pilli Fruit orchard ₡2,550.00 Add to cartLilli pilli SKU: 1305 Category: Fruit orchardScientific name: Syzygium luehmannii Family: Myrtaceae Origin: New Guinea and Australia Medicinal use: Syzygium luehmannii, also known as riberry, small-leaved pilly lilly, satinash cherry, alder cherry. The tree can reach up to 30 meters in height in the forest, the berry has an acid taste similar to that of the blueberry, which has a hint of cloves. The fruit is commonly used to make a distinctive jam, and is also used in sauces, syrups, and jams. 29 in stock Out of Stock Palm, Acai Fruit orchard ₡6,300.00 Read morePalm, Acai SKU: 1520 Category: Fruit orchardScientific name: Euterpe oleracea Family: Arecaceae Origin: S America Medicinal use: The date palm appreciated for the nutritional properties of its fruit. Its consumption dates from pre-Columbian times and it is a very important food in the Amazonian diet. The fruit of this palm tree is edible and is consumed in the form of drinks, sweets, and ice cream. For every 100 g, the pulp of the fruit contains 8.1 g of protein; 52.2 g of carbohydrates (including 44.2 g of fiber). Out of stock Fruit orchard ₡6,300.00 Add to cartLychee SKU: 1247 Category: Fruit orchardScientific name: Litchi chinensis Family: Sapindaceae Origin: China and Vietnam Medicinal use: Lychee or litchi is a tropical fruit that is known as an "excellent source of sugar, protein, fiber, vitamins, calcium, potassium, phosphorus and magnesium. The fruit is an ovoid, heart-shaped, or nearly round drupe about 2.5 cm in diameter or larger. The interior is formed by a translucent white juicy pulp, with a sweet and fragrant flavor. It is grown in some places as a melliferous tree, for its fruit rich in minerals (calcium and phosphorus), Vitamin C, A, B1 and B2. 24 in stock Fruit orchard ₡2,550.00 Add to cartPapaya SKU: 1536 Category: Fruit orchardScientific name: Carica papaya Family: Caricaceae Origin: Mexico and C America Medicinal use: Carica papaya is a very rich shrubby fruit of the genus Carica in the family Caricaceae. Its fruit is commonly known as papaya, papayón, olocotón, papayo, mamón, milky or milky. The fruits have a smooth texture and an oblong shape, and can be green, yellow, orange or pink. The fruit is usually consumed raw, without its peel and its seeds. The unripe green papaya fruit can be eaten in salads and stews. 24 in stock
Did you know that rhyming helps babies and children learn about words, sounds and language formation? Both rhyme and rhythm help kids hear the sounds and syllables in words, which helps kids learn to read! Earl the Squirrel and Tim the Gecko are best friends living in a tree by the bay. Tim is happy roaming the woods with his best friend, except for one thing…when he shouts his name, he gets no reply. Find out what happens on one of their hikes into the woods and what Tim ultimately learns about communication and friendship.
