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correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
1
| 59
|
https://libraries.uark.edu/specialcollections/fulbrightdirectories/1988%2520-%25201989.pdf
|
en
|
University of Arkansas Libraries
|
[
"https://includes.uark.edu/assets/ua-logo-horz.svg",
"https://libraries.uark.edu/libimages/holland-house-library-404.jpg",
"https://www.uark.edu/_resources/img/map.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"University of Arkansas Libraries",
"UA Library",
"UA Fayetteville",
"University of Arkansas Fayetteville",
"U of A"
] | null |
[] | null |
en
|
/apple-touch-icon-72x72-precomposed.png
| null |
404 Page not found.
Search libraries.uark.edu
You might try the search box above, or our A-Z site index.
|
||||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
0
| 49
|
https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A16053.0001.001/1:38%3Frgn%3Ddiv1%3Bview%3Dfulltext
|
en
|
The rogue: or The life of Guzman de Alfarache. VVritten in Spanish by Matheo Aleman, seruant to his Catholike Maiestie, and borne in Seuill
|
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[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
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THE ROGVE: OR, THE SECOND PART OF THE LIFE OF GUZMAN DE ALFARACHE. THE SECOND BOOKE. (Book 2)
Wherein Guzman de Alfarache, treateth of that which befell him in Italie, till he returned into Spaine. (Book 2)
CHAPTER I.
Guzman de Alfarache, leaues Siena, and goes for Florence. He meets with Saya∣vedra, whom he takes into his seruice. And before he comes to Florence, he re∣counts vnto him on the way, many admirable things concerning that 〈◊〉〈◊〉. And when he was arriued there, he shewes him all, that was worth the seeing.
PHOCION (a famous Philosopher in his time) was so poore, that though he tooke a great deale of paines, he could hardly get wherewith∣all to hold life and soule together. Whereupon, as oft as any in the presence of Dionysius the Ty∣rant, and his mortall enemie, made mention ei∣ther of himselfe, or of the manner and course of his life, he made a scoffe and a iest both at it, and him, flouting at his pouertie, and deriding his miserie, thinking with himselfe, that he could not doe him any greater disgrace, nor in∣iure him more, then to mocke at the meannesse of his fortunes. As if he would haue inferred thereupon, that if he had beene a man of that great learning, as the world held him to be, he might therewith haue gained bread to put in his mouth, and not needed to liue in that want, as now he did.
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When this came to the Philosophers eare, he was not only not grieued thereat, but laughing at this his follie, he answered him, that reported this vnto him; It is true sir, that Dionysius sayes of me, in terming me poore, for I am truly so; but, I must tell you withall, that he is much poorer, then my selfe, and hath a great deale more reason to be asham'd of himselfe, if he shall but consider his owne wretched estate and condition. For though I lacke mo∣ney, I want not friends: I abound in the more, and faile in the lesse. But as for him, though he be rich in money, he is poore of friends. For I know not any one that he hath. This Philosopher could not satisfie himselfe better, nor with a righter or fuller blow hit out his eyes, then by stiling him, hominem sine ami∣cis; A man, that had not so much as one friend in the world, that he could truly say, was his friend. And albeit, it oftentimes so falleth out, that they are purchased with money, and that this is a principall meanes to winne and wedge them vnto vs, yet this Tyrant had neuer yet the wit either to get or keepe them. And it is no wonder, that he should, of all other, want them. For he, that sayes friend, sayes (in that one word) Goodnesse, and Vertue; compre∣hending in that all the good, that speech, or thought, can reach vnto. Who∣soeuer therefore shall desire to conserue friendship, and to continue in his friends loue, and that the bond of amitie be not broken betweene them, must haue a care, that his workes correspond with his words. But Dionysius, being tyrannie it selfe, and of too ill a digestion to keepe friendship long, and his con∣uersation being worse then his concoction; and for that friends are not so much gotten out of the greatnesse of our fortune, as our vertue; wanting that, he wanted them.
For mine owne part, euer since I had the vse of reason, and knew what dis∣cretion was, I made it my chiefest studie, to get me friends, though at neuer so deare a rate, thinking no cost too much, to purchase so great a treasure. They seeming vnto me (as indeed they are) our greatest helps and comfort, as well in prosperous, as a duerse fortune. Who doth enioy the content of contents, but he that hath true friends? What doth so much lengthen and preserue our peace, our life, our honour, and our wealth, as to see our friends to ioy with vs in our prosperitie? And in aduersitie, from whom, but from them, can we finde any refuge, kindnesse, comfort, helpe, and a fellow-feeling of our miseries, as if they were their owne? A wise man, ought to want all whatsoeuer goods, ra∣ther then good friends. For they are better then our neerest kinsmen, or our owne naturall brothers.
Of the qualities, and conditions of friendship, many haue spoken much (and one day, God willing, we shall say something thereof:) but in my opi∣nion, where friendship is professed, there must be all true and plaine dealing, and such a faire and euen cariage, that it neither leane to alteration, nor giue any offence, nor cause any trouble, nor to aduenture (through our rasn and inconsiderate actions) the loosing of a friend. Two friends ought so to loue one another, as each of them doth seuerally loue himselfe. For that I, and my friend, are as it were all one. And as you see, how quick-siluer dealeth with gold, how close it adheres vnto it, how it workes it selfe into the very entrailes and bowels of it, and being two diuers mettals, are so incorporated, that they become but one masse or lumpe, nothing in the world being able to sunder and diuide them but the pure fire of the furnace, wherein the quick-siluer is consu∣med: So a true friend, who is now become another mans selfe, and by an in∣termixture of their hearts and mindes made as it were one selfe-same thing, no∣thing ought, nor can indeed dissolue this vnion, but death, which is the Chry∣soll, wherein we must at last be all melted one after another.
Man ought to make the same choise of their friends, as they doe of good bookes. For their happinesse consists not neither in the greatnesse of their number, nor the curiousnesse of their binding, but rather to haue a few, and
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those good and approued Authors. For oftentimes, it so falleth out, that many friends are rather a hinderance, then a helpe to true friendship: For he is a friend to none, that is a friend to all. Nor are we to choose a friend for our en∣tertainment only, and merrily to spend the time withall, but to make choise of such a one, as may benefit both our soule, and our bodie: one that without re∣spect of humane interest, will aduise him to obserue the diuine precepts. Not only to represent them vnto him, but to speake to the purpose, to admonish him to the obseruation of them, and to instruct him in the true knowledge of them. And if he be called a true friend, who meerely out of friendship, tells his friend the naked truth without masking or disguising it, not as to a third per∣son, but as to one, that is properly his owne, and as freely as if he should treat of any thing belonging to himselfe, or that he himselfe would desire, his friend should say the same to him, on the same occasion, of which sort of friends, that carry that sinceritie and plainenesse with them, few are now a dayes to be found, in whom a man may haue that assured confidence, and entire satisfaction.
Then questionlesse (and that with very good reason) a good booke is a good friend; nay I dare boldly say, there cannot be a better. For from thence, we may draw that vtile & necessarium, that good and necessarie counsell, which we stand in need of, without incurring the shame, of that vaine and idle hu∣mour, which is too common now a dayes, to be rather content to continue still in ignorance, then by asking the question, to seeme to doubt of any thing. But to bookes, we may boldly put the question, and neuer need to be afraid, that they will bewray our ignorance: And besides, we shall receiue this satisfaction from them, that they will faithfully, without flatterie, deliuer vs their opinion. And this one aduantage (and it is a notable one) bookes haue of friends: That our friends, dare not alwayes tell vs what they thinke, and know; for feare of particular interest, or out of tendernesse to offend (as we shall by and by briefly tell you) their friends. So soft a hand hath Loue, when it comes to touch, where it loues. Whereas on the contrary, the counsell that is giuen thee in bookes, is downe-right and plaine, and stands before thee starke-naked, as be∣stript of all manner of vice. And therefore (these things considered) it hath euer beene held one of the hardest and difficultest things in the world, to finde out a true and faithfull friend.
Of which sort, many are spoken of in ancient stories, and we finde a great number of them recorded of olde, and painted forth vnto vs in your feigned fables; but that there either now are, or haue beene such heretofore as are there decyphered vnto vs, I doubt it very much, at least I am fully perswaded, they were very rare and few. One only friend haue I found to be true, and is of the same nature and condition, as we are. And this friend of ours, is the best, the bountifullest, the truest, and the faithfullest of all other; for this is neuer wanting to it's friend, but continues firme and constant for euer, nor is at any time weary of giuing: And this good friend of ours, (that I may not hold you any longer in suspence) is the Earth.
This affords vs pretious stones, gold, siluer, and diuers other mettals, where∣of we stand in need, and so earnestly thirst after. It bringeth forth grasse, and all sorts of herbes, wherewith are not only fed our flocks of sheepe, our cattell, and other beasts for the vse and seruice of man, but those medicinable simples, which conserue our health, free vs from diseases, and if we fall into sicknesse, set vs vpright againe, preseruing this life of ours, in a sound and perfect state of health. It yeeldeth vs all sorts of fruits, that are either sauourie to the taste, or nourishable to the bodie. It giues vs wooll, and flax, and by consequence, all kinde of wouen stuffes, wherewith we cloath, and adorne, this naked flesh of ours. It opens its owne veines of its owne accord, whilest from its f•…•…ll brests, sprout forth those sweet and delicate waters, which we drinke; those brookes
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and riuers, which get the fields with childe, and make them fruitfull, and not only that, but doth facilitate commerce, and make an easie way for trafficke, bringing the strangest and remotest parts of the world to shake hands, and to communicate their commodities one with another, and to liue in a league of loue and friendship together. Nay more, it is so good, and so sweet a friend, that it suffereth, and willingly consenteth to all that we will our selues. Be shee well or ill vsed by vs, all is one to her, so as we be pleased. Shee is like a sheepe, from whom you shall heare no other language, but Omnia bene: All is well. Leade her forth to feed, or bring her to the waters to drinke; shut, and penne her vp, or let her loose; take her lambkin from her, her milke, her wooll, nay her very life, to all shee alwayes answers bien: all is well. And all that bien, or good that we haue on earth, the Earth giues it vs. And for an vpshot of all, when we are now dead, and lye stinking aboue ground, when there is neither wife, father, sonne, kinsman, nor friend, that will abide and endure our compa∣nie any longer, but doe all of them vtterly forsake vs, and flie from vs; then, euen then, doth not shee refuse vs, but huggs vs, and makes much of vs, and opening her owne wombe, takes vs in vnto her, where we quietly lye, as it were in deposito, till shee render afterwards a faithfull account of what shee hath receiued, and deliuers vs vp to a new and eternall life. And amongst many her other excellencies, one of the worthiest things in her, and deseruing most com∣mendation, is; That shee doing so much for vs, as shee doth, and that so con∣tinually and without ceasing, being so generous, and so franke-hearted, that shee is neuer tyred out, neuer growes weary, yet doth shee not looke for any requitall, shee neither askes, nor expects any returne of kindnesse, nor doth shee talke and tell of it, nortwit thee in the teeth with it; which some kinde of friends, more vsually, then commendably, doe.
Amongst so many friends, as I had, and did daily conuerse withall, I found very few, who had not an eye to the north-starre of their owne proper interest, and shap't their course by the Compasse of their owne priuate ends; hauing only a desire to deceiue, not hauing any respect at all to the friendship they pro∣fest, being devoide of all loue, truth, and shame: I was of an easie and tractable nature, my condition was facile and •…•…pt to be mis-led, their tongue was all ho∣nie, but their heart was very gall it selfe: whose bitternesse, I had too often tasted to my cost.
Considering therefore the falshood that now adayes is vsed in friendship, and mens craftie and subtle cariage, we are not so much to wonder that we are; as, that we are not deceiued. For I finde them, as liberall in promising, as nig∣gardly in performing; as facile in their words, as difficile in their deeds. There are now no more Pilades, nor Orestes; they are dead and gone; and with them, almost the remembrance, that there were euer any such kinde of men. I only speake this for my Pompeyos sake; whom I therfore condemne the more, for that I lou'd him more then any other, and tooke him to be my especiall friend. For, most of my friends, I gained by my words, but this man, I presum'd I had pur∣chast by my deeds. When I was in my prosperitie, I had many friends, all men did desire my loue, made much of me, feasted me, and did offer their seruice vnto me: But my moneys failing, they also failed; so that their friendship, and my money had an end at once.
And as there is no misfortune, that toucheth vs so neere, as to call to minde the happy estate, wherein heretofore we did liue; so there is not any sorrow, that equals that, of being forsaken by those friends, whose loue and friendship we did euer desire to conserue. That little wealth that I had, was stolne from me, which was my vndoing. I continued some dayes (though but a few) in my friends house, how beit he thought them too many; in which short time, he fell off from me by degrees, by a little and a little vnwedging himselfe from me, and vnloosing those knots, which had knit vs in friendship together;
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finding at last, that I had but a slipperie eele in my hand, who when I thought I had surest hold of him, slipt when he saw his time from me, leauing my hand empty. He was a Cordouese, in the freenesse of his offers; and would say vnto me after that we had dined; Sir, is there any thing else, that you would be pleased to command? If there be, I pray Sir make as bold of any thing this house affords, as if it were your owne. But these were but generall words, and matter of complement; for he went not vpon certainties, nor promised me any thing, that I might trust vnto, but did rather seeme to proffer this his kind∣nesse doubtfully and fearefully, lest I might chance to take him at his word. And that little curtesie, which he shewed me, was not so much out of any hearty good will, that he had to doe it, as for feare lest I should seeke to recouer my lost goods of him, by course ofLaw.
I read his thoughts in his lookes: And as mine were alwayes noble, so on the contrary, his were base and vile. And as oft as he spake of my losse, if he vsed any complement with me, it was all dissimulation, and counterset stuffe. Well, whatsoeuer it were, either better or worse, I was much offended at it, and thought that he did me therein a great deale of wrong, and did seriously risent this his double dealing, and these faire but false showes of his loue. But he, on the other side, did as earnestly persist in the pursuit of his simulations, as if he had meant nothing lesse, then to play vpon me, and abuse me; or as if they had some ground of truth with them: And because I stoutly stood to it, and bore out this businesse as well as I could, that he might not perceiue any de∣iectednesse in me, he tooke heart thereupon, and made sleight of it, as a matter of little, or no importance. For the losse was mine, and not his; and there∣fore he made the lesse reckoning of it.
Wherefore, that I might not giue him farther trouble, perceiuing how much perplexed he was, and how willing to be rid of me, I resolued with my selfe to free him of that feare, and to goe for Florence. I imparted this my pur∣pose vnto him, telling him, that I much desired to see that Citie, for the great commendation, that I had heard of it, and those famous sights that were there to be seene. And because this my determination suted with his desire, he tooke hold on this occasion, relating vnto me many memorable things, worthy my sight, wherewith my will was the more inflamed, and the desire which I had to see it, much increased. But he did not doe this so much, to commend it vnto me, or out of any good desire, that he had, that I should see it, but only that he might see me no more in his house; and for that he is an vnwelcome guest, that is a mans guest against his will. After that I had thus broken my minde vnto him, he began to blow the winde afresh of his kinde vsage of me, that he might oblige me thereby to get me the sooner out of his house, and to depart from thence peaceably and quietly; for he was not a little afraid of me. He then signified vnto me, how sorry he was that I would needs be gone; but vsed no intreaties, nor any the least resistance, to haue me to stay. He deman∣ded of me, when I was minded to begin my iourney, but neuer asked, what I wanted; which he might haue done out of good manners, though he had no meaning to pleasure me. Which proffer, had he made it me, it should not haue beene performed by him so much out of complement and ceremonie, as that he might thereby learne, how long, or how little a while I meant to stay with him, not knowing as yet the houre, when I me•…•…nt to be gone. It is an easie thing, to see; more easie, to speake; but it is a hard thing to fore-see. For all that see, doe not know; and all that speake, doe not doe. And for that he now saw, that he should haue no farther need of me, for that I like a foole, told him ere I was aware, that I was not minded to returne any more to Rome, he began to cast with himselfe, What good can this cocks-combe doe me now? or of what vse and profit will this foole be vnto me hereafter? And so from that time forward, he vsed me accordingly, which was no worse, then
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mine owne indiscretion deserued. Then did I learne to my cost, how a man may come to know a generous and noble minde; which is seene in nothing more then in a thankfull acknowledgment of benefits already receiued.
In this alteration of fortune, there were set before mine eyes a thousand dangers, that I neuer dream't of. But because I had as yet so much spirit left me, as was able to put me forward, I was not vtterly dismaid, nor quite dishartned. I studied to forget that, which I could not helpe; making my meanes, the thinking on my iourney. And because noueltie, and things of a strange na∣ture, doe draw the mindes of men after them, out of the desire that they haue to know them, I made all the haste I could to get me gone from Siena, as well out of this respect, as also that I might leaue Pompeyo well pleased therewith; who, I knew, would neuer thinke himselfe well at ease, till he were well eased of me. For albeit men commonly say to their guests; I pray fall to your meat, and be merry, for I assure you, you are heartily welcome; yet whether you be merry, or not merry, welcome, or not welcome, they thinke you are bound vnto them for a meales meat, and put euery morsell to account, that goes downe thy threat.
This hoggishnesse of his, this his vnciuill cariage, this dissembled care of his, and this his great feare that he had, that I would continue longer with him, did much trouble me. Well, I tooke my leaue of him; and because I was still the same man, as I was wont to be, as also in regard of that loue and friend∣ship, which I truly bore vnto him, at the time of this our departure each from other, I did so grieue thereat, that I was not able to speake a word, no not so much as to bid him, farewell; yet could not this my inward sorrow, draw so much as one teare into his eyes, or to make any the least show of griefe. And so all alone, I set forward on my iourney, but more then well accompanied with a world of melancholy thoughts, nor slightly attended by a multitude of cares, wherewith I was so ouer-laden, that my horse was ready to sinke vnder me, as vnable to beare so great a burthen. And therefore I rode plotting and deuising with my selfe, how I might make them lighter, and so case both my selfe and my horse of them.
I had not gone thus musing many miles, but it was my hap to light on Saya∣vedra, who had left Siena to cumply with his banishment. Whom I no sooner saw, but my kinde heart began to melt, and I could not chuse but take com∣passion of him, and withall I must needs salute him; placing my eyes, not vpon the hurt, which he had done me, but on the harme, from which he once had freed me. Esteeming more of that kindnesse I then receiued from him, then of all that, that he had rob'd me of. And he is a bad pay-master, and doth ill deserue a curtesie, who doth not with aduantage requite a receiued kindnesse. Besides; Liberalitie, supposeth a generous and noble spirit, and is of that high esteeme, for that it is originally descended from heauen, that it is alwayes found in those mindes, that are destinated thereunto. I could not for my life refraine from speaking louingly vnto him, nor he abstaine from receiuing me with teares, which guttring downe his cheekes, dropt downe vpon my feet, as he bowed him-selfe to kisse my stirrop, whereof he taking fast hold, fell downe on his knees, crauing pardon for this his error, humbly and earnestly beseeching me, that I would be pleased to forgiue him; rendring me likewise thanks, that during the time of his imprisonment, I neuer offred to accuse him; excusing himselfe also, that he had not, as soone as he was set at libertie, come to visit me, laying the fault thereof, in his lacke of boldnesse, and the largenesse of his offence. Yet, for to make satisfaction and payment of this his debt, he would become my slaue, and doe me faithfull seruice all the dayes of his life; I, who euer knew him to be a man, that had both a strong braine, and a nimble wit, which d•…•… him rather hurt, then good, because he did not well imploy them; yet, for that these did adapt him, and make him fit for any imployment what∣soeuer,
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I was the more willing to accept of his offer. And so taking him into my seruice, we ioggd on along by little and little like a couple of good fel∣lowes, talking of diuers things on the way.
And albeit I was not ignorant, that he was a notorious theefe, and a notable cunning rogue, yet I held it the lesser inconuenience of the two, to haue a knaue, then a foole, to my man. For foolishnesse did neuer yet but walke hand in hand with wickednesse. And both of them being ioyned together, are suffi∣cient to vndoe not only a priuate house, but a whole Common-wealth. For the simple, or foolish man, cannot keepe counsell, nor knowes when and where to hold his peace; nor the wicked and malitious man, to iudge of things a•…•…ght; and if either of them, vttereth what he thinketh, (for commonly their tongue blabbeth, what their heart conceiueth) scandals, and troubles are already en∣tred within the doores of our house, and like impudent rogues, sticke not to presse into our priuatest roomes, to see what they can get from thence. I thought with my selfe, if I would haue any one to serue me, (good seruants being so few, and so hard to be got) that this would be lesse b•…•…d then any other, because by those his cunning tricks, that he had plaid with me already, he made me the more warie of him, and taught me (•…•…s if I had beene some La∣cedemonian) to throw my beard ouer my shoulder: that is, to haue an eye vnto him, and to be the more circumspect and warie of him, and to take the better heed, looking still behinde me, as those doe that haue enemies, turning their head one while this way, another while that, that they may not be set vpon vn-awares. And therefore knowing him so well as I did, I thought it as good, if not better, to entertaine a knaue that I knew, as a knaue, that I knew not. For I knew well enough, that I must looke narrowly to his water, and watch him at euery turne, wherein I meant not to be negligent: Whereas, in taking of another, that should seeme to beare the face of an honest man, and make show of being faithfull and trustie vnto me, I might haply grow carelesse out of the confidence that I haue in him, and by this my credulitie be coozened of all that I had, and afterwards be left to looke after moone-shine in the water.
As well in this respect, as also for that I had not much now to lose, nor was my condition or qualitie such, that I should stand so nicely vpon these points, I admitted him into my seruice. He askt me (as soone as I had entertained him) which way I meant to take? I told him, I was for Florence, led thither out of a desire that I had to satisfie my longing, by seeing that Citie, whereof I had heard •…•…o much. Whereunto my seruant replied, and said; Sir, whatsoeuer you haue heard thereof, I make no question, when you come there, but your selfe will confesse, report hath beene too short with you. For I assure you, there are so many admirable things therein to be seene, that they cannot suffi∣ciently be commended. For the naked relations of things, that are curious and good indeed, neuer fill the vacuitie and emptinesse of our desires. I haue liued there some time, yet all the while as I remained there, as if I had beene but come that very day to towne, wheresoeuer I went, new things were still offered to my view: and I would neuer with my good will haue left that Towne, if my friends had not forced me from thence.
I began to aske him some questions, touching the foundation of that Citie, and whence it had its first beginning? Sir (said he) seeing we haue day enough before vs, and that we may talke and walke faire and softly, and that the rela∣tion, which I am to make you is but short; I shall, for the better satisfying of vour desire, acquaint you, and that truly, with all those curiosities, that did then offer them-selues vnto my knowledge.
Then did he forth with begin to discourse of those ciuill warres, which were occasioned by Catiline, betweene those of Fiesole, and Florence; the o•…•…er∣throwes, which one while those of the Romane faction receiued, another while their enemie, Bela Totile. How in the time of Pope Leo the third, the Emperor
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Charles the Great, sent a great Armie against the Fiesolani, leauing Florence re∣edified in the hands of the Florentines, till that Pope Clement the seuenth, and the Emperor Charles the fifth recouered the same, for to restore it to its ancient possession, from which the house of the Medics had beene put out. Which suc∣ceeded in the yeere of our Lord, 1529. Euer since which time, the Florentines haue alwaies been gouerned by one sole Prince; which, though it seemed some∣what harsh vnto them at the first, yet now they see their error, and finde now at length how much more quietly they liue vnder the protection of their owne Prince, and with how much more safetie, both of their liues and goods. It is said, that the first Prince, that euer they had, was Alessandro de Medici; who, for his sweetnesse of nature, his magnanimitie, and valour, though violently he lost that principalitie in the very flower of his youth, yet might he justly be termed Alessandro. After him, succeeded, that wise, and worthy Cosimo, great Duke of Tuscanie, whose memoriall, for his heroicall actions, and great ver∣tues, as also for his courteous behauiour, his religion, and good gouernment, shall liue eternally in the mindes of the liuing. This Prince was succeeded by Francesco, who, for that he died without issue, the Crowne came to that fa∣mous Ferdinando his brother, the liuely image, and true picture of his father Cosimo, being as well heire to his Vertues, as his Estate. Who gouerned so wor∣thily, and so wisely, that I doe not know any other, with whom I may equall him, for the loue that his subiects bare him.
If th•…•… relation, he then made me, had beene a little longer, he must of force haue deferr'd it till the next day; but it seemed, that he had measured it out iust with the time: for we were come as neere night, as we were to our Inne•…•… whereinto we went to lodge. And hauing there well rested and refresht our selues, we got vp betimes in the morning, and that we might the sooner get into Florence, we did set the best foot before, and made a little more haste, then otherwise we would haue done. But when we came within sight of it, I was so ouer-ioyed, that I am not able to expresse it, so faire and so beautifull did it a farre of present it selfe vnto me. For though I could not take a full view of it, yet from the one end to the other, and from almost the bottome to the top, I might reasonably well discerne it; and a more pleasing sight, did mine eyes neuer see. I did examine the pleasantnesse of its situation, I beheld the beauty of many great and goodly buildings, the inexpugnable strength of its stately walls, the maiestie, and firmnesse of its high, and well formed Towers. In a word, the whole pile thereof, seemed such vnto me, that I stood amazed at it, and could not (me thought) too much admire it. I would not willingly, haue mou'd out of the place where I stood, nor haue drawne neerer to the Towne, but haue kept my selfe at that very distance; as well, for that mine eye was wonderfull well pleased therewith, as also for that I would not wrong that de∣light, which I now receiued, when I should draw neerer thereunto; if perad∣uenture (as it vsually falleth out with most things) it should lessen it selfe, and fall short of that goodly prospect, which I did here enjoy.
But, when I did consider with my selfe, that all this glorious show, was, but as it were the outward case of it, my iudgement did then begin to instruct me, that the iewels therein contained, must needs be richer, and faire more glori∣ous, as indeed they were. For, when I was entred thereinto, and saw the spa∣tiousnesse of the streets, how streight and leuell they were, how plaine and smooth, paued all with cleane hewen stones of goodly faire marble, and their houses built with beautifull stones, so costly, so curious, so nearly polished, so artificially wrought, and with such a deale of skill and cunning, in the archi∣tecture thereof, I was so confounded, that I could not tell what to thinke of it. For I could not imagine with my selfe, that any other Citie in the world, could haue compar'd with Rome for beauty: But hauing well viewd this, for its bignesse, it goes farre beyond it. For those buildings that are in Rome, the
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best of them are gone to ruine, and few of them left standing; and those that are now remaining, are but meere shadowes, and the very ruines and fragments of those, that were so famous in former times. But Florence, is the flower of the world, all is therein so flourishing, so costly, and so well set forth, that I said vn∣to Sayavedra; Certainly, if the inhabitants of this Citie be as curious in the tricking of their women, as they are in the adorning, and beautifying of their houses, they are vndoubtedly the happiest men in the world. I was so strucken with admiration, that I was desirous to haue dwelt a long time in contempla∣ting and beholding euery particular peece of building; but because night was now growing on, and that the day would not befriend vs any longer, I was faine to retire my selfe to my lodging. And we were not slacke in hastning to our Inne, whither when we were come, we were so neatly and so daintily en∣tertained, that I cannot so much indeare it, as it truly deserueth. Such plenty of prouision, such cleanlinesse in their lodging-chambers, such sweetnesse in their linnen, such diligent attendance, such affable language, and such good vsage, did I neuer meet withall else-where in all my life. I was so taken there∣with, that it made me almost to forget that which I most desired. I slept so soundly that night (thankes to the good bed, that was vnder me) that it see∣med vnto me scarce halfe an houre, since my first lying downe.
When the morning was come, (though with a heart full of sorrow, for that was then my Mount Tabor) I call'd to Sayauedra, to giue me my clothes; and for that he was so well acquainted with that Citie, I will'd him to make him∣selfe ready to goe along with me, that he might show me all, whatsoeuer was of any note, and held (as curiosities) to be worth the seeing. And that first of all he should bring me to the chiefe Church, where hauing heard diuine ser∣uice, and recommended our selues vnto God, all things would prosper after∣wards the better with vs. Thither he led me, and hauing ended our deuotion, I stood like one amaz'd in beholding that most famous Temple and fabricke del Zimborio, which they there call Cupula, which in my opinion, may be better termed Copula, for that it seemed not only to my selfe, but as many as beheld it, that therein was copulated, and ioyned as it were together, all that curious Architecture, which the writings of the best and skilfullest professors, in that profession, either theoricke, or practicke, haue published to the world, so admirable a peece of workmanship, such a deale of greatnesse, strength, and cu∣riositie, (without any wrong or iniurie to any other fabricke of Europe) may iustly challenge the name of the eighth wonder of the world. Let him consider with himselfe, who hath any knowledge in Architecture, it being foure hun∣dred and twenty handfuls high, besides the spire that is on the top of it, what diameter, this Cupula will require; and by this he may come to guesse, what manner of thing it is.
From thence I went to the Annunciata, a Church so called, to see the image, that was painted there vpon the wall, which might more properly be termed Heauen; so admirable a peece of worke, is that picture of the Incar∣nation of the Sonne of God: Insomuch that it is held there for certaine, that it was drawne by one, that was no lesse excellent in his Art, then holy in his life. For, when he had made an end of that which there you see painted, and that there remained no more to be done, but to finish and make vp the face of our blessed Lady the Virgin; being wonderfull timerous and fearefull, much misdoubting and musing with himselfe, whether or no, he should be able to giue it its true life, and to fit it euery way in its age, in truenesse of its colour, its complexion, in its honest and sober countenance, and in the demure and modest posture of its eyes, in this confusion of his, and these his distracted thoughts, not deui∣sing with himselfe, what he were best to doe, he laid himselfe downe a while to sleepe, and awaking anon after, and minding to betake him to his pensill, and to put his hand (by the helpe of God) to the peece of worke, he found it
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made to his hand. And therefore, it needs not our farther commendation, for it being to be presupposed, that it was there miraculously wrought either by Gods owne hand, or some one of his Angels, it can be said to be no lesse, then an Angelicall picture. And for this cause, the rest of that peece being conside∣red, which the Painter made, we may easily conceiue, what kinde of spirit he had, who could finde so much fauour, as to haue the hands of heauen (as if for the time, they had beene bound prentises to his Trade) to helpe him to grinde and mixe his colours, and to make an end of his worke for him.
So many miracles doth it daily worke, such a concourse of people doth con∣tinually flocke thither out of deuotion, and so great are the almes, that are there distributed & giuen to the poore, that I did much wonder, that all the beggars were not wondrous rich; which put me in minde of that poore man, who (as I was told, and you haue heard) made in this Citie, that his famous last Will and Testament, wherein he bequeathed his Asses pack-saddle to the Great Duke; That seeming now vnto me but a little small summe, in comparison of that, which such a one as he, might very well haue gained in that place. And for that it is a knowne truth, Que el hijo de la gata, ratones mata: That the sonne of a Cat, will kill his Rat. Or (as our English Prouerbe hath it) Cat will to his kinde; a thousand, and a thousand times, did I bethinke my selfe of many things that I had done in my younger dayes, and did now as it were plainely perceiue; that if, as I went to Rome, it had beene my good hap to haue lighted in this Citie, what with my roguish tricks, my counterfeit scurffs, leprosies, and fore legs, I might haue come to be a mayorazgo amongst them, and to haue pur∣chased some great Lordship.
I did likewise obserue, that few of these rogues, were curious, and cunning, or that they were their crafts-masters; but were, for the most part, fooles, meere block-heads, and had little or no wit at all, in comparison of those in my time. And when I did perceiue, what poore counterfeits they were, and how sillily they did order their affaires, it was sport alone to me. I tooke a great deale of pleasure in looking on them, and I did secretly wish to my selfe, that I might haue had the opportunitie, to reforme a thousand imperfections, which I pre∣sently saw in them. Who did euer see, that an honest poore beggar, that was a good proficient in his trade, nay, say he were neuer so meanely bred to it, would when he had most, (vnlesse he were a very cocks-combe) haue more then six, or seuen Maranedis, or some such like trifle, and not about, in his hat? nor to haue such a summe of money lie open to the peoples eye, that they may thereby be taught to tell him; you need no more, you haue as much there al∣ready, as will very well serue to supply your wants for this day, and to put bread enough in your belly; and therefore, that he should get him gone, and giue way to other poore folkes, that had more need, then he had? When was it euer knowne, that there was euer seene any beggar, of that poore vnderstan∣ding, though he were but a new beginner, that would beg, hauing a loafe of bread vnder his arme? or to stand, as I saw another, with a tooth-pick in his care? Which I no sooner saw, but I said to my selfe: O thou poore silly theefe, thou traitor to thy profession; Art thou such an Asse, as to let euery man know, that thou hast eaten so much, that there are some remnants yet left be∣hinde in thy teeth? I saw not one amongst them all, that could play his game handsomely, nay scarce know how to set his men in their right place, nor to take their due time for the hitting of a blot; I saw no order, no decorum amongst them; they had no skill in this kinde of musicke; many of them could say their Gammoothe, (and that too they had learned by rote) but knew not how to proue a note; others there were, that had a little paltry skill in plaine-song, but would bawle it out so scuruily and so vntuneably, that no care was able to endure it: And none of all this dunghill crew, that like Chaunti∣cleere, could chaunt it out lustily, descant and diuide at pleasure, and so to
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relish and melt their notes, as to make their hearts to melt that heare them, and to moue them to compassion of them.
There did I spie a young man, one of my old acquaintance, who was now a pretty well-growne man; this was the only beggar (I meane compared with the rest) that knew any thing amongst them. And would to God (thought I) that I might be so happy, as to come once to set my hands, where he had set his heart. For questionlesse, he could not chuse but be rich. He was the sonne of such parents, as were able to leaue him much. His father was a notable cun∣ning rogue, and could his craft wonderfull well. And this his sonne, was euery way like vnto him. He was leane visag'd, lanke bellied, spindle-shank'd, and so alike suted in all the rest, that a man might truly say of him; That, t'was fathers n'owne sonne. But because euery thing hath its time appointed, and takes it course when it comes, and for that the Iustice did not there permit, the ha∣uing of an Academie, for the trayning vp of these fresh men, what through want of exercise, and not trying of conclusions, and putting them in practise, they may now throw away their caps, whilest themselues with their breviaticke Art, may lie wallowing in the durt. I knew him, but he did not know me: He might well say vnto me, Tal•…•…e veo, que no te conosco: The world is so changed with thee, that I doe not know thee. O, what a terrible conflict had I with my selfe, what a shrewd temptation, to goe and speake to him: but I durst not. I said to Sayavedra; Seest thou that poore fellow? That rogue is able to make me rich. He then said vnto me; Why doth he then goe a begging? I told him; When men haue once begun to open their mouthes to craue an almes, and haue shut their eyes to all shame, and bound their hands from all labour, and that their feet are benum'd, and wax stiffe from taking any paines, or care to liue in a lawfull course, their disease is beyond all cure, and there is no remedie to redresse this euill.
The experience whereof I saw in a poore young wench in my time, who comming to Rome poore and sicke, fell a begging for Gods sake. And when shee was well recouer'd of her health, and as strong of her bodie, as any bull, shee still continued her trade of begging. They, whose almes shee craued, told her, it was shame for her to beg, shee was young, and lustie, and was able to serue, and worke for her liuing. Shee answered; that shee was often troubled with a cruell paine and griping of the heart, which when the fitt tooke her, caused her to fall downe to the ground in a swound, beating her feet and her hands against the earth, renting and tearing all that shee could lay hand on, and kick∣ing and spurning at those that came neere her. In this sort, did shee cozen the world a long time, and spent many yeeres in this lewd fashion, till at last one of her owne Countrymen being askt, whether he knew her father, and her mother? Answered, He did; And that they were both dead, and had left her a great deale of wealth. Whereunto (as lawfull Inheretrix) shee laid claime. Whose estate was now such, and so great, that many principall men became Sutors vnto her, and sought to haue her to wife, and some of them exceeding rich (for there is no yron so foule, that it will not be guilded; gold hides and couers all, be it neuer so rustie) shee was penny-white (as we say) and so was married in the end to one of an honest condition, and well to liue, and an hand∣some man withall. But this wife of his, seeing shee was now depriued of her wonted libertie of begging, grew within a little while after desperately sicke, daily withering and wasting away, the Physitians not being able to search into the nature of her disease. And thus shee continued for a good while, till shee be∣came her owne physitian, and cured her selfe, by playing the hypocrite, making solemne profession, that meerely out of humilitie, shee would goe a begging, and eat not any thing, but what should be giuen her of almes, wherewith shee would sustaine this sinfull carkasse of hers. And to this end, would she go vp and downe her house amongst her seruants, first to one, and then to another, crauing
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and begging some thing of them. And because all did giue her almes, and none denie her, that did not fully please her, but did much trouble her; where∣fore, oftentimes, shee would steale vp into a priuate roome that shee had, and there shut her selfe in, where shee had some pictures of certaine great persons, that were fairely hung vp in frames, and euen of these (to satisfie this her ill habit, and to keepe her selfe in vre) would shee likewise demand an almes.
Sayavedra, maruelled much at it; Who brought me from thence, to the outward Court belonging to the Palace; in the midst whereof I might see a braue Prince, mounted vpon a beautifull horse of brasse, so curiously cut to the life, and so well proportioned in euery part, that they both seemed to haue life and motion. My apprehension, could not discerne, and therefore durst not pre∣sume to iudge, which of the two were better, either this, or that at Rome; yet inclined in the end with that short vnderstanding of mine, to giue the praise to that which was there present; not for that it was present, but because it did de∣serue it. I askt of Sayavedra, whose statua that was? He told me, it was the great Dukes, Cosimo de Medici. Of whom I went discoursing vnto you vpon the way. And here, great Ferdinando, his sonne, (who lately was, but is not now aliue) caused it to be set vp to perpetuall memorie. I would needs know out of curiositie, of what height it might be, and not being able to reach thereunto to take the measure of it, I was informed, that from the very bottome to the top, was about some fiftie handfuls high, little more, or lesse. Round about the said place, were many other delicate peeces cast in brasse, and some, of substantiall, yet very fine marble, so artificially wrought, that they did driue the beholders into great admiration; leauing euen the best iudgements in suspense, and stag∣gering those wits most, that were most acute; excepting only such, as had some inckling afore-hand, what manner of things they were.
Afterwards, we visited the Temple of S. Iohn Baptist, as being most worthy our particular remembrance; for I may truly say of it, that there is scarse the like in the world for all in all. Which glorious fabricke, I then learned, was founded in the time of Octauianus Augustus the Emperor, and consecrated to Mars. There did I entertaine my selfe in obseruing its antiquitie, and foun∣dation, wherein I tooke much content; and the more, for that it is reported of it, and receiued by tradition, as also grounded vpon reason, (in regard of its foundation) That it is to last and continue, to the finall consummation and end of the world. Which we may the rather be induced to beleeue, for that neither length of time, nor those continuall warres, accompanied with so many calamities, haue as yet had the power either to deface, or destroy it. All the Citie besides being left desolate and laid leuell with the ground, only this Temple remaining still vntoucht. The bodie of it, consists of eight angles, all spatious, strong, and maruellous beautifull to behold; especially those its three great doores, which are shut vp with six halfe doores, all of brasse, cast in curious molds, and all of one entire peece, wrought with Histories of embossed worke, so daintily handled, so finely raised, and so proportionably equall in euery point, as may well be presumed from the Artizans of that Citie, who beare away the bell from all the rest, in that kinde, that are in the world.
This Temple hath likewise another greatnesse belonging vnto it, which is this; That there being in Florence one and forty Parish Churches, two and twenty Monasteries of Fryars, forty and seuen Nunneries, foure Colledges or Houses for those that are willing to retire themselues from the world, eight and twenty Hospitals, and two bearing the name of IESVS; yet there is no baptisme vsed in any of these, saue only in that of S. Iohn, and in that Church, are all the children of this Citie baptized, from the meanest amongst the com∣mons, to the principall Gentlemen, and the great Dukes owne children. For that time, that we stayed there, we visited all the Churches-one after another, which were of that admirable workmanship, and set forth with such singular
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and rare curiosities, that it is not possible to relate no not the least part thereof, in regard of the muchnesse of them, (the number of them being so infinite,) nor is the vnderstanding capable of apprehending them, much lesse our out∣ward eye. For he that should goe about to make a memoriall of so great a Ma∣china, and such a masse of things, whose admirable parts are so numberlesse, and euery one of them accompanied with sundry peeces of such singular Art, and exquisite workemanship, besides so many excellent pictures, some in tables, and some ingrauen in brasse, and other mettals, had need to make thereof a huge great Volume, and to seeke out some other Chronicler, that shall be bet∣ter able then my selfe, to present these things to the eyes of the Reader, and to giue them their due commendation.
The great Duke, hath a Palace in the Citie, which is called Il Palaggio de Piti; whose excellencies, greatnesses, and curiosities, as well in gardens, as fountaines, mounts, groues, sports for hunting, and goodly roomes, may (with∣out indearing) be truly said to be a princely and royall seat; and such a one, as may compare with any other whatsoeuer in all Europe.
I would not omit to know and see the circuit of this Citie, which contai∣neth in it such store of wealth. And I found it to be much about fiue mile com∣passe: it hath ten great Gates, and one and fifty Towers. The Citie is seated all within the walls, and hath no suburbs adioyning thereunto. Through the midst of it passeth the famous riuer of Arnus, vpon which stand foure most stately bridges, all pau'd with stone, and very strongly built, being large and spatious withall. And all these things, being thus done in perfection; the like perfe∣ction is also to be found in their gouernment, their behauiour, and in the gene∣rall fashion, and cariage of that people. And therefore iustly, and with a great deale •…•…son, is this Citie called Florencia, as being flos florum, the flower of flowers, and as it were the only nose-gay of all Italie. Wherein all things, as in a curious garden, doe flourish ioyntly together, but more particularly these especiall and singular good things; As the liberall Arts, horsemanship, all kinde of learning, militarie discipline, true dealing, faire proceeding, sweet be∣hauiour, plainenesse and sinceritie in their actions, and aboue all I must recom∣mend vnto thee, their loue and kindnesse towards strangers. Shee like a true mother, imbraces them in her bosome, huggs them, makes much of them, and fauours them more, then shee doth her owne children; to whom, in respect of them, shee may be termed a mother in law.
The time, that I stayed there, I came to know the Causes by their Effects: to wit, by knowing the nature and condition of the inhabitants, and the poli∣ticke lawes, by which they were gouerned, and their due obseruation of them, not erring a tittle from them. There they apply themselues truly to know and esteeme euery mans merits, rewarding them with iust and due honours; to the end that all may be incouraged to vertue. And let not Princes thinke it a small glory vnto them, for they ought to acknowledge it for one of the greatest, that can be giuen them, when it is truly said of them, that their noble and renowned actions, doe iumpe and concurre with those of their subiects.
I likewise knew that to be true, which Sayavedra had told me about the fa∣ctions in Court, and the crossing and thwarting one another. I saw somewhat of that, which did exceed in other places, as Enuie, and Flatterie, whereof no Princes Court is free, which alwayes raigne there most, where is desire of s•…•…our, but more especially, when they labour to increase it, and to keepe themselues in grace with their Soueraigne. Which oftentimes turne to the great hurt of both the one and the other. They are fine and witty re∣lators of other mens actions, and subtle Mathematicians, for to delineate and measure out that which other men can doe, and sometime that, which others cannot. But let these things rest, without farther entring into them. For hauing painted forth vnto you, in so great a perfection,
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this illustrious and noble Citie, it is not fit that I should blemish it with so foule a blot, and dash as it were with a cole, that faire commendation, that I haue giuen it.
CHAP. II.
Guzman de Alfarache goes to Bologna in pursuit of Alexandro, who had stolne his trunkes from him; Whither, when he was come, going about to imprison Alexan∣dro, himselfe was clapt vp.
IN Florence, I did eat out that horse, which my Lord Em∣bassador had bestowed on me at my departure, and made me one mor•…•…g a breakfast of his shooes. I say; To the end I might •…•…ell him the better, I caused him to be new shod, giuing order to Sayavedra to make money of the old ones; whereof we made our breakfast. If this here∣tike, Necessitie, had not kickt me out of Towne, and thrust me out by head and shoulders, I should neuer while I liu'd, of mine owne ac∣cord, haue gone from thence. And this thou maist as certainly beleeue of me, as of any one Article of thy Creed. For I had now well taken salt, and was throughly seasoned, and had sounded that Citie to the very bottome, yet I know not, how my minde might haue altered, and what I should haue done hereafter. For in conclusion, todo lo nueuo, aplaze: See what is newest, that we still like best. This rule, holding more especially in such as I was, who had spiritum ambulatorium, a wandring humour of mine owne, and was a great lo∣uer of nouelties. But then I was of that opinion, for those many reasons I had on my side. For it was my hap to come thither, when they were full of their sports and pastimes; and other young fellowes of the same yeeres with my selfe, led me to these their delightfull pleasures along with them from house to house, from feast to feast, and from bridall to bridall.
In one house you might finde them dancing; in another, playing vpon in∣struments; in a third, singing; and in a fourth, making merry with their friends. All was delight, and more and more delight still; one sets vp his rest at Primera, another vyes his game at Tic-Tack: some at one game, some at ano∣ther. In a word, in all places of the Citie wheresoeuer we came, we met with nothing, but laudable exercises, and honest recreations. There might a man see many young gallants, pompous in apparell, and richly clad, and many faire Ladies, and hansome Gentlewomen, who wanted no setting forth for curious and costly dressings, with whom these young blouds did dance. Whose tyres on their heads were so daintily adorned, their gownes on their backs so richly imbroydered, and their Chapine•…•… •…•…o their feet, so plated with siluer, and beset with pretious stones, that they did rauish both the eyes, and the soules of as many as did looke vpon them. I leaue it therefore to thee to consider, what kinde of dressings those were, that had so much power to moue the beholders. See how I haue seasoned this dish, that I may not disgrace the goodnesse of the meat. Tell me; hath it not a good rellish? is it not pleasing to thy palate? Though I goe not into a Tauerne to drinke, yet I take delight to talke of it, and to looke vpon it, and to peepe in at the doore as I passe by, and sometimes slip in, to make my selfe merry. No man is wise on horsebacke; much lesse, in the vnbridled yeeres of his youth. In a word, I was young. And as old age is cold, and dry, so on the contrary, youth, is hot, and moyst. Youth, hath strength, and old age, wisdome. Thus are these gifts diuided, and yet euery one hath that which is fit, and necessarie for him. And though for the most part, we see that all old men turne to be young, if not (as we say) become children againe; yet
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it were a wonder, to see young men grow old. And I say againe, it were as great a wonder, to see a young man in yeares, to be an old man in discretion, as to see a Peare tree, to beare fruits in the heart of winter. But I speake this in Spanish, that some of other Countries, whom I know, may not finde fault with me. And I would haue all men take notice, that I alwayes speake according to the vse and fashion of mine owne Country: for I doe not know after what manner others dance in theirs.
But that I may returne to my former discourse; it grieued me very much to leaue Florence, (yet did it much concerne me to be gone) flying as it were from my selfe, not knowing to what end, nor whither to goe; nor yet knew I, why I should stay any longer there, vnlesse it were to spend that poore little store of money, that I had yet left me, and that chaine, which the Lord Embassador my master, gaue me at my farewell as a token of his loue, and to thinke vpon him, as oft as I chanc'd to cast mine eyes vpon 〈◊〉〈◊〉 And I must truly confesse vnto you, that he was neuer out of my minde, •…•…ensoeuer I did thinke vpon that houre, wherein I must ere long be forced to•…•…rne it into money. And as it was giuen me with a great deale of loue, so did it exceedingly grieue me that I must shortly part so vnkindly with it. I would, if I could, haue kept it rather then my life, and neuer haue parted from it; but there are some such occasions, wherein parents may impawne their owne children. Patience, (quoth I to my selfe) I will doe the best I can; and more, I can not. And therefore (my ma∣sters) I pray pardon me; for he, that hath no other meanes to helpe him-selfe, and is constrained thereunto out of meere necessitie, is driuen many times to commit many a greater error, and that shall proue farre more preiudiciall and hartfull. I had a great wrestling and strugling with my selfe; and my thoughts had a cruell sharpe warre with themselues, as well touching this, as other the like businesses. I considered with my selfe, what would now become of me, and what course I were best to take, for to supply and releeue my wants. God helpe me; How heauy is the heart, when the purse is light! And therefore we say; A heauy purse, makes a light heart. What little comfort doe we take in the world? And how faint and feeble, are the pleasures of this life to him, whose purse strings are too weake? And more particularly, to one that is in a strange Country, and that hath put on a resolution with him-selfe to forget his lewd courses, and not to liue, as he had done, by tricks and by shifts; yet not know∣ing how to gaine a penny, and wanting the meanes, how to come by money; hauing no neere acquaintance with any, to presume of such kindnesse from them, being farre from my friends, and farther from any the least intention or purpose to cheat or cozen any man. For, if I would haue runne that course, and set my minde vnto it, I needed not to haue taken such a deale of care and trou∣ble in the businesse. For I had my 〈◊〉〈◊〉 about me; and a hand, that was able to finde me worke all the yeare long; I could not want, (if I listed my selfe) to picke out a liuing where-soeuer I should come. For (thanks be to God for it) what I had once learned, it was mine owne for euer: I neuer lost it, if I once had it. Only, I might at first be a little to seeke, for want of vse, but the tooles of my trade were neuer out of my hand, but alwayes carried them with me, whither-soeuer I went. I departed from Rome with a full purpose to become an honest man; and fall backe, fall edge, come good, or come bad, all welcome, as it pleas'd God; for I had a great minde to continue these my good desires, and t•…•…remaine firme in this so honest a resolution. But seeing, that Hell is full of these, what good could my holy deliberations doe me, if I did not put them in execution? For f•…•… without workes, is but a dead faith.
Now, I had gotten me a man to waite vpon me; Where by the way, I pray let me aske you, what a good direction this was, to addresse me to a Master? What a Letter of recommendation to bee receiued into seruice? I had beene now accustomed to command; how would you then, that I should submit my
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selfe to obey? I verily thought with my selfe (as perhaps many moe doe, for I doe not thinke that I am the onely man of that minde in the world) that I should haue beene an honest man, if answerable to that glorious show that I made, and the height whereat I liu'd, I had had wherewithall to spend accor∣dingly, and that I had not wanted meanes to vphold this great spirit of mine, but had had money enough to maintaine and inlarge my generous disposition. But the summes (I feare me) which must haue seru'd to supply my wants, must miraculously by some holy Saint or other, be subministred vnto mee: for no other hand could doe it. And certainly, I know not how it then fell out, that I was so honest, as I was; I verily beleeue, that this also was a Miracle, conside∣ring the condition of that present time, and mine owne euill inclination. I was young, left to liue at mine own liberty, suffered to do what I list, and rather ac∣customed to seeke occasions, to doe then to shunne ill; and I could hardly by the helpe of my good desires, eith•…•… •…•…ose, or lay aside my bad conditions.
Such a Lady, or such a Gentlewoman saith (which is their ordinary kind of language) I would faine be a good woman, I desire to lead an honest life, as no woman more, if that necessity did not force me to doe that, which I doe. In∣deed Madame, by your leaue, your Ladyship lyes. For, that you doe ill, it is onely, because you are willing to doe ill. O what a poore excuse is this? I con∣fesse that I offend thus and thus, but it is against my will; for I am not of my selfe giuen to such, or such a sinne, nor haue any inclination thereunto in the world. In good faith it is otherwise, for I reade it in your eyes. And they con∣senting vnto sinne, who can be said to be the cause thereof, but your selues? For if you would but turne your eyes from your windowes, and throw them on your distaffe, or your cushionet, certainly necessity would not constraine you to ill. Womens hands are not of that length, nor so quicke and so nimble, that they should sodainly reach so farre, as to finde you food, apparell, and house-rent: yet are they long enough, to put themselues forth to seruice; and they that set you a worke, will bestow house-roome on you, and put meate in your mouthes, and money in your purse. But I expect you should say vnto me; Thou, that art a man, giu'st me this counsaile; Thou art loath to serue thy selfe, and yet thou wouldst haue me to serue, that am a woman? Indeed, thou hast hit the nayle on the head; And this is that, which I say; That your Mi∣strisse-ship, and I, and this, or that other woman (bee shee what shee will) are all of vs vnwilling to doe our selues good. We will put to no helping hand of our owne, but would, that what we stand in need of, should be put into our mouthes, and that it should miraculously be ministred vnto vs.
Twenty yeares of age, is a terrible beast: O how headstrong, and how wild it is. There is no battaile so bloody, no skirmish so hot, and so hard to come off cleare, as that warre, which wee wage with our youth. For if it goe about to make its retreat from Vice, it hath many fierce enemies that sharply set vpon it, neuer ceasing to assaile it, galling it here, & wounding it there, which wil hardly bee repell'd, more hardly ouercome, by reason of those many occasions of ad∣uantage which offer them-selues; it being besides a thing proper vnto youth, to stumble, if not to fall, at euery step: Youth hath not (beleeue me) any strength in its legs, much lesse know they well how to goe. It is an vntamed beaste, it is full of fury, and voyd of patience; and if it entertaine any good mo∣tion, a hundred ill thoughts disband the same by and by, and put it to route; not giuing it so much leysure as to set foote to ground, nor to put it in the •…•…∣rop, not to seate him-selfe sure in the Saddle. Euery one cannot get vp to it; and few that can bridle this beaste. It will not be so soone ouer-mastered, as some doe thinke, nor be easily brought to goe that way as a man would haue it. I was euer, like the Hog, vp to the very eyes, nousling my selfe in the mud of vice and wickednesse, (for albeit I did not alwayes practise ill, yet I neuer lost the sight of it) and I was loath to kick and fling against it, lest by my too
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much stirring, I might loosen my lading, and cause it to fall to the ground; if not spraine, and hurt my selfe.
A Bullocke, or young Steere, when he is to bee tamed, they first halter his legges, throwing him downe on the ground, then they fall a shooing of him, after that, they binde a rope or a cord to one of his hornes, which they suffer him to traile after him for some fewe daies; and when they are minded to bring his necke to the yoake, they yoake him with an old Oxe, that hath beene long vsed to the plough, and so by little and little disposing him thereunto, they teach him by these degrees to beginne to draw handsomely, and in the end to be as perfect as the best of them.
That young man therefore, that hath a desire to be old, let him leaue to fol∣low my steps, and let him striue to subdue his passions; let him prepare, and dispose himselfe to labour, and in dispight of his owne will, let him strongly struggle and wrastle with his idle and foolish desires, and throw them flat on their backes to the ground, that they may neuer rise vp any more to make resi∣stance against him: And when he hath thus gotten them downe vnder him, let him binde them fast with that double twisted cord of Patience, and Humi∣lity; and let him traile after him, for some certaine daies, these his strange and dangerous appetites, spending his time in vertuous exercises, and many shall not passe ouer his head, before hee be brought to bow his necke to that holy yoake of repentance; and by yoaking him-selfe with good company, hee shall quickly be inured to the plough, wherewith he shall breake vp the earth of his euill inclinations; But let no man thinke, that hee shall bee able to doe this at the first dash; and that once trying what he can doe, shall be sufficient to make him grow perfect. Some (I know) will not sticke to tell me; I would doe this, and I would doe that, my will is to it, but &c. Let him speake this to such ano∣ther as himselfe, and to one that is of the like quality and condition, as he is. For I know well enough already, that he is not willing to doe this, nor to doe that; For they, that are willing indeed, vse other more effectuall meanes. And nothing is hard to them, that will set them-selues hard to it. Peraduenture such a one thinkes, or expects, that God should open the heauens, and miracu∣lously strike him to the ground, as he did Saint Paul; But let him not looke to haue the like course to be taken with him; lest he be accounted a foole for his labour.
God threw him to the ground, and humbled him sufficiently, when he af∣flicted him with sicknes, when he laid troubles vpon him, and when he suffered him to be toucht in his good name; if either then, or now, thou wouldst accept of grace, while it is offered thee, thou shalt be sure to finde it. But thou wast neuer willing to entertaine these good motions, much lesse to humble thy selfe with Saint Paul, and to city out with him; Domine, quid vis, vt faciam? Lord, what wilt thou, that I doe? What is thy diuine will and pleasure? Thou wilt not like Paul be for God, and yet thou look'st that God should be for thee. And if he dealt thus with Saint Paul, it was because God knew the earnest desire that he had to know and search out the Truth: and that it was his zeale to the Law that did thus ouersway him; the current whereof being turn'd another way, he would be as feruent for the Gospell. And you can instance but in a few that haue beene saued by a bare intention, without any good worke. These •…•…o are to concurre in one, intention and action; I say, if we haue any time left vnto vs for action, or wherein we may doe any good worke. And then shall a •…•…me intention of amendment of life, and a hearty sorrow for our sins past, be accounted a good worke, when the night of death shall sodainly ouertake vs, and shut vs vp in darknesse. But hauing day enough to worke and labour in the Lords Uineyard, both these ought to goe together, I meane intention and action. For neither the spade alone, nor the hand alone, can digge, and dresse the ground; but hand, and spade, must both worke together.
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But who hath put me into this theame? Was not I in Florence euen now to my great content? Thither doe I returne againe. I assure thee, that the more I walked vp and downe that Citie, the more desirous I was to plant there my Pillars, and not to seeke for a Plus vltrà. For it was euen as I would haue wisht it to be, all very beautifull and delightsome. And if therein resided either flat∣tery or enuie, I tooke no great heed thereof, but let it runne to others account, for I was none of those, that were comprehended in that Decree. I had no∣thing to doe (like Iudas) with the almes of the poore; nor could any preiudice thereby come vnto me, being that I pretended nothing in Court. And if they would any way haue holpen me, I had no need to vse them. Or had I stood in need of them, I would not haue made any vse of them; they euermore seeming vnto me the greatest meanes of mischiefe, that euer came yet within my know∣ledge. For one onely flatterer is sufficient alone of him-selfe to ouerthrow a Commonwealth, if not a whole Kingdome. Happy is that King, and fortu∣nate that Prince, whose Subiects serue him for loue, and who out of his wise∣dome leaues now and then an eare open to the peoples complaints, as also their aduice; for onely by this meanes shall he come to know truthes, whereby hee may redresse those things, that are amisse, and keepe off flatterers from abusing his eares.
There would I haue liu'd all the daies of my life, and haue past away the time, like a Duke, had I had wherewithall. But I was in a manner blowne vp, and all my money was almost spent. I need not to confirme this vnto you with an oath, for you may very well (if you will) beleeue me on my bare word. The Riuer now began to grow drie, and my store to faile me; for, Del monton que sacau, y no ponen, presto lo descomponen. Pull from your heap, and put nothing to it; you, or your heape (if not both) may rue it. So that my moneys still going out, and none comming in, if I should haue staid any longer there, I should quickly haue runne my-selfe out at the heeles, and it would haue beene a great disreputation for me, to haue come in a horsebacke, and to goe out a foote. I thought it good counsell to vphold mine honor, and to depart from thence, both to my credit, and content, before that being forced thereunto by neces∣sity, I should come to discouer my wants, and be bound to stay still there, for lacke of meanes to be gone. I acquainted Sayavedra with this my purpose, and plainly opened my minde vnto him; For by this time, I knew well enough, that he was likely to be my onely helpe at a pinch, my strong forte, and the onely trench whereunto I might with safety retire, and that I could not haue met with such another companion in all the world for my purpose. I went pre∣paring him by a little and a little, working and disposing him by degrees, that he might not afterwards thinke that he had seene strange visions, and vaine apparitions, and that whatsoeuer should hereafter befall me, might not seeme new vnto him, or accounted as a nouelty.
When I had thus moulded him, he said vnto me; Sir, There is one remedy, that offers it selfe vnto me now on the sodaine, neither chargeable, nor hard, but very easie to be effected, and that may make much for your profit. Seeing there is no remedy, but wee must be gone, it is not much materiall which gate we goe out at; for at any one of the ten, we may trauaile out on our ten toes, to goe abroad, and see the world. Let vs (if you will be rul'd by me) take the way, that leads to Bologna; for besides, that it is neere at hand, and that we shall there see that famous Vniuersity, wee may chance likewise to haue the good lucke to meere with Alexandro Bentivoglio, that Master of mine, who went away with the most part of your goods. For if we hap to find him there, (as I verily beleeue we shall,) It will be an easie matter for you to recouer your owne. For, vpon that information which was made of the theft in Siena, it is not to be doubted, that though you get not what you lost againe, yet he or his father will at least be content to giue you good satisfaction.
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I tooke this to be no bad counsell, but was very well pleased therewith, not thinking on any other thing then the force of Law, and the iustnesse of my cause; and let iustice deale neuer so indirectly with me, I could not conceiue the least cause of doubt, in regard of the cleare notice I could make of the theft, which would, if not all, yet haue allotted me the greater part of my goods: per∣swading my selfe, that this party, who was principall in this theft, knowing him-selfe guilty therof, would haue come vnto me vpon his knees, desiring my pardon, and that he would voluntarily haue offered to make me amends for the wrong he had done me, and to come vpon any termes to agreement with me; as well for that his parents, and kindred in that Citie, were persons of principall note; as also, for that notwithstanding all the meanes they were able to make to bolster out the matter, yet would they neuer permit, that so foule a fact should come to publike hearing, and be iudicially tryde, nor that they, and their house, should be blotted and blurr'd with so foule a staine, and dishonour, as this could not chuse but proue, if it should once come to be ripped vp.
Will you heare a strange kinde of humour in me? you shall then know it by this. It is not long since you heard me say, what a delicate and delightsome place Florence was, and what a deale of pleasure I tooke therein. And now vpon the sudden, I was growne out of loue with it, the very name of it was growne so hatefull vnto me, that it was ready out of a loathing that I had taken to it, to turne vp my stomach. It began now (me thought) to stinke, I could not endure the sent of it; euery thing seemed so foule and so filthy to my sight, that I did now long to be gone, and till then, euery day was to me a thousand. You may see (my masters) what wonders want of money can worke! You will in a moment hate those things, which you lou'd most, when you lacke wherewith∣all to maintaine both your selues, and them. Now my minde gaue me, that there was not such another Citie in the world, as Bologna; wherein I should no sooner set my foot, but I should recouer my stolne wares, and haue wherewith∣all to spend, and to keepe company with your young Students, lads of the right stampe, merry greekes, much of mine owne size and marke, with whom I might play three or foure venewes, when I were so disposed, without any great disaduantage of weapon. And the dice might haply haue giuen me so lucky a chance, and haue hit so right, that I might haue had the good fortune to haue followed my studies: for that learning, which my Lord Cardinall bestowed vpon me, I had not as yet forgot it, but was very ready and perfect in all that had beene taught me. And questionlesse, with that little learning, that I then had, I might very well haue proceeded Master, and made a shift to liue by that profession, if that kinde of course had beene fitting for me, or that my selfe had beene willing to apply my minde hereunto.
But stay a while Guzman, be not thou too hastie: Wilt thou offer to traile a gowne after thee, being so weake that thou canst scarce hale a halter at thy heeles? Hold thy hand, this is not a taske for thee to vndertake. There is no talking of commencing Doctor, till the bowe of preferment be drawne home by the strong arme of angels. What canst thou hope for then, who art so poore, that thou art scarce able to wagg the string.
I was now fully resolued to begin my iourney, and to make all the haste I could. And so in an instant I put this my intention in execution. Away goes Sayavedra, and I together, making directly for Bologna. And because I had fly∣ing thoughts in my head, I was willing to put wings to my horse: making such good speed, that we came thither that night; but slept very little, for we spent the most part of it in plotting and casting about how we should beare our selues in this businesse; and whilest we were discoursing to and fro, what were best to be done; Sayavedra (hauing looked well as it should seeme on his owne cards) sayes vnto me: Sir, I hold it not so fit, that I should be seene herein at all, espe∣cially now at this my first flight, but rather to lye close awhile, till we may see,
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where it will be best to giue the wound; and when wee shall come to know, where the game lies, and that there is any hope of doing good, then let vs let flie, and strike it dead. For if Alexandro be in the towne, and should know that I am here, (which he cannot choose, if I stir abroad, being so well knowne as I am,) he will question me, wherefore I am come hither, and with whom? And that knowne, he will absent him-selfe forthwith from the Citie, and so we shall be defeated of our purpose. Or if he chance but to suspect, that I had a finger in this businesse, and that I was the cause of this iourney, and his shame, there is no way but one with me, he will surely kill me; so that neither of these two will aduantage vs any thing, nor is fitting for vs to be aduentured on. Be∣sides, if this web must come to be wouen in the Loome of Iustice, I must bee the master-thred to be wrought vpon, there is no auoyding of it: And there∣fore you haue no reason to suffer me (considering that I can stand you in no stead, if I be taken and clapt by the heeles) to receiue any farther harme, then what I haue already endured. The best course then to be taken, I conceiue to be this; That to morrow morning you make inquirie after him, and by one meanes or other (with the best secresie you can) seeke first to know him, and to take particular notice of his person; That done, wee will consult thereof afresh, and gouerne our selues therein, according as occasion and time shall serue.
I did not like amisse of this, me thought it was good wholesome counsell. Well; as he had aduised me I set my selfe to worke, I walkt vp and downe the Towne, and after the treading of some few steps, not being troubled (as fortune would haue it) to tyre out my legs in the search of him, it was my good hap to haue him pointed out vnto me with the finger, telling me; Loe, that's the man. Which direction I needed not, for the cloathes on his backe did speake what he was, and without others teaching, could tell me, This is Alexandro. He was standing amongst other young men at the Church doore; nor doe I beleeue, that his deuotion was such, as to goe in and out to heare Masse, but I was rather of opinion, that hee stood there registring those that went in, offering great scandall, but showing small respect, to that sacred place. It is a foule shame, that this is so commonly vsed as it is in most parts of the Christian world. I know what I speake; Would to God I knew as well how to reforme this abuse. Are there not store of streets, and other publike places in the towne, for to make loue in, which wee scandall too much already with our lewd steps, wanton lookes, dishonest signes, and tokens, and perhaps other things of a worse con∣dition, to intimate our loose and lustfull affections, but that wee must wrong Gods holy Temple with this our vnciuill and beastly behauiour.
But let vs proceed in our former argument, that wee may not leape from a Masse, into a Sermon. It seemed vnto me, that hee stood not there with any great deuotion, for he talkt apace with his hand, and now and then he would breake out in a loud laughter. He had at that time a doublet of mine on his backe of cloath of siluer, and a ierkin drest with Amber, and other rich per∣fumes, cut and slasht cleane through, and lined with the same cloath of siluer, sutable to the doublet, and richly laid with lace after the Seuillian fashion, and eight buttons of gold wrought vpon Amber, to make it sit the closer to the collar, all which a Gentleman of Naples presented mee withall, for a certaine dispatch that I had procured for him, by soliciting his businesse with my Lord Embassador.
When I came to know mine owne, and saw another man weare it before my face, I could haue found in my heart to haue stab'd him, and to haue pre∣sently stript him of it, so did it grieue and vexe the very soule of me, that such deare pledges as these of my friends loue vnto me, should thus fore against my will, be in another mans possession. My blood rose against him, and I was of∣ten tempted to haue gone and stab'd him, but I held my hand, and said with
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my selfe; No Guzman, no; This must not be so; Better it were, that this thy thiefe, should be conuerted, and liue. For if thou let him liue, he may chance to pay thee; but if thou kill him, thou art sure to pay for him. And of the two, it is better to take, then to giue. And safer it is for thee, that others should be indebted to thee, then thou indebted to others. And it will bee more for thy ease, and more easily compast, to get in a debt, then to pay a debt. Make not thy selfe the defendant, if thou maist be the plaintiffe. Goe on faire and soft∣ly, be not so hasty, for there is no body that runs after vs. And if there be any order or Law in gaming, and if the dice runne true, if the cards bee not packt, but are well shuffled and cut, and that there be faire play, vnlesse the diuell be in it, or my lucke exceeding bad, all the world cannot winne the game from me. For I haue cards enough in mine owne hand to carry it. We are sure the bird cannot now get from vs; which is that which importeth vs most. Let vs not feare the Chase, but hunt liuely, for the Buls are safe enough; they cannot escape vs. He is taken in the manner, the theft found about him, hee cannot possibly deny it. I sweare I will put him to his necke-verse, and see how well or ill he will come off, and make him to confesse vpon the Racke, who put him into those fine cloathes, or in what Fayre or Market he bought them.
Hauing consulted thus with my selfe, I got me home to my lodging, ac∣quainting Sayavedra with what I had seene. Hee had prouided me my dinner ready for me, and had set it downe on the table, as soone as he saw I was come; And when we had din'd, we pitcht the hay wherewith we were to catch this Cony. We discoursed one while of this course, another while of that, many designes we had, many meanes propounded to come by our owne; but Saya∣vedra (poore man) did stagger at them, and was loath to giue way vnto them: He repented him now of the counsell hee had giuen me, fearing therein his own danger. But we concluded in the end, that of all other meanes, Peace (if we could draw him to some reasonable composition) were the best. For it is better to haue one bird in the hand, then two in the bush. And a bad Accord, is better then a good Plea: Lesse harme euer comming of agreeing, then suing. So that at last, we grew to this conclusion, that I, by a third person, should vse some meanes, to haue his father talkt withall, making him acquainted with the businesse, and the whole manner how it was carried, giuing him a large ac∣count of euery particular thing, remitting my selfe to his good will and plea∣sure, how he in his owne discretion should thinke meet I deseru'd to be dealt withall, and that he would not enforce mee (considering my faire manner of proceeding with him) to recouer mine owne by rigour of Law, being there was Euidentia facti; besides many other pregnant proofes to be produced, that these goods were mine. And so I did, as we had deuised; hauing made choice of a discreet person, who should secretly and with fitting language, deliuer thus much vnto him. But because Power is commonly accompanied with Pride, and Pride is still attended with Tyranny, he was so farre from compounding the businesse, that he made little reckoning of it, taking it ill at his hands that trea∣ted with him about it, wishing him that hee should speake no more of it, dee∣ming it as an affront done vnto his honour, and a meere defamation. He feigned him-selfe to be greatly wronged, though he knew well enough that I was he, that was iniur'd; and without giuing vs either good hopes, or good words, he dispatcht my messenger.
When I receiu'd this answer, I hatched a thousand euill imaginations in my heart. But because I would not returne euill for euill, I resolued to talke with some one Lawyer or other of that Vniuersity, that should be recommended vn∣to me for the nimblenesse of his wit, and soundnesse of iudgement; to whom I opening my case (fearing the successe thereof, for that my aduersaries father was so powerfull) might craue his opinion, and that hee would assist me with his best aduice and counsell, for the better prosecuting of his businesse. Hee
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plainly told me; Sir, it is well enough knowne in this Towne, what manner of man Alexandro is, as also his lewd and idle courses, which in some other place, would be a sufficient information against him. Besides, there is so much truth in that, which you vrge against him, that it is manifestly apparant to as many as know him, or shall heare you. You haue right on your side, a iust and a good cause, and therefore I would aduise you to frame an information against him, and to desire iustice. All Bologna, hath taken notice already of this theft of his; for, as soone as he came hither with it, it was presently knowne, that these clothes were none of his owne; as well, because he caused them to be altred, and fitted to his owne bodie; as also, for that he carried hence with him no lambes to sell, nor any other kinde of merchandize, whereby he should make so rich a returne. Besides, another companion of his, in whom he put much trust, stole a good part of these goods from him, that he might likewise gaine thereby a part of his Pardons, & Indulgences. You see now, what course you must be faine to take, what lyes in me to releeue you, you may be assured of the best furtherance and the best counsell that I can giue you, for the coun∣tenancing of this your cause.
Whereupon, I being very desirous, that a bill should be exhibited against him, he presently (according to my information) drew one out, which I forth∣with presented to the Auditore del Torrone, who is there the Iudge in all Cau∣ses Criminall. But, be it as it may be, whether it were immediatly from the Iudge him-selfe, or from the Notarie, I know not which, nor from whence, nor how it came to passe, but sure I am, that this businesse of mine was instantly ouer all the Towne, and particular notice was giuen thereof vnto Alexandro's father. And for that he was a man of authoritie in that Towne, and carried a great hand there amongst them, he hyes him in all haste to the Iudge, and there accusing me for this my bold attempt, and inconsiderate rashnesse, (as it pleased him to terme it) he formed a complaint against me, that I had defa∣med, and dishonoured his house, and that therefore he was of purpose come vnto him to desire his lawfull fauour, and that he would be pleased to doe him iustice, to the end that I might be seuerely punished for this my presumption. I know not how, but the matter was so carried betweene them, that it had beene better for me, to haue held my peace. He was a powerfull man in that Citie, and the Iudge (it seemed) was very willing to pleasure him. I began now to feare, that occasions of quarrell would be pickt against me; mole-hils made mountaines; and this my losse, turne to my greater losse; making my vn∣doing, an occasion of my farther vndoing. For Loue, Interest, and Hatred, are euer maine enemies to the Truth. And in many places, As a man is befriended, so his Cause is ended. But he that hath both money and friends, is sure to worke out his ends. Money is of no great thicknesse, yet it dulls the double edg'd sword of iustice, if it but once offer to touch it. Gold, is a heauy mettall; and that makes the ballance of Iustice so light. I did spit as it were against heauen, the driuell whereof fell vpon my owne face; I shot my arrowes vp in∣to the ayre, and they returned backe againe vpon mine owne bosome; the in∣nocent paying for the nocent; and the iust, for the vniust.
Much money, does much harme; But much more, the euill intention of an euill man. And therefore where an ill-minded man, and a great masse of money meet together and shake hands, there is much need of helpe from heauen, to free an innocent soule out of their cruell clawes. Good Lord deli∣uer vs from out their clutches, for they are more griping and tyrannous, then those of Tygers, or of Lyons. Their will is a law; what-soeuer they desire, that they doe; right (when they lift) shall be wrong; and wrong, right: And no man must controll them for it; nor dare to say, blacke is their eye; lest he chance to lose both his owne, for prying too neere into the secrets of these earthly gods. O that there were men of that goodnesse and courage, that would
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not sticke to tell them, and plainly giue them to vnderstand; that the money, they thus vnlawfully take, shall last with them but a while; but the fire, where∣with they shall be tormented for it, shall continue for euer.
The Iudge did limit me a prefixed time for my proofes, but so short, that it was not possible for me to make my information according to that scantling. In this you may see the iniustice that he did me. Who did euer till now know a Iudge restraine the Plaintiffe of lawfull time to make his proofes, as he did me, especially when I did alleage for my selfe, that the information was to come from Siena, where the theft was committed, whence I was to procure it, for otherwise I could not haue it. But to alleage this, or not alleage it, all was one. I must be content, will I, nill I, to sit downe with this losse. There was no fence for it. And to this purpose, before I passe any farther, I will tell you what hap∣ned in a little Village of Andaluzia.
There was a certaine sessing to be set in a ratable proportion, vpon the Towne-dwellers, and borderers there-about, for some publike peece of worke, that was to goe in hand; and the Collectors that were appointed to gather the money, had put into their rolle (to contribute thereunto) a Gentleman of as ancient a house, as any in those parts; who taking himselfe therein to be great∣ly wronged, made his complaint against the collectors. But for all that, they did not strike his name out of the rolle. Now, when the time was come for the levying of these moneyes, they went vnto this Gentleman to demand so much of him, as he was rated at in their note; He refused to pay it. Whereupon they distrained on his goods, and paid themselues. The Gentleman being much offended with this their proceeding, goes forthwith to his Lawyer, asks his counsell, who (in conclusion) drawes me a petition for him, grounded vpon all both Law, and Reason, wherein he layes open his ancient Gentry, and the noblenesse of his House, and that in regard thereof he was priuiledged from all manner of sessings, and such other the like payments, and that therefore he did humbly petition the Court, that they would be pleased to giue present order, that what the Collectors had forcibly taken from him, might againe be restored, and be deliuered backe vnto him, as in all equitie it ought. When this petition was by them deliuered vnto the Alcalde, hauing read it, and heard what they could say for themselues, he called to the Register, and said vnto him; Mark well, what I shal say vnto you, & see you set it down in the very same words, as I shall deliuer it vnto you. This Petitioner (then said he) as he is a Gentleman, I will by no meanes debarre him of his priuilege, God forbid I should denie him his iust request; but as he is a poore man, his House growne now to decay, and himselfe (as you see) in want, I hold it very fit, that he pay as others doe.
That I had iustice on my side, no man doubted it; it was so publike a thing, that all the world tooke notice of it. But I was poore and needy, and therefore it was fit I should pay for all, and there was no reason (in that respect) that they should doe mee iustice. I presently smelt a rat; I saw this was a bad signe, and was shrewdly afraid, that all my labour would be lost. But I could not for all this perswade my selfe, nor could it sincke into my head, that I should be that man, or whom it is said by way of prouerbe; Paçiente, y apaleado: That I must goe away with the wrong, and the blowes too. First be made cuckold, and af∣terwards knockt for my prating. Well; such was my hard fortune, that being not able to bring in my proofes in so short a time, it so fell out with me, that my Bill of Complaints, was throwne out of the Court, and held as a thing of no validitie or force in Law, and that of the aduerse part, tooke place against me; declaring there in Court, that I by this my petition, had shamed an infamous L•…•…bell against his sonne, by meanes whereof his House, and h•…•… honour was much defamed; adding and interferting, in maiorem cautelam, I know not what a world of words, and what strange and intricate termes. That I did sp•…•…te, in∣dubitatè,
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&c. That I did it wittingly and willingly, impudently and malitiously, aggrauating the matter against me with all the odious termes they could de∣uise, that if I should set them downe one by one, they would take vp a whole sheet of paper. Alleaging farther against me, that forasmuch as his sonne, was a quiet, honest, and peaceable Gentleman, and of a good both report, and life, I did deserue I know not what exemplarie punishment, hanging, burning, and drowning, all was too little, that I knew not what to make of it, nor what a Gods name, they would doe with me. Which things, w•…•…n they were read vnto me, I said to my selfe; These men may haue healthy bodies, but I am sure they haue sicke soules; They may haue good purses, but I finde (to my cost) they haue bad consciences. I was carelesse, (as one that was confident of a good cause) I neuer shrunke aside, and as I was afterwards going about my bu∣sinesse, that my sute might not fall, for want of following, I was taken vp in the midst of the street by an Arrest, and presently carried away to prison, without any other information against me, saue only the putting vp of my petition, and acknowledging it to be mine.
There is no sword, that hath so keene and sharpe an edge, as Calumnie, and false Accusation: and then cuts deepest, when it is in the hand of a tyrannous Iudge; whose force and power is such, that it is able to ouerthrow, and lay le∣uell with the ground, the best grounded Iustice that is, though it haue neuer so sure, neuer so strong a foundation. Which it doth then most, and most ea∣sily, when a poore mans cause comes in his way, who suspects (poore harme∣lesse soule) nothing lesse, then to receiue hurt from him, to whom he flyes for helpe. My businesse was plaine, no tricks, no giggs in it, I did only set downe the naked truth, but they made it I know not how, by their quillets and deui∣ces, knotty and vneuen, though there was not a man, neither within, nor without the Towne, that did not know, all was true, that I had deliuered; and all this did plainly appeare to the Iudge to be so, and that I had sufficient information.
All this is very good; yet for all this (goodman Guzman) giue me leaue to tell you, that you are a goose-cap. Thou art poore, thou wantest fauour, and friends; and therefore art neither to be heard, nor beleeu'd. These are not Cases, that are to be brought before the Tribunals of men; but when thou hast occasion to haue thy cause try de, goe get thee to God, petition him, where the truth shall appeare face to face, without any need of the fauour of thy friend, nor an Aduocate to plead thy cause, nor a Register to record it, nor a Iudge to wrest it. But here they made a sport of Iustice, and like Iuglers plaid legger∣demaine with me. They punisht me, as an vnmannerly man of my tongue, a lyar, and a lewd companion. I had spent my moneyes, lost my goods, put in prison, gyves clapt on my legs, treated with euill language, vpbraiding mee with many foule and vnciuill reproches, vnworthy my person, without suffe∣ring me to open my mouth in mine owne defence. And when I would haue answered their obiections, and giuen them satisfaction by writing, when they saw how the world went with me, my Proctor forsooke me, my Solicitor would not come at me, my Aduocate refused to plead for me, so that I only now remained in the power of the publike Notarie. The only comfort that I had, was the generall voice of my wrong, comforting me, that that terrible and fearefull day, would one day come, that the powerfull shall for all his power, be condemned to Hell, and that there, your potentes, potenter punientur, your mighty men shall be mightily punished; for that they are accursed of God for peruerting of Iustice. And that which he shall leaue behinde him, shall not continue to the third heyre, though he tye his land neuer so fast, nor make ne∣uer so strong a conueyance, that it shall not goe from the house: For he cannot (though h•…•… would neuer so faine) tye the inclinations of those that are to suc∣ceed him; nor is there any preuention, that he can vse, of that force as the least
description Page 109
haire of his head, to make any resistance against Gods diuine will and pleasure. And it is to be beleeued as an article of thy faith, that their lands and estates must be spent and consumed, for that they are the grindings of the face of the poore, vngodly gaine, the bloud of the innocent, gotten in rage, and maintai∣ned with lyes.
But thou wilt say vnto me; Trust them with so much more, till that day come, and you shall see whether they will make any bones of either taking the one, or thinking on the other. Where-unto I answer, that how sleight a reckoning soeuer thou mak'st of it, and that it seemes so long a day to thee, that it will neuer come, I doe not know what these kinde of men may thinke of it; but I know very well, that it will come, and that quickly, and sooner perhaps then thou art aware. And then it shall seeme so short vnto thee, that thou wilt say; I am but newly come forth with my feet from out my bed, and the night is already come, and I must shut vp my eyes in darknesse.
But perhaps, thou wilt reply vnto me; I pray how cam'st thou by so many good suits of clothes, so much money, and other things of value? Thou didst not get them by the spade, nor the plough, thou didst not digge, nor delue for them. What didst thou make in that street, vpon that occasion and accident you wot of, when you seru'd your Master the French Embassador? Is this (quoth I) the rod, you seeke to beat me withall? Thou art caught in thine owne-trap; thine owne words doe condemne thee. For thou would'st liken these goods of mine, to those that are gotten by lewd women, whereas thou doest not, but oughtest to vnderstand, that their gaine is lawfull, though the act be vnlawfull; and thou art in conscience bound to recompence her, if thou hast had thy desire of her, and didst make vse of her for thine owne interest. Besides, the case is not alike. For it is publikely knowne to all the world; that though a corrupt Iudge commit neuer so many mischiefes, neuer so vniustly put men to death, neuer so wrongfully rob a man of his goods, and vndoe him by his partiall and corrupt dealing, thou shalt haue little or no remedie against him, nor canst thou take that from him, which he hath stolne from others. For thou art not his competent Iudge, nor of that power as to adiudge against his will that to others, which he hath taken from them. For though it be true, that he is culpable therein towards others; thou shalt be sure to be found cul∣pable towards him. And howsoeuer he scape, thou shalt be sure to smart for it. Beleeue me, I tell thee what is
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||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
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https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view%3FdocId%3Dft958009jk%3Bchunk.id%3D0%3Bdoc.view%3Dprint
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correct_foundationPlace_00034
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The Testimony of Rocks and Minerals
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"Thomas Burnett"
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2023-07-06T12:00:06+00:00
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John Templeton Foundation
|
https://www.templeton.org/news/the-testimony-of-rocks-and-minerals
|
The Templeton Ideas Podcast is a show about the most awe-inspiring ideas in our world and the people who investigate them.
Dr. Robert Hazen is a mineralogist and astrobiologist based at the Carnegie Institution’s Geophysical Laboratory and George Mason University. His research interests focus on life’s origins, mineral evolution, and mineral ecology. Hazen, who also had a 40-year career as a professional trumpeter, has authored more than 400 articles and 25 books on science, history, and music. Robert joins the podcast to discuss the co-evolution of life and minerals, the stories rocks can tell us if we learn to read them properly, and why humans are drawn to the search for life outside of our planet.
Transcripts of our episodes are made available as soon as possible. They are not fully edited for grammar or spelling.
Tom: Bob, welcome to the podcast.
Robert: Oh, it’s so great to be with you, Tom.
Tom: I wanna start out by asking you a question that goes way back into your history. Do you recall the moment that you fell in love with rocks?
Robert: Wow, what a great question. I think I was maybe eight years old, nine years old, and I love to go out and collect stuff. Butterflies and bugs and flowers, all kinds of things. But we lived in Cleveland, Ohio, near a fossil locality, and I found my first trilobite, a complete trilobite, little enrolled guy, and I said, well, you can go out into the world and find stuff like this. And I wanted to keep doing that.
Tom: That is fascinating. The sort of contingency of, of where you grew up and what you discovered. Cause I was just thinking about my son who’s six, he finds things every day, but they’re like matchbox cars. They’re not fossils from tens of millions of years ago.
Robert: I love what you said about contingency because when I was about nine or ten years old, we moved from Cleveland, which is in a fossil rich zone to Northern New Jersey, which is a mineral rich zone. And so there were no longer any really easy fossil sites, but I had a science teacher who was so great, gave me mimeograph. They used to be called sheets with localities nearby, so within an hour drive, there were some of the most famous mineral localities in the world. And my dad and my mom were great. They supported me, and I built a rock collection.
Tom: Wow. Yeah, doubly lucky. I’ve read that you, in addition to being a scientist who loves rocks and has branched out in many areas, you also play the trumpet professionally. I wonder if you can tell me a bit of background on your love of music and how that came into being as well.
Robert: Music was part of my life since I was very, very young, because my father was a concert level pianist, although also an electrical engineer. And every night he’d practice for two or three hours and I’d hear Bach and Chopin and Liszt and Brahms and incredible music. And it just became part of my vocabulary.
Well, I had an older brother and a sister, both of whom played piano, and so I sort of shied away from competing with them. And there wasn’t enough practice time on the instrument we had, so I, I took up, when I was five years old, violin and played that for a while, and then when I was nine years old, started trumpet and never looked back.
It just was a natural instrument for me and I had great teachers and I had an opportunity when I went to MIT as an undergraduate studying geology, I also was at the New England Conservatory, studying trumpet. It was a tough call, which one I was gonna be — a professional trumpet player or a professional scientist.
Tom: You’ve continued to do both, right? You really didn’t have to have an either or sort of situation, at least not in terms of your entire identity. Right?
Robert: So I retired from professional trumpet playing about five years ago, and I’ve also in the same time played cello, as an amateur, who really loves it. My wife’s a violist and we play string quartets.
Tom: Do you see some connections between your love of music and love of science, or do you see them just as dual passions?
Robert: Well, they’re certainly dual passions and they’ve been extremely complimentary in my life. What I find amusing is many people say, oh, you’re a musician, you must be so creative, and I say, no, a symphonic trumpet player, the last thing you want to do is be creative. You have to play the right note at the right time, at the right volume when the conductor tells you to, and you better not mess up too much.
No one’s telling you what to do. And the process of scientific discovery is such an intensely creative, exciting journey that that’s been the creative part of my life. And in a funny sense, playing music has been, A kind of discipline, you know, practice and play it right. And also a chance to work with incredible people who are experts and see an emergent property, a symphony orchestra where it isn’t just a trumpet or a clarinet or a violin, it’s 80 or a hundred people working together to create something that no one individual could ever do. And I think that has actually transformed my thinking about the evolution of emergent systems.
Tom: Let’s pivot back from music to science. If you could tell me a little bit about what makes origins so captivating?
Robert:, So origins are important because we want to know where we came from. We want to understand if there’s some sort of drive in the universe that leads to beings like us who can be thinking about our origins. That’s pretty astonishing for me. There’s another dimension, though. I’m a mineralogist. I think about minerals and what I’ve realized over the last 15 or 20 years is that if we want to understand the past, that the only thing you can hold in your hand that is millions or in some cases billions of years old, are minerals — rocks, and minerals. The fossils are only preserved because they’re preserved as minerals. Every mineral is a time capsule. It’s waiting to be opened, and this is a kind of new revelation for my field. Mineralogy for many, many decades has been principally a physics and chemistry problem. In fact, a mineral species is defined as a unique combination of chemistry and structure.
So there’s 5,900 mineral species each with a unique combination. Well, that doesn’t talk about age, that doesn’t talk about process, and it doesn’t talk about origins. And so I’ve been recasting the field of mineralogy into something called mineral evolution. A very strange concept to people who think of evolution as only being associated with biological objects. But when we say no, no, I mean minerals have changed through time, and in fact there’s a co-evolution of life and rocks.
Tom: I read in one of your books that you said that there’s atoms in each of our bodies that were formed at the time of the Big Bang 13.7 billion years ago. How is that even possible that we have like atoms in ourselves that date to not just the beginnings of our solar system before, but the beginnings of the universe?
Robert: I found this an extraordinary thing. Most people, when they talk about the Big Bang and the few minutes after that, they talk about how the first atoms appeared, and that’s mostly hydrogen and helium, which makes up most of the stars we see in the sky. That earliest, earliest few minutes of the cosmos, there were intense interactions and a few atoms of carbon, a few atoms of oxygen and silicon and other heavy atoms were formed, and those are part of our bodies. So about one in every trillion carbon atoms, it’s calculated, came from the Big Bang itself, and you’ve got trillions upon trillions of carbon atoms in your body. So that means you’ve got a whole bunch of Big Bang atoms and we’re sitting here breathing and eating food that has carbon in it, and some of that carbon is from the Big Bang. It’s just amazing to think about how ancient and how ongoing these processes have been.
Tom: Yeah, it gives a very different impression of the sort of connectedness of the universe versus the sort of solitary sense that none of it has anything to do with us. So focusing on mineralogy again, you’ve been collecting since, I think you said since you were eight. Do you have a favorite mineral?
Robert: I’m torn by that question cause I have two. One of my favorite minerals is extremely common and which means that you could, when I was young, I could buy nice specimens and not spend a fortune. And that’s the mineral pyrite, iron sulfide, sometimes known as fool’s gold. And the reason it’s become a favorite of mine now is because pyrite through our studies, has been shown to form in more different ways over a longer period of earth history that any other mineral, it forms at high temperature and at low temperature. It forms in water- rich environments, but also in sulfur-rich environments. It forms abiotically, but also life can make Pyrite. So that’s a really versatile, fascinating study. And this also ties into our feeling that there needs to be a new classification system of minerals. One that not only recognizes that pyrite, which according to the International Mineralogical Association, is pure FeS2 in the pyrite structure idealized, but we recognize that every pyrite is different. They contain incredible amounts of information, trace and minor elements, and solid and fluid and occlusions, and the sizes and shapes and the grain sizes. All these things are attributes of pyrite that tell us how they form. So I say if we go to Mars and we find pyrite, that’d be cool. But my question is what kind of pyrite? Pyrite is so information-rich, and that’s why I love pyrite. But I’ll tell you my other. Co-favorite mineral, which is a very personal thing, is the mineral Hazenite, which was named after me about 10, 15 years ago, because it only forms in one place in the world. In Mono Lake, California, it forms only in the dry season. Every time it rains, all the Hazenite night in the world disappears, and it is microbial poop. And actually microbes secrete in the dry summer months because the phosphorus level gets so high. They can’t stand it. They have to get rid of the phosphorus, so they pump out these little crystals, which is the mineral Hazenite. My good friend Sean Solomon, who’s the director of Lamont-Doherty at Columbia University, he says, “Hazenite happens.” Just think about it.
Tom: That’s very humbling, Bob. I’m glad you take it in stride.
BOB: Yeah, it is. It’s the only mineral that is only known to form by microbial action. So that’s, that is a distinction. As a bio mineral, it’s pretty special.
Tom: How did your colleague actually discover it?
Robert: Mineral neurologists know that if you wanna find a new mineral, one way to do it is to go to extreme environments where the chemistry is unusual. And the other environmental, it could be pressure, temperature, it could be the pH of the water. It could be the fact that they’re unusual microbes. It could be any one of a number of things. And so my colleague, Heshan Young and Henry Sun. Heshan, was a postdoc of mine and they, they went to Mono Lake thinking that they might find some interesting biominerals. They certainly found a whole number of minerals cause there’s all sorts of things that get deposited along the banks of Mono Lake, but this was a brand new thing. And when you find something new as a mineralogist, you have to describe it, you have to give its crystal structure, its chemical composition, some of its properties, and you apply to the International Mineralogical Association, you’d submit that information along with a proposed name and they very kindly suggested Hazenite in honor of me, because I’ve been working on the whole idea of the co-evolution of minerals and life, and it just seemed like the perfect choice for them, and I’m extremely gratified because there’s 5,900 minerals. There’s a lot of mineral names out there, but still to have something like that named after you. And, and having it relevant to my research was quite special.
Tom: That’s a pretty cool story. Yeah. You’ve done a lot of investigating as an inhabitant of our planet that we live on. Tell me a little bit about, living on this third rock from the sun, what do you learn from studying about the earth that might be able to apply to studying other planets and moons out there in the cosmos that might or might not harbor life? Like what’s the sort of transferable knowledge that you and your colleagues gain?
Robert: What we’ve understood is that time is a very important dimension in understanding complex worlds. That in fact, our universe, somehow has a direction in time when it comes to certain physical occurrences. Now, one of those directions in time is caught up in what’s known as the second law of thermodynamics. It’s the only one of the sort of classic laws of nature that has a direction, and it says that if you have a hot cup of coffee sitting on a table, it’s not gonna spontaneously get hotter. In fact, it will get cooler, heat spreads out from the hot cup of coffee to the cooler surroundings. And that’s a direction. All the other laws of nature work either way, frontwards or backwards. And what my colleagues and I have been thinking about is, wow, that’s, that’s fascinating. But is that really the whole story of time? Is that the only thing we see in the universe that happens if things tend to deteriorate? This is called law of increasing entropy, but I’m looking out a window right now and I’m seeing trees. I’m seeing flowers. I see birds and squirrels. I see clouds in the sky, and I also see buildings and power lines. I see automobiles. I, mean, those don’t seem to be chaos. Those don’t seem to be things that, that are increasing in entropy. There’s something else going on here, and studies of minerals have really enhanced this idea, Tom. The, the idea that we started out with a planet that had extremely simple minerals, typically minerals only composed of two or three elements, only about 20 different kinds of minerals. And yet we look on Earth today and we’re over 5,900 minerals and counting. Something has changed through time, something’s gotten more complex, something’s gotten more patterned, something’s gotten, if you don’t mind me saying it more interesting. That’s something the universe does and it’s not the second law of thermodynamics, and so we think it’s something else.
Tom: After the break, I talk with Bob about human curiosity, how minerals in life co-evolve, and how rocks can tell us stories if we learn how to read them.
Abby: You’re listening to the Templeton Ideas podcast from the John Templeton Foundation. If you’re enjoying this episode, check out templeton.org/news for more awe-inspiring perspectives from scholars, journalists, and colleagues.
Abby: You can sign up there to get our newsletter in your inbox or follow us wherever you are on social media. Now, let’s get back to our conversation.
Tom: So far as I know, humans are the only species that are looking for life outside of our own planet. What do you think that says about us as humans, that we are so curious and have this longing to, to find life elsewhere?
Robert: So I wonder if it’s a longing to find life elsewhere that’s driving us, or just an intense curiosity about the nature of the cosmos itself, whether or not there are other living forms or not.
So it, it’s hard to imagine there not being another set of planets that are earth-like or, or maybe even more conducive than our planets to life. And I think we wanna find that out and understanding our place. Is the universe, in a sense, a lawful place where life is just one inevitable consequence as inevitable as stars and planets and minerals as inevitable as the periodic table. And I think that’s a very profound question. And people in philosophy and theology and science all want to have serve an answer to that question. That’s why we explore.
Tom: Talk a little bit more about natural selection. Cause I think that’s a concept that, and sometimes I feel like is exclusive to biology or some sort of monopoly on natural selection. Yeah. Yeah. Can you gimme some instances of natural selection that are taking place outside of life?
Robert: What we would argue is that Darwin’s natural selection is a very important, beautiful example of a much more general universal principle. Primarily what Darwin is saying is that the successful characteristics of the parents are passed on to offspring, and so you get gradual transitions to evermore adapted organisms. And that’s very different from mineral evolution. It’s very different from atmospheric evolution or isotope evolution because you don’t have common descent in those cases. But you do have other properties where you’re mixing up atoms or protons and neutrons or molecules in ways that try lots of different combinations, and some combinations turn out to be more stable. They turn out to persist. And then you can build on that saying, oh, now I’ve made mineral A. Now I can alter mineral A to make mineral B. And now once I have mineral B oh, now I can alter mineral B to make mineral C. And you have a progression. You get larger and larger. And so early in Earth’s history, there were only about 20 different minerals at the beginning. And then through the earliest solar process, there are about a hundred minerals. And then you alter those minerals. There are about 300 minerals, and then earliest Earth had maybe 500 minerals, and then new processes came along and a thousand and then 3000. And then when life came along, completely changing the near surface environment and thousands more minerals came into being that never could have come in being before.
So that’s an evolution. That’s an evolving process. And in fact, towards the end stages of this, the minerals are co-evolving. With biology and I don’t see how you can separate the two of them because the biology is evolving, because the minerals are changing just as the minerals are evolving cause the biology is changing.
And so it becomes a much grander picture of evolution being baked into the fabric of the cosmos, right from the Big Bang on. And biological evolution is, yes, it’s an incredibly important part of this. It may be though, that you want to expand this to society, to the evolution of languages, to the evolution of culture, to the evolution of science itself can be thought of as a continuing process of, of many different possible configurations.
You, you have processes of thinking up all these different new ideas and then you have a selection process. Maybe our idea will be selected and people will say, yeah, we think this is a possible way that the universe works, maybe it won’t be selected, it’ll be rejected, and that’s the way any evolving system works.
I’m pretty passionate about this, I have to say.