Children have an innate fascination with construction toys. Whether building blocks or educational toys, these toys captivate their attention and spark their creativity. But what is it about construction toys that makes them so appealing? In this blog post, we will explore the reasons behind children's love for construction toys and the benefits they offer. Exploring the Fascination: Children are natural builders and creators. From early childhood, they have a deep-seated urge to build and construct. Construction toys provide an outlet for this desire, allowing children to bring their ideas to life. The building process gives them a sense of accomplishment and empowers them to create their own little world. In addition, construction toys offer a sensory experience that is hard to replicate with other types of play. The tactile satisfaction of connecting pieces, stacking blocks, and manipulating shapes engages their senses and strengthens their hand-eye coordination. Benefits of Construction Toys: While construction toys may seem like mere sources of entertainment, they offer children a wealth of developmental benefits. Building with construction toys helps improve fine motor skills as children manipulate and maneuver small pieces with precision. This fine-tuning of their hand movements prepares them for tasks like writing, tying shoelaces, and buttoning clothes. Furthermore, construction play fosters problem-solving and critical thinking skills. As children experiment with different ways to connect pieces and build structures, they learn to analyze, evaluate, and make decisions. This type of play cultivates their ability to think creatively and find innovative solutions to challenges. The Role of Creativity: Construction toys are also a gateway to imaginative play. They are a blank canvas for children to create their own stories and scenarios. Whether building a fortress, a spaceship, or a castle, construction play encourages children to think outside the box and explore their imagination. This type of play enhances their storytelling skills and nurtures their ability to think in abstract terms. Moreover, construction toys promote spatial reasoning and cognitive development. As children arrange blocks and pieces in different configurations, they develop an understanding of shapes, sizes, and proportions. This spatial awareness lays the foundation for subjects like mathematics and engineering later in their academic journey. Why Kids Are Drawn to Construction Toys: One reason children are drawn to construction toys is the appeal of miniature versions of real-life objects and structures. From skyscrapers and cars to trains and furniture, these toys allow children to mimic the actions of their real-world counterparts. This role-playing enhances their sense of ownership and empowers them to control their environment. Furthermore, construction play provides a sense of accomplishment and pride. Building structures and creating something tangible gives children a sense of achievement, boosting their self-confidence and self-esteem. Learn Through Play: Construction toys offer more than just entertainment; they provide valuable educational opportunities. Many construction toys incorporate and introduce science, technology, engineering, and mathematics concepts. Through hands-on play, children can better understand basic engineering principles, problem-solving techniques, and logical reasoning. Additionally, construction play encourages open-ended play and experimentation. There are no right or wrong ways to build with construction toys, allowing children to explore their creativity and test their ideas. This freedom to play and experiment fosters a love for learning and a willingness to take risks. Parental Involvement and Encouragement: Parents play a crucial role in fueling their child's love for construction toys. By engaging in construction play with their children, parents can provide guidance, encouragement, and a supportive environment for exploration. Working together on building projects fosters bonding, communication, and problem-solving skills. Parents can also enhance the learning experience by asking open-ended questions, encouraging creative thinking, and providing opportunities for hands-on exploration. By actively participating in construction play, parents can maximize the developmental benefits and create lasting memories with their children. Why Children Love Sakara? Sakara is not just a toy, it's an educational tool that provides children with endless opportunities to enhance their cognitive skills, sensory skills, motor skills and concentration. With a unique M-DIM technology, Sakara offers the ability to create various complex structures by connecting in 105 different ways. As children build with Sakara, they learn to think creatively, experiment, and take on challenges. Sakara's 3D Building Blocks also promote social and emotional development by presenting opportunities to work collaboratively, share, and take turns. Children get to explore symbolic and pretend play, and this activity calms and relaxes them. As parents, you'll appreciate Sakara's multi-dimensional approach that provides over 10,000 hours of fun and togetherness with your child while helping develop essential life skills. So, take the first step towards engaging, fun, and imaginative learning with us and encourage your child to become the architect of their creativity! Construction toys have an undeniable allure for children, igniting their passion for building, creating, and learning. From honing fine motor skills and problem-solving abilities to nurturing creativity and imagination, these toys provide a diverse array of benefits. As parents and caregivers, it's important to embrace and encourage their love for construction toys, creating a foundation for their future growth and development. So, let's fuel their imagination, celebrate their creations, and watch as they build a world of possibilities, one block at a time.
Hypovitaminosis D during infancy is associated with the development of chronic diseases and poor health later in life. While the effect of environmental factors on vitamin D concentration has been extensively explored, this study aimed to explore the effect of genetic factors on vitamin D concentration among Chinese infants. We conducted a multi-centre cross-sectional study in Hong Kong from July 2019 to May 2021. A candidate genetic approach was adopted to study four selected genetic variants of the vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) (rs4588, rs7041, rs2282679 and rs2228570) to examine their associations with measured serum 25(OH)D concentration. A total of 378 Chinese infants aged 2–12 months were recruited in this study. Peripheral blood samples were collected from the infants to measure serum 25(OH)D concentration and extract DNA. Results showed that rs7041T and rs2282679C were significantly associated with lower serum 25(OH)D concentration. Further analysis of the DBP variants revealed that the GC1F allele was significantly associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration and identified as the risk DBP isoform in infants. While our results revealed that there is no direct association between VDR-FokI genotype and serum 25(OH)D concentration, a VDR-FokI genotype-specific pattern was observed in the association between DBP isoforms and serum 25(OH)D concentration. Specifically, significant associations were observed in the DBP genotypes GC1F/F, GC1F/2 and GC1S/2 among VDR-FokI TT/TC carriers, but not in VDR-FokI CC carriers. Our findings lay down the basis for the potential of genetic screening to identify high risk of hypovitaminosis D in Chinese infants. Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Original language \| English \| Pages (from-to) \| 63-72 \| Journal \| Nutrition Bulletin \| Volume \| 49 \| Issue number \| 1 \| Early online date \| Dec 2023 \| DOIs \| \| Publication status \| Published - Mar 2024 \| Tsang, H. W., Tung, K. T. S., Wong, R. S., Wong, S. Y., Tung, J. Y. L., Chua, G. T., Ho, M. H. K., Pang, C. P., Wong, W. H. S., Chan, G. C. F., Wong, I. C. K., & Ip, P. (2024). Association of vitamin D-binding protein polymorphisms and serum 25(OH)D concentration varies among Chinese healthy infants of different VDR-FokI genotypes: A multi-centre cross-sectional study. Nutrition Bulletin, 49(1), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/nbu.12656Keywords - Chinese - GC gene - Infants - VDR gene - Vitamin D-binding protein
- long face - noun : a facial expression of sadness or melancholy usually affected or exaggerated go around with a long face feeling sorry for yourself — Gregor Felsen * * * an unhappy or gloomy expression: He's been walking around with a long face ever since he failed the examination.[1780-90]* * * long face nounA dismal expression• • •Main Entry: ↑long* * * a sad, disappointed, or serious expression on someone's faceThere were some long faces in the hall when the results were read out. Thesaurus: facial expressionshyponym* * * long face,a sad or unhappy expression: »"You people always skate out on ice with long faces, ready to lose" (New Yorker). * * * n. an unhappy or disappointed expressionDerivatives:long-faced adj. Useful english dictionary. 2012.
Bachelor in International Business 4 Years Full time 08 Dec 2024* Request earliest startdate * February intake: If you arrange accommodation yourself: Dutch and EU students 15th January; Non-EU 15th November ** Statutory tuition fees Full-time\| Statutory tuition fees Part-time- € 2.130 At IB, students work in both the classroom setting with case studies, workshops, assignments, and exams, and in team projects of 4 to 8 students supervised by a project coach. For their projects, students learn to analyze problems, gather information, use this information in solving problems, and consult real companies. Several skills will be developed, including applying research, problem-solving, and consultancy abilities in real-life situations. In years 3 and 4, students further deepen their knowledge through internships, a minor and a choice of elective subjects. With this variety of approaches, the program strengthens teamwork as well as individual development. Why International Business - The course focuses on both practical and theoretical knowledge. - You will be paired with a personal and professional development coach to support you during your study - You will be immersed in an international environment. Year 1 The first semester of the International Business study programme is called 'Soft Landing' and introduces you to both the programme and student life. During the first year, the subjects taught include: - Business Communications: Focus on writing and reading in an intercultural environment. You will do a variety of different assignments which focus on how to structure a report. - Macro Economics: Examines the external environment of an organisation, by focussing on the economic environment, as well as the political, social and technical factors and their effect. - Micro Economics: Covers the basics of management and the function of marketing in an international organisation. - Intercultural Proficiency: This helps you to recognize what influence culture has on one's (professional) behaviour and that of others. How do culture influences human thought, feeling, and behaviour? - Business Research: Get in your role as an International Business Manager. Research skills are essential, and research planning, execution and analysis are topics considered to be very important within the IB Bachelor, and we start immediately with these in semester 1. - Finance & Accounting: This offers a basic foundation on financial topics, where the main emphasis will be on understanding financial statements. Law & Ethics: Teach you how to identify and apply basic elements of law and ethics related to international business. In addition you will be able to recognize, analyze and reflect on ethical dilemmas in an international business context. - Business Proces Management: in this module the lecturers will make you acquainted with an aspect of business