Tom: Yeah. Well, when I learned about the Newtonian universe, when I picture it in my mind’s eye, it feels pretty dark, pretty empty. We are, as humans are this tiny little speck out there in this black dark space. Fast forward a little bit. I learned about Einstein’s universe.All of a sudden, that black sort of empty cold space starts to feel more exciting to me. It’s got shape, it warps, it moves. Time is wrapped up into it. But still, even in the Einstein’s universe, I still feel kind of alien because there’s nothing about life that’s kind of in that, at least not in that picture of how I understand Einstein’s universe.
But as I reflect on the idea of a universe as it’s self evolving. It feels more like I’m a part of it and that life isn’t incidental, but it’s just another stage of evolution of the universe. It feels more personal to me. Does that resonate with you at all?
Robert: Tom, this has been a profoundly moving part of my scientific career. Yes, it does resonate, and I’ll tell you, Tom, that something has long troubled me or confused me — we have these laws of nature. The one temporal law, the one law that seems to have a direction and time is the one that says, increasing chaos, increasing entropy, the heat, death of the universe. And yet I look out the window and I don’t see that.
Robert: And I think for thousands and thousands of years, humans have recognized that there are. What might be considered complimentary aspects of the cosmos or competing forces, if you will, the idea of creation and destruction in a very colloquial way, and, and I know this is getting far away maybe from some people’s scientific thinking, but the second law of thermodynamics has always seemed to me as kind of a law of destruction, a law of chaos, but there also is a tendency in the university to to create things. And so why wouldn’t there be if we see that all around us all the time? If it’s been part of philosophy and theology and in human experience for millennia, why wouldn’t there also be some kind of scientifically valid, rigorous statement of how organized systems come into being? And so what we’re talking about when we talk about, it’s actually called the Law of Increasing Functional Information, but what it is it The Law of Evolution, it’s saying that there are ways that the universe spontaneously creates local pockets of order in a universal state of increasing entropy.
And that’s really profound and you need both sides of this coin. You can’t look out the window and explain what you see without both sides.
Tom: I would have to say that most of us every day will absolutely overlook rocks, minerals, things that we stub our toes on. Maybe we’ll enjoy birds, trees, blue skies, clouds. I feel like rocks are probably one of the most overlooked, underappreciated substances in our daily lives. What would you as mineralogist say or, or perhaps remind us or encourage us to not just overlook them?
Robert: Every rock that you see that you stub your toe on, that just lies in the side of the path, whether it’s a gorgeous, brilliant blue crystal with shiny faces or just a dull gray, non-descript blob. It’s like having a book in your library and it’s sitting there and all you need to do, if you read the language that that book has been written in, if you’re willing to take the time to take the book off its shelf and open it up and start reading, it has a story to tell us, and the story it’s telling us is the entire sweep of the history of our planet, of our solar system, and even going farther back in time, there’s nothing else that provides us with that story.
|
|||||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
3
| 4
|
https://www.ellwoodcityledger.com/story/news/education/2024/06/24/ellwood-city-students-helped-by-rita-hazen-foundation-lawrence-county/74189634007/
|
en
|
Rita Hazen foundation continues to help Ellwood City students
|
[
"https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2023/09/14/NECL/13b58b58-5c50-4833-b405-f364f25c791e-ece48af6-cccb-45b5-8720-c7dbdcd336fe_thumbnail.png",
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Louise Carroll, Ellwood City Ledger"
] |
2024-06-24T00:00:00
|
The Dr. Rita Hazen Education Foundation and her legacy continues to play an important role in the overall education of children in the area.
|
en
|
Beaver County Times
|
https://www.ellwoodcityledger.com/story/news/education/2024/06/24/ellwood-city-students-helped-by-rita-hazen-foundation-lawrence-county/74189634007/
|
ELLWOOD CITY ― In 1998, Rita Hazen organized the Ellwood City Education Foundation to aid students in the Ellwood City Area School District. After her 2006 death it was renamed the Dr. Rita Hazen Education Foundation and her legacy continues to play an important role in the overall education of children in the area.
Hazen, a former math and English teacher and administrator, had a vision to provide students in the district with as many educational opportunities as possible by funding innovative teaching and learning experiences.
The foundation has had an immeasurable impact on students and the community, supporters say.
Hazen’s husband, Thomas, said that any time they were in public, former students would thank her for the experiences and opportunities she gave them.
“She was a wonderful woman. She made a difference in my life and in the lives of many students and teachers,” Thomas said.
Beth Wyszomierski, a member of the board of trustees for the foundation, said the district gives a certain amount each year for classroom supplies but for many teachers, it is not enough.
Teachers can request funds from the foundation with these rules, the activity should benefit as many students as possible, enhance the curriculum, be of educational value, and not generally be funded by the school district.
Wyszomierski said they have funded many activities including bringing in visiting poets, musicians, artists and storytellers. They have also helped fund cultural events such as plays at the Chamber Theater, New Castle Playhouse, and the Scottish Rite Cathedral. In addition, they have provided trips to the Holocaust Museum, the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, the Andy Warhol Museum and the Heinz History Center. For many years the advanced government students have traveled to Harrisburg and Philadelphia and met with Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court Debra McCloskey Todd.
The foundation has purchased software and technology for the classroom, Chromebooks for students and carts on which to store them, headphones and website licenses for teachers.
Other items for classrooms include books, flexible seating, rugs for storytelling for kindergarten pupils, tennis balls for the legs of desks to diminish noise and to provide greater stability and an incubator so students can observe the hatching of eggs.
In 2012, the foundation bought iPads for students to use during a walking tour of Ellwood City. These remain available for use for other projects.
Originally the foundation received grants from the Hoyt Foundation and local corporate contributors such as ESB Bank. The Ellwood Area Education Association and the teachers union have also donated.
Currently, teacher payroll deductions are a large part of their funding. They also receive individual and memorial contributions mostly in honor of former teachers.
Contributions may be made to the Dr. Rita Hazen Education Foundation and sent to Andrea Houk at 7 Grant Road, Ellwood City.
The board of trustees include Greg Fox, Kevin McElwain, retired high school teacher Rick DeLoia and retired elementary teachers Andrea Houk and Lisa Ovial.
|
|||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
3
| 67
|
https://www.pmmag.com/articles/96250-pm-profile-tacos-john-hazen-white-jr-and-the-tacowhite-family-foundation
|
en
|
PM Profile: Taco’s John Hazen White Jr. and The Taco/White Family Foundation
|
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[] |
[] |
[
"CEO",
"Taco",
"Taco/White Family Foundation",
"charity",
"president"
] | null |
[
"Bob Miodonski",
"digital magazines",
"Plumbing & Mechanical",
"PM Engineer",
"www.RadiantAndHydronics.com"
] |
2014-02-20T00:00:00-05:00
|
Plumbing & Mechanical recently interviewed John Hazen White Jr., president and CEO of Taco Inc., about the work done by The Taco/White Family Foundation. Established in January 2000 as the John and Happy White Foundation, the charitable arm of Taco has provided assistance to more than 300 nonprofit, community-based organizations in Rhode Island over the years. The foundation board meets to consider applications every six weeks. PM: How does the mission of The Taco/White Family Foundation align with the mission of Taco Inc.? JW: Through . . .
|
en
|
/images/favicon/favicons.ico
|
https://www.pmmag.com/articles/96250-pm-profile-tacos-john-hazen-white-jr-and-the-tacowhite-family-foundation
|
Plumbing & Mechanical recently interviewed John Hazen White Jr., president and CEO of Taco Inc., about the work done by The Taco/White Family Foundation. Established in January 2000 as the John and Happy White Foundation, the charitable arm of Taco has provided assistance to more than 300 nonprofit, community-based organizations in Rhode Island over the years. The foundation board meets to consider applications every six weeks.
PM: How does the mission of The Taco/White Family Foundation align with the mission of Taco Inc.?
JW: Through its history, Taco has been a company that has revolved around creative ideas and better products for the industry to make people’s jobs easier. At some point, it occurred to us that there was a way to bring that same thinking into our own community. We could provide resources to help people accomplish the same goals to better the community as we have tried to better the industry.
PM: Why is it important to give something back to your Rhode Island community?
JW: We’ve grown and developed this company in the Rhode Island community since the early 1940s. It’s been a great place for us to grow and prosper. Rhode Island is a community from which we have taken a great deal. As we continue to grow, develop and prosper, it’s worthy of us giving back so that our people and their families can take advantage of some of the things that Rhode Island has to offer.
PM: How did the foundation determine its five areas of focus: Music/Art, Education, Health Care, the Environment and Community Service?
JW: We needed to focus because our resources are limited. We could put $25 in envelopes and put them in the mail with very little impact on anything. So, we’ve chosen to focus on areas where we feel we could make a difference. We thought about our 500 employees and their families, and how we could best provide for them to take advantage of things that matter to them and help enrich their lives.
The music area is largely focused on the Rhode Island Philharmonic. The arts involve some of the outdoors programs in the summer where families can take part. We’re heavily involved in the two major theaters in Rhode Island, the Providence Performing Arts Center and the Trinity Repertory Theater. These are activities that people can enjoy with their families where they may never get the chance to do without Taco being a part.
The health care focus is an important one for us as is higher education. Again, these are areas that are important to our employees and their families. We want to devote some of our resources to helping them continue to grow and prosper.
PM: What lessons did your parents teach you that enabled you to grow the foundation to where it is today?
JW: Any foundation with the right objectives is generated out of generosity for two reasons. One, it’s good to be a part of the community and two, it’s great to be able to give back some of what you have. An awful lot of people don’t. They just want to keep everything in their pocket. My parents, John and Happy White, were extremely generous people on a personal basis, not only to their company and their family but also to the community. We were able to take that and philosophically grow it into what is now, a wonderful foundation.
PM: What is your vision for the foundation’s future?
JW: The success of the foundation in the future revolves around Taco’s success. We have created an endowment, which is growing every year. At some point, we will be able to draw from it and that will allow us to have a bigger resource to divvy out.
The Taco/White Family Foundation is by no means the largest foundation in the state of Rhode Island, but I think I can safely say it is one of the most impactful. To maintain that situation is really what I envision our need to be. It allows us to provide so much to so many people. It is a far-reaching foundation with a big impact.
PM: What example does the Taco/White Family Foundation provide for the plumbing-and-mechanical industry to follow?
JW: I think it sets an example for any company. One of the unique things about the plumbing-and-mechanical industry is that so many of our customers and suppliers are very much like Taco. They’re private, small, independent, and we all have taken from our community, whatever we define that as — our church, family, school, neighborhood — to be able to succeed.
At some point in our development, we need to give back. Instead of talking about it, Taco has gone ahead and done it. As an example for people to follow, I think it really is a great thing.
PM: Of the hundreds of grants that the foundation has made over the years, can you single out any of which you are most proud?
JW: Oh, sure. We’ve been one of the top two or three major donors to the Rhode Island Philharmonic since when it was not as stable as it is now. It has become a real gem here in the state of Rhode Island.
Our role in the Providence Performing Arts Center is another. One of the big banks for years had sponsored the Providence Performing Arts Center’s Broadway Series, which is a wonderful program, and then just walked away from the whole thing last year. That left the Performing Arts Center high and dry, so we picked that up and that’s been tremendous because our employees and their families can take part in this.
We’ve made sure that we can provide dress rehearsal tickets for them. It’s something people may never get the chance to take part in without our involvement.
One of the things that I am personally most proud of is that we have been a very active participant in the growth and development of Johnson & Wales University, which is one of the leading culinary and hospitality schools in the world today. I’ve been personally involved and incredibly proud of what we’ve done there.
Butler Hospital is an institution in Providence for psychological treatment. It began a program a few years ago to analyze one of the key elements of Alzheimer’s and we were the people who gave seed money for that program. This gave Butler leverage to gain some significant grants that allowed it to make some major discoveries in the area of Alzheimer’s disease.
PM: What was your goal when you professionalized the foundation with legal counsel, bylaws and a president?
JW: When we put in a president of the foundation, he was able to sort out what we were really doing, where our money was going and how it was being spent. So, the small organizations we are involved in every day, such as food pantries, consume about 30% of our outgoing funds. Our big organization donations are now about 70% of our total giving.
We are aiming to change that to 60/40 or even 50/50 because we want to make an impact on the smaller organizations around Rhode Island that do a tremendous job and certainly need help. But we had to professionalize it.
There are legal aspects to what we do with the foundation. I’m only one vote on a board of 11 people. The professionalism of the foundation has become so critical, and being only one vote I can’t administer this thing. It’s been wonderful to have a president who is totally focused on this. Our president visits every single major request to establish the viability and the benefits to the foundation and the requesting organization.
PM: What role do Taco employees who sit on the board play in the foundation?
JW: A number of Taco employees sit on the board for a one- or two-year term, and then they rotate off and someone else will come on. They’re chosen with some consideration of who might make some contributions. As a company, we’re very close and we know who is capable of what. Bringing people on from different parts of the company with different interests in the community allows us to get a different perspective of what we’re going to do.
We’ve never, for instance, been particularly interested in supporting sports because there is so much support for sports already. But we have a member of the foundation who has a background in soccer. As a result, we have contributed to an after-school soccer program in Rhode Island in the inner city, one that combines after-school studies with soccer, and this has had dramatic impact on saving kids from dropping out of school and continuing on with their education.
We never would have had that perspective without bringing in someone like that on the foundation board.
The other rationale for rotating board members is that it is important to find a way to disseminate information into the company as to what this foundation is doing. These are company dollars being spent in the community. For these people to leave the board meeting and go back to their respective areas and explain to their peers what is happening is a very valuable thing.
PM: How do Taco employees who do not sit on the board get involved in the foundation’s work?
JW: We have been very conscious of the fact that there are needs within the company beyond what we know. We have provided an avenue for our employees to come forward with their own requests to ask us to do something that they are a part of. They have to fulfill certain criteria, such as the amount of time they personally are involved in an activity, so it’s not just an activity that is out in left field and no one knows what it’s all about.
One of our five areas of focus is community service. Next door to us is the Cranston, R.I., Senior Center. Periodically, we have activities that allow our employees to go there and take part in what they’re doing. One example is the Meals on Wheels program. We have encouraged our people to give back to where we have taken from. I feel very strongly about that. They all can’t give money to organizations that they love and want to be a part of, but they can go and take part in food pantries, churches or whatever.
PM: What advice would you give to plumbing-and-mechanical contractors about getting more involved in their community?
JW: Think through what you really want to do and how you want to take part. We get so consumed in running our everyday business and protecting our gains, because it is a daunting task if you’re in that position. But there is something to be gained from giving back.
You have to be able to figure out a way to do it that is affordable — you just can’t start giving away everything — and impactful. It takes some forethought. We didn’t get to where we are in the last 12 months. This has taken 14 years. There are a lot of people who are needy of something. To be able to participate in providing that something is what we all have.
I view a company like Taco as not just a manufacturer of plumbing and heating equipment; there are a lot of those. I view us as also having a social responsibility, and that’s go give back to the community from which we take. We are a main part of this community. Thinking through how we can help uplift and stabilize our community is a basic, underlying thought of what we do every day.
HELPFUL LINKS:
|
|||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
1
| 91
|
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/4/527
|
en
|
Gut Microbiome and Its Role in Valvular Heart Disease: Not a “Gutted” Relationship
|
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[
""
] | null |
[
"Gyanaranjan Nayak",
"Kyriakos Dimitriadis",
"Nikolaos Pyrpyris",
"Magdalini Manti",
"Nikolaos Kamperidis",
"Vasileios Kamperidis",
"Antonios Ziakas",
"Konstantinos Tsioufis"
] |
2024-04-19T00:00:00
|
The role of the gut microbiome (GM) and oral microbiome (OM) in cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been increasingly being understood in recent years. It is well known that GM is a risk factor for various CVD phenotypes, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, heart failure and atrial fibrillation. However, its role in valvular heart disease (VHD) is less well understood. Research shows that, direct, microbe-mediated and indirect, metabolite-mediated damage as a result of gut dysbiosis and environmental factors results in a subclinical, chronic, systemic inflammatory state, which promotes inflammatory cell infiltration in heart valves and subsequently, via pro-inflammatory molecules, initiates a cascade of reaction, resulting in valve calcification, fibrosis and dysfunction. This relationship between GM and VHD adds a pathophysiological link to the pathogenesis of VHD, which can be aimed therapeutically, in order to prevent or regress any risk for valvular pathologies. Therapeutic interventions include dietary modifications and lifestyle interventions, in order to influence environmental factors that can promote gut dysbiosis. Furthermore, the combination of probiotics and prebiotics, as well as fecal m transplantation and targeted treatment with inducers or inhibitors of microbial enzymes have showed promising results in animal and/or clinical studies, with the potential to reduce the inflammatory state and restore the normal gut flora in patients. This review, thus, is going to discuss the pathophysiological links behind the relationship of GM, CVD and VHD, as well as explore the recent data regarding the effect of GM-altering treatment in CVD, cardiac function and systemic inflammation.
|
en
|
MDPI
|
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/4/527
|
by
Gyanaranjan Nayak
1 ,
Kyriakos Dimitriadis
1,* ,
Nikolaos Pyrpyris
Nikolaos Pyrpyris
Dr. Nikolaos Pyrpyris is a Student of Medicine at the National and Kapodistrian University of He the [...]
Dr. Nikolaos Pyrpyris is a Student of Medicine at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. He graduated from the University of Patras School of Medicine. He is a member of the European Society of Cardiology. He is experienced in Cardiovascular Research and Cardiovascular Medicine with a demonstrated history of working in academic-based research teams.
1 ,
Magdalini Manti
2 ,
Nikolaos Kamperidis
2 ,
Vasileios Kamperidis
3 ,
Antonios Ziakas
Antonios Ziakas
Prof. Antonios Ziakas is a Professor of Cardiology and an Interventional Cardiologist at the First a [...]
Prof. Antonios Ziakas is a Professor of Cardiology and an Interventional Cardiologist at the First Department of Cardiology of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki performing both percutaneous coronary and structural heart disease Interventions. He graduated from Aristotle University Medical School in 1993 and was trained for a specialization in Cardiology. He worked for a year as a fellow in the Cardiology Department of Freeman Hospital in Newcastle upon Tyne Great Britain. After that, he was trained at the Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria Heart Institute Foundation.
3 and
Konstantinos Tsioufis
1
1
First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece
2
St Mark’s Hospital, Imperial College London, London HA1 3UJ, UK
3
First Cardiology Department, AHEPA University Hospital, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54453 Thessaloniki, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Life 2024, 14(4), 527; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14040527
Submission received: 18 March 2024 / Revised: 7 April 2024 / Accepted: 14 April 2024 / Published: 19 April 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates in Cardiovascular Medicine: Diagnosis, Treatment and Technical Aspects: 2nd Edition)
Abstract
:
The role of the gut microbiome (GM) and oral microbiome (OM) in cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been increasingly being understood in recent years. It is well known that GM is a risk factor for various CVD phenotypes, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, heart failure and atrial fibrillation. However, its role in valvular heart disease (VHD) is less well understood. Research shows that, direct, microbe-mediated and indirect, metabolite-mediated damage as a result of gut dysbiosis and environmental factors results in a subclinical, chronic, systemic inflammatory state, which promotes inflammatory cell infiltration in heart valves and subsequently, via pro-inflammatory molecules, initiates a cascade of reaction, resulting in valve calcification, fibrosis and dysfunction. This relationship between GM and VHD adds a pathophysiological link to the pathogenesis of VHD, which can be aimed therapeutically, in order to prevent or regress any risk for valvular pathologies. Therapeutic interventions include dietary modifications and lifestyle interventions, in order to influence environmental factors that can promote gut dysbiosis. Furthermore, the combination of probiotics and prebiotics, as well as fecal m transplantation and targeted treatment with inducers or inhibitors of microbial enzymes have showed promising results in animal and/or clinical studies, with the potential to reduce the inflammatory state and restore the normal gut flora in patients. This review, thus, is going to discuss the pathophysiological links behind the relationship of GM, CVD and VHD, as well as explore the recent data regarding the effect of GM-altering treatment in CVD, cardiac function and systemic inflammation.
1. Introduction
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide [1]. While CVD is well associated with traditional risk factors like hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, diabetes and metabolic syndrome, with a plethora of data describing their relationship, recent research and microbial sequencing analysis has shown the significance of the gut microbiome (GM) in affecting cardiovascular physiology and promoting pathogenetic mechanisms, ultimately responsible for the manifestation of cardiovascular pathologies [2,3]. The GM can be defined as the entirety of microbial organisms, ranging from bacteria to eukaryote and archea, populating the gastrointestinal tract, estimated to be around 1014 and possibly overly excessive compared to human cells in both number and genomic content [4]. Along with the GM, oral microbiota (OM) is an increasingly recognized microbiome site, that consists of the normal microbiome present at the oral cavity of each individual and is one of the largest and most complex microbiomes in the human body [5]. The GM seemingly affects the entire spectrum of CVD, and recently, novel research evaluated its role, including OM, in the pathogenesis and progression of valvular heart disease (VHD). Both the GM and OM seem to be related to VHD similarly to other CVD, as a risk factor promoting inflammation and altered host metabolism. This review aims to delve into the role of the GM and OM in the pathophysiology of VHD and describe available and emerging therapeutic options, targeted towards restoring the normal gut flora, including up-to-date animal and clinical evidence.
2. Pathophysiology: The Gut and Heart connection
2.1. Gut Microbiome: From Physiology to Pathogenesis
The GM predominantly inhabits the colon and is mostly anaerobic. Recent genomic analyses indicate that a large number of phyla colonize the human gut, with the majority being Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes [6]. The colon is most probably colonized after birth, despite conflicting evidence regarding the presence of a placental microbiome [7,8], and it rapidly increases and alters in the early stages of life, as a result of environmental factors such as diet, antibiotic use, disease and type of delivery (vaginal or c-section) [9,10]. Its symbiosis with human hosts comes with a number of benefits for human physiology, including integrity of the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier, vitamin and nutrients’ metabolism and protection against pathogens [11]. Of note, the GM can alter cell genomic expression cells via producing short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and limit bacterial translocation [12,13], while also influencing epithelial homeostasis [14] and regulating both intestinal mucosal and systemic immune systems [15]. However, the positive symbiotic effects can be diminished or even reversed in case of dysbiosis development. Dysbiosis, an imbalance between the host and GM, has been already described to contribute to multiple pathologies, including autoimmune disease [16], thyroid disease [17], COVID-19 and CVD [18,19].
Pathophysiologically, GM-mediated CVD implications are complex and can be categorized as either direct, microbe-mediated or indirect, metabolite-related. In respect to the damage caused by microbial dysbiosis, microbe-induced systemic inflammation can promote CVD pathogenesis. This is particularly notable when examining the gut bacteria-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is normally produced by gram-negative intestinal bacteria and can be in increased serum concentrations following loss of intestinal cell integrity, facilitated via either local dysbiosis and LPS-mediated damage to the epithelial barrier [20] or other pathologies leading to disrupted intestinal blood vessel molecule transfer, such as hypertension [21]. The accumulation of LPS in the human body results in low-grade chronic inflammation, which is present in atherosclerotic, but not normal arteries [22]. In particular, a proposed mechanism concerns LPS binding to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and a subsequent systemic inflammatory reaction mediated by the secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules and enhancement of pro-atherogenic receptors, as shown by studies linking receptors and molecules commonly recognized in atherosclerotic plaques and endothelial dysfunction phenotypes [23]. LPS levels and chronic inflammation have been extensively studied, with evidence of its role in atherosclerosis [24], atrial fibrillation [25] and heart failure [26]. It is of note that mutations in TLR4, leading to lack of binding of LPS to the receptor, may be related with a lower atherogenic risk, but not inflammation burden [27]. Furthermore, gut microbe-secreted metabolites such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), bile acids and SCFAs may alter the course of CVD. These molecules are linked to increased inflammatory states via various complex pathways (i.e., mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-related kinase, and the nuclear factor-κB (nf-Κb) pathway) [28], as well as non-inflammation-dependent pathogenetic mechanisms including thrombus formation, atherogenesis, fibrosis and foam cell formation [29,30], and may be also related to increased major adverse cardiovascular events [31]. It is of interest that the adverse effects of such molecules are exacerbated, regarding both cardiac function and fibrosis, when dietary factors promoting the formation of such molecules (TMAO, choline) are given to mice models [32,33], while partial inhibition of these molecules may result in enhanced cardiac [34] and renal [35] function. On the other hand, the role of SCFAs may be more protective, limiting inflammation, metabolic disorders and atherogenesis [36]. Therefore, absence of SCFAs formatting bacteria in a dysbiotic environment, which promotes the secretion of the aforementioned metabolites, may lead to loss of this protective effect and thus to CVD. Finally, other recently recognized metabolites of gut microbiome, such as phenylacetylglutamine, may have an inflammation-independent role in the pathogenesis of CVD. In specific, Liu et al. [37] showed that in patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing computed tomography coronary angiography, patients with increased levels of phenylacetylglutamine had significantly increased rates of obstructive CAD, high-complexity lesion and high-risk plaque phenotype, as well as adrenergic receptor activation and increased platelet activation.
2.2. GM and VHD
Recent studies have highlighted that, along with CAD, GM dysbiosis may also be related to VHD, as the pathobiology of CAD and specific VHD, such as aortic stenosis (AS), has many similarities [38]. As aforementioned, the most probable pathogenetic mechanisms come as a result of pathogen-mediated (dysbiosis) or metabolite-related mechanisms, both resulting in an altered host inflammatory state, which promotes calcification and structural valve dysfunction (Figure 1). In this setting, some researchers evaluated the role of GM in VHD (Table 1). Curini et al., reported the first taxonomical and functional characterization of human calcific aortic stenosis with the associated microbiota [39]. In 20 patients with severe symptomatic calcific AS, infiltration of T cells, and specific T-helper cells, was present in all patients, in response to microbe presence detected by ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing. Furthermore, CD8+ cells were found significantly increased in a proportion of German patients, compared to Italians. The presence of chronic inflammation, in response to microbiota presence, and the ability of T-cells to mediate altered calcium metabolism and valve calcification provide a hint for the potential role of GM in the pathogenesis of AS [40]. Furthermore, the study showed that the most prevalent phylum was Bacteroidota, followed by Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Proteobacteria have also been found in specimen analysis of mitral valves. Thus, these studies are hypothesis-generating regarding the type and role of the microbiome, via initiating an inflammatory response, in VHD and valve calcification.
The relationship of AS and GM has also been explored in terms of evaluating the role of GM-derived metabolites and the presence or severity of AS. Kocyigit et al., showed that choline levels were significantly increased in patients with severe AS; however, they did not find a similar association with TMAO levels. It is of interest that this study revealed that higher choline levels are associated with higher aortic and mitral annular calcification scores, while its levels were significantly more elevated in patients with more dense lymphocyte infiltration, osseous metaplasia and calcification in the aortic valve [41], thus relating choline levels with both AS presence and severity. Similar results for choline levels and VHD have also been showcased by other investigators [42], revealing a significant relationship. TMAO has also been linked to aortic stenosis, with Guo et al. [43], evaluating patients with severe aortic stenosis, reporting significantly higher TMAO levels in patients with versus without aortic stenosis, even after adjusting for confounders. Furthermore, increased TMAO levels were predictive of patient survival, as they were also significantly associated with 2-year all cause and late cumulative mortality, while being an independent mortality predictor in multivariate analysis [43]. Finally, a recent study by Xiong et al., examining the role of TMAO in valvular fibrosis in human aortic valve interstitial cells treated with TMAO, showed that it is significantly related to aortic valve fibrosis, and specifically by initiating endoplasmic reticulum stress mechanisms involving activation of PERK/ATF-4 and IRE-1α/XBP-1s pathways. Treatment with 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol, which inhibits the formation of TMAO, leads to reduced fibrosis. Finally, high-choline and fat diet in treated mice was shown to increase TMAO levels and activation of the aforementioned pathways, thus subsequently leading to increased fibrosis [44].
Lastly, it should be mentioned that, despite the initial link to CAD, studies revealed that it is probable that different bacteria populations have a distinctive role in each pathogenetic process [45]. In more detail, in a recent study, the CAD cohort was predominantly populated by Collinsella aerofaciens, Enterococcus, Megamonas and Megasphaera, while the VHD by Bacteroides plebeius, Enterobacteriaceae, Veillonella dispar and Prevotella copri. Interestingly, Blautia, a bacteria linked with anti-inflammatory response and producing short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) was reduced. The correlation analysis reported that for VHD Prevotela corpi and for CAD Collinsella aerofaciens may be key in the pathogenetic process related to the GM. This study, along with showcasing the different phenotypes of GM in patients with different CVD, also promotes a more inflammation-driven pathophysiological mechanism for VHD, as shown by the properties of their flora, in comparison to multiple different mechanisms, including promotion of dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome in CAD patients. In other words, despite the vast of similarities between the pathophysiology of CAD, CVD in general and VHD, it is more likely that GM, its metabolites and the subsequent inflammation actively act and influence the physiology of the valvular mechanism, and possibly act concomitantly with other CVD risk factors, in order to contribute to each pathology. However, such conclusions could not be definitively drawn from these results.
2.3. OM, CVD and VHD
The role of OM in VHD is also well known, when considering the large number of endocarditis events following dental interventions; however, on top of acute infections, evidence suggest that periodontitis, oral dysbiosis and transient bacteremia with associated low-grade inflammation can modulate host inflammatory response and be linked to CVD [46]. Periodontitis has already been linked to atherosclerosis, with analyses showcasing inflammation as the responsible mediator for promoting atherogenesis [47]. Early studies show that the presence of at least one oral bacterium is frequent (44%) in atherosclerotic plaques [48]. Recently, analyses showed that bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, which are present in periodontitis, can also be identified in atheromas and are associated with the activation of the NF-κB-BMAL1-NF-κB signaling loop [49], while there might be a relation of periodontitis with myocardial infarction and major adverse cardiovascular events [50]. Nevertheless, a consensus document recognizes the increased risk for CVD in patients with periodontitis and the potential pathophysiological relationship between the two pathologies. However, given the common risk factors for periodontitis, chronic subclinical inflammation and atherosclerosis, establishing a causal relation cannot be entirely confirmed until more definitive data are available. Similarly, there are very limited data specifically addressing non-infectious, inflammation-mediated damage to heart valves mediated by OM. Older, specimen studies have identified oral pathogens in cardiac specimens, including cardiac valves, reporting high rates of Streptococcus mutans as well as low rates of periodontitis-related microbes [51,52]. Sia et al., recently showed that the incidence of VHD is significantly more frequent in patients with periodontitis, compared to controls, with periodontitis being independently related to the development of VHD. Interestingly, treatment for periodontitis was associated with a significantly lower incidence of VHD [53]. However, as the study found differences between the commonly identified oral pathogens present at atherosclerotic plaques (Porphyromonas gingivalis) with those populating valves (Group A Streptococci), the investigators mention that a conclusion regarding whether valve damage is mediated by chronic inflammation or subclinical infective endocarditis cannot be made and this topic warrants more research. Such pathophysiological hypotheses have not yet been elaborately studied and thus represent a frontier of research, in order to better understand potential links between VHD and OM beyond infective endocarditis-mediated damage.
2.4. Associations with VHD Management
The role of GM in VHD is not only pathogenetic but can also complicate the course of its management. Antibiotic use can alter the normal GM of a patient undergoing cardiac surgery, with studies showing decreased levels of beneficial bacteria and increased levels of harmful bacteria, such as Enterococcus, in post-operative cardiac patients [54]. The link between such disruptions and adverse events in operated patients is, however, still undetermined. Similarly, Xue et al., also showed that IV antibiotics influence GM composition in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, predominantly those undergoing valve replacement, with 7-day administration being able to entirely disrupt gut–host symbiosis [55]. Mostly, antibiotics with biliary excretion were responsible for such changes. Notably, such differentiations in the GM may also have implications in anticoagulation treatment, especially with vitamin K antagonists (VKA). Vitamin K is predominantly produced by Gram-positive bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract [56], this IV antibiotic excreted via the biliary can negatively influence vitamin K synthesis and consequently treatment with VKAs. More recently, similar investigations were performed regarding the role of gut dysbiosis, VKA and direct oral anticoagulation (DOAC) in rat models. The investigators reported that in antibiotic-treated rats, there are changes in the microbiome that affect oral anticoagulant (OAC) metabolism. In specific, warfarin and rivaroxaban had increased bioavailability, contrary to dabigatran, which showed a decreased bioavailability. Confirming these results, the study also showed altered expression of hepatic enzymes responsible for OAC metabolism, including p-glycoprotein, the nuclear receptor PRX and CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and CYP3A3, in animals treated with antibiotics compared to controls [57]. The aforementioned results highlight the significant, yet understudied, role of GM in the whole spectrum of VHD, from pathophysiology to management, and indicate cautious management of medication in patients with suspected gut dysbiosis, as it could lead to suboptimal patient outcomes and OAC failure.
3. Therapeutic Approaches to Restore the Normal Gut Flora
As elaborately described, the GM and OM have a distinctive pathophysiological relationship with CVD and VHD. Therefore, targeting gut dysbiosis and metabolites of the GM, in order to diminish their harmful impact, could be a novel therapeutic target for CVD. There are, currently, several options aiming to restore normal gut flora, including non-pharmacological, pharmacological and interventional (Figure 1).
3.1. Lifestyle Interventions: Diet and Oral Hygiene
A well-balanced diet is a key pillar to disease prevention, regardless of its association with the GM. However, its benefits may extend to maintaining a normal gut flora or restoring gut dysbiosis. It is of note that diet can play a significant role in the GM phenotype, dysbiosis and VHD risk. Specifically, Curini et al. [39] showed that in patient groups from different countries (Italy and Germany), there are significant differences in the microbes present in their valves, with Germans having more CVD-specific microbial infiltrates. Given the presumable differences in diet between the two populations (typical, meat and high-fat diet for Germans and Mediterranean diet for Italians), it could be possible that such dietary choices, promoting formation of GM-associated metabolites such TMAO, could promote valvular damage mediated by the GM. It is well known that diet has an incremental role in the GM, and a high-fat diet can alter its synthesis and promote dysbiosis even in extremely short periods of time [58], while it can also be related with increased LPS and levels of inflammatory markers [59]. Furthermore, such diets can diminish the production of the protective SCFAs in human organisms, which sustains the vicious cycle of GM dysbiosis, chronic inflammation and disease [60]. On the other hand, a diet with fibers can be beneficial, as fibers are known to promote normal gut flora, maintain GM diversity and promote an optimal GM–host relation [61]. Therefore, following a well-balanced diet, such as the Mediterranean diet, which has a well-documented protective effect in the cardiovascular system, can be of benefit in such individuals, by promoting microbial diversity, enhancement of SCFA-producing species, reduction of harmful metabolite production and decrease gut permeability [62,63]. This has also been shown in large, randomized trials examining the effect of different diets in secondary prevention of CVD, such as the CORDIOPREV study, where the Mediterranean diet was found to be superior to a low-fat diet in the prevention of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with established CAD [64]. Notably, this is particularly significant in special populations, such as athletes, where a well-balanced diet, like the Mediterranean, is not usually followed. The effect of daily dietary intake aimed to optimize athletic outcomes, as opposed to the regular diet followed by the general population, may also have an effect in their cardiovascular health, in a similar manner different exercise modalities has [65]. Future research should examine such parameters of dietary options, specifically focusing on such populations, in order to identify possible links with cardiac function alterations and CVD.
Regarding the role of oral dysbiosis and periodontitis, diet is also a risk factor for its development, with a high-fat and sugar and low-fiber diet being well associated with periodontitis [66]. Therefore, similarly to the GM, diet intervention should be initiated in those patients, with the aim of following dietary plans rich in omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins and fibers and low in fat and carbohydrates, which have been shown to reduce periodontal inflammation [67]. Furthermore, diets including the Mediterranean and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) are also beneficial in reducing the risk of periodontal pathologies, and should be used, especially in accordance with patient phenotype, such as DASH for patients with hypertension [68]. Regarding oral hygiene, it has been shown that its suboptimal implementation in adults can increase the risk of periodontitis by up to five times, while good oral hygiene is associated with low rates of such complications [69]. Therefore, in accordance with advice from dentists, individuals should follow oral hygiene rules, with frequent toothbrushing and flossing, as well as visits to dental experts, in order to prevent the development of oral dysbiosis and periodontal pathologies.
3.2. Probiotics, Prebiotics and Antibiotics
The use of probiotics and prebiotics is continuously increasing for modulating the GM. Probiotics are a conundrum of beneficial microbes, mostly Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Lactococcus and Saccharomyces, which can improve several aspects of human physiology, including the GM, immunological parameters and gastrointestinal physiology [70]. Prebiotics are non-digestible dietary fibers and oligosaccharides that selectively nourish beneficial microorganisms, which in turn produce beneficial molecules, such as SCFAs, that can decrease other metabolite toxicity and improve cardiovascular health [71].
The role of probiotics and prebiotics in CVD has been evaluated in a handful of studies. In specific, Malik et al. [72], evaluating the effect of probiotics (Lactobacillus plantarum 299v) in individuals with CAD, described that in those individuals there were significant changes in brachial flow-mediated dilation, endothelium-dependent vasodilation and interleukin-8 and 12 levels, without any changes in lipid and trimethylamine oxide levels, thus indicating significant improvement in arterial physiology and inflammation. Moreover, Moludi et al., showed that administration of probiotics (Lactobacillus Rhamnosus G) and prebiotics (inulin), in patients with CAD, resulted in significantly decreased levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), LPS and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, in comparison to controls [73]. Another study by the same group, also in patients with CAD using only probiotics (Lactobacillus Rhamnosus G), reported a significant decrease in inflammatory markers and LPS, while they have also shown that in patients with myocardial infarction, administration of probiotics is associated with improved echocardiographic indices, compared to baseline, as a result of a positive cardiac remodelling [74]. Moreover, similar protective effects were found in patients with diabetes, where the use of probiotics lowered blood pressure, without, however, any differences in antioxidant markers [75]. Regarding prebiotics, animal heart failure models show an improvement of gut dysbiosis with their use, as well as reduction of endotoxemia [76]. The combination of prebiotics and probiotics is more common in clinical trials, with results showing decreased levels of CRP, nitric oxide and cholesterol levels in CAD [77,78]. Interestingly, several trials also indicate that the combination of those two treatments results in better outcomes in terms of inflammatory marker reduction and reduction of gut permeability, compared to using only one therapy, either probiotic or prebiotic [73,79]. The aforementioned studies provide significant insight regarding the beneficial role of pre-and probiotics in patients with CVD, especially in regard to inflammation. The anti-inflammatory effects of these regimens, along with the preservation or restoration of normal gut flora, could be of great use in patients with both CVD and VHD. However, subsequent trials further documenting their role in influencing clinical outcomes are needed in order to fully understand their role in VHD management and prevention.
Finally, some studies have assessed the effect of GM alteration with antibiotics in the gut–heart relationship. More specifically, a study by Awoyemi et al., evaluated the effect of rifaximin, probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii and standard of care, in a 1:1:1 randomized fashion, in patients with heart failure. This trial showed that the administration of the antibiotic or probiotic did not have a significant difference from the standard of care on left ventricular ejection fraction, microbiota diversity TMAO or other inflammation indices [80]. Despite these negative results. Other investigators have found an association of antibiotic use with heart failure risk, potentially in a dose-dependent manner [81]. Thus, there is still need for further research in this topic, in order to fully understand the effect of antibiotics, in association with the GM, in patients with CVD and VHD.
3.3. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT)
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an interventional treatment choice for altering an individual’s GM. FMT consists of the administration of a fecal solution from a donor directly into the recipient’s gastrointestinal tract, in order to change their gut microbial composition, which could potentially lead to benefits resulting from an enhanced microbial balance [82]. Most experience with FMT is gained due to its usability in pseudomembranous colitis, with positive results regarding rate of recurrence [83]. Promising results have also been identified in inflammatory bowel disease, with clear short-term benefit but uncertain long-term efficacy and safety [84]. Studies evaluating FMT in CVD are limited; however, it has been shown that FMT with a choline-diet induced TMAO production and an atherosclerosis-prone microbe can transfer atherosclerotic susceptibility in healthy individuals [85], therefore indicating a possible relationship between specific FMT microbes and a higher risk for CVD. However, FMT with atherosclerosis or CVD-resistant microbes, i.e., increasing those microbes with beneficial attributes and reducing those that promote inflammation and CVD, has not been tested yet. The association of FMT with CVD and the positive outcomes in other pathologies is a promising topic of research, where personalized FMT could alter normal gut flora and reduce total CVD risk.
3.4. Targeting Microbial Enzymes
Using directed inhibitors of enzymes that produce the previously discussed harmful molecules, such as TMAO, could be beneficial, as it would reduce their levels irrespective of other factors, such as diet. 3,3,Dimethyl-1-Butanol (DMB) is a structural choline analogue which inhibits the microbial synthesis of TMAO [86]. The use of DMB in rats with HF and MI resulted in suppression of TMAO plasma levels and improvement of cardiac function, possibly by inhibiting intracardiac interaction with inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin-8 [86]. Further studies also showcased that DMB, in overload-induced HF mice, can attenuate the development of cardiac remodelling, potentially through inhibition of the NF-κB pathway [87], as well as renal injury [88], aortic stiffening [89] amelioration and endothelial dysfunction prevention [89]. The use of DMB as a therapeutic intervention still requires human trials, which would show the extent of benefit in patients with or at high risk for both CVD and VHD. Finally, other enzymes, such as those mediating the production of SCFAs, should also be targeted by researchers, as increasing their production could lead to significant anti-inflammatory properties and health benefits.
4. Future Directions
It is well understood that the pathophysiological connection between the GM and VHD is complex and warrants more research; however, there are several links pointing towards inflammation and inflammation-related heart damage. As studies show, especially in regard to calcified valvular disease, the GM may have a causal relationship as a risk factor for its development. However, there are still limited data to support this novel hypothesis, mostly with the limited number of patients enrolled. Thus, future studies should aim to further evaluate the role of the GM and its effect in VHD development and progression, especially in less studied valves, such as the mitral valve and mitral annulus. Even though specimen studies, where an analysis of the microbes present in the calcified valve would be welcome, their increased complexity and the well-known, expected hurdles in study execution, can shift the attention towards identifying markers of microbial activity, such as TMAO and choline, which would not only reveal a pathogenetic relationship, but also serve as prognosticators of disease severity. Research on non-traditional molecules that could delineate the relationship between the gut microbiome and CVD should also be a frontier of more extensive research. In particular, catestatin, which is a neuroendocrine hormone (chromogranin A derivative) also found in enteroendocrine cells, has a close relationship with the regulation of the GM in preclinical models [90] and has been found to correlate with all-cause death and unplanned heart failure hospitalization in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) [91]. Further research regarding the relationship of the GM, enteroendocrine cells, CVD and especially VHD is necessary, as it could lead to the identification of novel biomarkers that could link GM dysbiosis and cardiovascular clinical outcomes. Moreover, more focus on interventions that modulate SCFAs and LPS interference with the host, such as diet interventions that increase SCFAs or pre/probiotic combinations that alter the expression of harmful LPSs could add more therapeutic options, on top of targeting the well-studied TMAO. Novel agents such as phenyacetylglutamine, that are currently being more studied, could also reveal more insights into inflammation-independent mechanistic effects that will improve our pathogenesis understanding and potentially lead the efforts for novel targeted therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, genome analysis and identification of individual patterns of GM flora related to VHD could also assist in recognizing early individuals at risk, using screening programs, and intervening early, either by eliminating concomitant CVD risk factors or treating the GM dysbiosis, as aforementioned. Finally, more research is needed regarding treatment alternatives. Currently, there is no evidence regarding potential treatment options and GM alteration in patients with VHD. Further research should identify if intervening with both non-pharmacological and pharmacological measures could alter the course of VHD. However, it should be noted that altering the gut microbiome is a chronic process, where the valve apparatus has already been exposed in harmful interplays and, consequently, the damage in the valve has already been initiated. Thus, it is important to mention that GM alterations with medical interventions would require time (months or years) to take place, while not only one intervention would be needed, but a synergistic effect of aforementioned interventions (diet and pro/prebiotics) would be required in order to observe any results in improving gut dysbiosis. Finally, it is well understood that, as AS becomes more prevalent, a large number of patients will undergo aortic valve replacement, either transcatheter or surgical [92]. Given that prosthetic valve dysfunction is also an increasingly prevalent problem, it would be interesting to investigate if, similarly to native AS, the GM has a role in leaflet calcification and local chronic inflammation. The identification of a link could help physicians better understand the pathophysiology behind prosthetic valve dysfunction, as well as promote preventive measures in order to diminish its effect on disease progression.
5. Conclusions
Growing evidence establishes the pathogenetic role of the GM in VHD. The subclinical, chronic inflammation promoted by gut dysbiosis and by microbial mediators such as TMAO and LPS predominantly influences cardiovascular physiology and results in local valvular inflammatory cell infiltration, calcification and cardiac remodelling. GM-modulating agents, especially diet and pro/prebiotics and antibiotics, hold promise for use in maintaining a normal gut flora and ameliorating the harmful effects of gut dysbiosis; however, further exploring the interplay between the gut and the heart and identifying novel therapeutic options is necessary, in order to provide effective prevention and potentially alter the course of VHD.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, K.D. and K.T.; methodology, G.N.; investigation, G.N. and N.P.; data curation, G.N. and M.M.; writing—original draft preparation, G.N., K.D. and N.P.; writing—review and editing, G.N., K.D., N.P., M.M., N.K., V.K., A.Z. and K.T.; visualization, K.D. and K.T.; supervision, K.D. and K.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Acknowledgments
Icons used for the figures were downloaded by Flaticon.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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Figure 1. The role of the gut microbiome in the pathophysiology of valvular heart disease and treatment considerations. Abbreviations: LPS: lipopolysaccharides; TMAO: trimethylamine N-oxide; BA: bile acids; SCFAs: short chain fatty acids; CVD: cardiovascular disease; VHD: valvular heart disease.
Table 1. Key studies evaluating the role of gut microbiome in valvular heart disease.
StudyYearStudy TypeParticipants’ Characteristics (n)Main OutcomesCurini et al. [39]2023Clinical studyPatients with severe symptomatic calcific AS (n = 20)T-Cells, and especially T-helper cells, infiltrate calcific AS.
The number of CD8+ cells was greater in German patients.
German AVs had higher levels of several microbes linked with CVD.Kocyigit et al. [41]2020Clinical studyPatients with severe or moderate AS (n = 60) and controls (n = 48)Patients with AS had higher choline levels compared to aortic sclerosis patients and controls.
TMAO and betaine levels were not significantly different.
Choline levels were associated with aortic peak flow velocity and significantly increased in AV with lymphocyte infiltration, osseous metaplasia and calcification.Jing et al. [42]2023Mendelian Randomization studyPatients with exposure to choline, carnitine and PC (114,999; 7997 and 114,999; respectively)Elevated choline level had a causal relationship with VHD and MI.Guo et al. [43]2023Clinical studyPatients with AS (n = 299) and without AS (n = 711)TMAO levels were significantly higher in patients with AS, with sustained significant results after baseline characteristics adjustment.
Higher TMAO level was associated with significantly higher 2-year all-cause mortality and higher late cumulative mortality.Xiong et al. [44]2023In vitro studyHuman AV interstitial cells (AVICs), isolated from AVsPathological valves had greater levels of fibrotic molecules (ATF-4, XBP-1, collagen and TGF-β1).
This activation was enhanced after stimulation of the cells with TMAO.Liu et al. [45]2019Clinical StudyIndividuals with AD, CAD and controls (n = 119)The bacteria groups for CAD and VHD largely differ.
Based on correlation analysis, Prevotella copri and Collinsella aerofaciens may be of key importance in VHD and CAD, respectively.
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Nayak, G.; Dimitriadis, K.; Pyrpyris, N.; Manti, M.; Kamperidis, N.; Kamperidis, V.; Ziakas, A.; Tsioufis, K. Gut Microbiome and Its Role in Valvular Heart Disease: Not a “Gutted” Relationship. Life 2024, 14, 527. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14040527
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Nayak G, Dimitriadis K, Pyrpyris N, Manti M, Kamperidis N, Kamperidis V, Ziakas A, Tsioufis K. Gut Microbiome and Its Role in Valvular Heart Disease: Not a “Gutted” Relationship. Life. 2024; 14(4):527. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14040527
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Nayak, Gyanaranjan, Kyriakos Dimitriadis, Nikolaos Pyrpyris, Magdalini Manti, Nikolaos Kamperidis, Vasileios Kamperidis, Antonios Ziakas, and Konstantinos Tsioufis. 2024. "Gut Microbiome and Its Role in Valvular Heart Disease: Not a “Gutted” Relationship" Life 14, no. 4: 527. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14040527
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https://umainefoundation.org/funds-list/
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University of Maine Foundation
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2014-08-21T13:21:36+00:00
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A comprehensive list of endowment funds held at the University of Maine Foundation. Includes Cash Management Funds and Endowment Funds.
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en
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University of Maine Foundation
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https://umainefoundation.org/funds-list/
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General EndowmentPrincipal Market Value Abbott, Carol S. and Walter H. Scholarship 175,536 212,118 Abbott, Dr. John C. and Dr. Susanne Blough Abbott Scholarship Fund 5,100 5,496 Abbott, Ernest F. & Anita Basketball Scholarship 7,063 11,008 Academic Merit Scholarship 3,981 6,731 Adams, Archie A. Scholarship 11,952 17,668 Adams, Edwin Wentworth Scholarship 954,752 1,420,910 Adams, Kathryn M. '85 Memorial Scholarship 133,333 164,131 Advanced Structures & Composites Center Director's Endowment 7,350 8,668 Agrrawal, Professor Student Essentials Fund 9,957 11,080 Ahavas Achim Cemetery Quasi Endowment 710,240 1,050,201 Albiston, Bruce and Annemarie Fund - 2,699 Albright, Elaine McClay Scholarship 97,721 107,356 Alden, Richard C. Fund - 8,491 Alexander, John A., Ph.D. Civil and Environmental Engineering Excellence Fund 243,500 281,477 Alfond, Harold A. Athletic Scholarship 100,000 185,559 Alfond, Harold Scholarship II - 20,099 Alfond, Harold Student Athlete Fund 1,267,680 1,547,005 Alford, Wilson M. and Frances Sawyer Fund 129,033 156,359 Allard, Suzanne B. Fund 40,341 72,173 Allen International Travel Fund for Forestry and Wildlife Students 85,000 94,788 Allen, Arthur S. Ph.D. & David J. Allen Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Wildlife Conservation Scholarship 11,350 13,244 Allen, Barbara McCarthy Allen '71 French Immersion Endowment Fund 16,000 18,594 Allen, Doug Philosophy Fund 12,150 13,575 Allen, Kenneth W. Scholarship 12,500 15,303 Allen, Linda Sutherland '75 Promise Award 15,144 18,828 Allen, Robert C. and Linda Sutherland Scholarship Fund 39,818 48,497 Allen, Telford M. Family Scholarship 19,000 24,572 Alpander, Guvenc G. Fund 20,778 30,359 Alpha Gamma Rho/Clifford McIntire Scholarship 39,506 49,956 Alternative Spring Break Endowment 35,033 44,658 Alumnae of the Delta Nu Chapter of Alpha Phi Scholarship 855 1,276 Alumni Association Aspirations Scholarship 10,230 17,322 Alumni Association Distinguished Scholars Award 40,500 58,280 Alumni Association Endowment 794,670 1,039,478 Alumni Association Scholarship 63,515 82,077 Alumni Class of 1939 Scholarship 221,394 269,943 Alumni House Endowment 1,593,468 1,978,893 Ames, Paul A., Jr. Scholarship 140,891 153,183 Ames, Paul A., Jr. University of Maine at Augusta Scholarship 70,446 76,214 AMW Centennial Leadership Fund 2,250 2,329 AMW Honor Society President's Activity Endowment Fund 4,721 5,751 AMW Honor Society President's Scholarship Endowment 6,981 8,988 Anderson, Joellen Scholarship Fund 52,477 65,151 Anderson, Richard Parks and Karin M. Anderson Music Composition Fund 10,000 12,185 Anderson, Robert E. and Jeanette B. Family Scholarship 21,234 24,944 Anderson, Robert I. '64 and Jacqueline Towle Anderson '64 Scholarship 31,050 39,304 Andrews, Francis S. and Dorothy J. Scholarship 326,877 391,381 Andrews, Francis S. and Dorothy Jane Alumni House Fund 325,862 403,953 Andrews, Kathryn Morris Scholarship 44,737 54,168 Anger, Kent and Billie Graduate Student Research Fund 31,000 32,278 Anonymous Fund II 167,164 684,207 Anonymous Fund IV 469,325 576,738 Anonymous V - 1,242 Anonymous VII Scholarship 12,000 17,241 Appleton, Maria S. Scholarship 5,000 17,118 Applied Ecology Scholarship Fund 22,000 24,104 Applin, John R. and Pauline T. Fund 9,050 10,887 Arbour Fox PaCEsetter Scholarship 99,000 122,105 Arch, Allan S. '65 & Susan L. Arch Scholarship 94,481 105,763 Archibald, Percy P. & Marion T. Scholarship 557,965 680,304 Arms, Nancy '84, Chadwick and Barbara Arms 4-H Scholarship Fund 37,284 42,244 Arms, Nancy Climate Change Institute Fund 7,000 7,270 Armstrong, Florence J. Scholarship 94,378 114,512 Arseneault, Norman G. Forestry Fund 400 421 Art Department Operations 40,000 42,312 ASCE Student Chapter Recognition Award 6,165 9,820 ASHRAE Scholarship 9,500 13,144 Ashworth, Dean Edward N. and Dr. Sharon L. Scholarship 22,400 28,142 Ashworth, Dr. John H. and Mabel Scholarship Fund 28,384 34,453 Associated General Contractors of Maine Education Foundation Fund 862,634 1,208,595 Athletic Department Special Fund 4,027 6,187 Austin Maine Legislative Internship Fund 8,000 11,904 Ayer, Hazen H. Scholarship 127,150 175,812 Ayyagari, Mahalakshmi Engineering Scholarship 133,315 187,937 Babcock Educational Fund 340,174 432,652 Bailey Family Opportunities in Modern Languages Fund 1,000 1,116 Bailey, Anne and Stan Scholarship 24,250 29,569 Bailey, Frank W. P. Scholarship 75,000 91,452 Bailey, George H. D.V.S. (1832-1905) Memorial Scholarship 5,005 6,205 Bailey, I. Stanley Alumni House Fund 14,957 19,485 Bailey, I. Stanley Fund 157,499 193,271 Bailey, James W. Scholarship 40,000 43,494 Bailey, Marjorie C. Alumni House Endowment 10,000 12,842 Bailey, Marjorie C. Arts Fund 96,863 118,067 Bailey, Marjorie C. Library Fund 12,796 15,705 Bailey, Marjorie C. Research Fund 96,863 118,067 Bailey, Marjorie C. Scholarship 96,863 118,067 Baird, Catherine P. & Frederick T. 4-H Fund 49,351 61,592 Baird, Catherine P. Alumni Fund 49,411 59,965 Baird, Frederick T. & Catherine P. Alumni Fund 49,351 62,262 Baird, Frederick T. & Catherine P. Alumni House Fund 48,336 60,965 Baird, Frederick T. & Catherine P. Athletic Fund 48,336 59,548 Baird, Frederick T. & Catherine P. Scholarship 296,239 374,738 Baldacci, Robert E. Sr. & Rosemary K. Memorial Scholarship 117,359 144,125 Ballou, John W. Scholarship Fund 11,300 14,331 Bananas T. Bear Alpha Phi Omega Scholarship 59,421 77,393 Bangor Chapter #158 UCT Scholarship 10,000 20,361 Bangor Daily News Christopher A. Cousins Scholarship Fund 20,000 30,868 Bangor Region Executive Club of the University of Maine Scholarship 6,208 6,332 Bank of America Scholarship 70,000 90,021 Banks, Ronald F. Scholarship 6,699 12,600 Barker, Elliott R., III Professorship in Chemical Engineering 263,000 321,884 Barker, Harold O. '27 Memorial Scholarship 7,462 10,988 Barnes, Constance King Scholarship 818,372 972,942 Barrows, Willis M. & Virginia E. Fund 28,707 35,064 Barter, Donald B. and Janet Beaulieu Barter Scholarship 4,000 4,191 Barter, Dr. Richard F. Scholarship 157,223 200,765 Bartlett, Howard D. '44 & Phyllis White '45 Scholarship 30,193 38,311 Bartley Family Scholarship 62,675 77,832 Bartley, Charles E. and Helen Hauck Scholarship 552,308 668,034 Basketball 2000 Scholarship 89,513 115,124 Baston Congressional Internship Fund 1,333 1,333 Batas, Louis J. and Marion G. Batas Scholarship Fund 295,000 292,179 Bates, Gerald M., Jr. and Dorothy B. Bates Engineering Fund 7,895,246 8,407,750 Bates, Niran C. Scholarship 35,000 65,846 Batuski, Dr. David J. Excellence Fund for Physics Education 51,000 64,690 Bayer, Dr. Robert C. Fund 22,058 27,656 Bayer, Juanita C. Memorial Scholarship 8,065 10,311 Beach Family Fund 49,955 62,617 Beach, Harry L. and Annie C. Beach Scholarship 27,728 33,909 Beal, Pamela L. '69 Scholarship 3,500 4,390 Bean, Mary T. Alumni House Fund 236,632 294,319 Bear Pairs Scholarship 21,283 26,438 Beardsell, Wallace A. Scholarship 10,000 12,397 Beaupré, James J. and Danielle Laliberté Beaupré Scholarship 2,013 2,142 Bebek, Dr. Tibor J. Memorial Scholarship 27,743 60,038 Becker, Elizabeth Chandler & C. Robert Memorial Scholarship 3,000 6,706 Beckett, Clarence Fund 27,503 67,228 Beechler, Austin D. Fund - 7,816 Belisle, Gerard M. Scholarship 52,673 65,249 Bell, James "Red" Jr. Pike Industries, Inc. Scholarship 7,500 14,783 Bell, Marcia Finks '40 Scholarship 103,881 126,528 Bennett, Clarence E. & Ruth N. Scholarship 33,208 42,070 Bennett, Priscilla Hardy Scholarship 50,000 65,389 Benson, Dale E. '65G, '70G and Jolita D. Benson Scholarship Fund 82,441 97,417 Bernardo Family Legacy Scholarship Fund 7,500 7,795 Berry, Edward Robie Fund 15,085 24,513 Berry, Gail M. and Major General Peter T. Berry Education Scholarship Fund 10,000 10,918 Berry, Major General Peter T. and Gail M. Berry Army ROTC Scholarship Fund 50,000 58,548 Bessey, Earle D. Jr. Forest Resources Scholarship 42,940 52,448 Beta Theta Pi Alumni House Endowment, The Beta Eta Chapter of 51,250 62,721 Betty Churchill Internship Fund 3,553 4,347 Bicknell, Anne M. Healey and Albert W. Scholarship 2,400 4,176 Bicknell, Jack Football Fund 3,086 3,491 Bickterman, Nancy Harris & Edward J. Bickterman Scholarship Fund 281,568 326,966 Bingham Fund #2 695,542 982,687 Biological Sciences Endowment 2,581 5,826 Bishop, Jacob W. Jr. and Martha Jane Scholarship 127,092 154,915 Bixler, Harris J. & Ann B. Hutchinson Center Scholarship 251,216 309,688 Black Bear Endowment Fund 9,050 11,324 Black Bears of the Future Scholarship 2,000 2,766 Blackwell Family Scholarship 35,207 43,074 Blake Scholarship 79,188 95,579 Blake, Foster B. Sr. Scholarship 10,000 17,303 Blake, Wallace Scholarship 100,000 123,933 Blanchard, Lawrence S. Agricultural Scholarship 25,990 30,427 Blick, Robert G. '61 Memorial Scholarship 21,510 23,071 Blitz, Sandy Fellowship Fund 3,228 3,279 Blodgett, Cindy Women's Basketball Education Fund 40,811 49,852 Blumenstock Family Forest Products Student of the Year Award 24,430 29,723 Blumenstock, Helen Belyea Scholarship 26,464 31,867 Blumenstock, Helen Grant Memorial Scholarship 24,922 30,555 Blumenstock, Nancy Hawes Memorial Scholarship 24,605 29,804 Bodwell "SPIFFY" Travel Fund 9,173 12,324 Bodwell, Barbara H. '45 Honors Scholarship 50,000 61,001 Bodwell, Barbara H. Community Service Fund 36,063 44,466 Bodwell, Janet Marston '55 Scholarship 20,000 25,916 Bodwell, Russell and Barbara Scholarship 5,200 6,449 Bodwell, Russell S. & Barbara H. Dean's Excellence Fund 15,870 20,719 Bodwell, Russell S. Civil Engineering Scholarship 25,000 30,541 Bodwell, Russell S. PaCEsetter Endowed Scholarship 50,000 61,001 Bodwell, Russell S. University Distinguished Professorship 400,142 515,178 Bodwell, William "Brother Bill" '50 Scholarship 24,539 31,506 Bodwell, William R. Civil Engineering Scholarship 20,000 25,734 Bombard, Carol Memorial Scholarship 18,775 23,187 Bond, Beth M. '72, '80G Scholarship 47,344 53,477 Bonello Family Scholarship 25,000 30,371 Born, Vaun Dole '47 Memorial Scholarship 14,318 15,013 Boss, Dr. Richard, Jr. and Mary Boss Family Scholarship 3,500 3,613 Boston Executive Club of the University of Maine Scholarship Endowment 47,830 54,311 Bouchard Congressional Internship Fund 12,500 12,889 Bouchard, John E. and Saundra F. Albrite-Bouchard Scholarship 24,118 32,641 Boucher, Samuel L. Buchanan Alumni House Ornamental Garden Fund 51,265 124,753 Boucher, Samuel L. Horticultural Education Fund 11,576 22,961 Boucher, Samuel L. Ornamental Horticulture Endowment Fund 2,896 6,098 Bourque Family Scholarship 10,000 10,000 Bourque Scholarship Fund 50,000 60,246 Bowden, Minnie Scholarship 16,336 24,105 Bowden, Reginald B. '55 Fund 50,201 52,307 Bowen Scholarship in Canadian History 49,660 60,669 Bowen, Hazel Sweetser Memorial Scholarship Fund 209,857 251,897 Boyd, Inez / Bangor Nature Club Quasi-Endowed Scholarship Fund 17,613 31,611 Boyle, John F. Prize in Ecology and Environmental Sciences 23,156 28,288 Boyson, Gloria P. SPIFFY Fund 11,561 14,137 Bradley, Co Scholarship 266,347 314,276 Bragg 2nd, Charles F. and Anna H. Fund 28,845 45,135 Bragg, Katherine M. & Walter H. Loan Fund 1,072,764 1,412,192 Brainard, Captain John "Jay" III '08 Memorial Scholarship 21,400 25,964 Brautlecht, Charles A. Scholarship 92,860 191,768 Brennan Family Scholarship 7,830 8,684 Breton, Erna 4-H Scholarship Fund 610,000 653,493 Brichacek, Cheri and Michelle Scholarship 16,400 20,587 Bridge, Chester G. Tennis Endowment Fund 170,950 242,000 Bridge, John C. and Charlene R. Honors College Fund 68,264 81,532 Bridge, John C. Engineering Professorship 297,275 360,442 Bridgham, Lisle W. Scholarship 29,443 66,664 Brinton, Wesley R. and Dorothy R. Scholarship Fund 33,691 47,742 Britton, Dr. W. Earl Scholarship 10,852 13,940 Brockway, Philip J. & Muriel F. '31, '32 Scholarship 55,946 92,262 Brooklin Garden Club Scholarship 25,000 30,255 Brooks, Bernice (Bunny) Memorial Nursing Scholarship 700 1,449 Brooks, Theresa Y. Scholarship 3,777 5,018 Brower, Auburn E. & Lurana C. Scholarship 221,683 256,275 Brown, Anne Scholarship 33,235 40,826 Brown, Carleton M. Scholarship 93,665 111,993 Brown, Darryl and Penny Scholarship 82,064 99,269 Brown, Dr. Ronald O. Family Scholarship 31,300 37,878 Brown, Ella Corinne Professor Emerita Award 13,515 17,042 Brown, Francesca Sheehy & Charles G. Fund 8,000 9,918 Brown, Francis A. & Elizabeth C. Scholarship 26,297 31,960 Brown, Gail H. Scholarship Fund 32,338 36,068 Brown, Harold H. "Brownie" Eastern States Legacy Fund 25,000 32,273 Brown, Kenneth Allen Memorial Lobster Research Fund 12,550 15,714 Brown, Raynor K. & Georgia T. Scholarship 354,336 432,717 Brown, Sewall C. Memorial Scholarship 3,814 6,984 Browne, Bob & Jim Agricultural Scholarship 62,571 76,310 Bruno, John P. and Catherine J. Music Scholarship 100,000 128,005 Bruns Family Fund 5,500 7,631 Bryand, Anita (Dolly) Scholarship 21,146 25,917 Bryand, Edward T. '52 Scholarship 21,146 25,917 Bryant, Bert and Nellie Scholarship Fund 75,270 92,596 Buchanan, Dr. Robert D. Alumni House Endowment Fund 337,533 335,568 Buchanan, Dr. Robert D. Scholarship Fund 337,533 335,568 Buchanan, Malcolm V. '49 Scholarship 4,060 5,345 Buchanan, William and Jennie Scholarship 7,897 13,098 Buck, Hosea B. Memorial Scholarship 5,000 16,209 Buckley, John D. & Regina M. PaCEsetter Scholarship 50,000 61,179 Buckley, Lt. Christopher D. Memorial Scholarship 12,130 14,703 Buckley, Paul R. '57 Scholarship 10,200 17,763 Bucknam, Richard D. '35 & Dorothy D. Scholarship 17,291 21,477 Buffum, Margaret G. Fund 14,754 64,960 Buker, David E. '69 and Nancy L. (Hackett) Buker '71 Scholarship 10,000 13,080 Bunyan, Hegedus, Morse Inspiration Fund 830 1,275 Burdick, Douglas B. '68 Scholarship 182,000 203,161 Bureau of Labor Education Scholarship 500 759 Burgess, Robert C. '54 Fund 10,458 12,682 Burke, Carli Memorial Scholarship 25,137 29,771 Burnes, Pat and Harvey Kail Professional Development Fund 18,905 22,750 Burnett-Farthing Fund 13,300 14,392 Burnham, Ronald '62 Scholarship 131,563 158,649 Burrill, Richard M. '44 Memorial 20,000 26,197 Burton, Leroy A. '33 Memorial Scholarship 5,600 9,424 Bush, John H. Electrical Engineering Fund 118,495 152,675 Bushway, Alfred A. & Esther L. Scholarship 21,625 25,839 Bushway, Rodney J. and Judith S. Family Scholarship 10,000 10,460 Butler, Ellie and Sid Quasi-Endowed Land Acquisition Fund 40,000 42,696 Butler, Henry R. '20 & Grace V. Professorship in Electrical Engineering 260,556 330,921 Butler, Ruth Bartlett '54 Opportunities in English Fund 99,000 125,509 Butterfield, Dr. Stephen A. and Jeanne A. Scholarship Fund 14,325 15,614 Butterfield, Jack Memorial Scholarship 128,178 173,434 Buxton, Peter J. '61 and Joan S. Scholarship 32,000 41,200 Buxton-Hollis Community Hospital, Inc. Fund 18,311 38,887 Byrnes, Eileen M. Memorial Scholarship 30,022 50,588 Caldwell, Robert H. Memorial Scholarship 7,200 9,033 Calkin, William (Bill) S. '55, '60G & Constance (Connie) Lewis '55 Calkin Scholarship 21,205 26,710 Camp, Paul R. & Polly N. Quasi-Endowment Fund for the Fogler Library 89,061 119,844 Camp, Paul R. Memorial Scholarship 163,635 191,387 Campbell Brann Family Scholarship 50,770 60,661 Campbell, Louis and Sharon Scholarship 61,000 65,152 Campus Natural Heritage Endowment 37,780 59,307 Canadian-American Center Endowment 122,922 156,356 Canteen Service Co./Lloyd E. Willey Scholarship 19,076 23,248 Card, Coburn Memorial Art Scholarship 12,000 17,804 Carlisle, George T. Fund 172,183 215,008 Caron, Sandra L., Ph. D. Scholarship 1,825 1,949 Carter, Gene and Judith Kittredge Scholarship Fund 249,368 365,717 Carter, Hon. Gene & Judith Kittredge Alumni House Endowment 20,000 25,147 Carvalho, Manuel J. & Estelle S. Scholarship 112,256 143,864 Carver, Stanford E. & Pauline C. Scholarship 15,472 19,893 Carville, Jean Grindle Non-Traditional Student Scholarship 111,058 139,476 Cary, Hugh R. Memorial Scholarship 248,892 298,980 Casco Systems Scholarship 23,000 26,776 Cashman, John L. & Pauline M. Scholarship 4,609 8,632 Cassese, Donna M. and Robert B. Haynes Scholarship 100 104 Cassese, Donna M. Scholarship 100 104 Cassidy, Barbara Ann Collins Center for the Arts Fund 42,500 63,689 Cassidy, Gerard S. '80 Capital Markets Training Laboratory Endowment Fund 30,000 37,212 Castle, Roger C. Track Fund 4,928 6,839 Castle, Roger Clapp & Virginia Averill Distinguished Professorship of Electrical Engineering 933,885 1,275,131 Caswell, Frances Pratt '51 Scholarship 16,000 19,275 Cathcart, Mary R. Maine NEW Leadership Fund 52,422 62,142 Chadbourne, Ava H. Fund 6,199 19,107 Chadbourne, Leo A. '51 and Phyllis J. Chadbourne Scholarship 24,346 29,800 Challenger Learning Center of Maine Quasi Endowment Fund 34,863 47,940 Chamberlain, Allan H. Scholarship 220,000 232,757 Chandrasekar Do Fund 45,408 51,219 Chaplin Family Fund 15,303 20,539 Chappelle, Thomas "Skip" Men's & Women's Basketball Scholarship 10,500 11,822 Charlie's Terrace Endowment Fund 31,820 39,056 Chase, Alvin W. Jr. Scholarship 2,000 2,000 Chase, Clyde & Gladys Bailey Chase Fund 25,000 30,531 Chase, Dr. Allan S. '46 Fund 10,000 12,113 Chemical & Biological Engineering Departmental Scholarship 11,100 14,577 Cheney, David M. Scholarship Fund 181,555 214,357 Chi Omega Alumnae Scholarship 15,452 20,237 Churchill, Bob '53 Basketball Scholarship 25,750 33,285 Churchill, Dan '63 & Betty Exploration Fund 30,840 34,321 Churchill, Dan '63 and Betty Professorship in Climate Policy and International Affairs 100 98 Churchill, Dan '63 and Betty School of Policy and International Affairs Internship Fund 18,620 20,788 Churchill, Daniel D. and Betty R. Fund 286,099 523,740 Chute, Pamela D. Page Farm and Home Museum Fund 181,000 187,058 Ciampa, Matthew Fund 1,950 2,348 Cianchette, Peggy & Eric Buchanan Alumni House Fund 2,571 90,537 Clapp, Elwood I. & Hazel P. Scholarship 100,065 227,729 Clapp, Mildred McPheters '29 Memorial Fund 112,299 174,323 Clark, Alan G. and Linda Hovestadt Clark Scholarship 825 1,120 Clark, Alton Harold and Madonna Fogg Clark Scholarship 108,400 133,841 Clark, Bernard E. and Dorothy M. Scholarship 15,000 15,595 Clark, Dorothy Stone '54 Scholarship Fund 26,877 32,846 Clark, Dr. Llewellyn E. '54 Memorial Scholarship 35,068 42,751 Clark, Mary Esther Treat Alumni House Endowment 50,000 61,355 Clark, Mary Esther Treat Scholarship 50,000 60,273 Clark, Robert W. '80 and Kathryn Evans Clark '81 Scholarship Fund 53,420 60,072 Clarke, Edwin Keith '56 Memorial Scholarship 65,543 84,698 Clarkson, James W. Scholarship 1,520 5,209 Class of 1906 Scholarship - 6,443 Class of 1909 Fund 7,579 25,274 Class of 1910 Fund - 20,841 Class of 1911 Scholarship 31,608 85,998 Class of 1912 Fund 3,326 8,806 Class of 1915 Student Aid Fund 30,489 75,283 Class of 1916 Scholarship 137 21,574 Class of 1917 Scholarship 26,287 66,098 Class of 1918 Scholarship 7,402 14,913 Class of 1919 Fund 7,068 18,455 Class of 1920 Scholarship 104,790 244,944 Class of 1921 Flag Pole Perpetual Care Fund 1,076 4,480 Class of 1921 Scholarship 11,803 28,770 Class of 1922 Scholarship 7,209 15,836 Class of 1923 Scholarship 7,999 18,978 Class of 1924 Scholarship 67,546 141,568 Class of 1925 Scholarship 15,712 41,050 Class of 1927 Scholarship 55,505 112,235 Class of 1929 Scholarship 8,565 22,441 Class of 1930 Fund - 27,860 Class of 1932 David H. Hanaburgh Perpetuity Fund 16,092 22,615 Class of 1932 Winthrop C. Libby Scholarship 148,158 230,345 Class of 1934 Cultural Affairs Fund 68,490 159,554 Class of 1934 Donald E. Favor Memorial Scholarship 28,045 42,808 Class of 1934 Non-Traditional Student Emergency 16,088 20,378 Class of 1935 Warren W. Flagg Scholarship 29,947 38,845 Class of 1936 Scholarship 17,824 21,749 Class of 1937 Scholarship 24,375 33,052 Class of 1938 Student Aid Fund 13,631 18,411 Class of 1939 Scholarship 35,295 52,422 Class of 1941 Memorial Scholarship 42,565 53,956 Class of 1942 and Class of 2002 Distinguished Maine Professor Award 79,705 123,391 Class of 1942 and Class of 2002 Distinguished Maine Student Award 82,278 105,081 Class of 1944 Endowed Scholarship 75,914 92,045 Class of 1944 Music Scholarship 20,676 24,545 Class of 1944 Theatre Scholarship 14,676 17,285 Class of 1945 Scholarship 30,691 40,647 Class of 1945 Sculpture Maintenance Fund 6,688 8,333 Class of 1946 Scholarship 5,162 8,069 Class of 1947 Scholarship 52,845 65,940 Class of 1948 Scholarship 60,523 79,550 Class of 1949 Fund 143,448 183,110 Class of 1950 Flag Plaza Fund 5,000 6,187 Class of 1950 Scholarship 105,476 134,799 Class of 1951 Scholarship Fund 55,453 68,017 Class of 1952 Buchanan Alumni House Fund 124,784 151,098 Class of 1952 Scholarship 170,290 206,715 Class of 1953 Scholarship 163,343 201,151 Class of 1954 Scholarship 127,549 156,820 Class of 1955 Scholarship 275,846 340,865 Class of 1956 Scholarship 203,955 251,078 Class of 1957 Scholarship 43,952 64,738 Class of 1958 Scholarship 290,623 367,313 Class of 1959 Scholarship 144,712 176,908 Class of 1960 Sandra J. Page Academic/Athletic Scholarship Fund 314,782 380,186 Class of 1961 Scholarship Fund 86,467 112,602 Class of 1962 Sterritt Scholarship 117,300 142,062 Class of 1963 Scholarship 93,552 115,828 Class of 1964 Scholarship 51,307 59,370 Class of 1965 Scholarship 40,460 49,026 Class of 1966 Scholarship Fund 54,793 67,312 Class of 1967 Scholarship 70,339 86,051 Class of 1969 Buchanan Alumni House Fund 25,000 31,807 Class of 1969 Nursing Scholarship 3,850 4,038 Class of 1969 Scholarship 67,947 77,770 Class of 1970 Scholarship 31,359 47,954 Class of 1971 Scholarship 35,612 39,687 Class of 1972 Scholarship 15,553 17,848 Class of 1973 Scholarship 92,610 106,239 Class of 1974 Scholarship 9,438 11,817 Class of 1975 Scholarship 9,686 12,023 Class of 1976 Scholarship 19,318 23,956 Class of 1977 Scholarship Fund 59,487 69,226 Class of 1978 Scholarship 24,406 29,531 Class of 1979 Scholarship 12,650 16,166 Class of 1980 Scholarship 39,696 48,854 Class of 1981 Scholarship 14,205 17,143 Class of 1982 Scholarship 8,425 10,339 Class of 1983 Scholarship 6,410 7,928 Class of 1984 Scholarship 3,636 4,701 Class of 1985 Scholarship 14,161 18,216 Class of 1986 Scholarship 6,473 8,282 Class of 1987 Scholarship 8,003 10,735 Class of 1988 Scholarship 3,362 4,420 Class of 1989 Scholarship 21,737 25,590 Class of 1990 Scholarship 6,635 8,369 Class of 1991 Scholarship 4,537 5,533 Class of 1992 Scholarship 3,594 4,577 Class of 1993 Scholarship 3,951 5,095 Class of 1994 Scholarship 5,283 6,806 Class of 1995 Scholarship 6,484 8,473 Class of 1996 Scholarship 4,004 5,066 Class of 1997 Scholarship 5,000 6,384 Class of 1998 Scholarship 5,275 6,722 Class of 2000 Scholarship 2,000 2,154 Class of 2001 Scholarship 200 259 Class of 2003 Scholarship Fund 563 655 Class of 2004 Scholarship 25 33 Class of 2005 Scholarship 10,200 12,621 Class of 2006 Scholarship 2,670 4,188 Class of 2007 Garden Fund 10,200 12,474 Class of 2008 Scholarship Fund 100 104 Class of 2009 Scholarship 2,981 4,672 Class of 2010 Scholarship Fund 850 1,052 Class of 2011 Scholarship 166 248 Class of 2013 Scholarship Fund 175 185 Class of 2015 Scholarship 5,531 8,013 Class of 2016 Scholarship 2,075 2,947 Class of 2017 Scholarship 2,793 3,972 Class of 2018 Scholarship 47 53 Class of 2019 Scholarship 291 410 Class of 2020 Scholarship Fund 2,692 3,594 Clayton, Arthur C. Horticulture Scholarship 40,491 60,170 Clayton, Norma Towne Scholarship 39,500 48,460 Cleaves, Louis S. Fund 55,415 76,683 Clement, Claude F. & Lillian O. Fund 77,499 94,527 Clement, Claude F. 4-H Scholarship 10,000 12,910 Clement, Claude F. Scholarship 409,482 499,594 Clements, Norris Charles Graduate Student Award 47,486 57,898 Cliche, Carl E. Advanced Structures & Composites Center Scholarship 16,650 17,295 Cliche, Mary Jane (Morneau) Nursing Scholarship 16,650 17,295 Cloke, Dean Paul Memorial Plaza Endowment 11,720 19,613 Cloke, Dean Paul Memorial Scholarship 21,055 27,253 Coaches Fund - 1,581 Cobb, Eric W. Scholarship 49,700 60,165 Cobb, Norman E. Cobb Memorial Scholarship 915,825 1,118,979 Cobb, Robert "Bob" A. Scholarship 42,090 49,265 Coffey-Roope, Cara W. Scholarship 1,207 1,748 Coffin Family STEM Scholarship 20,250 21,241 Coffin, Cheryl M., M.D. and Ralph E. Topham, M.ED. Fogler Library Digital Access Fund 60,105 63,466 Coffin, Cheryl M., M.D. and Ralph E. Topham, M.ED., LPC/MHSP University of Maine Museum of Art Excellence in Exhibitions Fund 63,500 71,082 Coffin, E. H. Marcelle and Millard F. Coffin, Jr. University of Maine Museum of Art Fund 366,960 442,331 Coffin, E. H. Marcelle Men's Ice Hockey Fund 366,214 441,403 Coffin, John W. & Miriam H. Fund ('38 Student Aid Fund) 4,748 6,104 Coffin, John W. & Miriam H. Fund (Page Farm & Home Museum) 2,374 3,467 Coffin, John W. & Miriam H. Fund (Senior Alumni Scholarship) 4,748 6,104 Coffin, Philip M. III and Susan Edwards Peck Scholarship 3,000 3,210 Cohen Institute for Leadership and Public Service Excellence Fund 23,812 41,577 Cohen, Harry & Ida Scholarship 58,625 74,889 Cohen, Mark H. Alumni Association Fund 107,563 134,200 Cohen, William S. Institute for Leadership and Public Service Fund 781,508 952,820 Cohen, William S. Papers Fund II - 302,725 Cohn, Steven F. Thesis Fellowship Fund 10,868 15,022 Colby, Calen B. '85, '91G & Sarah Emily Colby PaCEsetter Scholarship Fund 36,000 43,276 Cole, Garret E. and Marsha E. Scholarship 87,350 94,978 Cole, Jeffrey D. '76 Memorial Scholarship Fund 7,550 10,774 Cole, Sherman L. & Edith S. Scholarship 26,909 32,968 Cole, Stephen W. Concrete Laboratory Fund 100,000 127,311 Col-East, Inc. SVT Scholarship 6,200 7,683 College of Liberal Arts & Sciences Scholarship 57,263 67,452 Collins Center for the Arts Flame of Inspiration Fund 10,576 14,133 Collins Center for the Arts General Endowment 38,065 47,297 Collins Center for the Arts Reserve Fund 196,717 273,265 Collins Center for the Arts Theater Outreach Fund 32,500 37,130 Collins, Anne A. '61 Scholarship Fund 10,000 12,115 Collins, Jr., Professor Edward J. Scholarship 19,130 22,647 Collins, Pamela Jean Nursing and Education Fund 235,100 304,710 Collins, Richard R. and Anne A. Endowment for the Collins Art Center 1,453,089 1,782,320 Collins, Samuel W. Fund 108,521 128,887 Comstock-Weston Scholarship 844,441 999,143 Condon, John M. Forestry Scholarship 20,000 25,916 Connell, Bennett R. Memorial Fund 35,390 92,563 Connors, Dana F. Scholarship Fund 36,300 41,760 Conroy, Merritt and Jean Fund 752,132 816,606 Cook, Douglas B. Scholarship Fund 15,771 19,282 Cooper, Roger D. Scholarship 185,584 220,767 Corban, Paul J. Fund 10,000 23,090 Corbett, Ralph A. Fund - 27,463 Corcoran, Thomas J. Memorial Scholarship 78,460 94,192 Corson, Camilla Guerette '65, '70G & Bruce P. Corson '64 Scholarship 400 416 Cote, Edward & Lea Anne Scholarship 10,424 12,416 Cote, Michael & Jana Scholarship 31,500 40,458 Coulter, Malcolm W. Wildlife Alumni Scholarship 57,824 74,246 Couturier, Dr. Adjutor and Lawrence Couturier, Sr. Scholarship Fund 75,270 92,596 Couturier, Marlene Hall Scholarship Fund 75,270 92,596 Cox, Dr. Dennis K. University Singers Fund 45,135 52,373 Cox, Estelle Daviau and Albert P. Cox, M.D. Scholarship 60,000 60,287 Cox, Raymond A. Endowment Fund for Leadership Scholarships 258,527 301,236 Coy, Marion C. Scholarship 10,000 12,398 Cranch, Gene S. Nursing Scholarship Fund 62,000 82,229 Crawford, James A. & Janie K. Endowed Scholarship Fund 72,500 89,035 Criner, Francie and Family Fund 6,900 8,587 Cristo, Dr. Anthony B. and Mary G. Scholarship 73,043 92,954 Crocker, Gladys Folster Memorial Scholarship 59,709 73,774 Crocker, James D. Fund 2,412 16,956 Crohn, Frank & Helene Edna St. Vincent Millay Prize 299,583 421,309 Crohn, Frank & Helene Edna St. Vincent Millay Society Quasi-Endowed Fund 28,927 52,956 Crohn, Frank & Helene Lobster Institute Fund 50,000 60,940 Crohn, Frank and Helene Upward Bound Quasi-Endowed Fund 30,875 56,179 Cronan Family International Travel Fund 25,000 25,991 Cronkite, John W. and Naomi Seid-Cronkite Scholarship 100 124 Crosby, George-Philip R. Brown Memorial Fund 32,737 41,549 Crosby, Howard A. and Kenneth L. Parsons Award 2,616 4,322 Crosby, Mark and Carolyn Fund 11,500 21,337 Crosby, Ruth M. Scholarship 32,494 38,583 Cross, Mark S. & Melanie CHE Excellence Fund 26,015 33,400 Crossland, Carlton E. Scholarship 35,000 41,796 Crossland, Charles E. & Idella G. Scholarship 58,542 75,296 Crowe, James Hartley M.D. '32 & Esther Taylor Crowe Memorial Scholarship 45,225 56,765 Crowell, C. Parker Fund 157,006 201,993 Crowley Family Research & Development Fund 163,750 203,182 Crowley, Charles L. & Julia G. Scholarship 590,786 781,790 Crowley, Eileen M. '88 Scholarship 36,000 39,031 Crowley, Michael A. '87 Scholarship 36,000 39,031 Croxford, Horace & Isabelle Scholarship 20,000 24,111 Crump, Jr., James G. Fund 20,500 24,792 Csavinszky, Barbara F. Thursday Club Scholarship Fund 171,655 209,473 Cumberland Farms, Inc./Paul E. Hand Scholarship 130,849 164,851 Cummings, Kenneth E. and Marie K. Scholarship 27,275 46,030 Cummings, Patricia A. '89, '44H Scholarship 33,397 40,876 Currie, Darrel B. '36 Memorial Scholarship 22,001 26,216 Currie, William D. "Bill" University of Maine Alumni Chapter of Southern Maine, Inc. First Year Scholarship 155,868 194,530 Currier, Enid Fletcher Scholarship 18,500 21,362 Currier, Stanley M. Scholarship 10,600 22,005 Curry Family Baseball Fund 27,000 31,025 Curtis Performing Arts Fund 4,050 5,306 Cutler, Dr. Harold M. '30 Fund 270,423 330,363 Cutting, Edward C. & Grace A. Fund 605,463 772,487 Cutting, Edward C. & Grace A. Merit Scholarship 1,210,484 1,557,910 Cyr, Joseph and Suzanne Fund for the Collins Center for the Arts 10,000 10,369 Cyr, Joseph H. and Suzanne M. Cyr Master of Business Administration Experiential Learning Fund 40,000 40,822 Dachs, Carl Family Scholarship 9,500 12,684 Dahl-Chase Pathology Associates Medical Technology Fund 20,000 25,462 Daigle, Robert W. & Brenda M. Scholarship 98,830 109,429 Daigle, Stephen J. Scholarship Fund for Physical Science Educators 50,000 50,775 Dane, Richard D. '50 and Beverly M. Mechanical Engineering Scholarship 112,500 125,466 Danforth, Eugene Fund 5,200 11,730 Danforth, Eugene Scholarship 22,362 61,653 Dann Family Scholarship 60,700 71,256 Darling, Agatha B. Professor of Oceanography 364,221 472,420 Darling, Clare S. Professor of Oceanography 364,221 698,317 Darling, Ira C. Fund 4,729,176 6,081,010 Davee, Everett W. Scholarship 10,138 12,855 Davenport, Etta Libby '61 Scholarship Fund 56,250 56,005 David, Virginia Hudak '80 and Mark David '80G Scholarship 200,000 212,928 Davis, Arnold A. '49 and Joyce S. EMGH '48 Fund 7,547 9,670 Davis, George Science Education Scholarship 19,666 24,795 Dawson, Jon and Nancy Fund 22,750 29,713 Day, Clarence Albert '29H Scholarship 25,000 32,388 De Siervo, Hazel C. Burgess Scholarship 15,015 17,671 De Siervo, Liuba Mykytiuk Scholarship 15,015 17,671 Dearborn, John H. & Bethel B. Darling Marine Center Fund 433,493 529,096 Dearborn, John H. & Bethel B. Marine Sciences Fund 446,442 543,961 Dearborn, Vance E. '49 & Evelyn Ellsworth Dearborn '49 Scholarship 37,450 48,850 DeBoo, Robert (Bob) Scholarship 100,000 120,594 Delalue, Shontay Student Immersion Support Fund 5,000 5,385 Delphendahl, Renate & Johannes Scholarship 18,694 22,875 Demaso, L. William and Marie Family Fund 172,924 204,259 Dempsey, Edmund J. Scholarship 283,394 341,286 Denaco, Alden F. '32 Award for Excellence in Banking Studies 68,160 77,859 Denaco-Devino-Martin Award for Excellence in Alternative Dispute Resolution 68,328 78,431 Denaco-Mawhinney Constitutional Law Fund 25,547 33,597 Denico, Frederick L. '63 Chemical Engineering Fund 33,350 40,658 Dental Health Programs Endowment 204,334 307,191 Desmond, Thomas J. Fund 19,120 22,961 Devoe, Dana C. and Mary Ann Scholarship Fund 37,985 45,002 Devoe, Mary Ann Nontraditional Student Scholarship 29,150 36,724 DeWilde, John A. & Nancy Cameron DeWilde Fund 55,213 69,345 DeWolfe, Robert W. Scholarship 14,496 162,151 Diakoneint Empowerment Scholarship 2,000 2,000 Diamond, John N. and Marcia LaRochelle Diamond Scholarship 8,748 9,380 Diamond, Nat & Eleanor Athletic Band Travel Fund 6,671 8,636 Dickey, Kenneth and Prudy Scholarship Fund 332,086 399,454 Dickison Robertson Scholarship 653,888 746,890 Diehl, Bill '60 Music Educator Assistance Fund 10,000 10,000 DiGiovanni, Joseph P. Family Athletic Scholarship 68,000 86,292 DiMillo, Albert A., Jr. Junior Class Accounting Scholarship 30,000 38,797 DiMillo, Albert A., Jr. Senior Class Accounting Scholarship 30,000 39,185 DiMillo, Albert A., Jr. Sophomore Class Accounting Scholarship 30,000 38,152 DiMillo, Linda Stevens Memorial Scholarship 67,980 82,148 Dimitrov, Ivelin and Ralitza Scholarship 31,250 41,286 Dineen, John K. '51 Choral Arts Fund 25,000 30,164 Dinneen, W. Robert '37 Forestry Scholarship 25,585 37,103 Dixon, Leon S. Scholarship 5,811 12,446 Doane, Stanley R. '34 and Faye D. Scholarship 817,591 998,070 Dodd, James H. and Anne Wescott Scholarship 18,000 17,938 Dodge, Donald I. '48 Memorial Scholarship 10,000 14,887 Doherty, Huguette P. Labbe Franco-American Centre Fund 148 251 Donahue, Merrill L. '43 Fund 151,276 188,868 Donahue, Merrill L. Grace Bible Fellowship 50,906 75,917 Donnell, Lora Margaret Fund 18,895 25,811 Donovan, Frances M. '43 Student Recreation and Fitness Center 400,500 506,006 Donovan, Joseph A. and Mary A. Scholarship 466,016 575,435 Dorr, David L. Forestry Fund 13,801 17,886 Dorsky, Benjamin J. Memorial Scholarship 14,553 17,745 Doten, Henry L. & Cora Russell Scholarship 8,958 16,672 Doten, Herbert & Patricia Scholarship 25,365 30,960 Dougherty, Joseph R. '26 Language Scholarship 52,817 63,244 Dow, George F. Graduate Scholarship 26,018 42,028 Downing, Elizabeth Fund 3,802 6,327 Doyle Family Athletic Scholarship 285,438 325,003 Dressage Club Quasi-Endowment Fund 880 1,544 Dressler Student Athlete Scholarship Fund 130 150 Drummond, Henry Frank Scholarship 10,000 12,677 Dubay, Sarah C. Scholarship 26,104 26,495 Duncan, Peter & Lynda Bangor Symphony Orchestra Fund 18,800 24,612 Dunham, Wallace C. & Janet S. Ecology and Environmental Sciences Program Scholarship 70,983 86,028 Dunham, Wallace C. & Janet S. Prize 57,478 73,329 Dunlap, Robert D. Scholarship 14,449 16,529 Dunn, Pauline M. Fund 294,204 359,457 Dunn, The Patricia McDonough Fund 20,600 24,526 Durst Education Fund - 24,056 Durst, Dr. Katherine Miles Maine Christian Association Fund 50,000 61,070 Durst, Katherine Miles Scholarship 280,942 359,286 Durst, Richard E. Scholarship 279,687 358,691 Dutton, Robert C. '45 Scholarship 26,190 31,934 Early Literacy Fund 24,909 31,608 Eastman, Charles Leslie & Helen H. Scholarship II 99,422 125,386 Eaton Family New Writing Series Fund 87,780 110,286 Eaton, Emma Jane Scholarship 10,000 34,213 Ebbeson, Greta J. Scholarship 10,000 12,578 Echoes of Maine Humanities Fellowship Fund 34,780 39,696 Eckardt Family Fund 5,500 6,070 Eckton, Mary Small '54, '57G and Wallace H. Eckton Fund for Improving Math Education 53,453 57,595 Ecology & Environmental Sciences (EES) Program - Community College Transfer Scholarship Fund 21,500 23,138 Ehrenfried, Albert D. Class of 1944 Scholarship 3,590 3,587 Electrical & Computer Engineering Fund 25,042 37,426 Electrical and Computer Engineering Operations 40,000 42,312 Elliott, James E. Class of 1951 Scholarship 3,279 5,222 Elliott, James E. Mechanical Engineering Fund 3,279 5,222 Elliott, Lloyd H. and Evelyn E. Education Scholarship 25,000 30,522 Elliott, Lloyd H. and Evelyn E. Scholarship 20,219 34,711 Elliott, Robert H. '50 and Jane S. '49 Fund (Art Dept) 26,667 32,583 Elliott, Robert H. '50 and Jane S. '49 Fund (Forestry) 26,667 32,590 Elliott, Roderick R. '38 Memorial Scholarship 8,565 13,333 Ellis, Jerry Scholarship Fund 34,995 42,192 Ellis, Milton Memorial Fund 25,000 30,479 Ellis, Milton Prize 4,363 8,597 Ellis-Young Engineering Scholarship 21,051 26,791 Emera Inc. Robert S. Briggs Engineering Scholarship 62,500 75,952 Emerick, Richard Endowment for the Hudson Museum 61,475 74,965 Emerson, Jacqueline A. Women's Basketball Fund 1,290 1,647 Emerson, Jerome A. & Hazel B. Agriculture Scholarship 58,713 71,605 Emerson, Jerome A. and Hazel B. Page Farm and Home Museum Maintenance Fund 6,589 8,811 Emery, Barry CW4 U.S. Army (Retired) Scholarship 20,000 21,810 Emery, Harry A. '06 Scholarship 100,391 217,663 Emery, Joyce Vorakiarthy and Larry L. Emery Scholarship 31,788 38,878 Emery, Philip H. & Sylvia M. Emergent Needs Fund 147,433 241,667 Emmi Copeland, Mary '11 Scholarship Fund 10,050 10,867 Erikson '43, Gordon I. and Dorothy B. Erikson '42 Family Scholarship 31,250 40,948 Erikson, Gordon I. & Dorothy B. Scholarship in Memory of Arthur H. Porter, Sr. and Dorothy V. Porter 32,092 38,702 Estes, Rear Admiral G. Brian & Roberta Scholarship Fund 31,976 33,109 Etter, Howard & Bertha Scholarship 10,212 12,463 Eustis, Dick & Libby Scholarship 197,622 247,122 Evans, Laurence and Elizabeth Taylor Evans Fund 11,062 13,966 Evans, Weston S. Scholarship 38,830 49,406 Everett, George D. Fund 61,561 171,692 Everett, Vaughn Beveridge Fund 655,118 1,161,612 Everman, Welch D. and Katherine L. Major Memorial Travel Fund for Writers and Tutors 23,083 28,229 Fairchild Semiconductor Quasi-Endowed Scholarship 72 13,805 Fairchild Semiconductor Scholarship 108,299 136,303 Farashian, Elaine H. Scholarship 2,000 2,079 Farmer, Harold E. Scholarship 161,007 202,721 Farrell Forestry Scholarship Fund 8,500 9,151 Farrington, Perl V. and Virginia A. Scholarship Fund 233,346 285,432 Faulkner, Alaric Scholarship 11,431 15,471 Fay, Norman F. '40 Fund 11,722 15,806 Fearon Acquisition Fund for the Hudson Museum 1,500 1,828 Ferguson, Virginia & Roger New England Section Scholarship 60,150 73,656 Ferland, E. James and Eileen Engineering Excellence Scholarship 862,624 1,257,795 Fernald, Cyrus F. & Emily S. Fund 103,219 203,710 Ferreira, Joanne Bodwell Civil Engineering Scholarship 20,000 26,101 Ferrini-Mundy, President Joan Faculty Research Learning Fund 39,000 45,545 Ferris, David A. '71, '78G and Susan W. Ferris Quasi-Endowment Fund 50,000 74,484 Ferris, David L., Sr. '60, '76G Scholarship 25,000 25,668 Ferris, Joseph L. Baseball Fund 1,104 1,878 First Gen Honors Opportunity Fund 8,511 8,893 First-to-Fourth College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Scholarship Fund 1,650 2,136 Fisher, Ada C. Scholarship Fund 15,000 18,273 Fitzgerald, Hamalee Scholarship 31,250 38,559 Fitzgerald, Marcia Roak Scholarship 2,100 2,153 Fitzpatrick, Dennis A. and Sandra J. Fitzpatrick College of Engineering Infrastructure Fund 300,500 377,063 Flagg, Warren W. & Hazel S. Flagg Scholarship 182,082 222,333 Flagg, Warren W. and Hazel S. Alumni House Fund 248,970 327,385 Flagg, Warren W. and Hazel S. Alumni House Fund II 123,578 162,728 Flaherty, Beatrice P. Scholarship 20,000 25,423 Flaherty, Michael I. '72 & Ellen Pratt Flaherty '71 Fund 55,000 64,383 Flaherty, Virgil E. Scholarship Fund 20,000 25,423 Flanders, Burton E. Scholarship 10,423 22,283 Flanders, Dale & Julia Engineering Leadership Scholarship 75,354 90,904 Fletcher, Elizabeth M. K. Healthcare Scholarship 200,132 243,993 Flourish Fund for Professional Development 1,000 1,072 Floyd, George AFUM Scholarship 20,197 22,146 Floyd, James and Martha Scholarship Fund 1,900 1,919 Fogler Library Building Addition 22,000 53,847 Fogler Library Friends Endowment 3,117 4,389 Fogler Library Friends Quasi-Endowment 100,566 197,964 Fogler, Henry H. '43 & Mary Moynihan '43 Scholarship 51,663 62,802 Fogler, Raymond H. '15 Library Endowment 15,191 18,561 Fogler, Raymond H. Library Acquisition Fund 8,065 43,154 For Mike and Maine Scholarship 199,969 239,140 Forensics Club Quasi-Endowment Fund - 297 Foreside Foundation Veterans Education and Transition Services Impact Fund 25,000 26,437 Forest Stewardship Quasi-Endowment 20,570 80,378 Forestry Senior Honors Fellowship Fund 50,001 52,504 Fortier, Rosaire E. and Marie Jeanne Dumont Scholarship Fund 109,552 129,650 Fortier, Winifred M. Scholarship Fund 78,533 83,178 Foster, Bion and Dorain Alumni House Endowment Fund 254,050 316,019 Foster, Bion and Dorain Student Innovation Center Fund 107,250 111,273 Foster, Robert H. '56 Scholarship 32,432 40,986 Foster, Walter H. III Bonuses Fund 15,033 19,464 Foster, Walter H. III Building Fund 22,549 29,199 Foster, Walter H. III Fund 112,746 143,256 Foundation Directors' Fund 13,410 283,918 Founders' Endowment Fund 119,600 154,409 Fournier, Bruce R. and Joanne E. Fournier Biomedical Engineering Fund 10,000 10,000 Fournier, Richard P. Jr. Memorial Scholarship 29,485 35,350 Fowler, Meta R. Scholarship 15,760 19,973 Franco-American Centre General Endowment 7,571 9,628 Franco-American Le Forum Fund 6,210 12,031 Francoeur, Greg Memorial Scholarship 278,733 349,329 Franklin, Lynn Memorial Folklife Fund 4,617 6,030 Franz, George MG J. III (RET) '84 & Heather Thomas ROTC Scholarship 16,000 17,348 Fraser, Jessie L. Fund 5,119 12,144 Frazier Family Scholarship 29,297 36,156 Freeman, Stanley L. & Patricia Smith Ranzoni Belief Scholarship 62,814 77,888 French Student International Study Scholarship Fund 22,506 37,120 Frenning, Mary W. University of Maine Hutchinson Center Scholarship 13,600 17,500 Friends of Music Endowment 17,972 25,103 Fuehrer, Robert & Sharon Library Scholarship 37,525 48,085 Fuehrer, Sharon Ward and Robert C. Scholarship 32,525 40,328 Fuld, Helene Health Trust Scholarship 320,000 333,889 Fuller, Bob and Beth Scholarship Fund 25,000 31,500 Fuller, Boyd C. and Ruth S. Scholarship Fund 302,164 308,395 Fulton, Michael '87 Scholarship Fund 82,500 91,841 Furet, Carol Morton Scholarship 2,500 6,269 Gagne, Karen Hatch National 4-H Congress Legacy Fund 26,050 33,414 Gagnon, Lionel & Germaine Memorial Fund 1,019,022 1,065,309 Gallant, John and Lynn Scholarship 5,500 6,448 Gallant, Rodney E. Memorial Scholarship 7,605 9,591 Gannett, James Adrian Scholarship 19,733 46,396 Gardiner, Margaret Forestry Management Fund 144,005 176,512 Gardiner, Margaret School of Forest Resources Fund 194,468 238,145 Gardiner, Margaret Woodlands Operation Fund 97,234 119,077 Gardner Family Scholarship 16,097 19,798 Garnache, Suzanne Wilke Scholarship 52,885 72,055 Gattrell, L. Pete Memorial Scholarship 43,000 45,407 Gay, Carol & George New England Section Scholarship 79,823 96,780 Gay, Dora I. Scholarship 10,394 13,255 Gechijian, Armen '52 Mechanical Engineering Scholarship Fund 62,215 76,660 General Fund - 8,397 Geomatics Society of New England Section Ellsworth V. Stanley Surveying Engineering Technology (SVT) Scholarship 59,314 89,309 George, Catherine F. Scholarship 1,000,000 1,213,953 George, Jean Praderio '80 & Dr. Edward E. Scholarship 30,000 35,425 Georgia-Pacific Corporation Forestry Scholarship 30,000 38,743 Gerke, Andrew Memorial Sigma Phi Epsilon Scholarship 44,320 56,320 Germick, Rose Whitmore '38 Scholarship 246,200 303,634 Gerrish, Harold A. "Doc" Athletic Scholarship 25,000 30,579 Gerrish, Harold A. "Doc" Physics Scholarship 25,000 30,579 Gerrity II, J. Frank Scholarship 179,500 214,166 Gerrity, Joe Warren '09 Scholarship 142,374 181,679 Gerry, Dr. Richard W. Sr. '38 Fund 3,000 3,984 Gerry, Harold R. Memorial Fund 150 269 Gershman, Professor Melvin Scholarship 24,468 29,847 Gershman-Tewksbury '77, Dr. Melaine Scholarship 23,647 28,881 Gerwin, Mary Berry Scholarship Fund 86,071 84,434 Getchell, Harold and Mary Fund 691,735 846,481 Ghosh, Poonam and Subrata '90G Scholarship 14,000 16,675 Gibbs, Frederick D. '18 Scholarship 15,941 23,470 Giddings, Edwin L. and Barbara M. Alumni House Endowment 33,499 44,636 Giddings, Edwin L. Professorship in Forest Management 101,525 220,487 Giesberg, Richard A. '48, '07H and Middie Cohen Giesberg '47, '07H Fund 47,344 53,477 Gilbert Fund 28,000 29,592 Gilbert, Charles E. Loan Fund 12,617,344 15,714,742 Gilbert, Fred A. Scholarship 2,070 3,263 Gilchrist, Ruth W. '51 Fund 5,613 9,185 Gilley, Frank P. and Mary H. Forestry Fund 129,163 153,877 Gilmore Scholarship 578,361 705,603 Gilmore, Dr. Carol B. Memorial Service Award 9,750 12,226 Ginn, Adah Patch & Clifford Spruance Patch Scholarship 656,585 790,257 Ginn, Adah Patch & Jean Spruance Patch Scholarship 137,105 158,453 Ginsberg, George S. Memorial Fund 100,002 126,224 Giordano, William M. and Cynthia A. Fund 9,271 11,270 Girl Scouts of Maine Sarah J. Medina Scholarship 27,864 32,435 Glanville, A. Douglas Research and Scholarship 17,220 21,095 Glasse, Antonia, Ph.D. Fogler Library Fund 68,154 70,569 Glenn, Tamela Scholarship 28,685 35,887 Glidden, Ronald C. '62 and Bernice L. Glidden Scholarship 25,100 26,840 Global Exploration & Language Opportunities Fund 11,450 12,269 Global Perspectives for Humanities Explorations Fund 18,024 20,300 Godfrey, Joline Scholarship 2,000 3,097 Godfrey, Richard H. and Elizabeth M. Donor-Advised Fund 285,705 358,726 Goldberg, Dr. Carole Taylor '66 Scholarship 190,000 201,235 Golden "M" Athletic Award 1,500 3,364 Goode Family Computer Science Scholarship Fund 10,000 12,335 Goodleto Department of Physics and Astronomy Fund 100 99 Goodwin, Carroll C. Jr Scholarship Endowment Fund 52,083 63,768 Goodwin, Helen and Louise Biggie Scholarship Fund 54,900 62,904 Goodwin, Lloyd E. '34 Scholarship 10,553 13,066 Goos Family Studio Fund 46,998 52,566 Gordon, John "Jake" Jakubowycz and Pamela Baldwin Gordon Scholarship 294,054 319,105 Gordon, Kenneth Emery and Susan Pongonis Gordon Scholarship Fund 13,500 15,064 Gorham Savings Bank Continuing Scholarship 20,000 26,174 Gorham Savings Bank Scholarship 85,639 101,034 Gorrill Palmer Civil Engineering Scholarship 100,000 113,716 Gorrill, William R. Civil Engineering Scholarship 34,852 44,062 Gorrill-Palmer Soil Mechanics Laboratory Fund 101,000 123,201 Gould & Scammon Fund 13,616 40,761 Gould, David B. and Anne Chaplin Gould Scholarship 462,293 496,161 Gould, Elisha P. '52 Excellence Fund 62,435 67,747 Gould, Elisha P. '52 Scholarship 62,435 67,747 Gould, George P. & Antoinette Gould Torrey Fund 6,017 13,992 Gould, Ralph A. & Hazel H. Scholarship 269,289 332,306 Gould, Roger D. '52 Senior Design Project Innovation 6,031 10,159 Gould, Stephen Legislative Memorial Scholarship 56,590 72,272 Gould, Stephen Memorial Scholarship/Psi Chapter Kappa Sigma 6,650 12,409 Gould, Steve Award 14,888 72,468 Gower, John P. and Marie M. Fund 108,630 141,430 Graduate Centennial Impact Fund 1,125 1,224 Graduate Student Government of the University of Maine Quasi-Endowment 106,756 197,396 Graffam, Pearl R. Scholarship 2,771 5,353 Graham, Lawrence & Muriel Alumni House Fund 108,263 136,931 Graham, Newton '50 and Susan Fund 22,375 22,375 Grant, Donald A. Professorship in Mechanical Engineering 947,112 1,358,912 Grant, Judith Dawn Memorial Scholarship 19,489 24,595 Grant, Judson "Bud" & Bette Football Scholarship 20,000 26,033 Grant, Margaret L. Scholarship 51,167 62,527 Gray, George R. & Norma M. Buchanan Alumni House Fund 25,000 34,392 Gray, George R. '50 & Norma M. '52 Perennial Garden Fund 10,000 15,648 Gray, Norma Mooers & George R. Scholarship 120,960 147,990 Gray, Rena Sawyer & Kelsey Clement Gray Scholarship 10,000 12,901 Gray, Ruth Scholarship Fund 32,341 47,853 Great Falls Scholarship 8,480 10,323 Green Endowment Fund 150 332 Green Lake Fund 245,356 304,417 Greene, Alice L. '74G and Richard S. Greene III '73, '75G Endowed Scholarship 12,000 13,035 Greenlaw, Lacy Memorial Scholarship 5,525 7,130 Greenwood, George W. & Abbie M. Civil Engineering Scholarship 19,000 23,190 Greig, William & Emily Memorial Scholarship 25,000 32,325 Grenfell, Clarine Coffin '32 Student Poetry Prize and Poetry Speaker Fund 20,427 27,004 Griffin, Conrad & Fran Collins Center for the Arts Fund 300 317 Griffin, Lucy F. Fund 10,000 34,213 Griffin, Ralph H. Memorial Scholarship 117,356 152,347 Grogean, Virginia Barnes '63 and Thomas N. Grogean Scholarship 35,829 41,163 Grout, Roger E. UMaine Band Spirit and Student Success Scholarship 8,000 8,427 Guesman, Arthur O. and Anna G. Memorial Scholarship Fund 20,410 26,540 Guice, John Lawrence Scholarship 25,100 32,165 Gunther Engineering Surveying Engineering Technology (SVT) Scholarship 29,890 34,680 Gupta, Dr. Pushpa L. and Dr. Ramesh C. Gupta Scholarship 32,000 33,627 Gurall, Bruce A. '69, '71G and Kristen Anderson Gurall '69 Scholarship 510,138 556,105 Haddad, Helen Rogerson Scholarship in Art Fund 7,723 8,562 Hagan, Patricia Kittredge Fund 82,622 93,610 Hager, Shirley N. and David C. Fuller Franklin County Quasi-Endowment Fund 100 111 Hakola, Judith A. Award in Technical and Professional Communication 10,600 11,533 Haley Ward, Inc. Environmental Chemistry Laboratory Fund 100,150 145,398 Halkett, James E. & Geraldine I. Scholarship 19,295 24,179 Hall, Captain Walter L. '61 / Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund 8,218 10,592 Hall, Chenoweth Scholarship 482,808 630,802 Hall, Chenoweth Scholarship (Orono) 482,808 638,733 Hall, Clifton A. Scholarship 38,244 96,251 Hall, Doug & Deborah Great Aspirations! Fund 50,000 61,838 Hall, Dr. Philip A. '53 and Joan Hall Scholarship Fund 69,849 84,650 Hall, Edward C. '48 and Dorothy Moran Hall '43 Scholarship 21,825 27,108 Hall, Elberton and Salome Family Scholarship Fund 75,270 92,596 Hall, George C. Memorial Scholarship 12,918 14,364 Hallee, Jerome P. and Pauline D. Scholarship 114,501 138,659 Halliday, Charlotte Elkin Scholarship 8,768 11,611 Hamblen, George W. Fund 38,298 94,461 Hamilton, Gordon, Ph.D. Memorial Fund 20,215 25,423 Hamilton, Susan and Philip Humanities Fund 24,500 28,526 Hamilton, Wayne A., P.E. Civil Engineering Scholarship 350,650 423,483 Hamlet, Robert C. Fund 1,305 4,446 Hamlin, Arthur and Marianne Experiential Engineering Education Fund 195,000 245,328 Hamlin, George O. '00 Scholarship 1,500 5,151 Hamlin, Marianne Schmidt '59 and Arthur H. Hamlin '57 Biomedical Engineering Infrastructure Fund 200,000 201,623 Hamm, Alton '38 and Adelaide Campus Activity Fund 1,526,840 1,938,594 Hamm, Alton '38 and Adelaide Student Design Project Lab Fund 100,000 126,478 Hamm, Alton S. & Adelaide B. Scholarship 497,041 632,319 Hancock County Alumni Association Scholarship 6,685 9,781 Hanger, Jane Gerry Chase Scholarship 18,987 22,846 Hannigan, William J. III '11 Memorial Scholarship 42,854 51,341 Hanscom, Jane Longo Scholarship 48,125 59,130 Hansen, Don Memorial Lectureship Fund 6,599 8,553 Hanson Family Fund 14,124 17,781 Harding, Tracy W. '84 and Aimee E. Smith '85 Scholarship 4,977 4,977 Hardison, Norma 4-H Club Creativity Legacy Fund 25,000 32,273 Hardscrabble Moment College of Engineering Assistance Fund 176,095 204,318 Hardy, Malcolm D. PaCEsetter Endowed Scholarship 100,002 123,446 Hardy, Sandra E. Theatre Scholarship 17,592 21,432 Harmon, Perley F. '19 & Ella F. Memorial Scholarship 68,915 84,402 Harper, Thomas D. Scholarship 6,975 8,917 Harriman, John P. Fund 505,000 626,303 Harrington, Donna Graves '48 Scholarship 23,791 28,878 Harrington, Dr. Avery & Carolyn Native American Scholarship 63,444 77,763 Harris, Charles M. Fund 34,976 107,760 Harris, James W. II '41 & Barbara Ashworth '42 Scholarship 14,750 19,110 Harris, President Abram W. Award 18,476 27,846 Harrison, Elizabeth T. Bearce & Oliver W. Scholarship 6,984 8,659 Harrison, Hazel M. '48 Fund 45,657 57,987 Hart, Gerald F. and Marjorie T. Hart '38 Fund 55,725 76,292 Hart, James Norris Scholarship 7,469 25,564 Hart, Suzanne Kay '68 Fund 1,340,176 1,396,183 Harter, John '83 & Johnathan '83 Scholarship Fund 13,800 15,995 Harvey Family Scholarship 102,985 122,511 Harvey, Harmon D. '54 and Jane Stevens Harvey '54 Scholarship 50,180 52,259 Haskell, Mark R. and Katherine Zeitlin Haskell Honors Scholarship 77,500 90,109 Haskell, Philip J. Scholarship Fund 200 200 Haskell, Robert N. & Gladys M. Stetson Scholarship 16,800 25,438 Haskell, Robert N. '25 Power Engineering Professorship 250,000 333,984 Hastings, James W. Family Scholarship #2 32,580 39,788 Hathaway, Arthur C. Family Fund 31,514 39,464 Hauck, Arthur A. & Gladys R. Fund 49,202 82,706 Hauck, President Scholarship 8,106 15,739 Haverlock, Joseph L. and Miriam A. Scholarship 46,531 56,772 Hawes, Robert and Alice Family Fund 22,850 27,743 Hayes, Kenneth P. Memorial Scholarship 3,015 4,627 Hayes, Mary Christine & Paul E. Memorial Scholarship 62,350 77,489 Haynes, Frank L. Graduate Student Research Award 146,496 174,896 Heald, Kathleen M. Scholarship 10,000 12,397 Heanssler, Basil and Harriett Lobster Institute Fund 222,620 272,595 Hebrew Ladies Aid Society Fund 39,078 54,394 Helmke, John Memorial Scholarship 6,327 8,703 Hemenway, David '65, '67G and Joan Hemenway '64 Scholarship Fund 16,563 16,989 Hemphill, Margaret & Creighton Equine Scholarship Fund 16,176 20,468 Henderson, Richard W. '44 Engineering Physics Fund 50,000 51,670 Herbert, Joseph F. Maine Business School Scholarship 158,662 183,614 Hickey Family Elementary Education Scholarship 40,600 48,972 Hickey, Thomas L. Engineering Capstone Infrastructure Fund 20,500 21,397 Higgins, Richard and Jean Materials Testing Laboratory 115,025 139,782 Higgins, Thomas C. Sr. First-Year Scholarship 9,999 12,817 Highlands, Matthew E. & Ramona P. Food Science and Human Nutrition Scholarship 127,772 160,518 Highlands, Matthew E. & Ramona P. Mathematics Scholarship 115,030 144,987 Highlands, Ramona P. Phi Mu Scholarship 229,645 324,323 Hilborn Memorial Research Fund in Plant Pathology 4,156 8,127 Hill, Arthur St. John Fund 10,205 12,540 Hill, Elizabeth C. & Richard C. Fund 51,586 76,683 Hill, Kathleen R. Scholarship 8,380 10,724 Hill, Ralph Arthur Scholarship 2,000 2,069 Hill, Richard C. & Elizabeth C. Hill Family Fund #1 (CCA) 101,356 127,699 Hill, Richard C. & Elizabeth C. Hill Family Fund #2 (Engineering) 101,356 127,699 Hill, Richard C. & Elizabeth C. Hill Family Fund #3 (Honors) 101,356 127,699 Hill, Richard C. & Elizabeth C. Hill Family Fund #4 (Music) 94,856 120,787 Hill, Richard C. & Elizabeth C. Hill Family Fund #5 (DIC) 101,356 127,699 Hill, Roger B. Scholarship #1 (Merit) 100,000 218,624 Hill, Roger B. Scholarship #2 (Athletic) 100,000 218,624 Hill, Roger B. Scholarship #3 (Engineering) 100,000 211,123 Hill, Roger B. Scholarship #4 (Humanities) 100,000 188,663 Hill, Roger B. Scholarship #5 (General) 26,987 50,845 Hill, Wilson A. & Mylissa K. Scholarship 68,882 100,294 Hilton, William R. and Mary C. Fund 24,790 32,601 Hinkley, Philip J. Scholarship 3,205 5,582 Hitchings, George P. Memorial Scholarship 14,850 18,346 Hockey Athletic Scholarship 3,350 4,391 Hodes, Mary R. Student Loan Fund 604,570 732,614 Hodgkins, Herbert O. Lobster Research 10,321 11,938 Hodosh, Ellen Keough, PhD, Graduate Fellowship Fund 500,807 654,826 Hodsdon, Albert E., III '69 Scholarship 20,000 21,541 Hogan Family Alumni Support Fund 91,482 109,259 Holden-Brado Scholarship 820,989 1,107,455 Holmer, Ellen W, Scholarship 535,591 614,301 Holmes, David Dunlap Scholarship 53,317 64,948 Holmes, Jane Fund (Camp Tanglewood) 50,487 75,986 Holmes, Jane Fund (Littlefield Gardens) 50,487 75,986 Holmes, Jane Fund (Page Farm & Home Museum) 50,487 75,986 Holmes, Jane Fund (Roger Luce Scholarship) 50,487 75,986 Holt, David S. and Carole A. Reynolds-Holt Scholarship 17,500 19,260 Holt, Master Sergeant Thelma M. ROTC Scholarship 25,600 31,205 Homola, Richard L. Mycological Herbarium Fund 194,511 239,569 Honors College Aspiration Scholarship 43,869 51,940 Honors College Endowment 53,401 74,737 Honors College Legacy Fund 386 1,896 Hooke, Roger LeBaron Graduate Scholarship 250,000 243,929 Hooper, William Gordon and Laura Snow Scholarship 52,419 63,895 Hoover, Professor William Fund 30,100 36,688 Horan, James F. Memorial Scholarship 12,935 16,360 Horner, William R. and Suzanne R. Scholarship 24,912 31,657 Horsman, Ruth Higgins '45 Scholarship 19,999 24,694 Hosmer, Thomas P. '58 Design Engineering Center 602,316 738,333 Hosmer, Thomas P. Fund 8,422,541 10,652,670 Hosmer, Thomas P. Scholarship in Mechanical Engineering 575,000 705,363 Houghton Family Honors Program Fund 12,963 15,639 Houghton, John W. '42 & Muriel E. '44 Memorial Scholarship 8,410 12,440 Houghton, Lloyd and Villa Fund 157,011 192,379 Houston, George L. Forestry Fund 200,756 240,077 Houston, George L. Fund 11,992,157 14,576,999 Hovey, Christopher Fund to Support the Ann Taylor Hovey Butterfly & Hummingbird Garden 8,959 11,003 Hovey, Christopher J. Alumni House Endowment 11,687 14,631 Howe, Jim '69 Memorial Scholarship 38,018 46,016 Howes, Leroy F. Scholarship 35,737 45,052 Htoo, Loretta Anne Shraybman Scholarship 11,500 12,960 Huang, Raymond L. & Florinda F. Scholarship 73,767 88,967 Huard, John R., Sr. '67 Football Fund 233,114 274,526 Huber, Nancy Scamman Nontraditional Student Endowment 31,800 38,910 Hudak-David, Virginia '80 and Mark David '80G Graduate Fellowship 100,000 102,181 Hughes, Marshall & Audrey Native American Student Fund 50,000 50,000 Humphrey PaCEsetter Scholarship 53,000 68,383 Humphrey, Dana N. and Barbara E. Civil Engineering Graduate Fellowship Fund 21,170 22,496 Humphrey, Doris Roberts, H. Lawrence, George Lawrence and Barbara 4-H Scholarship Endowment 10,000 12,914 Humphrey, Wallace "Bud" Memorial Scholarship 10,821 16,193 Hunter, M. Perry Jr. '52 Alumni Association Endowment Fund 135,314 161,510 Hunter, Perry '52 Product Development Fund 126,252 155,492 Hunter, President Susan J. Fund 95,053 117,217 Hunter, President Susan J., Ph.D., Sc.D., D.P.S., '50H Maine Top Scholars Scholarship 129,502 143,168 Hutchinson Center of Belfast Endowed Scholarship 30,255 38,974 Hutchinson, Frederick E. & Dione W. Presidential Scholarship 53,516 68,764 Hutchinson, Frederick E. 4-H Scholarship 15,350 20,100 Hutchinson, Frederick E. '53,'58 & Dione W. '54,'71 Scholarship 11,348 13,901 Hutchinson, Frederick E. College of Natural Sciences, Forestry, and Agriculture Student Emergency Fund 28,880 33,533 Hyland, Fay Fund 11,789 22,574 Hyman, Carole L. Scholarship 90,596 109,167 Iammatteo Family Fund 8,000 9,615 Ibbotson, Louis T. Fund 55,105 71,345 Ice Hockey Recruiting Fund 2,400 2,490 Ilse, Linda Marie Wildlife Ecology Scholarship 10,200 12,619 Innes, Donald W. '43 Scholarship 20,695 25,235 International Biological Conservation Fund 291,688 490,349 International Students Association Team '05-'06 Scholarship 5,419 6,909 Irving Chair for Forest Ecosystem Management 1,000,000 1,222,954 Ives, Sandy and Bobby Fund 26,794 32,125 Ives, Sandy Folklore and Oral History Endowment 175,700 227,357 Jackman, Laura Hodgins & Percy E. Memorial Fund 50,000 51,982 Jacobs, Brenda and Larry Scholarship 93,812 112,337 Jacobs, Stephen & Isabel '44 Scholarship 94,526 108,722 Jacobson, George L. Jr. Quaternary & Climate Studies Fund 13,000 17,307 Jacobson-Loring Art Fund 401,647 527,493 Jandreau-LaFlamme Scholarship 12,200 12,787 Jean, Raymond A. '65 and Louise C. Scholarship Fund 276,988 327,734 Jellison, Nancy Kittredge '61 Scholarship 49,075 48,403 Jenkins, James D. & Anne Witham Jenkins Scholarship Fund 25,000 32,281 Jensen, Laurits C. and Dorothea Scholarship Fund 643,825 808,741 Jenson, Charles A., Jr. '79 Scholarship 500 519 Jewett Brothers Scholarship Fund 20,440 26,501 Jewish Community Council of Bangor Donor Advised Fund 106,697 224,307 Johnson, Christine Born '82 and William C. Johnson PaCEsetter Scholarship Fund 20,650 23,364 Johnson, Dr. Robert S. Scholarship Fund 18,526 23,236 Johnson, Jane Wiseman Athletic Scholarship Fund 29,149 36,525 Johnson, Joyanne Jewett Scholarship Fund 10,178 13,272 Johnson, Marc A. Memorial Fund 8,610 10,535 Johnson, Mary A. '55 Presidential Scholarship 16,690 21,269 Johnson, William Whidden '32 & Irene Johnson Rich Scholarship Fund 18,462 22,505 Johnson-Marshall Scholarship 77,817 94,338 Johnstone, Dr. Anne Margaret Lecture Fund 23,674 34,100 Jones, Charles E. '78 Scholarship Fund 27,430 33,193 Jones, Dale L. '74 Physics and Astronomy Faculty Recruiting and Development Fund 35,755 38,706 Jones, Laurence A. Jr. Scholarship 39,134 47,276 Jones, Rendle A. '65 & Patricia K. '65 Honors Thesis Fellowship Fund 76,000 95,087 Jones, Una Greenlaw Fund 312,290 400,586 Jordan, Kenneth Clark '44 Scholarship Fund 25,000 32,601 Jordan, Maynard F. Fund 840,943 1,027,014 Jordan, Wesley D. Fund 19,111 52,144 Joshua, Vijay Kumar Scholarship Fund 873,607 974,596 Joy, Norwood F. and Edith D. Scholarship Fund 22,527 27,558 Kachmar, Patricia A. Scholarship 1,324 1,357 Kaplan, Arnold and Bobby Prize 20,561 30,024 Katahdin Forest Products Scholarship Fund 8,000 10,251 Kearns, William M. Jr. '57 and Patricia Anne Kearns '57 Scholarship for Maine Business School 19,900 25,428 Kebo Bears Athletic Scholarship 11,726 17,922 Keefe Family Scholarship 25,750 29,917 Keene, Charles E. Scholarship 198,652 237,851 Keene, Della R. Fund 198,652 237,851 Keep Maine Unique Sustainability Scholarship Fund 55,000 65,328 Keirstead, Donna '78, '79G Maine NEW Leadership Fund 13,600 16,234 Kelley, John F. "Jack" III Scholarship 15,900 19,212 Kellogg, Thelma Louise Fund 17,080 86,054 Kelly, Abby Sargent Neese '32 Creative Writing Scholarship 70,124 90,128 Kelly, Brian Surveying Scholarship 12,200 15,730 Kemble Family Scholarship Fund 5,178 6,196 Kennebec Valley Alumni Chapter Scholarship 12,965 16,054 Kennedy, President Robert A. Senior Alumni Scholarship 34,021 44,019 Kennedy, Ralph F. Memorial Fund 3,000 4,510 Kent, Benjamin C. Fund 6,068 20,773 Kenway Corporation and the Kenneth Priest II, Michael Priest and Ian Kopp Families Polymer Matrix Composites Laboratory Fund 100,000 125,681 Kepware Digital Systems & Robotics Laboratory Fund 85,000 103,539 Keswick, William B. Memorial Scholarship 5,000 6,163 Ketchum, Frank Wentworth '41 Scholarship 10,000 12,195 Kezis, Alan College of Natural Sciences, Forestry and Agriculture Student Emergency Fund 15,929 22,222 Kilby, Lucy H. Scholarship 24,632 40,549 Killam Canadian Fund 27,990 34,123 Kimball, Harold V. Agricultural Sciences Scholarship 36,014 140,767 Kimball, Spofford Harris Chair in Mathematics 7,781,935 7,781,935 Kinaman, Russell W. '58 and Liselotte W. Kinaman Scholarship 35,066 35,092 King, Edie McVay Scholarship 94,662 103,383 King, Louis C. Scholarship 33,012 39,425 King, Nellie Ruth Pillsbury Memorial Scholarship 373,165 461,044 King, Stephen E. Chair in Literature Endowment 1,010,000 1,337,961 Kingsland, Earle B. Fund 1,635 38,457 Kleczyk/Strout Family Scholarship Fund 69,750 77,111 Kleinschmidt Associates Civil Engineering Hydraulics Laboratory 100,000 128,772 Knapp, Jane Stinchfield Scholarship 20,099 25,681 Kneeland, Douglas E. Journalism Scholarship 38,104 45,472 Kneeland, Henry Wilton '02 Scholarship 44,275 53,984 Knight, Fred and Jane Forestry Scholarship 53,310 63,567 Knowles, Dr. John E. '55 and Ann Dingwell Knowles '57 Scholarship 2,740 2,723 Knowlton, Barbara S. Senior Alumni Scholarship 11,951 15,650 Knowlton, Gwen E. Scholarship 2,000,254 2,435,189 Knowlton, Ralph G. Memorial Fund 31,129 47,564 Kolinjivadi, Ramakrishnan (Rama) '73G and Dr. Jeeva Kolinjivadi Student Emergency Fund 8,100 8,630 Kopel, Byron E. Scholarship 263,500 332,029 Kopp, William Thomas and Frances Ellen Memorial Scholarship 14,150 17,331 Kornetsky, Conan H. Psychology Prize Fund 55,000 69,679 Kornetsky, Marcia Smargon Sociology Prize 57,500 69,856 Krant, Patrice M. Master of Business Administration Student Aid Fund 64,636 78,605 Krant, Patrice M. Outdoor Education and Leadership Fund 86,126 104,288 Krant, Patrice M. Travel Scholarship 39,666 51,110 Kritter, Julius H. Athletic Scholarship Fund 93,591 113,776 Kritter, Julius H. Scholarship 67,037 135,877 Krueger, Professor George C. Memorial Fund 55,500 70,983 Kruse, Carl M. Scholarship 12,000 15,288 Kuhl-Lakin Honors in Engineering Scholarship Fund 13,575 15,022 Kupfer, Romaine Littlefield Geology Field Camp Fund - 82 Kurson, Sylvia M. Memorial Grant 11,906 36,531 Labby Family Award for Student Advancement Quasi-Endowment - 305 Ladd, Doris Dow Scholarship 395,877 483,733 Ladd, Harland A. Scholarship 340,218 415,620 Lafayette Hotels / Danny and Carla Lafayette Page Farm and Home Museum Endowment Fund 15,000 15,257 Lafayette Hotels Scholarship 19,000 22,622 LaFond, Geoffrey P. and Anne B. Scholarship Fund 34,970 41,926 Laing, John Dana Memorial Scholarship 26,521 36,182 Laite Family Opportunity Fund 25,099 26,214 Lamb, David S. Fund 78,693 101,514 Lamb, Myrna Hill '75 and Allen N. Lamb '76, '82G Scholarship 49,976 52,769 Lambda Chi Alpha Three Stars Memorial Scholarship 21,224 24,469 Lambert Family Scholarship 287,804 339,026 Lamson, Byron and Sylvia Scholarship 250,000 281,556 Lancaster, Linda N. Professional Development Fund 210,391 270,736 Landry, Olive B. & Barbara A. Dennett Scholarship 53,363 70,013 Landry/French Construction Scholarship 45,000 48,606 Langellier, Kristin M. & Eric E. Peterson Scholarship Fund 28,282 33,914 LaRochelle, Mary & Neil Scholarship 17,900 22,611 Larsen Fund 15,402 26,519 Laskey / Pollard Family Scholarship 10,000 10,450 Laskey, Thomas P. '53 Family Scholarship Fund 37,484 84,093 Latti, Michael B. '56 and Georgia D. '57 Basketball Athletic Scholarship Fund 22,553 30,340 Leavitt, Dr. Bruce J. Scholarship Fund 4,800 4,972 LeClair, Gilbert C. & Carol R. Scholarship Fund 2,782 3,791 Lee, Carroll R. Scholarship 144,365 174,731 Legatos '55, Nicholas A. and Theodora Engineering Scholarship 31,250 39,908 Lehman, Helen "Penny" Mitchell Social Work Fund 5,675 8,901 Leitch, Betsy Pullen '55 & William R. Honors College Fund 45,000 49,642 Leonard, Edward D. III '65 Lecture Series Fund 55,000 70,874 Leonard, Herbert A. & Eleanor H. Scholarship Fund 27,329 35,736 Leonard, Ralph E. & Anita S. Scholarship 55,529 67,399 Leonard, Richard C. '62, 70G and Rosemary Rich Leonard '62 Family Fund 23,750 25,966 Les Trois Amis Scholarship 158,042 178,008 Letourneau, Stephen and Vickie Goodness Scholarship 2,396 2,525 Leveille, Richard R., V. Roland & Katherine W. Scholarship Fund 63,408 79,963 Levitan, Nathan Scholarship Fund 151,994 193,289 Lewis, Abraham J. & Doris Art Award 1,500 2,419 Lewis, Professor Michael H. Art Scholarship 194,231 241,515 Lewiston Strong Scholarship 14,733 14,737 Libbey, Dr. Waldo "Mac" '44 Professorship in Electrical and Computer Engineering 250,000 376,759 Libbey, Dr. Waldo "Mac" '44 Swim Program Fund 10,000 12,868 Libbey, Joseph A. Scholarship Fund 50,000 61,254 Libby Lecture in Natural Resource Policy 50,000 61,723 Libby Opportunity Fund 10,000 12,678 Lindell, Wiljo M. '40 Memorial Scholarship 43,246 56,505 Linehan Family Gallery Fund 5,000 5,000 Lingley, Alfred B. Scholarship 47,560 107,396 Linscott, Diane Wiseman Art Scholarship Fund 6,847 7,683 Linscott, Willard H. Scholarship 14,586 19,295 Linton, William A. Scholarship 125,604 163,782 Lipphardt, Sr., Louis E. Mechanical Engineering Scholarship Fund 35,611 46,744 Liscomb Family Global Affairs Fund 313,471 350,864 Liscomb, Clark Noyes '60 Prize Fund 344,279 409,454 Lisnik, John Memorial Scholarship 39,920 47,630 Litchfield, Herbert N. Scholarship 3,015 4,076 Littlefield, Lyle E. Ornamentals Trial Garden Endowment 69,657 81,865 Littlefield, Waldemar V. '42 and Jean G. Littlefield Fund 21,475 31,471 Lobster Institute Endowment Fund 213,637 262,093 Lobster Institute Klaus Sonnenberg Memorial Fund 550 1,229 Long Island Sound Lobster Fund 200,000 243,739 Long, Malcolm G. '32 Professor of Civil Engineering 256,075 380,072 Longo, Michael G. and Gale E. Scholarship 24,167 29,932 Lord, Frank J. and Ruth K. Scholarship Fund 300,000 366,179 Lord, George E. '24 & Louise '25 Scholarship Fund 60,232 74,539 Lord, Richard C. College of Engineering Faculty Salary Fund 50,000 60,986 Lord, Richard C. Scholarship Fund 61,671 75,162 Loring, Ellen J. Museum Fund 288,061 349,298 Lovaas, Russell and Patricia D. Scholarship 29,580 35,782 Lovejoy, Kenneth C. Fund 27,699 39,073 Lowell, Robert & Jean Electrical Engineering Fund 24,758 29,536 Lowell, Robert & Jean History Fund 24,758 29,433 Lowell, Robert & Jean President's Discretionary Fund 24,758 29,447 Lown, Dr. Bernard '42 Honors College Teaching Professorship 273,017 284,638 Lown, Dr. Bernard '42 Honors Thesis Fellowship Fund 180,000 192,983 Lowry, Grey Memorial Scholarship 33,277 38,440 Lucas, Professor Warren S. Fund 1,990 4,020 Luce, Roger F. Scholarship Fund 31,930 38,022 Lucey, Jeannine Emond Franco American Program Fund 39,779 49,136 Lucey, William S. '61 Scholarship Fund 21,500 27,836 Lucy, Dean William T. Scholarship 10,600 14,589 Lufkin, Linwood E. '58 and Mabel S. Lufkin Scholarship 52,482 62,005 Lunder Scholars Fund 396,048 494,451 Lurvey, Mildred E. Fund 3,007 6,340 Lurvey, Robert J. '47 and Mildred E. Scholarship Fund 88,324 107,660 Lynch, Michael D. '88, '89G Scholarship 13,500 14,145 Lynch, Thomas E. Faculty Club Quasi-Endowment 22,555 101,592 M Club Athletic Scholarship 60,408 73,601 MacCampbell, James C., Dr. Memorial Fund 10,100 10,960 Maccoby, Herbert Sociology Fund 25,000 32,008 MacDonald, Karl Merit Scholarship 105,000 258,983 Mace-Hashey, Monique F. G. M. Fund 2,126 2,662 MacLeod, Roland '50 Hockey Scholarship 16,728 21,492 MacRae, Belinda Scholarship Fund 100,000 111,560 Madigan Congressional Internship Fund 91,250 117,384 Madigan, John E. Sr. and Georgianna B. Madigan Scholarship Fund 56,833 66,933 Madore, Robert W. '54 Scholarship 294,223 488,302 Mahaney Athletic Fund - 8,455 Mahon, John F. Scholarship Fund 14,600 15,321 Maine Animal Health Quasi-Endowment Fund for Bioengineering 3,266 142 Maine Animal Health Quasi-Endowment Fund for Equine Health & Welfare - 383 Maine Animal Health Quasi-Endowment Fund for The Witter Center 1,929 3,155 Maine Center for Sport and Coaching Endowment 26,725 32,601 Maine Chapter of the Construction Financial Management Association Scholarship 50,000 64,142 Maine Christian Association Fund 256,591 314,045 Maine Hockey General Endowment Fund 36,510 44,542 Maine NEW Leadership Fund 70,154 98,589 Maine Outdoor Leadership Fund 475 607 Maine Press Association Kay Hyatt Scholarship 2,875 3,847 Maine Smart Grid Center Excellence Fund 54,223 168,593 Maine Society of Certified Public Accountants Scholarship Fund 46,935 59,394 Maine Spirit Fund 30,168 40,312 Maine Sports Band Fund 5,740 6,487 Maine State Society of Washington, D.C. Foundation Scholarship Fund 113,334 118,839 Maine Steiners Vocal Music Scholarship 5,984 8,135 Maine Summer Youth Music Thomas C. Nokes Endowment 31,256 39,232 Maine Swimming and Diving Fund 288,760 366,564 Maine Vocational Rehabilitation Thank You Scholarship 748,420 837,844 Maiorino Business Excellence Scholarship 50,000 51,264 Makhlouf, Mohamed Ali '75 Scholarship Fund 131,209 146,896 Mangan Fund 100,370 122,378 Mangan, Thomas G. & John W. Scholarship 179,209 218,787 Mangan, Thomas G. Athletic Scholarship 27,706 59,795 Mangan, Thomas G. Discretionary Fund 338,130 412,386 Manlove, George K. Scholarship 4,050 6,282 Marble, Gerald C. Memorial Fund 19,226 24,828 March Family Fund 11,500 14,408 Marchio, Douglas R. and Patricia A. Cummings Cooperative Extension Outreach Fund 500 539 Marcho, Henry E. Scholarship Fund 20,000 24,396 Marden, Ralph C. & Loraine P. Fund 75,920 87,088 Marine Sciences Faculty Scholarship 71,805 84,392 Marino, Patrick P. Memorial Fund 71,264 81,028 Marmer, Michael and Linda Fund 400 423 Marr-Anderson Family Foundation Scholarship Fund 200 215 Marrs, Gianna F. Scholarship 27,675 32,888 Marsh, Harold P. Scholarship Fund 111,011 380,011 Marston Family Scholarship 5,000 5,198 Martin, Fred L. Scholarship Fund 110,003 245,385 Martin, Guida W. & Ralph A. '52 Scholarship 26,095 33,815 Mason, Sara L. Fund 108 4,595 Massachusetts Association of Land Surveyors & Civil Engineers Scholarship 17,000 19,648 Master Gardener Fund 12,938 16,424 Mathieu-Story Scholarship Fund 35,094 42,715 Matthews, Carole Cassidy Scholarship 12,000 14,587 Matthews, Larryl & Marie Fund 4,946 6,133 Mawhinney, Eugene A. Scholarship Fund 60,145 72,862 Mayberry Fund, The 53,507 77,433 Mayo, Flora Howard Fund 3,000 4,355 Mayo, Norman H. '09 Family Fund 67,550 70,947 McAlary, Elizabeth M. and Allan F. '13 Scholarship 100,000 124,043 McBrady Family Scholarship 50,815 52,625 McBride, Col. James C. Distinguished Professorship in History 880,289 1,074,402 McCabe, Jane M. Memorial Horticulture Scholarship Fund 13,591 16,652 McCarthy, Mary Frances '64 Memorial Scholarship 16,650 17,295 McCarthy, Rick ACEC Scholarship 14,250 15,542 McClellan, Mary Floros Fund 15,280 16,329 McClure Master of Business Administration Internship Fund 500,000 501,136 McClure, David '50 & Yoriko Alumni House Fund 354,121 459,997 McClure, Melvin T. Scholarship 53,260 64,839 McClure, Yoriko Donor Advised Fund 81,224 364,018 McCluskey-Worthley Endowed Scholarship 26,990 32,263 McCollum, Hilda Hutchins Collins Center for the Arts Fund 287,500 313,901 McConnell, Dennis Professorship in Business 263,670 405,419 McConnell, William J., Jr. '92 & Kelley Simpson McConnell PaCEsetter Scholarship 16,000 20,948 McCrum, Richard and Arlene Scholarship 72,699 94,928 McDonough, John and Claire Scholarship Fund 62,685 75,989 McDougall, Robert B. '84 Scholarship Fund 19,772 24,641 McElwain and Jamison Scholarship Fund 10,000 11,527 McGillicuddy, Clement and Linda Humanities Center Fund 723,812 1,069,192 McGonagle Family Scholarship Fund 10,975 13,106 McGowen, Neil W. and Barbara L. Scholarship Fund 54,339 66,578 McIntire, Clifford Room Fund 6,000 6,229 McIntire, Smith C. and Charlene W. Scholarship Fund 10,025 12,891 McIntosh, Donald W. and Margaret Mollison Scholarship Fund 26,001 28,232 McKenna, Shawn Sigma Phi Epsilon Maine Alpha Leadership Fund 97,892 120,169 McKenney, Peter C. and Susan Foisy McKenney Engineering Excellence Fund 3,000 3,157 McKeown, Jamie Scholarship Fund 39,100 47,985 McLaughlin, Michael A. Scholarship 35,100 45,008 McLean, Myrtleen Snow '32 and James A. McLean '33 Scholarship 10,500 10,817 McManus, Edward "Tim" '54 & Barbara Fitzgerald Scholarship Fund 382,156 456,757 McNeary, Matthew & Esther Scholarship 51,425 63,667 McNeilly, Alvin H. University of Virginia Scholarship 36,000 44,550 McNeilly, Alvin S. Advanced Engineered Wood Composite Center Fund 21,500 26,251 McNeilly, Alvin S. Alumni Association Fund 10,000 12,874 McNeilly, Alvin S. Alumni House Fund 25,000 33,243 McNeilly, Alvin S. Baseball Scholarship Fund 18,100 22,552 McNeilly, Alvin S. Collins Center for the Arts Fund 18,000 22,434 McNeilly, Alvin S. Engineering Fund 21,500 26,324 McNeilly, Alvin S. Pulp & Paper Scholarship Fund 18,000 22,453 McNeilly, Alvin S. Senior Skulls Fund 5,500 7,127 McNeilly, Alvin S. Student Innovation Center Fund 8,500 10,220 McNeilly, Jennie Bridges Maine Christian Association Fund 10,500 13,228 McNichols, Robert C. and Bernice M. Scholarship 6,000 6,307 McPartland-Good, Sarah Scholarship Fund 46,964 56,279 Meade, Jo Josslyn Studio Art Award Fund 76,482 92,055 Meader, Colonel Byron H. Scholarship Fund 93,525 115,909 Mechanical Engineering Technology (MET) Scholarship 4,020 4,141 Merchant, Charles H. & Katherine C. Scholarship 449,377 549,634 Merrill, Doris Paul '22 and Bernice Stevens Smith '22 Fellowship 3,000 3,824 Merrill, Howard & Edith Alumni House Fund 5,783 7,622 Merrill, Howard and Edith Scholarship Fund 66,263 81,079 Merritt, Alan F '58. & Sheila M. '66G Presidential Scholarship 195,086 237,531 Merritt, Marion Farrington Memorial Fund 37,615 86,363 Metcalf, Peter & Brianne Family Scholarship 2,000 3,036 Meyer, Marion Rich Waterman Fund 21,230 31,250 Meyer, Paul G. '58 and Carolyn M. Meyer Scholarship Fund 32,250 36,239 Michaud, Dr. Valeda Raymond '62 Scholarship Fund 16,425 21,106 Michaud, Felix J. and Rose Anne Scholarship Fund 20,830 25,804 Michaud, Lincoln David Scholarship 10,435 13,624 Miller, Alan Fund for Excellence in Communication and Journalism 46,273 55,947 Miller, Harold R. Presidential Scholarship Fund 79,348 389,274 Miller, John and Suzanne Fund for Miller's Cafe 10,739 11,525 Miller, John and Suzanne Scholarship Fund 28,564 34,785 Miller, Sanford & Joanne Scholarship 73,848 89,405 Miller, Sanford and Joanne Collins Center for the Arts Fund 35,102 43,305 Miller, Stacy R. and Evelyn P. Scholarship Fund 31,521 37,703 Mills Family Scholarship 19,329 26,522 Mills, Dr. Jeffery '82 and Dr. Tammy Mills '04G Collins Center for the Arts Fund 9,861 11,563 Minsky, Leonard & Renee Capital Fund for the Minsky Recital Hall 56,594 155,986 Minsky, Leonard and Renee Fund for the School of Performing Arts 245,077 317,715 Minsky, Leonard and Renee Maintenance Fund for the Minsky Recital Hall 55,959 89,582 Minsky, Norman Fund for Judaic Studies 661,077 823,289 Minsky, Renee Fund 44,950 59,544 Mirakentz, Claire T. Fund for Arts and Sciences 469,172 572,126 Mitchell, Frances Robinson Scholarship 69,613 86,334 Mitchell, Valerie J. Non-Traditional Student Scholarship Fund 7,500 10,564 Mitiguy, Dana R. and Janice F. Scholarship Fund 13,000 16,156 Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Faculty Scholarship 4,450 5,780 Mondor, Rodney N. '89 Scholarship 1,650 1,767 Monroe, Merna Alpha Beta Chapter of Omicron Nu Scholarship 29,165 66,012 Moody, Dr. Arnold R. '63 & Donna Rich Scholarship 89,050 104,510 Moody, Elsie C. Scholarship 7,869 148,077 Moody, Hope Harlow Scholarship 18,040 19,067 Moody, Norman and Avis Scholarship 164,070 196,203 Moores, Patricia & Alvina Teacher Scholarship Fund 20,400 26,614 Morin, John and Elaine (Willis) Scholarship 30,000 31,918 Moring, John Richard Prize in Aquatic Sciences 1,850 3,148 Morison, Frank P. Scholarship 5,000 17,118 Morrill, Margaret Chase '43 Civil Engineering Scholarship Fund 141,187 174,580 Morrill, Margaret Chase Fund 11,100 13,601 Morris, Elizabeth A. Memorial Fund 19,611 24,795 Morris, Elizabeth A. Student Outreach Ministry Fund 53,956 73,442 Morrison, Dianne Scholarship Fund 70,020 87,835 Morrison, Edward B. PaCEsetter Scholarship Fund 37,480 46,235 Morrison, Eldon/CPM Constructors Scholarship 104,565 130,446 Mosher Family Scholarship 4,000 4,237 Mosher, Col. John R. '89 Leadership & Education Scholarship Fund 3,810 4,654 Mount Desert Island Region Leaders Club of the University of Maine Scholarship 20,319 22,702 Mountfort, Oscar W. Scholarship 74,936 184,306 Moxley-Evens Fund for Literary Arts 10,000 11,156 Mud Pond Education Scholarship 3,150 3,444 Mulvey, Mary C. Scholarship Fund 83,884 101,506 Mundy, Donna Thibodeau '71 and James H. Mundy '65, '70, Ph.D. '95 Fund 328,646 365,283 Munson, Barbara Allen Scholarship 25,000 47,159 Munsungan Fund 185,852 222,413 Murphy, Betsy A. '80, '88G Fund` 500 497 Murphy, Henriette C. Scholarship 53,514 67,059 Murphy, Marjorie R. Memorial Fund 43,195 51,161 Murray Business Scholarship Fund 62,500 61,761 Murray Forestry Field Work Scholarship Fund 71,686 70,600 Murray, John M. Scholarship 42,095 51,008 Murray, Joseph M. Scholarship Fund 66,540 86,151 Murray, William A. Fund 7,672 128,453 Musgrave Scholarship Fund 106,458 133,319 Myatt, Charles Oliver & Margaret Mary Libbey Myatt Scholarship Fund 30,000 37,234 Myers, Scott E. '66, '68G Scholarship 60,000 68,277 Mykytiuk, Alexander Scholarship Fund 12,052 18,998 Nagle, Robert J. & Molly Inman Nagle '58 Collins Center for the Arts Fund 25,000 27,890 Nalley, David L. and Matthew S. Reynolds Memorial Scholarship 10,000 12,364 Nanovic, Robert S. and Elizabeth E. Scholarship 779,980 977,276 Nason, B. Ross '39 Scholarship Fund 552,583 626,282 National Center for Student Aspirations General Endowment 506 1,225 National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying Excellence Fund 30,000 31,904 Native American Cultural Sustainability Fund 54,286 58,644 Nauman, George V. Scholarship Fund 1,240,874 1,930,926 Nealley, William Bowdoin Scholarship 22,069 32,779 Nelson, Dr. Cynthia Memorial Scholarship Fund 203,049 247,659 Nelson, Lucy B. and Otto H. Scholarship Fund 57,174 204,553 Nelson, Robert W. Memorial Fund 385 948 Nelson, Stephen R. Memorial Scholarship Fund 5,000 6,200 Ness, Edith T. Women's Intercollegiate Athletic Scholarship 151,027 184,136 Neville, Fredrica Karber Memorial Scholarship Fund 54,561 98,566 Neville, President Howard R. Scholar-Athlete Fund 58,575 112,848 New Jersey Alumni Scholarship 36,044 44,655 New Jersey Black Bear Scholarship Fund 33,435 42,871 New York Alumni Association Scholarship 5,852 17,314 Newdick, Richard and William Theatre Scholarship Fund 850,907 1,096,687 Newell, Raymond F. and Celia Scholarship Fund 200,000 244,861 Newhall Family Nursing Scholarship 101,250 104,960 Newhall, Claudette and Gerald Scholarship Fund 102,000 115,141 Next Generation Foundation NonTraditional Student Scholarship 400,000 522,186 Nicholson, Arthur III Scholarship 11,786 14,990 Nickerson, John M. University of Maine Scholarship 2,913,193 3,649,331 Nickerson, John Mitchell Professorship of Political Science 100,000 125,066 Nickerson, John Mitchell Quiet Room 4,515 9,728 Nickerson-Howard Fund 25,000 36,127 Nissen, John J. Scholarship Fund 69,824 89,758 Nohmer, Frederick J. and Joyce Boardman Nohmer '60 Scholarship 50,000 62,259 Nolan, John P., Sr. '57, Janet H. Nolan '57, John P. Nolan, Jr. '92 and Jennifer R. Nolan Scholarship 77,627 89,569 Normandeau, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Sylvio Scholarship Fund 30,153 36,562 Norris, Katherine Fund 21,845 27,761 Norton, Annie (P.) Memorial Scholarship Fund 42,354 66,099 Norton, Doris Berry Travel Scholarship Fund 39,669 69,840 Noyes, Richard W. & Shirley L. College of Liberal Arts & Sciences Fund 43,247 52,710 Nuite, Bradley AGR Scholarship 135 260 Nutting, Albert D. & Leone D. Forest Land Management Scholarship 260,390 328,366 Oak, Donald P. Fund 15,367 35,389 Ober, J. Larcom Fund #1 (Chair in Chemical Engineering) 2,000,000 2,555,293 Ober, J. Larcom Fund #2 (Forestry Fund) 250,000 331,851 Ober, J. Larcom Fund #3 (Presidential Scholars) 352,389 480,822 O'Brien, John A. "Gus" Scholarship Fund 24,250 28,490 O'Brien, Patricia S. Humanities Fellowship 7,417 7,825 O'Coin, Bill Memorial Fund 200 484 O'Connor, Raymond J. Memorial Fund 2,990 5,501 O'Day, Gerald and Eva Scholarship Fund 900,994 1,098,510 O'Donovan, Dennis J. Scholarship 21,400 32,210 Offutt, Evelyn S. Scholarship Fund 41,000 51,776 Oliver, William A. and Shirley Doten Scholarship 2,201 3,408 Olsen, Brooke Fund 58,130 71,219 Olson, W. Kent Conservation Papers Fund 100 100 Olver Associates, Inc. Environmental Microbiology Laboratory 106,000 133,611 Olympian Club of Kennebunkport Scholarship Fund 55,620 70,005 Oneglia, Ellen Martin '70 Scholarship Fund 45,000 55,200 O'Neil Timothy M. '79 and Cynthia Marston O'Neil '75 Scholarship 74,394 122,480 O'Neil, Karen Thode '70, '73G Scholarship Fund 25,000 32,624 Opportunities in Journalism Fund 10,327 11,776 Orchestra, University of Maine Endowment 16,232 19,757 Orcutt, Amos E. & Lola R. Alumni House Endowment 18,033 24,630 Orcutt, Amos E. & Lola R. Page Farm and Home Museum Fund 19,041 23,111 Orcutt, Amos E. Scholarship Fund for Alpha Gamma Rho 11,035 12,324 Orcutt, Ralph Amos Scholarship Fund 19,754 24,102 Ornamental Horticulture Endowment 26,710 34,048 Orono Bog Boardwalk Endowment 277,160 331,283 Orszag, Steven A. Scholarship 28,000 36,251 Osborne, Owen O. Athletic Scholarship 7,153 10,738 Osgood, Eben A. and Janice C. Scholarship Fund 27,972 28,355 Otis, Arthur B. Scholarship 269,925 329,249 Otis, James C. Scholarship Fund 83,163 97,431 Ouellette, Barbara A. Honors Thesis Fellowship Fund 14,650 17,419 Ouellette, Scott and Jennifer Scholarship 6,530 7,607 Outstanding Electrical Engineering Technology Sophomore Scholarship Fund 17,000 20,160 Owen Family Undergraduate Wildlife Fellowship Fund 100 216 Owsley, Richard and Anne Collins Center for the Arts Fund 4,000 5,850 PaCEsetter Endowed Scholarship Fund 91,345 114,889 PaCEsetter Scholarship Fund II - 4,983 Packard, Ansel Alva Memorial Fund 37,245 45,617 Packard, Ira J. & Marietta Welch Packard Fund for the Needy Persons of Searsmont, Maine 283,563 344,633 Packard, Ira J. & Marietta Welch Packard Fund for the United Methodist Church of Searsmont, Maine 567,126 689,296 Packard, Ira J. & Marietta Welch Packard Scholarship 1,984,941 2,453,545 Packard, Kate I. and Georgia Packard Scholarship Fund 9,321 11,799 Packard, Mansfield M. Scholarship Fund 8,224 10,979 Page Farm and Home Museum Fund II 1,077,353 1,305,245 Page Scholarship Fund 81,159 96,223 Page, Henry and Phyllis Page-Page Farm and Home Museum Fund 795,158 974,703 Page-Thompson Scholarship Fund 12,581 15,347 Paiste, Dillwyn and Catharine Scholarship Fund 45,735 58,728 Palmer, Allen J. Mechanical Engineering Scholarship Fund 10,798 13,557 Palmer, Gladys M. & Lloyd C. Fund 143,624 171,393 Palmer, William P. III Athletic Scholarship II 14,165 20,192 Palozzi, Diane Lee Scholarship Fund 1,000 3,197 Paradis, C.R. Family Fund 56,900 68,448 Park Street Scholarship Fund 396,834 549,784 Parker & Polemis Men's Ice Hockey Fund 8,350 11,014 Parker, Theda/K. C. Lovejoy 4-H Scholarship 10,000 12,910 Parker, William H. III and Joan Currier Parker Fund 9,288 11,041 Parkman, L. Tibbetts '39 and Elizabeth Kruse '40 Scholarship Fund 19,436 23,700 Parlin, Charles Leadership Scholarship Fund 5,700 7,299 Parmenter, Gerald D. and Judith A. Scholarship 60,321 75,356 Patch, Edith Environmental Observatory Quasi-Endowed Fund 32,270 63,940 Patch, Edith Marion - Frank H. Lathrop Prize in Entomology 7,159 11,404 Patches, John I. and Elizabeth E. Collins Center for the Arts Fund 308,100 338,527 Patrons of the Arts Fund 58,053 91,007 Patten, Arnold J. and Theresa W. Scholarship Fund 637,486 819,745 Patten, Stella Borkowski '47, '69G Scholarship 8,116 11,072 Patterson, William A. III Fire Ecology Fund 21,110 24,996 Payson, Phillips M. Scholarship Fund 10,000 22,632 Peace Studies Program Quasi-Endowment 3,135 5,643 Pechinski, Joseph M. Physical Education Scholarship Fund 20,855 25,563 Peer, Paula E. Scholarship Fund 43,655 59,633 Peer-Cort, Valerie E. and Robert E. Cort Scholarship 22,141 25,891 Pelletier, Peter M. Scholarship Fund 50,050 57,034 Pelletier, Raymond J. Scholarship 6,800 7,272 Pemetic High School Alumni Scholarship 80,665 104,524 Pendleton, Dr. Raymond and Veronica Music Scholarship 67,896 81,069 Pendleton, Raymond K. and Veronica Fund 2,837,851 3,468,234 Penobscot Experimental Forest Fund 429,765 539,619 Penobscot Valley Alumni Association Scholarship 1,350 4,812 Peppard, J. William & Virginia H. Scholarship Fund 9,219 11,431 Perkins, Hildegarde B. Fund 8,845 11,110 Perkins, Raymond E. and Hildegarde B. Perkins Fund 3,648 4,777 Perkins, Thomas Allen Medical Fund 55,494 157,990 Perley, Reverend Samuel S., Dr. Donald Coats Gates & Thomas Henry Matthew Gates Memorial Fund 138,000 166,394 Perron, Adam '07 Ecology & Environmental Sciences Field Study Scholarship Fund 40,065 45,316 Peters, Sandra Merrill and John G. Peters Humanities Fellowship Fund 28,971 33,717 Petersohn, Fritz Memorial Surveying (SVT) Scholarship 17,035 20,128 Petterson, Robert C. Research Fund 173,795 214,717 Pfeiffer, Gustavus and Louise Research Foundation Biomedical Engineering Scholarship 300,000 326,359 Phi Eta Kappa Endowment Trust 336 29,618 Phi Kappa Sigma Scholarship Fund 197,874 262,695 Philbrook, Lawrence E. Family Scholarship Fund 17,688 21,732 Phillips, Mary Rice Scholarship 26,000 27,850 Physics Scholarship Fund in honor of Kenneth Clark Jordan 25,000 32,635 Picard, Marguerite M. Scholarship Fund 1,836,103 2,212,715 Pickering, Frank E. '53 and Clara E. AMC Program Industrial Training Facility Fund 50,000 61,008 Pickering, Frank E. '53 and Clara E. Engineering Scholarship 119,287 145,264 Pickering, Frank E. '53 and Clara E. Mechanical Engineering Aerodynamics and Gas Turbine Laboratory Fund 75,000 91,515 Pickering, Frank E. and Clara E. Fund 14,092 30,486 Pierce, Frederick W. '60 and Diane Tatlock Pierce '60 Biomedical Engineering Laboratory Fund 35,402 37,778 Pierce, Harold M. Fund - 12,747 Pilley, Louise Scholarship Fund 658,248 793,037 Pillsbury, Leon W., Jr. '55 Scholarship Fund 150,723 152,805 Pine Tree State 4-H Fund 386,911 420,598 Pinkham, Cheryl Ann Nursing Scholarship 11,850 11,837 Pinkham, Thomas S. and Virginia S. Athletic Scholarship Fund 30,850 55,747 Pioneering Innovation Chair in Engineering 7,781,935 7,781,935 Piper, Donald A. Sr. and Lorenza Butman Piper LSA Scholarship Prize 5,540 9,394 Piper, Edward H. and Helen D. Piper Church of Universal Fellowship Fund 16,371 20,243 Piper, Helen D. and Edward H. Piper Page Farm & Home Museum Fund 8,674 11,613 Plaisted, Thomas A. '45 Mechanical Engineering Fund 126,043 161,343 Planetarium & Observatory Technology Fund 50,000 58,842 Plisga & Day SVT Scholarship 61,927 67,453 Ploch, Louis A. and E. Jean Page Farm and Home Museum Fund 4,281 5,782 Plumer, Wesley C. Fund 70,643 109,698 Pogorzelski, Dr. Henry A. University of Maine Fund for Advanced Mathematics 2,350 3,504 Pooler, Anne E. Scholarship Fund 27,305 34,286 Portland Club of University of Maine Alumnae Scholarship 58,925 74,457 Potato Association of America Endowment 314,846 406,949 Poulin, James E. M.D. Scholarship Fund 18,374 30,534 Poulin-Flannery Family Scholarship 24,500 25,214 Praderio, Jeanette & Paul '49 Scholarship 65,250 77,568 Pratt & Whitney Mechanical Engineering Technology Fellowship 20,000 26,524 Pratt & Whitney Scholarship 20,000 26,524 Pratt, Maria E. Scholarship 25,000 32,753 Pratt, Matthew Scholarship Fund 25,000 32,674 Presnell, Donald F. Basketball Endowment 10,000 12,398 Preti, Robert Frank Scholarship Fund 308,459 308,459 Prince, Elbert and Phyllis Fund 47,222 101,742 Prisk, Nancy Fund for Native Americans and Peace Studies 10,000 12,116 Procaccini, C. Scholarship 19,618 22,113 Profita, Josephine M. '38 Scholarship Fund 20,000 24,931 Puleo, Pamela '80 Fund 5,000 5,927 Pullen, David J. '73 Scholarship 12,500 12,500 Pullen, Winston E. & Mary N. Page Farm and Home Museum Fund 30,830 37,582 Putnam, Aaron H. Mechanical Engineering Fund 42,357 58,396 Radgowski, Carol A. Memorial Scholarship Fund 71,830 85,757 Radke, Frederick H. Memorial Award 11,527 15,166 Radke, Frederick Undergraduate Research Fund 114,975 154,916 Rake, Beatrice M. Scholarship Fund 42,429 51,730 Ramig, Joan Look Scholarship Fund 4,390 5,677 Randall, Susan G. '89 and Anthony L. Randall Field Hockey Fund 37,317 43,903 Ranger, Hubert O. & Patricia B. Chemistry Department Fund 86,967 103,536 Rasaiah, Jayendran C. Fund for Theoretical and Computation Chemistry In Memory of Robert D. Dunlap 18,000 17,319 Rathbun, Patricia A. Memorial Scholarship 60,000 62,993 Ray, Leslie S. Jr. Scholarship 100,000 100,000 Reading Recovery Endowment 9,240 11,857 Reed Family Scholarship Fund 20,000 26,099 Reed, Dr. Carolyn '72 Medical School Scholarship 533,231 673,027 Reed, Dr. Carolyn E. '72 M. D. Pre-Medical Honors Thesis Fellowship 79,187 97,074 Reed, John '89 Scholarship Fund 33,999 116,414 Reed, Mary Florence Scholarship 37,891 48,059 Reid, Edward R. Scholarship Fund 9,312 14,024 Reid, William S. '28 and Ruth B. Reid Scholarship 25,460 31,458 Reif, Glenn H. Scholarship Fund 10,500 10,405 Reynolds, Bruce D. Scholarship 33,400 42,076 Reynolds, Dr. Beatrice K. Scholarship 68,400 113,841 Rezendes, Jacqueline Beau & Dennis Honors Arts and Citizenship Curriculum 790,395 970,605 Rezendes, Jacqueline Beau & Dennis Honors College Global Service Fund 101,666 124,230 Rezendes, John M. Ethics Fund 212,881 262,326 Rezendes, John M. Sculpture Endowment 12,880 38,007 Rezendes, Martina S. Recording Studio Endowment 29,839 53,137 Rezendes, Martina S. Scholarship 109,546 133,218 Rhode Island Alumni Association Scholarship 1,530 5,243 Rhode Island Society of Professional Land Surveyors Scholarship Fund 7,000 8,610 Rhodes, Mary and Lee '69G, '72G Education Fund 5,000 5,293 Rich, Franklin W. '39 Scholarship Fund 4,831 6,256 Rich, Nathan Harold Jr. & Jeanne Soule Rich Scholarship Fund 40,470 51,291 Rich, Wayne S. 4-H Scholarship 17,974 22,628 Richards, Pat I. Scholarship Fund for Social Work 95,250 114,625 Rideout, Marguerite W. & Raymond M., Jr. Scholarship Fund 200,000 243,850 Rier, Patricia Johnson and Raymond Scholarship 8,500 9,609 Rike, Roy L. Research Fellowship 32,240 41,556 Riley, John G., Ph.D., Scholarship Fund for Students in the School of Marine Sciences 10,125 12,440 Riley, Trish '73, '78G Scholarship Fund 42,500 46,789 Rines, Thomas & Pinkham Family Fund 10,575 13,752 Rines, Thomas and Pinkham Family Scholarship Fund 132,048 153,730 Ringuette, Adrien Lanthier Franco American Center Library Fund 53,550 66,367 Riordan, Liam Humanities Fellowship Fund 225 251 Rivard, Urbain S. and Beatrice "Betty" R. Scholarship 12,600 12,822 Riviere, Lee Cheetham Memorial Scholarship Fund 18,095 27,120 RML Hutchinson Center Scholarship Fund 64,037 81,516 Robbins, Dr. Carol Gelo Barr University of Maine Hutchinson Center Scholarship 64,500 75,389 Robbins, James L. '67 and Ann Sohns Robbins '71, '03G School of Forest Resources Excellence Fund 181,220 251,944 Robbins, Lawrence and Louise Forestry or Forest Management Technology Scholarship Fund 15,000 26,099 Robbins, Louise Hill '33 Memorial Scholarship Fund 10,000 14,672 Robbins, Winston C. '32 Environmental Engineering Scholarship Fund 10,885 13,841 Roberts, Christine M. Fund 14,570 18,740 Roberts, Dorothy Baker Scholarship Fund 101,084 123,238 Roberts, Paula Memorial Fund 21,731 23,735 Robie, Frederick Jr. & Thelma Crossland Robie Scholarship Fund 100,738 122,003 Robin's Social Justice Social Work Scholarship 100 112 Robinson, Patricia Volles Nursing Scholarship 35,000 37,652 Rochester Alumni Chapter Fund 979 1,723 Rochester Alumni Chapter-Advanced Manufacturing Center Lab Endowment 159,116 193,457 Rockwell, W. Gordon Scholarship 75,000 92,990 Roderick, Elsine S. and A. R. II '48 Caribou Fund 72,703 86,390 Roderick, Elsine S. and A. R., II '48 Fund 72,703 88,068 Roderick, Elsine S. and A. R., II '48 Nutrition Scholarship Fund 72,703 88,154 Rodrigue Student Affairs Emergency Fund Endowment 34,100 38,370 Rogerson, Ron '66 Football Fund 9,487 11,989 Romanyshyn, Professor John M. Student Support Fund 44,000 48,166 Rosen, Dr. A. Everett Family Nursing Scholarship 10,000 10,000 Rosen, Dr. Clifford J. '71 Scholarship 80,000 84,695 Rosen, Lawrence & Lillian Scholarship Fund 108,107 132,553 Round, Scott F. '76 Engineering Capstone Project Fund 20,000 20,617 Rowe, Catharine L. '38 Alumni House Endowment Fund 2,680 3,969 Rowe, Catharine L. '38 Student Aid Fund 2,680 3,661 Rowe, James S. '74 and Judith Mullen Rowe '74 Scholarship 28,000 35,352 Roxby, Susan Elliott Judd Memorial Scholarship Fund 23,176 28,133 Roy, Robert J. Sr. Memorial Baseball Scholarship 1,587 3,159 Rugby Men's Club Endowment 1,600 1,688 Rumery, Joyce Library Fund 66,812 75,206 Rumpho-Kennedy, Dr. Mary Scholarship Fund 55,124 67,514 Rupprecht, Paul G. '06, 09G Track and Field/Cross-Country Fund 100 96 Russell, Thomas A. and Sonia Martin Russell Scholarship Fund 6,421 8,184 Russell, William G. '51 and Joan Fuller Russell '56 Scholarship 61,921 63,358 Salcar, Mrs. Shanta and Dr. Caliana Educational Excellence Fund for Civil and Environmental Engineering 25,000 32,386 Saliba, Samuel Memorial Scholarship Fund 50,000 60,583 Sanders, Claire S. '34 Scholarship Fund 21,405 26,084 Sanger, David Anthropology Award 20,675 28,886 Sargent Corporation Scholarship Fund 786,000 988,778 Sargent, Herbert E. Business Scholarship 68,106 79,865 Sargent, Herbert E. Construction Management & Civil Engineering Scholarship 129,177 156,685 Sargent, Herbert E. Non-Traditional Student Scholarship 96,379 107,177 Sargent, Herbert E. Scholarship Fund 368,563 436,605 Sargent, James G. Scholarship Fund 105,902 127,819 Saunders, Henry W. and Marjorie H. Health Education Scholarship 26,660 80,255 Saunders, Henry W. Distinguished Professorship in Forestry 136,945 286,673 Saunders, Kenneth W. & Henry W. Saunders Professorship in Engineering Leadership and Management 268,876 323,265 Saunders, Marjorie H. and Leslie Saunders McManus Professor of Leadership and Management 268,686 267,406 Savage, Tom and Sally Hockey Challenge Fund 1,030,820 1,297,292 Savage, Tom and Sally Scholarship Fund 20,000 30,803 Sawyer, Charles W. Jr. & Barbara C. Fund 12,600 27,463 Sawyer, Neil G. Scholarship 3,190 4,154 Scamman, William F. Scholarship Fund 72,839 151,376 Scarborough Scholarship Fund 20,000 26,106 Schenck, Garret Fund 1,788,828 2,181,027 Scheppach Scholarship 100 107 Schildknecht, Ruth Stebbins & Edmund G. Art Fund 76,969 112,062 Schmelzer-Livingston Fund for the Center for Poetry and Poetics 23,610 27,889 Schmidlin, John R. Football Scholarship 172,595 202,773 Schoenberger, Maralyn M. Fund 375 550 Schoenberger, Walter S. Scholarship Fund 10,220 12,415 Schomaker, Charles E. Scholarship Fund 775,292 949,899 Schomaker, Peggy K. Scholarship Fund 775,292 949,899 Schonberger, Ann K. Fund 105,038 114,723 School Field Trip Fund 41,793 50,380 School of Engineering Technology Faculty Scholarship 1,016 2,298 School of Forest Resources Director's Fund II 133,660 167,381 School of Forest Resources Faculty Fund for Student Emergencies 92,755 113,773 School of Forest Resources/Wildlife Ecology Involvement Award Fund 262,639 281,320 School of Nursing Assistance Fund 7,718 9,917 School of Policy and International Affairs Endowment 674,438 803,389 School of Policy and International Affairs Global Impact Fund 23,921 24,927 School of Policy and International Affairs Quasi Endowment 357,791 536,502 Schrumpf, Mildred "Brownie" Scholarship Fund 7,359 13,566 Schrumpf, William E. & Mildred B. Scholarship Fund 92,011 115,975 Scott, David and Debra Scholarship 56,691 69,872 Scribner, Herbert C., Jr. Marine Sciences Educational Fund 19,600 23,189 Seaman, Barbara Akeley Scholarship 6,232 7,959 Seameadow Horticultural Collection Fund 14,104 13,949 Sea-Run Atlantic Salmon Memorial Fund 2,480 4,319 Sebago Technics Scholarship Fund 103,645 126,914 Senior Alumni Scholarship Fund 661,787 826,893 Senior College Quasi Endowment 57,449 80,182 Senior Skull Centennial Fund 64,005 77,417 Sennett, Lincoln A. & Alice R. Memorial Scholarship 20,566 25,025 Serafin, R. Francis Scholarship 271,882 332,575 Sezak, Sam '31 Memorial Fund 23,898 29,207 Sezak, Samuel '31 Intramural Athletic Fund 2,500 3,832 Sezak, Thomas L. '59 Memorial Scholarship Fund 12,505 23,575 Shands, Jr., Wayland A. Agriculture Scholarship Fund 13,748 17,728 Shands, Wayland A. Scholarship Fund 32,642 39,498 Sharon, Charles and Cora Scholarship 198,903 246,827 Shaw Fund, The 11,070 14,226 Shaw, Butch Basketball Scholarship 4,785 6,400 Shaw, Merle B. Scholarship 550,489 1,053,807 Shay, Warren C. and Jeanne F. Scholarship 51,925 53,260 Sheay, Ronald J. '55 & Rev. Virginia M. Sheay Forestry Scholarship 60,575 76,652 Sheffield, Durant and Fumiko T. Scholarship 3,389,410 3,975,316 Shepard, Robert & Eugenia Fund 20,937 22,606 Sheppard, Edmund M. Scholarship Fund 34,570 43,661 Shibles, Mason and Gertrude Scholarship 52,250 59,563 Shields, Thomas O. Scholarship Fund 53,827 65,230 Shur, Jacob Fund 200,000 248,627 Shyka, Andrew J. Surveying (SVT) Scholarship 40,508 58,672 Sidell Family Fund 46,440 54,734 Sidell, Bruce D. Scholarship Fund 120,232 140,869 Sigma Nu Fraternity Overlook Bench Fund 4,289 5,616 Sigma Phi Epsilon Graduating Senior Fund 3,350 5,469 Silver, Alex and Edith Scholarship Fund 148,604 208,409 Simpson, Geddes W. Lecture Series Fund 168,750 217,330 Simpson, John and Betsy Fund 13,900 16,869 Sinclair, John G. Scholarship Fund 32,323 45,776 Singh, Rajendra & Neera Engineering Scholarship Fund 112,000 136,471 Sjostedt, Anna and Marianne Scholarship Fund 25,000 26,031 Skillin, John A. Memorial Scholarship 10,365 12,951 Skinner, Wickham "Making Things Better" Humanities Fund 16,500 19,497 Sklar, Ben Scholarship Fund 2,500 5,994 Sklar, David S. Scholarship Fund 400,000 446,805 Skoufis, Helen M. and Peter J. Scholarship Fund 649,073 823,067 Slavin, Charlie Fund 97,977 120,502 Sleeper, Florence T. and Mitchell Buchanan Alumni House Fund 263,002 284,025 Sleight, Earland K. and Ina M. Scholarship Fund 28,701 35,053 Small, Irving W. Education Scholarship 3,658 5,043 Smalley, Charles T. Fund 198,106 491,579 Smallidge, Allan L. Scholarship 34,886 41,770 Smart, Atwood O. & June P. Scholarship 66,385 81,491 Smilgys, Daniel William '84 Memorial Scholarship Fund 3,000 5,481 Smith, Charles B. Jr. & J. Alice Alpha Gamma Rho Fund 10,322 13,071 Smith, Charles B. Jr. & J. Alice Smith Museum Fund 20,100 24,497 Smith, Douglas & Cartha Fund 28,750 34,314 Smith, Duane A. '59 Memorial Scholarship Fund 8,100 10,042 Smith, Gary E. '69 and Elizabeth Masciadri Smith '71 Scholarship 11,500 11,228 Smith, Gerald S. and Shirley P. Scholarship 100,000 103,007 Smith, M
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https://www.afpdc.org/
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Welcome
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The IDEA Champion Designation recognizes chapters that have accomplished many of the key objectives in AFP Global's goal of advancing Inclusion, Diversity, Equity and Access (IDEA). AFP DC will be recognized at the ICON conference in Las Vegas in May, along with the other chapters that earn the status.
AFP Global is providing the chapter a free membership to award to a new member for the achievement.
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Rita Allen Foundation
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Investing in transformative ideas in their earliest stages to promote breakthrough solutions to significant problems
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Rita Allen Foundation
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https://ritaallen.org/scholars-all-years/
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Assistant Professor, Chemical and Systems Biology; Developmental Biology
B.S., University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez
Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania
Messenger RNAs (mRNAs), the instructions to make proteins, are composed from a 4-letter alphabet of RNA bases. These bases are extensively chemically modified to create new letters in the alphabet that change the meaning of the message. These changes can impact the fate and function of mRNAs in cells. The full collection of RNA modifications in cellular mRNAs represents a previously unappreciated layer of gene regulation on top of what is hard-wired in our genome. The Martinez lab studies how these chemical modifications are added very early when mRNAs are “born,” and how they impact how mRNAs are processed and interpreted in cells. RNA modifications have an important role in health and disease: many RNA modifying enzymes have been associated with a wide range of human diseases, particularly neurodevelopmental disorders, and cancer. Our goal is to connect molecular functions of RNA modifications to normal and disease traits using innovative high-throughput sequencing methods, RNA biochemistry, and model systems.
Assistant Professor, Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences
B.Sc., McGill University
Ph.D., McGill University
Fibromyalgia is a chronic, whole-body pain disorder. Despite having a clinical diagnosis for decades, the underlying causes remain poorly understood. During a postdoctoral fellowship, Dr. Krock and colleagues found that IgG antibodies from fibromyalgia patients cause mice to develop signs of pain, but antibodies from pain-free people do not. The fibromyalgia antibodies bind to satellite glia cells, which surround pain-sensing neurons, and the levels of these antibodies are higher in fibromyalgia patients with more pain. These results suggest a subset of fibromyalgia pain could be mediated by autoantibodies—that is, antibodies attacking parts of our own body. However, why these autoantibodies develop remains unclear. The Krock lab at McGill University is investigating how fibromyalgia autoantibodies develop. One possibility is that altered gut bacteria stimulate an antibody-generating immune response, and if these antibodies recognize molecules similar enough to molecules found on satellite glia, then an autoantibody response could occur.
Milton E. Cassel Scholar
Assistant Professor, Cell Biology
B.Sc., University College London
Dr. rer. nat., Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
Lucas Farnung has been designated the Milton E. Cassel Scholar for the 2023 class of Rita Allen Foundation Scholars. This special award honors the memory of a longtime President of the Rita Allen Foundation who passed away in 2004.
Each human cell takes on an extraordinary feat, as it compacts its two-meter-long genome into a nucleus that is merely a few microns in size. Yet, our genetic material must remain accessible, ready to be read by the cell’s molecular machinery. To mitigate this conflict, the genomic DNA is spooled like yarn around specialized proteins called histones. Together, histones and the DNA form a structure called chromatin, akin to delicate beads on a string. The Farnung lab studies how a cellular machine called RNA polymerase II navigates through chromatin and generates blueprints of the DNA in a process called transcription. We use a combination of biophysical methods, machine learning, and structural biology approaches. Elucidating transcription through chromatin is important to understand how cells develop, morph into diverse types—like heart or liver cells—and react to the environment. With many cancers linked to dysregulated chromatin transcription, a deeper grasp of this process is vital for novel cancer therapy development.
Assistant Professor, Gene Expression Laboratory
A.B., Princeton University
Ph.D., University of California San Diego
M.D., University of California San Diego
The Dixon lab is interested in how the spatial organization of genomes affects the acquisition and impact of mutations in cancer. Our genomes are 3 billion base pairs in length and must be compacted into the nucleus of every cell in our body. How our genomes are organized in cells has a major impact on diverse processes, from the expression of genes to the replication of DNA as cells divide. In cancer, our genomes are bombarded with mutations, some of which break and shuffle the genomes creating a mosaic of how these genomes appear in healthy cells. When our genomes are shuffled in cancer cells, this often can place cancer-causing genes in novel environments with altered spatial organization, which can lead to aberrant gene activation that drives the growth of cancer cells. We are interested in understanding where and when such altered gene regulation events occur and understanding what critical factors facilitate altered gene activation in cancer genomes.
Assistant Professor; Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Anesthesiology, and Pain Management
B.S., Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
M.S., Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
Ph.D., Harvard University
In conjunction with Margaret and William R. Hearst III
Each day we experience myriad somatosensory stimuli—hugs from loved ones, warm showers, a mosquito bite, and sore muscles after a workout. These tactile, thermal, itch, and nociceptive signals are detected by sensory neurons innervating the skin, propagated into the spinal cord, and transmitted to the brain via ascending somatosensory pathways. Primary sensory neurons that innervate the skin and detect a wide range of somatosensory stimuli have been identified and well-characterized. In contrast, very little is known about how peripheral signals are integrated and processed within the spinal cord and how these signals are conveyed to the brain to generate somatosensory perception and behavioral responses. The Choi lab aims to determine the developmental logic, functional organization, and dysfunction of ascending somatosensory circuitry. Our lab explores these exciting areas using new mouse genetic tools in conjunction with advanced molecular, anatomical, physiological, and behavioral approaches.
Assistant Professor; Department of Biological Sciences
Ph.D., European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Germany
M.S., University of Pisa and Scuola Normale Superiore, Italy
The stunning complexity of our brain is the result of a long journey, that started when squishy and brainless aggregates of cells—the first animals—appeared on Earth over 700 million years ago. Understanding how our brain evolved can shed light on fundamental principles underlying its organization and function. The Tosches lab investigates the evolution of the cerebral cortex, the part of our brain associated with advanced cognition. Focusing on neuron types as units of evolutionary change, we discovered that the mammalian cerebral cortex has a unique neuronal repertoire without clear counterparts in other vertebrates. Our future goal is to understand how changes of developmental programs and gene regulation contributed to the emergence of these new types of neurons in mammals.
Assistant Professor; Biology; Structural Biology
Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine
M.A., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
B.S., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Viruses are inextricably linked to the host cells that they infect. Thus, investigating viral-host interactions is essential to understanding the mechanisms of viral entry, replication, pathogenesis, and the host’s ability to respond to viral pathogens. The Barnes lab excels in leveraging interdisciplinary approaches to address fundamental principles of viral-host interactions for therapeutic benefit. We combine biophysical and structural methods with in vivo approaches to understand how enveloped viruses infect host cells and elicit immune responses. In particular, our research translates knowledge of the structural correlates of antibody-mediated neutralization into the development of highly effective immunotherapies. Additionally, we seek to identify conserved epitopes on viral glycoproteins that are recognized by neutralizing antibodies to facilitate structure-based immunogen design for candidate vaccines against coronaviruses and HIV-1. By combining structural information and improved biochemical methods to mask distracting epitopes, we believe pan-neutralizing vaccines that protect against emerging and re-emerging viral threats are attainable.
Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Assistant Professor of Neuroscience
Ph.D., University of Alberta
B.S., German University of Cairo
Brain circuits are dynamic networks of neurons that process information in the form of electrical and chemical signals to form memories and behaviors. To investigate how brain circuits instantiate fundamental computations underlying behaviors, we need to map their wiring diagrams coupled with functional analysis at cellular resolution to correlate neuron activity with behavior. However, the electrical and chemical signals are not directly visible since there is no natural contrast mechanism that allows us “to see” those signals. The Abdelfattah lab is developing novel classes of molecular tools for large-scale functional analysis and manipulation of brain circuits. In the lab, we repurpose proteins found in nature and engineer them to illuminate brain communication. We hope to use our new molecular tools to unravel the functional basis and causes of neural disorders at a level of detail that has not been accessible to date and empower us to develop novel treatments.
Milton E. Cassel Scholar
Assistant Professor; Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry
Ph.D., Harvard University
B.S., Haverford College
Kevin Monahan has been designated the Milton E. Cassel Scholar for the 2022 class of Rita Allen Foundation Scholars. This special award honors the memory of a longtime President of the Rita Allen Foundation who passed away in 2004.
In order to fit the long DNA molecules that encode our genome into a tiny nucleus, our cells fold the DNA into complex 3-dimensional structures. This folding does more than save space; it also affects how genes are turned on and off. Intriguingly, different types of cells in the nervous system exhibit distinct 3D nuclear structures. However, the functional significance and regulation of these 3D nuclear structures remains poorly understood. The Monahan lab studies the protein machinery that controls the 3D positioning of genes within the nucleus and how the formation of 3D nuclear structures regulates gene expression. For example, we recently discovered that olfactory sensory neurons, which detect chemical odorants in the air, use the 3D positioning of odorant receptor genes in the nucleus to control the specific type of odorant receptor that they will express. Using molecular, genetic, and genomic approaches, we are investigating protein complexes that regulate 3D nuclear structures in olfactory neurons and in defined populations of neurons within the central nervous system.
Assistant Professor, Physiological Sciences
B.S., University of Wisconsin – La Crosse
Ph.D., University of Iowa
In conjunction with Margaret and Will Hearst
Chronic pain affects millions of people in the United States, and its socioeconomic burden is currently unprecedentedly high due to the opioid crisis. Almost everyone has either experienced chronic pain or had a family member affected by it. For these reasons, the Mickle lab is passionate about pain research and discovering new therapeutic options for chronic pain patients. Our lab uses a “cell to model organism” strategy to pursue the goal of understanding and delineating the causes of bladder pain dysfunction. We have multiple avenues of research that support this end goal: 1) Pursuing the development of neuromodulation strategies to alleviate bladder dysfunction following spinal cord injury, 2) Evaluating the role of urothelial cells, the cells that line the bladder, in bladder pain and dysfunction, and 3) Developing implantable biosensor and neuromodulatory technology to study bladder disorders and pain.
Assistant Professor, Plastic Surgery; Cell biology, neurobiology, and anatomy
Ph.D., Rice University
M.D., Baylor College of Medicine
In conjunction with Margaret and William R. Hearst III
A truly new way to approach a problem surgically is rare and that is what has made targeted muscle reinnervation so fascinating. The unexpected observation that TMR could prevent and reduce residual limb and phantom limb pain in amputees has already impacted the lives of hundreds of patients. The Hoben laboratory has taken TMR from the bedside back to the bench to better elucidate how surgically rearranging nerves affects pain pathways. These changes in nerve connections alter neurons, the fundamental cells of the nervous system. Characterizing the changes in these cells may help identify critical components of residual and phantom limb pain that can be targeted for pain relief. Ultimately, we hope that by better understanding the foundation of TMR pain relief we will be able to apply TMR principles to amputees with chronic pain and other forms of nerve injuries.
Assistant Professor; Biochemistry, Biophysics, Chemical Biology, and Structural Biology
B.S., Stanford University
Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley
In order to fit into our cells, the human genome is packaged by proteins that protect it from breaks and cancer-causing mutations. These proteins also help cells maintain cell identity by suppressing expression of genes that belong to other cell types. The Risca lab is studying one such protein, called macroH2A, which has been shown to suppress several types of cancer. I recently developed a cutting-edge method for mapping the folding of DNA within cells. We are using this method in combination with biochemical studies of DNA wrapped around purified proteins to study the structural mechanisms that macroH2A uses to regulate gene expression. MacroH2A also interacts with PARP1, a major cancer drug target involved in DNA repair and regulation of transcription, and we hope that these insights will inform future innovations in targeted therapy.
Assistant Professor, Materials Science and Engineering
B.S., Peking University
Ph.D., Stanford University
Research from the Hong lab aims to study how the brain changes at the level of single neurons over time as well as the circuits encompassing these neurons. The brain is a dynamically changing structure. The time-dependent evolution of neural circuits during brain development—learning and memory, and aging—occurs over many years and in many different brain regions. However, this evolution involves physiological changes that must be quantified at the millisecond and micrometer scales of individual neurons. A substantial challenge in understanding the dynamically changing brain arises from the spatiotemporal mismatch between the neural activity of interest and the available tools to study it. Therefore, we aim to fill the knowledge gap by developing novel bioelectronic and biophotonic tools to study the long-term evolution of neural circuits during neurodegeneration. The knowledge obtained therein will offer therapeutic strategies for devastating diseases such as Alzheimer’s, thereby improving life quality for the families affected and society as a whole.
Assistant Professor, Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology
B.S., Yale University
Ph.D., Stanford University School of Medicine
M.D., Stanford University School of Medicine
Our first line of defense against harmful infections is known as innate immunity—an inborn system of protective mechanisms that guards against harmful viruses or bacteria, even when the body has never encountered the infection before. Many individuals infected with dangerous viruses such as influenza or coronavirus can recover quickly with only mild symptoms, even without immunity from prior exposure or vaccination, because of these defenses. The Foxman lab studies the biology of innate immune responses in tissues that are not traditionally considered part of the immune system, such as the cells that form the lining of the nasal passages and lung airways. Understanding how innate immunity is regulated in these tissues could help answer unsolved questions in infectious diseases—why the same viral infection can be asymptomatic in one person, but lead to a serious illness in another; or, on a larger scale, why certain viruses spread through families or communities at certain times but not others.
Assistant Professor
B.A., Smith College
Ph.D., Yale University
The brain is one of the most exquisitely complex networks in the known universe, and its precise connectivity is established through a convergence of genetic and environmental influences (i.e., nature and nurture, respectively). While many of the genetic factors that drive early stages of embryonic brain development are known, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of how the environment—in the form of sensory experiences—shapes neural circuits in the developing brain. We unexpectedly discovered that sensory experiences engage microglia, a unique class of brain-resident immune cells, to promote the refinement of synaptic connections between neurons early in postnatal life. Based upon this finding, the Cheadle lab combines functional, structural, and genomics approaches to systematically disentangle the mechanisms microglia and neurons use to interact with one another to facilitate postnatal brain development, and to understand how impairments in microglial function contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders.
Assistant Professor, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics
B.S., Duke University
Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Joshua Modell has been designated the Milton E. Cassel Scholar for the 2021 class of Rita Allen Foundation Scholars. This special award honors the memory of a longtime President of the Rita Allen Foundation who passed away in 2004.
CRISPR technologies have led to revolutionary new modes of genetic inquiry in the basic sciences, and they are in development as therapeutics for many genetic diseases. Less is known about how CRISPR systems function in nature, where they provide bacteria with adaptive immunity against viruses and plasmids. The Modell Lab seeks to understand how these systems interact with the biology of their bacterial hosts and viral targets, and how their activity is regulated to provide strong immunity against viruses while preventing autoimmunity.
Mitchell J. and Margo K. Blutt Presidential Assistant Professor, Biology
B.S., North Carolina A&T University
Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania
In conjunction with Open Philanthropy
My research focuses on a long-standing question—how does the nervous system encode a soft gentle caress versus a harsh painful stimulation? To accomplish this, the Abdus-Saboor Lab uses neurobiology, computational biology, and mathematics to objectively measure pain—a sensory experience that is inherently subjective. Traditionally, researchers have applied sensory stimuli to the rodent paw and tried to infer the animal’s pain state based on the singular readout of whether the animal moved its paw or not. The problem is, animals will lift their paw to both innocuous and noxious stimuli; and with that sole measurement parameter, there is a high likelihood of incorrectly assigning the animal’s sensory experience. An innovation in our work is to use videography to take thousands of images per second to measure sub-second pain behaviors, and couple this with statistical modeling and machine learning to develop rodent “pain scales.”
Assistant Professor, Immunobiology
B.S., University of California, Berkeley
Ph.D., Harvard University
An essential function of the immune system is to distinguish between its own and foreign molecules in order to destroy pathogens while preventing destruction of healthy cells. The Chen Lab investigates how the immune system correctly identifies pathogens when the same signals are found in both host cells and pathogens. Circular RNAs (circRNAs)—single-stranded RNAs where the ends are joined together—are encoded by eukaryotes and viruses. We study the essential features of viral and host circRNAs that are required in the regulation and recognition of self- versus non-self, the proteins involved in this process, and the ensuing cellular signaling. We strive to apply our understanding to engineer circRNAs as a novel strategy for immunotherapy that exploits the uniquely promising characteristics of circRNAs.
Assistant Professor, Physiology
Ph.D., Lille University School of Medicine, France
The Laumet Lab is interested in understanding why pain becomes chronic and how can we stop it. While it is obvious that neurons convey pain signaling throughout the body, neurons do not work in isolation and are constantly communicating with and getting influenced by other cells. We are particularly interested in the contribution of non-neuronal cells to chronic pain. We think that impaired communication between “pain-sensing” neurons and their surrounding cells may result in chronic pain. For example, we have discovered that anti-inflammatory molecules secreted by cells from the immune system prevent pain-sensing neurons from becoming persistently activated—this constant activity is the cellular basis of chronic pain. We hope that a better understanding of neuron/non-neuronal cell communication will lead to the development of new and better analgesics.
Assistant Professor, Department of Symptom Research
B.S., The University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, United Kingdom
Ph.D., The University of Manchester, United Kingdom
Work in the Shepherd Lab focuses on how injury, inflammation, and cancer interact with the nervous system to cause pain. We are particularly interested in how chronic illnesses disrupt the immune system, thereby increasing pain risk. Macrophages, a type of immune cell, are important contributors to pain. Macrophages infiltrate damaged tissue to clear debris and infection. Ordinarily, this process eventually resolves, promoting healing. We hypothesize that chronic pain often stems from macrophages failing to make this transition from a “damage response” to a “pro-repair” state. In such cases, macrophages continually sustain inflammation, causing nearby nerves to remain hyper-excitable and drive chronic pain. Our knowledge of these mechanisms is surprisingly limited, a problem that is set to become more widespread as chronic illnesses and cancer survivorship improve. We hope that improving our understanding of these “neuro-immune” interactions will identify novel therapeutic targets and facilitate the development of safe and effective analgesics.
Assistant Professor, Biology and Biological Engineering
B.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology
M.D., University of California, Los Angeles
Ph.D., California Institute of Technology
Viruses are in constant conversation with the cells they infect, and the information exchanged can be used by the host or the virus to guide their respective behaviors. For example, viruses may decide to become dormant after infection, while host cells may choose to activate an immune response. The Van Valen Lab listens in on this conversation to understand how viruses and their hosts represent information about their internal state and their environment, and how this information is accessed to make decisions. To do so, we combine ideas from cell biology and physics with recent advances in imaging, machine learning, and genomics to make novel measurements of host–virus interactions. Active projects include imaging the interaction between host immune and metabolic signaling networks during infection, measuring host–virus interactions in a model system of viral latency, and developing novel deep-learning approaches to single-cell analysis of biological imaging data.
Assistant Professor, Molecular and Cellular Biology
B.S., The University of Oklahoma
Ph.D., Baylor College of Medicine
Amanda Whipple has been designated the Milton E. Cassel Scholar for the 2020 class of Rita Allen Foundation Scholars. This special award honors the memory of a longtime President of the Rita Allen Foundation who passed away in 2004.
Our DNA represents the full library of genetic information each of us inherits from our parents. We inherit two copies of each gene—one from our mother and one from our father. Typically, the two copies are treated equally in the cell. However, the Whipple Lab studies a unique class of “imprinted genes,” in which only one parental copy is active (“expressed”) while the other is inactive (“silenced”). Many imprinted genes are expressed in the brain and are associated with diverse neurological disorders. Yet, the reasons for imprinted expression and the effects of imprinted gene activity in the brain remain largely unknown. We use molecular and bio-computational approaches to understand: (1) why genes evolved imprinted expression in the brain, (2) how imprinted genes function in neurons, and (3) how dysregulation of imprinted genes contributes to neurological diseases.
Assistant Professor, Evolutionary Genetics and Genomics
B.S., Inner Mongolia University, China
Ph.D., Chinese Academy of Sciences
Each living species and every phylogenetic clade has a unique set of genes and phenotypes. Understanding how novel genes originate and subsequently evolve is crucial to explaining the genetic basis of novel phenotypes and ultimately the diversity of life. However, because the relationship between genes and phenotypes is complex and multidimensional, how and what type of genetic innovations contribute to novel organismal phenotypes remains largely unknown. Research in the Zhao Laboratory aims to understand the origination and evolution of molecular innovations as well as how they contribute to phenotypic innovation and adaptation. One of the focuses in the lab is to use de novo genes, which are genes that have originated from non-genic sequences of genomes, as a unique paradigm to tackle these questions. In the long-term, the Zhao lab aims to decipher the principles of gene origination and its underlying positive or negative impact on population dynamics and human health.