that will be new to most of you, namely the ability to understand and explain Operations, Supply Chain, Logistics and Human Resource Management (HRM) of a company. - Actionable Market Intelligence: Focus on how to conduct commercial market intelligence research by defining a concrete business goal, identifying sources by conducting desk research, and reporting at a consultancy level actionable strategic insights to a client. Apart from the subjects above there are several assignments and group projects. These are present in every period throughout the 4 years. You are expected to apply the theoretical learnings from the classroom and develop tangible skills such as project management, time management, leadership, adaptability in working with people with different backgrounds and communication. You'll be supported by study assistants – International Business students from higher years – who offer study sessions and personal contact. Year 2 During year 2 of your study programme, you'll deepen your knowledge of the foundations of business. More classes are taught on Marketing, Business Process Management, Law and Ethics, Finance and Accounting and Business Research. In addition tothese compulsory subjects, you have the opportunity to choose an elective subject. On top of the regular programme, it is possible to apply for the Honours Programme at the end of year 1. If you are selected, you will follow an individually tailored programme at the Talent Academy. The Honours Programme starts in year 2 and continues through year 4. Year 3 Year 3 consists of the minor (6 months) and an internship in an international company (6 months). You're free to choose which component you complete first. You also have total freedom in choosing the country in which to follow the minor and undertake your work placement. In other words, if you wish, you could spend the entire year abroad! The minor allows you to acquire knowledge in a different field from your major. You can complete the minor at Fontys, at one of our partner universities in the Netherlands, or at one of our 125 partner universities across the world. You'll complete a work placement in a company or industry of your choice. As an upcoming professional, applying for the placement allows you to practice job application skills. During this placement, you'll deepen your knowledge of the real world of business. Year 4 In semester 7, you prepare for your graduation. Subjects include crafting a business proposal and ethics. You're also expected to pick a specialisation from Marketing and Sales, Finance and Accounting, or Business Processes. The final semester involves a second internship, where you'll work on a practical problem within a company. This starts by researching practical problems and is completed with a report of your recommendation for the company. Having concluded this final part of the study programme, you'll receive the internationally recognised degree Bachelor of Business Administration. Year 1 In both semesters you will have courses such as organizations & people, effective communications and languages. You will also work on two interesting projects where you will conduct market research and analyse your company. Year 2 After the propaedeutic year, you will deepen your knowledge in the second year. You will have courses that are more focused on your future job as an international manager. You will also apply the theory learned in practice. In Venlo, you can set up your own company in the 'Start-Up Factory'. Year 3 Year 3 consists of the minor (6 months) and an internship in an international company (6 months). You're free to choose which component you complete first. You also have total freedom in choosing the country in which to follow the minor and undertake your work placement. In other words, if you wish, you could spend the entire year abroad! The minor allows you to acquire knowledge in a different field from your major. You can complete the minor at Fontys, at one of our partner universities in the Netherlands, or at one of our 125 partner universities across the world. You'll complete a work placement in a company or industry of your choice. As an upcoming professional, applying for the placement allows you to practice job application skills. During this placement, you'll deepen your knowledge of the real world of business. Year 4 In the fourth year of International Business in Venlo you can choose two specialisation courses, for example consumer behaviour, leadership and coaching and business psychology. You will graduate in the last semester. This can be done at a company from our own Fontys Venlo database or at a company of your own choice. In your graduation assignment, you will show what you have learned over the past four years through a concluding assignment. Program Outcome What are you going to learn During the program, you will consider all aspects of international business. In particular, you will learn skills that are highly relevant for your future career. The study program aims to prepare you for a management position within an international business environment. - Experience: good mix between projects, lessons, and practice - Skills: communicating, presenting, researching, collaborating - Subjects Eindhoven: e-marketing, economics, law, statistics, management, international law, ethics - Subjects Venlo: marketing analysis, accounting & finance, HR & strategy, supply chain, effective communication, business intelligence Scholarships and Funding Some Fontys study program offer the Holland Scholarship to their students. You might also be eligible for other scholarships not provided by Fontys. Career Opportunities As an International Business graduate, you have excellent opportunities in internationally operating companies. These can be multinationals or international companies in any exciting place in the world. The program has a broad scope, offering you a wide range of professional perspectives. Our alumni work in different fields: - Business and Management - International Marketing - Sales - Global Product Management - Operations Management
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