Assistant Professor, Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine
B.Sc., McGill University
M.D./Ph.D., Dartmouth College
In conjunction with the Open Philanthropy Project
The mission of the Tawfik Lab is to do the best clinically informed basic science research to advance our understanding of the neuroimmune contribution to chronic pain in a thoughtful manner, with our patients always in mind. We are particularly interested in understanding the unique underpinnings of various types of chronic pain and how central nervous system glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) contribute to the transition from acute to chronic pain. Microglia are particularly interesting to us, as the macrophages of the central nervous system with known roles in synaptic pruning and neuroinflammation. Funding from the Open Philanthropy Project will allow us to dive more deeply into the contribution of spinal cord microglia using transgenic manipulations and microglial transcriptome analyses in a mouse model of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), a disease that affects the limbs after minor fracture, or surgery. We expect that our findings in this model will also extend to other forms of chronic pain and allow for the development of more specific glial-targeted therapeutics.
Assistant Professor, Symptom Research
B.S., University of Adelaide
Ph.D., University of Adelaide
In conjunction with the Open Philanthropy Project
Pain that becomes chronic and outlasts the period of healing is a major medical challenge. The Grace Lab investigates the neuroimmune interactions that drive chronic pain. After injury to sensory nerves, glial cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, are activated throughout the central nervous system. These activated glia secrete neurotransmitters and cytokines that increase the excitability of neurons in pain pathways. We are focused on the open question of how spinal cord astrocytes are persistently activated in such remote regions. This line of research is also being expanded to determine how activated glia in the brain also contribute to common comorbidities of chronic pain, including depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairments. The ultimate goal of this work is to find new ways to treat chronic pain.
Assistant Professor, Anesthesiology
B.S., University of Toronto Scarborough
Ph.D., University of Toronto
Our research focuses on synaptic plasticity and neuromodulation within defined neural circuits in the ventral basal ganglia, a collection of brain structures involved in reward learning and selection of flexible behavior. Specifically, we ask how chronic pain, addictive drugs, or genetic mutations alter the function of these neural circuits, and how circuit dysfunction contributes to symptoms of chronic pain, substance use, and mood disorders. Our ultimate goal is to leverage insight from circuit studies to develop novel neuromodulation for these disorders, including deep brain stimulation and focused ultrasound. By first determining how neuronal and circuit adaptations drive specific behavioral symptoms of disease, we can establish a strategy for targeted circuit manipulation in a disease state. We then rationally design neuromodulation paradigms and validate them in model systems to provide novel strategies to treat symptoms at the interface of chronic pain, mood, and substance use disorders.
Assistant Professor, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology
B.S., University of Michigan
Ph.D., University of California, San Francisco
Josie Clowney has been designated the Milton E. Cassel Scholar for the 2019 class of Rita Allen Foundation Scholars. This special award honors the memory of a longtime President of the Rita Allen Foundation who passed away in 2004.
Our bodies make direct contact with environment-derived molecules including volatiles, dietary nutrients, and microbial components. The evolutionary problem of detecting and responding to extraordinarily diverse exogenous compounds has been solved similarly in chemosensory, digestive, and immune systems, by the evolution of large families of cell surface and secreted proteins whose members each have limited binding affinities. The Clowney lab studies how these large gene families evolved; how they are coordinately regulated across cells; and, in the chemosensory system, how signals flowing through chemosensory receptors can be meaningfully interpreted to allow suitable behavioral responses. We are particularly interested in understanding the distinct biological mechanisms that allow reflexive responses to evolutionarily predicted stimuli versus flexible responses to arbitrary or evolutionarily unpredicted stimuli.
Assistant Professor, Neurobiology
B.S., University of the Sciences in Philadelphia
Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley
Our perception of the world around us is heavily shaped by factors such as prior experience, expectations, attentional focus, and drugs—both therapeutic and recreational. Yet, how context influences sensory information processing in the brain is largely a mystery. The Banghart Lab aims to understand how the brain controls the perception of pain. Toward this goal, the lab studies the neural mechanisms that support both pharmacological analgesia (e.g. opioid painkillers), as well as “top-down” pain modulation, wherein pain suppression is driven purely by cognitive processes (e.g. placebo analgesia). By revealing the similarities and differences between the neural circuits and neurochemical signals that underlie these forms of pain modulation, this work may one day contribute to the development of new therapies.
Research Associate, Boston Children’s Hospital
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School
B.S., Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University
M.S., Environmental Engineering, Duke University
Ph.D., Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Northwestern University
Project: How do signals from resident bacteria keep the intestines healthy?
Motivated by a desire to advance strategies for environmental protection, Dingding An began her undergraduate education in environmental engineering at Tsinghua University in Beijing. She took many courses in chemistry and physics, but was increasingly drawn to biology. An’s research experience at Duke University helped her make this transition—she chose a laboratory that focused on the remediation of pollution by microbial processes, and discovered she had a keen interest in working with bacteria.
In her doctoral research, An explored how multiple species of bacteria grow, survive and compete in communities called biofilms, which are known for posing problems in food production and medicine. During the course of her Ph.D., she followed her mentor, Matthew Parsek, from Northwestern University to the University of Iowa, and finally to the University of Washington School of Medicine in Seattle. This exposure to diverse biological research environments inspired An to pursue research on host-microbe interactions.
As a postdoctoral fellow in Dennis Kasper’s lab at Harvard Medical School, she began using mouse models to examine microbes that function not as pathogens, but as partners. She studied how bacteria living in the intestine modulate the immune system and protect the host from inflammatory bowel disease. An found that this protection is conferred in part by unique yet abundant bacterial molecules called sphingolipids. Now, An and her team are seeking a fuller understanding of sphingolipids in intestinal health. Their research will address why these bacterial signals seem to be important early in life, and how sphingolipids affect the production of mucus, which forms a critical barrier between bacterial cells and the host’s intestinal cells. “Eventually, I think we could identify specific sphingolipids produced by bacteria and use them as therapeutics to specifically help patients when they have a mucus production problem,” she says.
Kyle Baumbauer (Award in Pain Recipient) earned a B.S. in psychology and a B.A. in sociology from the University of Central Florida. He holds an M.A. and Ph.D. in experimental psychology from Kent State University, where he studied molecular mechanisms that allow neurons in the spinal cord to mediate learning and adaptation to the environment. This research contributed to an emerging view of the spinal cord not merely as a channel for signals traveling to and from the brain, but as a dynamic group of nerves with important effects on behavior. Baumbauer continued this area of research while a postdoctoral fellow at Texas A&M University, and explored how painful stimulation impacts spinal cord function to understand how the presence of pain affects the recovery of function after spinal cord injury. Baumbauer then did a second fellowship at the University of Pittsburgh, where he began examining the impact of injury and inflammation on peripheral sensory neuron function.
In 2014 Baumbauer joined the faculty at the University of Connecticut School of Nursing, where his research focuses on unraveling the relationship between alterations in gene expression and sensory neuron function, and how these processes contribute to chronic pain following spinal cord injury. Through these investigations, Baumbauer and his team aim to make advances that aid in the treatment of pathological pain. In addition to the Rita Allen Foundation Baumbauer’s research is supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. He is also a recipient of a Mary Lawrence Research Development Award from the UConn School of Nursing and has been honored as a Sigma Theta Tau Friend of Nursing.
Richard Daneman has been designated the Milton E. Cassel Scholar for the 2017 class of Rita Allen Foundation Scholars. This special award honors the memory of a long-time President of the Rita Allen Foundation who passed away in 2004.
Assistant Professor of Neuroscience and Pharmacology
B.Sc., Biochemistry, McGill University
Ph.D., Developmental Biology, Stanford University
Project: How does the blood–brain barrier influence the activities of neurons in the brain?
Richard Daneman grew up in an academic family. His parents, a cognitive psychologist and a pediatric endocrinologist, sometimes enlisted him and his brother to serve as research subjects. From an early age, Daneman says, he was attracted to the “amazing adventure” of science: “I loved asking a question that had no answer and trying to work out different ways that you could solve a problem.” As an undergraduate, he got involved in projects to develop new laboratory techniques—to measure fine-scale pH changes within cells, and to analyze gene expression patterns in fruit flies.
Daneman conducted graduate work at Stanford University with Ben Barres, a neurobiologist known for research on glial cells, which make up a large proportion of cells in the nervous system but are vastly understudied. The Barres lab was an ideal setting for Daneman to pursue another overlooked aspect of the nervous system: the blood–brain barrier. He led studies to identify molecular signals that give blood vessels in the central nervous system their unique properties—unlike the “leaky” blood vessels in other tissues, they restrict the movement of toxins, pathogens and immune cells.
Daneman continued to focus on the blood–brain barrier during a fellowship at the University of California, San Francisco, and is now pursuing multiple questions related to the barrier’s development and its breakdown in conditions of injury or disease. He recently discovered physiological processes within the brain’s blood vessels that could influence the function of neurons. The Rita Allen Foundation award will allow Daneman and his team to examine the role of the blood–brain barrier in brain functioning. “We think of blood vessels as these tubes that run through the brain,” he says. “But the idea that they have these dynamic physiological properties that can fine-tune and manipulate the [neural] circuits—we know nothing about that.”
Arkady Khoutorsky (Award in Pain Recipient) earned a B.Sc. in biology and an M.Sc. in neurobiology, as well as D.V.M. and Ph.D. degrees, from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. During a postdoctoral fellowship at McGill University, Khoutorsky investigated how regulation of protein synthesis controls neuronal plasticity in the brain and in the pain pathway. He joined McGill’s Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain in 2016. In addition to the Rita Allen Foundation, Khoutorsky’s work is supported by the Canada Foundation for Innovation, and by a NARSAD Young Investigator Grant and a Louise and Alan Edwards Foundation Grant in Chronic Pain Research.
Khoutorsky’s lab is examining how neuronal circuits in the spinal cord are remodeled to promote sensitivity to pain. He is interested in the extracellular matrix, a network of proteins that surrounds neurons. In the brain, this matrix appears to restrict the ability of neurons to form the new structures necessary for learning and memory. Enzymes that degrade the matrix are activated in some chronic pain conditions. Khoutorsky and his team are investigating how such degradation impacts spinal cord neurons that normally inhibit pain signals. They aim to determine how changes in the extracellular matrix might enable the neurons to become “hyperexcitable” and inappropriately propagate pain.
Assistant Professor of Neurobiology
B. Pharm., Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
M.Sc., Neuroscience, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany
Ph.D., Neuroscience, Philipps-University, School of Medicine, Marburg, Germany
Project: How can chronic stress change neural circuits and lead to depression?
Stephan Lammel has a longstanding interest in medicine, and began training as a pharmacist with the intention of taking over his family’s business. During his pharmacy residency, he grew frustrated with the limitations and side effects of currently available medications—particularly for neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. Then he met a researcher, Jochen Roeper, who was studying how dopamine neurons degenerate in Parkinson’s disease.
Lammel was excited by the opportunity to explore the underlying neurobiology of the dopamine system, and to make discoveries that could guide more effective therapeutic approaches. He joined Roeper’s lab as a master’s student, and later pursued a Ph.D. His work helped to reveal diversity in the properties of dopamine-containing neurons. As a postdoctoral scholar in Robert Malenka’s lab at Stanford University, Lammel continued investigating dopamine neurons, including neural circuits involved in reward and motivation.
With support from the Rita Allen Foundation, Lammel and his team will apply new technologies to examine the mechanisms by which chronic stress can lead to depression. Better knowledge of these mechanisms is crucial to treating depression, he says, as today’s outdated therapies are effective for less than half of patients, and have many undesirable side effects. Lammel’s research group will follow changes in neural activity in freely moving animals over time, using methods such as optogenetics and in vivo calcium imaging to visualize changes in activity among specific populations of neurons. “If we understand the circuits in which these neurons are embedded, we can manipulate them in a more specific way and try to reverse some of the pathological changes in these circuits”, he explains. “Ultimately, we hope these manipulations can also reverse some of the symptoms of depression.”
Assistant Professor of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute
A.B., Psychology and Biology, Harvard College
Ph.D., Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University
M.D., Weill Cornell Medicine
Project: What are the molecular mechanisms of working memory?
As an undergraduate, Conor Liston became fascinated by the science of learning and memory, and by larger questions of how the brain gives rise to consciousness. “One of the things that attracted me to neuroscience was the potential for discoveries that would transform the way we think about ourselves as people, and also could potentially transform the way we think about diagnosing and treating disorders of the brain,” he says.
Liston’s desire to improve the understanding and treatment of mental illness led him to pursue an M.D.-Ph.D. During his psychiatry residency at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, he also conducted postdoctoral research with Wen-Biao Gan at New York University, investigating how stress hormones affect neural connections critical for learning. This research fueled his interest in new technologies for visualizing and experimentally manipulating activity in the living brain, and led him to a fellowship at Stanford University. There, Liston worked in the laboratory of Karl Deisseroth, known as a pioneer of optogenetics—a technique for controlling and monitoring neurons using specific wavelengths of light. Liston used optogenetics and other new imaging methods to explore the neural circuitry of fear responses and reward-seeking behaviors.
Now, Liston, an assistant professor of neuroscience in the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, treats psychiatric patients in the clinic, and leads a research program on the neuroscience of learning, memory, stress and depression. Support from the Rita Allen Foundation will allow Liston and his team to investigate the basis of working memory—the type of memory that operates when we remember and call a phone number, but forget it a few hours later. Working memory “is both stable and robust enough to not be interfered with by irrelevant information in our environment, but also labile enough to be easily deleted and replaced with new information,” Liston explains. “That’s an interesting paradox: How does our brain register memories that have these two competing qualities?” He plans to examine how different subtypes of neurons interact to achieve this balance—and how it can be disrupted in conditions such as depression.
Assistant Professor of Biochemistry
B.S., Biopsychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Michigan
Ph.D., Neuroscience, Northwestern University
Project: How does a modification of RNA influence the brain’s development and activity?
As a child, Kate Meyer had ambitions of becoming a surgeon, and entered college on a premedical track. A course on abnormal psychology fueled her fascination with the brain’s complexity, and she switched her focus to neuroscience. She helped with a research project on the neural basis of taste, which involved “scoring rat behaviors for hours on end, and loving it,” she recalls. “I was super excited to do literally anything” in the laboratory, Meyer adds.
She sought further training in neuroscience as a Ph.D. student in Jill Morris’ lab at Northwestern University, where she investigated the expression pattern of a gene implicated in schizophrenia and assessed its role in the developing brain. During a postdoctoral fellowship with Samie Jaffrey at Weill Cornell Medical College, Meyer delved into the biology of RNA. She led a comprehensive analysis of an RNA modification called m6A—the methylation of adenosine residues, a chemical marker that can influence whether an RNA molecule is translated into protein. Using next-generation sequencing, Meyer and her colleagues showed that the modification is widespread among thousands of genes in mammals, and that its prevalence increases in the brain during development.
In her own laboratory at Duke, Meyer and her team are exploring how the m6A modification affects when and where genes are expressed—with special attention to how this regulation shapes the growth, connections and activities of neurons. Her goal, she says, is “to understand, all the way from the molecular level to the behavioral level, what happens if we manipulate this pathway that controls methylation. What are the consequences for things like learning and memory, or neurological disease?”
Steve Davidson (Award in Pain Recipient) earned a B.S. in psychology from the University of New Orleans and a Ph.D. in neuroscience from the University of Minnesota. He was a postdoctoral scholar in the Department of Anesthesiology at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis from 2009 to 2014, and in 2015 he joined the faculty of the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. In 2010, Davidson received a Future Leader in Pain Research award from the American Pain Society.
Pain has long been recognized as a multidimensional experience. Yet research has focused almost exclusively on the sensory dimension, leaving the emotional and motivational components poorly understood and undertreated. The Davidson lab seeks to elucidate and control a neural circuit responsible for regulating the capacity for pain tolerance, an aspect of pain behavior dependent on emotional and motivational pain processing that occurs in the brain. Davidson’s research tests the main hypothesis that effective pain control can be achieved by manipulating neural activity in a thalamo-limbic pathway to enhance pain tolerance. His laboratory has developed a novel operant behavioral model in which rodents may obtain a reward by engaging with (tolerating) a noxious thermal stimulus. Using this approach, analgesics with efficacy for improving the affective measure of pain tolerance vs. reflexive withdrawal may be determined. To determine whether thalamo-limbic projection neurons control pain, virally infected posterior thalamic neurons containing optically gated ion channels will allow direct control of activity through an implanted light source while animals are tested for changes to pain tolerance and reflexive behaviors. Finally, the Davidson lab will test the hypothesis that chronic pain alters synaptic plasticity in the thalamo-limbic circuit. This will include examination of posterior thalamic projection neurons for altered excitability and synaptic plasticity at the posterior thalamus-insula synapse in rodent models of neuropathic and inflammatory chronic pain.
Camila dos Santos completed undergraduate, master’s and doctoral studies at the University of Campinas in Brazil. She was a postdoctoral fellow at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, as well as a postdoctoral fellow and research investigator at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory with Gregory Hannon, a 2000 Rita Allen Foundation Scholar and a member of the Foundation’s Scientific Advisory Committee. She became an assistant professor at CSHL in 2015. In addition to the Rita Allen Foundation award, dos Santos has received a Glen Cove Cares Research Award, a Pershing Square Foundation Scholar Award and a research award from the Manhasset Women’s Coalition Against Breast Cancer.
The dos Santos laboratory aims to uncover the molecular basis of pregnancy-induced breast cancer protection. In humans, a full-term pregnancy before the age of 25 is known to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer by more than one-third. In rodents, pregnancy can decrease the frequency of carcinogen-induced mammary tumors by more than 60 percent. A recent study by dos Santos and colleagues has shown that transitions through pregnancy lead to massive and stable reorganization of DNA methylation in mammary epithelial cells. Now they propose to further characterize this phenomenon by mapping genome-wide enhancer activity in this system. They will test the hypothesis that the parous (post-pregnancy) epigenome modulates the effects of breast cancer oncogenes on epithelial cell oncogenesis. In addition, they will investigate pharmacological strategies that mimic these effects, which may provide a path toward strategies for breast cancer prevention.
Monica Dus (Milton E. Cassel Scholar) earned a B.S. in biology from the University of Redlands in Redlands, California, and a Ph.D. in the Watson School of Biological Sciences at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, where she worked with Gregory Hannon, a 2000 Rita Allen Foundation Scholar and a member of the Foundation’s Scientific Advisory Committee. After a postdoctoral fellowship in Greg Suh’s lab at the New York University School of Medicine, she became an assistant professor at the University of Michigan in 2015. In addition to being a Rita Allen Foundation Scholar, Dus has received a Pathways to Independence K99/R00 Award from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, a NARSAD Young Investigator Grant from the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation and a Klingenstein-Simons Fellowship Award in the Neurosciences.
One of the oldest debates in biology is that of nature versus nurture. Are our behaviors dictated by genes or by the environment? In the last decade it has become clear that neuroepigenetic processes play a key role in adult brain function by merging environmental information with ongoing brain processes to direct behavioral states. Disruption in these processes is linked to both normal and abnormal behaviors, such memory and addiction. However, the underlying mechanisms remain mysterious. In particular, we have no knowledge about the genetic loci of integration between the environment and behavior, or the identity of the neural pathways that control them in specific neural circuits. This presents a major roadblock to unlocking the molecular interface between brain and environment and the role it plays in brain function. To understand how the environment shapes and reprograms brain and behavior, the Dus lab exploits: 1) a simple behavior, eating, which is dependent on an experimentally controllable environment, diet; and 2) the fruit fly brain, which is orders of magnitude smaller than vertebrate brains, but shows conserved neurochemistry.
Katherine Hanlon (Award in Pain Recipient) earned a B.S. in biochemistry and molecular biophysics and a Ph.D. in pharmacology from the University of Arizona, where she worked with Todd Vanderah. She went on to complete a postdoctoral fellowship in tumor immunology at the Mount Sinai Medical Center with Joshua Brody and Peter Heeger. In addition to her work in the lab, Hanlon currently teaches Biochemistry and Principles of Pharmacology in the School of Pharmacy at Presbyterian College and directs the College’s Office of Research. Her primary research interests include macrophage-neuron communication in pain processing and the role of tumor-associated macrophages in cancer development. She also studies the mechanisms of dysregulation of cannabinoid receptor signaling in tumor and immune cells in metastatic disease.
Studies in the Hanlon lab are carried out using multiple in vitro and in vivo models, including leukocytes and neurons isolated from dorsal root ganglia, leukocytes and tumor cells isolated from murine mammary tumors, leukocytes harvested from post-surgical peritoneal adhesions, and human blood monocyte primary cultures. With the support of the Rita Allen Foundation and the American Pain Society, the lab is able to explore the communication that occurs between sensory neurons and macrophages (innate immune cells that are critical in injury response) in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Macrophages in the DRG are a unique population of cells that bear some resemblance to brain microglia, but are functionally distinct and exhibit specific phenotype differences. In response to peripheral injury, DRG macrophages respond to activity in the ascending pain pathways and may alter pain perception. By evaluating the phenotype and function of this unique population, Hanlon hopes to isolate novel and exploitable mechanisms that may be used to develop non-opioid therapeutics for the treatment of persistent pain.
Alex Kentsis received undergraduate and master’s degrees from the University of Chicago, where he conducted research in the laboratory of Tobin Sosnick. He earned a Ph.D. from New York University, where he worked with Katherine Borden, and an M.D. from Mount Sinai School of Medicine, where his advisor was Roman Osman. He completed research and clinical fellowships at Boston Children’s Hospital and the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, where he later became an attending physician, as well as an instructor at Harvard Medical School. He joined the faculties of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College in 2013. In addition to being a Rita Allen Foundation Scholar, Kentsis has received a Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation Clinical Investigator Award, an American Society for Clinical Investigation Physician-Scientist Award, an American Society of Hematology Scholar Award and a Burroughs Wellcome Fund Career Award for Medical Scientists.
Genome sequencing efforts have revealed a surprising dearth of gene mutations in many human cancers, suggesting that alternative oncogenic mechanisms must be investigated to identify targets for improved therapy. Approximately half of the human genome originates from mobile DNA elements, or transposons, but their contributions to human disease and physiology remain almost completely unexplored. Kentsis aims to investigate mechanisms of tumorigenesis by a novel human DNA transposase in embryonal tumors, lethal childhood cancers that are refractory to intensive chemotherapy. Successful completion of proposed studies promises to transform our ability to identify the drivers of human cancer, thus leading to improved targeted therapies for these refractory pediatric tumors. This work will also establish powerful tools for the investigation of DNA transposition and genomic plasticity, with transformative applications in wide areas of human biology.
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Bo Li earned her B.S. in biological sciences from Beijing University and her Ph.D. in biochemistry from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. She was a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology at Harvard Medical School, where she worked with Christopher T. Walsh. She has received a a Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund for Medical Research Fellowship and a National Institutes of Health Pathway to Independence Award.
Li’s lab identifies bioactive small molecules produced by bacteria—she and her colleagues explore the chemistry of their production and study the roles they play in the biology of bacteria and human hosts. Bacteria craft these gene-encoded molecules from primary metabolites using complex chemical transformations; the structures and activities of these small molecules have been optimized through millions of years of evolution and enable these molecules to mediate extensive microbe-microbe and microbe-host interactions. Li’s multidisciplinary research program uses bacterial genomics and metabolomics as enabling technologies to identify novel bacterial small molecules. First, her team is identifying small molecules from soil bacteria as novel antibiotics to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens; second, they are identifying metabolites produced by the human gut microbiota to unravel the chemical and molecular mechanisms of bacterial symbiosis and pathogenesis. Her work involves understanding fundamental biosynthetic mechanisms and extends to exploiting bacterial small molecules to improve human health and prevent disease.
Katharina Schlacher obtained her B.S. in microbiology at the Karl-Franzens University in Graz, Austria. For graduate studies, in 2003 she joined the lab of Myron Goodman at the University of Southern California, where she earned her Ph.D. While there, she discovered an unprecedented transactivation mechanism for mutagenic E. coli DNA polymerase V by proteobacter recombinase RecA, recognized by the USC College Doctoral Research Prize. In 2007, as a Damon Runyon Postdoctoral Fellow, Schlacher joined Maria Jasin at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and Hong Wu at the University of California, Los Angeles, to focus on her passion for mechanisms at the replication fork. She discovered a novel genomic instability and tumor suppressor mechanism at the DNA replication fork distinct from DNA repair. Specifically, Fanconi anemia proteins BRCA1/2 protect stalled DNA replication forks from degradation by MRE11. This replication fork protection discovery was recognized with the Parvin Foundation Award for academic excellence, the UCLA/Molecular Biology Institute Research Excellence Award and the MSKCC Postdoctoral Research Award. Schlacher received a National Cancer Institute K22 award and joined the faculty at MD Anderson Cancer Center in 2014.
Schlacher’s research focuses on developing an in-depth molecular and biological understanding of how replication fork protection suppresses cancer and disease to obtain biological insights suitable to develop disease prevention and treatment strategies.
Minoree Kohwi’s interest in brain development started as an undergraduate in Mark Konishi’s lab at the California Institute of Technology. She earned a Ph.D. in Arturo Alvarez-Buylla’s lab at the University of California, San Francisco. As a postdoc in Chris Doe’s lab at the University of Oregon, she discovered that the 3-D organization of the neural progenitor genome changes during development, determining which genes can be activated, and thus, which cell types can be generated. Now at Columbia, Kohwi is excited to embark on a journey into nuclear architecture and stem cell competence to ask fundamental questions about the origin of neural diversity during brain development.
The brain’s complexity is apparent from the incredible diversity of its neural cell types. To form the functional circuitry governing our cognitive and motor functions, neural progenitors must make each cell type at the right place, time and abundance. In both insects and mammals, stem/progenitor cells typically produce different cell types in a stereotyped order, and over the course of development they lose the ability to make the earlier-born cell types. Such “loss of competence” is a prominent feature of neural progenitors, although the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Using Drosophila, Kohwi and her colleagues discovered that neural progenitors undergo a developmentally timed reorganization of their genome that physically relocates genes within the 3-D nuclear space and affects the genes’ ability to turn on or off. They found that such gene repositioning in neural progenitors is highly regulated, and determines the progenitors’ potential to make specific cell types at each developmental stage. They aim to examine how neural progenitor nuclear architecture is regulated developmentally and how this regulation contributes to neural diversity. These results will provide new insights into brain development, neural developmental disorders and brain repair.
Yevgenia Kozorovitskiy earned B.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Princeton University, where she worked with Elizabeth Gould to study social experience-induced structural plasticity in the adult rodent and primate brain. She conducted postdoctoral research in the laboratory of Bernardo Sabatini at Harvard Medical School, where she investigated neural activity and neuromodulation in developmental wiring of basal ganglia circuits. She joined the faculty of Northwestern University in 2014. In addition to being a Rita Allen Foundation Scholar, Kozorovitskiy is the recipient of a Public Voices Fellowship and a Cornew Innovation Award from Northwestern University, a Sloan Research Fellowship and a Searle Scholar Award.
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a tremendous mental health burden, with a lifetime incidence of more than 15 percent. A great promise for MDD treatment, especially for resistant and suicidal patients, lies in rapidly acting antidepressants. Yet the neurobiological plasticity mechanisms underlying rapid antidepressant effects remain poorly understood. Kozorovitskiy’s research group takes a multipronged approach to studying synapses and neural circuits implicated in depression and affect. First, they are evaluating whether rapidly acting antidepressant drugs and their functionally relevant metabolites directly facilitate the production of new synapses on genetically targeted neurons. Preliminary data indicate that the effects of rapidly acting antidepressants on synapses occur on a slower time scale and have a broader reach than expected, transcending the neural circuits typically implicated in depression. Second, interrogating neuromodulatory circuits implicated in regulation of affective state, they have discovered and characterized an important new direct interaction between dopamine, an amine important for reward-based learning, and oxytocin, a neuropeptide relevant to social affect, bonding and reproduction. Third, to facilitate the imaging of diffraction-limited nanoscale architecture of synapses, they have collaborated to develop a new imaging method that combines the strengths of two-photon excitation with structured illumination.
Julie Law received a B.S. in biochemistry and biophysics from Oregon State University, where she conducted research in the laboratory of Walter Ream. She earned a Ph.D. in biochemistry at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, where she worked with Barbara Sollner-Webb. Following a postdoctoral fellowship with Steven Jacobsen at the University of California, Los Angeles, Law joined the faculty of the Salk Institute in 2012. In addition to being a Rita Allen Foundation Scholar, she is a recipient of a Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award from the National Institutes of Health and an L&L Nippert Charitable Foundation grant. In 2015 she was named a Hearst Foundation Development Chair at Salk.
Understanding how cells maintain genome stability is a fundamental biological question of relevance to reproductive health; numerous human diseases, including cancer; and crop yields. While it is known that modifications to chromatin (either in the form of nucleosome remodeling or the addition of chemical modifications to DNA and/or histones) play critical roles in maintaining genome stability, how they accomplish this feat remains unclear. Since mutations affecting chromatin structure in mammals are often lethal, answering such mechanistic questions requires a comparable, but more robust system, such as the plant model Arabidopsis thaliana. Indeed, the best characterized connection between chromatin and genome stability is a phenomenon first characterized in plants, wherein DNA methylation prevents the perilous movement of transposons within the genome by silencing their expression. The Law lab has described a family of Arabidopsis chromatin remodeling factors, CLSY1-4, that affect small RNA biogenesis, DNA methylation-mediated transposon silencing and DNA repair—revealing new links between several pathways critical for genome stability. Given the dual roles of the CLSY proteins, they propose to utilize these factors to dissect the connections between chromatin and genome stability. Such studies will shed light not only how DNA damage is normally repaired, but also on how chromatin-based defects cause genome instability.
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John Schoggins (Milton E. Cassel Scholar) earned his B.S. in chemistry from the University of Rochester and his Ph.D. in molecular biology from the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences. He was a postdoctoral fellow in virology/infectious disease at The Rockefeller University, and has been on the faculty at UT Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas since 2012. In addition to being a Rita Allen Foundation Milton E. Cassel Scholar, he has been named a Nancy Cain and Jeffrey A. Marcus Scholar in Medical Research, in Honor of Dr. Bill S. Vowell, at UT Southwestern Medical Center and a Clayton Foundation Scholar. He has also received the Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award from the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, the NIH New Innovator Award, and both the Sidney and Joan Pestka Award for Excellence in Interferon Research and the Seymour and Vivian Milstein Young Investigator Award from the International Cytokine and Interferon Society.
Interferons are among the first lines of defense against viral infection. The interferon-induced antiviral state is established by the transcription of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes, many of which have direct antiviral effector functions. Previous screening efforts in Schoggins’ lab identified interferon alpha-inducible protein 6 (IFI6) as an inhibitor of yellow fever virus and dengue virus infection. His group has shown that IFI6 is inhibitory toward multiple flaviviruses, in some cases reducing viral titers 1,000-fold. Strikingly, this antiviral effect is highly specific, since the closely related hepatitis C virus is not inhibited. CRISPR-mediated deletion of IFI6 results in a strong attenuation of interferon sensitivity, suggesting that IFI6 plays a major role in the antiviral response during flavivirus infections. Using a variety of molecular virological and cell biological approaches, Schoggins’ team has shown that the mechanism of IFI6 action is inhibition of viral genome replication, but not earlier steps in the viral life cycle. They are currently addressing a potential role for flavivirus NS1 protein as a target of IFI6 action. In preliminary studies, ectopic expression of NS1 was able to rescue viral infection from the inhibitory effects of IFI6. These findings uncover a novel interferon-stimulated gene that potently and selectively inhibits replication of several important disease-causing flaviviruses.
Robert Sorge (Award in Pain Recipient) earned his Honors B.Sc. in psychology from McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, his M.A. in experimental psychology from Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo, Ontario, and his Ph.D. in psychology from Concordia University in Montreal, Quebec. He was a postdoctoral fellow at McGill University before joining the faculty at The University of Alabama at Birmingham in 2012. In addition to being named a Rita Allen Foundation Pain Scholar, he has received a Young Investigator Award from the Sex, Gender and Pain Special Interest Group of the International Association for the Study of Pain. He also has received postdoctoral fellowships from the Alan Edwards Center for Research on Pain at McGill and from the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
Obesity in America is reaching epidemic proportions, with more than one-third of the population classified as obese, and even more as overweight. In addition to the increased risk for metabolic syndromes and cardiovascular disease, obesity is also comorbid with chronic pain for a significant number of patients. It is known that adipose tissue and components of the American diet can contribute to a chronic proinflammatory state that may predispose individuals to significant negative health effects. Sorge and his collaborators believe that this state is the result of heightened activity of the immune system. Their previous work has shown that consumption of a Western diet results in changes in acute sensitivity to stimuli, increased systemic inflammation and prolonged recovery from injury. These effects are believed to be the result of chronic immune cell activation in the peripheral and central nervous system. Current work is underway to investigate the temporal profile of immune cell activation following differential exposure to the American diet in rodents. Through examination of the immune-related impact of diet, it may be possible to formulate treatments that will reduce the negative effects of the American diet with respect to pain and other related inflammatory conditions.
Jeremy Wilusz received his Ph.D. from the Watson School of Biological Sciences at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and performed postdoctoral studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His research addresses the mechanisms by which noncoding RNAs are generated, regulated and function. Wilusz has been the recipient of the RNA Society/Scaringe Young Scientist Award, the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society Postdoctoral Fellowship and the National Institutes of Health Pathway to Independence Award.
It was long assumed that eukaryotic precursor mRNAs (pre-mRNAs) are almost always spliced to generate a linear mRNA that is then translated to produce a protein. However, recent deep sequencing studies have revealed thousands of protein-coding genes that are non-canonically spliced to produce circular RNAs with covalently linked ends. Some RNA circles are expressed at much higher levels than their associated linear mRNAs, suggesting that the main function of some genes may be to produce circular noncoding RNAs, not proteins. Wilusz’s research aims to reveal (i) how the choice between linear versus circular RNA production is made, (ii) how circular RNAs function and (iii) how misregulation of circular RNAs contributes to human cancer. As part of these efforts, his team has shown that circular RNA biogenesis is often initiated when complementary sequences from two different introns base-pair to one another. This brings the splice sites from the intervening exon(s) into close proximity to facilitate the backsplicing event that generates the circular RNA.They have used this knowledge to make plasmids that efficiently circularize exons in vivo, allowing them to begin to identify novel roles for circular RNAs in normal and cancer cells.
Yi Ye (Award in Pain Recipient) holds a Ph.D. in neuroscience from the University of Wyoming, a master’s degree in clinical research from New York University and an M.B.A. from NYU’s Stern School of Business. She was a research fellow in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in the College of Dentistry at the University of California, San Francisco, and joined the Bluestone Center as an associate research scientist in 2010. She has been in her current position since 2015. She has received a Travel Award and a Young Investigator Award from the International Association for the Study of Pain, and was awarded both a National Institutes of Health-NYU-Clinical and Translational Science Institute Scholarship and an NYU Whitehead Fellowship in 2015.
Ye’s research aims to understand the neurobiological basis of cancer pain, with additional focus on carcinogenesis and tumor progression in head and neck cancer. The ultimate goal of her research is to develop novel therapies that can be used for both cancer and pain treatment by targeting shared mechanisms. In progression toward this goal, she directs a translational research program that uses multiple approaches including in vitro cell culture, animal models and human studies.
Lei Ding completed his undergraduate studies at Peking University, and earned a Ph.D. at the University of Colorado, Boulder, where he worked with Min Han. He was a postdoctoral fellow in Sean Morrison’s laboratory at the University of Michigan and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. He joined the faculty of Columbia University in 2013.
A lifelong supply of blood and immune cells depends on self-renewing hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). How HSCs self-renew is a fundamental question with broad implications for understanding development, regeneration, cancer and aging of the blood system. HSC self-renewal is regulated by cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic mechanisms. The Ding laboratory is interested in these mechanisms, particularly extrinsic mechanisms that regulate blood-forming HSC self-renewal and maintenance. Prior work has identified bone marrow perivascular mesenchymal stromal cells as a critical component of the niche.
Ding’s group is studying the extrinsic regulation of HSCs in three distinct, yet closely related, areas: 1) regulation of bone marrow perivascular mesenchymal stromal cells; 2) the cellular component of the fetal liver HSC niche; and 3) the contribution of the niche to the pathogenesis of hematological diseases. They are in the process of characterizing several candidate factors that may regulate the fate of bone marrow perivascular stromal cells. They are also elucidating the roles of several candidate niche cell types in fetal livers. In addition, their data suggest that bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells are critical contributors to a hematopoietic malignancy, myelofibrosis, providing a cellular target to better treat the disease. HSC-based bone marrow transplantation is widely used in clinics to treat hematological diseases. Ding and his team hope to apply their knowledge to better harness the power of HSCs.
Molly Hammell (Milton E. Cassel Scholar) holds a B.S. in physics from the College of William and Mary and a Ph.D. in physics and astronomy from Dartmouth College. The Hammell lab specializes in developing novel computational algorithms for the analysis and integration of high-throughput genomics datasets and applying these to questions of human disease. Hammell has a broad background in small RNA biology and gene regulatory network analysis, transposon biology and genomics, as well as extensive experience in the statistical analysis of next-generation sequencing data. As a postdoctoral fellow working with Victor Ambros at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Massachusetts Medical School, she developed new algorithms to identify the targets and pathways regulated by microRNAs in animals and to profile the dynamics of small RNA activity across development. Her lab at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory has expanded on these efforts to map the role of both microRNAs and transposon-targeting piRNAs and siRNAs in animals. This includes efforts to establish the molecular mechanisms by which transposons are controlled in somatic tissues. This also includes a major project to profile the genomes and transcriptomes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patient samples in order to understand the extent to which transposons contribute to neurodegenerative disease in patients.
Our genomes are filled with viral-like sequences called transposons, many of which are capable of creating new copies of themselves that can reintegrate elsewhere in the genome, altering the function of nearby genes. While most transposon sequences are now-defunct remnants of ancient genomic parasites, a small fraction of these are still capable of activating themselves, creating genomic instability and crippling cellular function. The Hammell lab and others have discovered a link between the activity of these transposon sequences and neurodegenerative diseases related to misfunction of the RNA binding protein TDP-43 (ALS and frontotemporal lobar degeneration). However, much remains unknown about how transposons are controlled in somatic tissues such as the brain, and the extent to which their activity contributes to neurodegenerative disease. Hammell’s group is working to elucidate the connections between transposon activity and TDP-43 related diseases.
Gregory Scherrer (Award in Pain Recipient) earned his Ph.D. in cellular and molecular biology from the University of Strasbourg, France. He completed postdoctoral training at the University of California, San Francisco, and at Columbia University. He joined the faculty at the Stanford University School of Medicine in 2012. In addition to a Rita Allen Foundation Scholar award, he has received an International Association for the Study of Pain Postdoctoral Fellowship, National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Drug Abuse K99R00 Pathway to Independence and R01 Awards, a Department of Defense Neurosensory Research Award, and an International Narcotics Research Conference Young Investigator Award, and most recently was named a New York Stem Cell Foundation – Robertson Neuroscience Investigator.
The members of the Scherrer Laboratory investigate how the nervous system generates the sensory and affective dimensions of pain experience and opioid analgesia to discover novel analgesic therapies. They aim to identify the pathological changes that occur within neural circuits when chronic pain develops, at the neural network, cellular and molecular levels. One of their approaches is to gain understanding of how our endogenous opioid system modulates pain thresholds. Opioid receptors mediate the effects of opioid painkillers, such as morphine. By determining how opioids generate analgesia and detrimental side effects (e.g., tolerance, addiction, respiratory depression), Scherrer and his team hope to develop more efficient and safer analgesics for the treatment of chronic pain. These studies will also identify novel approaches to counteract opioid side effects and battle the current opioid epidemic. To reach these goals, Scherrer’s research combines a variety of experimental approaches, including molecular and cellular biology, neuroanatomy, electrophysiology, opto- and pharmacogenetics, in vivo calcium imaging and behavior.
Lin Tian holds a B.S. in neuroscience from the University of Science and Technology of
China and a Ph.D. in biochemistry, molecular and cell biology from Northwestern University. She completed postdoctoral training at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Janelia Farm Research Campus, where she developed a toolbox of ultrasensitive neural activity sensors that have been widely utilized. Her current work is a combination of neural activity sensor development and applications. Tian has received the National Institutes of Health Director’s New Innovator Award, Human Frontier Science Program Young Investigator Grant, Hartwell Foundation Individual Biomedical Research Award and NIH BRAIN Initiative grants.
The altered dynamics of synaptic transmission have been implicated in a number of human neurological and psychiatric diseases, including Parkinson’s, schizophrenia and addiction. However, how complex patterns of neural activity at multiple synapses interact to drive changes in circuit connectivity remains poorly defined. To address this question, we must determine the spatiotemporal relationships of different types of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators with synaptic resolution in a defined circuitry. Recent breakthroughs in modern microscopy and protein-based fluorescence sensors hold great promise to access synaptic transmission with needed molecular and cell type specificity and spatiotemporal resolutions. Tian and her collaborators have generated a sensor for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate and demonstrated its utility for detection of fast signaling events in worm, fish, fly and mouse. To further expand the kinds of neural activity that can be measured with genetically encoded indicators, they applied the established sensor design and optimization platform to the development of a set of specific, targetable and sensitive sensors for direct measurement of neurotransmitters, including gamma-aminobutyric acid and the biogenic amines. Application of these imaging tools will enable neuroscientists to obtain a dynamic and comprehensive view of synaptic transmission in action to decipher the codes for transferring information across neural circuitry and systems.
RELATED STORY: Rita Allen Foundation Scholars Reveal Biological Forces That Underlie Responses to Change
Tuan Trang (Award in Pain Recipient) began his research career as an undergraduate at Queen’s University studying the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. He also completed a Ph.D. in pharmacology and toxicology there, researching the spinal mechanisms of opioid analgesia with the goal of developing new pharmacological strategies for improving pain therapy. He pursued postdoctoral training as a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) fellow in the laboratory of Dr. Michael Salter at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto. He has received a CIHR New Investigator Award, and young investigator awards from the Canadian Association for Neuroscience and Canadian Society for Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research has been supported by grants from, in addition to the Rita Allen Foundation, the CIHR, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, a Vi Riddell Pain Grant from the University of Calgary and the Canada Foundation for Innovation.
Opioids are among the most powerful and widely prescribed drugs for treating pain. However, a major problem in terminating opioid pain therapy is the debilitating withdrawal syndrome that can plague chronic opioid users. The mechanisms involved in opioid withdrawal are poorly understood, and the limited clinical strategies for treating withdrawal are ineffective. Trang and his collaborators have identified the pannexin-1 (Panx1) channel as a novel therapeutic target for treating morphine withdrawal. They discovered that morphine treatment induces synaptic plasticity in spinal lamina I/II neurons, which manifests as long-term synaptic facilitation upon naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal. This synaptic facilitation is critically gated by activation of Panx1 channels expressed on microglia. Pharmacologically blocking Panx1, or genetically ablating this channel specifically from microglia, blocked spinal synaptic facilitation and alleviated the behavioral sequelae of morphine withdrawal. Their findings together reveal a novel mechanism by which microglia signal through Panx1 to produce the cellular and behavioral corollary of withdrawal. Thus, targeting Panx1 represents a potential novel therapeutic approach for treating the symptoms of opioid withdrawal. Trang and his team are moving these discoveries into the clinic by building on the utility of probenecid as a unique and practical therapy for the management of opioid withdrawal. In a pilot clinical trial, they will test whether probenecid alleviates opioid withdrawal in patients undergoing opioid tapering, a systematic and gradual approach intended to reduce or discontinue opioid use.
Michael Boyce obtained his B.A. in biochemistry from Harvard College and his Ph.D. in cell biology from Harvard Medical School in the laboratory of Ying Yuan. He performed postdoctoral research in chemical biology and glycobiology at the University of California, Berkeley, with Carolyn Bertozzi, and has been an Assistant Professor of Biochemistry at the Duke University School of Medicine since 2012. Boyce has received fellowships or career awards from the Albert J. Ryan Foundation, the National Science Foundation, the Life Sciences Research Foundation/Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Whitehead Scholars Program, the Sydney Kimmel Foundation for Cancer Research and the Mizutani Foundation for Glycoscience, in addition to his 2013 Rita Allen Foundation Scholar award. Boyce is also active in promoting diversity and inclusion in the biosciences and serves on the national Minorities Affairs Committee of the American Society for Cell Biology.
The long-term goal of the Boyce lab is to understand the role of protein glycosylation in mammalian cell signaling and physiology. Protein glycosylation is the most abundant post-translational modification in nature and, as a sugar-based modification it lies at the nexus of cell signaling and cell metabolism. However, because glycosylation is a dynamic, non-templated and chemically complex process, it can be difficult to study with conventional biological techniques alone. The lab uses a range of biochemical, cell, chemical and structural biology methods to dissect the role of protein glycosylation in mammalian cells. Current work focuses on two specific aspects of glycosylation: first, understanding how dynamic signaling by O-linked b-N-acetylglucosamine on intracellular proteins senses and regulates cell physiology; and second, investigating the cell- and systems-level regulation of nucleotide-sugar metabolites in health and disease.
Sophie Dumont (Milton E. Cassel Scholar) received her B.A. in physics from Princeton University, and Ph.D. in biophysics from the University of California, Berkeley, where she probed the mechanics of individual biomolecules with Carlos Bustamante. She was a junior fellow at the Harvard Society of Fellows and a postdoc at Harvard Medical School, where she worked on the mechanics of cell division with Tim Mitchison. She has been an assistant professor at UCSF since 2012, and her group focuses on the self-organization and emergent mechanics that drive robust chromosome segregation. In addition to being a Rita Allen Foundation Scholar, she is a Searle Scholar, a Sloan Research Fellow, and a National Institutes of Health New Innovator and National Science Foundation CAREER award recipient.
Life is a chemical as well as a mechanical process. At the nanometer scale, mechanoenzymes interconvert force and chemical potential. At the micrometer scale, cells spatially organize their constituents, change shape and move. At the millimeter scale, organisms develop and also move. How are mechanical and chemical processes integrated over molecular, cellular and tissue-length scales?
The Dumont lab aims to understand how cells coordinate mechanical and chemical activities to equally distribute their genetic material when they divide. During cell division, each daughter cell must inherit exactly one copy of each chromosome. Errors can lead to cell death or cancer in somatic cells, and developmental disorders in the germ line. How do cells generate, detect and respond to mechanical force to robustly and accurately segregate their chromosomes? How do the spindle’s nanometer-scale constituents work together to generate micrometer-scale movements?
To address these questions, the Dumont lab uses an interdisciplinary approach to uncover how molecules, mechanics and cellular function relate to each other.
Elena Gracheva received an M.S. in biochemistry from Moscow State University and a Ph.D. in neuroscience from the University of Illinois at Chicago, where she worked with Janet Richmond. She conducted postdoctoral research at the University of California, San Francisco, in the laboratory of David Julius. She joined the faculty of the Yale University School of Medicine in 2012. In addition to being a Rita Allen Foundation Scholar, Gracheva has received a Yale Scholar Award in Neuroscience, an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation research fellowship and a Beckman Foundation Young Investigator award.
The main goal of Gracheva’s lab is to understand the molecular basis of temperature sensitivity under normal, adaptive and pathological conditions. Her early work concerned acute temperature perception in infrared-sensing animals. She and her colleagues discovered two receptors that are responsible for this function, as well as structural elements within ion channels that dictate activation by temperature and chemicals. Her research group is using non-standard animal models—hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels and Syrian hamsters—to delineate molecular and cellular aspects of somatosensitivity, with a focus on temperature tolerance. They are investigating the contribution of different ion channels to cold tolerance of mammalian hibernators using a multidisciplinary approach, which includes electrophysiology, molecular biology, imaging, behavioral paradigms, genomics, transcriptomics and bioinformatics. Recently, Gracheva’s group discovered a molecular mechanism that supports nerve tissue function during hibernation.
William Greenleaf received an A.B. in physics from Harvard University, and received a Gates Fellowship to study computer science for one year at Trinity College in Cambridge, England. After this experience abroad, he returned to Stanford to carry out his Ph.D. in applied physics in the laboratory of Steven Block, where he investigated, at the single-molecule level, the chemo-mechanics of RNA polymerase and the folding of RNA transcripts. He conducted postdoctoral work in the laboratory of Xiaoliang Sunney Xie at Harvard University, where he was awarded a Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation Fellowship, and developed new fluorescence-based high-throughput sequencing methodologies. Since moving to Stanford in 2011, he has been named a Baxter Foundation Scholar, as well as a Rita Allen Foundation Scholar. In addition to his position in the Department of Genetics, Greenleaf holds a courtesy appointment in Stanford’s Department Applied Physics. He is a member of Bio-X, the Biophysics Program, the Biomedical Informatics Program and the Cancer Center. He is also a participating member in a number of large genomic consortia (CEGS, GGR).
High-throughput sequencing techniques are revolutionizing biology and promise to have a significant impact on the future of medicine. Greenleaf’s research interests focus on leveraging high-throughput methods to understand “the physical genome” by developing methods to probe both 1) the relationship between DNA sequence and the structure and function of molecules encoded by the genome; as well as 2) the physical compaction and folding of the genome itself, and how this topology influences biological state. 1) His research group is interested in understanding the biophysical basis and evolutionary consequences of sequence-function relationships in biological molecules and their interactions. Toward this goal, they develop ultra-high-throughput methods to quantitatively assay sequence-space in bulk and single-molecule experiments. 2) They also seek to understand the hierarchical folding of genomic DNA into regulated structures, the most basic and important of which is the nucleosome. With this objective in mind, they have developed methods that assay open chromatin, nucleosome positions and transcription factor binding genome-wide in small populations of cells undergoing dynamic processes such as differentiation or stochastic state switching.
RELATED STORY: Rita Allen Foundation Scholars Advance Understanding of Nervous Systems in Health and Disease
Rebecca Seal (Award in Pain Recipient) earned her B.S. in chemistry and psychology from the University of Oregon and her Ph.D. in neuroscience from Oregon Health and Science University. Her graduate studies with Susan Amara focused on the structure and function of plasma membrane glutamate transporters. As a postdoctoral scholar at the University of California, San Francisco, she studied the vesicular glutamate transporter 3 in hearing and pain with Robert Edwards. She has received a NARSAD Young Investigator Grant from the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation, an Innovation Award from the American Diabetes Association, a Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science Fellowship and a Whitehall Foundation Research Award.
Seal’s laboratory focuses on defining the neural circuitry underlying a wide range of nervous system functions in health and disease, including persistent pain, motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease and audition. A major impediment to identifying new pain treatments is incomplete understanding of the neural networks and mechanisms that underlie the pain. Her team’s work, using multiple approaches ranging from cellular and molecular to physiological and behavioral, centers on elucidating the neural circuits and mechanisms that underlie a particular form of persistent pain in which touch becomes painful in the setting of injury, termed mechanical allodynia. The spinal cord dorsal horn is a major site for the integration of somatosensory information and is vital for the induction and maintenance of this form of pain. Their work thus far suggests that the pain is encoded by distinct microcircuits in the dorsal horn, depending on the nature of the injury. This concept not only has important implications for understanding at a basic level how the nervous system encodes mechanical allodynia, but also highlights the need to consider etiology in the design and implementation of therapeutic strategies.
RELATED STORY: Rita Allen Foundation Scholars Reveal Biological Forces That Underlie Responses to Change
Reza Sharif-Naeini (Award in Pain Recipient) earned his Ph.D. in physiology from McGill University in 2007, and returned there to joined the faculty in 2012. In the interim, he was a postdoctoral fellow at Institut Pharmacologie Moleculare et Cellulaire in Nice, France, and in the Department of Anatomy at the University of California, San Francisco. He has received fellowships from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the International Association for the Study of Pain and the Human Frontier Science Program. He has also received the CIHR Brain Star Award for excellence in research and the Peter and Patricia Gruber International Research Award in Neuroscience from the Society for Neuroscience.
Chronic neuropathic pain (NeP) is a debilitating disease that follows nerve injury and persists long after the initial injury has subsided. Despite the plethora of medications and treatment modalities, NeP remains a disease with unmet medical needs that significantly decreases patients’ quality of life. Spontaneous pain and mechanical allodynia, two hallmarks of NeP, are due in part to a spinal cord dysfunction characterized by a decrease in inhibitory neurotransmission (or inhibitory tone). Our understanding of how these inhibitory mechanisms function in health and disease remains, however, limited. This indicates a need for novel and innovative experimental approaches to gain a better understanding of inhibitory circuits in the dorsal horn and how changes in these circuits can precipitate NeP symptoms. Sharif-Naeini’s group is interested in understanding the function of these inhibitory pathways using transgenic mouse lines combined with opto/pharmacogenetic approaches.
RELATED STORIES: Rita Allen Foundation Scholar Harnesses Sound Waves to Activate Brain Cells, Rita Allen Foundation Scholars Reveal Biological Forces That Underlie Responses to Change
Sreekanth Chalasani obtained a B.S. degree and an advanced diploma in computer science from Osmania University in Hyderabad, India. He then did research at the National Center for Biological Sciences in Bangalore, India, before coming to the U.S. in 1997. Chalasani obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania, where he worked with Jonathan Raper, and did postdoctoral research in Cornelia Bargmann’s laboratory at the University of California, San Francisco, and The Rockefeller University. He started his laboratory at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in 2010. In addition to the Rita Allen Foundation award, Chalasani has received awards including a Blavatnik Award for Young Scientists, a Basil O’Connor Starter Award from the March of Dimes, and a W.M. Keck Foundation Award.
Chalasani’s research addresses how the brain responds to changes in its surrounding environment. Neural circuits within the brain extract relevant information from the environment and regulate behaviors on timescales ranging from seconds to hours. A complete understanding of this process requires an ability to identify, record and manipulate all the participating neurons. It is difficult to obtain this level of access in a complex vertebrate brain. Chalasani’s group is using the nematode C. elegans, with its small, well-defined nervous systems, to decode the cellular and molecular mechanisms transforming environmental changes into behaviors. They have shown that C. elegans can evaluate the size of a patch of bacteria (its food) and uses that information to modify a behavior that lasts many minutes. In particular, they have identified sensory neurons that encode the size of a food patch by detecting large, but not small, changes in food. Moreover, they show that information about patch size is stored in the level of dopamine in the circuit, which acts to modify downstream sensory and interneurons. Also, they find that the rate of acquiring information is controlled by the amount of CREB protein in key interneurons in the circuit.
Christopher Hammell (Milton E. Cassel Scholar) attended the University of Georgia, where he received a B.S. degree in biochemistry. He then moved to Dartmouth Medical School, where he studied the mechanisms by which mRNA molecules are exported from the nucleus. After receiving his Ph.D., he began work with Victor Ambros at the University of Massachusetts, investigating how animals regulate the activity of microRNAs during development. He discovered a family of proteins, the TRIM-NHL family, that physically associate with and modulate the activity of the microRNA-induced silencing complex.
Hammell then began his independent research program at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, where he switched his focus toward understanding how the temporal precision of developmental events is established. His current work centers on determining the regulatory architectures that ensure that developmental genes are turned on and off at the correct times.
Michael Jankowski (Award in Pain Recipient) earned an M.S. in neuroscience and a Ph.D. in neurobiology from the University of Pittsburgh, where he also conducted postdoctoral research. He joined the faculty of the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center in 2011. Jankowski has received several National Institutes of Health grants from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Developmen
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Science on Stage in Early Modern Spain 9781487519346
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In this collection, leading scholars tackle subjects and disciplines as diverse as alchemy, optics, astronomy, acoustics...
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Citation preview
SCIENCE ON STAGE IN EARLY MODERN SPAIN
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Science on Stage in Early Modern Spain
EDITED BY ENRIQUE GARCÍA SANTO-TOMÁS
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS Toronto Buffalo London
© University of Toronto Press 2019 Toronto Buffalo London utorontopress.com Printed in the U.S.A. ISBN 978-1-4875-0405-2 Printed on acid-free paper with vegetable-based inks.
Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Science on stage in early modern Spain / edited by Enrique García Santo-Tomás. (Toronto Iberic ; 38) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4875-0405-2 (hardcover) 1. Spanish drama – Classical period, 1500–1700 – History and criticism. 2. Theater – Spain – History – 16th century. 3. Theater – Spain – History – 17th century. 4. Science – Spain – History – 16th century. 5. Science – Spain – History – 17th century. 6. Science in literature. I. García SantoTomás, Enrique, editor II. Series: Toronto Iberic; 38 PQ6105.S35 2019 862’.309 C2018-905256-2 University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial assistance to its publishing program of the Canada Council for the Arts and the Ontario Arts Council, an agency of the Government of Ontario.
Funded by the Financé par le Government gouvernement du Canada of Canada
To Mercedes Alcalá-Galán and Steven Hutchinson, in friendship
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Contents
List of Illustrations ix Introduction: Great Theatres of the World enrique garcía santo-tomás
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Part One: Technologies of Knowledge 1 From Mesopotamia to Madrid: The Legacy of Ancient and Medieval Science in Early Modern Spain 25 ryan szpie ch 2 The Technological Environment of the Early Modern Spanish Stage 58 alejandro garcía-reidy 3 Gridded Fascinations: Early Modern Drama’s Geometric Synthesis 79 john slater Part Two: Stages of Science 4 Curing the Malady of Lovesickness: Medicine and Physicians in Early Spanish Theatre 103 julio vélez-sainz
viii Contents
5 Poison(ing) and Spanish Comedia 123 lourdes albuixech 6 The Soul under Siege: Strategy and Neostoicism in Calderón de la Barca’s El sitio de Bredá 151 stephen rupp Part Three: Performing Numbers 7 Figures of Arithmetic: Numeracy, Calculation, and Accounting in the Comedia 179 elvira vilches 8 Automatons and the Early Modern Drama of Skepticism 210 seth kimmel 9 Daedalean Epistemology: Staging the Labyrinth of Knowledge in Velázquez’s Las Hilanderas and Calderón de la Barca’s Los tres mayores prodigios 231 matthew g. ancell Conclusion: Looking Behind the Curtain: Clues of Early Modern Spanish Science 250 maría m. portuondo Contributors
275
Illustrations
1.1 1.2 2.1 7.1 9.1
Biblioteca de El Escorial, Ms. D-I-2, fol. 12v (detail). 44 Uppsala University Library, Copernicana 4 (1), fols. 47v–48r. 49 Sketch of the Montería de Sevilla (1691) 64 Juan de Pareja, The Calling of Saint Matthew (1661) 196 Diego Velázquez, Las hilanderas (ca. 1644–8) 233
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SCIENCE ON STAGE IN EARLY MODERN SPAIN
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Introduction: Great Theatres of the World enrique garcía santo-tomás University of Michigan
The last decade has witnessed a growing interest in the dialogue between early modern Spanish literature and contemporary scientific and technical innovations taking place in the Iberian Peninsula. This interest has been fuelled by a number of simultaneous developments on both sides of the Atlantic, such as the “coming of age” of the discipline of the history of science in Spain’s academic circles,1 the publication in North America of a number of pioneering books in the fields of colonial and transatlantic studies,2 the engagement with certain philosophers of science like Bruno Latour and Michel Serres by literary and cultural critics, and the relentless work of a select number of Golden Age scholars on the presence of scientific inquiry in Cervantes and his contemporaries.3 Even two emerging areas of interest – so-called animal studies and cognitive studies – have, in some aspects, offered useful tools to understand the fraught relationship of the early modern mind with its surroundings.4 As a result, a new generation of siglodeoristas – some of them gathered in this volume – has managed to explore original and exciting questions that would be difficult to conceptualize without the coalescence of the developments outlined above. The initial results, which reveal a more nuanced and permeable cultural and social scenario in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain, offer reasons for optimism, as new connections are established between the giants of the era and certain disciplines like mathematics, mechanics, and astronomy. Literary creation, in fact, proved to be more sensitive than we thought to some of the achievements of the Scientific Revolution, as I have indicated recently,5 and as María M. Portuondo argues in the closing essay of this volume. If the literary field worked as a testing ground for the reception of the new, it is also true that it did so with uneven results. Of all the
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genres that captured the epistemological challenges in the Spain of the Baroque, theatre was the one that most thoroughly covered its complex scenario and the paths that led to it. As many scholars have pointed out, there was not a contemporary phenomenon or a historical event that resisted being staged, as Lope de Vega, Tirso de Molina, Calderón de la Barca, and his peers proved time and again. Tragedies and comedies – and everything in between – enjoyed a short life in the playhouses because the demand was always high, and the wits of the time had to come up with new themes and formulas to satisfy the appetite of the vulgo. Theatre, in fact, was not only the most versatile and flexible medium, but also the most “scientific,” and the one that most clearly benefitted from the technical innovations of the era.6 This explains the rationale behind this book: Science on Stage in Early Modern Spain explores the relationship between technical innovations in stagecraft such as optics, sound effects, and mechanics, and theatrical events that incorporated scientific content into their dramatic plot lines. Featuring eleven essays by scholars in the fields of literary and cultural studies and the history of science, it focuses on the early modern period in Spain (roughly, between 1500 and 1700) through the birth and development of its playhouses and coliseums alongside the extraordinary success of its major writers. Because of the complexity of the period and the different phases that can be identified within it, and also due to the marked particularities of the playwrights and the spaces analysed, each contributor has focused on his or her field of expertise and on a very select number of texts. The questions they address are different but complementary, and seek to offer a detailed portrayal of the most relevant technical and scientific endeavours of the time. Their essays combine the theoretical and the historical, the representation of a scientific phenomenon in a particular text or author, but also the idea of performance and performativity in cultural artefacts that may not necessarily be labelled as “theatre,” as Seth Kimmel and Matthew G. Ancell explore in their essays.7 Understanding science in a very broad sense, the book thus tackles topics and areas as diverse as chemistry, optics, astronomy, geometry, mechanics, and mathematics, and remains sensitive to the different pace at which these disciplines evolved locally. The main body of essays is preceded by an introductory chapter by Ryan Szpiech that traces the different paths that led to the issues at stake and culminates with a coda by María M. Portuondo that reflects on the state of the discipline while proposing new debates and explorations. All chapters strive for a balance between critical analysis and popularized
Introduction: Great Theatres of the World
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introduction of factual knowledge, as they seek to spark the interest of experts and novices alike.
• A few words on the historical context may help us situate the issues at stake. As David Goodman (159) has written, the geographical position of the Iberian Peninsula explains why the history of Spain and Portugal has in some respects been so different from the rest of Europe. With the Muslim conquest of 711, Arabic cultural influences were more pronounced than anywhere else in Europe, and were still perceptible in the development of science in the early modern period – some of the centres of learning in al-Andalus, such as those in Córdoba, were at the forefront in Europe in fields like mathematics and geometry. Location also determined why Portugal and Spain were the first European countries to undertake those voyages of discovery that led to the acquisition of new knowledge, as their expeditions provided a solid foundation for the development of new technological achievements in subsequent decades. The economic significance of the Spanish treasure fleet and the exploitation of untapped sources from the New World opened new epistemological horizons in the maritime and metallurgical fields. The transition from feudalism to nascent forms of capitalism, along with the incorporation of Spanish territories into trade routes between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, allowed for a number of technological changes that manifested in different forms of innovation. In agriculture, practices such as livestock farming and food production, inventions like water wheels, and novel techniques of irrigation were introduced or perfected by the Muslim population. As Ricardo Padrón and others have demonstrated, seafaring technology inspired new cartographic and astronomical studies coming from commercial and financial institutions in Castile and Aragon. At the same time, a number of financial repercussions resulting from overseas expansion such as inflation, reduced incentives for productive investment, and social and ideological conservatism led to the growth of an academic discipline of economics in Spain. In some cases, trade practices were linked to the Jewish and converted Christian minorities, many of whom were at the forefront of literary innovation as well. During the sixteenth century, universities proliferated in the Iberian Peninsula (Esteban Piñeiro, “Las academias”; García Tapia). Víctor Navarro Brotons and William Eamon have written “one of the most important intellectual developments of late medieval scholasticism,
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such as nominalism, took root in Spain somewhat later than in northern Europe, and coexisted with the humanist movement without any major conflicts. Yet the supposed grip of scholasticism on Iberian science did not, by any means, preclude the study and teaching of the new cosmology” (32). Vestiges of the Black Legend have perpetuated the stereotype of sixteenth-century Spain as a fanatical enemy of progress and innovation, but it was the Inquisition in Rome, not Spain, that prosecuted Galileo, while as early as 1561 Copernicus was allowed to be taught ad vota audientium in Spain’s leading university, Salamanca.8 Some of the most important scientific developments were, indeed, sponsored by the monarchy, and took place in connection with imperial projects, including overseas territorial expansion, the consolidation of rule over newly occupied territories, and the strengthening of a vernacular language able to compete in academic prestige with, Latin, hitherto, the official language.9 Much of this activity took place in newly founded institutions such as the Casa de Contratación in Seville and the Academia de Matemáticas in Madrid.10 A noteworthy example of Spanish scientific ambitions at the time was in 1598, when Philip III launched an open competition for a method of determining longitude at sea.11 As I have written recently, Galileo Galilei himself made an attempt at the attractive prize, as emblematic of a greater concern over what was going on in Madrid’s scientific and artistic circles. It is well known, for instance, that he tried for many years to move there to collaborate with the leading playwrights by sharing his scientific background when it came to stage design and perspectival knowledge.12 He sent a sample of his telescope to Philip IV in the early 1620s with the goal of settling in Madrid and working freely, far from the pressures of Rome. Unfortunately, when it arrived the king received a shattered lens, perhaps reflecting the fate of this ambitious enterprise: shattered dreams for an innovator who paid dearly for his tenacity. But Spain had enjoyed a robust tradition of glassmakers for over a hundred years, and Galileo’s work, in particular his masterpiece The Sidereal Messenger (1610), was read and circulated not only through the teachings and (partial) translation by scientists at the Royal Academia de Matemáticas, but also through unofficial channels in which optics and astronomy mingled with astrology and the maligned practice of the pronóstico, or almanac. Without ever setting foot in Castile, Galileo became the epitome of the scientist-virtuoso in Spain, as the country witnessed a remarkable growth in the number of amateur stargazers as well as local savants who sometimes fashioned themselves as learned visionaries. Spanish satire took advantage of this folie du voir
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like no other genre of the time. Popularized in Spain through the work of the satirist Traiano Boccalini, the motif of the occhiali politici, or political lenses, became one of the most important narrative devices in early modern Spanish fiction. In these satires, mostly taking place in Madrid, the anteojos de larga vista (far-sighted eyeglasses) became a central element as the eye was given the ability to perceive the true reality beyond deceptive appearances. But this capacity revealed two parallel concerns: the adoption of spectacles as a mark of social distinction by a society suffering from the same moral blindness these texts denounced; and the increasing tensions between astronomy and religion, stemming from the use of lenses as star-gazing tools. Framing these anxieties in the contemporary polemics regarding the divulgation of Galileo’s Copernican theses, I illustrated in The Refracted Muse how a simple corrective instrument triggered a fierce debate situated at the very centre of Spain’s uneven modernity. In this fraught transition from a Ptolemaic to a Copernican view of the cosmos in early modern Spanish literature, literary testimonies on this particular problem tackled the issue in fascinating ways. The question, therefore, is not so much how fiction captured the workings of the telescope, but rather how these shifts between freedom and constraint facilitated the consolidation of an entire genre as well as the invention of new lexical tropes in which the major writers of the time, from Miguel de Cervantes to Baltasar Gracián, got involved. Astronomy was, in any case, just one of the many fields of inquiry in early modern Spain. Philip IV was fascinated with pharmacological alchemy, and it is believed that he experimented sub rosa. References to magic, to precious stones, and to the curative uses of new “substances” coming from abroad, such as tobacco and chocolate, abound in early modern Spanish literature, as the official and the clandestine competed for control of scientific discourse. Medicine, for its part, was not free of controversy: the Royal Protomedicato, for example, was pivotal in administering power to royally sanctioned surgeons, who frequently clashed with local physicians and midwives for control of the birthing room. The seventeenth century also witnessed an increasing fascination with anatomy, reflected in the recurring presence of severed and dissected bodies in genres like comedy and the short story – a perfect fit to the Baroque taste for the morbid and the bizarre. At the same time, events like the expulsion of the Jews in 1492, the expulsion of the moriscos (Christian converts from Islam and their descendants) in 1609, and the persecution of religious dissidents increased suspicion and self-censorship. This was a limitation, in any case, very different from
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the backwardness that has been traditionally – and unfairly – assigned to early modern Iberia. The thesis among historians that Spain experienced a decline of scientific activity in the seventeenth century because of general economic, social, and political decline has been challenged in recent years. The abundance and richness of scientific and technical inquiry belies a portrait that has now begun to be called into question. But one should not feel triumphalist either: as Goodman and others remind us, one should wonder if all of this seemingly pragmatically scientific and technical activity might have caused Iberia’s relative isolation from speculative thinking.
• Although Spain has long had an illustrious tradition of scholarship on its major authors and salient masterpieces, a vernacular line of work on the development of science in early modern Castile and Aragón – comprising its four main centres of Seville, Valencia, Madrid, and Barcelona – has only begun to develop with the advent of democracy in the late 1970s and the diminishing influence of the Church in civil society. Scholars working in institutions like the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Spanish National Research Council) have turned what used to be a bleak scenario of minor works into a rich and kaleidoscopic field that has completely changed our view of early modern science in Spain: from a society that was thought to be backward and isolated from its European neighbours to one that, starting with the collecting appetite of its own monarchs, was able to evade the yoke of the Inquisition while still importing foreign ideas, books, and scientific instruments. It has only been in the last twenty years or so that a clear picture of this activity has emerged, thanks to the sustained collaborative effort of scholars in Europe and North America, and with an increasing number of academic conferences that have ironically revealed the scarcity of useful printed materials on the discipline such as monographs, journals, and anthologies – a scarcity that this volume wants modestly to remedy. A different story has been that of Iberia’s cultural scene, which flourished in the early years of the sixteenth century in what is still considered its Golden Age. This was the time of poets such as Garcilaso de la Vega (1501–36) and Luis de Góngora (1561–1627), novelists such as Miguel de Cervantes (1547–1616) and Francisco de Quevedo (1580–1645), playwrights such as Lope de Vega (1562–1635) and Calderón de la Barca (1600–81), painters such as Diego Velázquez (1599–1666) and Bartolomé Murillo (1617–82), philosophers such as Luis Vives (1493–1540) and Baltasar Gracián (1601–58), theologians such as Luis de León (1527–91)
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and Teresa de Jesús (1515–82), economic historians such as Juan de Mariana (1536–1624), political theorists such as Pedro de Valencia (1555–1620), polymaths such as Juan de Espina (1563–1645) and Vincencio Juan de Lastanosa (1607–81), astronomers such as the Copernican Diego de Zúñiga (1536–97), and inventors such as the spectacle maker Joan Roget (1550–ca. 1617–24) and the engineer-mathematician Juanelo Turriano (1500–85), just to name a few. Some of them, as was the case of Lope de Vega, studied with the leading scientists of the time, and possessed a strong scientific background that manifested itself in many aspects of their work.13 It comes as no surprise that recent scholarship has revealed a twofold phenomenon visible in their fictional work: on the one hand, a great amount of information on current scientific achievements in Spain and its territories (Portugal was annexed to the Crown from 1580 to 1640); on the other hand, a surprising familiarity with pivotal advances in issues like stage design, hydraulics, sound, and perspective when staging a play. Poets like Lope de Vega and Calderón were, after all, “men of theatre,” writers who were fully involved in many technical aspects of the fiesta teatral when it came to staging their highly successful comedies and tragedies. In this regard, Science on Stage in Early Modern Spain comes at a time when a new generation of scholars has managed to spark a fruitful conversation that did not exist a decade ago, capturing three distinct phenomena: what has been recently called, in Stephen Gaukroger’s book The Emergence of a Scientific Culture, the “emergence of a scientific culture” in Spain; the rise of the playhouse as a technical achievement that allowed for the staging of “science plots”; and the presence of a generation of scholars with the theoretical tools and empirical evidence to speak about these issues. Science on Stage in Early Modern Spain is the first book published in any language to address these phenomena, doing so at a time when scholars coming from cultural studies and history of science are becoming more and more interested in the performance of knowledge, and specifically a knowledge shared through the most popular, versatile, and generous medium of the time. What I label here as “science plays” constitute the most important manifestation not only of how technical knowledge was embedded into the texts, but also of how theatre in itself could deploy scientific knowledge through the empirical use of new findings in optics, mechanics, acoustics, hydraulics, and other important discoveries.
• This book is divided into three main sections: “Technologies of Knowledge,” “Stages of Science,” and “Performing Numbers.” The first one,
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“Technologies of Knowledge,” is made up of three essays that explore the intellectual and physical conditions that facilitated the production of these “science plots.” It begins with Ryan Szpiech’s overview essay, “From Mesopotamia to Madrid: The Legacy of Ancient and Medieval Science in Early Modern Spain,” in which he traces how the growth of science in early modern Europe relied on a long precedent of scientific exploration in the ancient and medieval worlds. The scientific advances of ancient Greece, from Euclidian geometry to Ptolemaic astronomy to Aristotelian natural sciences, were preserved in the Byzantine world of the Eastern Mediterranean after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. This learning was then transmitted to the flourishing culture of medieval Baghdad, which blended ancient Greek wisdom and learning with knowledge received from Persian, Sanskrit, and ancient Mesopotamian cultures. Scholars in Baghdad amassed this syncretistic wealth in Arabic translations that were spread across the Islamic world, from India to Iberia. In his essay, Szpiech shows how a number of these texts came to be translated into Latin and Castilian in Castile in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries as Christian armies conquered the lands of Islamic al-Andalus, appropriating the riches of medieval Islamic learning for Christian culture. Many advances of early modern European science – from the Copernican heliocentric model to Newton’s optical theories – built in some way on this history of transmission from antiquity via Baghdad and Toledo. At the same time, as early modern theatre came to engage directly – both technically and thematically – with the burgeoning scientific culture of the day, this history of transmission was often distorted or partly obscured. In surveying the outlines of this transmission history, this chapter establishes the background of scientific knowledge that came to play a pronounced role in early modern Spanish cultural expression while calling into question the terms in which the history of modern science is written. It highlights the particular elements of the medieval transmission of scientific knowledge in the Iberian Peninsula – the translation movement of twelfth-century Toledo and the ambitious projects of thirteenth-century king Alfonso X, “the Learned” – that came to resonate forcefully in early modern theatre, from optics to anatomy to alchemy and beyond. As commercial theatre in Spain grew from the 1560s onwards as a business and a cultural enterprise, so too, argues Alejandro GarcíaReidy, did the technology available to professional actors and actresses with the creation of new theatres, stage machinery, and props. GarcíaReidy’s essay, “The Technological Environment of the Early Modern
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Spanish Stage,” focuses on the intersection of early modern science, technology, and performance that helped shape Spanish theatre as a space of innovation and allowed playwrights to explore new modes of representation. García-Reidy pays particular attention to the scientific and technological developments (in architecture, carpentry, geometry, etc.) behind and within the main spaces of performance. He focuses on the public playhouse, but also on the rooms of the royal palaces, on the Coliseo del Buen Retiro, and on the carts used for sacramental plays. He shows how the physical properties and technical capacities of these stages determined the different ways in which early modern Spanish playwrights and performers could think and embody their texts, and how audiences came in contact with theatrical technology. Early modern Spanish theatre was performed not in the round but on a grid. Its rigidly structured verticality – prominent in every reconstruction of Madrid’s commercial theatres – made it a drama of the y-axis. This orientation was emphasized by the popular taste for hagiographic dramas that traced narratives of heavenward ascent. The stage, however, was not alone in its gridded fascinations. Nearly all of the significant achievements of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries in Spain – from the grate-shaped Escorial, to Madrid’s Plaza Mayor, to most of the significant retables – were laid out as a series of rectangles. During the seventeenth century, especially, Spain engaged in a striking variety of projects to rationalize personal and public space, ranging from fencing to gardening and fortification. Early modern Spanish drama organized the affinities among these projects by demonstrating that their geometric designs were conceptually related. In his essay “Gridded Fascinations: Early Modern Drama’s Geometric Synthesis,” John Slater argues that this consolidation of differing forms of applied geometry was a new theorization of what unity of space might mean. The second part of the book, “Stages of Science,” comprises three essays. In “Curing the Malady of Lovesickness: Medicine and Physicians in Early Spanish Theatre,” Julio Vélez-Sainz argues that the discourses of lovesickness in the later Middle Ages (represented primarily by Bernard of Gordon’s Lily of Medicine) and in the early modern period in works such as Juan Huarte de San Juan’s Examen de ingenios intermingle with that of medical practice. He analyses a representative number of plays by Juan del Encina, Lucas Fernández, and Bartolomé de Torres Naharro to show the variety of uses of medical knowledge on the stage and the dialogues between the discourses of science and the arts in the Renaissance. Juan del Encina’s Égloga de Plácida y Victoriano explores the
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suffering of the lovers through the binomial cobdicia (greed) and cupiditia (inordinate passion), thus interrelating semantically the spheres of capital earning and love. The cures for this malady stem from later medieval medical knowledge as understood at court. Lucas Fernández’s Farsa o cuasicomedia de la doncella, el pastor y el soldado examines a wide range of responses to the disease of love that make the characters feel enslaved. The soldier character, the first of its kind in the Spanish tradition, deploys a number of courtly techniques to remedy both maiden and shepherd. Finally, Bartolomé de Torres Naharro’s Comedia Aquilana presents a triad of physicians on stage (Galieno, Polidario, Esculapio), all reminiscent of actual historical figures, to cure Aquilano’s suffering. Each of them embodies a style of medicine that is presented as a means to prevent the development of disease in the protagonist. Through a careful examination of these texts, Vélez-Sainz’s essay measures the sophisticated ways in which the Renaissance practitioners of theatre constructed modes of curing lovesickness stemming from the classical and medieval scientific and artistic traditions. If melancholy was frequently deemed a form of intoxication, early modern times coincided with an epoch marked by an increase in the amount of information available to the public about toxicological matters. Toxicology is a fairly modern scientific field, and yet knowledge of toxic substances and how to use them dates back to antiquity. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, discussions about poison(ing) permeated not only medical-botanical treatises, books on poisons, and journalistic letters, but also other discourses, including political, historical, legal, and theological, meant for different audiences and with disparate purposes. This surge of poison reveals that there was more at play than a mere pull to categorize toxic substances or to spread sensational news. Poison is present in scientific books dealing with nature, where the wordless bodies of herbs, minerals, and animals “speak” their toxicity; in books of secrets, where arcane recipes are publicized; and in herbal dispensaries and apothecary shops, as well as in streets and households. Not surprisingly, it permeates literature, whether as a metaphor for anything psychosomatically harmful or as an all too real murderous weapon. In addition, poison could serve to remind readers of the frequency of harmful elements in the natural world, to underscore the unbridled human capacity to sin, to warn of the earthly and eternal punishments awaiting those who knowingly forsake proper civil and Christian behaviour, or even to instil ideas about groups considered harmful to Spain or to the res publica. Early modern medical writings
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such as doctor Andrés Laguna’s Pedacio Dioscorides Anazarbeo, Acerca de la materia medicinal y de los venenos mortíferos (1555), a translation of Dioscorides’s De materia medica garnished with Laguna’s own observations, illustrations, comments, anecdotes, and detailed descriptions of different poisons and antidotes, made readily available to laymen information previously reserved to medical practitioners. It is known, for instance, that Miguel de Cervantes owned a copy of Laguna’s Dioscorides and, according to many scholars, he made good use of it to describe the varied concoctions used by his characters with manifold intentions, including the tósigo (poison) ingested by Isabel in his exemplary novel La española inglesa. Annals such as Jerónimo de Barrionuevo’s Avisos, which gather miscellaneous news about Madrid, report only a trifling eleven cases of poisoning between the years 1654 and 1658, and yet the theme of criminal poisoning and, in general, of the use of intoxicating substances, proliferated in Spanish comedia. Thus, theatre-goers could experience vicariously the power of poisonous preparations in plays such as Canon Tárrega’s La Duquesa constante and La enemiga favorable, Salustrio del Poyo’s La próspera fortuna de Ruy López de Ávalos, and many others. Given that poison was long associated with the sphere of magic, astrology, and divination, poisoners could be connected to astrologers, medical professionals, and women healers oftentimes described as witches. As Lourdes Albuixech argues in “Poison(ing) and Spanish Comedia,” the roles played by toxicatio, and how rudimentary forensics are articulated in early modern Spanish dramatic discourse, have not yet received much critical attention. Her study intends to fill this void. The relation of science and technology to political agency resulted in the development of areas like metallurgy, artillery, and fortifications. Spain’s campaigns against Breda and other Dutch cities raised questions about the technology of artillery and siegeworks and the impact of attrition on civilian populations in besieged cities. The fortification of cities and the means of assaulting such defensive works demanded technologies and techniques often deemed at odds with the traditional ethos of martial heroism. Sieges were also subject to longstanding ethical questions about extending the tactics of war to non-combatants. Stephen Rupp tackles these issues in his essay “The Soul under Siege: Strategy and Neostoicism in Calderón de la Barca’s El sitio de Bredá.” In this 1632 play, Calderón celebrates the taking by Hapsburg forces of the Protestant city of Breda in the Lowlands, a victory secured through siege tactics of bombardment and blockade. In the context of early modern attitudes towards the uses of armed force, argues Rupp, siege
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warfare presents challenges as a heroic subject. Calderón’s response to these questions centres on the figure of Ambrogio Spinola, commander of the Spanish forces in Flanders and of the assault on Breda. Spinola is presented as exercising command through two sets of skills: technical expertise in the placement and vulnerability of fortifications and mental discipline in the face of the unpredictable dangers and contingencies of warfare. Each of these aspects of Spinola is developed over the course of the play. Through his generalship, Spinola shows a detailed knowledge of the technology and tactics of early modern warfare. He discusses the deployment of fireships to blockade the river Mark with a military engineer, and offers a long description of the defensive works that surround the city of Breda, in a passage that recalls the tradition in Renaissance visual art of engravings of notable battles and sieges. Spinola also displays qualities of fortitude and equanimity that are central to his victory. He attends to despatches and logistical matters when his position is under attack, and his detachment allows him to accept the strategic logic that justifies taking an enemy city by starving its citizens. Spinola’s praise of his Spanish troops recasts the terms in which heroism is defined, stressing restraint and fortitude as the highest of military virtues. Calderón presents knowledge of fortification and Neostoic equanimity as complementary technologies of command. Spinola’s ingenio embraces both the skills of military engineering and control of the self under conditions of siege. The third section of the book is titled “Performing Numbers.” In “Figures of Arithmetic: Numeracy, Calculation, and Accounting in the Comedia,” Elvira Vilches identifies points of contact between religious theatre such as Calderón de la Barca’s La nave del mercader, el mayor mercado del mundo, and the practical knowledge that the arts of commerce exemplify as the precursor of natural knowledge and the rise of science. Vilches suggests that the ubiquitous presence of numeracy, arithmetic, and bookkeeping practices across literary and cultural fields follow the popularity of technical commercial textbooks. She then argues that religious plays illustrate complementary habits of thought associated with mercantile culture. In this genre, profit, loss, debt, reckoning, and accounting assess secular and devotional matters. Plays integrate these terms in the confrontation between passions and interests, while appropriating the technologies of trade to articulate the rationality of penance, redemption, and grace. The performance of ordinary practices – from calculating profit and loss, banking, and managing debt to recording transactions in books of account – transforms the familiar into the
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spiritual. The active interchange and the skills needed to grapple with an expanding monetary economy indicate the cognitive spryness and quantitative sophistication that early modern Spaniards had to develop to sell, purchase, invest, lend, and borrow. While pure or abstract mathematics remained the realm of the elites, these genres show that the use of numbers required inventiveness, cunning, and quick problem solving to pursue wealth and attain salvation. Self-propelled machines known as automatons have a distinguished history stretching from the hydraulic contraptions adorning temples in the ancient world to the bronze talking head owned by the medieval scholastic Roger Bacon, but it was the late sixteenth century’s printed encyclopedias or “theatres” of machines that first consolidated this mechanical tradition as a portable tool for stage and chapel designers, preachers, poets, and philosophers alike. In his essay “Automatons and the Early Modern Drama of Skepticism,” Seth Kimmel writes that this early modern story of automatons reveals baroque artifice as more than a sign of political cynicism or theological skepticism. As Cervantes, Descartes, Hobbes, and others both within and beyond the Iberian Peninsula employed the science of deception to allegorical as well as mechanical ends, they dramatized rather than obscured their new narrative technologies of belief and argumentation. It is difficult to imagine early modern Spanish theatre without the influence of the visual arts, especially considering the numerous connections between playwrights like Calderón de la Barca and painters like Diego Velázquez, born just months apart. In “Daedalean Epistemology: Staging the Labyrinth of Knowledge in Velázquez’s Las Hilanderas and Calderón de la Barca’s Los tres mayores prodigios,” Matthew G. Ancell argues that embedded within Las Hilanderas are several layers of representation that collapse any certainty about where each one begins and ends. Framing one plane of a represented reality within another, the painting produces a labyrinth of both optical configurations and mythological narratives. At the deepest level perspectivally lies the Ovidian myth of the Rape of Europa, which, in following the narrative thread, leads us into the myth of the minotaur and the labyrinth. Ancell examines how the drama of imitation in the fable of Arachne represented in the painting takes us to even deeper questions about the possibilities of knowledge, as implied by the figure of the labyrinth and the minotaur. This phenomenon shares some of the technical questions that concerned Calderón de la Barca in Los tres mayores prodigios (1636): just as the tradition of trompe l’oeil enacts the problem
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of mimesis, the optical puzzle in Velázquez’s work stages – quite literally, as the scene is of a drama and proscenium stage – the problem of perspectiva naturalis or natural vision and therefore puts into doubt empirical knowledge. Over the last decade or so historians have brought new approaches to the study of science and medicine in early modern Spain. As María M. Portuondo argues in the closing chapter of the book, “Looking Behind the Curtain: Clues of Early Modern Spanish Science,” the field has been revisiting old questions and posing new ones with the aim of situating “whatever was happening in Spain and its world” within the larger narrative of the history of science. At the same time, the notion of a unitary grand narrative in science has been questioned by perspectives brought into the field from cultural and social history, as well as methodologies borrowed from the social sciences. This invigorated field of study has broken away from its traditional roots in intellectual history and now employs a remarkable flexibility and creativity in studying “science” in all registers of the human experience. After recapitulating the recent developments in the field written for an audience of nonspecialists in the history of science, this chapter then reflects on what cultural studies, particularly literary ones, can contribute to the field. Portuondo’s piece concludes with some reflections of how the essays in this volume illustrate the potential of exploring the nexus of cultural studies and the history of science in early modern Spain.
• Science on Stage in Early Modern Spain seeks to engage with scholars working in the domains of literary history and cultural studies, performance studies, women’s studies, and urban studies. It touches on topics like censorship, the Spanish Inquisition, the Black Legend, and the influence of Eastern traditions in Spain, not to mention that of the scientific revolution. Because of the circulation of ideas inherent in any form of scientific breakthrough, some essays will also be of pivotal interest to those working on the diplomatic and intellectual relations between Italy and Spain. Since most of the best collaborative work on optics and sound in the Spanish coliseums under the reign of Philip IV (1621–65) resulted from the arrival in Madrid of figures like Cosimo Lotti and Baccio del Bianco, I expect some of the chapters of this volume to be very useful to college professors as well, especially when addressing the transition from open-air corrales to coliseums. Finally, Ryan Szpiech
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and María M. Portuondo’s chapters on the history and current state of the discipline will, I hope, inspire colleagues in all these fields to engage more fully with issues that remain under-studied, like the presence of mathematics in the cultural manifestations of the era.14 In its general scope, as well as in the particulars of its different case studies, Science on Stage in Early Modern Spain aims to be a useful tool for English-speaking undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, and scholars. This book examines the complexities of the Baroque cosmos as it was represented onstage, laying bare some of its inner mechanisms. Moving Calderón’s “great theatre of the world” from the theological to the scientific, we see that these theatres of the empirical world are productions of a different kind, but that they are nevertheless performances in which the role of illusion still reigns supreme. I would like to thank the superb editorial team at the University of Toronto Press, especially Suzanne Rancourt, whose support throughout the process has been invaluable. I am also grateful to the anonymous readers for their thoughtful comments and suggestions.
NOTES 1 For a general approach, see López Piñero’s pioneering studies. More recently, see Pimentel, “La monarquía hispánica”; Marcaida López; Navarro Brotons, “La ciencia.” 2 See, for example, Cañizares Esguerra; Safier; Portuondo. 3 See De Armas’s long list of studies on the engagement of early modern Spanish fiction with alchemy, astrology, astronomy, and collecting. On Quevedo’s scientific lexicon, see Tato Puigcerver’s essays; on Quevedo and astrology, see Martinengo. 4 See, for example, the recent books by Simerka and Beusterien. 5 See García Santo-Tomás, The Refracted Muse 1–26; “Fortunes.” For an early discussion on the subject, see Heiple. 6 See, for example, Ruano de la Haza’s classic study. 7 On the performance of scientific knowledge in its different forms, see, for example, Bouza; Eamon; Pimentel and Marcaida; García Santo-Tomás, “Visiting.” 8 On Copernicus in Spain, see Bustos; Fernández Álvarez; Navarro Brotons, “The Reception.” 9 See Navarro Brotons, “La astronomía”; Pimentel, “La monarquía.” 10 Esteban Piñeiro, “La Casa”; González; Navarro Brotons, “El Colegio.”
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11 On this famous episode, see Floristán Imízcoz; Kimmel. 12 On the Iberian reception of Galileo’s major works, see Cardenal Iracheta; López Piñero, “Galileo”; Navarro Brotons, “Galileo y España.” 13 See, for example, Halstead’s studies on Tirso de Molina and Lope de Vega; also on Lope de Vega, see Sánchez Jiménez; Morby; García Santo-Tomás, “Saavedra Fajardo”; and Gasta on Cervantes. González Echevarría has recently defined Calderón de la Barca as a full-fledged Copernican. 14 In this regard, see Schmelzer’s recent study.
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– “La Casa de la Contratación y la Academia Real Matemática.” Luis García Ballester, coord. Historia de la ciencia y de la técnica en la Corona de Castilla. Valladolid: Junta de Castilla y León, 2002, vol. 3. 35–52. Fernández Álvarez, Manuel. Copérnico y su huella en la Salamanca del Barroco. Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca, 1974. Floristán Imízcoz, José Manuel. “Informe de Juan Bautista Labaña, cosmógrafo real, sobre el sistema de cálculo de la longitud de Galileo Galilei.” Lógos hellenikós: homenaje al profesor Gaspar Morocho Gayo. JesúsMaría Nieto Ibáñez, coord. León: Universidad de León, Secretariado de Publicaciones y Medios Audiovisuales, 2003, vol. I. 817–36. García Santo-Tomás, Enrique. The Refracted Muse: Literature and Optics in Early Modern Spain. Trans. Vincent Barletta. Chicago: The U of Chicago P, 2017. – “Visiting the Virtuoso in Early Modern Spain: The Case of Juan de Espina.” Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies 13. 2 (2012): 129–47. – “Saavedra Fajardo en la encrucijada de la ciencia.” Crítica Hispánica 32. 2 (2010): 83–102. – “Fortunes of the Occhiali Politici in Early Modern Spain: Optics, Vision, Points of View.” PMLA 124. 1 (2009): 59–75. García Tapia, Nicolás. Ingeniería y arquitectura en el Renacimiento español. Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid. Secretariado de Publicaciones e Intercambio Editorial, 1990. – Técnica y poder en Castilla durante los siglos XVI y XVII. Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca, 1989. Gasta, Chad M. “Cervantes’s Theory of Relativity in Don Quixote.” Cervantes 31. 1 (2011): 51–82. Gaukroger, Stephen. The Emergence of a Scientific Culture: Science and the Shaping of Modernity, 1210–1685. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. González, Francisco J. Astronomía y navegación en España, siglos XVI y XVII. Madrid: Mapfre, 1992. González Echevarría, Roberto. “Infinito e improvisación en La vida es sueño.” Bulletin of the Comediantes 66. 2 (2014): 141–60. Goodman, David. “The Scientific Revolution in Spain and Portugal.” The Scientific Revolution in National Context. Ed. Roy Porter and Mikuláš Teich. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1992. 158–76. Halstead, Frank “The Optics of Love: Notes on a Concept of Atomistic Philosophy in the Theatre of Tirso de Molina.” PMLA 58 (1943): 108–21. – “The Attitude of Tirso de Molina Towards Astrology.” Hispanic Review 9. 4 (1941): 417–39. – “The Attitude of Lope de Vega toward Astrology and Astronomy.” Hispanic Review 7.3 (1939): 205–19.
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Heiple, Daniel. Mechanical Imagery in Golden Age Poetry. Madrid: José Porrúa Turranzas, 1983. Kimmel, Seth. “Interpreting Accuracy: The Fiction of Longitude in Early Modern Spain.” Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 40. 2 (2010): 299–323. López Piñero, José María. Historia de la ciencia y de la técnica en la Corona de Castilla. III. Siglos XVI y XVII. José María López Piñero, dir. Salamanca: Junta de Castilla y León. Consejería de Educación y Cultura, 2002. – Ciencia y técnica en la sociedad española de los siglos XVI y XVII. Barcelona: Labor Universitaria, 1979. – “Galileo en la España del siglo XVII.” Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Historia de la Medicina 5 (1965): 51–8. Marcaida López, José Ramón. Arte y ciencia en el Barroco español. Historia natural, coleccionismo y cultura visual. Madrid: Marcial Pons Historia, 2014. Martinengo, Alessandro. La astrología en la obra de Quevedo: una clave de lectura. Pamplona: Universidad de Navarra, 1992. Morby, Edwin S. “Two Notes on La Arcadia.” Hispanic Review 36. 2 (1968): 110–23. – “Franz Titelmans in Lope’s Arcadia.” MLN 82. 2 (1967): 185–97. Navarro Brotons, Víctor. “La Astronomía.” Luis García Ballester, coord. Historia de la ciencia y de la técnica en la Corona de Castilla. Valladolid: Junta de Castilla y León, 2002, vol. 3. 259–318. – “El Colegio Imperial de Madrid.” Luis García Ballester, coord. Historia de la ciencia y de la técnica en la Corona de Castilla. Valladolid: Junta de Castilla y León, 2002, vol. 3. 53–72. – “Galileo y España.” Ed. José Montesinos and Carlos Solís. Largo campo di filosofare. Santa Cruz de Tenerife: Fundación Canaria Orotava de Historia de la Ciencia, 2001. 809–30. – “La ciencia en la España del siglo XVII: el cultivo de las disciplinas físicomatemáticas.” Arbor CLIII. 604–05 (1996): 197–252. – “The Reception of Copernicus’s Work in Sixteenth-Century Spain: The Case of Diego de Zúñiga.” Isis 86 (1995): 52–78. – and William Eamon, “Spain and the Scientific Revolution: Historiographical Questions and Conjectures.” Ed. Víctor Navarro Brotons and William Eamon. Más allá de la leyenda negra: España y la Revolución científica / Beyond the Black Legend: Spain and the Scientific Revolution. Valencia: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas / Instituto de Historia de la Ciencia y Documentación, 2007. 27–38. Pardo-Tomás, José. Un lugar para la ciencia. Escenarios de práctica científica en la sociedad hispana del siglo XVI. Tenerife: Fundación Canaria Orotava de Historia de la Ciencia, 2006.
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– Ciencia y censura. La Inquisición española y los libros científicos en los siglos XVI y XVII. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1991. Pimentel, Juan. “La monarquía hispánica y la ciencia donde no se ponía el sol.” Ed. Antonio Lafuente and Javier Moscoso. Madrid, ciencia y Corte. Madrid: Comunidad de Madrid, 1999. 41–62. Pimental, Juan, and José Ramón Marcaida. “Dead Natures or Still Lifes?: Science, Art, and Collecting in the Spanish Baroque.” Collecting Across Cultures: Material Exchanges in the Early Modern Atlantic World. Ed. Daniela Bleichmar and Peter C. Mancall. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011. 99–120. Portuondo, María M. Secret Science: Spanish Cosmography and the New World. Chicago: The U of Chicago P, 2009. Ruano de la Haza, José. La puesta en escena en los teatros comerciales del Siglo de Oro. Madrid: Castalia, 2000. Safier, Neil. Measuring the New World: Enlightenment Science and South America. Chicago: The U of Chicago P, 2008. Sánchez Jiménez, Antonio. “Algunos chistes astrológicos de Lope de Vega.” Criticón 122 (2014): 41–52. Schmelzer, Felix K.E. La retórica del saber: el prólogo de los tratados matemáticos en lengua Española (1515–1600). New York: IDEA, 2016. Simerka, Barbara. Knowing Subjects: Cognitive Cultural Studies and Early Modern Spanish Literature. West Lafayette: Purdue UP, 2013. Tato Puigcerver, José Julio. “El léxico científico de Quevedo (IV).” La Perinola: Revista de Investigación Quevediana 14 (2009): 375–80. – “El léxico científico de Quevedo (III).” La Perinola: Revista de Investigación Quevediana 8 (2004): 545–58. – “El léxico científico de Quevedo (II).” La Perinola: Revista de Investigación Quevediana 7 (2003): 447–58. – “El léxico científico de Quevedo (I).” La Perinola: Revista de Investigación Quevediana 6 (2002): 371–86. – “Una nota sobre Quevedo, Copérnico y Galileo.” Espéculo: Revista de Estudios Literarios 16 (2000–1), online.
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1 From Mesopotamia to Madrid: The Legacy of Ancient and Medieval Science in Early Modern Spain1 ryan szpiech University of Michigan
Introduction: From Abentumet to Albumasar Lope de Vega’s La desdichada Estefanía (Unfortunate Stephanie, 1604) dramatizes the legend of Estefanía Alonso “la desdichada” (d. 1180), the illegitimate daughter of Alfonso VII of León who was killed by her husband Castro for what he thought was infidelity. The misunderstanding comes about when Estefanía’s slave Isabel, a “cautiva de la frontera” (captive from the frontier, i.e., of Muslim background) (l. 593; Kennedy, Lope 112), disguises herself as her mistress and receives Castro’s rival Fortunio (Fortune), who sleeps with her believing she is Estefanía. Castro, hearing rumours of betrayal, pursues the disguised Isabel, who takes refuge by hiding under Estefanía’s bed, where her mistress is asleep with Castro’s baby. Castro bursts into the bedroom and, in a fit of blind rage, kills his wife before she ever learns of the rumours of her infamy, after which Isabel emerges and confesses her deception. This complex plot involves disguise, mistaken identity, and “passing” – numerous scenes depict Christians disguised as Muslims and vice versa – and dramatizes a palpable anxiety, expressed in terms of seduction and sexual honour, over the easy confusion of the foreign with the domestic, Muslim with Christian. Significantly, the main story of false identities and misplaced jealousies takes place against the backdrop of the imminent Almohad invasion of the peninsula (1147), with part of the plot unfolding in Morocco, where Castro and Fortunio meet for a duel. In a scene just after Isabel speaks of her captive origins and confesses her secret love for Fortunio, an astrologer named “Albumasar” secretly predicts the future conquest of the Almoravids in al-Andalus by the lowly “Abdelmón,” a figure representing ʿAbd
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al-Muʾmin al-Kūmī (d. 1163), the first caliph to succeed the Almohad founder, Ibn Tumart. Albumasar introduces himself by referring to his fame as a well-known astrologer in both North Africa and Iberia: ¿Sabes que astrólogo soy, no sólo en Fez y Marruecos conozido, donde estoy; mas que a España, con los ecos de mi fama, nombre doy? Did you know that I am an astrologer, not only well known here in Fez and Morocco, but also giving fame to Spain with the echoes of my name?
Abdelmón replies: Sé que si alguno ha nac̦ ido Que sepa esa inc̦ ierta c̦ ienc̦ ia, Tú solo en el mundo has sido, Porque la antigua esperiencia Has puesto en eterno oluido. Sé que de esferas, planetas, Cielos y otros movimientos, Sabes las causas secretas, Y que nuestros nacimientos Por su ascendiente interpretas.
(ll. 690–704; Kennedy, Lope 116–17)
I know that if anyone has been born who knows that uncertain science, you alone in the world are he, because you have cast ancient knowledge into oblivion. I know that you know the secret causes of the spheres, planets, heavens, and other movements, and that you interpret our births by their ascendant.
In studying this episode, Frederick de Armas points out that Lope followed an earlier version of this story told by thirteenth-century King Alfonso X in his History of Spain (Estoria de España) (De Armas, “El rey” 123), in which Albumasar’s name is Abentumet. “Se leuanto en los alaraues un moro que dizien Abentumet, et era un sabio en la astronomia, que es el saber de las estrellas, et era muy sabio en las naturas otrossi” (There arose among the Arabs a moor called Abentumet, who was an expert in astronomy, the knowledge of the stars, and who
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was an expert in natural sciences also) (Alfonso, Primera 2:658). Alfonso himself indicates, moreover, that his own source was “el arçobispo don Rodrigo que lo dize en la su estoria” (the Archbishop Rodrigo, who tells it in his history), i.e., the history of Spain On the Things of Spain (De rebus hispaniae) by thirteenth-century archbishop of Toledo Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada (d. 1247), who told this story in almost identical terms in Latin, describing the Muslim astronomer as “homo in astronomia et naturalibus ualde doctus” (a man very learned in astronomy and natural [sciences]) (De rebus, 7.10, 231).2 It is not a surprise to find Lope’s source in Alfonso’s Estoria, not only because of the Estoria’s wide distribution in manuscript and print and in the revised version of Florián Ocampo (Los cinco primeros libros de la coronica general, 1553), but also because it served as a source used by Lope’s acquaintance, Jesuit Juan de Mariana, who also tells a nearly identical story in his own Historiae de rebus hispaniae (1592) (507). The value of tracing this history goes beyond that of simply identifying Lope’s sources; it intimates a larger story of the reception – in turns enthusiastic and agonistic – of ancient and medieval science in early modern Iberia. While the name Abentumet is a calque of Ibn Tumart, Albumasar, as De Armas notes, is the Latinate name of Abū Maʿshar al-Balkhī (d. 886 CE), a scholar from Balkh in Khorasan (present-day northern Iran and Afghanistan). He became one of the most renowned astronomers in the Abbasid court of Baghdad in the ninth century, its moment of greatest splendour. Just as the Moorish captive Isabel found her way into the arms of Fortunio by taking on the guise of her Christian mistress Estefanía, so Arabic texts like Abū Maʿshar’s found their way into Christian hands by taking on new guises through translation into Latin and Romance. The fact that writers from Jiménez de Rada to Lope depict this astrologer figure (Abentumet/Albumasar) as “learned” (doctus/sabio) underscores the reputation that Muslim intellectuals had throughout the Middle Ages and well into the seventeenth century as paragons of astronomical and scientific learning. Although Albumasar’s appearance as a character in twelfth-century Morocco is anachronistic, the fact that he is cast as an internationally renowned expert (“no sólo en Fez y Marruecos conozido … mas que a España, con los ecos de mi fama, nombre doy”) attests to his enduring relevance as a symbol of scientific investigation even nine centuries after his death and thousands of kilometers from his home. Albumasar actually appeared in at least two other plays by Lope de Vega (“El primer rey de Castilla” and, granting his authorship, “La difunta pleiteada”) as well as in numerous
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other contemporary plays, including the 1615 English work “Albumazar” by Thomas Tomkis (Halsted, “The Attitude” 217). “Albumasar” appears with regularity in the abundant astrological publications of the sixteenth century, more than any authors other than Ptolemy and Aristotle, and his name even came to be listed in the Inquisition’s list of forbidden books and authors (Lanuza-Navarro, “La astrología” 307–8). The enduring popularity of the figure of Abū al-Maʿshar, from the work of Jiménez de Rada and Alfonso in the thirteenth century to Mariana in the sixteenth and Lope and others in the seventeenth is a testament to the Arabic role in the growth of scientific knowledge in Iberia. As Albumasar tells Abdelmón, “Rey de África serás, / A España con gente irás” (You will be king of Africa; you will go to Spain with men) (ll. 745–6; Kennedy, Lope 118). Yet the logic of literary flourishes such as Lope’s transformation of Ibn Tumart into Abū al-Maʿshar evokes an even longer historical chain of transmission and influence, one that stretches back even before Abū al-Maʿshar to the Greek, Egyptian, and Babylonian traditions on which his science was based. Using Lope’s scene as a starting point, this chapter will limn the approximate contours of that chain by giving a broad overview of the history of science and technology from its beginnings alongside the birth of writing in ancient Mesopotamia to its growth in the ancient Mediterranean, and from there to its flourishing in the medieval Islamicate world and its transmission into the world of Latin Christendom through the translations and institutions of medieval Iberia. This brief (and necessarily schematic) overview will emphasize the point – not an original one but one that is often forgotten or overlooked, and thus deserving of repetition – that the growth of science in early modern Europe relied on a long precedent of scientific exploration in the ancient and medieval worlds, a reliance in which Spain played a preponderant role. The dynamic dramatization of science and technology on Spain’s Golden Age stage is a logical culmination of the unique history of engagement with ancient science in medieval Iberia. Science in Sumer? Tracing the history of scientific thought requires an initial decision about what “science” (> Lat. scientia, “knowledge”) is and how it may be distinguished from other forms of knowledge of and engagement with the world. I will define science as the abstract notion of a communal attempt to organize and theoretically systematize knowledge of
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the physical world, involving a shared methodology or technique, an advance in technological knowledge and use, and some kind of testing that includes the control of variables and the repetition of results. On this broad basis, one might note that all of these factors accompanied the birth of agriculture, and it might therefore conceivably be proposed that some form of proto-scientific thinking – a first step towards thinking systematically about the physical world of cause and effect – roughly corresponded to the Neolithic Revolution that marked the transition from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to a settled society in the hilly flanks of the Fertile Crescent, approximately 10,000 to 12,000 years ago. From this perspective, one might also say that the earliest foundations of scientific inquiry – although obviously far different from modern ideas of science – preceded written language itself, which is first attested in the pictographic and cuneiform tablets of the second half of the fourth millennium BCE in Sumer (Mesopotamia) and shortly after in Egyptian hieroglyphics. Later parallel (and independent) developments in China, India, and Mesoamerica might also qualify as evidence of this early mode of thought that necessarily accompanied human settlement. To be sure, not all would agree that such developments qualify as steps towards scientia, and many in the history of science impugn the attempt to characterize certain knowledge as “science” – even in a loose way – before the concept in its modern usage came into being in the eighteenth century. Historian David Wootan, for example, asserts categorically that “Modern science was invented between 1572, when Tycho Brahe saw a nova, or new star, and 1704, when Newton published his Opticks” (Invention, 1). Although he concedes that “there were systems of knowledge we call ‘sciences’ before 1572,” he follows Karl Popper’s model in defining true scientific knowledge as that which, even if correct, is always potentially “falsifiable” and never fully verifiable (Popper, Logic 20). Science must be, by definition, anti-metaphysical – empirical and logical and not mythical or dogmatic. From this perspective, any use of the term “science” to characterize empirical knowledge before the Enlightenment is illegitimate because such knowledge, it is reasoned, was not sought purely for itself but instead served another purpose (such as predicting the future, understanding the gods, etc.). For Wootan, moreover, “true science” must be “prepared to question every long-established certainty … in light of new evidence” (Invention 1–2). Yet as Thomas Kuhn poignantly argued over fifty years ago, “in science … novelty emerges only with difficulty, manifested by resistance, against a background provided by expectation … Normal science
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(is) a pursuit not directed to novelties and tending at first to suppress them” (The Structure 64). While the assumptions of pre-modern learning about the physical world were the result of a world view fundamentally at odds with our own – astronomy necessarily went hand in hand with astrology, chemistry with alchemy, mechanics with magic – that incommensurability does not in itself disqualify such learning as unscientific, even though it does not meet modern standards. As Kuhn notes, science can only function by rejecting all that falls outside of its operational paradigm (103), including earlier knowledge now disproved or rejected, yet that rejection does not in itself constitute a defining proof of what science actually is. Scientists rely on the contextual and partly arbitrary bias of their operational paradigm in order to function, and thus science must advance through the revolutions that accompany “paradigm shifts” and not simply grow with the incremental accretion of knowledge. Yet to summarize the history of science as a narrative of birth, growth, and transmission – whether one begins in the year 10,000 BCE or 1572 CE – is necessarily to construct an artificial teleology, what Herbert Butterfield calls a “Whig interpretation of history,” which he defines as “a scheme of general history which is bound to converge beautifully upon the present” (The Whig 11). Such a diachronic history of science – whether told as accretion or revolution – is factitious and flawed by design, for the many communities that have contributed to scientific knowledge in the past do not pertain to any single tradition and do not present a single chain of causation and accumulation of knowledge. As Bruno Latour insists, we must distinguish between individual sciences and the notion of “science” itself, which he defines as “the politicization of the sciences through epistemology” (Politics 10). Nevertheless, despite its flaws and its implicit Eurocentrism, such a history of “science” writ large, understood as an artificial composite of individual sciences all relying on a common epistemology and metaphysic, can, with caveats, also be heuristically useful as an approach towards a richer and more nuanced contextualization of early modern learning. Taking such perspectives into account, it is clear that any treatment of the history of science, especially one that traces transmission of knowledge over time, must navigate between the Scylla of “Whig history” and the Charybdis of paradigm bias by resisting the impulse to equate all influence with progress and by provisionally including in the definition of science all systematic and empirical engagement with the world, regardless of the religious or cultural assumptions about the nature of existence held by its practitioners.
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Although the Neolithic Revolution may be an absurdly early point to begin the story of science, I have proposed it only as a way to exemplify the point that foundational narratives are cultural fictions, not empirical facts, whose points of beginning are held to be appropriate only within a certain operational paradigm. If the invention of agriculture is not a sufficient watershed in the birth of scientific thinking as defined by a modern perspective, the invention of writing (first in Sumer, and subsequently – and independently – in Egypt, China, and Mesoamerica) may well be, because it offered a technology of information storage that cognitive scientist Merlin Donald has called the first “externalization of symbolic memory” (Origins 363). Although seemingly first employed in Mesopotamia for explicitly bureaucratic and administrative (rather than aesthetic or religious) functions (Cooper, “Babylonian” 72), it was a precondition for the growth of Babylonian mathematics and celestial observations. Its decisive influence is analogous to the eventual impact that the mechanization of writing (after Gutenberg’s metallurgical advances in the casting of moveable metal type for the printing press, ca. 1440) had upon the dissemination of astronomic observations and the resulting theories, and the growth of science more generally, in the sixteenth century, or to the impact of electronic computing on research since World War II.3 Throughout the history of science, advances in technology have proceeded in tandem with advances in knowledge. Many of the Sumerian advances in technology were mechanical – the use of the wheel, the stone arch, irrigation, and the plow, etc. – and certainly many of these relied not simply on methodology but also on writing and numeric calculation. The Sumerians developed the ability to compute place value in a base 60 number system, from which derived the division of hours into sixty minutes, of minutes into sixty seconds, of circles into 360 degrees, of years into approximately 360 days, etc. This advanced mathematical notation, which was inherited by the Akkadians (who ruled Mesopotamia from the second half of the third millennium) and Babylonians (in the first half of the second millennium) facilitated complex geometric and algebraic calculations including a rudimentary version of the Pythagorean Theorem and the accurate sexagesimal representation of the square root of two, accurate to six decimal digits (van der Waerden, “Mathematics” 667–71). The notion of place value allowed the later introduction of a placeholder for zero (although it was not used for mathematical calculation). Such knowledge formed the base of Mesopotamian architectural advances
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(such as ziggurats and domed ceilings) and more importantly supported an advanced culture of astronomical observation and data recording. Between 1200 and 1000 BCE, Babylonian astronomers, making use of earlier knowledge and observations, compiled the first known star catalogues. These included not only names of scores of stars and recordings of their movements, but also constellation names that would be used in later astrological theories. Some of these (the scorpion, the lion, the bull, etc.) would be used in Greece in the fourth century BCE, forming the basis of some familiar astrological names (Scorpio, Leo, Taurus, etc.). The Babylonians recorded thousands of omens both celestial (e.g., future eclipses) and astrological (e.g., future misfortunes and disasters) based on astronomical data recorded over centuries (Rochberg, The Heavenly 4–5). At the same time, the exploration of the physical world in ancient Babylonia was roughly contemporary with a parallel tradition of astronomy and applied engineering in Egypt. Unlike the base 60 system of the Babylonians, the Egyptians employed a more familiar decimal system, although without a place-value logic and, like the Greeks after them, without the use of a zero, even as a placeholder. While arithmetic calculations used a cumbersome system of doubling and addition, basic geometrical principles were approximated, including a rough estimate of the value of pi (different from but approximately equal to that used in Babylonia), basic Pythagorean triples for laying out right triangles, and a set of number pairs whose ratios approximate the Golden Ratio (in which the ratio of two of these numbers is equal to that of their sum to the larger number), already in use in the design of the Great Pyramid of Giza in the twenty-fifth century BCE. These geometrical advances were, like those of the Babylonians, principally for astronomical/astrological purposes, charting the stars and measuring the calendars in order to regulate agriculture in the Nile valley. When Lope’s Albumasar predicts the future kingship of Abdelmón, he is, in a way, carrying on an astrological tradition stretching back millennia, all the way to the astronomical and astrological traditions of ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt. Growth in Greece Despite such beginnings, it is customary to identify the “true” origins of modern science in Greece, when pre-Socratic philosophers of the sixth and fifth centuries BCE first began systematically to pose questions about the natural world in purely physical terms. Thales of Miletus
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(d. 546 BCE, western Anatolia) is considered to be the founder of Greek geometry, having noted that the angles of the base of an isosceles triangle are equal, and that the ratios of line segments created by crossing two intersecting lines and two parallel lines are exactly proportional. He also postulated a unity of physical matter as based on one substance, water, and his ideas directly influenced Aristotle’s theories of matter and the nature of the universe (Graham, The Texts 17–18; Longrigg, “Thales” 297). Although we know very little about Pythagoras (d. 496 BCE, on nearby Samos) and his followers, numerous ideas (such as the Pythagorean theorem or a cosmology of perfectly spherical orbits of the sun, moon, and five planets around a central fire) are associated with the Pythagoreans, mostly without textual evidence (Graham, The Texts 905–6; Von Fritz, “Pythagoras” 224). Other postulates can be more certainly associated with contemporary pre-Socratics, such as Heraclitus (d. 475 BCE), positing the universe as flux guided by unchanging laws (Graham, The Texts, 135), Empedocles (d. 430 BCE), theorizing four elements to the universe, earth, air, fire, and water (326–7), and Democritus (d. 370 BCE) and his teacher Leucippus, posing an atomic theory of the universe as made up of tiny, indivisible pieces that formed the building blocks of all matter (516).4 The reflection on the cosmos in physical terms as a world ordered by constants and physical laws similarly guided the medical ideas of Hippocrates (fl. second half of the fifth century BCE) and the natural philosophy of Theophrastus (d. 287 BCE). Undoubtedly the most scientifically influential insights were the cosmological, biological, and metaphysical theories developed by Aristotle in his vast oeuvre. One fundamental aspect in which he is often distinguished from his teacher Plato is in the epistemological value he concedes to analytical reasoning on the basis of perceptible things. Whereas Plato (Republic 479e) argues that, “those who view many beautiful things but do not see the beautiful itself … have opinions about all things, but know nothing of the things they opine” (Collected 719–20), Aristotle (Metaphysics 13.1080a) rejects the independent existence of “forms” in themselves. “It might be thought impossible that substance and that whose substance it is should exist apart; how, therefore, could the Ideas, being substances of things, exist apart?” (Complete 1:1707). Although his logical method was more aimed at metaphysical questions – beyond sensory perception – than at empirical observations, in subsequent centuries it came to provide, when coupled with his rejection of the independent existence of forms, a foundation for deductive analysis of facts gained through empirical observation.
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While it is misleading to see Aristotle as an exclusively “empirical” thinker (Owen, “Aristotle” 252), there is no question that Aristotle’s rejection of forms as independently knowable and his assertion (Metaphysics 1.992a) that “philosophy seeks the cause of perceptible things” (Aristotle, The Complete 2:1568) came to have profound implications for the study of the physical world in later centuries. Apart from the definitive influence of his Organon (the six works on logic) on later philosophy, his influence on later scientific thought stemmed from his defence of the logical organization of knowledge, as well as his theory of the four causes (material, formal, efficient, and final), and more generally his organization of “sciences” (epistēmai) into categories. His taxonomies of knowledge are reflected in the different foci of his works. His Physics, Meteorology, and On the Heavens were all influential on later investigations in astronomy. His books on animals, on movement and respiration, and on birth, death, and change (such as On Generation and Perishing) were foundational for the later development of life sciences. Above all, his exposition on deductive reasoning in the Posterior Analytics was determinative for the establishment of a logical method of investigation.5 His works were the subject of commentaries both in antiquity and, in translation, throughout the Middle Ages. Yet for all of the originality of presocratic and Classical Greek scientific thought, it is important to view it in the wider context of the ancient world. This implies, on the one hand, recognizing the many parallel discoveries in the East, both India and China, whose interaction with Greek science is uncertain (and is still being debated), and on the other, considering the notable parallels between Babylonian mathematics and astronomy and those that developed in Egypt and Greece.6 While it is not impossible that some of the Presocratics in western Anatolia came into contact with Egyptian or even Babylonian ideas – Herodotus (Histories 2.109, in The Persian 399) and Aristotle (Metaphysics 1.981b, in The Complete 1:1553) themselves claim as much – the period when such a transfer of knowledge is most probable is in the Hellenistic period (i.e., from the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE until the death of Cleopatra upon Roman conquest of the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt in 30 BCE), or in the Roman period that followed. It was in these centuries that Alexandria became a preeminent intellectual centre, boasting a vast library of sources from diverse regions of Eurasia and supporting research in many areas.
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The dynamic culture of Hellenistic Alexandria supported the work of a few key thinkers who, together with Aristotle, would prove to be the most influential over the subsequent two millennia. Euclid of Alexandria (d. 265 BCE) developed the geometrical ideas of the Pythagoreans by extending the Aristotelian methodology of deduction in measurement and calculation. His Elements would become the most influential book in mathematics until the Enlightenment. Hellenistic mathematicians such as Archimedes of Syracuse (d. 212 BCE), although perhaps best known for developing numerous mechanical innovations (such as the hydraulic screw and water clock), made important advances in the measurement of the volume and area of irregular shapes and objects, including the use of “infinitesimals” to calculate area along a curve, thus anticipating methods of integral calculus formalized by Newton and Leibniz (Clagett, “Archimedes” 229). Greek scientific thought was partly preserved by the Romans, and various Latin works of the Roman period that were read and copied in the Latin Middle Ages drew from Greek scientific texts. Lucretius (d. ca. 94 BCE) built on Democratus and Empedocles to develop his own theory of “atoms.” Pliny the Elder (d. 79 CE) drew heavily from Aristotle and Theophrastus in writing his natural history. Greek sources provided a basis for Roman advances in technology and mechanics, from metallurgy and mining to hydraulics and engineering to agriculture and cartography. Yet it was the Greek intellectuals in the Western Roman Empire that produced the scientific writing destined to be the most canonical in subsequent centuries. Dioscorides (d. 70 CE), a physician from Cilicia in Asia Minor, travelled around the eastern Mediterranean and elsewhere gathering samples and information to produce his De materia medica, a pharmacological guide to plants and medicines. Copied and translated extensively, it circulated in Greek, Latin, and Arabic and remained a standard reference book for fifteen centuries (Riddle, “Dioscorides” 121). The writings of the Greek physician Galen (d. ca. 200 CE), who moved from western Anatolia to Alexandria to Italy, were profoundly influential in medicine well into the early modern period. Galen further advanced anatomical knowledge through the dissection of animals (but not humans). He made reference to earlier Greek anatomists such as Herophilus (d. ca. 260 BCE) and Erasistratus (d. ca. 240 BCE), who were among the only figures to dissect and vivisect the human body before the late Middle Ages – using criminals condemned to death as subjects. Galen also developed the teachings of Hippocrates to propose physiological theories concerning the nervous system, the
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circulatory system, and the theory of four bodily humors (blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm), which formed the basis of medieval medical theory (Kudlien, “Galen” 231–3). Galen’s long legacy was matched only by his contemporary Ptolemy (d. ca. 170 CE), who became a definitive source for all medieval and early modern astronomy. Working in Roman Alexandria, Ptolemy wrote studies on cartography, music, optics, astronomy, and astrology. His greatest influence came in the Mathēmatikē Syntaxis (better known by its Arabic-derived title Almagest, a transliteration of the Greek for “the greatest”), the first and only comprehensive treaty on astronomy from the ancient Greek world. Based on the cosmology of Aristotle and Hipparchus (d. 120 BCE), the likely inventor of the astrolabe, Ptolemy’s Almagest systematized a model of the universe that would be definitive throughout the Middle Ages. Ptolemy described the orbit of the planets, sun, and moon around the earth, drawing directly in some cases from Babylonian observations (Aaboe, Episodes 62–5). Besides including a star catalogue and a description of the movement and properties of each celestial body, including the fixed stars, it introduced the quadrant (for celestial measurement determined by estimating altitude and angle) and extended and formalized the theory of epicycles (small circles made by the planets and stars centred on the path of their larger orbit) in order to explain the problem of apparent retrograde motion observed from earth. The geocentric model proposed by Ptolemy remained the dominant model until Copernicus replaced it with a heliocentric model in the sixteenth century CE (Toomer, “Ptolemy” 202). When Abdelmón tells Albumasar “la antigua esperiencia/ has puesto en eterno oluido,” he is referring to the long legacy of ancient Greek science, a legacy preserved and extended in the medieval Islamicate world. Brilliance in Baghdad In 391 CE, Coptic Pope Theophilus of Alexandria clamped down on all pagan temples in his city, including the famous temple of Serapis (the Serapheum), and at some point around this time or a few decades after, the remaining centres of study were largely abandoned. When, less than two decades later in 410, Rome itself fell to the Visigoths, scientific learning was interrupted, although not entirely wiped out. Commentaries on earlier works survive from the fifth century, although less remains from the sixth and seventh centuries. In Latin Europe, education in the seven liberal arts, which in the early Middle Ages took
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37
place almost exclusively in monasteries, was divided into the Trivium (grammar, rhetoric, dialectic) and the Quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music), and thus a rudimentary attention was given to scientific subjects, although increasingly without the support of key Greek texts. While there is some material from places, such as Ravenna, attesting to an ongoing critical engagement with some ancient authorities on medicine and philosophy, the extent of learning in many places was greatly diminished by the late sixth century. Although some practical texts such as Hippocrates and Galen’s Method of Healing or copies of Dioscorides did continue to circulate, “the resources for the maintenance of an active intellectual tradition of medicine were also diminishing” (Nutton, “Medicine” 84). Most critically lacking was the majority of the Aristotelian corpus, and much other speculative Greek scientific thought was also absent, or at least not widely available. What was transmitted included Boethius’s translation of Porphyry’s (d. ca. 305 CE) commentary on Aristotle’s Categories known as the Isagoge, and Isidore of Seville’s (d. 636) Etymologies, which seems to have drawn most of its information from Roman writers and encyclopedists only distantly informed by Aristotle and other Greek scientific texts (Pliny, Varro, Solinus, Boethius) (Isidore, Etymologies 11–17). Isidore’s capacious work was critically important for the preservation of ancient Latin sources, but his eclectic summaries did not provide enough sound information or theoretical reflection to support systematic exploration of the physical world (Sharpe, “Isidore” 28). Yet the rise and spread of Islam in the seventh century led to the preservation and renewal of that ancient tradition, expanding the intellectual legacy of the ancient Greek world to an unprecedented degree. Although translation between Greek and Arabic for bureaucratic or diplomatic purposes was not uncommon in the first century of Islam, the Umayyad Caliphate (662–750) was not distinguished for its patronage of scientific learning and seems to have produced few translations of Greek scientific material (Gutas, Greek 23–4; Morrison, “Islamic” 116). However, the founding of Baghdad in 762 as a new capital after the Abbasid overthrow of the Umayyads in 750 set the scene for a proliferation of translating activity and intellectual exploration. This was in part due to the geographical location of the newly founded capital, which was strategically chosen to symbolize the union of the Arab caliphate with the political tradition of the Sasanian Persian empire. The second Abbasid Caliph al Manṣūr (d. 775) adopted the core values of Sasanian political ideology, which represented itself as the intellectual heir of all
38
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the other civilizations that had gathered learning from all corners into its borders, by patronizing translation and supporting the development of astrology and astronomy, mainly for political prognostications (Gutas, Greek 34–35; Ragep, “Islamic” 35). Among the first translations were pre-Islamic Zoroastrian astrological texts. This core focus on astrology naturally led to a robust interest in astronomical research in the subsequent century. In the wake of this founding ideology, a string of Abbasid caliphs in the ninth century, especially Harūn al-Rashīd (d. 809), al-Maʾmūn (d. 833), and their successors, officially patronized an intensive translation effort designed to gather into Arabic versions all learning of value. An important factor determining translation activity was the availability of texts, and caliphs sought copies to expand their libraries, which seem to have housed, at least under later caliphs, works of a very wide variety, from Greek classics of every sort acquired from Byzantium, to texts of Sanskrit, Paḥlavi (Middle Persian), Syriac, Coptic, and even possibly Ethiopian and Ḥimyaric (Yemenite) origin (Gutas, Greek 57–9). Many translators came from Nestorian and Syrian Christian backgrounds, and also included Muslims, Zoroastrian Persians, Sabians (Ḥarranian star worshippers), and Jews. Yaḥyā ibn al-Bātrīq (early ninth century) made some of the first Arabic translations of Hippocrates and Galen, as well as Ptolemy’s Tetrabiblos (on astronomy) and Aristotelian books on zoology (Goodman, “The Translation” 480–1). Among the most famous and influential translators was the Nestorian Christian Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq (d. 873), who worked as chief court physician in the caliphate of al-Mutawakkil, writing original works of medicine and natural philosophy and translating into Arabic scores of works of astronomy, medicine, mathematics, magic, and philosophy from Pahlavi, Greek, and Syriac versions (Goodman, “The Translation” 487–8). His translations included, among many others, works of Euclid, Ptolemy, Hippocrates, and above all, Galen. The latter was translated into Arabic on the basis of Syriac versions formerly made from Greek originals in the sixth century by the Monophysite Christian priest and physician Sergius of Rēshʿaynā (d. 536) (Iskander, “Hunayn” 235). Ḥunayn’s use of Syriac material prepared by earlier Christians points to the important role of Christian activity in the Sinai peninsula and the Levant in late antiquity in providing a precedent for the later Arabic translation movement in Baghdad, although as Gutas points out, “before the “ʿAbbāsids, relatively few secular Greek works had been translated into Syriac … the bulk of the Greek scientific and
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philosophical works were translated into Syriac as part of the ʿAbbāsid translation movement during the ninth century” (Greek Thought 22). In this context, Ḥunayn’s medical texts were influential in the development of medicine in the Islamicate world, making Galen’s vast oeuvre available in Arabic and influencing later polymath physicians such as the alchemist al-Rāzī (d. 925), Aristotelian philosopher Ibn Sīnā (d. 1037), and medical historian Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa (d. 1270). His disciples also continued to produce translations after him, including, in stages, virtually the entire Aristotelian corpus as well as Aristotle’s later commentators including Prophyry and Alexander of Aphrodisias (fl. ca. 200 CE). Another notable translator in Baghdad was the pagan intellectual Thābit ibn Qurrah (d. 901), who revised Ibn Isḥāq’s translations of Euclid and Ptolemy and disseminated teachings of Pythagoras and Archimedes. Over the course of a century and a half, in a process of knowledge transfer whose scale had no comparison in prior human history and remains unique today, scores of scholars translated and composed thousands of works on all known subjects of learning. Baghdad thus became a uniquely advanced centre of scientific knowledge, one that not only amassed learning from elsewhere, but that critiqued Greek sources and advanced scientific thought in unique ways (Saliba, Islamic 25). The translations included work from all known scientific branches, but most attention was paid to mathematics/geometry, medicine, and, because of its political ramifications, astronomy/astrology. The initial approach followed the tradition received from Indian astronomy via Sanskrit sources and Persian translations, and one of the earliest translations/adaptations of this sort were the Sanskrit astronomical tables Siddhānta (Sindhind) by Ibn Ḥabīb al-Fazārī (d. 806). Following this tradition, scholars prepared similar astronomical handbooks (azyāj, sing. zīj) that included tables of star data, and most famous among these was the original work Zīj al-Sindhind of al-Khwārizmī (d. after 847) (Toomer, “al-Khwārizmī” 360). He wrote numerous works of astronomy and mathematics, and was especially distinguished for introducing mathematical notation and “Hindu numerals,” the partial basis for modern “Arabic” numeral notation today. This system of Indian reckoning and observation cultivated by al-Khwārizmī and applied by Abū Maʿshar and others coexisted in Baghdad with the Greek tradition. This was reflected above all in works by al-Battānī (d. 929), whose tables helped disseminate Ptolemy’s geocentric model of the solar system. Further east, in Isfahan, the rival Buyid empire also patronized astronomical investigation,
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producing work such as the Book of Fixed Stars (Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib) of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ṣūfī (d. 986), which drew from Eastern traditions and also expanded the Ptolemaic charting of the stars with more careful measurements. The intense research in Greek astronomy and various branches of the Aristotelian corpus supported advances in technology as well as theory. Astronomers in Baghdad and beyond thus made critical improvements of Greek astronomical tools, principal among which was the Ptolemaic astrolabe. Al-Farghānī, working in the ninth-century Caliphate of Baghdad, describes the first construction of an astrolabe in Islamic lands a century before (Morrison, “Islamic” 116). Also developed were the sundial and the Ptolemaic quadrant, used for measuring the inclined position of celestial bodies and deriving information based on these calculations, such as calendric data and latitudinal position. The transfer of such technology in the form of the circulation of scientific instruments exemplifies in concrete terms how ancient Greek scientific learning was appropriated and developed by Muslim scientists, from whom it was later passed to Latin Christendom (Rodríguez-Arribas et al., Astrolabes). Throughout the Islamicate world, astronomical learning was also regularly used for prognostication. Even a century before al-Ṣūfī, Abū Maʿshar – also Persian – worked in the Baghdad caliphate where he not only compiled his own zīj tables, but also wrote extensively on the application of that Hindu-Persian astronomical tradition, combined with Aristotelian cosmology, for astrological interpretations and predictions (Pingree, “Abū” 236). Later polymaths such as Ibn Sīnā and the astronomer al-Bīrūnī (d. ca. 1048) were highly critical of astrology (Morrison, “Islamic” 126), debating aspects of Aristotle’s theories (without discarding his categories) and tackling not only astronomical questions such as the weight of celestial bodies, but also metaphysical questions such as the possibility of a void or the eternity of the universe (Dallal, “Early Islam” 124). Despite these later criticisms, Abū Maʿshar’s fame as an astrologer spread widely, especially in Latin translation, making his name known “not only in Fez and Marrakech” and other centres of the Islamicate world, “but also in Spain,” reaching all the way to Lope de Vega in the seventeenth century. The translation activity continued in Baghdad for well over a century, but by the second half of the tenth century, its activities waned. In competition with both the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad and the Fatimid Caliphate in Cairo, the young caliphate of Cordoba sought to promote learning and science by expanding libraries and patronizing
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41
the copying and study of numerous works of Greek and Arabic science. In the middle of the century, Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII sent the Greek-speaking monk Nicholas to Córdoba at the request of the first caliph ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III (d. 961), along with a Greek copy of Dioscorides’s De materia medica. Nicholas collaborated with the caliph’s Jewish vizier Ḥasday ibn Shaprūṭ (d. 975) and the local scholar Ibn Juljul (d. ca. 994), who produced a new updated translation into Arabic (Vernet, “Ibn Juljul” 187). The greatest expansion took place under the rule of the next caliph, Al-Ḥakam II (d. 976), who not only made important expansions to the Great Mosque of Cordoba, still standing today, and the completed construction of the palatial city of Medinat al-Zaḥra, now in ruins, but also assembled a vast library of materials gathered from across the Islamicate world. As it was destroyed after the fall of the caliphate in 1031, no certain evidence of its size is known, but chroniclers of the period have claimed it contained some 400,000 volumes. Although modern historians, based on reports of an author-title catalogue list of some forty-four volumes, estimate that the number probably did not exceed 40,000 (Sánchez-Moliní Sáez, “Las bibliotecas” 87–9), the library was undoubtedly immense for the period. It certainly contained, along with numerous private libraries of the caliphate, many of the most important works translated in Baghdad in the previous century. Medicine in al-Andalus reached an advanced degree of sophistication, and a number of figures from the caliphate and subsequent reigns of the Almoravids and Almohads are recognized as some of the most important physicians of the medieval Muslim world. Al-Zahrāwī (d. 1013) was the leading surgeon in the caliphate (Hamarneh, “Al-Zahrāwī” 584). His compendious encyclopedia of surgical practice, which bears the droll title The Book the Arrangements of Medical Knowledge for One who is Unable to Compile One for Himself (or for short, Kitāb al-Taṣrīf, Book of Arrangements), became a standard reference text for centuries. Other Andalusī scholars continued to contribute to an advanced medical culture in Iberia into the thirteenth century. These included Ibn Zuhr (d. 1162) of Seville – a pioneer in medical experimentation with animals who claims in his Book of the Facilitation of Therapeutics and Diet (Kitāb al-Taysīr fī al-Mudāwāh wa-l-Tadbīr) that he demonstrated the safety of a tracheotomy by performing one on a goat (Catahier, “Ear” 523) – the Muslim Aristotelian philosopher Ibn Rushd (d. 1195) – who wrote commentaries on Galen, Ibn Sīnā, and Aristotle’s Physics and Metaphysics – and the Jewish Aristotelian Moses Maimonides (d. 1204). All of these later physicians seem indebted to Al-Zahrāwī’s approach to surgery.
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The greatest scientific scholar under al-Ḥakam II’s caliphate was the mathematician and astronomer Maslama al-Majrīṭī (d. 1007), who not only improved on the existing translation of Ptolemy’s Almagest, but also translated and updated the zīj of al-Khwārizmī and translated Ptolemy’s Planispherium (Pingree, “The Indian,” 246; Vernet, “Al-Majrītī,” 39). He also introduced to al-Andalus the voluminous encyclopedia of scientific, philosophical, and religious knowledge known as the Epistles of the Brethern of Purity (Rasāʾil Ikhwān al-Ṣafā), compiled in Iraq in the previous century and drawing heavily on Greek sources and theories. Al-Majrīṭī was one of the most pivotal figures in the transfer of the scientific learning in Baghdad to the caliphate of Córdoba (Samsó, La ciencia 84–93). When Lope’s Abdelmón tells Albumasar, “si alguno ha nac̦ ido/ que sepa esa inc̦ ierta c̦ ienc̦ ia, / tú solo en el mundo has sido,” he underscores the unique role of the medieval Islamicate world as the heir and keeper of the wealth of Greek science. Translation in Toledo When Lope’s Albumasar predicts the future kingship of Abdelmón, he is speaking about ʿAbd al-Muʾmin’s rise as leader of the Almohads in the middle of the twelfth century. It was during these very years that numerous works of Greek and Arabic science were translated into Latin in and around the city of Toledo, which had been captured from the Taifa king al-Maʾmūn of Toledo in 1085. As a Taifa kingdom, it had been an active centre of scientific learning in the eleventh century, housing abundant resources and books. Influential magistrate Ṣāʿid al-Andalusī (d. 1070) brought intellectuals to the Toledan kingdom in order to promote scientific learning there, especially in medicine and astronomy. Vizier to King Maʾmūn of Toledo, the pharmacologist Ibn Wāfid (d. 1074) wrote on medicine as well as alchemy. Most significant in the kingdom was al-Zarqālī (d. ca. 1100), one of the most important Muslim astronomers from al-Andalus in any period. Beyond improving on the design of the astrolabe – examples of his instruments survive today – he produced the Toledan Tables, a zīj that
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https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/651290616
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The A Hazen And Sarah M Burnet Foundation Incorporated
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2013-05-09T12:00:00+00:00
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Since 2013, the IRS has released data culled from millions of nonprofit tax filings. Use this database to find organizations and see details like their executive compensation, revenue and expenses, as well as download tax filings going back as far as 2001.
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en
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ProPublica
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https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/651290616
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Burnet Foundation
Fort Pierce, FL
Tax-exempt since March 2007
EIN: 65-1290616
Receive an email when new data is available for this organization.
Organization summary
Type of Nonprofit
Designated as a 501(c)3 Organizations for any of the following purposes: religious, educational, charitable, scientific, literary, testing for public safety, fostering national or international amateur sports competition (as long as it doesn’t provide athletic facilities or equipment), or the prevention of cruelty to children or animals.
Category: Educational Institutions and Related Activities / Scholarships, Student Financial Aid Services, Awards (NTEE)
Donations to this organization are tax deductible.
Tax Filings by Year
Form 990 is an information return that most organizations claiming federal tax-exempt status must file yearly with the IRS. Nonprofit Explorer has IRS digitized Form 990 data for filings processed in 2012 and later. If this organization filed an amended return, it may not be reflected below. Duplicate download links may indicate a resubmission or amendment to this organization's original return. Form 990 data is from the IRS.
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2023
Extracted Financial Data
Extracted Financial Data from Form 990-PF
Revenue
$96,811
Expenses
$102,463
Net Income
-$5,652
Net Assets
$1,047,026
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue Contributions Received $83,665
86.4%
Interest Revenue $0 Dividends $9,762
10.1%
Sales of Assets $3,384
3.5%
Other Income $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses Charitable Disbursements $71,073
69.4%
Compensation of Officers* $0
* Officer compensation may be included in charitable disbursements, so Percent of Total Expenses may add up to greater than 100%.
Assets/Debt Total Assets $1,066,366 Total Liabilities $19,340 Net Assets $1,047,026
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Other Arthur H Burnet (Chairman & Treasurer And Secretary) $0 $0 Sarah M Burnet (President & Treasurer & Treasurer) $0 $0 William H Burnet (Director) $0 $0
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2022
Extracted Financial Data
Extracted Financial Data from Form 990-PF
Revenue
$9,725
Expenses
$42,714
Net Income
-$32,989
Net Assets
$1,052,678
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue Contributions Received $0 Interest Revenue $2,678
27.5%
Dividends $7,047
72.5%
Sales of Assets $0 Other Income $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses Charitable Disbursements $42,714
100%
Compensation of Officers* $0
* Officer compensation may be included in charitable disbursements, so Percent of Total Expenses may add up to greater than 100%.
Assets/Debt Total Assets $1,074,631 Total Liabilities $21,953 Net Assets $1,052,678
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Other Arthur H Burnet (Chairman & Treasurer And Secretary) $0 $0 Sarah M Burnet (President & Treasurer & Treasurer) $0 $0 William H Burnet (Director) $0 $0
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2021
Extracted Financial Data
Extracted Financial Data from Form 990-PF
Revenue
$848,822
Expenses
$32,699
Net Income
$816,123
Net Assets
$1,085,667
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue Contributions Received $797,482
94.0%
Interest Revenue $0 Dividends $7,110
0.8%
Sales of Assets $44,230
5.2%
Other Income $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses Charitable Disbursements $32,699
100%
Compensation of Officers* $0
* Officer compensation may be included in charitable disbursements, so Percent of Total Expenses may add up to greater than 100%.
Assets/Debt Total Assets $1,104,708 Total Liabilities $19,041 Net Assets $1,085,667
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Other Sarah M Burnet (President & Treasurer) $0 $0 Arthur H Burnet (Chairman & Secretary) $0 $0 William H Burnet (Director) $0 $0
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2019
Extracted Financial Data
Extracted Financial Data from Form 990-PF
Revenue
$44,300
Expenses
$48,461
Net Income
-$4,161
Net Assets
$331,116
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue Contributions Received $35,739
80.7%
Interest Revenue $0 Dividends $19,017
42.9%
Sales of Assets $0 Other Income $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses Charitable Disbursements $48,461
100%
Compensation of Officers* $0
* Officer compensation may be included in charitable disbursements, so Percent of Total Expenses may add up to greater than 100%.
Assets/Debt Total Assets $362,922 Total Liabilities $31,806 Net Assets $331,116
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2018
No Extracted Financial Data
Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2017
No Extracted Financial Data
Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2016
No Extracted Financial Data
Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2015
Extracted Financial Data
Extracted Financial Data from Form 990-PF
Revenue
$3,102
Expenses
$34,503
Net Income
-$31,401
Net Assets
$440,437
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue Contributions Received $0 Interest Revenue $0 Dividends $3,090
99.6%
Sales of Assets $11
0.4%
Other Income $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses Charitable Disbursements $34,503
100%
Compensation of Officers* $0
* Officer compensation may be included in charitable disbursements, so Percent of Total Expenses may add up to greater than 100%.
Assets/Debt Total Assets $470,893 Total Liabilities $30,456 Net Assets $440,437
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2014
Extracted Financial Data
Extracted Financial Data from Form 990-PF
Revenue
$123,348
Expenses
$26,536
Net Income
$96,812
Net Assets
$471,838
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue Contributions Received $121,886
98.8%
Interest Revenue $0 Dividends $1,462
1.2%
Sales of Assets $0 Other Income $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses Charitable Disbursements $26,536
100%
Compensation of Officers* $0
* Officer compensation may be included in charitable disbursements, so Percent of Total Expenses may add up to greater than 100%.
Assets/Debt Total Assets $484,026 Total Liabilities $12,188 Net Assets $471,838
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2013
Extracted Financial Data
Extracted Financial Data from Form 990-PF
Revenue
$10,207
Expenses
$12,075
Net Income
-$1,868
Net Assets
$375,025
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue Contributions Received $0 Interest Revenue $0 Dividends $1,079
10.6%
Sales of Assets $9,128
89.4%
Other Income $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses Charitable Disbursements $12,075
100%
Compensation of Officers* $0
* Officer compensation may be included in charitable disbursements, so Percent of Total Expenses may add up to greater than 100%.
Assets/Debt Total Assets $392,262 Total Liabilities $17,237 Net Assets $375,025
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2012
Extracted Financial Data
Extracted Financial Data from Form 990-PF
Revenue
$8,139
Expenses
$10,591
Net Income
-$2,452
Net Assets
$376,893
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue Contributions Received $0 Interest Revenue $1
0.0%
Dividends $237
2.9%
Sales of Assets $7,901
97.1%
Other Income $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses Charitable Disbursements $10,591
100%
Compensation of Officers* $0
* Officer compensation may be included in charitable disbursements, so Percent of Total Expenses may add up to greater than 100%.
Assets/Debt Total Assets $389,255 Total Liabilities $12,362 Net Assets $376,893
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2011
Extracted Financial Data
Extracted Financial Data from Form 990-PF
Revenue
$713
Expenses
$16,763
Net Income
-$16,050
Net Assets
$379,345
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue Contributions Received $0 Interest Revenue $2
0.3%
Dividends $711
99.7%
Sales of Assets $0 Other Income $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses Charitable Disbursements $16,763
100%
Compensation of Officers* $0
* Officer compensation may be included in charitable disbursements, so Percent of Total Expenses may add up to greater than 100%.
Assets/Debt Total Assets $392,433 Total Liabilities $13,088 Net Assets $379,345
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2010
No Extracted Financial Data
Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2009
No Extracted Financial Data
Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2008
No Extracted Financial Data
Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2007
No Extracted Financial Data
Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2006
No Extracted Financial Data
Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.
Document Links
About This Data
Nonprofit Explorer includes summary data for nonprofit tax returns and full Form 990 documents, in both PDF and digital formats.
The summary data contains information processed by the IRS during the 2012-2019 calendar years; this generally consists of filings for the 2011-2018 fiscal years, but may include older records. This data release includes only a subset of what can be found in the full Form 990s.
In addition to the raw summary data, we link to PDFs and digital copies of full Form 990 documents wherever possible. This consists of separate releases by the IRS of Form 990 documents processed by the agency, which we update regularly.
We also link to copies of audits nonprofit organizations that spent $750,000 or more in Federal grant money in a single fiscal year since 2016. These audits are copied from the Federal Audit Clearinghouse.
Which Organizations Are Here?
Every organization that has been recognized as tax exempt by the IRS has to file Form 990 every year, unless they make less than $200,000 in revenue and have less than $500,000 in assets, in which case they have to file form 990-EZ. Organizations making less than $50,000 don’t have to file either form but do have to let the IRS they’re still in business via a Form 990N "e-Postcard."
Nonprofit Explorer has organizations claiming tax exemption in each of the 27 subsections of the 501(c) section of the tax code, and which have filed a Form 990, Form 990EZ or Form 990PF. Taxable trusts and private foundations that are required to file a form 990PF are also included. Small organizations filing a Form 990N "e-Postcard" are not included in this data.
Types of Nonprofits
There are 27 nonprofit designations based on the numbered subsections of section 501(c) of the tax code. See the list »
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Resources
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Grantmakers for Effective Organizations
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https://www.geofunders.org/resources
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From publications to toolkits, GEO’s resources lift up experiences from your peers to help you turn knowledge into action.
Stay Connected
Sign up for our newsletter to stay up to date on the latest publications, news, and events from GEO.
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https://www.tib.eu/en/search/id/BLSE%253ARN381244190/Development-and-validation-of-a-method-for-the/
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Development and validation of a method for the simultaneous quantification of two piperazines used as drugs of abuse
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https://www.tib.eu/en/search/id/TIBKAT:1665914467/?cHash=a1bee6984d4a6b8b391f4c7b56e68927
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Table of contents – Volume 258
Show all volumes and issues
The tables of contents are generated automatically and are based on the data records of the individual contributions available in the index of the TIB portal. The display of the Tables of Contents may therefore be incomplete.
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https://www.davidhernandovitores.com/biography
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david-hernando
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David HERNANDO VÍTORES (1988) is a musician specialized in the contemporary and classical repertoire of the saxophone.
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david-hernando
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https://www.davidhernandovitores.com/biography
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David Hernando Vítores (1988) is a musician specialized in the contemporary and classical saxophone repertoire. He has performed important concerts nationally and internationally, both as a soloist and as part of various musical groups. His performances stand out in nationally renowned venues, such as the Zarzuela Theater in Madrid, the Symphony and Chamber Hall of the National Music Auditorium, the College of Architects of Madrid (COAM), the Monumental Theater of Madrid, the Palacio de Congresos Auditorium. of Zaragoza, the Longoria Palace (SGAE), Royal Theater of Madrid, the Music Classroom of the University of Alcalá de Henares, Auditorium of the Carlos III University, Mira Theater of Pozuelo de Alarcón, Cicus Auditorium in Seville, Casa Granada Auditorium in Madrid, Jaén Cathedral, Auditorium 400 of the Reina Sofía Museum, Museum of Romanticism in Madrid, Burgos Cathedral, Auditorium of the Casa de la Moneda, Basilica Santa María de Castellón de Ampurias, Toccata in A of Madrid, José María Rodero Theater of Torrejón de Ardoz, Eutherpe Foundation in León, Civivox Condestable in Pamplona, Isabel de Farnesio Auditorium in Aranjuez, Ateneo Theater in Madrid, Cloisters of the University of Alcalá de Henares, Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando, Aula Magna of the Conservatory "Jesús Guridi” of Vitoria-Gasteiz, Santo Tomás de Villanueva Cloister of the University of Alcalá, Casa Russia Foundation of Barcelona, Sephardic Museum of Toledo, Palau de la Música of Valencia, Galileo Theater of Madrid, Conde Duque Musical Library of Madrid, Foundation Siglo Futuro, Miguel Delibes Auditorium of Valladolid, Música en Vena Association, Bulevar Theater of Torrelodones, Nuestra Señora de la Asunción Church of Castilforte, Great Ramón y Cajal Amphitheater of the Complutense University of Madrid, Mariana Pineda Auditorium, Caja de Burgos Foundation Auditorium of Aranda de Duero, Language Function in Madrid, European Museum of Modern Art in Barcelona, Nuestra Señora de la Asunción Church in Labastida, Hermitage of Sant Sebastià in Sitges, Church of Sant Romà in Lloret de Mar, Espacio Ronda in Madrid, Romanesque Monastery of Sant Llorenç del Munt, Church of San Pedro Roda in Port de la Selva, Church of Sant Vicenç in Llança, Museum of Fine Arts of Vitoria-Gasteiz, Auditorium of Getafe, MIMMA Museum of Málaga, CentroCentro Cibeles in Madrid, Fundación Olivar de Castillejo, Clasijazz Cycle of Almería, Royal Church of San Nicolás de Medina de Huete in Cuenca, Professional Conservatory of Alcalá de Henares, Manuel de Falla Auditorium of the Royal Conservatory of Music of Madrid, La Torre Auditorium in Guadarrama, Príncipe de Asturias Auditorium of Quintanar of the Order, Mendizorroza in Vitoria-Gasteiz, Casal de Barri Can Travi in Barcelona, Auditorium of the Conservatory of Music of Getafe, Auditorium of Casa Cantabria in Madrid, Casa Usua Kultur Etxea in Arbeitza, Espacio Contemptación in Madrid, Teatro Felix Petite in Vitoria -Gasteiz, Círculo de la Unión in Burgos, Musas Producciones, Palacio de Congresos Europa in Vitoria–Gasteiz, Teatro Gonzalo de Berceo in Logroño, Círculo de la Amistad in Soria, Ibercaja Auditorium in Guadalajara, Church of San Martín “Taramundi” in Asturias, Kursaal Auditorium in Donostia-San Sebastián, Antzokia Principal Theater in Vitoria-Gasteiz, Royal Theater Coliseum Carlos III in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Calatrava Castle in Ciudad Real, Mercantile Athenaeum in Valencia, Puerta de Toledo Cultural Center Auditorium in Madrid, Teatro de la Maestranza in Seville, Auditorium of the University of Alcalá de Henares, Castle of Argüeso in Cantabria, Monastery of Santa María la Real in Nájera, Tower-Palace of the Counts of Orgaz in Álava and a long etcetera. In addition, Hernando has performed numerous concerts internationally in cities such as Milan, Reggio Calabria, Bologna, Zagreb, Strasbourg, Cosenza and Paris.
He has participated in important festivals and specialized events such as the La Mancha International Music Festival (concert in tribute to the Spanish composer Claudio Prieto), the 60th Anniversary of the Hita Medieval Festival, the Tres Cantos Contemporary Music Festival, the Music Series of Chamber Music "La Blanca 2022" in Vitoria-Gasteiz, the Vitoria-Gasteiz Jazz Festival, the COMA Festival in Madrid, the Navarra NAK Contemporary Music Festival, the XII Ciudad de Huete Concert Series "Music and Heritage", the Vitoria-Gasteiz International Music Course Festival, the Plantón International Music Festival in Asturias, Argeus Clásica, the José Mardones Concert Series in Álava, the Concert Series of the Romanesque Monastery of Sant Llorenç del Munt, the Autumn Polyphonic Festival Arandino, the Girona Costa-Brava Guitar Festival, the Les Garrigues Guitar Festival in Lleida, the Llobet International Guitar Festival in Barcelona, the XVIII Classics Edition in Alcalá de Henares, the Mediterranean Guitar Festival, the VII and X National Poetry Contest for Young Poets "Antonio Hernández", the X Arsenio Escolar Literary Contest and the Veranos de la Villa Music Festival in Madrid. In addition, he has worked internationally in cities such as Bologna, Milan, Cosenza and Zagreb, participating in concerts and other activities such as his presentations at the 17th and 18th World Saxophone Congresses in Strasbourg (France) and Zagreb (Croatia), where David Hernando He premiered the composition of the composer Mario Carro and a work by José María Sánchez-Verdú in France.
In addition, he has been awarded several prizes, such as the First Prize in the Soloist Competition of the Royal Conservatory of Music of Madrid, the Second Prize in the City of Ávila International Competition and the First Prizes (HAZEN) in the categories of soloist and chamber music held at the Professional Conservatory of Alcalá de Henares. His unreleased recording of the work "Madre Parada" (baritone saxophone and electronics), included in his second album of the HARIA Project and composed by composer Sergio Blardony, was selected in January 2019 by the Österreichische Gesellschaft für zeitgenössische Musik (Austrian Society of Contemporary Music). In 2018, he was selected as an Artist of the MUSAE Project (Ministry of Culture), which resulted in the performance of several recitals in different State Museums of Spain.
In the field of orchestral work and chamber music, David Hernando has collaborated with various groups such as the Madrid Metropolitan Orchestra, Santa Cecilia Classical Orchestra, Orfeón Donostiarra, Cosmos 21 Group, Più Mosso Orchestra, Silvia Nogales (classical guitar), Alcalá de Henares Symphony Orchestra, Mad4Strings Orchestra, Sundara Ensemble, Duo Sonia de Munck (soprano) and Aurelio Viribay (piano), Kayoko Morimoto (piano), Rafael Salas Chía (piano), Sandro' Bakhuashvili (piano), Municipal Symphonic Band of Vitoria-Gasteiz, Barbieri Symphony Orchestra, Excelentia Foundation, Symphony Orchestra of the Royal Conservatory of Music of Madrid, Symphony Orchestra of the Community of Madrid, Grupo Talía, Royal Film Concert Orchestra, Band and Symphony Orchestra of the Royal Conservatory of Music of Madrid, Spanish Symphony Orchestra, and with the Sax-Ensemble group (National Music Award in 1997). Many of these collaborations have culminated in the phonographic recording of the works performed or their broadcast on prestigious radio stations such as RNE or Catalunya Radio.
Stably, he is part of the chamber group Wasei Dúo, with which he recorded the album "Horizontes", where you can enjoy unreleased music by composers such as Mario Carro, Claudio Prieto, Barry Crockoft and Sergei Rachmaninoff, among others. In 2016, they went on a national and international tour with more than thirty concerts. Also with Wasei Dúo, Hernando has recorded and edited the album "Romantic Pieces for saxophone and piano", with live recordings from the Museum of Romanticism in Madrid, performing works by notable authors such as C. Debussy, J. Massenet, R. Koroku and M. Ravel. In 2014, he released the album "Sixth Sense" with pieces by composers fundamental to the classical saxophone repertoire, such as J. Ibert, B. Singeleé, N. Paganini, Rode, Dont, E. Bozza and R. Muzynski.
In 2019, Hernando Vitores published the album "But Sometimes I Get So Sensitive" together with the Georgian pianist Sandro' Bakhuashvili, which includes unreleased music by composers such as Ryota Ishikawa, Barry Cockcroft and S. Bakhuashvili himself.
Silvia Nogales Barrios and Hernando Nogales have been an artistic duo since 2017, when they coincided as soloists at the Piantón International Music Festival. From that moment on, they decided to combine their brilliant individual careers into a joint project in which they explore unusual combinations of saxophone and guitar, such as tenor saxophone and guitar, or baritone saxophone and guitar.
Attracted by the peculiarity of this formation, they carried out research work, rescuing pieces never before performed for this instrumental combination. Despite their short career as a duo, they have attracted the attention of various composers, who have trusted them for the premiere of their works, some dedicated especially to Nogales & Hernando. They have premiered works and versions at a national and international level by composers such as Sánchez-Verdú, José Galeote, Mateo Soto, Erik Marchelie and Alan Hovhaness. In 2018, they released their first album titled Nuit D'été.
In addition, he has collaborated with renowned conductors such as Donato Renzetti (Conductor at the Teatro alla Scala in Milan), Alain Crepin (Conservatoire Royal de Bruxelles), José Rafael Pascual Vilaplana (Primary Conductor of the Bilbao Symphonic Band), Miguel Ángel Serrano (Band Symphony Orchestra of the RCSMM), José Luis Temes (National Music Award in 2008), Oliver Díaz (Musical Director of the Zarzuela Theater), Gabriel Delgado (Victoria Eugenia Higher Conservatory of Music in Granada), Carlos Galán (Grupo Cosmos 21 ), Paolo Bortolameolli (Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra), Santiago Serrate (Sax-Ensemble, RTVE), Silvia Sanz (Director of the Madrid Metropolitan Orchestra), Sebastián Mariné (Director of the RCSMM Contemporary Music Group and Director of the COMA Festival ), Hilario Extramiana (Primary Conductor of the Municipal Band of Vitoria-Gasteiz), Andrés Valero Castells (Conductor of the Municipal Band of A Coruña), Domenico Longo (Orchestra Sinfonica Metropolitana di Bari), Fedor Vrtacnik, Fuad Ibrahimov (Conductor of the Azerbaijan State Symphony Orchestra, Principal Conductor of the New Munich Philharmonic Orchestra and the Baku Chamber Orchestra), Fernando Furones, Carlos Garcés (Conductor of the Santa Cecilia de Cullera Symphony Orchestra), Luis Orduña (Principal Conductor of the Band Municipal of Vitoria-Gasteiz), Iván Palomares (Harold Arlen Film, TV Award and finalist for the 2019 Goya Awards), José Antonio Sainz Alfaro (Director of the Orfeón Donostiarra) and the composer José Nieto, winner of 6 Goya Awards, among others. With the SaxEnsemble Foundation, he has collaborated with prominent composers such as Cruz López de Rego, Tomás Marco, Mario Carro, Gabriel Erkoreka, Jesús Villa-Rojo, Marta Lozano, Jesús Rueda, Sandro Fazzolari, César Camarero or José Manuel López López.
He is the founder of the innovative avant-garde project HARIA, in which he proposes a reinterpretation of Andalusian music and related genres from a contemporary perspective. The idea underlying this novel project is the union between performer and creator, with the aim of promoting experimentation, research and the study of new techniques in the use of the saxophone to expand repertoires in the classical-contemporary field of the 21st century. The composers who have collaborated in the creation of music for this project are of international and national renown, among them Luigi Morleo, Serban Nichifor, Sergio Blardony, Mario Carro, A.L. Guillén, Bartosz Smoragiewicz, Manuel Comesaña, Mateo Soto and Mario Gosálvez (Queen Sofía Composition Prize).
In addition to the two albums released in February 2017 and September 2018 under the title "HARIA Project", works by prominent composers who have been references in the Spanish repertoire and influential in the concert programs of many national and international saxophonists are included. such as Jesús Villa-Rojo, Karen Tanaka, François Rossé, Jacob ter Veldhuis, Eneko Vadillo, Fuminori, Thierry Allà, Fuminori Tanada, Jean-Claude Risset and Christian Lauba.
In 2019, he participated in the unreleased recording of the ballet "Sueño del Viajero" by the renowned composer José Nieto, winner of six Goya Awards.
As a soloist, his phonographic records encompass notable works of contemporary music for his instrument, such as Luciano Berio's Sequenza IXb for alto saxophone, Ryota Ishikawa's Rhapsody on Japanese Folk Songs and Bloomin Ireland, Christian Lauba's Blue Balafon and Clouds, Any Blackbird by Manuel Comesaña, and the historical Mysterious Morning III by Fuminori Tanada. He also has the EP Asahi, which includes his own works dedicated to the victims of the Hiroshima nuclear disaster in 1945.
Furthermore, as a result of his humanistic and personal concerns, he has donated more than twenty recordings to Wikimedia Commons of works in the Public Domain by composers such as Debussy, Ravel, Telemann, Albinoni, Albéniz, among others.
In 2021, he made the first complete recording of the work of French composer and saxophonist Guy Lacour, "28 Etudes sur les Modes à Transpositions Limitées d'Olivier Messiaen". Also in 2022, he performed an arrangement for soprano saxophone of the 12 Fantasies for solo flute by Georg Philipp Telemann, reflected in a recorded album. In 2023, he released a new album for solo saxophone and electronics featuring groundbreaking works by Jenni Watson and Alastair Penman titled "How do you feel?"
David Hernando is the creator of the project, "Tango para un Loco." This project is specifically designed for solo saxophone and covers various Argentine musical genres, from tango to folklore with jazz and classical music influences. Hernando Vitores seeks to find a balance between the popular essence and the tango repertoire adapted or written especially for the saxophone. In this new album, his obsession with exploring new sounds and trends when approaching Argentine popular music stands out, connecting tradition with new horizons through the use of three of the four saxophones of the family (soprano, alto, and baritone), along with the beautiful Melody saxophone; a peculiar instrument tuned in C from the 20th century in which Hernando is specialized and immersed in researching it.
The music that is part of this project includes arrangements and compositions written specifically for this format, taken from his solo repertoire, as well as original pieces by authors as relevant as: Astor Piazzolla, Fernando Muslera, Aníbal Troilo, Ángel Villoldo, Vicente Greco, Ariel Ramírez, Virgilio Expósito, Pedro Laurenz, Rafael Rossi, Lucio Demare, Tránsito Cocomarola, Carlos Gardel, Luis Chiurco, Ariel Petrocelli, Benicio Díaz, Julián Díaz, Juan de Dios Filiberto and Bernardo Monk. This work is reflected in the recording of two studio albums titled: “Tango para un Loco” and “Tango para un Loco II, 12 (Des) Arrangements for solo saxophone”.
He has collaborated in interviews or reports in specialized media such as Radio Círculo (Círculo de Bellas Artes de Madrid), Televisión de Castilla-La Mancha, Les Borgues TV, Televisión de Girona-Costa Brava, El Mundo (Valladolid), ICA Sinfónica, Nueva Tribuna , The Three Questions Blog, Wikimedia Spain, Spanish Television, Diario de Burgos, Ágora Sol Radio, Correo de León, Clásica FM Radio, Empordà Televisió, Piantón Festival Blog, Catalunya Radio, Magazine dedicated to the saxophone (SaxRules), Guadalajara Diario, Nueva Alcarria, Guadalajara Media Television, El Correo, Diario de León, Amauta Radio of Peru, Revista Ritmo, Radio Z Mediathek of Nuremberg in Germany and Radio Television of Spain.
In parallel to his concert activity, he has received the commission, premiere and dedication of numerous works by current composers of national and international renown, such as Mario Carro, Erik Marchellie, Doménec González de la Rubia, A.L. Guillén, Sergio Blardony, Bernardo Monk, Fernando Muslera, José Susi, Manuel Comesaña, Giampaolo Testoni, Luigi Morleo, Serban Nichifor, Mateo Soto, Mario Gosálvez, Barry Cockcroft, Alan Hovhaness, Bartosz Smoragiewicz, Jacob TV and Laura Vega. He has given master classes at different conservatories, highlighting those held in Cosenza (Italy) with Paolo Trampetti and Giovanni Deluca, as well as at the V Music Week of Castilla y León held in Valladolid.
Currently, he is on a national tour with the chamber music groups Hernando & Bakhuashvili, Silvia Nogales & David Hernando and with the HARIA Project. In addition, he is an artist for prestigious brands such as Légerè Reeds (Canada), Páez Music (Spain) and Egr (Spain). David Hernando has extensive experience as a teacher, with training in Musical Education (Diploma from the University of Alcalá), Primary Education with a mention in Hearing and Language (Degree awarded by the Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia) and a Higher Degree in Music (Royal Conservatory of Music of Madrid), as well as the DECA (Ecclesiastical Declaration of Academic Competence).
Hernando Vitores is a music and saxophone teacher at the prestigious Mirabal International School in Boadilla del Monte, Madrid.
Discography:
ALBUM 2024 - Adjusting Parameters. David Hernando Vitores (alto saxophone).
ALBUM 2023 - How Do You Feel? David Hernando Vitores (saxophones).
ALBUM 2022 - Telemann: Twelve Fantasias for Saxophone Solo. David Hernando Vitores (soprano saxophone).
EP 2022 - CHACONNE. Violin Partita No.2 in D minor, BWV 1004 (Bach, Johann Sebastian). David Hernando Vitores (alto saxophone).
EP 2021 - Luis Chiurco: Vulgar "Suite Folclórica". David Hernando Vitores (saxophone) and Tiago Camerano (guitar/charango).
ALBUM 2021 - 28 Etudes - Sur les Modes à Transpositions Limitées d' Olivier Messiaen. David Hernando Vitores (saxophones).
ALBUM 2020 - Tango para un Loco II. 12 (DES) ARREGLOS. David Hernando Vitores (saxophones).
ALBUM 2020 - Tango para un Loco. David Hernando Vitores (saxophones).
ALBUM 2019 - But Sometimes I Get So Sensitive - David Hernando Vitores (saxophones) and Sandro' Bakhuashvili (piano).
ALBUM 2018 - HARIA Project: New Music For Saxophone - David Hernando Vitores (saxophones).
ALBUM 2018 - Nuit D' Été - David Hernando Vitores (saxophones) and Silvia Nogales Barrios (Guitar).
ALBUM 2017 - HARIA (New Music For Saxophone) - David Hernando Vitores (saxophones).
ALBUM 2016 - Romantic Pieces For Saxophone and Piano - David Hernando Vitores (saxophone) and Kayoko Morimoto (piano).
ALBUM 2015 - Horizontes (Music For Saxophone and Piano) - David Hernando Vitores (saxophones) and Kayoko Morimoto (piano).
ALBUM 2014 - Sixth Sense (Music For Saxophone and Piano) - David Hernando Vitores (saxophones) and Various Artists (pianos).
EP 2018 - Comesaña & Donjon: Any Blackbird & Elégie - David Hernando Vitores (saxophones).
SINGLE 2018 - Clouds: For Alto Saxophone and Electronics - David Hernando Vitores (saxophone).
SINGLE 2016 - Niccolò Paganini: Caprice No. 5 for Alto Saxophone - David Hernando Vitores (saxophone).
SINGLE 2016 - Isaac Albéniz: Asturias (Leyenda) For Alto Saxophone - David Hernando Vitores (saxophone).
SINGLE 2016 - Blue Balafon: For Soprano Saxophone and Electronic - David Hernando Vitores (saxophone).
EP 2016 - Telemann & Bach: Fantasias For Saxophone - David Hernando Vitores (saxophones).
EP 2015 - Asahi (To The Victims Of Hiroshima) - David Hernando Vitores (saxophones).
SINGLE 2016 - Rhapsody On Japanese Folk Songs - David Hernando Vitores (saxophone) and Kayoko Morimoto (piano).
SINGLE 2016 - Tanada: Mysterious Morning III (For Soprano Saxophone) - David Hernando Vitores (saxophone).
SINGLE 2014 - Berio: Sequenza IXb For Alto Saxophone - David Hernando Vitores (saxophone).
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madrid central spain: Topics by WorldWideScience.org
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Molecular epidemiology of parasitic protozoa and Ehrlichia canis in wildlife in Madrid (central Spain).
Science.gov (United States)
Criado-Fornelio, Angel; MartÃn-Pérez, T; Verdú-Expósito, C; Reinoso-Ortiz, S A; Pérez-Serrano, J
2018-07-01
Wildlife species are involved in the transmission of diverse pathogens. This study aimed to monitor raccoons (Procyon lotor), American minks (Neovison vison), and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) as potential reservoirs in central Spain. Specifically, 200 spleen and fecal samples (from 194 raccoons, 3 minks, and 3 foxes) were analyzed molecularly by PCR/qPCR and sequencing for the presence of piroplasmids, Hepatozoon spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Ehrlichia canis infections in the Community of Madrid (Spain). Biological samples were obtained in the years 2014, 2015, and 2016. No pathogen DNA was found in fecal samples. In contrast, analysis of raccoon spleen samples revealed that Toxoplasma was the most prevalent pathogen (prevalence 3.6â±â2.6%), followed by Hepatozoon canis and E. canis (each with a prevalence of 2.57â±â2.2%). Hepatozoon canis was also diagnosed in all three of the analyzed foxes. Analysis of yearly prevalence showed that tick-borne pathogens were less frequent in raccoon in 2015, a dry and warm year compared both to 2014 and 2016. These data suggest that fecal PCR assays are unsuitable for detection of DNA of non-erythrocytic pathogens. Furthermore, they demonstrate that the raccoon (an invasive species often living in proximity to domestic areas) and the red fox are putative reservoirs for pathogenic organisms in the Community of Madrid.
Mapping groundwater level and aquifer storage variations from InSAR measurements in the Madrid aquifer, Central Spain
Science.gov (United States)
Béjar-Pizarro, Marta; Ezquerro, Pablo; Herrera, Gerardo; Tomás, Roberto; Guardiola-Albert, Carolina; Ruiz Hernández, José M.; Fernández Merodo, José A.; Marchamalo, Miguel; MartÃnez, Rubén
2017-04-01
Groundwater resources are under stress in many regions of the world and the future water supply for many populations, particularly in the driest places on Earth, is threatened. Future climatic conditions and population growth are expected to intensify the problem. Understanding the factors that control groundwater storage variation is crucial to mitigate its adverse consequences. In this work, we apply satellite-based measurements of ground deformation over the Tertiary detritic aquifer of Madrid (TDAM), Central Spain, to infer the spatio-temporal evolution of water levels and estimate groundwater storage variations. Specifically, we use Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) data during the period 1992-2010 and piezometric time series on 19 well sites covering the period 1997-2010 to build groundwater level maps and quantify groundwater storage variations. Our results reveal that groundwater storage loss occurred in two different periods, 1992-1999 and 2005-2010 and was mainly concentrated in a region of â¼200 km2. The presence of more compressible materials in that region combined with a long continuous water extraction can explain this volumetric deficit. This study illustrates how the combination of PSI and piezometric data can be used to detect small aquifers affected by groundwater storage loss helping to improve their sustainable management.
Cultural Diversity in Compulsory Education: An Overview of the Context of Madrid (Spain)
Science.gov (United States)
Jaurena, Ines Gil
2010-01-01
This paper examines educational practices in Spain and in particular Madrid. With this contextual frame as the starting point the following issues are discussed: the "official" conceptualization of cultural diversity, educational policies and resolutions related to cultural diversity, and school programs and resources facilitated byâ¦
Phenomenology of summer ozone episodes over the Madrid Metropolitan Area, central Spain
Science.gov (United States)
Querol, Xavier; Alastuey, Andrés; Gangoiti, Gotzon; Perez, NoemÃ; Lee, Hong K.; Eun, Heeram R.; Park, Yonghee; Mantilla, Enrique; Escudero, Miguel; Titos, Gloria; Alonso, Lucio; Temime-Roussel, Brice; Marchand, Nicolas; Moreta, Juan R.; Arantxa Revuelta, M.; Salvador, Pedro; ArtÃñano, Begoña; GarcÃa dos Santos, Saúl; Anguas, Mónica; Notario, Alberto; Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso; Harrison, Roy M.; Millán, Millán; Ahn, Kang-Ho
2018-05-01
Various studies have reported that the photochemical nucleation of new ultrafine particles (UFPs) in urban environments within high insolation regions occurs simultaneously with high ground ozone (O3) levels. In this work, we evaluate the atmospheric dynamics leading to summer O3 episodes in the Madrid air basin (central Iberia) by means of measuring a 3-D distribution of concentrations for both pollutants. To this end, we obtained vertical profiles (up to 1200 m above ground level) using tethered balloons and miniaturised instrumentation at a suburban site located to the SW of the Madrid Metropolitan Area (MMA), the Majadahonda site (MJDH), in July 2016. Simultaneously, measurements of an extensive number of air quality and meteorological parameters were carried out at three supersites across the MMA. Furthermore, data from O3 soundings and daily radio soundings were also used to interpret atmospheric dynamics.The results demonstrate the concatenation of venting and accumulation episodes, with relative lows (venting) and peaks (accumulation) in O3 surface levels. Regardless of the episode type, the fumigation of high-altitude O3 (arising from a variety of origins) contributes the major proportion of surface O3 concentrations. Accumulation episodes are characterised by a relatively thinner planetary boundary layer ( 2400 m a.s.l.). This orographic-meteorological setting causes the vertical recirculation of air masses and enrichment of O3 in the lower tropospheric layers. When the highly polluted urban plume from Madrid is affected by these dynamics, the highest Ox (O3+ NO2) concentrations are recorded in the MMA.Vertical O3 profiles during venting episodes, with strong synoptic winds and a deepening of the planetary boundary layer reaching > 2000 m a.s.l., were characterised by an upward gradient in O3 levels, whereas a reverse situation with O3 concentration maxima at lower levels was found during the accumulation episodes due to local and/or regional production
Molecular detection of Hepatozoon spp. and Cytauxzoon sp. in domestic and stray cats from Madrid, Spain.
Science.gov (United States)
DÃaz-Regañón, David; Villaescusa, Alejandra; Ayllón, Tania; RodrÃguez-Franco, Fernando; Baneth, Gad; Calleja-Bueno, Lydia; GarcÃa-Sancho, Mercedes; Agulla, Beatriz; Sainz, Ãngel
2017-03-13
-borne pathogens, such as Ehrlichia canis and Bartonella henselae. Our results indicate that cats from Madrid, central Spain, are infected with Hepatozoon spp. and Cytauxzoon sp., although with a low prevalence. Further studies are needed to determine the virulence of these agents in Spanish cats.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Educational Data Mining (EDM) (8th, Madrid, Spain, June 26-29, 2015)
Science.gov (United States)
Santos, Olga Cristina, Ed.; Boticario, Jesus Gonzalez, Ed.; Romero, Cristobal, Ed.; Pechenizkiy, Mykola, Ed.; Merceron, Agathe, Ed.; Mitros, Piotr, Ed.; Luna, Jose Maria, Ed.; Mihaescu, Cristian, Ed.; Moreno, Pablo, Ed.; Hershkovitz, Arnon, Ed.; Ventura, Sebastian, Ed.; Desmarais, Michel, Ed.
2015-01-01
The 8th International Conference on Educational Data Mining (EDM 2015) is held under auspices of the International Educational Data Mining Society at UNED, the National University for Distance Education in Spain. The conference held in Madrid, Spain, July 26-29, 2015, follows the seven previous editions (London 2014, Memphis 2013, Chania 2012,â¦
Prevalence of heartworm in dogs and cats of Madrid, Spain.
Science.gov (United States)
Montoya-Alonso, José Alberto; Morchón, Rodrigo; Falcón-Cordón, Yaiza; Falcón-Cordón, Soraya; Simón, Fernando; Carretón, Elena
2017-07-26
Dirofilaria immitis causes heartworm disease, a chronic and potentially fatal cardiopulmonary disease which mainly affects dogs and cats. It is present in most of Spain, due to favourable climatic factors. Madrid, located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula, is the most highly populated city in the country. There is a lack of current data on canine heartworm and there are no published epidemiological data regarding feline heartworm in this region, therefore the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and current distribution of canine and feline dirofilariosis in the province of Madrid. Serum samples from 1716 dogs and 531 cats, from animals living in the metropolitan area of Madrid and adjacent areas, were studied. All the samples, either from cats and dogs, were tested for circulating D. immitis antigens using a commercial immunochromatographic test kit. Furthermore, to establish the seroprevalence of heartworm infection in cats, serological techniques for anti-D. immitis and anti-Wolbachia antibody detection were used. Prevalence of D. immitis in the canine population of Madrid was 3%, showing an increase in comparison to previous data. The presence of heartworm in the city centre could be influenced by the presence of Urban Heat Islands, while the positive dogs from metropolitan and adjacent areas were mainly located under the influence of rivers. Regarding cats, 0.2% were positive to the antigens test and 7.3% were seropositive to both anti-D. immitis and Wolbachia surface protein antibodies, which demonstrate the presence of feline heartworm in Madrid. Seropositive cats were present in the same areas where positive dogs were found. Indoor/outdoor cats showed the highest seroprevalence whereas the lowest corresponded to indoor cats, demonstrating that prophylactic treatments should be carried out regardless of lifestyle. Infection was found in 2.2% of dogs and 6.7% of the cats <Â 1Â year-old, which indicates that early preventive campaigns in puppies
Shaded Relief and Radar Image with Color as Height, Madrid, Spain
Science.gov (United States)
2002-01-01
The white, mottled area in the right-center of this image from NASA's Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) is Madrid, the capital of Spain. Located on the Meseta Central, a vast plateau covering about 40 percent of the country, this city of 3 million is very near the exact geographic center of the Iberian Peninsula. The Meseta is rimmed by mountains and slopes gently to the west and to the series of rivers that form the boundary with Portugal. The plateau is mostly covered with dry grasslands, olive groves and forested hills.Madrid is situated in the middle of the Meseta, and at an elevation of 646 meters (2,119 feet) above sea level is the highest capital city in Europe. To the northwest of Madrid, and visible in the upper left of the image, is the Sistema Central mountain chain that forms the 'dorsal spine' of the Meseta and divides it into northern and southern subregions. Rising to about 2,500 meters (8,200 feet), these mountains display some glacial features and are snow-capped for most of the year. Offering almost year-round winter sports, the mountains are also important to the climate of Madrid.Three visualization methods were combined to produce this image: shading and color coding of topographic height and radar image intensity. The shade image was derived by computing topographic slope in the northwest-southeast direction. North-facing slopes appear bright and south-facing slopes appear dark. Color coding is directly related to topographic height, with green at the lower elevations, rising through yellow and brown to white at the highest elevations. The shade image was combined with the radar intensity image in the flat areas.Elevation data used in this image was acquired by the SRTM aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour, launched on Feb. 11, 2000. SRTM used the same radar instrument that comprised the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) that flew twice on the Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1994. SRTM was designed to
Happiness on the street: Overall happiness among homeless people in Madrid (Spain).
Science.gov (United States)
Panadero, Sonia; Guillén, Ana Isabel; Vázquez, José Juan
2015-07-01
This article tests a hypothesized model of overall happiness among homeless people in Spain. The research was conducted based on a representative sample of homeless people in Madrid (n = 235), all adults, who had spent the night before the interview in a shelter for homeless people, on the street or in other places not initially designed for sleeping, or who were in supervised accommodation for homeless people at the time of the interview. Information was gathered using a structured interview. The results obtained show that around half of the homeless people in Madrid said that they were happy. A positive meta-stereotype and a better perceived general health were associated with a higher overall happiness, while feelings of loneliness were associated with a lower overall happiness. Happiness also showed a significant effect on future expectations. Disabilities and handicaps had a significant effect on perceived general health, which was in turn associated with overall happiness among homeless people. (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).
[Typologies of Madrid's citizens (Spain) at the end-of-life: cluster analysis].
Science.gov (United States)
Ortiz-Gonçalves, Belén; Perea-Pérez, Bernardo; Labajo González, Elena; Albarrán Juan, Elena; Santiago-Sáez, Andrés
2018-03-06
To establish typologies within Madrid's citizens (Spain) with regard to end-of-life by cluster analysis. The SPAD 8 programme was implemented in a sample from a health care centre in the autonomous region of Madrid (Spain). A multiple correspondence analysis technique was used, followed by a cluster analysis to create a dendrogram. A cross-sectional study was made beforehand with the results of the questionnaire. Five clusters stand out. Cluster 1: a group who preferred not to answer numerous questions (5%). Cluster 2: in favour of receiving palliative care and euthanasia (40%). Cluster 3: would oppose assisted suicide and would not ask for spiritual assistance (15%). Cluster 4: would like to receive palliative care and assisted suicide (16%). Cluster 5: would oppose assisted suicide and would ask for spiritual assistance (24%). The following four clusters stood out. Clusters 2 and 4 would like to receive palliative care, euthanasia (2) and assisted suicide (4). Clusters 4 and 5 regularly practiced their faith and their family members did not receive palliative care. Clusters 3 and 5 would be opposed to euthanasia and assisted suicide in particular. Clusters 2, 4 and 5 had not completed an advance directive document (2, 4 and 5). Clusters 2 and 3 seldom practiced their faith. This study could be taken into consideration to improve the quality of end-of-life care choices. Copyright © 2017 SESPAS. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.
Intrinsic and specific vulnerability of groundwater in central Spain: the risk of nitrate pollution
Science.gov (United States)
MartÃnez-Bastida, Juan J.; Arauzo, Mercedes; Valladolid, Maria
2010-05-01
The intrinsic vulnerability of groundwater in the Comunidad de Madrid (central Spain) was evaluated using the DRASTIC and GOD indexes. Groundwater vulnerability to nitrate pollution was also assessed using the composite DRASTIC (CD) and nitrate vulnerability (NV) indexes. The utility of these methods was tested by analyzing the spatial distribution of nitrate concentrations in the different aquifers located in the study area: the Tertiary Detrital Aquifer, the Moor Limestone Aquifer, the Cretaceous Limestone Aquifer and the Quaternary Aquifer. Vulnerability maps based on these four indexes showed very similar results, identifying the Quaternary Aquifer and the lower sub-unit of the Moor Limestone Aquifer as deposits subjected to a high risk of nitrate pollution due to intensive agriculture. As far as the spatial distribution of groundwater nitrate concentrations is concerned, the NV index showed the greatest statistical significance ( p Comunidad de Madrid, in line with European Union Directive 91/676/EEC.
Madrid
Science.gov (United States)
2001-01-01
This ASTER image was acquired on July 5, 2000 and covers an area of 25 by 24 km over Madrid, Spain. A historic capital city, Madrid is renowned for its unique charm and its exhilarating cultural life. In the 10th century, a Moorish fortress called Magerit was first built on the site, a plateau 656 meters (2,150 feet) above sea level. Spanish Christians seized the city a century later, although Madrid remained relatively unimportant until 1561. It was then that the Spanish king Philip II chose it as the national capital, largely because of its geographic location in the very heart of the country. Some historic structures from this and later periods still grace the narrow streets of the old section of Madrid, although the Spanish Civil War exacted a heavy toll on the city. The image is located at 40.4 degrees north latitude and 3.7 degrees west longitude. The U.S. science team is located at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. The Terra mission is part of NASA's Science Mission Directorate.
END 2014: International Conference on Education and New Developments. Conference Proceedings (Madrid, Spain, June 28-30, 2014)
Science.gov (United States)
Carmo, Mafalda, Ed.
2014-01-01
We welcome you to the International Conference on Education and New Developments 2014, taking place in Madrid, Spain, from 28 to 30 of June, 2014. Education, as an important right in our contemporary world, began since we exist. Knowledge and skills were passed by adults to the young, and cultures began to extend their experiences through variousâ¦
International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends (InPACT) Book of Proceedings (Madrid, Spain, April 26-28, 2013)
Science.gov (United States)
Pracana, Clara, Ed.; Silva, Liliana, Ed.
2013-01-01
We are delighted to welcome you to the International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends 2013, taking place in Madrid, Spain, from 26 to 28 of April. Our efforts and active engagement can now be rewarded with these three days of exciting new developments about what we are passionate about: Psychology and its connections. We take prideâ¦
Serosurvey Reveals Exposure to West Nile Virus in Asymptomatic Horse Populations in Central Spain Prior to Recent Disease Foci.
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Abad-Cobo, A; Llorente, F; Barbero, M Del Carmen; Cruz-López, F; Forés, P; Jiménez-Clavero, M Ã
2017-10-01
West Nile fever/encephalitis (WNF) is an infectious disease affecting horses, birds and humans, with a cycle involving birds as natural reservoirs and mosquitoes as transmission vectors. It is a notifiable disease, re-emerging in Europe. In Spain, it first appeared in horses in the south (Andalusia) in 2010, where outbreaks occur every year since. However, in 2014, an outbreak was declared in horses in central Spain, approximately 200 km away from the closest foci in Andalusia. Before that, evidence of West Nile virus (WNV) circulation in central Spain had been obtained only from wildlife, but never in horses. The purpose of this work was to perform a serosurvey to retrospectively detect West Nile virus infections in asymptomatic horses in central Spain from 2011 to 2013, that is before the occurrence of the first outbreaks in the area. For that, serum samples from 369 horses, collected between September 2011 and November 2013 in central Spain, were analysed by ELISA (blocking and IgM) and confirmed by virus neutralization, proving its specificity using parallel titration with another flavivirus (Usutu virus). As a result, 10 of 369 horse serum samples analysed gave positive results by competitive ELISA, 5 of which were confirmed as positive to WNV by virus neutralization (seropositivity rate: 1.35%). One of these WNV seropositive samples was IgM-positive. Chronologically, the first positive samples, including the IgM-positive, corresponded to sera collected in 2012 in Madrid province. From these results, we concluded that WNV circulated in asymptomatic equine populations of central Spain at least since 2012, before the first disease outbreak reported in this area. © 2016 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.
El sistema de yacimientos de mamÃferos miocenos del Cerro de los Batallones, Cuenca de Madrid: estado actual y perspectivas
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Morales, J.; Pozo, M.; Silva, P.G.; Domingo, M.S.; López-Antoñanzas, R.; Ãlvarez Sierra, A.; Antón, M.; MartÃn Escorza, C.; Quiralte, V.; Salesa, M.J.; Sánchez, I.M.; Azanza, B.; Calvo, J.P.; Carrasco, P.; GarcÃa-Paredes, I.; Knoll, F.; Hernández Fernández, M.; Hoek Ostende, van den L.W.; Merino, L.; Meulen, van der A.J.; Montoya, P.; Peigné, S.; Peláez-Campomanes, P.; Sánchez-Marco, A.; Turner, A.; Abella, J.; Alcalde, G.M.; Andrés, M.; DeMiguel, D.; Cantalapiedra, J.L.; Fraile, S.; GarcÃa Yelo, B.A.; Gómez Cano, A.R.; López Guerrero, P.; Oliver Pérez, A.; Siliceo, G.
2008-01-01
The Cerro de los Batallones (Los Batallones Butte) is located in the central-northern area of the Madrid Basin, central Spain. Nine vertebrates localities containing a large variety of mammals of Upper Vallesian Age (Late Miocene) have been found associated with the sediments forming the butte. From
Modelling the influence of peri-urban trees in the air quality of Madrid region (Spain)
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Alonso, Rocio; Vivanco, Marta G.; Gonzalez-Fernandez, Ignacio; Bermejo, Victoria; Palomino, Inmaculada; Garrido, Juan Luis; Elvira, Susana; Salvador, Pedro; Artinano, Begona
2011-01-01
Tropospheric ozone (O 3 ) is considered one of the most important air pollutants affecting human health. The role of peri-urban vegetation in modifying O 3 concentrations has been analyzed in the Madrid region (Spain) using the V200603par-rc1 version of the CHIMERE air quality model. The 3.7 version of the MM5 meteorological model was used to provide meteorological input data to the CHIMERE. The emissions were derived from the EMEP database for 2003. Land use data and the stomatal conductance model included in CHIMERE were modified according to the latest information available for the study area. Two cases were considered for the period April-September 2003: (1) actual land use and (2) a fictitious scenario where El Pardo peri-urban forest was converted to bare-soil. The results show that El Pardo forest constitutes a sink of O 3 since removing this green area increased O 3 levels over the modified area and over down-wind surrounding areas. - Highlights: â Role of peri-urban vegetation in modifying O 3 pollution in Madrid (Spain). â The CHIMERE air quality model was adapted to Mediterranean conditions. â Preserving the peri-urban forest lowers O 3 concentrations over the surrounding areas. â Evergreen broadleaf and deciduous forests removed more atmospheric O 3 than conifers. - Peri-urban forests contribute to ameliorate ozone air pollution.
El barrio de la Chueca of Madrid, Spain: an emerging epicenter of the global LGBT civil rights movement.
Science.gov (United States)
Martinez, Omar; Dodge, Brian
2010-01-01
The purpose of this article is to examine and deconstruct the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) barrio (community) of Chueca in Madrid, Spain, from political and sociological perspectives. First, we develop a critical framework for understanding the historical, political, social, cultural, and economic changes that took place in Spain after Franco's death in relation to LGBT issues. Ethnographic research was conducted from May to July 2007 in the Spanish cities of Madrid, Barcelona, and Ibiza, and focused primarily on the community of Chueca. A social constructionist perspective was used to examine sociocultural issues in this ethnosexual community through an in-depth study of the dynamics of this barrio. The theoretical framework of intersectionality and the constitutive relations among social identities is exemplified in Chueca. Hence, individuals in Chueca and their intersectionality perspective reveal that their identities influence and shape their beliefs about gender and symbols. We describe how Chueca reflects recent progressive changes in LGBT-related laws and statutes drafted by the federal government and how these have influenced the high level of societal acceptance toward intimate same-sex relationships in Spain. Additionally, we exemplify and present Chueca as an enclave that has been affected by the globalization of the private market, "gay" identity, and enterprise, having a direct effect on cultural norms and social behaviors. Last, we examine the current state of the Chueca community relative to other developing LGBT Latino/a communities in the United States.
Population cardiovascular health and urban environments: the Heart Healthy Hoods exploratory study in Madrid, Spain
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Usama Bilal
2016-08-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Our aim is to conduct an exploratory study to provide an in-depth characterization of a neighborhoodâs social and physical environment in relation to cardiovascular health. A mixed-methods approach was used to better understand the food, alcohol, tobacco and physical activity domains of the urban environment. Methods We conducted this study in an area of 16,000 residents in Madrid (Spain. We obtained cardiovascular health and risk factors data from all residents aged 45 and above using Electronic Health Records from the Madrid Primary Health Care System. We used several quantitative audit tools to assess: the type and location of food outlets and healthy food availability; tobacco and alcohol points of sale; walkability of all streets and use of parks and public spaces. We also conducted 11 qualitative interviews with key informants to help understanding the relationships between urban environment and cardiovascular behaviors. We integrated quantitative and qualitative data following a mixed-methods merging approach. Results Electronic Health Records of the entire population of the area showed similar prevalence of risk factors compared to the rest of Madrid/Spain (prevalence of diabetes: 12Â %, hypertension: 34Â %, dyslipidemia: 32Â %, smoking: 10Â %, obesity: 20Â %. The food environment was very dense, with many small stores (nâ=â44 and a large food market with 112 stalls. Residents highlighted the importance of these small stores for buying healthy foods. Alcohol and tobacco environments were also very dense (nâ=â91 and 64, respectively, dominated by bars and restaurants (nâ=â53 that also acted as food services. Neighbors emphasized the importance of drinking as a socialization mechanism. Public open spaces were mostly used by seniors that remarked the importance of accessibility to these spaces and the availability of destinations to walk to. Conclusion This experience allowed testing and refining
Chemical quality of tap water in Madrid: multicase control cancer study in Spain (MCC-Spain).
Science.gov (United States)
Fernández-Navarro, Pablo; Villanueva, Cristina M; GarcÃa-Pérez, Javier; Boldo, Elena; Goñi-Irigoyen, Fernando; Ulibarrena, Enrique; Rantakokko, Panu; GarcÃa-Esquinas, Esther; Pérez-Gómez, Beatriz; Pollán, Marina; Aragonés, Nuria
2017-02-01
Chronic consumption of water, which contains contaminants, may give rise to adverse health effects. The Madrid region, covered by the population-based multicase-control (MCC-Spain) study, includes two drinking water supply areas. The different sources of the water, coupled together with the possible differences in water management, mean that there may be differences in drinking water quality. In the context of the MCC study, our aims were to describe contaminant concentrations in tap water drawn from various sampling points distributed around the region, assess these concentrations by reference to guideline values and study possible differences between the two supply areas. Tap water samples were collected from 34 sampling points in 7 towns in the Madrid region (19-29 April 2010), and 23 contaminants (metals, nitrates, disinfection by-product and Mutagen X levels) were quantified. We undertook a descriptive analysis of the contaminant concentrations in the water and compared them between the two water supply areas (Wilcoxon test). We created maps representing the distribution of the concentrations observed at water sampling points and assessed the correlations (Spearman's coefficient) between the different parameters measured. The concentrations of the contaminants were below guideline values. There were differences between the two supply areas in concentration of nitrates (p value = 0.0051) and certain disinfection by-products. While there were positive correlations (rho >0.70) among some disinfection by-products, no correlations were found in metals or nitrates. The differences in nitrate levels could be linked to differences in farming/industrial activities in the catchment areas and in disinfection by-products might be related to the existence of different treatment systems or bromine content in source waters.
Las noticias de Madrid (News from Madrid
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Wahrle Suzanne
2006-09-01
Full Text Available Abstract Over 5,000 participants attended the 10th International Conference on Alzheimer's Disease (ICAD and Related Disorders in Madrid, Spain from July 15â20, 2006. Highlights of the conference included reports on brain imaging, the discovery of mutations in the progranulin gene that cause frontotemporal dementia, the finding that neuregulin-1 is a substrate for BACE1 and new interest in the connection between Alzheimer's disease and metabolic syndromes.
Traffic light â nutrition labelling: knowledge, perception and use in consumers of Madrid, Spain
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Karimen Andrea León-Flández
2015-07-01
Full Text Available Introduction: Describe knowledge, comprehension level, perception and use of traffic light labelling in consumers of Madrid.Material and Methods: A two phases, cross-sectional study design, carried out in Madrid, in 2012. Our sample was recruited randomly, and interviewed using a questionnaire designed for this purpose. Consumers of 7 stores of main supermarket chains in Madrid were questioned. Information about knowledge, comprehension, perception and use of traffic light labelling (TLL was collected. Analyses examined the frequency of the variables of interest. Differences were tested using the Ï2 test.Results: The response rate was 80.6% (first phase and 97.8% (second phase. Consumers that knew the TLL and understood its color-coding system were 41.4% and 18.6% respectively. From the participants that knew the TLL system, 61.5% thought it was very useful (80% among those >65 years and 90% among those with primary studies; p>0.05. Just 31.4% of consumers habitually used TLL to buy their products (70% among those with primary studies; p=0.04. This percentage was higher in consumers that understood the color-coding system (second phase (66.6%; p<0.01.Conclusions: The level of TLLâs knowledge and comprehension was low. Consumers that know TLL, consider it a useful nutrition instrument. Those who understand, use it habitually to buy their products, especially consumers older than 65 years old and with primary studies. A widespread introduction of this system in Spain might contribute to improve food and eating habits, especially elderly people and less educated.
Historical Quarries, Decay and Petrophysical Properties of Carbonate Stones Used in the Historical Center of Madrid (Spain
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David M. Freire-Lista
2017-06-01
Full Text Available The carbonate stones that make up the four fountains of the 18th century located in the Paseo del Prado of Madrid (Spain are studied. The documentary search in historical archives, together with the petrographic, cartographic and paleontological studies permitted to determine that the fountains have been built with dolostone of the Castrojimeno Formation, with gastropods of the Trochactaeon Lamarcki specie of the Santonian (Upper Cretaceous. The historical quarries from which the ashlars have been extracted is located in Redueña Village. The petrophysical properties of this dolostone (effective porosity, bulk density, mercury intrusion porosity, ultrasound wave propagation velocity, micro-roughness and color have been calculated and compared with Colmenar de Oreja limestone. Each of the four fountains has a circular pylon at the base, a central column that holds a smaller pylon and is topped by a sculpture that serves as a spout. A bomb destroyed three ashlars of the basal pylon, column, small pylon and the sculpture of the SE fountain, during the Spanish Civil War, in 1936. These damaged elements were replaced by other carved limestones from Colmenar de Oreja in 1944. The four sculptures had been replaced in 1996 with resin replicas and the originals are preserved in the San Isidro. Los orÃgenes de Madrid museum. The study of the petrophysical properties of the sculptures located in the museum allowed us to determine the decay of different stone types. The analysis of micro-roughness was employed to define that the dissolution effect on the sculptures is different between dolostone and limestone. Redueña dolostone is more resistant to dissolution effect than Colmenar de Oreja limestome.
Adherence to nutritional recommendations in vending machines at secondary schools in Madrid (Spain), 2014-2015.
Science.gov (United States)
Monroy-Parada, Doris Xiomara; Jácome-González, MarÃa Luisa; Moya-Geromini, MarÃa Ãngeles; RodrÃguez-Artalejo, Fernando; Royo-Bordonada, Miguel Ãngel
2017-07-13
To describe the nutritional content of products offered in food and drink vending machines at secondary schools in the Madrid Autonomous Community (Spain), and to evaluate these items' adherence to the nutritional recommendations of the National Health System Consensus Document on School Food. Cross-sectional study of a sample of 330 secondary schools in Madrid across the period 2014-2015. Secondary school vending machines were identified by telephone interview. The products offered in a representative sample of six machines were identified by inspection in situ, and their nutritional composition was obtained from the labelling. A total of 94.5% of the 55 products on offer failed to comply with at least one nutritional criterion of the Consensus Document on School Food. The recommendation relating to sugar content registered the highest level of non-compliance, with 52.7% of products, followed by the recommendations relating to energy (47.3%) and fats (45.5%). The mean number of unmet criteria was 2.2, with this figure being higher in foods than in drinks (2.8 versus 1; p <0.01). Almost all the products on display in secondary school vending machines in Madrid were in breach of the Consensus Document on School Food, mainly due to an excess of calories, sugars and fats. Compulsory nutritional criteria and a procedure for monitoring adherence should be established, specifying those responsible for performing this task and the corrective measures to be applied in the event of non-compliance. Copyright © 2017 SESPAS. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.
Use of dendrochronological method in Pinus halepensis to estimate the soil erosion in the South East of Madrid (Spain).
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Pérez-RodrÃguez, Raquel; Marques, Maria Jose; Bienes, Ramón
2007-05-25
The rate of soil erosion in pine forests (Pinus halepensis) located in the Southeast of Madrid has been estimated using dendrochronological analysis based on the change in ring-growth pattern from concentric to eccentric when the root is exposed. Using 49 roots spread across five inclined areas, it has been found that the length and direction of the hillsides, as well as their vegetation cover affect the rate of erosion, while the slope itself does not. The erosion rates found for the different areas studied vary between 3.5 and 8.8 mm year(-1), that is between 40 and 101 t ha(-1) year(-1) respectively. These values are between 2 and 3 times greater than those predicted by USLE, for which this equation underestimates soil loss for Central Spain's Mediterranean conditions. Nonetheless, both methods (using dendrochronology to determine actual soil loss and theoretical prediction with USLE) are able to establish the same significant differences among the areas studied, allowing for the comparative estimate of the severity of the area's erosion problem.
Vending Machines of Food and Beverages and Nutritional Profile of their Products at Schools in Madrid, Spain, 2014-2015.
Science.gov (United States)
Monroy-Parada, Doris Xiomara; Ãngeles Moya, MarÃa; José Bosqued, MarÃa; López, Lázaro; RodrÃguez-Artalejo, Fernando; Royo-Bordonada, Miguel Ãngel
2016-06-09
Policies restricting access to sugary drinks and unhealthy foods in the school environment are associated with healthier consumption patterns. In 2010, Spain approved a Consensus Document regarding Food at Schools with nutritional criteria to improve the nutritional profile of foods and drinks served at schools. The objective of this study was to describe the frequency of food and drink vending machines at secondary schools in Madrid, the products offered at them and their nutritional profile. Cross-sectional study of a random sample of 330 secondary schools in Madrid in 2014-2015. The characteristics of the schools and the existence of vending machines were recorded through the internet and by telephone interview. The products offered in a representative sample of 6 vending machines were identified by in situ inspection, and its nutritional composition was taken from its labeling. Finally, the nutritional profile of each product was analyzed with the United Kingdom profile model, which classifies products as healthy and less healthy. The prevalence of vending machines was 17.3%. Among the products offered, 80.5% were less healthy food and drinks (high in energy, fat or sugar and poor in nutrients) and 10.5% were healthy products. Vending machines are common at secondary schools in Madrid. Most products are vending machines are still less healthy.
Evidences of Paleoearthquakes in Palaeolithic settlements within fluvial sequences of the Tagus Basin (Madrid, Central Spain).
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Silva, Pablo G.; RodrÃguez Pascua, M. A.; Pérez López, R.; Giner Robles, J. L.; Roquero, E.; Tapias, F.; López Recio, M.; Rus, I.; Morin, J.
2010-05-01
Multiple evidences of soft-sediment to brittle deformation within the Pleistocene fluvial terraces of the Tagus, Jarama, Tajuña and Manzanares river valleys have been described since the middle 20th Century. Cryoturbation, hydroplastic deformations due to underlying karstic collapses or halokinesis on the substratum of neogene gypsums, and seismic shaking have been proposed to interpret these structures. These deformations are typically concentrated in the +18-20 m terrace levels, and closely linked to well-known Palaeolithic sites, in some cases overlaying and/or affecting true prehistoric settlements (i.e. Arganda, Arriaga and Tafesa sites) within the Jarama and Manzanares valleys. The affected settlements typically display acheulian lithic industry linked to the scavenging of large Pleistocene mammals (i.e. Elephas antiquus). Commonly, deformational structures are concentrated in relatively thin horizons (10-50 cm thick) bracketed by undeformed fluvial sands and gravels. The soft-sediment deformations usually consist on medium to fine sized sands injected and protruded in overlaying flood-plain clayey silts, showing a wide variety of convolutes, injections, sand-dikes, dish and pillar structures, mud volcanoes, faults and folds, some times it is possible to undertake their 3D geometrical analysis due to the exceptional conservation of the structures (Tafesa). Recent geo-archaeological prospecting on the for the Palaeolithic Site of Arriaga (South Madrid City) conducted during the year 2009, let to find out an exceptional horizon of deformation of about 1.20 m thick. It consisted on highly disturbed and pervasively liquefacted sands, which hardly can be attributed to no-seismic processes. The acheulian lithic industry of the Madrid Region have been classically attributed the Late Middle Pleistocene (Comunidad de Madrid, AUDEMA S.A. (Proyecto Arriaga-2009). This is a contribution of GQM-AEQUA.
Variability and changes in selected climate elements in Madrid and Alicante in the period 2000-2014
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Cielecka Katarzyna
2015-10-01
Full Text Available The aim of this study is to compare climatic conditions between the interior of the Iberian Peninsula and the southeastern coast of Spain. The article analyzes selected elements of climate over the last 15 years (2000-2014. Synoptic data from airport meteorological stations in Madrid Barajas and Alicante Elche were used. Attention was focused on annual air temperature, relative humidity and precipitation. The mean climatic conditions over the period 2000-2014 were compared with those over the 1961-1990 period which is recommended by WMO as climate normal and with data for the 1971-2000 coming from âClimate Atlasâ of Spanish meteorologists group AEMET. Two of climate elements discussed were characterized by significant changes. The annual air temperature was higher by about 0.2°C in Alicante and 0.9°C in Madrid in the period 2000-2014 compared to the 1961-1990. The current winters were colder than in years 1961-1990 at both stations. Gradual decrease in annual precipitation totals was observed at both stations. In 1961-1990 the annual average precipitation in Madrid amounted to 414 mm, while in Alicante it was 356 mm. However, in the recent years of 2000-2014 these totals were lower compared to 1961-1990 reaching 364.1 mm in the central part of Spain and 245.7 mm on the south-western coast.
Central de producción de calor - Madrid â España
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Laorden Jiménez, J.
1973-10-01
Full Text Available The Heat Production Station of the University City Hospital in Madrid is described, after several years operation. The Station is equipped for an output of 13,000,000 kcal/hr, for heating; 1,000,000 kcal/hr, for hospital hot water, and 3,200,000 kcal/hr, for steam at 5 kp/cm2. The different alternatives are presented and the general outline of the solution chosen, as well as a comprehensive list of the materials used.Se describe la Central de Producción de Calor del Hospital ClÃnico de la Ciudad Universitaria de Madrid, después de algunos años de funcionamiento. La Central está preparada para una producción de 13.000.000 de kcal/h, para calefacción; 1.000.000 de kilocalorÃas/h, para agua caliente sanitaria, y 3.200.000 kcal/h, para vapor a 5 kp/cm2. Se presentan las diversas alternativas y el esquema general de la solución elegida, asà como una extensa relación de ios materiales empleados.
Imported malaria in children in Madrid, Spain, 2007-2013.
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Sánchez, Beatriz Soto; Tato, L M Prieto; MartÃn, S Guillén; Pérez, E; Grasa, C; Valderrama, S; Augusto, I de; Sierra, M; Ros, M GarcÃa; Aguado, I; Hortelano, M GarcÃa López
The majority of malaria cases diagnosed in Europe in the last few years have occurred in people living in non-endemic areas travelling back to their home country to visit friends and relatives (VFRs). Children account for 15-20% of imported malaria, with known higher risk of severe disease. A retrospective multicentre study was conducted in 24 hospitals in Madrid (Spain) including patients under 16 years diagnosed with malaria (2007-2013). A total of 149 episodes in 147 children were reported. Plasmodium falciparum was the species most commonly isolated. Twenty-five patients developed severe malaria and there was one death related to malaria. VFR accounted for 45.8% of our children. Only 17 VFRs had received prophylaxis, and 4 of them taken appropriately. They presented more frequently with fever (98% vs. 69%), a longer time with fever (55 vs. 26%), delay in diagnosis of more than three days (62 vs. 37%), and more thrombocytopenia (65 vs. 33%) than non-VFRs, and with significant differences (pmalaria cases in our study. They seldom took adequate prophylaxis, and delayed the visit to the physician, increasing the length of fever and subsequent delaying in diagnosis. Appropriate preventive measures, such as education and pre-travel advices should be taken in this population. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y MicrobiologÃa ClÃnica. All rights reserved.
GuMNet - Guadarrama Monitoring Network initiative (Madrid,Spain)
Science.gov (United States)
Santolaria-Canales, Edmundo
2017-04-01
The Guadarrama Monitoring Network initiative (GuMNet) is an observational infrastructure focused on monitoring the state of the atmosphere, surface and subsurface in the Sierra de Guadarrama, 50 km NW of the city of Madrid. The network is composed of 10 automatic real time weather stations ranging from low altitude (ca. 900 m.a.s.l) to high mountain areas (ca. 2400 m.a.s.l). The GuMNet infrastructure consists in 10 real time automatic weather stations with instrumentation for observing the state of the atmosphere, surface and the subsurface at the Sierra de Guadarrama, just 50 km north-northwest of the city of Madrid. GuMNet lays the foundations of a research network on weather, soil thermodynamics, boundary layer physics, climate and ecosystem oriented impacts, air pollutions, etc. in the Sierra de Guadarrama. GuMNet represents a first step to provide a unique observational network in an environment of high protection to be used as a laboratory serving a wide range of scientific and educational interests. High altitude sites are focused on periglacial areas and lower altitude sites have emphasis on pastures. One of the low altitude sites is equipped with a 10 m high anemometric tower with a 3D sonic anemometer at the top jointly with a CO2/H2O analyzer that will allow sampling of wind profiles and H2O and CO2 eddy covariance fluxes, important for soil respiration and CO2 and water vapor exchange. A portable station has also a 3D sonic anemometer with CO2/H2O analyzer, this 4 meters-high portable tower is designed for comparison with other soil terrain fluxes. The network is connected via general packet radio service (GPRS) to the central lab in the Campus of Excellence of Moncloa and a management software has been developed to handle the operation of the infrastructure. The deployment of instrumentation and connection of sites to the network was finished in 2016. GuMNet is currently in the process of becoming operational. Conceptually, GuMNet intends to convert a
The Madrid School of Neurology (1885-1939).
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Giménez-Roldán, S
2015-01-01
The emergence of neurology in Madrid between 1885 and 1939 had well-defined characteristics. On foundations laid by Cajal and RÃo-Hortega, pioneers combined clinical practice with cutting-edge neurohistology and neuropathology research. Luis Simarro, trained in Paris, taught many talented students including Gayarre, Achúcarro and Lafora. The untimely death of Nicolás Achúcarro curtailed his promising career, but he still completed the clinicopathological study of the first American case of Alzheimer's disease. On returning to Spain, he studied glial cells, including rod cells. RodrÃguez Lafora described progressive myoclonus epilepsy and completed experimental studies of corpus callosum lesions and clinical and neuropathology studies of senile dementia. He fled to Mexico at the end of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). SanchÃs Banús, a sterling clinical neurologist, described the first cluster of Huntington's disease in Spain, and he and RÃo-Hortega joined efforts to determine that pallidal degeneration underlies rigidity in advanced stages of the disease. Just after the war, Alberca Llorente eruditely described inflammatory diseases of the neuraxis. Manuel Peraita studied "the neurology of hunger" with data collected during the siege of Madrid. Dionisio Nieto, like many exiled intellectuals, settled in Mexico DF, where he taught neurohistological methods and neuropsychiatry in the tradition of the Madrid School of Neurology. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Genotype distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) in histological sections of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cervical carcinoma in Madrid, Spain
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
GarcÃa-Espinosa, BenjamÃn; Moro-RodrÃguez, Ernesto; Ãlvarez-Fernández, Emilio
2012-01-01
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) genotype distribution and co-infection occurrence was studied in cervical specimens from the city of Madrid (Spain), as a contribution to the knowledge of Human Papillomavirus genotype distribution and prevalence of carcinogenic HPV types in cervical lesions in Spain. A total of 533 abnormal specimens, from the Hospital General Universitario âGregorio Marañónâ of Madrid, were studied. These included 19 benign lesions, 349 cervical intraepithelial neoplasias 1 (CIN1), 158 CIN2-3 and 7 invasive cervical carcinomas (ICC). HPV genotyping was performed using PCR and tube array hybridization. We detected 20 different HPV types: 13 carcinogenic high-risk HPV types (HR-HPVs), 2 probably carcinogenic high-risk HPV types (PHR-HPVs) and 5 carcinogenic low-risk HPV types (LR-HPVs). The most frequent HPV genotypes found in all specimens were HPV16 (26.0%), 31 (10.7%) and 58 (8.0%). HPV 18 was only detected in 5.0%. Co-infections were found in 30.7% of CIN 1 and 18.4% cases of CIN2-3. The highest percentage of HR HPVs was found in those specimens with a CIN2-3 lesion (93.7%). As our study shows the current tetravalent vaccine could be effective in our geographical area for preventing all the invasive cervical carcinomas. In addition, upon the estimates of the important presence of other HR-HPV types â such as 31, 58, 33 and 52 â in different preneoplasic lesions the effectiveness of HPV vaccination in our geographical area, and others with similar genotype distribution, should be limited
Efficacies of prevention and control measures applied during an outbreak in Southwest Madrid, Spain.
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Anaiá da Paixão Sevá
in this and in other similar outbreaks. The present mathematical model was able to reproduce the leishmaniasis dynamics in the Madrid outbreak, providing theoretical support based on successful experiences, such as the reduction of human cases in Southwest Madrid, Spain.
Enhancement of archaeological heritage. El Risco de las Cuevas at Perales de Tajuña, Madrid (Spain)
Science.gov (United States)
Freire-Lista, David Martin; Alvarez de Buergo, Mónica; Fort, Rafael
2016-04-01
Heritage conservation has a great impact on the economy of a country. The enhancement of archaeological sites is an investment that promotes tourism and culture. The interdisciplinary knowledge of heritage should be the basis of its management. Preventive actions, non-destructive analytical techniques and monitoring for the conservation of these assets should be promoted. "El Risco de las Cuevas" is a highly decayed and nearly vertical gypsum escarpment which contains a series of dwellings excavated during the Chalcolithic and much more recent times. It is located at Perales de Tajuña, 40 km southeast of Madrid, Spain. This monument is approximately 70 metres high and 500 metres wide. It was listed as a cultural and monumental heritage site by the regional government of Madrid in 1998. The gypsum escarpment housing the dwellings forms part of a lower Miocene unit (Madrid Basin). Debris cones with a mixture of debris from the lower, medium and upper units are found at the bottom of the rockwall. The vulnerability of this monument to atmospheric agents has been studied using "in situ" monitoring techniques of humidity, temperature and rate of rockfalls. Drones have been used for aerial photography in the highest areas of the escarpment and have provided an information network of fractures likely to cause rockfall. Gypsum artificial accelerated ageing has been carried out in the laboratory, including freeze/thaw, wet/dry, thermal shock and dissolution tests. To determine the response of these accelerated ageing processes, density, micro-roughness, ultrasound velocities (Vp and Vs), air permeability and microscopy measurements were made before, during and after ageing tests. Geomorphological studies, rates of decay, material characteristics and durability tests indicate that the decay is controlled by the mineralogy, clay content and porosity of the gypsum rock, as well as microclimate, temperature changes and rock fractures. Rockfalls are particularly relevant in the
ANOTACIONES AL BALONMANO EN EL CONTEXTO HISTÃRICO DEL DEPORTE EN ESPAÃA (1900-1939[Annotations to handball in the historical context of sport in Spain (1900-1939
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Xavier Torrebadella-Flix
2013-07-01
Full Text Available Para abordar los orÃgenes del balonmano en España, el estudio de nuevas fuentes documentales históricas, nos permiten tratar el estado de la cuestión y describir o reinterpretar los acontecimientos hasta la fecha conocidos. El balonmano fue introducido a través de los Exploradores de España, la Escuela Central de Gimnasia y, principalmente, por el deporte femenino en la universidad de Madrid durante la II República. Las noticias que aquà se presentan contribuyen a construir la historia del balonmano en la coyuntura social del deporte en España entre 1900 a 1939.AbstractTo address the origins of handball in Spain, studying new historical documentary sources allows us to state the question and describe or reinterpret events so far known. The handball was introduced through the Explorers from Spain, Central School of Gymnastics and mainly by women's sports at the University of Madrid during the Second Republic. The news presented here helps build the history of handball in the social situation of sport in Spain from 1900 to 1939.Keywords: history of handball, sport and feminism, Second Republic in Spain, school sports, Central School of Gymnastics, Boy-Scouts
The Social ecology of Madrid: Stratification in comparative perspective.
Science.gov (United States)
Abrahamson, M; Johnson, P
1974-08-01
This paper examines the characteristics of residential zones in Madrid, Spain. The primary difference between zones is found to lie in a new bourgeoisie life-style dimension. Working women are found to be the best indicator of this dimension, which also involves servants, natives of Madrid and high degrees of literacy. Fertility-related considerations, however, are unrelated to working women, and this is explained as due to the availability of domestic help and "women-oriented" working arrangements. Fertility and socioeconomic status are found to be interrelated and constitute a second dimension of residential segregation. In conclusion, Madrid is examined in relation to both more and less industrialized cities, leading to a further modification of social area theory contentions concerning the ecology of stratification in developing cities.
A Comparative Assessment of Epidemiologically Different Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Outbreaks in Madrid, Spain and Tolima, Colombia: An Estimation of the Reproduction Number via a Mathematical Model
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Anuj Mubayi
2018-04-01
Full Text Available Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the Leishmania parasite and transmitted by the Phlebotominae subfamily of sandflies, which infects humans and other mammals. Clinical manifestations of the disease include cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL and visceral leishmaniasis (VL with a majority (more than three-quarters of worldwide cases being CL. There are a number of risk factors for CL, such as the presence of multiple reservoirs, the movement of individuals, inequality, and social determinants of health. However, studies related to the role of these factors in the dynamics of CL have been limited. In this work, we (i develop and analyze a vector-borne epidemic model to study the dynamics of CL in two ecologically distinct CL-affected regionsâMadrid, Spain and Tolima, Colombia; (ii derived three different methods for the estimation of model parameters by reducing the dimension of the systems; (iii estimated reproduction numbers for the 2010 outbreak in Madrid and the 2016 outbreak in Tolima; and (iv compared the transmission potential of the two economically-different regions and provided different epidemiological metrics that can be derived (and used for evaluating an outbreak, once R0 is known and additional data are available. On average, Spain has reported only a few hundred CL cases annually, but in the course of the outbreak during 2009â2012, a much higher number of cases than expected were reported and that too in the single city of Madrid. Cases in humans were accompanied by sharp increase in infections among domestic dogs, the natural reservoir of CL. On the other hand, CL has reemerged in Colombia primarily during the last decade, because of the frequent movement of military personnel to domestic regions from forested areas, where they have increased exposure to vectors. In 2016, Tolima saw an unexpectedly high number of cases leading to two successive outbreaks. On comparing, we
Thallium occurrence and partitioning in soils and sediments affected by mining activities in Madrid province (Spain)
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Gomez-Gonzalez, M.A.; Garcia-Guinea, J.; Laborda, F.; Garrido, F.
2015-01-01
Thallium (Tl) and its compounds are toxic to biota even at low concentrations but little is known about Tl concentration and speciation in soils. An understanding of the source, mobility, and dispersion of Tl is necessary to evaluate the environmental impact of Tl pollution cases. In this paper, we examine the Tl source and dispersion in two areas affected by abandoned mine facilities whose residues remain dumped on-site affecting to soils and sediments of natural water courses near Madrid city (Spain). Total Tl contents and partitioning in soil solid phases as determined by means of a sequential extraction procedure were also examined in soils along the riverbeds of an ephemeral and a permanent streams collecting water runoff and drainage from the mines wastes. Lastly, electronic microscopy and cathodoluminescence probe are used as a suitable technique for Tl elemental detection on thallium-bearing phases. Tl was found mainly bound to quartz and alumino-phyllosilicates in both rocks and examined soils. Besides, Tl was also frequently found associated to organic particles and diatom frustules in all samples from both mine scenarios. These biogenic silicates may regulate the transfer of Tl into the soil-water system. - Highlights: ⢠Abandoned mine residues are Tl sources in soils of Madrid catchment area. ⢠Tl was associated to quartz and aluminosilicates in both rocks and soils. ⢠Tl was frequently found associated to organic particles and diatom frustules. ⢠Cathodoluminescence is a suitable technique for Tl detection on soils and rocks
Thallium occurrence and partitioning in soils and sediments affected by mining activities in Madrid province (Spain)
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Gomez-Gonzalez, M.A.; Garcia-Guinea, J. [National Museum of Natural Sciences, CSIC, Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid (Spain); Laborda, F. [Group of Analytical Spectroscopy and Sensors Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza (Spain); Garrido, F., E-mail: fernando.garrido@mncn.csic.es [National Museum of Natural Sciences, CSIC, Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid (Spain)
2015-12-01
Thallium (Tl) and its compounds are toxic to biota even at low concentrations but little is known about Tl concentration and speciation in soils. An understanding of the source, mobility, and dispersion of Tl is necessary to evaluate the environmental impact of Tl pollution cases. In this paper, we examine the Tl source and dispersion in two areas affected by abandoned mine facilities whose residues remain dumped on-site affecting to soils and sediments of natural water courses near Madrid city (Spain). Total Tl contents and partitioning in soil solid phases as determined by means of a sequential extraction procedure were also examined in soils along the riverbeds of an ephemeral and a permanent streams collecting water runoff and drainage from the mines wastes. Lastly, electronic microscopy and cathodoluminescence probe are used as a suitable technique for Tl elemental detection on thallium-bearing phases. Tl was found mainly bound to quartz and alumino-phyllosilicates in both rocks and examined soils. Besides, Tl was also frequently found associated to organic particles and diatom frustules in all samples from both mine scenarios. These biogenic silicates may regulate the transfer of Tl into the soil-water system. - Highlights: ⢠Abandoned mine residues are Tl sources in soils of Madrid catchment area. ⢠Tl was associated to quartz and aluminosilicates in both rocks and soils. ⢠Tl was frequently found associated to organic particles and diatom frustules. ⢠Cathodoluminescence is a suitable technique for Tl detection on soils and rocks.
Consumption trends for specific drugs used to treat dementia in the region of Madrid (Spain) from 2002 to 2012.
Science.gov (United States)
de Hoyos-Alonso, M C; Tapias-Merino, E; Meseguer Barros, C M; Sánchez-MartÃnez, M; Otero, A
2015-09-01
Analysing drug consumption in large population groups lets us observe consumption trends and compare them between different settings. to analyse the time trends for consumption and costs of specific drugs used to treat dementia in the region of Madrid (Spain) and compare trends by sex and age cohort. Descriptive study of cholinesterase inhibitors (N06DA) and memantine (N06DX01) dispensed in Madrid between 2002 and 2012 and covered by the Spain's national health system. Consumption was calculated by analysing changes in DDD (defined daily doses) to find total and yearly increases. The cost was estimated based on DDD price. To compare consumption rates by age and sex, we calculated DDD per 100 inhabitants/day. Between 2002 and 2012, consumption of drugs used to treat dementia increased sixfold. During this period, cholinesterase inhibitors accounted for 76.70% of the drugs consumed and memantine, 23.30%. The estimated cost rose by a by a factor of 5.7 over 11 years (or by a factor of 4 taking into account the use of generic drugs). In 2012, 2.42% of the patients aged 65 or over consumed cholinesterase inhibitors (women 2.82%, men 1.83%) and 0.90% consumed memantine (women 1.10%, men 0.61%). Consumption increased in age cohorts up to 86 to 90 (5.84% for cholinesterase inhibitors and 2.33% for memantine) and declined thereafter. Consumption of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine gradually increased, but consumption in 2012 did not reach levels equivalent to dementia prevalence figures. Pharmaceutical expenditure restraint measures may temporarily slow the cost increase temporarily but if the same trend of consumption persists, costs will rise. Copyright © 2013 Sociedad Española de NeurologÃa. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.
Assembly of Drift Tubes (DT) Chambers at CIEMAT (Madrid)
CERN Multimedia
Jesus Puerta-Pelayo
2003-01-01
The construction of muon drift tube chambers (DT) has been carried out in four different european institutes: Aachen (Germany), CIEMAT-Madrid (Spain), Legnaro and Turin (Italy), all of them following similar procedures and quality tests. Each chamber is composed by three or two independent units called superlayers, with four layers of staggered drift cells each. The assembly of a superlayer is a succesive glueing of aluminium plates and I-beams with electrodes previously attached, forming a rectangular and gas-tight volume. These pictures illustrate the various processes of material preparation, construction, equipment and assembly of full chambers at CIEMAT (Madrid).
Phleboviruses detection in Phlebotomus perniciosus from a human leishmaniasis focus in South-West Madrid region, Spain.
Science.gov (United States)
Remoli, Maria Elena; Jiménez, Maribel; Fortuna, Claudia; Benedetti, Eleonora; Marchi, Antonella; Genovese, Domenico; Gramiccia, Marina; Molina, Ricardo; Ciufolini, Maria Grazia
2016-04-13
Phlebotomus-borne (PhB-) viruses are distributed in large areas of the Old World and are widespread throughout the Mediterranean basin, where recent investigations have indicated that virus diversity is higher than initially suspected. Some of these viruses are causes of meningitis, encephalitis and febrile illnesses. In order to monitor the viral presence and the infection rate of PhB-viruses in a recently identified and well characterized human zoonotic leishmaniasis focus in southwestern Madrid, Spain, a sand fly collection was carried out. Sand fly insects were collected in four stations using CDC light traps during 2012-2013 summer seasons. Screening for Phlebovirus presence both via isolation on Vero cells and via polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using degenerated primers targeting a portion of the L segment, was performed. The serological identity and phylogenetic relationships on the three genomic segments of the viral isolates were carried out. Six viral isolates belonging to different serological complexes of the genus Phlebovirus were obtained from fifty pools on a total of 963 P. perniciosus (202 females). Phylogenetic analysis and serological assays allowed the identification of two isolates of Toscana virus (TOSV) B genotype, three isolates strongly related to Italian Arbia virus (ARBV), and one isolate of a novel putative Phlebovirus related to the recently characterized Arrabida virus in South Portugal, tentatively named Arrabida-like virus. Positive male sand fly pools suggested that transovarial or venereal transmission could occur under natural conditions. Our findings highlighted the presence of different Phlebovirus species in the South-West area of the Madrid Autonomous Community where an outbreak of cutaneous and visceral human leishmaniasis has been recently described. The evidence of viral species never identified before in Spain, as ARBV and Arrabida-like virus, and TOSV B genotype focus stability was demonstrated. Environmental aspects
Urban Insecurity as a Language of Political Contention in Madrid (Spain
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Montserrat Cañedo RodrÃguez
2013-07-01
Full Text Available Public policies for urban planning developed since the 1980s in Spanish city centres have been marked by the idea of ârefurbishingâ areas that are âin crisis.â The discourse of citizensâ insecurity has become the framework of shared meaning for diagnosing problems, as well as for legitimizing policies. Using an ethnographic analysis carried out in a central Madrid neighbourhood, I will analyze how the experience of insecurity of one sector of the residents, which is shaped in the framework of the general discourse of citizen insecurity, is, however, rooted in a specific life trajectory that indicates socio-cultural and economic keys that have little to do with the causes of insecurity that the hegemonic discourse continually indicates. More generally, I hope to show, with this case study, how anthropological analyses can contribute to the evaluation of public urban policies.
Climate and environments during Marine Isotope Stage 11 in the central Iberian Peninsula: the herpetofaunal assemblage from the Acheulean site of Ãridos-1, Madrid
Science.gov (United States)
Blain, Hugues-Alexandre; Santonja, Manuel; Pérez-González, Alfredo; Panera, Joaquin; Rubio-Jara, Susana
2014-06-01
The interglacial episodes of the Quaternary Period are currently the focus of a great deal of attention within the scientific community, primarily because they can help us to understand how the climate of the current interglacial may have evolved without human intervention and to assess the impact of these climate changes on ecological systems. In the central Iberian Peninsula, the archaeological site of Ãridos-1 (Arganda, Madrid), with numeric dates of 379.7 ± 45 ka obtained by AAR for the upper part of the sedimentological unit of Arganda I, in combination with the evolved state of the small mammals, has been chronologically attributed to Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11. Given the diversified faunal assemblages delivered by the 1976 excavations, Ãridos-1 is probably one of the best terrestrial candidates for an understanding of the climatic and environmental conditions that prevailed in central Spain during the MIS 11 interglacial. In consequence, the fossil amphibians and squamate reptiles stored in the collections of the Museo Arqueológico Nacional of Madrid have been newly described and quantified in order to apply the mutual climatic range and habitat weighting methods for estimating quantitative data. The Mediterranean climate is shown to have been warmer and wetter than today in central Spain during MIS 11, with the mean annual temperature 1.7 °C higher and mean annual precipitation 223.9 mm higher than at present. The monthly climatic reconstruction shows differences in the distribution of precipitation over the course of the year, with more abundant precipitation during the winter months, at the beginning of spring and at the end of fall (from October to March) and less precipitation than today during the summer months and at the end of spring (from May to August), suggesting stronger rainfall seasonality between winter and summer than currently occurs. Such climate reconstruction is consistent with other European MIS 11 paleoclimatic records. The
Regional water footprint and water management: the case of Madrid region (Spain)
OpenAIRE
Soler Rovira, José; Arroyo Sanz, Juan Manuel; Conde Marcos, Hugo; Sanz Zudaire, Carlos; Mesa Moreno, Alfredo; Gil Pascual, Sergio
2010-01-01
Water resources and water footprint of the production and consumption in Madrid region were estimated, considering blue water (water resources), green water (soil moisture), grey water (polluted water) and virtual water (water trade in products imported and exported in the region). Water resources in Madrid relay mainly in surface waters and rainfall, so the periodic occurrence of meteorological droughts implies the scarcity of water supply. The main users of blue water are households, munici...
Datos para la historia de una iniciativa fallida: la escuela central de gimnástica Data for the history of a unsuccessful enterprise: the Central School of Gimnastics
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Anastasio MARTÃNEZ NAVARRO
2013-09-01
Full Text Available El objetivo de este artÃculo es plantear algunos fenómenos de fondo que explican la historia de la Escuela Central de Gimnástica de Madrid (1883-1892, primer centro oficial establecido en España para la formación de los profesores de educación fÃsica, cuya corta vida en realidad sólo se extiende de 1887 a 1892. En el momento de su clausura, todos los documentos fueron almacenados en los archivos de la Universidad Central (hoy Universidad Complutense de Madrid. La revisión de esta documentación fundamenta este trabajo que esperamos ofrezca nuevas informaciones sobre las condiciones de la Escuela, funcionamiento y razones explicativas de su efÃmera vida.The aim of this article has been to put forward some badknown facts dealing with the history of the Central School of Gymnastics of Madrid (1883-1892, the former physical education teachers' training Centre stablished in Spain, which short life only spread realy from 1887 to 1892. At the time of its closing, all its documents were stored in the archives of Central University (Complutense University of Madrid, at present; the review of these papers is the documentary basis underlaying this work which offers, we hope, some new information about the School conditions and operation and about the reasons explaining its ephemeral life.
Influence of the ozone profile above Madrid (Spain) on Brewer estimation of ozone air mass factor
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Anton, M. [Univ. de Extremadura, Badajoz (Spain). Dept. de Fisica; Evora Univ. (PT). Goephysics Centre of Evora (CGE); Lopez, M.; Banon, M. [Agenica Estatal de Meteorologia (AEMET), Madrid (Spain); Costa, M.J.; Silva, A.M. [Evora Univ. (PT). Goephysics Centre of Evora (CGE); Evora Univ. (Portugal). Dept. of Physics; Serrano, A. [Univ. de Extremadura, Badajoz (Spain). Dept. de Fisica; Bortoli, D. [Evora Univ. (PT). Goephysics Centre of Evora (CGE); Vilaplana, J.M. [Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Huelva (Spain). Estacion de Sondeos Atmosferico ' ' El Arenosillo' '
2009-07-01
The methodology used by Brewer spectroradiometers to estimate the ozone column is based on differential absorption spectroscopy. This methodology employs the ozone air mass factor (AMF) to derive the total ozone column from the slant path ozone amount. For the calculating the ozone AMF, the Brewer algorithm assumes that the ozone layer is located at a fixed height of 22 km. However, for a real specific site the ozone presents a certain profile, which varies spatially and temporally depending on the latitude, altitude and dynamical conditions of the atmosphere above the site of measurements. In this sense, this work address the reliability of the mentioned assumption and analyses the influence of the ozone profiles measured above Madrid (Spain) in the ozone AMF calculations. The approximated ozone AMF used by the Brewer algorithm is compared with simulations obtained using the libRadtran radiative transfer model code. The results show an excellent agreement between the simulated and the approximated AMF values for solar zenith angle lower than 75 . In addition, the relative differences remain lower than 2% at 85 . These good results are mainly due to the fact that the altitude of the ozone layer assumed constant by the Brewer algorithm for all latitudes notably can be considered representative of the real profile of ozone above Madrid (average value of 21.7{+-}1.8 km). The operational ozone AMF calculations for Brewer instruments are limited, in general, to SZA below 80 . Extending the usable SZA range is especially relevant for Brewer instruments located at high mid-latitudes. (orig.)
Defining products for a new health technology assessment agency in Madrid, Spain: a survey of decision makers.
Science.gov (United States)
Andradas, Elena; Blasco, Juan-Antonio; ValentÃn, Beatriz; López-Pedraza, MarÃa-José; Gracia, Francisco-Javier
2008-01-01
The aim of this study was to explore the needs and requirements of decision makers in our regional healthcare system for health technology assessment (HTA) products to support portfolio development planning for a new HTA agency in Madrid, Spain. A Delphi study was conducted during 2003. Questionnaires were developed based on a review of products and services offered by other agency members of the International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment, and included preference and prioritization questions to evaluate twenty-two different products and services. The initial Delphi panel involved eighty-seven experts from twenty-one public hospitals, eleven primary healthcare centers, six private hospitals, and eight departments of the Regional Ministry of Health of the Community of Madrid. The global participation rate was 83.9 percent. Ten of the twenty-two possible products were rated of high interest by more than 80 percent of respondents. Important differences in preferences and priorities were detected across different settings. Public hospitals and primary healthcare centers shared a more "micro" perspective, preferring classic technology-centered HTA products, whereas private hospitals and Ministry representatives demanded more "macro" products and services such as organizational model and information system assessments. The high participation rate supports the representativeness of the results for our regional context. The strategic development of an HTA portfolio based on decision makers' needs and requirements as identified in this type of exercise should help achieve a better impact on policy development and decision making.
Evaluation of compliance with the self-regulation agreement of the food and drink vending machine sector in primary schools in Madrid, Spain, in 2008.
Science.gov (United States)
Royo-Bordonada, Miguel A; MartÃnez-Huedo, MarÃa A
2014-01-01
To evaluate compliance with the self-regulation agreement of the food and drink vending machine sector in primary schools in Madrid, Spain. Cross-sectional study of the prevalence of vending machines in 558 primary schools in 2008. Using the directory of all registered primary schools in Madrid, we identified the presence of machines by telephone interviews and evaluated compliance with the agreement by visiting the schools and assessing accessibility, type of publicity, the products offered and knowledge of the agreement. The prevalence of schools with vending machines was 5.8%. None of the schools reported knowledge of the agreement or of its nutritional guidelines, and most machines were accessible to primary school pupils (79.3%) and packed with high-calorie, low-nutrient-dense foods (58.6%). Compliance with the self-regulation agreement of the vending machines sector was low. Stricter regulation should receive priority in the battle against the obesity epidemic. Copyright © 2013 SESPAS. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.
Deep Geothermal energy potential in Madrid basin; Potencial de la Geotermia profunda en la Cuenca de Madrid
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Hidalgo, R.; Sanchez, J.; Ungemach, P.
2009-07-01
The Madrid Basin geothermal potential was evidenced in 1980 thanks to an oil exploration well drilled by Shell-Campsa which showed temperatures of 88 degree centigrade and 150 degree centigrade at 1,700 mts and 3,400 mts depth respectively. The low enthalpy geothermal reservoir could be further assessed by four exploratory wells the first one, Pradillo (originals Shell-Campsa oil well), two drilled by ADARO and IGME (Geological survey of Spain) in San Sebastian de los Reyes and Tres Cantos respectively. The latest well, Geomadrid 1, was drilled in 1990 by the Madrid Regional government. The afore mentioned wells have identified a dependable geothermal resource, hosted in a tertiary, clastic, consolidated sandstone reservoir consisting of a thick multilayered sequence (200-800m), with temperatures ranging from 70 degree centigrade to 90 degree centigrade and depths of 1,500 to 2,150 m., overlying a Mesozoic sequence, suitable to be exploited for thermal uses in several district heating grids around Madrid in areas displaying adequate heat loads. A medium temperature reservoir was also identified at the contact between Mesozoic Cretaceous limestones and fractured basement granites at 3,400mts depth, with measured temperatures of 156 degree centigrade, that could be developed and exploited in view of a combined power and heat production (CPH) within the Madrid suburban areas. (Author) 7 refs.
ART-GUMENTACIÃN EN UN DISCURSO TURÃSTICO VIRTUAL. MADRID EN LA PÃGINA WEB DE TURESPAÃA: SPAIN.INFO
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Laurence Chapuis
2016-01-01
Full Text Available Turespaña es un organismo creado con el propósito de acometer acciones en el exterior para la promoción de España como destino turÃstico, por lo que era fundamental que tuviera una persuasiva presencia en Internet. Basándonos en el análisis argumentativo de Amossy, estudiamos la estrategia discursiva desarrollada en la página de Madrid del portal de Spain.info para convencer al visitante vir - tual de viajar a la capital. AsÃ, en ese contexto digital, mostramos cómo el locutor construye su imagen (ethos y la de su destinatario, y maneja las relaciones entre ambos para cumplir con sus objetivos.
Hepatitis B virus infection and vaccine-induced immunity in Madrid (Spain).
Science.gov (United States)
Pedraza-Flechas, Ana MarÃa; GarcÃa-Comas, Luis; Ordobás-GavÃn, MarÃa; Sanz-Moreno, Juan Carlos; Ramos-Blázquez, Belén; Astray-Mochales, Jenaro; Moreno-Guillén, Santiago
2014-01-01
To estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and vaccine-induced immunity in the region of Madrid, and to analyze their evolution over time. An observational, analytical, cross-sectional study was carried out in the population aged 16-80 years between 2008 and 2009. This was the last of four seroprevalence surveys in the region of Madrid. The prevalence of HBV infection and vaccine-induced immunity was estimated using multivariate logistic models and were compared with the prevalences in the 1989, 1993 and 1999 surveys. In the population aged 16-80 years, the prevalence of HBV infection was 11.0% (95% CI: 9.8-12.3) and that of chronic infection was 0.7% (95% CI: 0.5-1.1). The prevalence of vaccine-induced immunity in the population aged 16-20 years was 73.0% (95% CI: 70.0-76.0). Compared with previous surveys, there was a decrease in the prevalence of HBV infection. Based on the prevalence of chronic infection (<1%), Madrid is a region with low HBV endemicity. Preventive strategies against HBV should especially target the immigrant population. Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Espana.
A multi-methodological approach to study the temporal and spatial distribution of air quality related to road transport emissions in Madrid, Spain
Science.gov (United States)
Perez, Pedro; Miranda, Regina
2013-04-01
The traffic-related atmospheric emissions, composition and transport of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and air toxic pollutants (ATPs), are an important environmental problem that affect climate change and air pollution in Madrid, Spain. Carbon dioxide (CO2) affects the regional weather and particularly fine particle matter (PM) translocate to the people resulting in local health problems. As the main source of emissions comes from road transport, and subsequent combustion of fossil fuels, air quality deterioration may be elevated during weekdays and peak hours. We postulate that traffic-related air quality (CO2, methane CH4, PM, volatile organic compounds VOCs, nitrogen oxides NOx and carbon monoxide CO contents) impairs epidemiology in part via effects on health and disease development, likely increasing the external costs of transport in terms of climate change and air pollution. First, the paper intends to estimate the local air quality related to the road transport emissions of weeks over a domain covering Madrid (used as a case study). The local air quality model (LAQM) is based on gridded and shaped emission fields. The European Environmental Agency (EEA) COPERT modeling system will provide GHGs and ATPs gridded and shaped emission data and mobile source parameters, available for Madrid from preliminary emission inventory records of the Municipality of Madrid and from disaggregated traffic counts of the Traffic Engineering Company and the Metropolitan Company of Metro (METRO-Madrid). The paper intends to obtain estimates of GHGs and ATPs concentrations commensurate with available ground measurements, 24-hour average values, from the Municipality of Madrid. The comparison between estimated concentrations and measurements must show small errors (e.g. fractional error, fractional bias and coefficient of determination). The paper's expected results must determine spatial and temporal patterns in Madrid. The estimates will be used to cross check the primary local
Hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions and quality of primary care: their relation with socioeconomic and health care variables in the Madrid regional health service (Spain).
Science.gov (United States)
Magán, Purificación; Alberquilla, Angel; Otero, Angel; Ribera, José Manuel
2011-01-01
Hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSH) have been proposed as an indirect indicator of the effectiveness and quality of care provided by primary health care. To investigate the association of ACSH rates with population socioeconomic factors and with characteristics of primary health care. Cross-sectional, ecologic study. Using hospital discharge data, ACSH were selected from the list of conditions validated for Spain. All 34 health districts in the Region of Madrid, Spain. Individuals aged 65 years or older residing in the region of Madrid between 2001 and 2003, inclusive. Age- and gender-adjusted ACSH rates in each health district. The adjusted ACSH rate per 1000 population was 35.37 in men and 20.45 in women. In the Poisson regression analysis, an inverse relation was seen between ACSH rates and the socioeconomic variables. Physician workload was the only health care variable with a statistically significant relation (rate ratio of 1.066 [95% CI; 1.041-1.091]). These results were similar in the analyses disaggregated by gender. In the multivariate analyses that included health care variables, none of the health care variables were statistically significant. ACSH may be more closely related with socioeconomic variables than with characteristics of primary care activity. Therefore, other factors outside the health system must be considered to improve health outcomes in the population.
Actors, observers, and causal attributions of homelessness: Differences in attribution for the causes of homelessness among domiciled and homeless people in Madrid (Spain).
Science.gov (United States)
Vázquez, José Juan; Panadero, Sonia; Zúñiga, Claudia
2017-01-01
The study analyzes the differences in causal attributions of homelessness and attributions of responsibility among the members of 3 groups: homeless group, consisting of a representative sample of homeless people in Madrid, Spain (n = 188); domiciled service-users group, consisting of people at risk of homelessness (n = 164); and domiciled nonservice-users group, consisting of people at no imminent risk of homelessness (n = 180). The domiciled service-users group and domiciled nonservice-users group were matched to the homeless group or sex, age, and nationality. The article also analyzes homeless people's causal attributions as regards their own situation. The results show that compared with the domiciled nonservice-users group, a higher percentage of members of the homeless group and domiciled service-users group attributed homelessness to individualistic causes and they blamed homeless people for their situation to a greater extent. The results also show that there was no "actor-observer bias" in causal attributions for homelessness in Madrid. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).
Contributions of palynology in the reconstruction of livestock impact on the surroundings of Rascafria (Madrid) during the recent Holocene; Aportaciones de la palinologia en la reconstruccion del impacto ganadero, en los alrededores de Rascafria (Madrid), durante el Holoceno reciente
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Gomez-Gonzalez, C.; Ruiz Zapata, M. B.; Lopez-Saez, J. A.; Gil Garcia, M. J.
2009-07-01
We present the results obtained from the palaeocological studies about human impact on the vegetal landscape of a peat bog located in Resurface (Lozoya Valley, Madrid, Central Spain). Palynomorph analysis allows to identify the kind and intensity of human activity and its relation to the trophic changes in the peat bog during the late Holocene (2455{+-}35 BP). Pollen record reveals an anthropic Mediterranean landscape mainly composed by pastures used for grazing. Non Pollen Palynomorphs (NPP) and pH and conductivity sediment have revealed as useful tools for detection of trophic conditions and land use changes. (Author)
Molecular Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis Isolates from Symptomatic Individuals Attending Two Major Public Hospitals in Madrid, Spain.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Aida de Lucio
Full Text Available The flagellate protozoan Giardia duodenalis is an enteric parasite causing human giardiasis, a major gastrointestinal disease of global distribution affecting both developing and industrialised countries. In Spain, sporadic cases of giardiasis have been regularly identified, particularly in pediatric and immigrant populations. However, there is limited information on the genetic variability of circulating G. duodenalis isolates in the country.In this longitudinal molecular epidemiological study we report the diversity and frequency of the G. duodenalis assemblages and sub-assemblages identified in 199 stool samples collected from 184 individual with symptoms compatible with giardiasis presenting to two major public hospitals in Madrid for the period December 2013-January 2015. G. duodenalis cysts were initially detected by conventional microscopy and/or immunochomatography on stool samples. Confirmation of the infection was performed by direct immunofluorescence and real-time PCR methods. G. duodenalis assemblages and sub-assemblages were determined by multi-locus genotyping of the glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH and β-giardin (BG genes of the parasite. Sociodemographic and clinical features of patients infected with G. duodenalis were also analysed.Of 188 confirmed positive samples from 178 giardiasis cases a total of 124 G. duodenalis isolates were successfully typed at the GDH and/or the BG loci, revealing the presence of sub-assemblages BIV (62.1%, AII (15.3%, BIII (4.0%, AI (0.8%, and AIII (0.8%. Additionally, 6.5% of the isolates were only characterised at the assemblage level, being all of them assigned to assemblage B. Discordant genotype results AII/AIII or BIII/BIV were also observed in 10.5% of DNA isolates. A large number of multi-locus genotypes were identified in G. duodenalis assemblage B, but not assemblage A, isolates at both the GDH and BG loci, confirming the high degree of genetic variability observed in other molecular surveys
Mercury in air and plant specimens in herbaria: A pilot study at the MAF Herbarium in Madrid (Spain)
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Oyarzun, R.; Higueras, P.; Esbri, J.M.; Pizarro, J.
2007-01-01
We present data from a study of mercury concentrations in air and plant specimens from the MAF Herbarium in Madrid (Spain). Hg (gas) emissions from old plant collections treated with mercuric chloride (HgCl 2 ) in herbaria may pose a health risk for staff working in installations of this type. This is an issue not yet properly addressed. Plants that underwent insecticide treatment with HgCl 2 at the MAF Herbarium until the mid 1970s have persistent high concentrations of Hg in the range 1093-11,967 μg g -1 , whereas untreated specimens are in the range of 1.2-4.3 μg g -1 . The first group induces high concentrations of Hg (gas) in the main herbarium room, with seasonal variations of 404-727 ng m -3 (late winter) and 748-7797 ng m -3 (early summer) (baseline for Hg: 8 ng m -3 ). A test survey at another herbarium in Madrid showed even higher concentrations of Hg (gas) above 40,000 ng m -3 . The World Health Organization guidelines for chronic exposure to Hg (gas) are estimated at a maximum of 1000 ng m -3 . While staff was aware of the existence of HgCl 2 treated plants (the plant specimen sheets are labelled as 'poisoned'), they had no knowledge of the presence of high Hg (gas) concentrations in the buildings, a situation that may be relatively common in herbaria
Mercury in air and plant specimens in herbaria: A pilot study at the MAF Herbarium in Madrid (Spain)
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Oyarzun, R. [Departamento de Cristalografia y Mineralogia, Facultad de Ciencias Geologicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid (Spain)], E-mail: oyarzun@geo.ucm.es; Higueras, P.; Esbri, J.M. [Departamento de Ingenieria Geologica y Minera, Escuela Universitaria Politecnica de Almaden, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Plaza M. Meca 1, 13400 Almaden (Spain); Pizarro, J. [Departamento de Biologia Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid (Spain)
2007-11-15
We present data from a study of mercury concentrations in air and plant specimens from the MAF Herbarium in Madrid (Spain). Hg (gas) emissions from old plant collections treated with mercuric chloride (HgCl{sub 2}) in herbaria may pose a health risk for staff working in installations of this type. This is an issue not yet properly addressed. Plants that underwent insecticide treatment with HgCl{sub 2} at the MAF Herbarium until the mid 1970s have persistent high concentrations of Hg in the range 1093-11,967 {mu}g g{sup -1}, whereas untreated specimens are in the range of 1.2-4.3 {mu}g g{sup -1}. The first group induces high concentrations of Hg (gas) in the main herbarium room, with seasonal variations of 404-727 ng m{sup -3} (late winter) and 748-7797 ng m{sup -3} (early summer) (baseline for Hg: 8 ng m{sup -3}). A test survey at another herbarium in Madrid showed even higher concentrations of Hg (gas) above 40,000 ng m{sup -3}. The World Health Organization guidelines for chronic exposure to Hg (gas) are estimated at a maximum of 1000 ng m{sup -3}. While staff was aware of the existence of HgCl{sub 2} treated plants (the plant specimen sheets are labelled as 'poisoned'), they had no knowledge of the presence of high Hg (gas) concentrations in the buildings, a situation that may be relatively common in herbaria.
Caresoil: A multidisciplinar Project to characterize, remediate, monitor and evaluate the risk of contaminated soils in Madrid (Spain)
Science.gov (United States)
Muñoz-MartÃn, Alfonso; Antón, Loreto; Granja, Jose Luis; Villarroya, FermÃn; Montero, Esperanza; RodrÃguez, Vanesa
2016-04-01
Soil contamination can come from diffuse sources (air deposition, agriculture, etc.) or local sources, these last being related to anthropogenic activities that are potentially soil contaminating activities. According to data from the EU, in Spain, and particularly for the Autonomous Community of Madrid, it can be considered that heavy metals, toxic organic compounds (including Non Aqueous Phases Liquids, NAPLs) and combinations of both are the main problem of point sources of soil contamination in our community. The five aspects that will be applied in Caresoil Program (S2013/MAE-2739) in the analysis and remediation of a local soil contamination are: 1) the location of the source of contamination and characterization of soil and aquifer concerned, 2) evaluation of the dispersion of the plume, 3) application of effective remediation techniques, 4) monitoring the evolution of the contaminated soil and 5) risk analysis throughout this process. These aspects involve advanced technologies (hydrogeology, geophysics, geochemistry,...) that require new developing of knowledge, being necessary the contribution of several researching groups specialized in the fields previously cited, as they are those integrating CARESOIL Program. Actually two cases concerning hydrocarbon spills, as representative examples of soil local contamination in Madrid area, are being studied. The first is being remediated and we are monitoring this process to evaluate its effectiveness. In the second location we are defining the extent of contamination in soil and aquifer to define the most effective remediation technique.
[Spatial analysis of mortality from cardiovascular diseases in Madrid City, Spain].
Science.gov (United States)
Gómez-Barroso, Diana; Prieto-Flores, MarÃa-Eugenia; Mellado San Gabino, Ana; Moreno Jiménez, Antonio
2015-01-01
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, but its spatial distribution is not homogeneous. The objective of this study is to analyze the spatial pattern of mortality from these diseases for men and women, in the populated urban area (AUP) of the municipality of Madrid, and to identify spatial aggregations. An ecological study was carried out by census tract, for men and women in 2010. Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR), Relative Risk Smoothing (RRS) and Posterior Probability (PP) were calculated to consider the spatial pattern of the disease. To identify spatial clusters the Moran index (Moran I) and the Local Index of Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA) were used. The results were mapped. SMR higher than 1.1 was observed mainly in central areas among men and in peripheral areas among women. The PP that RRS was higher than 1 surpassed 0.8 in the center and in the periphery, in both men and women. Moran's I was 0.04 for men and 0.03 for women (p AUP. The LISA method showed similar patterns to those previously observed.
El Madrid inquisitorial en la España del Siglo de Oro
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Rose, Constance H.
2001-06-01
Full Text Available The Madrid of Lope de Vega, Calderón de la Barca and other figures of Spain's Golden Age is also the Madrid of the fearsome Inquisition directed against the influx of Portuguese Jews and against native New Christians of Jewish background, often merchants whose work allowed them to circulate throughout Europe and North Africa. Eradication or true conversion were the only solutions proposed by the Holy Office. Since those conversos who fled Spain left no record dealing with their daily lives in Inquisitorial Madrid, the best source for obtaining such Information and for recreating the atmosphere of the era is the Holy Office itself. Accordingly, the author examines the reports written to the king by the civil servants and/or church officials charged with creating three spectacular autos de fe carried out in the Plaza Mayor: one in 1632 and two in 1680.
El Madrid de Lope de Vega, Calderón de la Barca y otras figuras del Siglo de Oro español es también el Madrid del terror inquisitorial, dirigido contra los recién llegados judÃos portugueses y los cristianos nuevos madrileños, de origen judÃo, muchos de ellos mercaderes cuyo trabajo les llevaba a viajar por toda Europa y el norte de Ãfrica. El Santo Oficio no les permitÃa más opciones que la desaparición fÃsica o la conversión sincera. Como aquellos que huyeron del paÃs no dejaron nada escrito sobre su vida cotidiana en este Madrid inquisitorial, la mejor fuente para obtener esta información y recrear el ambiente de la época es el Santo Oficio mismo. Por ello, la autora examina los informes dirigidos al Rey por los oficiales reales y/o inquisidores, encargados de la organización de tres espectaculares autos de fe que tuvieron lugar en la Plaza Mayor, uno en 1632 y dos en 1680.
Prevalencia de diabetes mellitus y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en la población adulta de la Comunidad de Madrid: estudio PREDIMERC Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk factors in
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[
"ncrpcommsdirector"
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2015-11-09T20:04:59+00:00
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Ever since the “Philamplify” debate on the pros and cons of school privatization, drawing on the review of the Walton Family Foundation issued by the National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, there has been a lot of controversy over where progressive philanthropy really stands on charter schools and school vouchers, two of the core tenets of
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en
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NCRP -
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https://ncrp.org/2015/11/markets-equity-school-choice-taken-on-by-hazen-foundation/
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Ever since the “Philamplify” debate on the pros and cons of school privatization, drawing on the review of the Walton Family Foundation issued by the National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, there has been a lot of controversy over where progressive philanthropy really stands on charter schools and school vouchers, two of the core tenets of the Walton school reform agenda.
One of the commentators on stage that NCRP recruited for the debate was Lori Bezahler, the president of the Edward R. Hazen Foundation. The foundation’s 2015 through 2019 program goals strongly emphasize “educational justice” as a grantmaking priority. The structure of the Philamplify debate didn’t fully allow the three commentators to weigh in as specifically as they might have on the issues raised by the two primary debaters—a representative of the Chicago Teachers Union on the anti-privatization side and an executive of the Thomas Fordham Institute defending charters and vouchers. Bezahler has taken to the NCRP blog to amplify what she tried to get across in the debate.
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correct_foundationPlace_00034
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FactBench
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2
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https://ias.indiana.edu/about/previous-fellows.html
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en
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Previous IAS Fellows & Lecturers: About: Institute for Advanced Study: Indiana University Bloomington
|
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Discover past IAS fellows, lecturers, and more.
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en
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https://assets.iu.edu/favicon.ico
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Institute for Advanced Study
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https://ias.indiana.edu/about/previous-fellows.html
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A
Michelle Ann Abate, Associate Professor of Literature at the Ohio State University (Summer Repository Research Fellow in 2016)
Daniel Aaron, Victor S. Thomas Professor Emeritus of American Studies and of English and American Literature, Harvard University. Ralph Emerson, Edmund Wilson, George Santayana. (Fellow in September of 1992)
Ernest Kofi Abotsi, prominent lawyer and a faculty member at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology (KNUST) in Ghana and the Ghana Institute of Management & Public Administration (GIMPA). (Fellow in March of 2011)
Aderonke Adesanya, Research Fellow/Lecturer in African Art History, Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan. (Fellow in November of 2007)
Simi Afonja, Professor of Sociology and former Director of the Centre for Gender and Social Policy Studies at Obafemi Awolowo University in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. (Fellow in October of 2005)
Girish Saran Agarwal, Professor of Physics, School of Physics, University of Hyderabad, India. Atomic, molecular, optical physics. (Fellow in March of 1995)
Klaus E. Aghte, Director of the international manufacturing investments firm VIAG. International business. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in April of 1994)
Alexandre Alexakis, Director of First Class Research, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Chimie des Organo-Elements of the Universite Pierrre et Marie Curie, Paris, France. Organic chemistry. (Fellow in February of 1996)
Ndalu de Almeida (Ondjaki), acclaimed Angolan writer and filmmaker who has published numerous novels, shorts stories, poems, and children's books. (Fellow in October 2009)
George Alter, Professor of History, Director of Population Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington. Historical demographics. (Internal Fellow in the Fall of 1995)
PatrÍcia Amaral, Associate Professor of Spanish and Portuguese, College of Arts and Sciences, Residential Fellow in Spring 2020
Gerhard Arminger, Professor of Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Wuppertal, Federal Republic of Germany. Applied social statistics. (Fellow in September of 1985)
David Armstrong, Challis Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, University of Sydney, Australia. Philosophy of the mind. (Fellow in September of 1992)
Rabbi Arik Ascherman, President and Senior Rabbi of Rabbis for Human Rights (RHR), (Branigin Lecturer, November 2014) Watch Rabbi Arik Ascherman's lecture
Marc Asnin, Photojournalist of national and international reputation, has been an astute chronicler of contemporary social issues, including migrant labor in the United States, civil war in Eastern Europe, and Jewish culture in Cuba. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in October, 2002)
Taik Sup Auh, Professor and Chair of the Department of Mass Communication at Korea University, Seoul. (Visiting Scholar in 1991)
Fekade Azeze, Associate Professor of Ethiopian Literature and Folklore at the Addis Ababa University, From Blood Feuds to Peace: Traditional Dispute Resolution Mechanisms in Ethiopia (Branigin Lecturer in October 2011) Watch Fekade Azeze's lecture
Ariella Azoulay, Academic Director of the Camera Obscura School of Art in Tel Aviv and teaches visual culture and contemporary philosophy at the Program for Cultural Interpretation, Bar-Ilan University, Israel. (Branigin Lecturer in April of 2010)
B
Wallace Baker, international partner in the Baker & McKenzie Law firm, The Nature and Importance of Business Ethics: How Can a Research University Help Improve Ethics? (Branigin Lecturer in April 2007)
Anna Balakian, Professor and former Chair of the Department of Comparative Literature at New York University. Symbolism, dadaism, surrealism, comparative literature methodology, literary theory. (Fellow in October/November of 1991)
Gerald Baldasty, Professor of Journalism, University of Washington, Seattle. History of communication; business practices in the newspaper industry in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. (Visiting Scholar in spring & summer of 1995, summer of 1996, summer of 1999, fall of 2001, spring of 2002, and summer of 2005)
Jeanne Bamberger, Professor of Education at the University of California at Berkeley and Professor Emerita of Education at MIT. (Visiting Fellow in fall of 2010)
Martha Banta, Professor of English, University of California, Los Angeles. Literary criticism and American culture. (Fellow in 1982/83)
Kathleen Bardovi-Harlig, Professor of Second Language Studies at Indiana University (Residential Fellow)
Sarah Evans Barker, chief judge of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Indiana. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in February of 2000, and October, 2001)
Geremie R. Barmé, Director of Australian Centre on China in the World and professor in the School of Culture, History, and Language at the Australian National University, Canberra, China's 1911 Xinhai Revolution: After the Future of the Past (Branigin Lecturer in October 2011)
Benjamin J. Barnes, Second Chief of the Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma. (Summer Repository Research Fellow in July/August of 2015)
John Barrell, Head of the Department of English and Related Literatures, University of York. Theory, criticism, and historical scholarship of English Romantic Literature and culture. Exhibition Extraordinary! Mock-Advertisements as Radical Propaganda in 1790s Britain. (Fellow in February of 2002) Watch John Barrell's lecture
David J. Bartholomew, Professor of Statistics, London School of Economics and Political Science. Applied and theoretical statistics. (Fellow in March of 1987)
Hillel Barzel, Professor of Literature of Jewish People, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel. Tradition and modern Hebrew Literature. (Fellow in October of 1989)
Paul Patrick G. Bateson, Provost of King's College, Cambridge, U.K. Zoology, neuro-psychology, ethology, behavioral biology, developmental psychology. (Fellow in April of 1991)
Birch E. Bayh, former U.S. senator from Indiana, lawyer. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in 1990/91)\
Nancy Bazin, Professor of English & Women's Studies, Old Dominion University, Norfolk. Nadine Gordimer and other South African novelists. (Visiting Scholar in January/May/July of 1994)
Christian Beck, Professor of Educational Research at the University of Oslo, Norway, Home Education: A Mirror for Differences in Educational Politics (Branigin Lecturer in April 2012) Watch Christian Beck's lecture
Jean-Pierre Begot, poet, editor, Paris. Expert in dadaism and the literary works of George Ribemont-Dessaignes. (Visiting Fellow in October of 1984)
Ruth Behar, Anthropology Professor from the University of Michigan, The Last Time Tere Danced a Rumba... (Branigin Lecturer in 2001) Watch Ruth Behar's lecture
Eshel Ben Jacob, Professor of Physics at Tel Aviv University and president of the Israeli Physics Society. Tel Aviv, Israel. The interaction of microorganisms that lead to complex multicellular behavior. (Fellow in May of 2004)
Ivan Berend, Professor of Economics, University of Economics, Budapest, and President of Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Economic history of Eastern Europe. (Fellow in February of 1990)
Harry Berger, Professor of Literature and of Art History, Cowell College, University of California in Santa Cruz. English literature and literary criticism. Authority on Shakespeare, Spencer, and the Renaissance period. (Fellow in September/October of 1993)
Irving N. Berlin, M.D., Professor of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, University of New Mexico. Child psychiatry. (Visiting Fellow in April of 1983)
Leonard Bernstein, Composer and conductor. Universal contributions to the art of music. (Fellow in January of 1982)
Andres Betancor, Professor of Public Law at the Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona, Spain. (Fellow in May of 2005, Visiting Scholar in June-August 2005)\
Claudio Bianchini, Director of the National Research Council (CNR) in Florence and Professor of Chemistry at the University of Siena, Italy. Conversions of molecules. (Fellow in October of 1991 and in March of 1993)
Hall Bjørnstad, Associate Professor of French and Italian, College of Arts and Sciences, Residential Fellow in Fall 2019
Eric A. Blackall, Jacob Gould Schurman Professor of German Literature at Cornell University. German literature of the 18th and 19th centuries. (Fellow in October of 1987)
Heather Blair, Associate Professor of Religious Studies (Residential Fellow in Spring 2019)
Robert Blank, Professor of Political Science, Northern Illinois University. Genetic technology and social aspects of reproductive technologies. (Fellow in November of 1986)
Lisa Block De Behar, Professor of Literary Theory, Department of Literature, Instituto de Professores Artigas, Montevideo, Uruguay. Literary theory, criticism, comparative literature. (Fellow in February of 1992)
Donald Bloxham, Professor of Modern History, U. of Edinburgh. The Final Solution in European Perspective (Branigin Lecturer in October 2009). Watch Donald Bloxham's lecture
Baruch Blumberg, M.D., Nobel Laureate, Fox Chase Cancer Center, University Professor of Medicine and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania. The foundation for the eradication of hepatitis B. (Fellow in October of 1984 and in March of 1985)
John E. Bodnar, Professor of History, Indiana University. Work and family in industrial America. (Internal Fellow in 1983/84)
Edward Boehne, former President of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia and an active member of the Federal Market Committee. Political Science, Economics, Business, and government interest in monetary policies. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in January 2001) Watch Edward Boehne's lecture
Mary Catherine Boewe, Independent scholar of English literature. Mark Twain and James Whitcomb Riley. (Visiting Scholar in May of 1994)
Landrum R. Bolling, Former President of Earlham College, the Lilly Endowment, and the Ecumenical Institute at Tantur (Jerusalem); educator, writer, administrator. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in April of 1991)
Tiziano Bonazzi, Faculty of Political Science at the University of Bologna, Italy (Visiting Fellow in 2013)
Mihai Botez, Mathematician, sociologist, dissident thinker, Romania. Fellow of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in the Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. Analysis of communist states. (Fellow in September/October of 1988)
Dame Hilary Boulding, DBE, President of Trinity College, Oxford University, Branigin Lecturer, Fall 2019
Otis R. Bowen, former U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services and Indiana Governor. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow several times from 1989 through 1993
Nina V. Braginskaya, classics scholar in the Institute of the Human Sciences and Senior Instructor of the History and Theory of Culture, Department of Philosophy, Russian State University in Moscow, Russia. Theory of myths, literary theory, Archaic and Ancient theater, history of ideas. (Fellow in March/April of 1993)
Reinhard Brandt, Professor of Philosophy, University of Marburg, Federal Republic of Germany. History of philosophy. Expert on Kant. (Fellow in January of 1984)
Susanna Braund, Chair of Latin Department, Royal Holloway College, University of London. Classical studies and art history. (Fellow in April/May of 2000)
Fritz Breithaupt, Perspectives on Moral Judgment. (Remak Lecture/Seminar March 2014)
Fritz Breithaupt, Assistant Professor of Germanic Studies, IUB. During his stay at the Institute, he worked on his project, a book entitled “The Ego Effect of Money: The Expansion of Economy in German Literature and Culture, 1740-1918.” (Internal Academic Scholar in the Spring of 2003)
Shirley Brice-Heath, Professor of English and Linguistics at Stanford University. Sociolinguistics, anthropology, education. (Fellow in September/November of 1991)
Charles Briggs, Professor of Ethnic Studies, University of California, San Diego. Linguistic anthropology, study of artistic verbal performance. (Fellow in March of 1996)
Birgit Brock-Utne, Professor of Education at the Institute for Educational Research, University of Olso, Norway. Peace studies, globalization, feminist pedagogy, conflict resolution, and language and education policies in Africa. (Fellow in February/March of 2005)
Donald J. Brown, Professor of Mathematical Economics, Stanford University. General economic equilibrium theory. (Fellow in September of 1988 and in March of 1989)
Peter L. Brown, Rollins Professor of History, Princeton University. Late antique/early medieval periods of Western Europe, Asia Minor and the Near East. (Fellow in October/November of 1994)
Marilyn Brownstein, Professor of English, University of Georgia. Modern and postmodern theory and literature. (Visiting Scholar in the Fall of 1993)
Jane Bryce, Professor of African Literature and Cinema, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill (Visiting Fellow in 2017)
Rainer Budde, Director of Walraf-Richartz Museum, Cologne, West Germany. Art history. Authority on Stefan Lochner. (Fellow in February of 1987)
Lawrence Buell, Powell M. Cabot Professor of American Literature, Harvard University. (Branigin Lecturer in April of 2010) Watch Lawrence Buell's lecture
Beth Buggenhagen, Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, IUB. (Residential Fellow in fall 2015)
Jerome R. Busemeyer, Professor of Psychology, Purdue University, Lafayette. Quantitative methods, judgment and decision making, concept learning. (Fellow in April of 1996)
C
John C. Caldwell, Professor of Demography, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. Anthropology and demography. Studies on developing countries of Africa, Southeast Asia, and on India. (Fellow in October of 1986)
Lynton K. Caldwell, Bentley Professor Emeritus of Political Science, Indiana University. Genetic technology and biopolitics. (Internal Fellow in November of 1986)
David Campbell, Scholar and multimedia producer; From Robert Capa to the iPhone: How the Photojournalism of War Has (and Has Not) Changed (Branigin Lecturer in February 2012) Watch David Campbell's lecture
Elof A. Carlson, Distinguished Teaching Professor of Biochemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York. Human genetics and its social aspects. Authority on H.J. Muller. (Fellow in the fall of 1986)
Marvin Carlson, Sidney Cohn Professor of Theater Studies, City University of New York. Theater history, performance theory, dramatic theory, theater semiotics. (Fellow in October of 1992 and in March of 1993)
Pack Carnes, Professor of Japanese Studies and Folklore, Lake Forest College. Folklore, Germanic and Japanese studies. (Fellow in March of 1992)
Judge Robert L. Carter, lawyer, civil rights activist, and United States District Judge (Branigin Lecturer in November 2004)
Damian Catani, Lecturer in the French Department, University of Cambridge, U.K. (Visiting Scholar October 2006)
Stanley Cavell, Walter M. Cabot Professor of Aesthetics and the General Theory of Value, Harvard University. Philosophy and film. (Fellow in March of 1988)
Mary Ann Caws, Professor of English, French, and Comparative Literature, Graduate school, City University of New York. Correspondence between Virginia Woolf and Vita Sackville-West in the Harold Nicolson archives. (Visiting Scholar in April of 1998, and February of 2004)
Remo Ceserani, Professor of Literature and Comparative Literary Theory, University of Pisa. History of Italian and other related European Literatures from the Renaissance to the Modern Ages; theory and criticism. (Fellow in January of 1994)
Wallace Chafe, Professor of Linguistics, University of California, Santa Barbara. American Indian languages in the Caddoan family. (Fellow in June/July of 1993)
Michel Chaouli, Associate Professor of Germanic Studies at Indiana University (New Knowledge Seminar Convener 2010–2011)
Roger Chartier, Director of Studies at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, and Andrew D. White Professor-at-Large, Cornell University, The Stage and the Page (Branigin Lecturer in 1999)
Robert Chaudenson, Professor Emeritus at the University of Provence (Aix-Marseille I) and a leading specialist in French-based Creole languages throughout in the world. (Visiting Fellow in November 2009)
George Chauncy, Professor of American History, University of Chicago. History of gay men in modern America. (Fellow in September of 1998)
Lingling Chen, Associate Professor of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in Spring 2016)
Yii-Der Ida Chen, Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (Visiting Fellow in July 2008)
Dorothy Cheney, Professor of Biology, University of Pennsylvania. The Evolution of Social Cognition. (Branigin Lecturer in November 2009) Watch Dorothy Cheney's lecture
Zhanna Chernova, Professor of Sociology, Higher School of Economics, National Research University, Saint Petersburg, Russia (Visiting Fellow in February 2016)
Graham Chesters, Assistant Professor of French and Senior Pro-Vice-Chancellor, University of Hull, England. 19th- and 20th-century French poetry (Baudelaire), utilization of computers in humanistic studies. (Fellow in February of 1995)
David Chidester, Professor of Religious Studies and Director of the Institute for Comparative Religion in Southern Africa (ICRSA) at the University of Cape Town, South Africa. Wild Religion: Sacrifice, Sports, and Sovereignty in South Africa, (Branigin Lecturer Wednesday, April 3, 2013) Watch David Chidester's lecture
Jamsheed Choksy, Professor of Near Eastern Languages &;Cultures, Indiana University, Bloomington. Near Eastern &;Inner Asian religions and history; numismatics. (Resident Scholar in 1997)
Pierre Citron, Professor Emeritus at the Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle and Director of the Center for the Study of Jean Giono. Relationship between literature and music. (Visiting Scholar in April of 1992)
Norma Clarke, Senior Lecturer in English, Kingston University, U.K. The culture of British writing women in the early 18th century: women's relationships with each other, with male writers and with publishers. The Rise and Fall of the Woman of Letters (Fellow in September of 2002) Watch Norma Clarke's lecture
Robert Graham Clark, Professor of Physics, University of New South Wales; Director of the Australian National Pulsed Magnet Laboratory. Experimental condensed matter physics. (Fellow in February/March of 1994)
Robin J.H. Clark, Professor Chemistry, University College, London, UK. Vibrational spectroscopy of molecules and materials. (Fellow in May of 1998)
Lawrence Clopper, Professor of English, Indiana University, Bloomington. The Ludic Element in Medieval Drama. (Internal Fellow in 1994/95)
Deborah Cohen, Associate Professor of History at University of Missouri-St. Louis (Summer Repository Research Fellow in 2016)
Judah Cohen, Associate Professor of Musicology at Indiana University Jacobs School of Music (Residential Fellow in Spring 2016)
Ralph Cohen, William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor of English, University of Virginia. Literary theory and literary history. (Fellow in October of 1984)
Janie Cole, Founder/Executive of Music Beyond Borders (MBB) and Visiting Professor at the University of Cape Town’s Centre for African Studies and the South African College of Music, “Soiled by Black Lips”: Music, Resistance, Race, and Incarceration in Apartheid South Africa (Branigin Lecturer in February 2017)
Esteve Corbera, Distinguished Researcher, Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Visiting Fellow in 2017)
Jean-François Cottier, Professor of Latin at University of Paris Diderot (Visiting Fellow in March and April 2016)
Jill Craigie, Historian of women's movement, journalist, screenwriter. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in September of 1991)
Yvonne Cripps, University Lecturer in Law and Director of Legal Studies, Emmanuel College, Cambridge, U.K. Law of biotechnology, constitutional and administrative law. (Fellow in August of 1992)
Dionne Cross Francis, Associate Professor of Mathematics Education in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in Fall 2016)
John Crowley, novelist and documentary film writer and producer, Practicing the Arts of Peace (Branigin Lecturer in December 2005)
Eduardo Cuenca, Faculty of Economics & Business at the University of Grenada, Spain (Visiting Fellow in 2013)
Tracy Cullen, Associate Editor of American Journal of Archaeology. Franchthi excavations in Greece. (Fellow in October of 1993)
Jonathan Culler, Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Cornell University and an internationally recognized scholar of literature and literary theory. (Branigin Lecturer in February of 2010) Watch Jonathan Culler's lecture
Franz Josef Czernin, Austrian poet. Concrete poetry, semiotics, music, and literature. (Fellow in September/October, 1988)
D
Richard Henry Dalitz, Research Professor of Physics, Oxford University, Fellow of All Souls College. Physics of fundamental particles. (Visiting Fellow in November of 1982)
Robert Dallek, Historian, former Professor of History at Boston University, Columbia, UCLA, Oxford, Dartmouth, and Stanford, The Making and Unmaking of American Presidents (Branigin Lecture, September 2008) Watch Robert Dallek's lecture
Vincenzo D’Andrea, Professor of Informatics, University of Trento, Italy (Visiting Fellow in Spring 2009)
Marcel Danesi, Professor of Italian Linguistics and Director of Semiotics Research Unit, Victoria College, University of Toronto, Canada. Vico studies and related subjects; language and cultural studies; pedagogy; theory, design and practice of puzzles; language origins; and comportment of adolescents. (Fellow in February and September of 1998)
Robert Darnton, Professor of History, Princeton University. Eighteenth century France. Poetry and Violence in Eighteenth-Century Paris. (Fellow in November of 1983) Watch Robert Darnton's lecture
Krassimira Daskalova, Professor of Philosophy and Social Sciences at St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, Bulgaria. The history of the book, gender, feminism, reading, and censorship under communism. (Fellow in November of 2003)
Colin J. Davis, Professor of French at the School of Modern Languages, Literatures, and Cultures, Royal Holloway, University of London, U.K., In Praise of Overreading (Branigin Lecturer in November 2008) Watch Colin J. Davis' lecture
Deborah Davis, Professor of Sociology, Yale University (Visiting Fellow in March 2012)
Warren D'Azevedo, Professor Emeritus of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno. African aesthetics (Liberia). Native American ethnography. (Fellow in March/April of 1993)
Anthony DeCurtis, Senior Editor, Rolling Stone magazine. Popular music and culture. (Fellow in April of 1991)
Francois B. Delachaux, President and Chairman of the Board of the Delachaux Group in Gennevilliers, France. International business, French education. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in November of 1993 and of 1995)
Jost Delbrück, Professor of Law and former President of the University of Kiel, West Germany. Internation Law. (Fellow in April/ May of 1990)
Miguel A. Delgado, Professor of Economics in the Department of Econometrics at Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (Visiting Fellow in January and February 2011)
Sergei Denisov, Professor of Physics, Moscow State University and leader of the Neutrino Department, Institute of High Energy Physics, Serpukhov, Russia. Particle physics. (Fellow in April of 1994)
Barbara Dennis, Associate Professor of Counseling and Educational Psychology (Promotion Cohort 2018)
Devin Deweese, Assistant Professor of Uralic & Altaic Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington. Narratives in Islamic Inner Asia. (Internal Fellow in the spring of 1993)
Yves Dezalay, Professor of Sociology and charge de recherches, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire (C.N.R.S.), Vaucresson, France. Legal and accounting professions. (Fellow in December of 1989)
Bruce Dierenfield, Professor of History, Canisius College, Buffalo, New York. Senator Birch Bayh and the School Prayer Issue. (Visiting Scholar in July/August of 1993)
Constance Dinapoli, Assistant Professor at George Mason University, Fairfax, VA and a former member of the Paul Taylor Dance Company. (Visiting Fellow in January of 2010)
Omar Victor Diop, photographer (Visiting Fellow in September 2016)
John Dixon, Professor of Education, University of Leeds, England. Writing assessment. (Fellow in March of 1992)
Mary Elizabeth Dixon, classical scholar, London, England. Julius Caesar, Cicero, Livy, and Tacitus. (Visiting Scholar in March of 1992)
Carrie Docherty Steele, Associate Professor of Kinesiology at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2017)
Elizabeth Dodd, Associate Professor of English, Kansas State University. American poetry. (Visiting Scholar in January/February of 1997)
Hartmut Doehl, Professor of Classical Archaeology, University of Gottingen, Federal Republic of Germany. History of classical sculpture. (Fellow in February/March of 1986)
Antal Dorati, Conductor/composer. The art of music. (Visiting Fellow in October of 1982)
Patrick Dougherty, sculptor, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. (Fellow in October of 1995)
Slavenka Drakulić (Swartz), prominent Croatian journalist, essayist, novelist and contributing editor to The Nation. (Visiting fellow in April 2011)
Elizabeth Dunn, Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Indiana University. (Residential Fellow in fall 2015)
J. Michael Dunn, Professor of Philosophy, Indiana University. Mathematical logic. (Internal Fellow in the fall of 1984)
Stephen Dyson, Professor of Classics, Wesleyan University. Classical archaeology and social history. (Fellow in February/March of 1986)
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Ralph Earle II, Washington D.C. lawyer and former Chief U.S. Negotiator of the SALT II Treaty and Director of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency; Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Lawyers Alliance for World Security (LAWS). (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in February/March of 1993)
John Eaton, Professor of Music Composition and Artistic Director of the Electronic and Computer Center at Indiana University, Bloomington. (Internal Fellow in 1990/91 and Visiting Scholar in the summer of 1994)
Dieter Ebert, Professor and Chair of Zoology and Evolutionary Biology in the Zoological Institute, Basel University, Switzerland (Visiting Fellow in September 2009).
Umberto Eco, Semiotician, Historian, Philosopher and Writer of Fiction, University of Bologna, Italy. (Fellow in July of 1989)
Murray Edelman, George Mead Professor of Political Science, University of Wisconsin. Political symbolism and language. (Visiting Fellow in October of 1983)
Thomas B. Edsall, Political editor of the Huffington Post and Joseph Pulitzer II and Edith Pulitzer Moore Professor at the Columbia Graduate School of Journalism, The Media and American Politics (Branigin Lecturer in April 2009) Watch Thomas B. Edsall's lecture
Odile Eisenstein, Professor of Chemistry at the Universite de Paris-Sud; Head of the Laboratory for Theoretical Chemistry. Fragment molecular orbital analysis. (Fellow in October-December of 1988 and in November of 1992)
Stanley Elkin, Professor of English, Washington University, St. Louis. Author, Contemporary Literature. (Fellow in June of 1983)
Jonathan Elmer, Assistant Professor of English, Indiana University, Bloomington. Antebellum American literature. (Internal Fellow in the spring and summer of 1992)
Guy T. Emery, Professor Emeritus of Physics, Bowdoin College. History of the physical sciences. (Fellow in September/October/November of 1998)
Nils Erik Enkvist, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Stylistics and Text Research, Abo Academy, Finland. Text linguistics. (Fellow in April of 1993)
Cynthia Enloe, Research Professor in the Department of International Development, Community, and Environment at Clark University, The Geopolitics of Your Bathtub: Why Who Does Your Housework Matters (Branigin Lecturer in October 2016)
Loan Epstein, Hilldale Professor Emeritus of Political Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison. British politics and American political parties. (Fellow in November of 1989)
Richard Evans, Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Houston. Social psychology, behavioral medicine, and child and adolescent health psychology. (Fellow in April/September of 2000)
Wendy Everett, President of the New England Healthcare Institute (NEHI) and one of the leading experts in the US on health care policy. Health and Health Care 2020: Back to the Future (Branigin Lecturer in Fall of 2010) Watch Wendy Everett's lecture
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Emil Fackenheim, Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, University of Toronto, and Hebrew University, Jerusalem. Modern Philosophy and contemporary Jewish thought. (Fellow in September/October of 1985)
William R. Farrand, Professor of Geology and Curator of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan. Integration of geology and archaeology. (Fellow in the fall of 1985)
Christine Farris, Associate Professor of English, Indiana University, Bloomington. Curricular, pedagogical, and political consequences of various reforms of college writing and general education. (Visiting Scholar in the fall of 2001 and the spring of 2002)
Mary Favret, Associate Professor of English, IUB. While on leave with a President's Arts & Humanities Fellowship, she worked at the Institute on the project tentatively titled: "Reading and Writing in Wartime: The Literature of British Romanticism." (Internal Academic Fellow in Spring of 2003)
Sarah Fee, of the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, Canada. Curator Fee, (Visiting Fellow in May, 2015)
J. César Félix-Brasdefer, Professor of Spanish at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in 2011)
Charles Ferguson, Professor of Linguistics and Semiotics, Stanford University. Socio-linguistics, language learning, the acquisition of first-language phonology. (Visiting Scholar in September of 1991)
Robert Ferguson, Professor of English, Comparative Literature, and Law, Columbia University, New York. (Patten Lecturer and Visiting Scholar in March of 1998)
Maurizio Ferraris, Professor of Philosophy at University of Turin (Visiting Fellow in March 2017)
Pnina Fichman, Professor of Information Science at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2016)
Olga Filippova, Associate Professor of Sociology at Kharkiv National University and a pioneer of socio-cultural anthropology in the Ukraine. (Fellow in November 2009)
John Findling, Professor of History, Indiana University Southeast (New Albany). The Century of Progress Exposition. (Visiting Scholar in February/March of 1993)
Bernd Fischer, Assistant Professor of History, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne. History of Albania and the Balkans. (Intercampus Scholar in June/July of 1996)
Robert Fischman, Professor of Law at IUB. How law constructs ideas of nature. (Spring 2007)
Raymond C. Fletcher, Adjunct Professor of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder. Rheology and tectonophysics. (Fellow in April of 1998)
Jennifer Fleissner, Associate Professor of English, College of Arts and Sciences, Residential Fellow in Fall 2019
Philip Ford, Associate Professor of Music (Musicology), Jacobs School of Music, Indiana University. (Residential Fellow in fall 2015)
Michael Foot, Labor Member (from Wales) of the British Parliament, author, journalist and British romanticism scholar. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in September of 1991)
Allen Forte, Professor of Music Theory, Yale University. Music scholarship. (Visiting Fellow in March of 1984)
Charles H. Franklin, Professor of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, The Shape of the Campaign: Composition and Dynamics in the 2008 Election (Branigin Lecturer in September 2008) Watch Charles H. Franklin's lecture
Lessie Jo Frazier, Associate Professor of Gender Studies at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2018)
Anne Freadman, Professor of French and Chair of the Department of Romance Languages, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. French culture, structuralism, feminist criticism. (Fellow in November/December of 1995)
Saul Friedlander, Professor of European History, Tel Aviv University. Study of the fate of the Jews under Hitler. (Fellow in September/October of 1984)
Sara Friedman, Professor of Anthropology and Gender Studies at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2016)
William A. Friedman, Professor of Physics, University of Wisconsin. Many-body nuclear reaction dynamics and hot nuclear matter. (Fellow in August of 1997 and in April/May of 1998)
Robert H. Frowick, Visiting Scholar at the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace; head of the Commission on Macedonia. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in November of 1993)
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Kostas Gallis, Archaeologist and Director of Antiquities for Thessaly, Greece. Prehistoric archaeology and Hellenistic period. (Fellow in March/April of 1991)
Enrique Galvez-Ruano, Professor of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain. Neuropharmacology. (Fellow in September of 1995)
Victor Gama, Composer and Instrument Designer (Visiting Fellow 2018)
Dolores Lewis Garcia, Artist, Pueblo, New Mexico. American Indian pottery. (Fellow in April of 1990)
Pablo Garcia Loaeza, Associate Professor and Associate Chair of Spanish, West Virginia University (Visiting Fellow 2018)
Sir Timothy Garden, Visiting Professor at the Center for Defence Studies, Kings College, London. International affairs and international security. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in February/March of 2001)
Jean-Claude Gardin, Archaeologist of Central Asia, Cognitive Scientist, Semiotician, Computer Scientist, Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques (C.N.R.S.), Paris, France. (Fellow in March/April of 1991)
Elda Garetto, Lecturer in Russian Language and Literature, University of Milan, Italy. Russian émigré writer Alexander Amfiteatrov and other Russian émigrés in Italy in the 1920s. (Visiting Scholar in July/August of 1992)
Susan Garland Mann, Assistant Professor, English department, Indiana University Southeast, New Albany. English women playwrights, 1660-1823. (Visiting Scholar in May/June of 1993)
Dominique Gauthier, Professor Emeritus of English, Universities of Nantes and Bordeaux, France. European-American literary relations. Poetry of Robert Muldoon. (Visiting Scholar in September of 1995)
Shannon Gayk, Associate Professor of English and Director of the Medieval Studies Institute (Residential Fellow in Fall 2017)
Walter Geist, Research Director at the Institute of Subatomic Research in Strasbourg, France. High energy particle physicist with expertise in colliding beam physics. (Fellow in April of 2005)
Guliz Ger, Professor of Marketing, Faculty of Business Administration, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey. The parallels between the modern material expressions of Islam & Christianity. Consumer's Romance and Weaver's Dilemmas: Oriental Carpets. (Fellow in September of 2002) Watch Guliz Ger's lecture
Ilana Gershon, Associate Professor of Anthropology at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2017)
Julius (Jack) Getman, Professor of Law, University of Texas, Austin. Labor law. (Fellow in March of 1994)
Eleanor Gibson, Susan Linn Sage Professor of Psychology, Emerita, Cornell University. Developmental psychology. (Fellow in October of 1990)
Ronald Giere, Professor of History and Philosophy of Science, Indiana University. Theory of Science. (Internal Fellow in 1985/86)
Todd Gitlin, Professor of Sociology and Journalism at Columbia University, The Media Torrent and the Erosion of Democracy (Branigin Lecturer in November 2002)
Pearl Gluck, is a professional filmmaker and scholar of Jewish ethnography. Palinsky Pictures. (Fellow in February 2007)
Deborah Goldberg, Institute of Fine Arts, New York University. Edward A. Rumely papers, a study of the sculptor Isamo Noguchi. (Visiting Scholar in April/May of 1998)
Alice Goldstein, Senior Researcher, Brown University Population Studies and Training Center. Historical demography of Europe and the United States, migration in Southeast Asia and China. (Fellow in April of 1995)
Sidney Goldstein, George Hazard Crooker University Professor, Brown University. Migration and urbanization in Southeast Asia and China. (Fellow in April of 1995)
Michael P. Gonella, Research Associate, Myaamia Research Center, Miami University (Summer Repository Research Fellow in 2016)
Yasmine Gooneratne, Associate Professor of English, Macquarie University, Australia. Post-colonial literature. (Fellow in July of 1984)
Oleg Grabar, Aga Khan Professor of Islamic Art, Harvard University. Islamic art and culture. (Fellow in April of 1985 and in April of 1999)
Michael Graetz, Avraham Harman Professor of Modern Jewish History, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. French and German Jewry. (Fellow in February of 1991)
Agnieszka Graff, Assistant Professor at the American Studies Center, Warsaw University, Poland. Narrative and feminist theories, gender studies, history of the American Women’s Movement, and modern novel. (Fellow in April of 2003)
Herman Gray, Professor of Sociology at the University of California, Santa Cruz. (Branigin lecturer Spring 2013) Watch Herman Gray's lecture
Marion W. Gray, Professor of History, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas. Women in European history, gender norms in German-speaking Europe from 1780 to 1840. (Visiting Scholar in the Fall of 1993)
Sir Timothy Green, International Security in the New Century. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in 2001) Watch Sir Thomas Green's lecture
Mark Greengrass, Professor of Early-Modern History and Executive Director of the Humanities Research Institute at the University of Sheffield, U.K. (Fellow in September, 2005)
Carol Greenhouse, Professor of Anthropology, Princeton University. Anthropologists working in the U.S. in the 1990's. (Visiting Scholar Fall 2006 Spring 2007, and Spring 2018)
James Greeno, Margaret Jacks Professor Emeritus of Education, Stanford University, and Visiting Professor of Education at the University of Pittsburgh. (Branigin Lecturer Spring 2011) Watch James Greeno's lecture
Susan Gubar, Professor of English, Indiana University. Literature and women's studies. (Internal Fellow in 1983/84)
Richard B. Gunderman, Professor of Radiology, Pediatrics, Medical Education, Philosophy, Liberal Arts, and Philanthropy at IUPUI (Vising Fellow in October 2009).
Harriet Guest, Senior Lecturer, Department of English and Related Literatures, Co-Director of the Centre for Eighteenth-Century Studies, University of York. Eighteenth-century studies. Bluestocking Feminism. (Fellow in February of 2002) Watch Harriet Guest's lecture
Victoria Gunn, Lecturer at the Teaching and Learning Service, University of Glasgow, Scotland. Student learning and group work facilitation with training in both humanistic and psycho-dynamic approaches to groups. (Fellow in the Spring of 2004, and again in the Fall of 2004)
Irwin C. Gunsalus, Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry, University of Illinois. Biology, chemistry, and physics. (Fellow in November of 1985)
Werner Guth, Professor of Economics, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Game theory. (Fellow in March of 1992)
Louis Guttman, Professor of Social and Psychological Assessment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, and Scientific Director of the Israel Institute of Applied Social Research. Measurement. (Fellow in September of 1987)
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Toru Haga, Professor and Chairman of the Dept. of Comparative Literature and Culture, University of Tokyo, Japan. Comparative literature, fine arts and history. (Fellow in March/April of 1991)
Jerald Hage, Professor of Sociology, University of Maryland. Understanding of complex organizations. (Fellow in November/December of 1984 and in May and September of 1992)
Eva Hajicova, Professor of Applied Mathematics, Charles University, Prague, Czechoslovakia. Computational linguistics. (Fellow in June of 1984)
C.R.D. Halisi, Professor of Political Science, Indiana University, Bloomington. Black politics in South Africa. (Internal Fellow in the fall of 1989)
Tim Hallett, Associate Professor of Sociology (Residential Fellow in Fall 2017)
Marc Hallin, Professor of Statistic, School of Economics, Political and Social Sciences, Free University of Brussels, Belgium. Statistical inference in time series, operation research, game theory, and risk analysis. (Fellow in September of 1991)
Vivian Halloran, Professor of English and American Studies at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2016)
Lee Hamilton, Representative of Indiana's 9th Congressional District, Former Chair of the House Foreign Affairs Committee and a member of the Joint Economic Committee. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in April of 1995 and in April of 2005).
Stanley S. Hanna, Professor of Physics, Stanford University. Nuclear physics. (Fellow in the fall of 1983)
William Hansen, Professor of Classical Studies, IU Bloomington. Origins of international folktales. (Internal Fellow in 1992/93)
Noriko Hara, Associate Professor of Information Science at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2017)
Miklos Haraszti, Public intellectual, writer, human rights activist, member of parliament, and university professor, Budapest, Hungary. How global patterns--the American and European norms of media democratization--have collided with the post-communist precondition. The Seven "Days" of Creation of a Free Press: Post-Communist Media Democratization in Hungary. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in March/April of 2001) Watch Miklos Haraszti's lecture
Lee Haring, Professor of Folklore and English, Department of English, Brooklyn College, New York. Theory of oral literary genre, African and Malagasy traditions. (Fellow in February of 1999)
J. Albert Harrill, Assistant Professor of Religious Studies, DePaul University, Chicago. Project entitled Slavery and the New Testament. (Visiting Scholar in 1999/2000)
Geoffrey H. Hartman, Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Yale University. European and American romantic and modern poetry, history of criticism. (Fellow in March of 1988)
Thomas Hartquist, Professor of Astrophysics in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Leeds, UK, and a world-renowned researcher studying the physics of the Interstellar Medium. (Visiting Fellow in April 2011)
Paul Haupt, Program Director at the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation in Cape Town, South Africa. (Fellow in February of 2004)
David Harvey, Distinguished Professor of Anthropology, The Graduate Center, CUNY; Senior Research Fellow, St. Peter's College, Oxford; Miliband Visiting Fellow, London School of Economics, Geographical Knowledges/Political Powers (Branigin Lecturer in 2001) Watch David Harvey's lecture
William Hay, Professor and Co-Chair of the Paleoceanology Division, GEOMAR, at Christian-Albrechts Universitat, Kiel, Germany. Global modeling and model variation for ancient climates, oceans, and plate tectonic positions. Geological mass balance for the global sedimentation system. (Fellow in November of 1999)
Marie-Christine Hazaël-Massieux, Professor of Linguistics and Director of the Institut d'Etudes Créoles et Francophones at the University of Provence (Aix-Marseille I). French Creole languages of the French West Indian islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique. (Fellow in October of 1999)
Allen Hazen, Reader in Philosophy, University of Melbourne, Australia. Metaphysics, philosophy of mathematics, modal and non-modal logic. (Visiting Scholar in the fall of 1991)
David Headon, Senior Lecturer in Australian and American Literature, University College, University of South Wales (Australian Defense Academy). Aboriginal literature. (Visiting Scholar in December of 1991)
Lars Skov Henriksen, Associate Professor of Social Studies and Organization at Aalborg University, Denmark. (Visiting Scholar during Fall Semester, 2005)
Debra Herbenick, Professor of Applied Health Science at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2018)
John Heritage, Professor of Sociology, University of California in Los Angeles. Ethnomethodology and conversation analysis. (Fellow in October/November of 1995)
Fred Hersch, world renowned jazz pianist, composer, and educator, Leaves of Grass (Branigin Lecturer in April 2004) Watch Fred Hersch's performance
Gail Hickey, Associate Professor of Education, IUPU Fort Wayne. Oral history of women immigrants. (Visiting Scholar in July of 1994 and May of 2001)
Benjamin Higgins, Development Studies Center, Australian National University. Expert in regional economic development. (Fellow in March of 1986)
Richard Hogg, Smith Professor of English Language and Medieval Literature, University of Manchester. Old English Language. Negative Contraction and Dialects (Fellow in April of 2002) Watch Richard Hogg's lecture
John Hollander, Professor of English, Yale University. Poet, scholar. (Fellow in March of 1986)
Beth Holmgren, Professor and Chair of Slavic Languages, University of North Carolina. Interpretation of Russian and Polish Literature. (Fellow in March/April of 2000)
Hou Hong-Fei, Professor of Paleontology, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing. Devonian age brachipods. (Fellow in November of 1992)
Pervez Hoodbhoy, Professor of Psychics, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Expert on the interface between nuclear and high energy psychics as well as a major intellectual force behind the study of the relationship between Islamic fundamentalism and science. (Fellow in February/October of 2000)
Jeremy Horder, is Professor of Criminal Law at Worcester College, University of Oxford, and Law Commissioner for England and Wales. (Branigin Lecturer in September 2009) Watch Jeremy Horder's lecture
Naana Banyiwa Horne, Assistant Professor of English, African and African/American Studies, Indiana University, Kokomo. Western Imperialism and Indegenous Ghanian Systems of Empowerment. (Intercampus Scholar in July/August of 1996)
Kenneth Howell, Associate Professor at Reformed Theological Seminary, Jackson, Mississippi. Interpretation of nature and the bible in early modern science. (Visiting Scholar in June of 1992)
Ping-Chen Hsiung, Senior Researcher in the Modern History Institute of the Academia Sinica, Taipei. The history of childhood and gynecology; the treatment of male sexual dysfunction, and sexuality in premodern China. (Fellow in November of 2003) Watch Ping-Chen Hsiung's lecture
Xu Hua, Professor of Public Health of the Chinese Foundation for the Prevention and Control of STD and AIDS. Social behaviors related to HIV transmission in China and China's public health issues. (Fellow in September/October of 1997 and April 2001)
Edward Hughes, Reader in Modern French Literature, Royal Holloway, University of London. Cultural marginality in a variety of French writers. The Betrayal of the Occident? Cultural Difference, Illusion, and Self-Definition in Modern French Literature. (Fellow in April 2001) Watch Edward Hughes lecture
Linda Hutcheon, Professor of English and Comparative Literature at the University of Toronto (Branigin Lecturer in November 2004) Watch Linda Hutcheon's lecture
Michael Hutcheon, Professor of Medicine at the University of Toronto (Branigin Lecturer in November 2004) Watch Michael Hutcheon's lecture
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Elena Iarskaia-Smirnova, Professor of Social Anthropology and Social Work at Saratov State University as well as Professor of General Sociology at the Moscow Higher School of Economics in Moscow, Russia. (Visiting Fellow in spring 2011)
Saad Eddin Ibrahim, Professor of Sociology, American University in Cairo; Founder of the Ibn Khaldun Center and the Arab Organization for Human Rights (Visiting Fellow in Spring 2009)
Ivo Ibri, Professor of Philosophy, Pontifical Catholic University of Saõ Paulo, Brazil. The philosophy of Charles S. Peirce, as well as pragmatism and semiotics. (Fellow in April of 2004, January/February, 2005)
David Ignatius, journalist and novelist. Imagining a Lee Hamilton Foreign Policy for 2013 (Hamilton Lecturer) Watch David Ignatius' lecture
Ken'ichi Ikeda, Professor of Social Psychology, University of Tokyo, Japan. Comparison of social politics in Japan and the United States. (Visiting Scholar in 1997/98)
Edgar Illas, Associate Professor of Spanish and Portuguese, Director of the Catalan Program (Residential Fellow, Fall 2018)
Michael Ing, Associate Professor of Religious Studies, College of Arts and Sciences, Residential Fellow in Fall 2020
Patricia Ingham, Department of English at Indiana University (Residential Fellow 2008–2009)
Vyacheslav V. Ivanov, member of the Soviet Parliament; Director of the USSR State Library of Foreign Literature, Moscow University. Semiotics & comparative literature. (Fellow in March of 1991)
William Ivey, Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts, former Director of the Country Music Foundation in Nashville, Tennessee. American history, folklore, and ethnomusicology. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in January of 2000)
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Michael Derek Jackson, Professor of Anthropology. Poet and fiction writer, New Zealand/Australia. Studies in West Africa. The Kuranko people of Sierra Leone. (Visiting Scholar in 1988/89)
Gary C. Jacobson, Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego, The Bush Legacy and the 2008 Elections (October 2008) Watch Gary C. Jacobson's lecture
Robert Jaffe, Professor of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge. Elementary particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics. (Fellow in October of 1992)
S. Japhet, Professor of Law at the National Law School of India University. Bangalore, India. Creating identities for Dalits in India and advancing their struggle for social, religious, economic, and political status in India. (Fellow in September of 2004)
Jeremy Jennings, Professor of Political Theory at the University of Birmingham, U.K. Nineteenth- and twentieth-century intellectual French history and European political philosophy. Professor at Queen Mary University of London, U.K. (Fellow in March/April of 2005 and April of 2006)
Biodun Jeyifo, Professor of English, Cornell University (currently teaching at Harvard). Scholar in the areas of theater, Marxist and postcolonial theory, with a particular interest on Africa. (Fellow in January of 2000)
Hans Joas, Professor of Sociology, Free University of Berlin, Chair of Sociology, John F. Kennedy Institute for North American Studies, Free University of Berlin. Communitarianism. (Fellow in September/October of 1994)
Jorgen Dines Johansen, Professor of General and Comparative Literature and Director of the North European Regional Center for Semiotics, Odense University, Denmark. Semiotics, and Peircean thought. (Fellow in May of 1993)
Barry Johnston, Professor of Sociology and Chair of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Indiana University Northwest, Gary. History of American sociology, theory, and race relations. (Internal Fellow in 1990/91)
Sumie Jones, Associate Professor of East Asian Studies, Comparative Literature and Film Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington. Edo period in Japan. (Internal Fellow in the spring of 1996; Fall of 2008; 2009; Spring of 2010; Residential Fellow of the Institute Spring 2015)
Robert Tony Judt, Remarque Professor of European Studies, New York University. European intellectual history and history of political ideas. (Fellow in February of 1999)
Robert Juepner, Professor of Hydraulic Engineering at the Department of Water Management at the Magdeburg University of Applied Sciences, Germany, and Director of Institute for Water Management and Ecotechnology. Watershed management and ecological restoration of rivers. (Fellow in September of 2004 and September of 2005)
Eileen Julien, Professor of Comparative Literature at Indiana University (Residential Fellow)
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Jaakko Kaprio, Professor in the Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki. Behavioral medicine, genetics, and epidemiology. (Fellow in April and May of 1990)
Sabrina Karpa-Wilson, Assistant Professor and Director of Portuguese Studies in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese, Indiana University. Politics of memory and identity in twentieth-century Brazilian autobiography. (Internal Scholar in spring of 2000)
Dirk Käsler, Professor of Sociology, University of Hamburg. Theory and history of sociology. (Visiting Scholar from October of 1994 to January of 1995)
Peter Katzenstein, Walter S. Carpenter, Jr. Professor of International Studies at Cornell University, Anti-Americanisms in World Politics (Branigin Lecturer in April 2007) Watch Peter Katzenstein's lecture
Ani Kavafian, Professor of Violin at Yale University (Visiting Fellow in November 2016)
Toshie Kawamoto, Grand mistress of the Bando School of kabuki, a traditional Japanese dance. (Visiting Scholar in September/October of 1992)
Oscar Kenshur, Professor of Comparative Literature, Indiana University, Bloomington. (Resident Scholar in 1997/98)
Adam Kern, Professor of Japanese Literature & Visual Culture, University of Wisconsin-Madison (Visiting Fellow in 2017)
Giovanni Kessler, constitutional lawyer and a member of the Italian Parliament. The evolution of the concept of judicial independence in Italy, its role in Italian society and politics, and the challenges and conflicts the judiciary faced in the years before and after President Berlusconi took office in 1994. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow of the Institute in September of 2004)
Imrat Khan, Leading classical music performer (sitar) and musicologist. (Fellow in the spring of 1997)
Richard Kielbowicz, Associate Professor of Communications, University of Washington, Seattle. Relationship between telegraph and the policy-making process in the 19th-century American business and government. (Visiting Scholar in 1992/93)
Marianne Kielian-Gilbert, Professor of Music, Indiana University, Bloomington (Visiting Scholar, Spring, 2004)
De Witt Douglas Kilgore, Associate Professor of English at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in Spring 2017)
Uchang Kim, Professor of English, Korea University, South Korea. Two-week fellowship at the Institute combined with a week as a Patten Lecturer in April of 2003. The understanding of the current phenomena and discourse of globalization in East Asia.(Fellow in March & April of 2003)
Justice Michael Kirby, Justice of the High Court of Australia, Terrorism: Global Response of the Courts and Alfred Kinsey and His Continuing Impact on the Human Rights of Sexual Minorities, (Branigin Lecturer in 2004, October 2006; Distinguished Citizen Fellow) Watch lecture, "Terrorism: Global Response of the Courts"; Watch lecture "Alfred Kinsey and His Continuing Impact on the Human Rights of Sexual Minorities"
Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Professor Emerita, NYU, Chief Curator of the Core Exhibition and Advisor to the Director at POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews
Sarah Knott, Associate Professor of History at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in 2009)
George Knox, Leading scholar of XVIII-century Venetian painting and culture and an expert on the greatest Venetian masters Giambattista and Domenico Tiepolo. Domenico Tiepolo, A New Testament. (Fellow in September of 2002) Watch George Knox's lecture
Robert Koons, Associate Professor of Philosophy, University of Texas, Austin. Logic and cognitive science. (Visiting Scholar in January and April 1997, and spring of 2002)
Boris Z. Kopeliovich, Physicist, the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia. High energy hard scattering processes off nuclei; polarization effects and color screening phenomena in hadron-nucleus interactions. (Fellow in December of 1991)
Joachim Krause, Professor of International Relations, Christian-Albrechts University in Kiel, Germany and Director of the Institute for Security Policy. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in February of 2006)
John Richard Krebs, Royal Society Research Professor, Oxford University; President of the International Society of Behavioral Ecology and of the Association for the Study of Animal Behavior. Bird behavior and behavioral ecology. (Fellow in April of 1993)
Victor Krebs, Assistant Professor of English, Indiana University, Kokomo. Dante and his critics. (Visiting Scholar in May/June of 1995)
Ivan Kreilkamp, Associate Professor of English, Victorian Studies, Indiana University (Residential Fellow of the Institute Spring 2015)
John Kruschke, Professor of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Adjunct Professor of Statistics, Core Faculty of the Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University (Remak Lecturer, March 2014)
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Mauricio Lasansky, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Fine Arts (Printmaking), Iowa City. (Fellow in September of 1989)
Sir Edmund Leach, Professor Emeritus of Social Anthropology, Cambridge University. Social anthropology and semiotics. (Fellow in October of 1984)
Jennifer C. Lee, Associate Professor of Sociology, College of Arts and Sciences, Residential Fellow in Spring 2020
Ursula Le Guin, Author, writer of speculative fiction, criticism, and poetry from Portland, Oregon. (Visiting Fellow in June of 1983)
Laurent Legendre, Professor of Biology at the Universite Jean Monnet de Saint Etienne, France and Director of the Institute of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants. (Fellow in July/August of 2005)
Colin Legum, former Associate Editor of The Observer (London), writer and editor, South Africa and UK. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in September of 1997 and October of 1999)
Margaret Legum, Economist and writer, South Africa and UK. Race relations and gender planning in South Africa. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in September of 1997 and October of 1999)
Jim Lehrer, journalist (Hamilton Lecturer)
Jerome P. Levine, Professor of Mathematics, Brandeis University. Knot theory. (Fellow in April of 1996)
Lord Lewis of Newnham, Professor Emeritus of Chemistry and Master of Robinson College at the University of Cambridge. Chemistry and highest education. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in April of 1999)
Ursula Link-Heer, Professor and Chair of Comparative Literature, Bayreuth University, Germany. Pastiche and multiple personality. (Visiting Scholar in October of 2002)
Margarita Lliteras, Assistant Professor of Spanish, Indiana University, Southeast. Symbolism of the Cantigas de Santa Maria. (Intercampus Scholar in July of 1996)
Mirta Zaida Lobato, Professor of History, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina. She is a leading scholar of Argentine social, labor, and gender history. (Fellow in November of 2002) Watch Mirta Zaida Lobato's lecture
M. Logan, Head of English Department, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. Thomas More's Utopia and History of King Richard III, Sidney's Defense of Poesie. (Visiting Scholar in 1994/95)
Dominic Lopes, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, IU Kokomo. Understanding pictures. (Visiting Scholar in May of 1994)
John Lucaites, Professor of Communication and Culture at Indiana University (Remak Convener, 2011–2012)
Niklas Luhmann, Professor of Sociology, University of Bielefeld, Germany. General theory of social systems. (Fellow in September of 1994)
Michael Lützeler, Rosa May Professor in the Humanities, German and Comparative Literature, Washington University in Saint Louis; Director of the European Studies Program and of the Center for Contemporary German Literature. Postmodernism, multiculturalism and cultural theory in the U.S. and in Germany. (Fellow in February/March of 1997)
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Diane Mackie, Social Psychologist, University of California in Santa Barbara. Motivational and cognitive consequences of mood. (Fellow in August/September of 1990)
Robert Malina, Professor of Kinesiology and Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin. Growth, maturation, and physical performance. (Fellow in January of 1992)
Robert Mandell, Professor of Physiological Optics and Optometry, University of California at Berkeley. Topography and physiology of the cornea. (Fellow in October of 1991)
Teresa Mangum, Assistant Professor of English, University of Iowa. Ageing and old age in Victorian England. (Visiting Scholar in April of 1994)
Rebecca Manring, Associate Professor of Religious Studies and Dhar India Studies Program at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2018)
Salomon Marcus, Professor Emeritus, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Bucuresti, Romania. Interrelations of mathematics, linguistics, semiotics, and poetics. (Fellow in August/September of 1993)
Phyllis Martin, Associate Professor of History, Indiana University. Central African history. (Internal Fellow in the spring of 1987)
Terence J. Martin, Distinguished Professor of English, Indiana University. Nineteenth-century American literature. (Fellow in December of 1983 and in May-August of 1984)
Manual (Suzanne Bloom and Ed Hill), fine arts. Digital imaging, a computer-based art. (Fellows in October of 1999)
Martin E. Marty, Fairfax M. Cone Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus of Religious History at the University of Chicago (Branigin Lecturer in February 2006) Watch Martin E. Marty's lecture
Ulrich Marzolph, Professor of Islamic Studies at the University of Gottingen, Germany. Expansion and updating of Antii Arne and Stith Thompson's The Types of the Folktale: A Classification and Bibliography. The Thousand and One Nights and Other Anthologies of its Narrative Strategies in Medieval Arabic Popular Literature (Fellow in October of 2002) Watch Ulrich Marzolph's lecture
Adrian Matejka, Ruth Lilly Associate Professor of English (Residential Fellow in Fall 2018)
Angelo Mazzocco, Professor of Spanish and Italian at Mount Holyoke College. Latin and vernacular literature of Renaissance Studies. (Fellow in March of 1998)
Audrey McCluskey, Associate Professor of Afro-American Studies and Director of Black Film Center/Archive, IUB. A recipient of a President's Arts & Humanities Fellowship in the Spring of 2003, she worked at the Institute on her research project, "Lucy Craft Laney and the Discourse of Black Women Educators, 1880-1940." (Internal Academic Fellow in Spring of 2003 and Visiting Scholar Fall 2006 Spring 2007)
Maxwell McCombs, Professor of Communication, University of Texas, Austin. Agenda-setting theory in mass communication. (Fellow in June of 1990)
Jason McGraw, Associate Professor of History, College of Arts and Sciences, Residential Fellow in Spring 2020
Ewen McDonald, performance artist, painter, art and literary critic, Sydney, Australia. Art criticism and critical essays. (Visiting Scholar at the Institute in April - June of 1992)
John W. McGreevey, distinguished writer for television, Laguna Beach, California. (Fellow in March/April of 1988)
M. Ruth Megaw, Australian Scholar in American Studies, American and Australian History, Bedford Park, Australia. (Visiting Scholar in November/December of 1988)
John Vincent Megaw, Professor of Archaeology and Anthropology; Head of the Visual Arts Discipline at Flinders University of South Australia. Anthropology, archaeology, fine arts, and visual arts. (Fellow in November/December of 1988)
Ajay Mehrotra, Professor of Law at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in Fall 2010)
Pratap Bhanu Mehta, President of the Centre for Policy Research in New Delhi, India, Constitutionalism and Judicial Review in Divided Societies (Branigin Lecturer in September 2008)
Deborah Meier, New York University, Founder of the Mission Hill School (Visiting Fellow in September 2011)
Christopher Melchert, is University Lecturer in Arabic and Islam at the Oriental Institute and a Fellow of Pembrook College at the University of Oxford, England. (Branigin Lecturer February 2011) Watch Christopher Melchert's lecture
Allan H. Meltzer, John M. Olin Professor of Political Economy and Public Policy, Carnegie-Mellon University. Monetary policy and theory. (Visiting Fellow in October of 1984)
Xiangdong Meng, Senior Physician and Director of the Institute of STD/AIDS Prevention and Control in the Jilin Province Center for Disease Prevention and Control in Changchun, P.R. China. (Visiting Fellow in February of 2005 and September of 2005)
Carolyn Merchant, Chancellor’s Professor of Environmental History, Philosophy, and Ethics in the Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management at University of California, Berkeley, Partnership with Nature: Women and the Environment (Branigin Lecturer in March 2009) Watch Carolyn Merchant's lecture
Walter J. Meserve, Professor of Theater and Drama, Indiana University. American drama. (Internal Fellow in 1984/85)
Lutgard Mutsaers, Seeking to Sound Black: Popular Music in the Netherlands in the 20th Century and Beyond March 21, 2002 (Visiting Fellow in March 2002) Watch Lutgard Mutsaers' lecture
Tiya Miles, Professor in the Program in American Culture, Center for Afro-American and African Studies, Department of History, and Native American Studies Program at the University of Michigan. (Branigin Lecturer in fall 2012) Watch Tiya Miles' lecture
Andrew H. Miller, Associate Professor IUB and Editor of Victorian Studies. While on leave with a College of Arts and Sciences Arts and Humanities Fellowship, he worked on his book concerning narratives of ethical and political self-improvement in nineteenth-century Britain, titled Perfect Examples.(Internal Academic Fellow in Spring of 2003)
J. Irwin Miller, Former Chairman of the Executive and Finance Committee of the Cummins Engine Company, Columbus, Indiana. One of the country's leading industrialists. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in October of 1989 and in April of 1992)
Mihaela Miroiu, Professor and Dean of the Political Science Faculty at the National School for Political Studies and Public Administration, Bucharest, Romania. Changes in Romania and Eastern European political culture, especially pertaining to gender relations. The Uneasy Way through Autonomy: The Peverse Effects of Transition for Women in Romania. (Fellow in April 2001 and April 2007) Watch Mihaela Miroiu lecture
Boris Mironov, Research Fellow in Russian History at the Academy of Sciences and Professor of History at the University of St. Petersburg. Soviet totaliarism, family and village structures. (Fellow in October of 1992)
Emma Lewis Mitchell, Artist, Acoma Pueblo, New Mexico. American Indian pottery. (Fellow in April of 1990)
Greg Mitman, Vilas Research and William Coleman Professor of History of Science, Medical History, and Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison (Visiting Fellow in 2018)
Chandra Mohan, Professor of Comparative Literature at the University of Delhi, India. Interdisciplinary tendencies in western comparative literature. (Visiting Scholar in March - May of 1991)
Raymond Monelle, Reader in Music, University of Edinbourg, Scotland. Music theory and semiotics. (Visiting Scholar in February/March of 1996)
Robert Ian Moore, Professor of Medieval History, University of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, U.K. Dissent and persecution in the European Central Middle Ages. (Fellow in September of 1995)
Marissa J. Moorman, Associate Professor of History at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in Spring 2017)
Emilio Moran, Professor of Anthropology and in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington. Social anthropology, economics, ecology and tropical agriculture. (Internal Fellow in 1989/90)
Gregor E. Morfill, Director of Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany. Physical and chemical processes in the early solar system, chaos theory, star formation theory, effects of charged dust grains on space plasma. (Fellow in October/November of 1994)
Chantal Mouffe, Quintin Hogg Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Democracy, School of Social and Policy Sciences, University of Westminster (London), Politics and Passions: The Stakes of Democracy (Branigin Lecturer in 2000)
Alex Moumouras, Chief of the European Division at the International Monetary Fund Institute (Visiting Fellow in Fall 2008)
Suzuko Murata, Professor of Education at Ryukoku University, Kyoto, Japan. The Future of Public Universities in the 21st Century. (Visiting Scholar in August/September of 1996)
Lutgard Mutsaers, Professor of Musicology at Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. Black American music in Dutch culture. (Fellow in March of 2002)
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C.V. Devan Nair, former President of Singapore. One of the "founders" of modern Singapore. Educator and statesman. (Fellow in 1986/87)
Daniel Nahon, Professor of Geology and head of Laboratoire de Petrologie de la Surface, University of Aix-Marseille III, France. Weathering alterations and geochemical geomorphology. (Fellow in May/June and in October of 1990)
Rhoda Nathan, Professor of American Literature, Hofstra University, New York. Archives of Poetry magazine and the papers of Henry Rago. (Visiting Scholar in November of 1997)
Homer A. Neal, Professor and Chair of the Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Superconductors; higher education administration. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in November of 1992)
Diane Negra, Professor of Film Studies and Screen Culture in the School of English, Drama and Film Studies at University College Dublin, Ireland, Failing Women: Hollywood and Its Chick Flick Audience (Branigin Lecturer in April 2009) Watch Diane Negra's lecture
Brian Nelson, Professor of French and Chair of Romance Languages, Monash University, Clayton, Australia. 19th- and 20th-century French literature and culture, Zola and Naturalism. (Fellow in October of 1993)
Robert Netting, Regents Professor of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson. Cultural ecology. (Fellow in February of 1994 and Visiting Scholar in 1994)
Nikolai K. Nikolskii, Professor of Mathematics and Head of the Laboratory of Mathematical Analysis at the Steklov Mathematical Institute in Leningrad, USSR. Applied mathematics. (Fellow in May/June of 1988)
Cornelia Nixon, Associate Professor of English, IU Bloomington. Creative writing and fiction writer. (Internal Fellow in the Fall of 1992)
Cassio Nobre, Director, Couraça Criações Cultrais: musican, musicologist, producer, Branigin Lecturer in Fall of 2020
James Nohrnberg, Professor of English, University of Virginia, Charlottesville. Biblical narrative. (Fellow in October of 1991)
Per Nordahl, Director of the Swedish Emigrant Institute in Växjo, Sweden. The study of diversity in the membership of labor unions and other workplace organizations: analyzing the impact of immigration on women, work place, and unions in America. (Fellow in November and December of 2004)
Susan Norrie, Artist, painter and contemporary art observer, Sydney, Australia. (Visiting Scholar in April-June of 1992)
Philip M. Novack-Gottshall, Associate Professor of Biology at Benedictine University (Summer Repository Research Fellow in 2016)
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Tim O’Brien, author, The Things They Carried (Branigin Lecturer in October 2011) Watch Tim O'Brien's lecture
Richard Ohmann, Professor of English, Wesleyan University. The social value of mass culture. (Fellow in January of 1985)
Brenda Marie Osbey, Poet & Essayist, Louisiana Poet Laureate, Wells Distinguished Lecturer Fall 2020
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Joseph Palacio, Scholar in Education, University of the West Indies in Belize. Ethnicity, educational, and economic development of the Caribbean region. (Fellow in October of 1998)
Franz Urban Pappi, Professor of Political Science and Sociology, University of Mannheim; Director of the Mannheim Center for European Social Research. Social networks, comparative politics, European politics, electoral behavior, and public policy. (Fellow in September of 1996)
David Parker, Senior Lecturer and Director of Graduate Studies, English Department, Australian National University, Canberra. Modern British Literature, novel, autobiography. (Visiting Scholar in the fall of 1991)
Priscilla Parkhurst Ferguson, Professor of French and Sociology, Columbia University, New York. (Visiting Scholar in March of 1998)
Daphne Patai, Associate Professor of Spanish and Portuguese and Women's Studies Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Studies in Brazilian women. Feminist criticism of Orwell. (Fellow and Visiting Scholar in 1986/87 and Visiting Scholar in 1989/90)
John Pearce, Professor of Psychology, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, UK. Modern learning theory and theorizing on attribute learning, categorization, and connectionist modeling in Cognitive Science. (Fellow in July/August of 1999)
Michael R. Pennington, Reader in Mathematical Sciences and Physics, Department of Physics, University of Durham, U.K. Particle physics. (Fellow in March of 1995)
Robert T. Pennock, Associate Professor of Philosophy and of Science and Technology Studies at Lyman Briggs School at Michigan State University, Darwin and Design: From Natural Theology to Applied Biology (Branigin Lecturer in March 2002) Watch Robert T. Pennock's lecture
Sibele Pereira de Oliveira, School of Dentistry at UnicenP in Curitiba, Brazil (Visiting Fellow in September 2008)
Katharine Perera, Pro-Vice-Chancellor for teaching, learning, and academic quality and Senior Lecturer in Linguistics, University of Manchester, UK. Language diversity and writing competence. (Fellow in September of 1997)
Christabelle Peters, University of Warwick, United Kingdom. (Visiting Fellow in Spring 2015)
Catherine Perles, University of Paris and Musee de l'Homme. Old World prehistory. (Fellow in January of 1985)
Marjorie Perloff, Professor of Humanities, Stanford University. (Patten Lecturer and Visiting Scholar in November of 1997)
Lewis Curtis Perry, Andrew Jackson Professor of History, Vanderbilt University. American intellectual and social history. (Fellow in 1982/83)
Lord Walter Perry, Professor of Pharmacology, University of Edinburgh, U.K. Founder and developer of the Open University in Great Britain. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in September of 1989 and in 1990)
Bernice Pescosolido, Associate Professor of Sociology, Indiana University, Bloomington. Program for Services on the Severely Mentally Ill. (Resident Scholar in 1995/96)
Christabelle Peters, Professor of Hispanic Studies, Leverhulme Early Career Fellow, University of Warwick, United Kingdom (Visiting Fellow in April 2015)
M. Jeanne Peterson, Professor of History, Indiana University. Victorian England. (Internal Fellow in 1984/85)
Jan Nederveen Pieterse, Professor of Sociology at the University of Illinois (Urbana) and Editor of the Review of International Political Economy. Internationally acclaimed expert on such issues as empire, race, economic development, and globalization who has held numerous positions in the Netherlands, Ghana, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Thailand. (Fellow in October of 2004)
Helen E. Phillips, Lecturer of English, University of Nottingham, (U.K.). Chaucer; medieval dream visions; amatory poetry; hermeneutics. (Fellow in September of 1990)
Angelo Pizzo, screenwriter and film producer, Running the Gauntlet: From the Movie in My Mind to the Movie on the Screen (Branigin Lecture in October 2006) Watch Angelo Pizzo's lecture
Carol Polsgrove, Associate Professor of Journalism, Indiana University, Bloomington. Intellectuals' roles in the civil rights movement. (Resident Scholar in the Fall of 1996)
Carmen Popescu, Historian at the Laboratory for the French Heritage, Paris. Romanian art and architecture of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries; the use of ‘total art’ in various countries as means of defining national identity and constructing of a national ideology. (Fellow in November of 2003) Watch Carmen Popescu's lecture
Bouwe Pieter Postmus, Senior Lecturer in the English Department, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Annotated edition of the Victorian poet George Gissing's Scrapbook. (Visiting Scholar in February/March of 1993)
Martin Potschka, Biophysical Chemist, Vienna, Austria. Physical basis of aqueous size exclusion chromatography. (Visiting Scholar in October-December of 1992)
Robert Potter, Professor of Human Geography and Director of The Research School of Human and Environmental Sciences, University of Reading, U.K. (Fellow in April of 2006 and November 2006)
Enrico Predazzi, Professor of Theoretical Physics and Head of the Department of Theoretical Physics, Torino, Italy. Mathematics, experimental and theoretical physics, University of Torino, Italy. (Fellow in November/December of 1989 and in September/October of 1993)
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Zheng Qingsi, Director of Department of Social Medicine, Chinese Academy of Preventative Medicine, Beijing. China's public health arena and HIV-risk behaviors in the Chinese migrant population. (Fellow in April of 2000)
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Elena Rabinovich, Professor of Ancient History and Classical Literature, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Archetypal plots in the works of Gogol, Dostoevsky, and Tolstoy. (Fellow in September/October of 2001)
N. Ramanathan, Reader in the Department of Indian Music, University of Madras, India. Study, translation and interpretation of early Sanskrit musical texts. (Fellow in April/May of 1991)
Kenneth Ramchand, Reader in West-Indian Literature, University of the West Indies. Literature of the West Indies. (Fellow in the fall of 1984 and in the summer of 1985)
William Rasch, Associate Professor of Germanic Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington. Political and social theory. (Visiting Scholar in the fall of 2001 and the spring of 2002)
Toivo Raun, Professor of Central Eurasian Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington. History of Baltic States and Peoples. (Internal Fellow in 1993/94)
Steve Rayner, Professor of Science and Civilization and Director of the James Institute at Oxford University Saïd Business School. (Visiting Fellow in March/April of 2010)
Diane Ravitch, Research Professor of Education at New York University, Will Today's Education Reforms Improve Our Public Schools? (Branigin Lecturer in April 2011) Watch Diane Ravitch's lecture
William J. Reese, Carl Kaestle WARF Professor of Educational Policy Studies, History, and European Studies at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. (Visiting Fellow in March/April of 2010)
Jörn Reinhardt, Law Faculty at the University of Hamburg, Germany (Visiting Fellow, March 2014)
Darius Rejali, Professor of Political Science at Reed College, Torture, Democracy, and Our Future (Branigin Lecturer in October 2008) Watch Darius Rejali's lecture
Heather Reynolds, Associate Professor of Biology at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort)
Reneé Riese Hubert, Professor Emerita of Comparative Literature and French, University of California, Irvine. Relationship between literature and the arts. (Visiting Scholar in May/June of 1993)
James Riley, Professor of History, Indiana University. European financing in the Seven Year War. Death and sickness in selected historical societies. (Internal Fellow in the fall of 1986)
Alice Rivlin, Economist, the Brookings Institute, former Director of Congressional Budget Office; Director of the Office of Management and Budget; Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve Board. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in March and October of 1992, and September of 1998)
Benjamin Robinson, Associate Professor of Germanic Studies at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2018)
Gabrielle Robinson, Professor of English, IU South Bend. Theater and drama. (Intercampus Scholar in the summer of 1991)
David S. Rood, Professor of Linguistics, University of Colorado, Boulder. American Indian languages. (Fellow in June/July of 1993)
Lord John Roper, Chairman of the European Union Sub-Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Development Staff and an active member of the House of Lords, where he heads the Committee on the European Union. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in April of 2010)
Sir Martin Roth, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry at the University of Cambridge, U.K. Neurology and affective disorders. (Fellow in July of 1990)
Jerome Rotter, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and UCLA (Visiting Fellow in July 2008)
Rhiman Rotz, Associate Professor of History, Indiana University in Gary, Law and Imperialism in Colonial Zimbabwe. (Intercampus Scholar in June/July of 1992)
Louis H. Rowen, Professor of Mathematics, University of Bar-Ilan, Jerusalem. Mathematics; abstract algebra. (Fellow in June/July of 1991)
Daniel Ruberman, Chair of the Mathematics Department of Brandeis University. (Visiting fellow in Spring 2015)
Andrzej Rychard, Director of the Center of Social Studies, Graduate School for Social Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland (Visiting Fellow in September 2009)
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Benjamin D. Sachs, Professor of Psychology, University of Connecticut. Neurobiology of sexual response and reproductive behavior in the rodent. (Fellow in October of 1995)
Arthur M. Sackler, Psychiatrist, philanthropist, art collector from New York City. (Laureate Award in March of 1985)
Alla Salnikova, Professor of History in the Department of Historiography and Historical Sources at Kazan State University of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. (Visiting Fellow in April 2011)
Ranu Samantrai, Associate Professor of English at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in Fall 2016)
Scott R. Sanders, Professor of English and author, Indiana University, Bloomington. Creative and essay writing. (Internal Fellow in 1992/93)
Bengt Sandin, Professor and Chair in the Department of Child Studies, University of Linköping, Sweden, State Building, Surveillance of Children, and the Rise of Early Modern Education (Visiting Fellow in October 2012)
Agnar Sandmo, Professor of Economics at the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration in Bergen, Norway. Choice under uncertainty, taxation, tax evasion, effects of taxes on risk-taking. (Fellow in April/May of 1993)
Eric Sandweiss, Associate Professor of History, Indiana University, Bloomington (Visiting Scholar, Fall 2004)
David Sanger, journalist, author (Lee H. Hamilton Fellow in March 2013)
Michael Sauder, Professor of Sociology at University of Iowa (Visiting Fellow in August 2016)
Susan Seizer, Associate Professor of Anthropology at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2017)
Robert Seyfarth, Professor of Psychology at University of Pennsylvania (Branigin Lecturer in November 2009)
Jon Simons, Professor of Communication and Culture at Indiana University (Remak Convener, 2011–2012)
Ayana Okeeva Smith, Associate Professor of Musicology at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in Spring 2017)
Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Professor of Sociology in the School of Economics at the University of Coimbra, Portugal and Distinguished Legal Scholar at the University of Wisconsin, Madison and the University of Warwick, England. (Branigin Lecturer November 2010) Watch Boaventura de Sousa Santos' lecture
Steven Sarratore, Professor and Chair of the Theater Department at IUPU Fort Wayne. Postmodern scenography. (Intercampus Scholar in the summer of 1991)
Roger Schofield, Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge University, U.K., Director of the ESRC Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, Cambridge. (Fellow in March/April of 1992)
William Schuerman, Professor of Political Science, IUB (Residential Fellow in Fall 2009 and Spring 2010)
Reinhard Selten, Professor of Economics, University of Bielefeld, Federal Republic of Germany. Game theory, social sciences. (Fellow in March of 1984)
Charles Thurstan Shaw, former Director of Studies in Archaeology at Magdalene College, Cambridge University. African archaeology. (Fellow in February of 1984)
Robert Shaw, Musical Director and Conductor of the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra. The art of music. (Fellow in November of 1983)
Harold Silver, Visiting Professor of History of Education, Oxford Polytechnic, U.K. History of education in Great Britain. (Fellow in February of 1991)
Jacques Simonet, Director of Research in the Laboratory of Electrochemistry, University of Rennes I, France. Molecular electrochemistry. (Fellow in April/May/June of 1995)
H. Gordon Skilling, Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of Toronto. Expert on Czechoslovakia and other socialist states. (Fellow in April of 1988)
Barbara Skinner, Assistant Professor of History at Indiana State University Terre Haute, Indiana (formerly at Adelphi University in New York. NEH Fellowship recipient for 2005/2006. (Visiting Scholar summer and fall of 2005)
William Slamyaker, Professor of English, Wayne State College, Nebraska. Postcolonial Liberation Aesthetics and the Afrocanon: Postmodern Pressures in Post-Cold War African Narratives. (Visiting Scholar in the spring of 1997)
Denis Mack Smith, Senior Research Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford University. The history of modern Italy. (Fellow in April of 1984)
George P. Smith, II, Professor of Law, Catholic University of America. Law and ethics. (Fellow in June/July of 1984, Fall 2016, and Spring 2019)
Michael J. Smithson, Reader in Sociology, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia. Sociological analysis of ignorance. (Visiting Scholar in May/June of 1996)
Joel Smoller, Professor and Chair of Mathematics, University of Michigan. Relativity, to the existence and nature of solutions to Einstein's equations in a vacuum and to alternatives to big bang solutions arising from various constituent gas laws. (Fellow in April 2001)
Raymond M. Smullyan, Oscar R. Ewing Professor Emeritus of Philosophy. Logic and game theory. (Fellow in April of 1996)
Paul M. Sniderman, Professor of Political Science, Stanford University; Professor of Criminology, University of Toronto, Canada; Research Scientist, University of California, Berkeley. Political tolerance, democratic values, attitudes toward race. (Visiting Fellow in October/November of 1993 and September 2009)
Charles Sonett, Professor of Planetary Sciences, University of Arizona at Tuscon. Planetary and lunar magnetic fields. (Fellow in October/November of 1990)
Janet Sorensen, Associate Professor of English, Indiana University, Bloomington (Visiting Scholar, Spring 2004, Spring 2006 and Fall 2006)
Meir Sternberg, Chair and Professor of Comparative Literature and English at Tel-Aviv University, Israel. Biblical studies. (Fellow in November of 1991)
Tamar Yacobi Sternberg, Lecturer in English and Comparative Literature, Tel-Aviv University, Israel. Time in poetry, dimensions of space in literature, fictional reliability, narrative and normative patterns. (Visiting Scholar in the fall of 1991)
Peter Stone, Professor of Heritage Studies and Head of the School of Arts and Culture at the University of Newcastle, UK, and a prominent scholar of ethics and political preservation. (Visiting Fellow in fall of 2010)
Robert Strikwerda, Professor of Philosohpy, Indiana University, Kokomo. Emile Durkheim and dispute over work of Margaret Mead. (Intercampus Scholar in May/June/July of 1998)
Mary Stylidi, Special Education Personnel, Institute for Studies and Research in Mainstream and Special Education of the Greek Ministry of Education, Research, and Religion Affairs (Visiting Fellow in 2018)
Lynn Struve, Associate Professor of History at Indiana University, Bloomington. History of China in the imperial period. (Internal Fellow in 1988/89)
Jens Südekum, Assistant Professor of Economics, University of Konstanz, Germany. (Fellow in September/October of 2006 and in September of 2007)
Chuck Sudetic, political analyst, journalist, author, former reporter for The New York Times in Belgrade and Bosnia. Blood and Vengeance: One Family's Story of the War in Bosnia. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in January/February of 1999)
Frederick Suppe, Professor of Philosophy and of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Maryland. Modeling nature. (Visiting Scholar in the spring of 1995 and 1996)
Helen Suzman, Former Member of South African Parliament, human rights activist. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in April/May of 1992)
Andrzej Swiatkowski, Professor of Law, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland. Labor law. (Fellow in January/February of 1996)
Kirsten Sword, Assistant Professor of History at Indiana University (Residential Fellow 2008–2009)
Janos Szabad, Associate Professor of Developmental Genetics, Josef Attila University, Szeged, Hungary. Development and function of the reproductive systems of fruit flies. (Fellow in October of 1992)
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Francisco Tandioy Jansasoy, retired Professor of Inga at the University of Nariño in Pasto, Colombia. Mythic narratives of the Inganos. Folklore and Ethnomusicology, History, Linguistics, Education, and Anthropology. (Fellow in March of 2003)
Yasunori Tan-o, Professor of Art History in the Graduate School of Letters, Waseda University, Tokyo. Modern art, French and Japanese. War and art, sexuality and art. (Fellow in March of 1997)
Eero Tarasti, Professor of Musicology and Semiotics, University of Helsinki, Finland. Semiotics and music theory. (Fellow in November/December of 1992)
Barbara Taylor, Senior Lecturer, Dept. of Cultural Studies, University of East London, U.K. History, Gender Studies and English. Mary Wollstonecraft and Civic Womanhood. (Fellow in September of 2002) Watch Barbara Taylor's lecture
John W. Terborgh, James B. Duke Professor of Biology and Co-Director of the Center for Tropical Conservation at Duke University, as well as a member of the National Academy of Sciences. (Braningin Lecturer October 2011) Watch John W. Terborgh's lecture
To Ngoc Thanh, Professor of Ethnomusicology and Folklore. Vietnamese traditional music, dance (Thai in particular), and other performing arts. (Fellow in November of 1997)
Ngo Duc Thinh, Professor of Ethnology and Folklore. Minorities in Laos and along the Lao-Vietnamese border; linguistics; archeology; folk costumes; Taoism and other religious practices in Vietnam; traditional customary law of highland minorities. (Fellow in November of 1997)
Jacques-Francois Thisse, Professor of Economics at the Center for Operations Research and Econometrics, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. Locational analysis. (Fellow in March of 1988 and in November of 1992)
Rosemarie Garland Thomson, Professor of English at Emory University, Seeing the Disabled: Visual Rhetorics of Disability in Popular Photography (Branigin Lecturer in 2002) Watch Rosemarie Garland Thomson's lecture
Samuel Edmund Thorne, Fairchild Professor Emeritus of Law and Professor Emeritus of Legal History, Harvard University. The origins and evolution of the English common law. (Fellow in the spring of 1985)
Baolin Tian, Professor Coal Geology, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing. Paleobotany, geology. (Fellow in July/August of 1998)
Jean-Pierre Tignol, Professor of Mathematics at Université Catholique de Louvain (Visiting Fellow in 2012)
Roman Timenchik, Professor of Russian and Slavic Studies, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem. Modern Russian literature, theater, and cinema.(Fellow in October/December of 2003) Watch Roman Timenchik's lecture
Vladimir Tismaneanu, Professor of Government and Politics and Director of the Center for the Study of Post-Communist Societies, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland. Twentieth-century anti-liberal intellectuals and the Cold War and the relationship between liberalism, the West and the East. (Fellow at the Institute in January 2003)
Hiroshi Toki, Professor of Physics, Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka, Japan. Nuclear physics. (Fellow in October of 1996)
Alan Trachtenberg, Gray Professor of English and American Studies at Yale University. American studies, anthropology, art history, literary theory, social history and other fields of cultural interpretation. (Fellow in May of 1996)
Neil S. Trudinger, Professor of Mathematics, Australian National University. Elliptic partial differential equations. (Fellow in the fall of 1983)
Robert Tucker, IBM Professor Emeritus in International Studies and Professor Emeritus of Politics, Princeton University. Soviet politics and foreign policy. (Fellow in March/April of 1986)
Doris Turner, Associate Professor of Romance Languages and Literatures and Director of Latin American Studies, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio. Black experimental theater in Brazil. (Visiting Scholar in 1987/88)
John Turner, Jr., Professor of English, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California. Family, sex, and marriage in Shakespeare's plays and in the English Renaissance. (Visiting Scholar in the fall of 1999)
Peter Turnley, prominent photojournalist ("Moments of the Human Condition: A Visual Tour of World Affairs and the Family of Man during the Past Twenty Five Years," Branigin Lecturer in March 2005; Distinguished Citizen Fellow in November of 2005; Branigin Lecturer in November 2007) Watch 2005 lecture "Moments of the Human Condition: A Visual Tour of World Affairs and the Family of Man during the Past Twenty Five Years,"; Watch 2007 Branigin Lecture, "McClellan Street"
Paul Tyler, Old Town School of Folk Music, Chicago City Colleges (Summer Repository Research Fellow in 2016)
V
Xavier Vatin, Associate Professor, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Centra de Artes, Humanidades e Letras, Branigin Lecturer in Fall of 2020
Steven Vanderputten, Professor of History at Ghent University (Visiting Fellow in 2012)
Herman Van der Wee, Professor of Social and Economic History, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium. Economic history. (Fellow in September of 1986)
Timothy van Gelder, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Indiana University, Bloomington and Professor of Philosophy in the Research School of Social Sciences at the Australian National University in Canberra. (Internal Fellow in the Fall of 1993)
Helen Vendler, A. Kingsley Porter University Professor at Harvard University. Literary criticism in the field of modern poetry (Wallace Stevens in particular). (Fellow in January of 1998)
Katherine Verdery, Eric R. Wolf Professor of Anthropology, the University of Michigan. Social science, Eastern Europe today, history, law, women's studies, public administration, and cultural studies. (Fellow in October of 1998 and April of 1999)
José Vida, Associate Professor of Administrative Law, Department of Public Law, University Carlos III of Madrid (Visiting Fellow in Spring 2012)
Eric Vogt, Professor Emeritus of Physics, the University of British Columbia; Director Emeritus of the TRIUMF, Canada's National Meson Sciences Research Facility. Fundamental nucleon-nucleon interactions. (Fellow in the spring of 1997)
Jack Vowles, Professor of Comparative Politics, Victoria University of Wellington (Visiting Fellow in September 2015)
W
Dror Wahrman, Professor of History at Indiana University (Convener of Remak New Knowledge Seminar in 2010–2011)
John Walbridge, Professor of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures at Indiana University (Residential Fellow, 2011–2012)
Mary Waldron, Associate Professor of Human Development at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in Spring 2017)
Elizabeth Wallfisch, Royal Academy of Music (Visiting Fellow in February 2016)
Isidor Wallimann, Professor of Sociology, Economics, and Social Policy, University of Applied Sciences of Northwest Switzerland. Expert in international social policy. (Visiting Fellow in April of 2008) Watch Isidor Wallimann's lecture
Margaret Walsh, Professor of American Economic and Social History in the School of American & Canadian Studies, University of Nottingham, U.K. Revision of her book The American Frontier Revisited. (Visiting Scholar in fall of 2002)
Michael Walzer, Professor of Sociology, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey. Social criticism. (Fellow in February of 1984)
Jeffrey Wasserstrom, Professor of History, Indiana University, Bloomington. East Asian History (Visiting Scholar in fall of 2001)
Kenji Watanabe, Professor Emeritus of Japanese Literature, Rikkyo University. Academic Dean, Jiyugakuen College, Tokyo, Japan. Early Edo period texts; transcription and annotation of kanozoshi. (Visiting Fellow in 1996, 2008, and in 2018)
Kenneth Watson, retired Senior Lecturer in Education, Sydney University, and an international leader in English/language arts instruction. International perspectives on the teaching and learning of reading. (Fellow in November of 2002)
Ian Watt, Jackson Eli Reynolds Professor of Humanities at Stanford University. English literature from the 16th through the 19th century. (Fellow in October of 1987)
Joanne Webster, Royal Society University Research Fellow, University of Oxford. Epidemiology and parasitology. Co-Evolution and Compatibility in the Snail-Schistosome (Fellow in March/April/May of 2002) Watch Joanne Webster's lecture
Zhu Weizheng, Professor of Chinese History, Fudan University, Shanghai. Late imperial period. (Visiting Scholar and Fellow in the fall of 1989 and in October of 1990)
Nancy Welsh, Professor of Law and William Trickett Faculty Scholar at Penn State Dickinson School of Law (Visiting Fellow in March 2016)
John (Jack) H. Werren, Professor of Biology, University of Rochester. Evolutionary biology of parasitic DNA, intracellular bacteria, and the genetics of parasitic wasps. (Visiting Fellow in April of 2008)
Albert Wertheim, Professor of English, Indiana University, Bloomington. Athol Fugard and his plays. (Internal Fellow in the spring and summer of 1996)
James V. Wertsch, Professor and Chair, Department of Psychology, Clark University. The work of the Russian psychologist Vygotsky. (Fellow in October of 1993 and in April of 1994)
Meg Wesling, Assistant Professor of Literature, University of California San Diego. Educated Subjects: The Pedagogy of Empire in U.S. Literature. (Visiting Scholar Fall 2006/Spring 2007)
Richard Samuel Westfall, Distinguished Professor of History and Philosophy of Science, Indiana University. Scholarship on Isaac Newton and seventeenth century science. (Internal Fellow in 1984/85 and Henry H.H. Remak Distinguished Scholar in 1995/96)
Thomas Wiegele, Professor of Political Science, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb. Social, political and life sciences. (Fellow in November of 1986)
Sir Denys Wilkinson, Professor of Physics, University of Sussex, U.K. Weak nuclear force. (Fellow in March/April of 1991)
Brenda Wineapple, Professor of English, Union College, Schenectady, New York. Gertrude and Leo Stein. (Visiting Scholar in July of 1994)
Joel Wong, Associate Professor of Counseling Psychology at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2018)
Peter R. Wood, Astronomer, Senior Research Fellow at Mount Stromlo and Siding Spring Observatories in Canberra, Australia. Stellar evolution theory. (Fellow in July of 1988)
Peter Woodruff, Associate Professor of Philosophy, University of California at Irvine. Studies in logic and semantics. (Visiting Scholar in the fall of 1990)
Claire Ann Woods, Professor of Communication and Writing, School of Communication and Information Studies, University of South Australia at Magill. Teaching of writing; ethnography of writing and literacies in professional and community contexts; issues in writing research; language and literacy policy and development; and English Education. (Fellow in October of 1999)
X
Yanping Xue, Researcher at the Institute of West European Studies, Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China. Structural changes in Europe and their impact on American-European relations. (Visiting Scholar in 1992/93)
Y
Naoko Yamada, visiting researcher at the Department of Tourism, Conventions, and Event Management in the School of Physical Education and Tourism Management (SPETM), IUPUI (Visiting Fellow in September 2009).
Hiroya Yamaguchi, Chairman of the Department of Otola
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correct_foundationPlace_00034
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FactBench
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2
| 67
|
http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search%3Fauthor%3D%26amode%3Dstart%26title%3Do%26tmode%3Dstar%252E%252E%26c%3Dx
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en
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The Online Books Page
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Listing over 3 million free books on the Web - Updated Friday, July 19, 2024
BOOKS ONLINE
Search our Listings -- New Listings -- Authors -- Titles -- Subjects -- Serials
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correct_foundationPlace_00034
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FactBench
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3
| 50
|
https://www.ecasdk12.org/staff
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en
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Staff Resources — Ellwood City Area School District
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Ellwood City Area School District
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https://www.ecasdk12.org/staff
|
The Wolverine Print Shop is located in the first floor of Lincoln High School. It will serve as the central copying center for the District. All major copying will take place at the Print Shop. The employee working the Wolverine Print Shop will make copies from 7:30-11:30 Monday-Friday
Each elementary building will have a copying machine. Staff will be limited to 500 copies per week at the local copier. Please plan accordingly. Staff will be required to enter their personal code into the copier and that code will be entered by the Print Shop Clerk to track all copying.
The Wolverine Print Shop copier will be the copier for Lincoln and will be available for walk-up copying for Lincoln staff from 7:30-8:00 AM each morning. Staff will NOT be allowed to make the copies themselves. They will need to be submitted to the employee working the print shop. It is on a first-come, first-serve basis. There will be a maximum of 500 weekly copies for walk-up copies for all Lincoln staff, just as it is in elementary buildings.
Please allow a maximum of three (3) days for turnaround of print shop requests made to the Wolverine Print Shop. Most likely, requests will be returned sooner.
All requests for copying from the Wolverine Print Shop must include an ECASD Print Ticket. The ECASD Print Ticket is a Google Form directly sent to the print shop clerk. You will attach the document to the Google Form.
The Wolverine Print Shop will only make standard black ink copies on white paper. Any special requests will need to be approved by an administrator. NO COLOR COPIES WILL BE PRODUCED BY THE PRINT SHOP. THOSE REQUESTS MUST GO THROUGH AN ADMINISTRATOR AND PRINTED ON THE BUILDING COPIER.
All multiple-page copies made by the Wolverine Print Shop will be double-sided.
The District will not support or service any local printers purchased by staff, and they are not to be wireless. They must be connected to a computer through a USB port.
The Print Shop will be open ten days in the summer, and most likely, those will be in late August. Any submissions over the summer will not be completed until the Print Shop is opened in August.
Only school-related materials will be copied on District copiers. Please follow all copyright laws when making copies or requesting copies to be made.
If you send a week’s worth of copying together, please note the priorities as to which work should be completed first. The copy center cannot complete all work on Monday. Voluminous or more complex work should be given more time to complete!
Send all documents ready to run! Do not send taped, glued, torn, ripped, pasted, stained, stapled, or illegible originals. A pencil and some pens, such as neon markers, will not copy.
The Print Shop uses a high-volume copier to reduce the workload of teachers and support staff and reduce the wear and tear on the smaller copiers in each building.
Local machines in each building will be able to scan documents to your email that can then be sent to the Print Shop through the ECASD Print Ticket.
Keep in mind copy requests are handled for the entire district. Many factors influence the turnaround time for a given work order; machines break down, are down for routine maintenance, and staff may be out for personal reasons or illness. It is always best to plan and have the “date needed” three to four days before you need it. Allow additional time during the busy season‐ August through October.
Do not send in a semester’s worth of work on one request form and ask for it all back on the same day, the next day, or the first day of school. Divide the work up and submit it on different forms and use a different date needed for each.
Do not count weekends or holidays as production days or use them as your date needed. Do not request ASAP. Put the date needed on your form.
The Wolverine Print Shop reproduces exact copies of documents that are sent without editing, enlarging, or reducing the document. Documents should be edited before it is sent to the Print Shop. Equipment at each school can scan, enlarge, reduce, and edit documents. PDF documents are accepted for copying; however, a Google Doc format is preferred.
Printing requests must be sent using the ECASD Print Shop ticket or by personal delivery to Wolverine Print Shop for Lincoln Teachers. Please remember to fill out the Print Job Ticket completely and accurately to ensure your job request is run properly and returned to you in a timely manner.
Requests should be sent in the correct order and sequence to be copied. Documents are printed in the order and sequence received. The Print Shop does not provide or have the resources to extract certain pages or re-arrange documents before printing.
Requests are worked on based on the date and time they are received for emailed and hardcopy copy requests.
Administrator’s approval is required on requests for color copies, colored paper, heavy-weight stocks, or binding. Those will be printed on the local building machine.
The Wolverine Print Shop employee email address is wolverineprintshop@ellwood.k12.pa.us
The capabilities of the Wolverine Print Shop high volume machine include booklet finisher – folds and staples two on the bind, hole punch 2-3, single staple, double staple, fold only.
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correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
2
| 0
|
https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9321/2/2/29
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en
|
Gertrude Belle Elion, Chemist and Pharmacologist, Discoverer of Highly Relevant Active Substances
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[
"Juan Núñez Valdés",
"Fernando de Pablos Pons",
"Antonio Ramos Carrillo",
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"Ramos Carrillo"
] |
2022-05-06T00:00:00
|
Gertrude Belle Elion was a woman who had to overcome many difficulties to achieve her dream of studying to be able to cure illnesses, especially those of the heart. These difficulties were imposed both by the limited economic resources of herself and her family, which did not allow her to pay the academic fees of the university in which she wanted to enroll, as well as gender, since she also had to fight against inequalities of that type prevalent in the society of her time. However, and despite these obstacles, she managed to graduate in Chemistry, based on interest, effort and tenacity, and later began a research career full of successes, which led her to discover relevant active substances which allow her to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1988. This article presents the most relevant features of her personal and professional life and completes previous biographies about her life. Its main objective is to reintroduce her to society and put her as a reference to other people. The methodology followed has been the search for those data about her life and work that would allow completing the previous existing biographies about her.
|
en
|
MDPI
|
https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9321/2/2/29
|
1
Department of Geometry and Topology, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
2
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
3
Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Foundations 2022, 2(2), 443-456; https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations2020029
Submission received: 28 April 2022 / Accepted: 29 April 2022 / Published: 6 May 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Medical Sciences)
Abstract
:
Gertrude Belle Elion was a woman who had to overcome many difficulties to achieve her dream of studying to be able to cure illnesses, especially those of the heart. These difficulties were imposed both by the limited economic resources of herself and her family, which did not allow her to pay the academic fees of the university in which she wanted to enroll, as well as gender, since she also had to fight against inequalities of that type prevalent in the society of her time. However, and despite these obstacles, she managed to graduate in Chemistry, based on interest, effort and tenacity, and later began a research career full of successes, which led her to discover relevant active substances which allow her to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1988. This article presents the most relevant features of her personal and professional life and completes previous biographies about her life. Its main objective is to reintroduce her to society and put her as a reference to other people. The methodology followed has been the search for those data about her life and work that would allow completing the previous existing biographies about her.
1. Introduction
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded annually by Sweden’s Karolinska Institute to “scientists and physicians who stand out for their contributions in the field of physiology or medicine”. It is one of the five modalities of the Nobel prizes, established in the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, and which are given to all those people or entities that make notable contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace and physiology or medicine.
Up to and including 1987, there were 144 winners of the Nobel Prize in that category (in some years it was not awarded, and in others there was more than one winner), only 4 of them being women: Gerty Theresa Cori (in 1947, together with Carl Ferdinand Cori, for their discovery of the mechanism of the catalytic conversion of glycogen), Rosalyn Yalow (in 1977, together with Roger Guillermin and Andrew V. Schally, for the development of peptide hormone radioimmunoassays), Barbara McClintock (in 1983, for her discovery of mobile genetic elements) and Rita Levi-Montalcini (in 1986, together with Stanley Cohen, for her discoveries of growth factors).
In 1988, Gertrude Belle Elion was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, together with George Herbert Hitchings and Sir James Whyte Black, for “discoveries of important new principles of drug treatment”. Therefore, she was the fifth female Nobel laureate in Medicine and the ninth in science in general and one of only a handful of laureates without a doctoral degree. She was the only woman honored with a Nobel Prize that year.
This paper is devoted to show the biography of this woman with the main objective of completing the biographies already existing in the literature about her with novel data from the authors’ own research in order to introduce her as a reference to society and as an example of a woman who had to overcome numerous difficulties throughout her life, mainly economic but also sexist, to be able to achieve what she yearned for from the moment her grandfather died and, later, her boyfriend: try to cure illnesses, particularly those of the heart.
2. Materials and Methods
The methodology followed in the article has consisted of searching for information on the figure of Gertrude Belle Elion in all kinds of sources, fundamentally primary, in archives and records, both bibliographic and digital, with the aim of highlighting all the relevant aspects of her life that are not contemplated in the existing previous biographies about her.
Efforts have been made to emphasize those most important aspects, both of her life and of her professional work, which led her to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine due to the important discoveries she made in the field of pharmacological products.
3. Results: Gertrude Belle Elion: Her Biography
Gertrude Belle Elion (Figure 1), the daughter of Jewish immigrants, was born in a poor neighborhood in New York on 23 January 1918. Her family, very humble and low- income, was formed by her father, Robert Elion, a Lithuania Jewish immigrant and a dentist and her mother, Bertha Cohen, a housewife of Polish ascent. The family lost almost all of their wealth after the Wall Street Crash of 1929.
Gertrude Belle Elion, Trudy as she was familiarly known [1], was an excellent student who graduated from Walton High School. In that time, 1933, when she was only 15 years old, 2 years younger than required to start undergraduate studies, her grandfather, with whom she was very close, died of stomach cancer. She accompanied him during his last moments.
Figure 1. Gertrude Belle Elion, as a child, with her mother in 1921. Source: [2].
The event of her grandfather’s death motivated her to try to cure the disease that took his life, and for this reason, she decided to study a career in science and medicine in college, choosing Chemistry. In this way, she first entered those studies at Hunter College, a public university in her city. She remained there until she graduated in 1937 [2]. She was Phi Beta Kappa at Hunter College, which she was able to attend for free due to her grades, graduating summa cum laude in 1937 with a degree in Chemistry. In fact, she always had a great interest in acquiring new knowledge. Rosich and Bosch (members of the Dr. Antoni Esteve Foundation in Spain) affirmed that “she was a person with great determination and perseverance, which allowed her to face the prejudices against her condition as a woman” [2].
Once these studies were completed and to continue with other superiors, the next step was to go to the University of New York, but she did not have the financial resources to do so, since the financial crash of 1929 had left her family in a very bad economic situation, and they could not afford the payment of her academic fees. However, she was not discouraged, and her enthusiasm for research led her to work first for free, teaching biochemistry to nurses at the School of Nursing in New York for three months, and later for a paltry salary of USD 20 a week, as a chemist’s assistant (A chemist was looking for someone to work as a lab assistant, and she accepted immediately, thinking that the job would be a good experience for her. In fact, she had applied for several teaching assistant positions to obtain the necessary funds, but none were accepted). She alternated this work with teaching: she was a professor of chemistry and physics at several higher education centers, such as Duke University or the New York School of Nursing [3]. At Duke University, she worked as an Adjunct Professor of Pharmacology and of Experimental Medicine from 1971 to 1983 and a Research Professor from 1983 to 1999. During her time at that University, she focused on mentoring medical and graduate students. In fact, she published more than 25 papers with the students she mentored at Duke [4].
Finally, the savings that she was able to achieve, although scarce, and her brilliant record allowed her to enroll in a postgraduate degree in Chemistry at the University of New York in 1939, which, although it had academic fees, also allowed free enrollment under those conditions.
Gertrude Belle Elion (Figure 2) earned her M.Sc. in Chemistry in 1941 [5], being the only woman in her class during her entire degree, although that fact did not make her feel strange [6]. In an interview after receiving her Nobel Prize, she stated that she believed the sole reason she was able to further her education as a young female was because she was able to attend Hunter College for free. Her 15 financial aid applications for graduate school were turned down due to gender bias, so she had to enroll in a secretarial school, where she attended only six weeks before she found a job.
The economic difficulties that she had to overcome to get earn degree did not end when she left the University. Employment was very scarce in the midst of the economic crisis and in a much more noticeable way for women, in particular for women scientists, who had very difficult access to the world of work at that time. Rosich and Bosch stated in [2] that “in a job interview, she was rejected for fear of distracting the attention of the workers who, of course, were all men”. However, she was able to combine teaching with a small job as a laboratory assistant to pay for the postgraduate studies she wanted to pursue [2].
In 1939, Gertrude Belle Elion began a master’s degree in Chemistry at New York University, also being the only woman to enroll. She could only study at night and on weekends since in order to pay for that master’s she worked in the mornings as a receptionist in a doctor’s office and in the afternoons as a Chemistry and Physics teacher. However, she managed to finish her master’s degree in 1941 [2], this being the highest academic degree she would achieve.
At Hunter College, Gertrude Belle Elion had met Leonard Canter, an outstanding statistics student at the City College of New York. They planned to marry, but Leonard became ill and died on 25 June 1941 of bacterial endocarditis (an infection of his heart valves that only a few years later could already be properly treated with the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming). Again, that death, along with the previous one of her grandfather, made her work even harder to try to find a treatment for those diseases that caused so many deaths, in particular the ones of those two people very dear to her [2].
Although World War II brought many horrors, it allowed women to apply for jobs that were previously inaccessible for them because they were held by men, many of whom, voluntarily or forcibly, entered the army. That was the reason that Gertrude Belle Elion could start working as a food quality supervisor at A&P supermarkets, a food company, where she stayed for a year and a half, as well as in the laboratories of several companies testing the acidity of pickles and the color of egg yolk going into mayonnaise, where at least she was able to learn a lot about the laboratory instruments, even though these were quality control works and not related to her research at all. Later, after seeking employment in many employment agencies, she went on to hold a research position at Johnson & Johnson [2], one of the best-known pharmaceutical companies in the world.
Johnson & Johnson was founded by the three Johnson brothers, Robert, James and Edward, in 1886 in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Initially, it focused on the preparation of bandages, sterile sutures, antiseptics and baby products. Its first aid kits, originally prepared for railroad workers, later became a staple in almost every home. It also sold women’s health products, including sanitary protection products and maternity kits with first aid products to help home births.
In 1944, Gertrude Belle Elion moved from that company to another no less important one: the Burroughs-Wellcome pharmaceutical company, founded in 1880 in England (now called GlaxoSmithKline), which became the sixth largest pharmaceutical company in the world according to the classification of the Forbes magazine in 2014. At that company, she went on to work as an assistant to George Herbert Hitchings in the lab, going from being an expert in organic chemistry to delving into fields closely related to pharmacy, such as biochemistry, immunology and pharmacology [6].
Gertrude Belle Elion and George Herbert Hitchings hypothesized at the Burroughs-Wellcome laboratory that if the cells of living beings needed to synthesize nucleic acids, the growth of bacteria, parasites or cancer cells, whose metabolism is slow, could somehow be blocked faster than that of healthy cells, introducing the wrong pieces into the body (Remember that, at that time, there was still no very detailed knowledge of nucleic acids, since the structure of the double helix was only discovered in 1953). This theory, known as the “antimetabolite theory”, required in-depth studies of chemical synthesis. The key was to make molecules very similar to the pyrimidine and purine bases of nucleic acids but with some structural error that managed to stop their metabolism. To do this, Gertrude Belle Elion and George Herbert Hitchings used the biochemical differences between normal human cells and pathogenic (disease-causing agents) human cells to design drugs that could eliminate or inhibit the reproduction of particular pathogens without damaging host cells. Thus, they passed from the “trial and error test” to a much more rational, direct and, in the long run, effective strategy to design drugs that could eliminate or inhibit the reproduction of particular pathogens without damaging host cells [2].
After two years of working in the Burroughs-Wellcome laboratory, Gertrude Belle Elion had to choose between continuing her doctoral studies and her job at the pharmaceutical company. Due to pressure from the dean of the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, where she was completing her thesis part-time, she decided to abandon those studies to continue her work in the laboratory with Hitchings (Figure 3 and Figure 4) dedicated to the ingenious task of synthesizing antimetabolites
Paradoxically, years later, Gertrude Belle Elion would become a Nobel Prize winner without having obtained a doctorate. Although she never obtained the official title of doctor, she was later recognized with three honorary doctorates by George Washington University, Brown University, Michigan University and New York University Tandon School of Engineering (then Polytechnic University of New York) and an honorary S.D. degree from Harvard University in 1998 [6].
The work of both scientists bore its first fruits at the end of the 1940s when they managed to show that “the inhibition of DNA synthesis in tumor cells, bacteria and viruses could be achieved using analogs of nucleic acids” (Rosich and Bosch in [2]). In 1948, Gertrude Belle Elion synthesized diaminopurine for the first time, a compound that inhibited the growth of Lactobacillus Casei by incorporating it into DNA strands. Clinical studies of this compound showed encouraging results in the treatment of leukemia, although it also had contraindications, as side effects related to nausea and vomiting were observed. Three years later, George Herbert Hitchings and Gertrude Belle Elion synthesized two derivatives that inhibit purine biosynthesis: 6-thioguanine and 6-mercaptopurine (Figure 5). As explained by Joseph Eladi Baños, Professor of Pharmacology at Pompeu Fabra University (Spain), “especially important was mercaptopurin”, as it was considered the first effective anticancer drug in the fight against childhood leukemia, which allowed the increased survival of children from 3 to 12 months. Professor Baños continued pointing out that [2]:
Only in this way we can we understand that she went from being a mere assistant to an exceptional collaborator. They took ideas from other authors, but both managed to crystallize their collaboration in effective and relatively safe drugs.
These results allowed for a quick approval of the drug by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA for its acronym in English). The synthesis of mercaptopurine undoubtedly marked a before and after in the history of medicine: the compound is currently used in combination with other drugs in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. With this, the prognosis of this disease is much more favorable, since it remits around 80% of cases, and children who overcome it reach adulthood [2].
Gertrude Belle Elion’s work led to the emergence of healing therapies. Thus, in 1950 pyrimethamine arrived, a successful drug in the treatment of malaria. Then came trimethoprim or azathioprine, the last immunosuppressant being very effective in patients receiving transplants. Her results also greatly helped to combat other diseases, such as gout, rheumatoid arthritis or leishmaniasis [2].
When George Herbert Hitchings retired in 1967, Gertrude Belle Elion (Figure 6) continued to work at the head of the research team as the Head of the Department of Experimental Therapy at Borroughs-Wellcome, arriving months later at the discovery of acyclovir, considered to be the first antiviral drug that blocks the replication of the herpes viruses. She also worked for the National Cancer Institute, the American Association for Cancer Research and the World Health Organization [9]. In any case, her greatest research, for which she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1988, together with George Herbert Hitchings (with whom she worked with for 40 years) and James Whyte Black, consisted, as already indicated, of the study of the biochemical differences between normal and pathogenic human cells to design drugs that could eliminate or inhibit the reproduction of particular pathogens without damaging the host cells.
For the purposes of having a better understanding of the fact that this Nobel Prize was awarded jointly, it is convenient to indicate that George Herbert Hitchings (Figure 7), born on 18 April 1905 and died on 27 February 1998, had a bachelor’s and doctorate in Chemistry at Brown and Washington Universities, respectively.
He joined Borrough-Wellcome in 1942, where he was director of the research department and later professor of pharmacology at Brown, Duke and North Carolina Universities. His main works dealt with the metabolism of nucleic acids in order to find differences in the metabolism between tumor and normal cells, as well as between bacteria and viruses. For this work, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1988, which he shared with James Whyte Black and Gertrude Belle Elion herself, for the following reason: “the discovery of important principles in drug therapy," especially in the field of chemotherapy”.
For his part, James Whyte Black (Figure 8), born in Uddingston, Scotland, on 14 June 1924 and died in the same city on 21 March 2010, graduated in Medicine in 1946 from the University of St. Andrews. In 1950, back in Scotland, he launched the Veterinary School at the University of Glasgow, establishing a department of Physiology. He alternated his academic career with various jobs in the pharmaceutical industry. He worked in several of the most important industries in this sector and was appointed professor of pharmacology at University College and King’s College London. He discovered propranolol, thereby revolutionizing the medical treatment of angina pectoris (which is currently considered one of the most important contributions to medicine and clinical pharmacology of the 20th century) and cimetidine (see Appendix A), so frequently applied and used in the current treatment of duodenal and stomach ulcers. In 1981, he was appointed Knight (Sir) of the Order of Merit by Queen Elizabeth II, this being the highest decoration that can be awarded in that country.
Rather than relying on trial-and-error, Gertrude Belle Elion and George Herbert Hitchings (Figure 9 and Figure 10) discovered new drugs using rational drug design, which used the differences in biochemistry and metabolism between normal human cells and pathogens (disease-causing agents such as cancer cells, protozoa, bacteria and viruses) to design drugs that could kill or inhibit the reproduction of particular pathogens without harming human cells. The drugs they developed are used to treat a variety of maladies, such as leukemia, malaria, lupus, hepatitis, arthritis, gout, organ transplant rejection (azathioprine), as well as herpes (acyclovir, which was the first selective and effective drug of its kind). Most of Elion’s early work came from the use and development of purine derivatives. Her research contributed to the development of the following active pharmacological substances [7] (see Appendix A):
Mercaptopurine (Purinethol), the first treatment for leukemia, also used in organ transplantation.
Azathioprine (Imuran), the first immuno-suppressive agent, used for organ transplants.
Allopurinol (Zyloprim), for gout.
Pyrimethamine (Daraprim), for malaria.
Trimethoprim (Proloprim, Monoprim, others) [12], for meningitis, sepsis, and bacterial infections of the urinary and respiratory tracts.
Acyclovir (Zovirax), for viral herpes.
Nelarabine, for cancer treatment.
Among Gertrude Belle Elion’s publications of her research, which she carried out individually or in collaboration with other researchers, particularly with George Herbert Hitchings, the following can be cited:
Elion GB; Hitchings GH; Vanderwerff H (1951). Antagonists of Nucleic itchingsd Derivatives. VI. Purines. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 192 (2): 505–518.
Elion GB (1975). Interaction of Anticancer Drugs with Enzymes. Pharmacological Basis of Cancer Chemotherapy.
Elion, G. (1989). The Purine Path to Chemotherapy. Science. 244 (4900): 41–47.
Elion, G. B.; Furman, P. A.; Fyfe, J. A.; Miranda, P. d.; Beauchamp, L.; Schaeffer, H. J. (1977). Selectivity of Action of an Antiherpetic Agent, 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl) guanine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 74 (12): 5716–5720.
Elion, Gertrude B.; Hitchings, George H. (1955). The Synthesis of 6-Thioguanine. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 77 (6): 1676.
Not only was Gertrude Belle Elion (Figure 11) awarded the Nobel Prize, although it was the most important and the one that made her better known by society, she also received the Garvan-Olin Medal (1968), the Sloan-Kettering Institute Judd Award (1983), the American Chemical Society Distinguished Chemist Award (1985), the American Academy of Achievement’s Golden Plate Award (1989), the American Association of Cancer Research Cain Award (1985), the American Cancer Society Medal of Honor (1990), the National Medal of Science (1991) and the Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award (1997). In 1991, Elion became the first woman to be inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. She was inducted into the National Women’s Hall of Fame also in 1991. In 1992, she was elected to the Engineering and Science Hall of Fame. She was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 1995 [13].
She was also elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1990, a member of the Institute of Medicine in 1991 and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences also in 1991.
Regarding her personal life, Gertrude Belle Elion affirmed that “her work was her life”, but she also enjoyed photography and travel, both products of her curiosity about life. She also enjoyed opera, ballet and theater. Although she never married or had children, she really enjoyed being the “favorite aunt” to her brother’s children. Her brother, whom she was close with, married and had two sons and a daughter that she took pride in being able to watch grow. She listed her hobbies as photography, travel, opera and ballet and listening to music [15].
After Burroughs-Wellcome moved to Research Triangle Park in North Carolina, she moved to the nearby Chapel Hill and retired in 1983 from Burroughs-Wellcome to spend more time traveling and attending the opera.
However, despite her retirement, she never gave up her passion for science. She continued as an emeritus researcher, helping in the development of the first AIDS drug: zidovudine [2] (see Appendix A). Other passions of hers during this time was encouraging other women to pursue a career in science [16].
Gertrude Belle Elion (Figure 12), who had fought so hard in her quest to discover new drugs that would prevent and cure major diseases, especially heart disease, died of natural causes in North Carolina in 1999, at the age of 81 [17], after having been single all her life and proud of having fulfilled a secret promise she made to her grandfather once he passed away. In Wikipedia, she is cataloged as a “biologist, chemist, biochemist, pharmacologist, pharmacist and teacher”, although there is no evidence in any other bibliographical source that she obtained these degrees, except for chemistry. Several authors have written about her, among them, Altman (1999) [18], Avery (2000) [19], Koenig (2006) [20] and MacBain (2004) [21], for instance.
4. Discussion
This article completes the existing biographies in the literature on the figure of Gertrude Belle Elion, a woman who, without a doubt, can be considered a true reference and model to be followed by all those other women who are currently dedicating themselves to pharmacological research. As can be seen in her biography, this woman had to overcome numerous difficulties of all kinds, both economic and sexist, to follow a vocation that came from feeling that she could not do anything in the face of the sad death of her grandfather due to a heart condition, for which adequate drugs were not yet available to treat. The death of the person with whom she was going to share her life to the same type of ailment motivated her even more in her desire to investigate these drugs with more desire, effort and tenacity.
There is no doubt that all the pharmacological products that she helped to discover, such as mercaptopurine for leukemia, also used in organ transplantation; azathioprine for organ transplants; allopurinol for gout; pyrimethamine for malaria; trimethoprim, for meningitis, sepsis and bacterial infections of the urinary and respiratory tracts; acyclovir for viral herpes; and nelarabine for cancer treatment, among others, are currently widely used in the treatment of various diseases. This woman’s contributions to society have been very relevant, and for these discoveries alone, she deserves to be much better known than she is today. Think, for example, of the number of human lives that Alexander Fleming saved with his discovery of penicillin and the just fame that he has achieved for it. Without wishing to establish any comparison between both of them, given the different circumstances and differences between the times and the societies in which they lived, it is strange, however, the infinite degree of knowledge that today’s society has on Fleming compared to that on her, despite the significance of her discoveries.
For all these reasons, the authors believe that this article can be a first step to continue researching the figure of Gertrude Belle Elion in the future (and on many other women who also made great discoveries but who are also practically unknown to everyone) and place her in the place she deserves for her invaluable contributions to society.
Among those women who also dedicated their lives to research to try to cure diseases, one could mention, for example, Gabriela Morreale (1930–2017), who was the discoverer of the heel prick test for the early detection of congenital and metabolic diseases and neurological disorders in babies, thanks to which it is possible to prevent some 150 children a year from suffering from mental retardation as a result of congenital hypothyroidism; or Patricia Bath (1942–2019), who, in 1976, was one of the founders of the American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness, which established within its statutes that “vision is a basic human right” and that in 1981, being an ophthalmological surgeon, worked to improve the techniques used in cataract surgery, presenting in 1986 the laserphaco, an instrument that she patented in 1986, which dissolves cataracts quickly and painlessly; or Elizabeth Lee Hazen (1885–1975) and Rachel Fuller Brown (1898–1980), who discovered nystatin, the first useful antifungal antibiotic, currently known commercially as “Mycostatin”, which allowed the treatment of skin and mucosal infections caused by fungi in dangerous areas of the body.
Allow us, therefore, to finish the biography of this exceptional scientist, Gertrude Belle Elion, 1 of the 58 women who have won the Nobel Prize in any of their modalities up to the present, by showing as a tribute to her figure some of her phrases that she quotes in her autobiography, which summarize her life, her studies, her work, her character and everything that made her deserve to be highly recognized by society for all that she contributed [22]
-
Don’t be afraid of hard work. Nothing worthwhile comes easily. Don’t let others discourage you or tell you that you can’t do it. In my time they told me that women did not enter chemistry. I didn’t see any reason why we couldn’t.
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No one took me seriously. They wondered why in the world I wanted to be a chemist when no women were doing it. The world was not waiting for me.
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The Nobel Prize is fine, but the drugs I have developed are rewards in themselves.
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I had fallen in love with a young man… and we were planning to get married. And then he died of subacute bacterial endocarditis… Two years later, with the advent of penicillin, he would have been saved. It reinforced in my mind the importance of scientific discovery.
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People often ask me [if] the Nobel Prize [was] what you were looking for all your life, and I say that would be crazy. Nobody would aspire to a Nobel Prize because, if you didn’t get it, you would lose your whole life. Our goal was to make people feel good, and the satisfaction of that is far greater than any award you can get.
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I didn’t have a specific bent toward science until my grandfather, who died that summer of stomach cancer. … I decided that no one should suffer so much.
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It is important to go to work that you would like to do. So it doesn’t look like work. Sometimes you feel like it’s almost too good to be true that someone will pay you to have fun. I have been very fortunate that my work has led to useful medicines for a variety of serious illnesses. The thrill of seeing people get better who might otherwise have died from diseases like leukemia, kidney failure, and herpes virus encephalitis cannot be described in words.
-
That was the turning point. It was as if the signal was there: ‘This is the disease we will have to work against’. I never really stopped to think about anything else. It was that sudden.
-
I think it is very valuable for a doctor to learn to investigate, to learn to approach research, something that there is no time to teach them in medical school. They don’t really learn how to approach a problem, and yet diagnosis is a problem; and I think that year dedicated to research is extremely valuable to them.
Author Contributions
J.N.V., F.d.P.P. and A.R.C. have contributed equally to the preparation and writing of this article. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Appendix A
In order to be better understood by the reader, we indicate in this Appendix the main characteristics of the pharmacologically active substances discovered by or with the assistance of Gertrude Belle Elion. The following data are taken from the Spanish Agency for Medicines and Health Products.
Mercaptopurine, also called 6-mercaptopurine or 6-MP for short, is an immunosuppressive drug used in the treatment of some types of cancer, mainly acute lymphocytic leukemia. It is also used to treat other diseases, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Its main characteristics are the following: Formula: C5H4N4S and CAS Number: 50-44-2; Molar mass: 152.177 g/mol; and Boiling point: 471 °C (the CAS Number is a unique and unambiguous identifier of a specific substance that ensures clear communication, and with the help of CAS (acronym of American Chemical Society) scientists, connects all available data and research on that substance).
Azathioprine is a prodrug related to 6-mercaptopurine. Both are usually jointly called thiopurines and are used as immunosuppressive agents, currently preferably in the treatment of diseases in which the immune system is activated in the wrong way, thus becoming necessary to modulate it. Some examples are Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, autoimmune hepatitis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus and other diseases. In previous years, it was a basic drug in organ transplants, associated with steroids or other agents. Currently, it is used less in this indication, but it is still important. It was the first medication that was shown to be effective in increasing survival in kidney, heart and liver transplants.
Allopurinol is a chemical compound used as a medicine against hyperuricemia (excess uric acid in blood plasma) and its complications, such as gout. Its formula is C5H4N4O, and its CAS Number is 315-30-0.
Pyrimethamine (Daraprim) is a drug used to treat protozoan infections. It is used primarily for the treatment and prophylaxis of malaria and is also used in combination with sulfadiazine in the treatment of patients with Toxoplasma gondii infection (toxoplasmosis) in immunocompromised patients, such as in HIV-positive individuals, and in the treatment of toxoplasmosis during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Its formula is C12H13Cl1N4, and its CAS Number is 58-14-0.
Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic derived from trimethoxybenzylpyrimidine and used almost exclusively in the treatment of urinary tract infections. It belongs to a group of chemotherapeutic agents known as dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors. It is usually given in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a combination called cotrimoxazole, and which, in infections by susceptible organisms, is superior to sulfonamide alone. Its formula is C14H18N4O3, and its CAS Number is 738-70-5.
Acyclovir is a guanosine-derived antiviral drug used to treat infections caused by chickenpox virus and shingles virus, including chickenpox, herpes stomatitis, cold sores, genital herpes and shingles. This drug works by preventing viral replication, thereby reducing the extent and duration of the disease. Its formula is C8H11N5O3, and its CAS Number is 59277-89-3.
Nelarabine, which is marketed under the names Arranon (US) and Atriance (EU), is a chemotherapy medication used for the treatment of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. It is a prodrug of arabinosylguanine nucleotide triphosphate, a type of purine nucleoside analog, which causes inhibition of DNA synthesis and cytotoxicity. Pre-clinical studies suggest that T-cells are particularly sensitive to nelarabine. In October 2005, it was approved by the FDA for acute lymphoblastic leukemia and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma that has not responded to or has relapsed following treatment with at least two chemotherapy regimens. It was later approved in the European Union in October 2005. Its formula is C11H15N5O5, and its CAS Number is 121032-29-9.
Propranolol is a beta blocker drug used mainly in the treatment of hypertension. It was the first effective beta-blocker produced and the only active ingredient with proven efficacy for the prophylaxis of migraines in children. It is available in generic form, as well as in various commercial presentations. It can be used to reduce physical manifestations of anxiety such as tremors, tachycardia, palpitations, sweating, etc., typical of stage fright and performance anxiety. For this reason, it is a prohibited substance in the Olympic Games and persecuted as a sports dopant. Its formula is C16H21NO2, and its CAS Number is 525-66-6.
Cimetidine was the first drug used in the cure of duodenal ulcer or stomach ulcer. Its appearance meant a revolution in the world of pharmacology, since the antacids existing until then only worked as a neutralizer, reducing the acidity in the patient’s stomach. The other existing option was surgery. For this reason, the number of vagotomies (dissection of the “vagus” nerves of the stomach), which eliminated acid production, was significantly reduced. The other operation was an antrectomy, in which a piece of the stomach was cut out. Its formula is C10H16N6S, and its CAS Number is 51481-61-9.
Zidovudine, Azidothymidine or AZT was the first antiretroviral drug (ARV), approved in 1987 as a drug indicated for people with HIV infection due to its effect in suppressing viral replication, although it does not represent a cure and does not guarantee a decrease in HIV infection or in the number of illnesses related to virus infection. Zidovudine reduces the transmission of HIV to other people. It is marketed under the names Retrovir and Retrovis and is an ingredient in Combivir, Epzicom and Trizivir. It is an analog of thymidine. Its formula is C10H13N5O4, and its CAS Number is 30516-87-1.
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Figure 2. Gertrude Belle Elion, as a young girl. Source: [3].
Figure 3. Gertrude Belle Elion with George Herbert Hitchings in the Laboratory. Source: [7].
Figure 4. Gertrude Belle Elion with George Herbert Hitchings in the Laboratory. Source: Biblioteca Digital de la Universidad de Alcalá de Henares (Spain), respectively.
Figure 5. The Mercaptopurine molecule, one of Gertrude Belle Elion’s discoveries. Source: [8].
Figure 6. Gertrude Belle Elion at the time of winning the Nobel Prize. Source: [10].
Figure 7. George Herbert Hitchings at the time of winning the Nobel Prize. Source: [11].
Figure 8. James Whyte Black at the time of the Nobel Prize. Source: [12].
Figure 9. Gertrude Belle Elion working in the lab. Source: [7].
Figure 10. Gertrude Belle Elion and George Herbert Hitchings in the lab in 1948. Source: [7].
Figure 11. Gertrude Belle Elion. Source: [14].
Figure 12. Gertrude Belle Elion. Source: [13].
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Núñez Valdés, J.; de Pablos Pons, F.; Ramos Carrillo, A. Gertrude Belle Elion, Chemist and Pharmacologist, Discoverer of Highly Relevant Active Substances. Foundations 2022, 2, 443-456. https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations2020029
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Núñez Valdés J, de Pablos Pons F, Ramos Carrillo A. Gertrude Belle Elion, Chemist and Pharmacologist, Discoverer of Highly Relevant Active Substances. Foundations. 2022; 2(2):443-456. https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations2020029
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Núñez Valdés, Juan, Fernando de Pablos Pons, and Antonio Ramos Carrillo. 2022. "Gertrude Belle Elion, Chemist and Pharmacologist, Discoverer of Highly Relevant Active Substances" Foundations 2, no. 2: 443-456. https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations2020029
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2021-08-18T18:42:32+00:00
|
for more details please visit https://www.rockcreekconservancy.org/what-we-do/upcoming-events
|
en
|
Alice Ferguson Foundation
|
https://www.fergusonfoundation.org/event/rock-creek-extreme-cleanup-at-melvin-hazen-west/
|
Land Acknowledgement
We acknowledge that the land we use today is the
traditional land of the Piscataway people.
We are learning (and living) on their territory, honoring
their culture and we are enormously grateful for their
stewardship of the land.
2001 Bryan Point Road,
Accokeek, Maryland 20607
301-292-5665
info@fergusonfoundation.org
© 2024 Alice Ferguson Foundation
|
|||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
3
| 31
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https://buhlpark.org/
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en
|
Where Community and Nature Flourish in the Shenango Valley
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en
|
https://buhlpark.org/
|
Welcome to Buhl Park
Our Living Legacy AboutVisit
Discover Buhl Park.
Building A Healthy, Happy & Connected Community Since 1915
In the heart Shenango Valley, Pennsylvania lies 270 scenic acres of green spaces, lake views, playgrounds, trails, recreational areas and so much more ready for you to explore. Click on a season icon to learn more about what’s special at Buhl Park in every season.
Buhl Park Programs
Learn more about our programs for families and youth, outdoor education, sports and recreation and more.
Golf at Buhl Park
Learn more about the nation’s only FREE 9-hole golf course. We also offer a driving range, trackman golf simulator, lessons, and more.
Give Back
Find out how you can support Buhl Park and invest in the future of our community with charitable giving.
News & Events
See what is new and coming soon to Buhl Park
June
Summer Concert Series
Summer Concert Series
More Info
June
Wellness Wednesdays
Wellness Wednesdays
More Info
June
Date Night on Lake Julia
Date Night on Lake Julia
More Info
July
Gus Macker
Gus Macker
More Info
September
Buhl Day
Buhl Day
More Info
October
Fall Flick
Fall Flick
More Info
Gus Macker 3-on-3 Basketball Tournament - @ Buhl Park, 715 Hazen Rd, Hermitage, PA 16148, USA
Gus Macker 3-on-3 Basketball Tournament - @ Buhl Park, 715 Hazen Rd, Hermitage, PA 16148, USA
Gus Macker 3-on-3 Basketball Tournament - @ Buhl Park, 715 Hazen Rd, Hermitage, PA 16148, USA
Men's Pickleball Shootout 8:00 am - 6:00 pm @ Buhl Park Pickleball Courts
Women's Pickleball Shootout 8:00 am - 6:00 pm @ Buhl Park Pickleball Courts
Buhl Day 10:00 am - 6:30 pm @ Buhl Park, 715 Hazen Rd, Hermitage, PA 16148, USA
Fall Flick 7:00 pm - 10:00 pm @
Founder's Fest 12:00 pm - 6:00 pm @ Buhl Park, 715 Hazen Rd, Hermitage, PA 16148, USA
Carols & Choirs 4:00 pm - 9:00 pm @ Buhl Park, 715 Hazen Rd, Hermitage, PA 16148, USA
"Celebrate the Season" Benefit Dinner 6:00 pm - 10:00 pm @
Thank you to Our 2024 Community Partners
Would you like to join these organizations in supporting Buhl Park? Contact Tom Roskos, our Executive Director to learn how!
|
|||||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
3
| 66
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https://www.hfpg.org/who-we-are/about-us
|
en
|
About Us :: Hartford Foundation for Public Giving
|
https://www.hfpg.org/application/files/5515/8327/9628/favicon.ico
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https://www.hfpg.org/application/files/5515/8327/9628/favicon.ico
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The Hartford Foundation For Public Giving:
Together for Good®
As Greater Hartford’s community foundation, we are a public, grantmaking organization bringing together dedicated individuals, businesses and nonprofits to understand local challenges, share information and put resources behind solutions that can improve the quality of life for those both in our region and across the state of Connecticut.
We are fortunate to share a vision of Greater Hartford with many who are working to build a more equitable and resilient place to live, work and play. The barriers to success are longstanding, systemic and persistent. We are naming them and have an approach to address them by combining our financial resources, the talents of our team, and our wide-ranging community partnerships. Together, we will grow and share opportunity in a way that benefits everyone in the Hartford region.
LEARN ABOUT OUR APPROACH TO ADDRESSING DISPARITIES IN GREATER HARTFORD.
We serve all 29 towns in the Greater Hartford region.
Our Mission
Putting philanthropy into action to create lasting solutions that result in vibrant communities within the Greater Hartford region.
Our Core Values
Leadership
We listen to the voices of our communities and convene, connect and catalyze positive and enduring social change.
Innovation and Responsiveness
We promote and explore new ideas and innovative ways of working as we respond to the most pressing needs in the communities we serve.
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
We seek and embrace the participation and perspectives of people and communities that reflect who we are as a region and we are committed to ensuring that all residents in the region have the opportunity to thrive.
Collaboration
We cannot do this work alone. We are committed to seek partnerships with communities and nonprofit, private and public entities.
Learning-Focused
We embrace and promote individual and organizational learning and improvement.
Outcome-Driven
We pursue positive community outcomes and use measures of success to set expectations and guide action.
Stewardship
We uphold the community’s trust by striving to preserve, protect and grow our resources.
Our History
Nearly 100 years ago, two bankers, Maynard T. Hazen and Clark T. Durant, had a vision: establish a community-wide charitable endowment that would accept “gifts, devises, and bequests” to serve as a trustworthy, steadfast and responsive charitable resource to the community, forever.
Since then, that single bequest of $1,000 has grown into charitable assets totaling more than $1.1 billion (as of December 2023).
What sort of Foundation would Hazen and Durant see now?
A grant maker that awarded more than $998 million in grants (as of December 2023). A community leader that serves nearly 800,000 residents and hundreds of nonprofits in 29 towns. Most importantly, an institution that remains committed to our original cause of improving the well-being and quality of life for residents throughout the region.
The Hartford Foundation for Public Giving is dedicated to the Greater Hartford region, and we'll continue to work to improve the quality of life in Greater Hartford, for the next 100 years and beyond.
|
|||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
3
| 89
|
https://stcu.org/services/online-banking
|
en
|
Online banking
|
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Online banking is free to STCU members, empowering you to manage your own money from your favorite electronic devices.
|
en
|
/images/STCU-Favicon-Heart.png
| null |
*Important disclosures about STCU Investment Services and CFS.
Non-deposit investment products and services are offered through CUSO Financial Services, L.P. (CFS), a registered broker-dealer (Member FINRA/SIPC) and SEC Registered Investment Advisor. Products offered through CFS are not NCUA/NCUSIF or otherwise federally insured, are not guarantees or obligations of the credit union, and may involve investment risk including possible loss of principal. Investment Representatives are registered through CFS. The credit union has contracted with CFS to make non-deposit investment products and services available to credit union members.
Financial Advisors are registered to conduct securities business and licensed to conduct insurance business in limited states. Response to, or contact with, residents of other states will be made only upon compliance with applicable licensing and registration requirements. The information in this website is for U.S. residents only and does not constitute an offer to sell, or a solicitation of an offer to purchase brokerage services to persons outside of the United States.
Check the background of CUSO Financial Services, L.P. and our CFS* advisors on FINRA's BrokerCheck®.
|
|||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
3
| 5
|
https://nonprofitquarterly.org/after-spend-down-foundation-offers-advice-on-power-imbalance-in-philanthropy/
|
en
|
After Spend-Down, Foundation Offers Advice on Power Imbalance in Philanthropy - Non Profit News
|
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[
"Rebekah Barber",
"Damaly Gonzalez",
"Andrea Chiriboga-Flor",
"abdiel j. lópez",
"Tram Hoang",
"Isaiah Thompson",
"Brian Joseph"
] |
2024-05-07T13:18:29+00:00
|
As the Edward W. Hazen Foundation prepares to close its doors, it leaves advice on how to build better funder and grantee relationships.
|
en
|
https://nonprofitquarterly.org/wp-content/themes/npq-new-site/images/favicon.ico
|
Non Profit News | Nonprofit Quarterly
|
https://nonprofitquarterly.org/after-spend-down-foundation-offers-advice-on-power-imbalance-in-philanthropy/
|
“Philanthropy is, by its very existence, evidence of disproportionate wealth held by a small number of people and families and the high level of need at the end of that spectrum,” said Lori Bezahler in an interview with NPQ.
Bezahler is the president of the Edward W. Hazen Foundation, a philanthropic organization that has existed for nearly 100 years, supporting the leadership of young people and communities of color in their fight against racism and classism. After a period of deep listening and learning from its grantees, the foundation made a commitment in 2019 to spend down its assets, and recently announced that it was closing in 2024.
“Philanthropy is, by its very existence, evidence of disproportionate wealth held by a small number of people and families and the high level of need at the end of that spectrum.”
Before the foundation officially closed its doors, it dispersed its final grants—moving $3.75 million to 43 nonprofit organizations. In a final report, Reevaluating Practice: Reimagining Philanthropy, the Hazen Foundation shares lessons with other funders about how philanthropy can be more equitable and combat the inherent power imbalance between funders and grantees.
The Disparity between Funders and Grantees
According to Bezahler, the Hazen Foundation began to think more deeply about the power imbalance within philanthropy following the 2016 presidential election. After witnessing the trauma many people in organizations across the country experienced in the wake of the election, leaders at the foundation saw an opportunity to lean into the moment and think differently about how they work with grantees.
Though the Hazen Foundation had historically been an organization informed by the needs and concerns of marginalized people, it began listening sessions to incorporate grantees’ specific needs into funding practices. Over several months, the foundation asked grantees to share their experiences.
These experiences form the basis of the recently released report. During this learning process, the Hazen Foundation leaned on leaders in the field to help it design a plan for grantmaking and other activities, such as research and communications within the field. In response to the request of grantees, the foundation also initiated a five-year spend-down strategy that included multiyear general operational support, consulting, training, peer learning, and other resources.
Grantees discussed how they are inevitably dependent upon funders for their organizations’ survival. Instead of pretending this power imbalance does not exist, the report encourages funders to name and confront it. The report notes that “grantees feel the disparity immediately and ignoring it only reinforces it.”
In the report, Viridiana Hernandez, the executive director of Poder in Action, an organization that builds power to disrupt and dismantle systems of oppression, points to the Satterberg Foundation as an example of a funder actively working to reevaluate its relationship with grantees.
As Hernandez notes, Satterberg actively engages in trust-based philanthropy. Instead of having organizations reapply for funds each year, they distribute general operating funds with multiyear commitments. “Satterberg understands that they are hoarding resources that don’t belong to them, and their goal is to move that money to organizations like ours,” Hernandez said.
In addition to confronting the power imbalance, the report also encourages foundations to build authentic partnerships through transparency and vulnerability. Alicia Olivarez, the associate director at Power California, a statewide multiracial civic engagement organization, notes that it’s helpful when program officers are transparent enough to tell grantees what they need to advocate for them more effectively.
Organizations that work most directly with impacted people more deeply understand their problems and how to address them.
A More Equitable Approach to Funding
Through consulting with grantees, the Hazen Foundation was able to garner several suggestions from the field about how funders can develop better relationships with grantees:
Value an organization’s time
Make your criteria and processes clear
Provide opportunities for questions
Be mindful of the time it takes to complete an application
Expand your perspectives
Provide feedback
Audit your processes and systems of accessibility
Counter the competition generated by most traditional application processes
Boost the visibility of organizations
In the report, Lori Bezahler was lifted up as someone who had intentionally sought to build a trust-based relationship with her grantees. Elsa Bañuelos-Lindsay, the executive director of Movimiento Poder—a Colorado nonprofit led by working-class Latine immigrants, queer people, youth, women, and families building collective power—noted that she was able to come to Bezahler and explain some obstacles she was facing. Bezahler took the time to help Bañuelos-Lindsay think more clearly about her organization’s vision, mission, and theory of change.
Bezahler also provided Bañuelos-Lindsay with seed money that allowed her to be able to hire a coach. “Without that seed money and Lori’s willingness to push me in a respectful way, I don’t think we would be in the place we are now as an organization,” Bañuelos-Lindsay said. Likewise, Bezahler told NPQ that she sees trust-based philanthropy as “one example of trying to codify and implement a new way of being in philanthropy.”
Organizations that work most directly with impacted people more deeply understand their problems and how to address them. That is why the report notes that it is imperative for funders to value on-the-ground knowledge. This also means understanding that because organizations are often fighting to combat deeply entrenched systems like White supremacy, the problems likely will not be solved within a funding cycle. But that does not mean the work is not worth it. The report urges funders to reimagine their role in designing strategy by allowing grantees to take more of a leadership role that better suits their needs.
“[Some in philanthropy] are stuck, unsure of the risk they are willing to take to use their power to challenge the fields we have helped sustain.”
The emphasizes the need for funders to respect the values and practices of the communities they fund and collaborate with organizations, not control their work. It lifts up the Trans Justice Funding Project as an organization that has created a model of philanthropy that is entirely designed, driven, and enacted by the communities it serves.
Throughout the report, the Hazen Foundation emphasizes that organizations have a responsibility to interrogate how they got their wealth to begin with. In spending down its own assets, the Hazen Foundation has shown other philanthropists how to combat the power imbalance in philanthropy head-on. In doing so, it has issued a call to action, urging foundations to more fully understand what it might look like to redistribute their resources to the communities they serve.
“Many of our peers are far along in examining their grantmaking philosophy and practice. Others are just beginning,” the report reads. “Still, others are stuck, unsure of the risk they are willing to take to use their power to challenge the fields we have helped sustain. We hope that this report serves as a steppingstone for action.”
|
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correct_foundationPlace_00034
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FactBench
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3
| 70
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https://www.awwa.org/Membership-Volunteering/Students-Young-Professionals/AWWA-Section-Scholarships
|
en
|
AWWA Section Scholarships
|
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Alabama
Alabama is part of the Alabama-Mississippi Section. Each year, the Alabama-Mississippi Section awards the Academic & Advanced Licensure/Training Scholarship up to a dozen recipients.
Alaska
Alaska is part of the Alaska Section. Each year, Alaska awards the Water Equation Scholarship and the One AWWA Operator Scholarship. Each scholarship has two recipients awarded $1,000 each. To learn more about the Section and the scholarships, visit the Alaska Section website.
Alberta
Alberta is part of the Western Canada Section. Each year, the Western Canada Section awards 3 recipients $500 through the One AWWA Operator Scholarship. To learn more about the Section and the scholarship, visit the Western Canada website
Arizona
Arizona is part of the Arizona Section. The Arizona Section awards the AZ Water Scholarship. To learn more about the Section and the scholarship details, visit the Arizona Section website
Arkansas
Arkansas is part of the Southwest Section. Each year, the Southwest Section awards multiple recipients up $1,000 through the Southwest Section Memorial Scholarship. To learn more about the Section and the scholarship, visit the Southwest Section website
British Columbia
British Columbia is part of the British Columbia Section. Contact the British Columbia Section staff for questions and comments regarding scholarship availability.
California
California is part of the California-Nevada Section. Each year, the California-Nevada Section awards more than $20,000 in scholarships (2 graduate scholarships, 4 undergraduate, and 2 operator scholarships). To learn more about the Section and the scholarships, visit the California-Nevada website.
Colorado
Colorado is part of the Rocky Mountain Section. Each year, the Rocky Mountain Section awards up to $4,000 through the James B. Warner scholarship and the One AWWA Operator Scholarship. To learn more about the Section and the scholarships, visit the Rocky Mountain Section website
Connecticut
Connecticut is part of the Connecticut Section. The Connecticut Section offers a Waterworks Career Scholarship. To learn more about the Section and the scholarship, visit the Connecticut Section website
Delaware
Delaware is part of the Chesapeake Section. Contact the Chesapeake Section staff for questions and comments regarding scholarship availability.
District of Columbia
District of Columbia is part of the Chesapeake Section. Contact the Chesapeake Section staff for questions and comments regarding scholarship availability.
Florida
Florida is part of the Florida Section. Each year, the Florida Section awards the Roy W. Likins Scholarship to up to 10 recipients and up 6 recipients the Operator Grant Scholarship. To learn more about the Section and the scholarships, visit the Florida Section website
Georgia
Georgia is part of the Georgia Section. Each year, the Georgia Section awards a high school student and a college student $1,500 each. To learn more about the Section and the scholarships, visit the Georgia Section scholarship.
Guam
Guam is part of the Hawaii Section. Each year the Hawaii Section awards 2 students with the $2,000 Student Scholarship and 2 operators the One AWWA Operator Scholarship. To learn more about the Section and the scholarships, visit the Hawaii Section website
Hawaii
Hawaii is part of the Hawaii Section. Each year the Hawaii Section awards 2 students with the $2,000 Student Scholarship and 2 operators the One AWWA Operator Scholarship. To learn more about the Section and the scholarships, visit the Hawaii Section website
Idaho
Idaho is divided among 3 Sections dependent on zip code. Visit here to find your Section.
Illinois
Illinois is part of the Illinois Section. Each year, the Illinois Section awards up to $10,000 through three scholarships: the Outreach Safe Water Scholarship, the One AWWA Operator Scholarship, and Illinois Public Service (IPSI) Scholarship. To learn more about the Section and the scholarships, visit the Illinois Section website
Indiana
Indiana is part of the Indiana Section. Each year, the Indian Section awards the Besozzi Grant for complimentary attendance to their annual conference and up to 5 recipients are awarded the One AWWA Operator Scholarship. To learn more about the Section and the scholarships, visit the Indiana Section website
Iowa
Iowa is part of the Iowa Section. There are currently no scholarships offered by this Section. Contact the Iowa Section staff for questions and comments.
Kansas
Kansas is part of the Kansas Section. Each year, the Kansas Section awards the Terry L. McKanna Scholarship and the One AWWA Operator Scholarship to 2 recipients each. To learn more about the Section and the scholarships, visit the Kansas Section website
Kentucky
Kentucky is part of the Kentucky-Tennessee Section. Each year, the Kentucky-Tennessee Section awards the One AWWA Operator Scholarship to 2 recipients. To learn more about the Section and the scholarship, visit the Kentucky-Tennessee Section website
Louisiana
Louisiana is part of the Southwest Section. Each year, the Southwest Section awards multiple recipients up $1,000 through the Southwest Section Memorial Scholarship. To learn more about the Section and the scholarship, visit the Southwest Section website
Maine
Maine is part of the New England Section. To learn more about the Section, visit the New England Section website.
Manitoba
Manitoba is part of the Western Canada Section. Each year, the Western Canada Section awards three recipients $500 through the One AWWA Operator Scholarship. To learn more about the Section and the scholarship, visit the Western Canada website
Maryland
Maryland is part of the Chesapeake Section. Contact the Chesapeake Section staff for questions and comments regarding scholarship availability.
Massachusetts
Massachusetts is part of the New England Section. To learn more about the Section, visit the New England Section website.
Mexico
Mexico is part of the Mexico Section. There are currently no scholarships offered by this Section. Contact the Mexico Section staff for questions and comments.
Michigan
Michigan is part of the Michigan Sections. Each year, the Michigan Section awards the Faust Scholarship, the Freshman Scholarship, and the One AWWA Operator Scholarship. To learn more about the Section and the scholarships, visit the Michigan Section website
Minnesota
Minnesota is part of the Minnesota Section. Each year, the Minnesota Section awards up to 12 recipients through the following scholarships: Advanced Degree Scholarship, Community College Scholarship, Water Utility Management Institute Scholarship, and the One AWWA Operator Scholarship. To learn more about the Section and the scholarships, visit the Minnesota Section website
Mississippi
Mississippi is part of the Alabama-Mississippi Section. Each year, the Alabama-Mississippi Section awards the Academic & Advanced Licensure/Training Scholarship up to a dozen recipients. To learn more about the Section and the scholarship, visit the Alabama-Mississippi Section website.
Missouri
Missouri is part of the Missouri Section. Each year, the Missouri Section awards the $1,000 J. R. Popalisky Scholarship to one more recipient. To learn more about the Section and the scholarship, visit the Missouri Section website.
Montana
Montana is part of the Montana Section. Each year, the Montana Section awards the $1,000 Don G. Willems Scholarship to up to 2 recipients. Additionally, the Montana Section has two Operator Scholarships: the One AWWA Scholarship and the Operator’s Training Scholarship. To learn more about the Section and the scholarship, visit the Montana Section website
Nebraska
Nebraska is part of the Nebraska Section. Each year, the Nebraska Section awards 3 recipients $500 each from the Colonel Theodore A. Leisen Memorial and Training Endowment Fund. To learn more about the Section and scholarship, visit the Nebraska Section website.
Nevada
Nevada is part of the California-Nevada Section. Each year, the California-Nevada Section awards more than $20,000 in scholarships (2 graduate scholarships, 4 undergraduate, and 2 operator scholarships). To learn more about the Section and the scholarships, visit the California-Nevada website.
New Brunswick
New Brunswick is part of the Atlantic Canada Section. Each year, the Atlantic Canada Section awards up to eight people the following scholarships: the Bill Butler Scholarship, the Craig Kelman & Associates Scholarship, the Lloyd Douglas Scholarship, and the One AWWA Operator Scholarship. To learn more about the Section and the scholarships, visit the Atlantic Canada website
New Hampshire
New Hampshire is part of the New England Section. To learn more about the Section, visit the New England Section website.
New Jersey
New Jersey is part of the New Jersey Section. Each year, the New Jersey Section awards three recipients the Student Scholarships, up to $5,000, and the One AWWA Operator Scholarship. To learn more about the Section and scholarships, visit the New Jersey Section website.
New Mexico
New Mexico is part of the Rocky Mountain Section. Each year, the Rocky Mountain Section awards up to $4,000 through the James B. Warner scholarship and the One AWWA Operator Scholarship. To learn more about the Section and the scholarships, visit the Rocky Mountain Section website.
New York
New York is part of the New York Section. Each year, the New York Section awards multiple scholarships to eligible undergraduate and graduate students, as well as operators. To learn more about the Section and scholarships, visit the New York Section website.
Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador is part of the Atlantic Canada Section. Each year, the Atlantic Canada Section awards up to eight people the following scholarships: the Bill Butler Scholarship, the Craig Kelman & Associates Scholarship, the Lloyd Douglas Scholarship, and the One AWWA Operator Scholarship. To learn more about the Section and the scholarships, visit the Atlantic Canada website
North Carolina
North Carolina is part of the North Carolina Section. Each year, the North Carolina Section awards up 14 people from a mix of Community, University and College scholarships and the One AWWA Scholarship. Learn more about scholarships offered by the North Carolina Section.
North Dakota
North Dakota is part of the North Dakota Section. There are currently no scholarships offered by this Section. Contact the North Dakota Section staff for questions and comments.
Northwest Territories
The Northwest Territories are part of the Western Canada Section. Each year, the Western Canada Section awards three recipients $500 through the One AWWA Operator Scholarship. To learn more about the Section and the scholarship, visit the Western Canada website.
Nova Scotia
Novia Scotia is part of the Atlantic Canada Section. Each year, the Atlantic Canada Section awards up to eight people the following scholarships: the Bill Butler Scholarship, the Craig Kelman & Associates Scholarship, the Lloyd Douglas Scholarship, and the One AWWA Operator Scholarship. To learn more about the Section and the scholarships, visit the Atlantic Canada website
Nunavut
Nunavut is part of the Western Canada Section. Each year, the Western Canada Section awards three recipients $500 through the One AWWA Operator Scholarship. To learn more about the Section and the scholarship, visit the Western Canada website.
Ohio
Ohio is part of the Ohio Section. Each year, the Ohio Section awards 5 recipients funds from the Advanced Degree/Continuing Education Scholarship and the One AWWA Operator Scholarship. To learn more about the Section and the scholarships, visit the Ohio Section website.
Oklahoma
Oklahoma is part of the Southwest Section. Each year, the Southwest Section awards multiple recipients up $1,000 through the Southwest Section Memorial Scholarship. To learn more about the Section and the scholarship, visit the Southwest Section website.
Ontario
Ontario is part of the Ontario Section. Contact the Ontario Section staff for questions and comments regarding scholarship availability.
Oregon
Oregon is part of the Pacific Northwest Section. Each year, the Pacific Northwest Section awards up to 14 different scholarships to eligible recipients. To learn more about the Section and scholarship, visit the Pacific Northwest Section website.
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania is part of the Pennsylvania Section. Each year, the Pennsylvania Section awards the David A. Long Scholarship. To learn more about the Section and scholarship, visit the Pennsylvania Section website.
Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island is part of the Atlantic Canada Section. Each year, the Atlantic Canada Section awards up to eight people the following scholarships: the Bill Butler Scholarship, the Craig Kelman & Associates Scholarship, the Lloyd Douglas Scholarship, and the One AWWA Operator Scholarship. To learn more about the Section and the scholarships, visit the Atlantic Canada website
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico is part of the Puerto Rico Section. There are currently no scholarships offered by this Section. Contact the Puerto Rico Section staff for questions and comments.
Quebec
Quebec is part of the Quebec Section. Contact the Quebec Section staff for questions and comments regarding scholarship availability.
Rhode Island
Rhode Island is part of the New England Section. To learn more about the Section, visit the New England Section website.
Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan is part of the Western Canada Section. Each year, the Western Canada Section awards three recipients $500 through the One AWWA Operator Scholarship. To learn more about the Section and the scholarship, visit the Western Canada website.
South Carolina
South Carolina is part of the South Carolina Section. Each year, the South Carolina Section awards the Legacy of Learning and the ONE AWWA Scholarships to eligible recipients. To learn more about the Section and scholarships, visit the South Carolina Section website.
South Dakota
South Dakota is part of the South Dakota Section. Each year, the South Dakota Section awards an annual scholarship. To learn more about the Section and scholarship, visit the South Dakota Section website.
Tennessee
Tennessee is part of the Kentucky-Tennessee Section. Each year, the Kentucky-Tennessee Section awards the One AWWA Operator Scholarship to 2 recipients. To learn more about the Section and the scholarship, visit the Kentucky-Tennessee Section website.
Texas
Texas is part of the Texas Section. Each year, the Texas Section awards more than a dozen eligible recipients from the Texas Section Scholarship Program. To learn more about the Section and scholarships, visit the Texas Section website.
Utah
Vermont
Vermont is part of the New England Section. To learn more about the Section, visit the New England Section website.
Virgin Islands
Virgin Islands are part of the Puerto Rico Section. There are currently no scholarships offered by this Section. Contact the Puerto Rico Section staff for questions and comments.
Virginia
Virginia is part of the Virginia Section. Each year, the Virginia Section awards 3 eligible recipients from the following scholarships: the Ray A. Jackson Scholarship, the Graduate Student Scholarship, and the One AWWA Operator Scholarship. To learn more about the Section and scholarships, visit the Virginia Section website.
Washington
Washington is part of the Pacific Northwest Section. Each year, the Pacific Northwest Section awards up to 14 different scholarships to eligible recipients. To learn more about the Section and scholarship, visit the Pacific Northwest Section website.
West Virginia
West Virginia is part of the West Virginia Section. Each year, the West Virginia Section awards up to 5 eligible recipients funds from the Lewis V. Carpenter and One Operator Scholarships. To learn more about the Section and scholarships, visit the West Virginia Section website.
Wisconsin
Wisconsin is part of the Wisconsin Section. Each year, the Wisconsin Section awards multiple recipients through their student and professional scholarships. To learn more about the Section and the scholarships, visit the Wisconsin Section website.
Wyoming
Wyoming is part of the Rocky Mountain Section. Each year, the Rocky Mountain Section awards up to $4,000 through the James B. Warner scholarship and the One AWWA Operator Scholarship. To learn more about the Section and the scholarships, visit the Rocky Mountain Section website.
Yukon
The Yukon is part of the British Columbia Section. Contact the British Columbia Section staff for questions and comments regarding scholarship availability.
|
||||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
0
| 25
|
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article%3Fid%3D10.1371/journal.pone.0051058
|
en
|
A DNA Barcoding Method to Discriminate between the Model Plant Brachypodium distachyon and Its Close Relatives B. stacei and B. hybridum (Poaceae)
|
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0051058.g003&size=inline
|
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0051058.g003&size=inline
|
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[
"Haplotypes",
"Genomics",
"Cloning",
"Phylogenetic analysis",
"Plastids",
"Polyploidy",
"DNA barcoding",
"Genetic loci"
] | null |
[
"Alexander Betekhtin",
"Pilar Catalán",
"Diana López-Alvarez",
"Maria Luisa López-Herranz"
] | null |
Background Brachypodium distachyon s. l. has been widely investigated across the world as a model plant for temperate cereals and biofuel grasses. However, this annual plant shows three cytotypes that have been recently recognized as three independent species, the diploids B. distachyon (2n = 10) and B. stacei (2n = 20) and their derived allotetraploid B. hybridum (2n = 30). Methodology/Principal Findings We propose a DNA barcoding approach that consists of a rapid, accurate and automatable species identification method using the standard DNA sequences of complementary plastid (trnLF) and nuclear (ITS, GI) loci. The highly homogenous but largely divergent B. distachyon and B. stacei diploids could be easily distinguished (100% identification success) using direct trnLF (2.4%), ITS (5.5%) or GI (3.8%) sequence divergence. By contrast, B. hybridum could only be unambiguously identified through the use of combined trnLF+ITS sequences (90% of identification success) or by cloned GI sequences (96.7%) that showed 5.4% (ITS) and 4% (GI) rate divergence between the two parental sequences found in the allopolyploid. Conclusion/Significance Our data provide an unbiased and effective barcode to differentiate these three closely-related species from one another. This procedure overcomes the taxonomic uncertainty generated from methods based on morphology or flow cytometry identifications that have resulted in some misclassifications of the model plant and its allies. Our study also demonstrates that the allotetraploid B. hybridum has resulted from bi-directional crosses of B. distachyon and B. stacei plants acting either as maternal or paternal parents.
|
en
|
/resource/img/favicon.ico
|
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0051058
|
Introduction
The impact of the new model plant Brachypodium distachyon on grass genomic research has gathered pace since the publication in 2010 of the full genome sequence of the diploid genotype Bd21 (2n = 10) by the International Brachypodium Initiative [1]. This taxon shows one of the smallest genome sizes of the monocots (272 Mb), together with a short life cycle (6 weeks), an inbreeding nature and a close relationship to the temperate cereals and forage crops [2]. These features make it an optimal model for the cultivated temperate cereals, wheats and barley, and other Poaceae. Over the last decade, more than 400 laboratories worldwide have worked on investigating the genomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics of B. distachyon [2], [3], [4]. Lines of research include studies on grain production, pathogen resistance, and tolerance to drought and to other abiotic stresses that could be transferred to cereal breeding programs [2], [3], [5], to those on cell wall analyses focused on the improvement of biofuel grass production [2], [5]. Other studies have highlighted the ecological plasticity of B. distachyon [6], [7], [8], adapted to different environmental conditions, as a suitable plant for ecosystem management and to prevent land erosion [7]. The compact genome of B. distachyon, which shows an extremely low amount of repetitive DNA [1], [2], has facilitated the construction of single-copy BAC libraries for comparative genomics and of derived mutagenized T-DNA and TILLING lines as a further aid to investigate gene expression effects under different natural and induced conditions in the model grass [2]. Additionally, large B. distachyon germplasm collections have been built at USDA (http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs), and in several European and Mediterranean institutions [2], [3], [4], [9], [10], containing accessions with both economically and ecologically relevant traits and showing large phenetic and genotypic variation for on-going mapping projects.
The taxonomic and genomic identity of B. distachyon has been recently challenged by the evolutionary and systematic study of Catalán and coworkers [11]. Three cytotypes of B. distachyon sensu lato (s. l.) are known (2n = 10, 2n = 20 and 2n = 30) which were previously attributed to different ploidy levels of the same taxon B. distachyon s. l. (e. g., an autopolyploid series of individuals with x = 5 and 2n = 10 (2x), 20 (4x), 30 (6x) chromosomes; [12]). Catalan and coworkers demonstrated, through exhaustive phylogenetic, cytogenetic and phenotypic analyses, that the three cytotypes should in fact be treated as three different species: two diploids, each with a different chromosome base number, B. distachyon (x = 5, 2n = 10) and B. stacei (x = 10, 2n = 20), and their derived allotetraploid B. hybridum (x = 5+10, 2n = 30). In-situ GISH and rDNA and single-BAC FISH hybridizations, nucleolar dominance, and Comparative Chromosome Painting (CCP) analyses have conclusively demonstrated that the genomes of the two diploid species participated in the origin of the allopolyploid B. hybridum genome [11], [13], [14], [15], [16]. Genome size analyses provided further evidence that the genome size of B. hybridum (c. 1.265 pg/2C) resulted from the sum of the genomes of the two parental species [11]. Phylogenetic analyses of two plastid (ndhF, trnLF) and four nuclear (ITS, ETS, CAL, GI, DGAT) genes indicated that the more basally-diverged B. stacei and the more recently evolved B. distachyon emerged from two independent lineages, confirming their contribution as genome donors of B. hybridum [11]. Statistical analysis of morphometric traits showed that five characters (stomata leaf guard cell length, pollen grain length, upper glume length, lemma length, and awn length) significantly discriminated among the three species when they were grown under controlled greenhouse conditions [11]. However, although the three species can be differentiated through several phenotypic and cytogenetic traits, their direct identification is not always straightforward as wild populations show overlapping phenotypic variation for some characters and a similar diploid genome size (B. distachyon 0.631 pg/2C, B. stacei 0.564 pg/2C; [11], [17]). This has led to taxonomic uncertainty among, or even to taxonomic misclassifications of, the model species and its close allies when using currently employed identification methods such as morphology or flow cytometry (see Discussion).
The importance of B. distachyon and its recently split congeners, B. stacei and B. hybridum, has been underlined in newly addressed initiatives on re-sequencing 56 new accessions of B. distachyon and the de-novo genome sequencing of B. stacei and B. hybridum, a project undertaken by the Joint Genome Institute and the International Brachypodium Consortium (http://brachypodium.pw.usda.gov/files/resequencing_description_110822.pdf). The genomic features of the three species of this complex, which are characterized by similar, small genomes with low repetitive DNA content, make it an ideal group to investigate the mechanisms of polyploid hybrid speciation, paralleling those of the major cereal (Triticum) crops [2], [5]. The imminent genome sequences of B. stacei and B. hybridum will allow comparative genomic and functional genomic analyses on these diploid and polyploid grasses and their potential transfer to other cereals and forage crops. A large-scale phenomic study of a collection of different B. distachyon accessions, adapted to different selection pressures and currently undergoing re-sequencing (see above), is also under way (EPPN initiative; http://www.plant-phenotyping-network.eu/) and could be extended to B. stacei and B. hybridum (John Doonan, pers. comm). These analyses would be hindered, however, by the lack of a reliable method to differentiate the individuals of the three species. This is particularly problematic in natural admixed populations, where B. hybridum grows in sympatry with one or the other parental species [6], [11] López-Alvarez & Catalán, unpublished data]. Misidentified B. stacei and B. hybridum samples have also been found within the B. distachyon germplasm collections (see Discussion). Therefore, if the model plant is not one but three species, it is imperative to find an accurate and easily performed method to separate them. The DNA barcoding system offers a suitable approach to this problem.
From the several genes proposed as potential DNA barcodes for plants, the combination of the partial sequences of the plastid rbcL and matK coding genes was selected as the preferred core sequence by the CBOL Plant Working Group [18]. These authors also recommended the use of other fragments in combination with the rbcL+matK core to increase resolution within complex taxonomic groups. However, recent studies have proposed other, more variable genes as suitable candidates for the DNA barcoding of closely related plants [19], [20], [21]. Among these, the plastid trnLF region [20], [21], [22] and the nuclear rDNA ITS region [20], [23] have demonstrated their utility to discriminate different angiosperms at the species level in many groups, though they are not effective in all cases [21], [22], [24], [25]. A mini-barcoding fragment within the trnLF region, the P6 loop, has provided useful barcoding species-specific markers in ecological and dietary studies [22], [25]. Analyses of large angiosperm data sets have demonstrated, however, that the inclusion of the nuclear ITS region significantly increased the discriminatory power of the barcoding method beyond that based on the plastid molecules alone [23]. Despite the drawbacks posed by the multicopy ITS region in plants, such as the potential presence of paralogous and recombinant copies, and its predominant concerted evolution towards one of the parental ribotypes in the hybrid species [26], there is overall agreement on the value of its use as a barcoding tool for plants [20], [23]. In contrast, little consensus has been reached on the use of nuclear single-copy genes as barcoding molecules for plants. The problem stems from the inherent difficulty of finding appropriate unlinked and non-duplicated orthologous genes across a wide spectrum of angiosperms, capable of high-resolution species discrimination [20], [27]. Initial progress, however, has been put forward in some plant groups, where the selection of various taxonomically widespread single-copy orthologous genes (COS) has helped to diagnose species [28], [29], [30].
The complexity of the appropriate barcoding method is undoubtedly related to the complexity and nature of the group under study. Thus, taxonomically complex groups where species boundaries are narrowly defined [31], recently radiated species which show incomplete lineage sorting and/or few private mutations [21], and polyploids of hybrid origin (allopolyploids) that inherited a maternal plastid genome but a biparental nuclear genome are among the most problematic plants to be barcoded [20]. The B. distachyon – B. stacei – B. hybridum complex fits these characteristics. However, the short generation time of these annuals likely allowed the accumulation of a high number of mutations in their plastid and nuclear genomes. This probably resulted in significantly higher evolutionary rates among these species than those detected in perennial Brachypodium species [11]. Although Catalán and co-workers conducted phylogenetic analyses using a restricted sampling of representatives of B. distachyon, B. stacei and B. hybridum (including type materials of the three species), they found evidence of low intraspecific variation and of high interspecific divergence in the studied plastid and nuclear DNA sequences of the diploids B. stacei and B. distachyon. Regarding the allotetraploid B. hybridum, the evolutionary analyses indicated that this species apparently inherited its maternal cpDNA genome from B. stacei, the paternal nrDNA ribotypes from B. distachyon, and one copy each of the nDNA single-copy CAL, GI, and DGAT genes from both parents [11]. These findings suggested that the studied fragments could be used as barcodes to discriminate among the three related species.
The first major aim of this study was to test whether two genes that have been previously proposed as barcoding tools for different angiosperms, the plastid trnLF region and the nuclear ITS region (both included in the study of Catalán and co-workers [11]), could be used as barcodes to discriminate the model plant B. distachyon and its close relatives B. stacei and B. hybridum when a large sample of representatives of the three taxa was surveyed. Secondly, we wanted to test whether the use of the two molecules would suffice to identify B. hybridum or if a third nuclear single-copy gene is necessary to unambiguously characterize the allotetraploid. A third goal of our study was to investigate whether B. stacei and B. distachyon were, respectively, the maternal and paternal genome donors of all the studied B. hybridum, in order to test whether this species had a monophyletic or polyphyletic origin.
Results
Almost all the studied B. distachyon, B. stacei and B. hybridum samples (Fig. 1) were successfully amplified and sequenced for trnLF (n = 208; 93%), ITS (n = 210; 97%) and GI (n = 57; 98%) (Tables 1, 2). The total number of sequences obtained for each locus varied, ranging from 204 single-individual sequences for trnLF to 281 single-individual plus cloned sequences for ITS. In total, 342 single-individual plus cloned sequences were obtained for GI. All the new sequences have been deposited in Genbank under accession numbers JX665833-JX665848, JX665854-JX665898, JX665906-JX665998, JX666000-JX666038 (trnLF), JX665532-JX665546, JX665548-JX665550, JX665553-JX66557, JX66559-JX665618, JX66520-JX665623, JX665625-JX665627, JX665630-JX665638, JX665640-JX665761, JX665763-JX665832 (ITS) and JX666039- JX666041, JX666043-JX666095, JX666098-JX666241, JX967124-JX967262 (GI) (Table S1). A small number of incomplete or ambiguous sequences (4 trnLF, 20 ITS) were excluded from the haplotype network analysis but were used in the phylogenetic analyses (see Results below).
Blue, red and purple dots map, respectively, the localities of origin of the B. distachyon, B. stacei and B. hybridum samples.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051058.g001
The aligned trnLF region of B. distachyon – B. stacei – B. hybridum sequences consisted of 782 nucleotide positions of which 38 (4.9%) were variable and 25 (3.2%) were potentially informative (Tables 2, S2, S3). In total, 28 trnLF haplotypes were found (Tables 1, S2); these were classified as B. distachyon-type (h1 - h19) and B. stacei-type (h20 - h28) haplotypes. The B. distachyon-type and B. stacei-type clusters of haplotypes were monophyletic with respect to one another (Figs. 2, 3). Most of the B. hybridum trnLF sequences were shared with or derived from B. stacei-type sequences (n = 102; 96.2%) and only a few of them came or were derived from B. distachyon-type ones (n = 4; 3.8%) (Table 1). The most common haplotype overall (h20) was shared by most of the B. stacei and B. hybridum sequences, whereas the B. distachyon sequences were partitioned into three main haplotypes (h2, h5, h4) and several minor ones (Table S2).
a) trnLF network; b) ITS network; c) GI network (boxes A and B show additional B. distachyon-type and B. stacei-type haplotypes, respectively). Each haplotype is represented by a circle with size proportional to the number of sequences that share the haplotype. Haplotype numbers correspond to those indicated in Tables 1 and S2. Dots indicate missing haplotypes.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051058.g002
a) trnLF tree; b) ITS tree; c) GI tree. B. distachyon-type and B. stacei-type clades are shown as blue and red triangles, respectively, in the small subfigures; potential recombinant parental sequences of B. hybridum (BdisBsta, see Table S2) are indicated in green. ‘i’ and ‘am’ indicate, respectively, incomplete and ambiguous sequences. Numbers below branches correspond to posterior probability support (PPS) values above 0.5. Geographical distributions of sequenced samples are indicated in the large subfigures (CircumMed - circumMediterranean; E Med - eastern Mediterranean; IB - Iberian Peninsula; Mo - Morocco; SW As - southwestern Asia; W Med - western Mediterranean).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051058.g003
The aligned ITS region had a length of 612 nucleotide positions of which 105 (17.2%) were variable and 43 (7.0%) were potentially informative (Tables 2, S3). The complete ITS data matrix of unambiguous direct or cloned sequences distinguished 65 ITS haplotypes (Tables 1, S2). The B. distachyon-type haplotypes (n = 43, 66.2%) outnumbered the B. stacei-type (n = 19, 29.2%) ones. There were 5 (h1-h3, h13-h14) and 3 (h18, h20, h22) main groups of haplotypes in each respective class, in terms of frequency among the total sample set; the remaining haplotypes mostly corresponded to single-individual or single-clone haplotypes. The B. distachyon-type and B. stacei-type clusters of haplotypes were monophyletic with respect to one another (Figs. 2, 3). Though most of the B. distachyon and B. stacei clones sequenced were identical within individuals, some gave different haplotypes (e. g. Bdis8, Bdis36, Bsta1, Bsta5, Bsta7, Bsta24; Tables 1, S2). Most of the B. hybridum ITS sequences were similar to the B. distachyon-like parental ones (n = 78; 83%); however few of them were similar to the B. stacei-like ones (n = 6; 6.4%), and several of them still showed similarities to both parental copies (n = 10; 10.6%) (Tables 1, S2). A very low percentage of the co-inherited ITS sequences showed evidence of inter-parental sequence recombination in B. hybridum (4.6%).
The aligned GI region consisted of 665 nucleotide positions of which 146 (21.9%) were variable and 45 (6.8%) were potentially informative (Tables 2, S3). The GI sequences were more variable than those of either trnLF or ITS, grouping into 200 haplotypes of which approximately the same number were of B. distachyon (n = 90, 45%) and B. stacei-type (n = 106, 53%) (Tables 1, S2). These two groups were monophyletic with respect to one another (Figs. 2,3). The few cloned B. distachyon and B. stacei individuals showed GI haplotypes belonging to their respective groups but with slightly different allelic variants in most cases. These minor variants could represent genuine mutations but could be also a consequence of Taq polymerase errors (Harriet Hunt, pers. comm.). Four haplotypes (h12, h13, h102, h141) showed evidence of inter-parental recombination in B. hybridum (n = 4, 2%) (Tables 1, S2). Most (n = 29, 96.7%) of the studied B. hybridum individuals showed two types of GI sequence, one type of which was inherited from each of the two parental species (Table 2); however the number of clones inherited from one or the other parent was dissimilar in some cases and, in only one instance, all of them were from a single parent (n = 1, 3.3% ) (Tables 2, S2).
K2P pairwise substitution rates, the recommended standard distance model in barcoding studies [32], [33], showed high interspecific sequence divergence values and low intraspecific values between and among the diploids B. distachyon and B. stacei for the three analysed data sets (Table 2). Both the mean intra- and interspecific divergence values were higher for the more variable nuclear ITS (0.029 (2.9%) and 0.055 (5.5%) respectively) and GI loci (0.022 (2.2%) and 0.038 (3.8%) respectively) than for the more conserved plastid trnLF locus (0.011 (1.1%) and 0.024 (2.4%) respectively). Moreover, the percentage of correctly identified specimens of a given species was in all cases above the 50% cut-off threshold suggested as a baseline to discriminate among species [21] (trnLF: 100/100%; ITS: 100/100%; GI: 100/100%; for B. distachyon and B. stacei, respectively). This supported the existence of a typical barcode gap for B. distachyon and B. stacei in all the three loci. Regarding B. hybridum, the K2P “intraspecific” and “interspecific” divergence rate calculations, conducted separately with respect to their two parental-donor sequences, showed sequence divergence values similar to those found in B. distachyon and B. stacei for the three loci (Table 2). The differences between the intra-parental and inter-parental (B. distachyon-like vs B. stacei-like) mean values were equivalent to those found between and within the sequences of the two diploids, and the barcoding gaps were also present in all three loci (Table 2). The percentage of individuals known from cytogenetic data to be B. hybridum, which showed the expected B. hybridum signature in the sequence data, was >50% with the use of either the combined trnLF+ITS core (90%) or the GI (96.7%) sequences (Tables 1, S2). We could therefore equate these values to the respective percentages of correct identification obtained from one and the other data set.
Haplotype networks constructed for each of the separate data sets using statistical parsimony methods (Fig. 2) showed a clear-cut separation between the B. distachyon-type and B. stacei-type classes of sequences in all cases. The plastid trnLF network required a connection of 23 steps between the two main haplogroups (Fig. 2a). The commonest B. stacei-type, h20, included B. stacei and B. hybridum individuals spread across all the SW Asian-Mediterranean and Macaronesian region (and also the respective type specimens of B. stacei (Spain: Formentera; ABR114) and B. hybridum (Portugal: Lisbon; ABR113). Its satellite haplotypes (h22–h28) corresponded to B. stacei and B. hybridum individuals from distinct western and eastern Mediterranean localities; the most isolated, h21 (6 step connection) was shared by individuals from Eastern Spain and the Balearic Islands (Tables 1, S1; Fig. 2a). The B. distachyon-type network was more diverse, with haplotypes separated by several steps and containing almost exclusively B. distachyon individuals (Fig. 2a). The core-group was formed by three main haplotypes, the interconnected h2, h5 and h4, which were found in individuals from disparate Mediterranean localities, plus the B. distachyon type (Iraq, Bd21; h2).
The nuclear ITS network was more complex than the trnLF one; however, it also distinguished two highly divergent B. distachyon- and B. stacei-type clusters that were separated by 33 steps (Fig. 2b). These clusters were linked by two intermediate haplotypes (h35, h42) from B. hybridum individuals from both sides of the Mediterranean that likely corresponded to inter-parental recombinant sequences (Table S2). The B. stacei cluster showed three main haplotypes interconnected by single steps (Fig. 2b). One haplotype (h19) comprised B. stacei and B. hybridum individuals from across the Mediterranean region and the Canary Islands, including most of the clones of the B. stacei type specimen (ABR114). The other two main haplotypes mostly comprised eastern Mediterranean (h20) or exclusively western Mediterranean (h22) samples (Tables 1, S2). Among the satellite haplotypes of the latter group, close phylogeographic connections were also detected between E Spain and the Balearic Islands (h23 and h24). The group showed a pattern of few unresolved loops, likely caused by intraindividual or by intraspecific B. stacei-type sequence recombinations. The more diverse B. distachyon cluster contained five main haplotypes, four of them interconnected by single mutations (h1, h2, h3, h14) and a fifth one (h13) nested within a derived 14-step subcluster (Fig. 2b). Haplotypes h1, h3, and h13 included B. distachyon and B. hybridum individuals from across the Mediterranean region and the first also included the B. distachyon type specimen (Bd21). However, h2 and h14 were more structured geographically, containing only Iberian-Balearic or mostly SW Asian-E Mediterranean individuals, respectively. The B. hybridum type specimen (ABR113) sequences were divided among two haplotypes (h38, h29). The B. distachyon cluster also showed one loop within the h13 subcluster, though the remaining satellite haplotypes were connected linearly, with different numbers of stepwise mutations (Fig. 2b).
The level of diversity and complexity was higher in the GI network (Fig. 2c); nonetheless it also showed a clear-cut split between the B. distachyon- and B. stacei-type clusters that required a connection of 30 steps. Two kinds of potential interspecific recombinant haplotypes, closer to either the B. distachyon (h13) or the B. stacei (h12, h102) clusters, were observed between them (see also Fig. 3c). Within the B. distachyon cluster, the commonest haplotype, h1, included B. distachyon and B. hybridum individuals from across the Mediterranean region (including the B. distachyon (Bd21) and B. hybridum (ABR113; B. distachyon-like copy) type specimens). Most of the h1 satellite haplotypes differed by one or two stepwise mutations; however, a more distantly related subclade was also present, formed exclusively of Iberian haplotypes (h50, h55-h56, h58, h136, h138, h139). Four unresolved loops involving B. hybridum haplotypes indicated the likely occurrence of intraspecific B. distachyon-like sequence recombinations in the hybrids. The B. stacei cluster comprised four main haplotypes. Two of them, h15 (including the B. stacei (ABR114) and the B. hybridum (ABR113; B. stacei-like copy) type specimens) and h19, included individuals of both species from the whole Mediterranean region. A third one, h39, comprised only B. hybridum individuals mostly from the eastern Mediterranean region. In contrast, the more derived h16 comprised only B. stacei individuals from the Iberian Peninsula. An isolated subcluster (separated by 10 steps) was formed by six haplotypes (h49, h51, h57, h137, h140, h141) from southern Spain. The B. stacei group showed a more intricate pattern of loops and divergences among the haplotypes than that of the B. distachyon group (Fig. 2B), likely reflecting a more complex evolutionary history.
The NJ trees based on K2P distances (Fig. S1) reflected the above findings and their topologies were highly congruent with the Bayesian halfcompat consensus trees shown here. In the trnLF tree (Fig. 3a) the B. distachyon and B. stacei sequences fell into two separate fully supported clades (1.00 posterior probability support); these clades collapsed into a polytomy with the core-perennial clade, B. boissieri and B. mexicanum. The nine haplotypes of the B. stacei clade were unresolved; however, the 19 haplotypes of the B. distachyon clade split into two strongly supported clades. One of them included the 5 divergent haplotypes of intermediate placement in the haplotype network (Fig. 2a), which are mostly distributed in the western Mediterranean region, and the other included the majority of the remaining haplotypes (Fig. 3a). Within this second group, some resolution was obtained for three separate Iberian (0.94), Turkish (0.82) and Middle East (0.98) subclades. The ITS tree depicted a strong divergence of the highly supported B. stacei (0.95) and B. distachyon (0.85) clades (Fig. 3b); B. stacei was unresolved in a sub-basal position with B. mexicanum, whereas B. distachyon was resolved as sister to the core perennials clade (0.92). The internal resolution of both clades was poor; however, two separate eastern Spain/Balearic Islands (0.95) and Iranian (0.94) subclades and two Balearic Islands (0.97, 0.95) subclades were recovered within, respectively, the B. stacei and B. distachyon clades. The GI tree also supported the divergent history of the B. distachyon (0.99) and B. stacei (0.99) lineages (Fig. 3c). B. stacei was sister to B. mexicanum p. p. (0.99), whereas B. distachyon was unresolved with respect to the weakly supported B. boissieri-B. retusum/B. mexicanum p.p. clade. The resolution within the B. distachyon clade was low except for a well supported (0.99) Iberian subclade that corresponded to the isolated subcluster of southern Spain B. hybridum (B. distachyon-like) haplotypes (h50, h55, h56, h58) detected in the network (Fig. 2c). Similarly, the B. stacei clade split into two well supported subclades, one of which also corresponded to a subcluster of highly isolated southern Spain B. hybridum (B. stacei- like) haplotypes (h49, h51, h57) recovered in the network (Fig. 2c; Tables 2, S1).
Discussion
DNA Barcodes for B. distachyon, B. stacei and B. hybridum
Under the premise that a successful barcode locus should enable the recovery of monophyletic clusters corresponding to individual species [34], we found that any one of the three assayed loci (trnLF, ITS, GI) could unambiguously differentiate the two monophyletic diploid species from direct sequencing of PCR amplicons. However the identity of the allotetraploid requires combined analysis of direct trnLF and direct or cloned ITS sequences or through analysis of cloned GI sequences.
Our results demonstrate that the widely employed barcoding regions trnLF and ITS [20], [23] clearly discriminate between B. distachyon and B. stacei. Both regions showed: i) high inter- vs intraspecific distance divergences, ii) significant barcoding gaps (Table 2), iii) extremely distant monophyletic clusters in the parsimony networks (Figs. 2a, b); and iv) highly supported divergent monophyletic clades in both the NJ (Results not shown) and the Bayesian trees (Figs. 3a, b). They also comply with the requirements of feasibility and rapid and easy production of the sequences to be considered optimal barcoding molecules [20]. However, the allopolyploid nature of B. hybridum, together with its estimated recent origin (c. 1 Ma; [11]), prevents their direct use as single standard barcodes for this taxon and its two parental taxa. Our study has shown that the maternally-inherited B. hybridum trnLF haplotype sequences could have been acquired from either of the two parents (Table 1; Figs. 2a, 3a) and that the biparentally-inherited B. hybridum ITS copies (B. distachyon-like and B. stacei-like) could either have remained intact in the hybrid genome or could have converged into one or the other parental copy (Table 1, Figs. 2b, 3b). This creates the possibility of misleading results if the B. hybridum trnLF and ITS sequences had been respectively inherited from and (co-inherited but) converted into the same progenitor sequences, causing confusion between the parent and the allotetraploid taxa (e. g. Bhyb26, Bhyb30and Bhyb35 with B. distachyon, and Bhyb28, Bhyb40, Bhyb41, Bhyb 47, Bhyb49 and Bhyb105 with B. stacei; Table 1). Cloning of the ITS sequences can help to solve the uncertainty if both parental copies are detected, as demonstrated in several studied cases (e. g. Bhyb9, Bhyb10, Bhyb14, Bhyb15, Bhyb18, Bhyb19, Bhyb22, Bhyb23 and Bhyb38; Table 1). The use of the combined trnLF+ITS barcode shows high percentages of successful species discrimination among the species in the reticulate triangle using either direct trnLF and ITS sequences (93.3%) or direct trnLF and cloned ITS sequences (94% (Tables 1, S2). The barcoding would remain untractable, however, if the concerted-evolution mechanism that operates in the multicopy nuclear ribosomal genes [26], [35] had converted all the co-inherited copies into the same parental copy.
Because of the drawbacks posed by the use of these classical barcodes, we searched for an alternative nuclear locus that could unambiguously differentiate the three species. This could only be a single-copy nuclear gene that retained both parental copies in the allotetraploid without undergoing convergent evolution towards one of them. Among the several COS proposed as appropriate candidates to differentiate closely related plant species [28], [29], [30] and to discriminate among Brachypodium taxa [11], [17] we selected a 665 bp fragment of the GIGANTEA gene, one of the key regulators of flowering promotion and phase transition [36]. This GI region has proved to be a strong candidate barcode for the B. distachyon s. l. taxa based on: i) its easy amplification, cloning and sequencing; ii) its single-copy orthologous nature: iii) the accumulation of discriminating mutations between the B. distachyon and B. stacei sequences (3.8% of mean inter- vs. intraspecific distance divergence and a significant barcode gap, Table 2); iv) the common presence of the two different co-inherited parental B. distachyon-like and B. stacei-like GI sequences in B. hybridum (Table 1); and v) rarely, the presence of inter-parental recombinant sequences that could be easily detected (Table1). The genetic differences were reflected in the GI parsimony network (Fig. 2c) and in the NJ (Results not shown) and Bayesian GI (Fig. 3c) topologies that recovered, respectively, distant clusters and well supported divergent monophyletic clades for B. distachyon and B. stacei, each of them including their respective derived B. hybridum copies. Although 5 cloned sequences were sufficient to detect both parental copies in most of the studied B. hybridum samples, a few difficult samples required the screening of up to 10–16 clones (e. g. Bhyb13, Bhyb34, Bhyb35 Bhyb50) or even a larger number, like in the case of the Bhyb69 sample (58 clones), to pick up variation from both parental species. Nonetheless, one sample (Bhyb2) showed only one parental copy after a relatively intensive clonal screening (49 clones; Tables 1, S2). This implies that a larger number of GI clones should be sequenced in order to detect co-inherited copies from both parents, providing that they are still maintained in the hybrid genome.
All the above evidence supports the choice of the GI locus as an alternative or as an additional suitable barcode for discriminating among the triangle species of the B. distachyon s. l. complex. This demands the use of cloning procedures but reduces the number of surveyed loci to just one. Moreover, the percentage of successful species discrimination increases to 98.2% (Tables 1, S2), which is above than that of the combined trnLF+ITS barcode. It further complements alternative cytogenetic identifications based on genome size or chromosome counting. The choice of the best method in a given situation would depend on considerations of facilities and costs, the acceptable error rate, and a priori information on the levels of polyploids in the sample. Very likely, other single-copy genes, such as those analysed within Brachypodium that also showed both co-inherited parental copies in the derived hybrid (e. g. CAL, DGAT, SST3; [11], [17]), could also serve as barcodes for this group of taxa. Single-copy nuclear genes are not ideal universal barcodes for plants as their priming sites cannot be easily transferred to non-related groups (e. g. [37]). The GI locus has been successfully amplified and sequenced in different representatives of Pooideae (López-Álvarez & Catalán, unpublished data) and could probably be extended to all the grass family. We propose the use of single-copy genes as a suitable barcoding alternative to circumvent the problem posed by the existence of recently evolved hybrids and polyploids within specific plant groups. In the future, the use of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) data (e. g. [38], [39], [40]), may facilitate the barcoding of problematic plant groups which contain recently evolved hybrids and polyploids. Although the availability of NGS data is still limited both taxonomically and among laboratories, its use for this purpose is rapidly increasing. In the mean time, the use of single-copy genes is the most practicable current solution for barcoding such plant groups.
Utility of the Proposed Barcoding Method
The new DNA barcoding method proposed here has direct applications to many on-going studies of the model plant B. distachyon and its close allies [2], [4]. It has great relevance to the selection of wild germplasm for genomic (http://brachypodium.pw.usda.gov) and plant breeding programs, and for ecological and evolutionary studies of wild populations [6], [11]. For this, the correct identification of the three species is crucial but still troublesome due to uncertainty in identifications based on highly variable morphological traits and on ambiguous genome sizes, which show overlapping sizes for B. distachyon and B. stacei [11], [41]. Our study has revealed several misidentifications of B. distachyon and its close relatives B. stacei and B. hybridum in germplasm collections (e. g. USDA, ABR) and inbred lines (cf. [7], [8], [11], [42]; e. g., Bsta9, Bsta42, Bsta43, Bhyb9, Bhyb10, Bhyb19, Bhyb20, Bhyb21, Bhyb38, Bhyb39, see Table 1) that likely resulted from incorrect orcein-staining chromosome counts or misleading genome size measurements. Alternatively, the misidentifications could also result from the mixed sampling of individuals or seeds of different species from admixed populations. This problem has been manifested in the failure of ‘intraspecific’ B. distachyon crossing programs, which were in fact interspecific (Magda Opanowicz and John Doonan, pers. comm.) and in unexpected results from cell wall analyses of putative B. distachyon lines, which corresponded to B. stacei or B. hybridum lines (Richard Sibout, pers. comm.). Our barcoding method overcomes these problems, providing an efficient and automatable method to discriminate among the three species.
The validity of our proposed barcoding method depends on the large genetic divergences detected between the diploid B. distachyon and B. stacei genomes for the three analysed loci (Tables 1, 2). The high number of synapomorphic mutations separating them (23, 33, and 30, respectively, for the trnLF, ITS and GI loci; Fig. 2), facilitates the immediate classification of the genomes, even from incomplete sequences (Figs. 3a, b, c). Furthermore, the three loci provide informative indels that differentiated B. distachyon and B. stacei, like the two 6-bp gaps in the trnLF locus, the two 3- and 4-nts gaps in the ITS locus, and the one 1-nt gap in the GI locus (see Table S3). Within the ITS region, the ITS2 spacer covers the two diagnostic indels and more than half of the synapomorphic markers detected within the locus (24 out of 43; Table S3), supporting the proposal that the ITS2 subregion could be used alone (Hollingstworth 2011) to barcode case study species. The correct identification of B. hybridum would always require, however, the combined use of, at least, the trnLF+ITS barcoding sequences. Our data indicate that direct PCR sequences from the two genes could discriminate B. hybridum from its two parental species in a high percentage of the cases (88.75%; Table 1). This value increases to 90.0% when the ITS products are cloned. However, as the method might not permit full resolution, due to the potential inheritance of the same parental plastid trnLF and converted nuclear ITS sequences in the hybrid (cf. [25]), the single-copy GI locus was selected as an alternative barcode for the species in the triangle. The random screening of 5 individual GI clones gave a relatively high resolution (80%) that became higher (96.7%) when up to 10–16 (and exceptionally more, e. g. 58) clones were sequenced within our surveyed samples (Table 1).
Recently, Giraldo et al. (2012) [41] proposed a new molecular method to differentiate the three taxa based on the different allelic SSR profiles of B. distachyon and B. stacei at four nuclear microsatellite loci and their additive patterns in B. hybridum. This represents an important step forward for rapid molecular identification of the species, similar to the molecular marker-based barcoding methods proposed for taxonomically complex and highly reticulate plant (e. g. [43]) and animal (e. g. [44]) groups. However, these methods could be less stable and prone to substantial changes than the sequence-based ones as the SSR allelic variation of the barcoded species might be greater than their DNA sequences (and consequently overlap) when a wider range of samples is used [45]. The discriminating SSR markers proposed by Giraldo et al. (2012) [41] were tested across a wide representation of Spanish samples and in the type specimens of the three taxa, but they were not studied in samples from other Mediterranean regions. Thus, our barcoding approach and that of Giraldo et al. (2012) [41] could be used in a complementary way (e. g. [44]) for rapid and accurate molecular identification of the ‘Brachy-complex’ taxa [2], allowing for confident identification even when unusual allelic variation renders one or other method unreliable.
Genetics and Geographical Distributions of the Three Species and the Polyphyletic Origin of B. hybridum
Our current barcoding survey of B. distachyon, B. stacei and B. hybridum samples has encompassed the whole Mediterranean region, the native distribution area of the three species [11]. One of the main findings of the study is the detection of B. stacei populations in both the western and eastern Mediterranean regions (Table 1; Fig. 1). This rare species was until recently only known from the type locality (Spain: Balearic Islands: Formentera) [11]. However, other recent studies have indicated its presence in other localities of SE Spain [7], [41] and in the Canary Islands [41]. Our analyses have confirmed most of these findings and have also revealed its presence in other western Mediterranean localities (Mallorca (Balearic Islands), S Spain, NW Morocco; Table 1, Fig. 1) where it was mislabelled as B. distachyon in the herbaria vouchers. Most notably, we have revealed the presence of B. stacei in the SW Asian-Middle East region (Iran, Israel, Lebanon, Palestine; Table 1), from which it was unknown and also misclassified as B. distachyon. Knowledge of this broader native geographical distribution area of B. stacei will be highly valuable for the selection of new ecotypes and local lines that could be used in the generation of F2 progenies to help the assembly of the newly sequenced B. stacei ABR114 genome (http://brachypodium.pw.usda.gov; John Vogel, pers. comm.). Our study has also contributed to understanding the native distribution areas of the more widely distributed species B. distachyon and B. hybridum (Table 1; Fig. 1). Both taxa are widespread in the Mediterranean region and largely overlap [2], [8], [11]. The new barcoding data confirm their presence on both sides of the Mediterranean basin, from which regions most the germplasm lines have been generated [2], [8], [41], and also report their presence in the central Mediterranean area (Table 1). This would be also a valuable source of information for the selection of new B. hybridum ecotypes and lines for the production of F2 progenies that would complement the assembly of the newly sequenced B. hybridum ABR113 genome (http://brachypodium.pw.usda.gov; John Vogel, pers. comm.), and those of B. distachyon that could be added to the resequencing project of the model plant.
Despite their abundant distributions in the Mediterranean, the intraspecific genetic diversities of the parental B. distachyon (0.5% trnLF and ITS; 0.4%GI) and B. stacei (0.1% trnLF; 0.5% ITS; 0.3% GI) sequences were low (Table 2). This was manifested in the sharing of their respective most common trnLF, ITS and GI haplotypes by individuals from populations located far apart in the circumMediterranean region (Tables 1, S2; Fig. 2). In contrast, individuals from geographically close populations, or even intraindividual clones, showed different haplotypes. Our results agree with those of Vogel and co-workers [8] and Mur and co-workers [2], based on SSR markers, which found close genetic connections between geographically distant B. distachyon populations in Turkey and between Spain and Turkey, respectively. Selfing species are expected to show low within-population and high among-population genetic diversities [46]. However, the autogamous B. distachyon and B. stacei samples show low overall geographical structuring of genetic diversity. This might be a consequence of the long distance dispersal of their seeds (cf. [8]) and the high capability of these annuals to adapt to different environmental conditions (cf. [6]). The genetic diversity of the less abundant B. stacei could be lower than that of the more widespread B. distachyon, as deduced from the proportionally fewer trnLF and ITS haplotypes detected in the former (Table 1). Both taxa show, however, some traces of geographic isolation between the western and eastern Mediterranean regions, evidenced by the detection of regional haplotypic clades (e. g. B. distachyon: western Mediterranean, Iberian, Turkish and Middle East subclades (trnLF, Fig. 3a); B. stacei: E Iberian-Balearic and Turkish subclades (ITS, Fig. 3b). The phylogeographic study of these populations is currently in progress (López-Álvarez and coauthors, unpublished results).
Another striking finding of our study is the demonstration of the existence of different directional crosses that likely gave rise to the new allotetraploid species (Tables 1, S2; Figs. 3a, b, c). In the more restricted study of Catalán and co-workers [11], all the surveyed B. hybridum individuals showed the inheritance of a B. stacei-like plastid genome, resulting from a cross with maternal B. stacei and paternal B. distachyon parents. However, our survey with larger sample sizes shows that, although the above seems to be most common cross direction, in a few cases the B. hybridum individuals are derived from a cross between maternal B. distachyon and paternal B. stacei parents (Table 2; Fig. 3a). The fact that B. hybridum plants derived from the alternate-direction crosses occurred in different Mediterranean localities (Table 1; Fig. 1) supports the multiple and polytopic origins of the allotetraploid B. hybridum. A closer inspection of the more variable ITS and GI networks and phylogenetic trees also reveals distinct relationships of the B. hybridum sequences to different parental haplotypic groups (Table 1; Figs. 2, 3) corroborating the polyphyletic origin of the B. hybridum samples. Complementary or unique parental haplotypic clusters have been found for some Iberian (GI) and eastern Mediterranean and Balearic (ITS) B. hybridum groups (Table 1; Figs. 2, 3). Furthermore, the low mean ‘interspecific’ divergence rates shown by the B. distachyon-like and B. stacei-like sequences of B. hybridum with respect to those of the two progenitors for the three studied loci (Table 2) indicate that the two genomes of the hybrid have kept the same or similar signatures as those of the ancestral genomes, supporting the recent origin of B. hybridum in the Pleistocene (cf. [11]). Additionally, the low mean ‘intraspecific’ divergence rates of the respective B. distachyon-like and B. stacei-like sequences of B. hybridum (Table 2), which are similar to the parental ones, suggests that the original genomes have remained largely intact and that the time elapsed since the hybridizations took part was a brief one. Nonetheless, the detection of some interspecific ITS and GI recombinant sequences in B. hybridum (Table 1; Figs. 2, 3) points towards the occurrence of frequent genomic rearrangements within the hybrid nucleus. This agrees with cytogenetic CCP evidence demonstrating the existence of structural rearrangements in the B. hybridum chromosomes with respect to the B. distachyon and B. stacei ones [16].
The recurrent formation of allopolyploid plant species has been largely documented in the literature [47], [48] and references therein). Their predominance over their parental diploid progenitors has been explained as the result of their higher fitness or their higher capability to colonize new habitats and new lands [49], [50]. The wide distribution of B. hybridum, which exceeds those of B. distachyon and B. stacei in their native Mediterranean region, as the only known species of the complex to have colonized other continents [9], , could be a consequence of its more genetically diverse hybrid genome and the likely recurrent origin of new hybrid variants. This could have resulted in fit and well adapted individuals that have displaced the parental species from their habitats and/or have invaded new niches [50]. Current studies are under way to investigate the recurrent origins of B. hybridum through time (López-Alvarez & Catalán, unpublished results).
Future Perspectives of the Barcoding Method for Other Brachypodium Taxa
The almost exclusively self-fertile breeding system of the cleistogamous B. distachyon [8] and of B. stacei (L. Mur, pers. comm.) resulted in highly homozygous genomes of the two diploid parental species that contributed to the heterozygous allotetraploid B. hybridum genome [41]. In a recent assessment of genetic distances between different parent-pairs of hybrid plants, Paun and co-workers [51] concluded that parental species of allopolyploids were genetically more divergent that those of homoploid hybrids. Within Brachypodium, the differences in the inter- vs. intraspecific divergence values between the B. stacei and B. distachyon sequences were significant (Table 2). Catalán and co-workers [11] also found significant differences in the evolutionary rates of the B. stacei and B. distachyon ITS sequences, the former being significantly higher than the later. The salient features of the two distinct genomes were demonstrated through incompatible cross-GISH hybridizations [13], [14]. Their genomic divergences could have triggered the allopolyploidization process that resulted in the B. hybridum populations, and the long isolation of the two parental taxa has facilitated the detection of the proposed trnLF - ITS - GI barcoding method to distinguish the parents and the hybrid.
The usefulness of our DNA barcoding approach at the generic level could however be less successful among recently evolved taxa, like the core-perennial group of Brachypodium species, due to their close relationships [11], [52]. No significant differences in plastid trnLF and nuclear ITS sequences were detected between pairs of long rhizomatous Brachypodium species, nor between them and B. distachyon [11]. They were found, however, between the ancestral short-rhizomatous B. mexicanum and annual B. stacei taxa. Widespread geographical sampling would be required to test the utility of the trnLF and ITS barcodes within Brachypodium as a whole. Regarding GI, all the six analysed Brachypodium species [17] showed different sequences and copies, with copy numbers related to their ploidy levels. The apparently more-promising GI barcode should also be evaluated within a wide geographical and taxonomical sample of Brachypodium representatives. Brachypodium has been proposed as a model plant genus for temperate grasses [15], based on the overall small genome size of its members, their compact genomes and an extensive reticulate evolutionary and polyploid history [16]. Diverse stable species (e. g. B. phoenicoides, 2n = 4x = 28) and cytotypes (e. g. B. pinnatum 2n = 4x = 28) are of hybrid origin [16], [17] and most of the polyploids (e. g. B. mexicanum, B. retusum) are of suspected hybrid origin. Further research is currently under way to find a universal barcoding system for Brachypodium.
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https://philanthropynewyork.org/Edward%2520W.%2520Hazen%2520Foundation%2520Welcomes%2520Isabel%2520Sousa-Rodriguez%2520As%2520New%2520Program%2520Officer
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en
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Site Search
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Philanthropy New York
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https://philanthropynewyork.org/search
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Edward W. Hazen Foundation Welcomes Isabel Sousa-Rodriguez As New Program Officer
Edward W. Hazen Foundation Welcomes Isabel Sousa- Rodriguez As New Program Officer The Edward W. Hazen Foundation is pleased to announce that Isabel ...
Arlene Rodriguez Selected for Noyes Foundation Board
... Smith Noyes Foundation is happy to announce that Arlene Rodriguez has been voted onto their board for a six-year ... a short list of eight from which five were interviewed. Rodriguez is the Senior Director of...
Russell Sage Foundation Author/Grantee Edward Wolff Cited in NY Times Article About Record-setting Bull Market and Uneven Wealth Distribution
Russell Sage Foundation Author/Grantee Edward Wolff Cited in NY Times Article About Record-setting ... retain the crown. Russell Sage Foundation Author/Grantee Edward Wolff Cited in NY Times Article About Record-...
Grantmaking Equity Hour: Deepening Your Practice - A New Series for Programming Staff
Are you or your colleagues searching for ways to dive deeper into grantmaking practice conversations? Philanthropy New York is pleased to announce a new series, Grantmaking Equity Hour: Deepening Your Practice , launching in June!
The New York Women’s Foundation and PwC Launch “Radical Generosity at Work”
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Edward W. Hazen Foundation Announces Plans to Spend Down
Edward W. Hazen Foundation Announces Plans to Spend Down The Edward W. Hazen Foundation in New York City has announced ... by students, parents, and community-based groups... Edward W. Hazen...
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Edward W. Hazen Foundation Welcomes New Board Members
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David Rockefeller Fund announces Lourdes J. Rodriguez, Dr.PH as Chief Executive Officer
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PhilTV This Week Jan 20
Featuring: Milbank Memorial Fund, Open Society Foundations, Mastercard, Ford, Blaustein, Levy and Overbrook Foundations
20 Issues, to Be Specific
The term “policy work” is so vague that it can seem a bit mysterious to some funders. We know that private foundations are legally prohibited from engaging in lobbying or partisan politics, and we sometimes generalize, erroneously, that all funders...
Ambassador Edward P. Djerejian Returns to Carnegie Corporation of New York Board of Trustees
Ambassador Edward P. Djerejian Returns to Carnegie Corporation of New ... of New York’s trustees announced today that Ambassador Edward P. Djerejian will return to the foundation’s board ... from 2013 to 2107...
OpEd: CEO Lori Bezahler on Edward W. Hazen Foundation’s Decision to Empty Its Coffers
OpEd: CEO Lori Bezahler on Edward W. Hazen Foundation’s Decision to Empty Its Coffers ... of this movement moment... OpEd: CEO Lori Bezahler on Edward W. Hazen Foundation’s Decision to Empty Its Coffers ...
Edward W. Hazen Foundation President Lori Bezahler Writes Op-Ed on Activism Led by Young People of Color for The Nation
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Edward W. Hazen Foundation Fast Tracks $2.8 Million in Grants to Support Grantees Responding to COVID-19 Pandemic in Communities of Color
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Gates Commits $20 Million to Women's Groups
The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation will give $20 million during the next three years to strengthen women’s groups worldwide, Ms. Gates said Wednesday during an event in New York.
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https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/7341790/mod_folder/content/0/JOI1_500.txt%3Fforcedownload%3D1
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en
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Moodle USP: e
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O sistema e-Disciplinas, ou Moodle da USP, é um ambiente virtual de aprendizagem de apoio às disciplinas da USP.
O Moodle da USP é uma iniciativa da Superintendência de Tecnologia da Informação (STI) e da Pró-Reitoria de Graduação (PRG).
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FactBench
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0
| 72
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https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-540-71235-0.pdf
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en
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Endosperm
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https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-540-71235-0
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The nutritive endosperm of angiosperms is mankind’s most important source of food, livestock feed and industrial raw material. This book is the first comprehensive overview of the developmental and molecular biology of endosperm. The text covers cereal endosperm development from fertilization to maturity, including molecular and cell biology of the syncytial phase, the cellularization process and cell fate specification of the embryo surrounding region cells, the basal transfer cells, the starchy endosperm and aleurone cells. In addition, endosperm development in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana is covered, along with recent progress in endosperm in vitro culture. Special features of endosperm, such as imprinting, polyploidy, programmed cell death and anthocyanin biosynthesis, are described in separate chapters. Finally, the genes and pathways for the main nutritional components of endosperm, storage proteins and starch are covered in detail. Each chapter is illustrated with figures and diagrams, accompanied by text intended for readers at all levels with a basic understanding of cell and molecular biology.
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FactBench
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1
| 45
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https://ritaallen.org/scholars-all-years/
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en
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Rita Allen Foundation
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Investing in transformative ideas in their earliest stages to promote breakthrough solutions to significant problems
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en
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Rita Allen Foundation
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https://ritaallen.org/scholars-all-years/
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Assistant Professor, Chemical and Systems Biology; Developmental Biology
B.S., University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez
Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania
Messenger RNAs (mRNAs), the instructions to make proteins, are composed from a 4-letter alphabet of RNA bases. These bases are extensively chemically modified to create new letters in the alphabet that change the meaning of the message. These changes can impact the fate and function of mRNAs in cells. The full collection of RNA modifications in cellular mRNAs represents a previously unappreciated layer of gene regulation on top of what is hard-wired in our genome. The Martinez lab studies how these chemical modifications are added very early when mRNAs are “born,” and how they impact how mRNAs are processed and interpreted in cells. RNA modifications have an important role in health and disease: many RNA modifying enzymes have been associated with a wide range of human diseases, particularly neurodevelopmental disorders, and cancer. Our goal is to connect molecular functions of RNA modifications to normal and disease traits using innovative high-throughput sequencing methods, RNA biochemistry, and model systems.
Assistant Professor, Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences
B.Sc., McGill University
Ph.D., McGill University
Fibromyalgia is a chronic, whole-body pain disorder. Despite having a clinical diagnosis for decades, the underlying causes remain poorly understood. During a postdoctoral fellowship, Dr. Krock and colleagues found that IgG antibodies from fibromyalgia patients cause mice to develop signs of pain, but antibodies from pain-free people do not. The fibromyalgia antibodies bind to satellite glia cells, which surround pain-sensing neurons, and the levels of these antibodies are higher in fibromyalgia patients with more pain. These results suggest a subset of fibromyalgia pain could be mediated by autoantibodies—that is, antibodies attacking parts of our own body. However, why these autoantibodies develop remains unclear. The Krock lab at McGill University is investigating how fibromyalgia autoantibodies develop. One possibility is that altered gut bacteria stimulate an antibody-generating immune response, and if these antibodies recognize molecules similar enough to molecules found on satellite glia, then an autoantibody response could occur.
Milton E. Cassel Scholar
Assistant Professor, Cell Biology
B.Sc., University College London
Dr. rer. nat., Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
Lucas Farnung has been designated the Milton E. Cassel Scholar for the 2023 class of Rita Allen Foundation Scholars. This special award honors the memory of a longtime President of the Rita Allen Foundation who passed away in 2004.
Each human cell takes on an extraordinary feat, as it compacts its two-meter-long genome into a nucleus that is merely a few microns in size. Yet, our genetic material must remain accessible, ready to be read by the cell’s molecular machinery. To mitigate this conflict, the genomic DNA is spooled like yarn around specialized proteins called histones. Together, histones and the DNA form a structure called chromatin, akin to delicate beads on a string. The Farnung lab studies how a cellular machine called RNA polymerase II navigates through chromatin and generates blueprints of the DNA in a process called transcription. We use a combination of biophysical methods, machine learning, and structural biology approaches. Elucidating transcription through chromatin is important to understand how cells develop, morph into diverse types—like heart or liver cells—and react to the environment. With many cancers linked to dysregulated chromatin transcription, a deeper grasp of this process is vital for novel cancer therapy development.
Assistant Professor, Gene Expression Laboratory
A.B., Princeton University
Ph.D., University of California San Diego
M.D., University of California San Diego
The Dixon lab is interested in how the spatial organization of genomes affects the acquisition and impact of mutations in cancer. Our genomes are 3 billion base pairs in length and must be compacted into the nucleus of every cell in our body. How our genomes are organized in cells has a major impact on diverse processes, from the expression of genes to the replication of DNA as cells divide. In cancer, our genomes are bombarded with mutations, some of which break and shuffle the genomes creating a mosaic of how these genomes appear in healthy cells. When our genomes are shuffled in cancer cells, this often can place cancer-causing genes in novel environments with altered spatial organization, which can lead to aberrant gene activation that drives the growth of cancer cells. We are interested in understanding where and when such altered gene regulation events occur and understanding what critical factors facilitate altered gene activation in cancer genomes.
Assistant Professor; Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Anesthesiology, and Pain Management
B.S., Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
M.S., Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
Ph.D., Harvard University
In conjunction with Margaret and William R. Hearst III
Each day we experience myriad somatosensory stimuli—hugs from loved ones, warm showers, a mosquito bite, and sore muscles after a workout. These tactile, thermal, itch, and nociceptive signals are detected by sensory neurons innervating the skin, propagated into the spinal cord, and transmitted to the brain via ascending somatosensory pathways. Primary sensory neurons that innervate the skin and detect a wide range of somatosensory stimuli have been identified and well-characterized. In contrast, very little is known about how peripheral signals are integrated and processed within the spinal cord and how these signals are conveyed to the brain to generate somatosensory perception and behavioral responses. The Choi lab aims to determine the developmental logic, functional organization, and dysfunction of ascending somatosensory circuitry. Our lab explores these exciting areas using new mouse genetic tools in conjunction with advanced molecular, anatomical, physiological, and behavioral approaches.
Assistant Professor; Department of Biological Sciences
Ph.D., European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Germany
M.S., University of Pisa and Scuola Normale Superiore, Italy
The stunning complexity of our brain is the result of a long journey, that started when squishy and brainless aggregates of cells—the first animals—appeared on Earth over 700 million years ago. Understanding how our brain evolved can shed light on fundamental principles underlying its organization and function. The Tosches lab investigates the evolution of the cerebral cortex, the part of our brain associated with advanced cognition. Focusing on neuron types as units of evolutionary change, we discovered that the mammalian cerebral cortex has a unique neuronal repertoire without clear counterparts in other vertebrates. Our future goal is to understand how changes of developmental programs and gene regulation contributed to the emergence of these new types of neurons in mammals.
Assistant Professor; Biology; Structural Biology
Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine
M.A., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
B.S., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Viruses are inextricably linked to the host cells that they infect. Thus, investigating viral-host interactions is essential to understanding the mechanisms of viral entry, replication, pathogenesis, and the host’s ability to respond to viral pathogens. The Barnes lab excels in leveraging interdisciplinary approaches to address fundamental principles of viral-host interactions for therapeutic benefit. We combine biophysical and structural methods with in vivo approaches to understand how enveloped viruses infect host cells and elicit immune responses. In particular, our research translates knowledge of the structural correlates of antibody-mediated neutralization into the development of highly effective immunotherapies. Additionally, we seek to identify conserved epitopes on viral glycoproteins that are recognized by neutralizing antibodies to facilitate structure-based immunogen design for candidate vaccines against coronaviruses and HIV-1. By combining structural information and improved biochemical methods to mask distracting epitopes, we believe pan-neutralizing vaccines that protect against emerging and re-emerging viral threats are attainable.
Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Assistant Professor of Neuroscience
Ph.D., University of Alberta
B.S., German University of Cairo
Brain circuits are dynamic networks of neurons that process information in the form of electrical and chemical signals to form memories and behaviors. To investigate how brain circuits instantiate fundamental computations underlying behaviors, we need to map their wiring diagrams coupled with functional analysis at cellular resolution to correlate neuron activity with behavior. However, the electrical and chemical signals are not directly visible since there is no natural contrast mechanism that allows us “to see” those signals. The Abdelfattah lab is developing novel classes of molecular tools for large-scale functional analysis and manipulation of brain circuits. In the lab, we repurpose proteins found in nature and engineer them to illuminate brain communication. We hope to use our new molecular tools to unravel the functional basis and causes of neural disorders at a level of detail that has not been accessible to date and empower us to develop novel treatments.
Milton E. Cassel Scholar
Assistant Professor; Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry
Ph.D., Harvard University
B.S., Haverford College
Kevin Monahan has been designated the Milton E. Cassel Scholar for the 2022 class of Rita Allen Foundation Scholars. This special award honors the memory of a longtime President of the Rita Allen Foundation who passed away in 2004.
In order to fit the long DNA molecules that encode our genome into a tiny nucleus, our cells fold the DNA into complex 3-dimensional structures. This folding does more than save space; it also affects how genes are turned on and off. Intriguingly, different types of cells in the nervous system exhibit distinct 3D nuclear structures. However, the functional significance and regulation of these 3D nuclear structures remains poorly understood. The Monahan lab studies the protein machinery that controls the 3D positioning of genes within the nucleus and how the formation of 3D nuclear structures regulates gene expression. For example, we recently discovered that olfactory sensory neurons, which detect chemical odorants in the air, use the 3D positioning of odorant receptor genes in the nucleus to control the specific type of odorant receptor that they will express. Using molecular, genetic, and genomic approaches, we are investigating protein complexes that regulate 3D nuclear structures in olfactory neurons and in defined populations of neurons within the central nervous system.
Assistant Professor, Physiological Sciences
B.S., University of Wisconsin – La Crosse
Ph.D., University of Iowa
In conjunction with Margaret and Will Hearst
Chronic pain affects millions of people in the United States, and its socioeconomic burden is currently unprecedentedly high due to the opioid crisis. Almost everyone has either experienced chronic pain or had a family member affected by it. For these reasons, the Mickle lab is passionate about pain research and discovering new therapeutic options for chronic pain patients. Our lab uses a “cell to model organism” strategy to pursue the goal of understanding and delineating the causes of bladder pain dysfunction. We have multiple avenues of research that support this end goal: 1) Pursuing the development of neuromodulation strategies to alleviate bladder dysfunction following spinal cord injury, 2) Evaluating the role of urothelial cells, the cells that line the bladder, in bladder pain and dysfunction, and 3) Developing implantable biosensor and neuromodulatory technology to study bladder disorders and pain.
Assistant Professor, Plastic Surgery; Cell biology, neurobiology, and anatomy
Ph.D., Rice University
M.D., Baylor College of Medicine
In conjunction with Margaret and William R. Hearst III
A truly new way to approach a problem surgically is rare and that is what has made targeted muscle reinnervation so fascinating. The unexpected observation that TMR could prevent and reduce residual limb and phantom limb pain in amputees has already impacted the lives of hundreds of patients. The Hoben laboratory has taken TMR from the bedside back to the bench to better elucidate how surgically rearranging nerves affects pain pathways. These changes in nerve connections alter neurons, the fundamental cells of the nervous system. Characterizing the changes in these cells may help identify critical components of residual and phantom limb pain that can be targeted for pain relief. Ultimately, we hope that by better understanding the foundation of TMR pain relief we will be able to apply TMR principles to amputees with chronic pain and other forms of nerve injuries.
Assistant Professor; Biochemistry, Biophysics, Chemical Biology, and Structural Biology
B.S., Stanford University
Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley
In order to fit into our cells, the human genome is packaged by proteins that protect it from breaks and cancer-causing mutations. These proteins also help cells maintain cell identity by suppressing expression of genes that belong to other cell types. The Risca lab is studying one such protein, called macroH2A, which has been shown to suppress several types of cancer. I recently developed a cutting-edge method for mapping the folding of DNA within cells. We are using this method in combination with biochemical studies of DNA wrapped around purified proteins to study the structural mechanisms that macroH2A uses to regulate gene expression. MacroH2A also interacts with PARP1, a major cancer drug target involved in DNA repair and regulation of transcription, and we hope that these insights will inform future innovations in targeted therapy.
Assistant Professor, Materials Science and Engineering
B.S., Peking University
Ph.D., Stanford University
Research from the Hong lab aims to study how the brain changes at the level of single neurons over time as well as the circuits encompassing these neurons. The brain is a dynamically changing structure. The time-dependent evolution of neural circuits during brain development—learning and memory, and aging—occurs over many years and in many different brain regions. However, this evolution involves physiological changes that must be quantified at the millisecond and micrometer scales of individual neurons. A substantial challenge in understanding the dynamically changing brain arises from the spatiotemporal mismatch between the neural activity of interest and the available tools to study it. Therefore, we aim to fill the knowledge gap by developing novel bioelectronic and biophotonic tools to study the long-term evolution of neural circuits during neurodegeneration. The knowledge obtained therein will offer therapeutic strategies for devastating diseases such as Alzheimer’s, thereby improving life quality for the families affected and society as a whole.
Assistant Professor, Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology
B.S., Yale University
Ph.D., Stanford University School of Medicine
M.D., Stanford University School of Medicine
Our first line of defense against harmful infections is known as innate immunity—an inborn system of protective mechanisms that guards against harmful viruses or bacteria, even when the body has never encountered the infection before. Many individuals infected with dangerous viruses such as influenza or coronavirus can recover quickly with only mild symptoms, even without immunity from prior exposure or vaccination, because of these defenses. The Foxman lab studies the biology of innate immune responses in tissues that are not traditionally considered part of the immune system, such as the cells that form the lining of the nasal passages and lung airways. Understanding how innate immunity is regulated in these tissues could help answer unsolved questions in infectious diseases—why the same viral infection can be asymptomatic in one person, but lead to a serious illness in another; or, on a larger scale, why certain viruses spread through families or communities at certain times but not others.
Assistant Professor
B.A., Smith College
Ph.D., Yale University
The brain is one of the most exquisitely complex networks in the known universe, and its precise connectivity is established through a convergence of genetic and environmental influences (i.e., nature and nurture, respectively). While many of the genetic factors that drive early stages of embryonic brain development are known, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of how the environment—in the form of sensory experiences—shapes neural circuits in the developing brain. We unexpectedly discovered that sensory experiences engage microglia, a unique class of brain-resident immune cells, to promote the refinement of synaptic connections between neurons early in postnatal life. Based upon this finding, the Cheadle lab combines functional, structural, and genomics approaches to systematically disentangle the mechanisms microglia and neurons use to interact with one another to facilitate postnatal brain development, and to understand how impairments in microglial function contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders.
Assistant Professor, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics
B.S., Duke University
Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Joshua Modell has been designated the Milton E. Cassel Scholar for the 2021 class of Rita Allen Foundation Scholars. This special award honors the memory of a longtime President of the Rita Allen Foundation who passed away in 2004.
CRISPR technologies have led to revolutionary new modes of genetic inquiry in the basic sciences, and they are in development as therapeutics for many genetic diseases. Less is known about how CRISPR systems function in nature, where they provide bacteria with adaptive immunity against viruses and plasmids. The Modell Lab seeks to understand how these systems interact with the biology of their bacterial hosts and viral targets, and how their activity is regulated to provide strong immunity against viruses while preventing autoimmunity.
Mitchell J. and Margo K. Blutt Presidential Assistant Professor, Biology
B.S., North Carolina A&T University
Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania
In conjunction with Open Philanthropy
My research focuses on a long-standing question—how does the nervous system encode a soft gentle caress versus a harsh painful stimulation? To accomplish this, the Abdus-Saboor Lab uses neurobiology, computational biology, and mathematics to objectively measure pain—a sensory experience that is inherently subjective. Traditionally, researchers have applied sensory stimuli to the rodent paw and tried to infer the animal’s pain state based on the singular readout of whether the animal moved its paw or not. The problem is, animals will lift their paw to both innocuous and noxious stimuli; and with that sole measurement parameter, there is a high likelihood of incorrectly assigning the animal’s sensory experience. An innovation in our work is to use videography to take thousands of images per second to measure sub-second pain behaviors, and couple this with statistical modeling and machine learning to develop rodent “pain scales.”
Assistant Professor, Immunobiology
B.S., University of California, Berkeley
Ph.D., Harvard University
An essential function of the immune system is to distinguish between its own and foreign molecules in order to destroy pathogens while preventing destruction of healthy cells. The Chen Lab investigates how the immune system correctly identifies pathogens when the same signals are found in both host cells and pathogens. Circular RNAs (circRNAs)—single-stranded RNAs where the ends are joined together—are encoded by eukaryotes and viruses. We study the essential features of viral and host circRNAs that are required in the regulation and recognition of self- versus non-self, the proteins involved in this process, and the ensuing cellular signaling. We strive to apply our understanding to engineer circRNAs as a novel strategy for immunotherapy that exploits the uniquely promising characteristics of circRNAs.
Assistant Professor, Physiology
Ph.D., Lille University School of Medicine, France
The Laumet Lab is interested in understanding why pain becomes chronic and how can we stop it. While it is obvious that neurons convey pain signaling throughout the body, neurons do not work in isolation and are constantly communicating with and getting influenced by other cells. We are particularly interested in the contribution of non-neuronal cells to chronic pain. We think that impaired communication between “pain-sensing” neurons and their surrounding cells may result in chronic pain. For example, we have discovered that anti-inflammatory molecules secreted by cells from the immune system prevent pain-sensing neurons from becoming persistently activated—this constant activity is the cellular basis of chronic pain. We hope that a better understanding of neuron/non-neuronal cell communication will lead to the development of new and better analgesics.
Assistant Professor, Department of Symptom Research
B.S., The University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, United Kingdom
Ph.D., The University of Manchester, United Kingdom
Work in the Shepherd Lab focuses on how injury, inflammation, and cancer interact with the nervous system to cause pain. We are particularly interested in how chronic illnesses disrupt the immune system, thereby increasing pain risk. Macrophages, a type of immune cell, are important contributors to pain. Macrophages infiltrate damaged tissue to clear debris and infection. Ordinarily, this process eventually resolves, promoting healing. We hypothesize that chronic pain often stems from macrophages failing to make this transition from a “damage response” to a “pro-repair” state. In such cases, macrophages continually sustain inflammation, causing nearby nerves to remain hyper-excitable and drive chronic pain. Our knowledge of these mechanisms is surprisingly limited, a problem that is set to become more widespread as chronic illnesses and cancer survivorship improve. We hope that improving our understanding of these “neuro-immune” interactions will identify novel therapeutic targets and facilitate the development of safe and effective analgesics.
Assistant Professor, Biology and Biological Engineering
B.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology
M.D., University of California, Los Angeles
Ph.D., California Institute of Technology
Viruses are in constant conversation with the cells they infect, and the information exchanged can be used by the host or the virus to guide their respective behaviors. For example, viruses may decide to become dormant after infection, while host cells may choose to activate an immune response. The Van Valen Lab listens in on this conversation to understand how viruses and their hosts represent information about their internal state and their environment, and how this information is accessed to make decisions. To do so, we combine ideas from cell biology and physics with recent advances in imaging, machine learning, and genomics to make novel measurements of host–virus interactions. Active projects include imaging the interaction between host immune and metabolic signaling networks during infection, measuring host–virus interactions in a model system of viral latency, and developing novel deep-learning approaches to single-cell analysis of biological imaging data.
Assistant Professor, Molecular and Cellular Biology
B.S., The University of Oklahoma
Ph.D., Baylor College of Medicine
Amanda Whipple has been designated the Milton E. Cassel Scholar for the 2020 class of Rita Allen Foundation Scholars. This special award honors the memory of a longtime President of the Rita Allen Foundation who passed away in 2004.
Our DNA represents the full library of genetic information each of us inherits from our parents. We inherit two copies of each gene—one from our mother and one from our father. Typically, the two copies are treated equally in the cell. However, the Whipple Lab studies a unique class of “imprinted genes,” in which only one parental copy is active (“expressed”) while the other is inactive (“silenced”). Many imprinted genes are expressed in the brain and are associated with diverse neurological disorders. Yet, the reasons for imprinted expression and the effects of imprinted gene activity in the brain remain largely unknown. We use molecular and bio-computational approaches to understand: (1) why genes evolved imprinted expression in the brain, (2) how imprinted genes function in neurons, and (3) how dysregulation of imprinted genes contributes to neurological diseases.
Assistant Professor, Evolutionary Genetics and Genomics
B.S., Inner Mongolia University, China
Ph.D., Chinese Academy of Sciences
Each living species and every phylogenetic clade has a unique set of genes and phenotypes. Understanding how novel genes originate and subsequently evolve is crucial to explaining the genetic basis of novel phenotypes and ultimately the diversity of life. However, because the relationship between genes and phenotypes is complex and multidimensional, how and what type of genetic innovations contribute to novel organismal phenotypes remains largely unknown. Research in the Zhao Laboratory aims to understand the origination and evolution of molecular innovations as well as how they contribute to phenotypic innovation and adaptation. One of the focuses in the lab is to use de novo genes, which are genes that have originated from non-genic sequences of genomes, as a unique paradigm to tackle these questions. In the long-term, the Zhao lab aims to decipher the principles of gene origination and its underlying positive or negative impact on population dynamics and human health.
Assistant Professor, Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine
B.Sc., McGill University
M.D./Ph.D., Dartmouth College
In conjunction with the Open Philanthropy Project
The mission of the Tawfik Lab is to do the best clinically informed basic science research to advance our understanding of the neuroimmune contribution to chronic pain in a thoughtful manner, with our patients always in mind. We are particularly interested in understanding the unique underpinnings of various types of chronic pain and how central nervous system glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) contribute to the transition from acute to chronic pain. Microglia are particularly interesting to us, as the macrophages of the central nervous system with known roles in synaptic pruning and neuroinflammation. Funding from the Open Philanthropy Project will allow us to dive more deeply into the contribution of spinal cord microglia using transgenic manipulations and microglial transcriptome analyses in a mouse model of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), a disease that affects the limbs after minor fracture, or surgery. We expect that our findings in this model will also extend to other forms of chronic pain and allow for the development of more specific glial-targeted therapeutics.
Assistant Professor, Symptom Research
B.S., University of Adelaide
Ph.D., University of Adelaide
In conjunction with the Open Philanthropy Project
Pain that becomes chronic and outlasts the period of healing is a major medical challenge. The Grace Lab investigates the neuroimmune interactions that drive chronic pain. After injury to sensory nerves, glial cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, are activated throughout the central nervous system. These activated glia secrete neurotransmitters and cytokines that increase the excitability of neurons in pain pathways. We are focused on the open question of how spinal cord astrocytes are persistently activated in such remote regions. This line of research is also being expanded to determine how activated glia in the brain also contribute to common comorbidities of chronic pain, including depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairments. The ultimate goal of this work is to find new ways to treat chronic pain.
Assistant Professor, Anesthesiology
B.S., University of Toronto Scarborough
Ph.D., University of Toronto
Our research focuses on synaptic plasticity and neuromodulation within defined neural circuits in the ventral basal ganglia, a collection of brain structures involved in reward learning and selection of flexible behavior. Specifically, we ask how chronic pain, addictive drugs, or genetic mutations alter the function of these neural circuits, and how circuit dysfunction contributes to symptoms of chronic pain, substance use, and mood disorders. Our ultimate goal is to leverage insight from circuit studies to develop novel neuromodulation for these disorders, including deep brain stimulation and focused ultrasound. By first determining how neuronal and circuit adaptations drive specific behavioral symptoms of disease, we can establish a strategy for targeted circuit manipulation in a disease state. We then rationally design neuromodulation paradigms and validate them in model systems to provide novel strategies to treat symptoms at the interface of chronic pain, mood, and substance use disorders.
Assistant Professor, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology
B.S., University of Michigan
Ph.D., University of California, San Francisco
Josie Clowney has been designated the Milton E. Cassel Scholar for the 2019 class of Rita Allen Foundation Scholars. This special award honors the memory of a longtime President of the Rita Allen Foundation who passed away in 2004.
Our bodies make direct contact with environment-derived molecules including volatiles, dietary nutrients, and microbial components. The evolutionary problem of detecting and responding to extraordinarily diverse exogenous compounds has been solved similarly in chemosensory, digestive, and immune systems, by the evolution of large families of cell surface and secreted proteins whose members each have limited binding affinities. The Clowney lab studies how these large gene families evolved; how they are coordinately regulated across cells; and, in the chemosensory system, how signals flowing through chemosensory receptors can be meaningfully interpreted to allow suitable behavioral responses. We are particularly interested in understanding the distinct biological mechanisms that allow reflexive responses to evolutionarily predicted stimuli versus flexible responses to arbitrary or evolutionarily unpredicted stimuli.
Assistant Professor, Neurobiology
B.S., University of the Sciences in Philadelphia
Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley
Our perception of the world around us is heavily shaped by factors such as prior experience, expectations, attentional focus, and drugs—both therapeutic and recreational. Yet, how context influences sensory information processing in the brain is largely a mystery. The Banghart Lab aims to understand how the brain controls the perception of pain. Toward this goal, the lab studies the neural mechanisms that support both pharmacological analgesia (e.g. opioid painkillers), as well as “top-down” pain modulation, wherein pain suppression is driven purely by cognitive processes (e.g. placebo analgesia). By revealing the similarities and differences between the neural circuits and neurochemical signals that underlie these forms of pain modulation, this work may one day contribute to the development of new therapies.
Research Associate, Boston Children’s Hospital
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School
B.S., Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University
M.S., Environmental Engineering, Duke University
Ph.D., Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Northwestern University
Project: How do signals from resident bacteria keep the intestines healthy?
Motivated by a desire to advance strategies for environmental protection, Dingding An began her undergraduate education in environmental engineering at Tsinghua University in Beijing. She took many courses in chemistry and physics, but was increasingly drawn to biology. An’s research experience at Duke University helped her make this transition—she chose a laboratory that focused on the remediation of pollution by microbial processes, and discovered she had a keen interest in working with bacteria.
In her doctoral research, An explored how multiple species of bacteria grow, survive and compete in communities called biofilms, which are known for posing problems in food production and medicine. During the course of her Ph.D., she followed her mentor, Matthew Parsek, from Northwestern University to the University of Iowa, and finally to the University of Washington School of Medicine in Seattle. This exposure to diverse biological research environments inspired An to pursue research on host-microbe interactions.
As a postdoctoral fellow in Dennis Kasper’s lab at Harvard Medical School, she began using mouse models to examine microbes that function not as pathogens, but as partners. She studied how bacteria living in the intestine modulate the immune system and protect the host from inflammatory bowel disease. An found that this protection is conferred in part by unique yet abundant bacterial molecules called sphingolipids. Now, An and her team are seeking a fuller understanding of sphingolipids in intestinal health. Their research will address why these bacterial signals seem to be important early in life, and how sphingolipids affect the production of mucus, which forms a critical barrier between bacterial cells and the host’s intestinal cells. “Eventually, I think we could identify specific sphingolipids produced by bacteria and use them as therapeutics to specifically help patients when they have a mucus production problem,” she says.
Kyle Baumbauer (Award in Pain Recipient) earned a B.S. in psychology and a B.A. in sociology from the University of Central Florida. He holds an M.A. and Ph.D. in experimental psychology from Kent State University, where he studied molecular mechanisms that allow neurons in the spinal cord to mediate learning and adaptation to the environment. This research contributed to an emerging view of the spinal cord not merely as a channel for signals traveling to and from the brain, but as a dynamic group of nerves with important effects on behavior. Baumbauer continued this area of research while a postdoctoral fellow at Texas A&M University, and explored how painful stimulation impacts spinal cord function to understand how the presence of pain affects the recovery of function after spinal cord injury. Baumbauer then did a second fellowship at the University of Pittsburgh, where he began examining the impact of injury and inflammation on peripheral sensory neuron function.
In 2014 Baumbauer joined the faculty at the University of Connecticut School of Nursing, where his research focuses on unraveling the relationship between alterations in gene expression and sensory neuron function, and how these processes contribute to chronic pain following spinal cord injury. Through these investigations, Baumbauer and his team aim to make advances that aid in the treatment of pathological pain. In addition to the Rita Allen Foundation Baumbauer’s research is supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. He is also a recipient of a Mary Lawrence Research Development Award from the UConn School of Nursing and has been honored as a Sigma Theta Tau Friend of Nursing.
Richard Daneman has been designated the Milton E. Cassel Scholar for the 2017 class of Rita Allen Foundation Scholars. This special award honors the memory of a long-time President of the Rita Allen Foundation who passed away in 2004.
Assistant Professor of Neuroscience and Pharmacology
B.Sc., Biochemistry, McGill University
Ph.D., Developmental Biology, Stanford University
Project: How does the blood–brain barrier influence the activities of neurons in the brain?
Richard Daneman grew up in an academic family. His parents, a cognitive psychologist and a pediatric endocrinologist, sometimes enlisted him and his brother to serve as research subjects. From an early age, Daneman says, he was attracted to the “amazing adventure” of science: “I loved asking a question that had no answer and trying to work out different ways that you could solve a problem.” As an undergraduate, he got involved in projects to develop new laboratory techniques—to measure fine-scale pH changes within cells, and to analyze gene expression patterns in fruit flies.
Daneman conducted graduate work at Stanford University with Ben Barres, a neurobiologist known for research on glial cells, which make up a large proportion of cells in the nervous system but are vastly understudied. The Barres lab was an ideal setting for Daneman to pursue another overlooked aspect of the nervous system: the blood–brain barrier. He led studies to identify molecular signals that give blood vessels in the central nervous system their unique properties—unlike the “leaky” blood vessels in other tissues, they restrict the movement of toxins, pathogens and immune cells.
Daneman continued to focus on the blood–brain barrier during a fellowship at the University of California, San Francisco, and is now pursuing multiple questions related to the barrier’s development and its breakdown in conditions of injury or disease. He recently discovered physiological processes within the brain’s blood vessels that could influence the function of neurons. The Rita Allen Foundation award will allow Daneman and his team to examine the role of the blood–brain barrier in brain functioning. “We think of blood vessels as these tubes that run through the brain,” he says. “But the idea that they have these dynamic physiological properties that can fine-tune and manipulate the [neural] circuits—we know nothing about that.”
Arkady Khoutorsky (Award in Pain Recipient) earned a B.Sc. in biology and an M.Sc. in neurobiology, as well as D.V.M. and Ph.D. degrees, from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. During a postdoctoral fellowship at McGill University, Khoutorsky investigated how regulation of protein synthesis controls neuronal plasticity in the brain and in the pain pathway. He joined McGill’s Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain in 2016. In addition to the Rita Allen Foundation, Khoutorsky’s work is supported by the Canada Foundation for Innovation, and by a NARSAD Young Investigator Grant and a Louise and Alan Edwards Foundation Grant in Chronic Pain Research.
Khoutorsky’s lab is examining how neuronal circuits in the spinal cord are remodeled to promote sensitivity to pain. He is interested in the extracellular matrix, a network of proteins that surrounds neurons. In the brain, this matrix appears to restrict the ability of neurons to form the new structures necessary for learning and memory. Enzymes that degrade the matrix are activated in some chronic pain conditions. Khoutorsky and his team are investigating how such degradation impacts spinal cord neurons that normally inhibit pain signals. They aim to determine how changes in the extracellular matrix might enable the neurons to become “hyperexcitable” and inappropriately propagate pain.
Assistant Professor of Neurobiology
B. Pharm., Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
M.Sc., Neuroscience, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany
Ph.D., Neuroscience, Philipps-University, School of Medicine, Marburg, Germany
Project: How can chronic stress change neural circuits and lead to depression?
Stephan Lammel has a longstanding interest in medicine, and began training as a pharmacist with the intention of taking over his family’s business. During his pharmacy residency, he grew frustrated with the limitations and side effects of currently available medications—particularly for neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. Then he met a researcher, Jochen Roeper, who was studying how dopamine neurons degenerate in Parkinson’s disease.
Lammel was excited by the opportunity to explore the underlying neurobiology of the dopamine system, and to make discoveries that could guide more effective therapeutic approaches. He joined Roeper’s lab as a master’s student, and later pursued a Ph.D. His work helped to reveal diversity in the properties of dopamine-containing neurons. As a postdoctoral scholar in Robert Malenka’s lab at Stanford University, Lammel continued investigating dopamine neurons, including neural circuits involved in reward and motivation.
With support from the Rita Allen Foundation, Lammel and his team will apply new technologies to examine the mechanisms by which chronic stress can lead to depression. Better knowledge of these mechanisms is crucial to treating depression, he says, as today’s outdated therapies are effective for less than half of patients, and have many undesirable side effects. Lammel’s research group will follow changes in neural activity in freely moving animals over time, using methods such as optogenetics and in vivo calcium imaging to visualize changes in activity among specific populations of neurons. “If we understand the circuits in which these neurons are embedded, we can manipulate them in a more specific way and try to reverse some of the pathological changes in these circuits”, he explains. “Ultimately, we hope these manipulations can also reverse some of the symptoms of depression.”
Assistant Professor of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute
A.B., Psychology and Biology, Harvard College
Ph.D., Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University
M.D., Weill Cornell Medicine
Project: What are the molecular mechanisms of working memory?
As an undergraduate, Conor Liston became fascinated by the science of learning and memory, and by larger questions of how the brain gives rise to consciousness. “One of the things that attracted me to neuroscience was the potential for discoveries that would transform the way we think about ourselves as people, and also could potentially transform the way we think about diagnosing and treating disorders of the brain,” he says.
Liston’s desire to improve the understanding and treatment of mental illness led him to pursue an M.D.-Ph.D. During his psychiatry residency at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, he also conducted postdoctoral research with Wen-Biao Gan at New York University, investigating how stress hormones affect neural connections critical for learning. This research fueled his interest in new technologies for visualizing and experimentally manipulating activity in the living brain, and led him to a fellowship at Stanford University. There, Liston worked in the laboratory of Karl Deisseroth, known as a pioneer of optogenetics—a technique for controlling and monitoring neurons using specific wavelengths of light. Liston used optogenetics and other new imaging methods to explore the neural circuitry of fear responses and reward-seeking behaviors.
Now, Liston, an assistant professor of neuroscience in the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, treats psychiatric patients in the clinic, and leads a research program on the neuroscience of learning, memory, stress and depression. Support from the Rita Allen Foundation will allow Liston and his team to investigate the basis of working memory—the type of memory that operates when we remember and call a phone number, but forget it a few hours later. Working memory “is both stable and robust enough to not be interfered with by irrelevant information in our environment, but also labile enough to be easily deleted and replaced with new information,” Liston explains. “That’s an interesting paradox: How does our brain register memories that have these two competing qualities?” He plans to examine how different subtypes of neurons interact to achieve this balance—and how it can be disrupted in conditions such as depression.
Assistant Professor of Biochemistry
B.S., Biopsychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Michigan
Ph.D., Neuroscience, Northwestern University
Project: How does a modification of RNA influence the brain’s development and activity?
As a child, Kate Meyer had ambitions of becoming a surgeon, and entered college on a premedical track. A course on abnormal psychology fueled her fascination with the brain’s complexity, and she switched her focus to neuroscience. She helped with a research project on the neural basis of taste, which involved “scoring rat behaviors for hours on end, and loving it,” she recalls. “I was super excited to do literally anything” in the laboratory, Meyer adds.
She sought further training in neuroscience as a Ph.D. student in Jill Morris’ lab at Northwestern University, where she investigated the expression pattern of a gene implicated in schizophrenia and assessed its role in the developing brain. During a postdoctoral fellowship with Samie Jaffrey at Weill Cornell Medical College, Meyer delved into the biology of RNA. She led a comprehensive analysis of an RNA modification called m6A—the methylation of adenosine residues, a chemical marker that can influence whether an RNA molecule is translated into protein. Using next-generation sequencing, Meyer and her colleagues showed that the modification is widespread among thousands of genes in mammals, and that its prevalence increases in the brain during development.
In her own laboratory at Duke, Meyer and her team are exploring how the m6A modification affects when and where genes are expressed—with special attention to how this regulation shapes the growth, connections and activities of neurons. Her goal, she says, is “to understand, all the way from the molecular level to the behavioral level, what happens if we manipulate this pathway that controls methylation. What are the consequences for things like learning and memory, or neurological disease?”
Steve Davidson (Award in Pain Recipient) earned a B.S. in psychology from the University of New Orleans and a Ph.D. in neuroscience from the University of Minnesota. He was a postdoctoral scholar in the Department of Anesthesiology at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis from 2009 to 2014, and in 2015 he joined the faculty of the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. In 2010, Davidson received a Future Leader in Pain Research award from the American Pain Society.
Pain has long been recognized as a multidimensional experience. Yet research has focused almost exclusively on the sensory dimension, leaving the emotional and motivational components poorly understood and undertreated. The Davidson lab seeks to elucidate and control a neural circuit responsible for regulating the capacity for pain tolerance, an aspect of pain behavior dependent on emotional and motivational pain processing that occurs in the brain. Davidson’s research tests the main hypothesis that effective pain control can be achieved by manipulating neural activity in a thalamo-limbic pathway to enhance pain tolerance. His laboratory has developed a novel operant behavioral model in which rodents may obtain a reward by engaging with (tolerating) a noxious thermal stimulus. Using this approach, analgesics with efficacy for improving the affective measure of pain tolerance vs. reflexive withdrawal may be determined. To determine whether thalamo-limbic projection neurons control pain, virally infected posterior thalamic neurons containing optically gated ion channels will allow direct control of activity through an implanted light source while animals are tested for changes to pain tolerance and reflexive behaviors. Finally, the Davidson lab will test the hypothesis that chronic pain alters synaptic plasticity in the thalamo-limbic circuit. This will include examination of posterior thalamic projection neurons for altered excitability and synaptic plasticity at the posterior thalamus-insula synapse in rodent models of neuropathic and inflammatory chronic pain.
Camila dos Santos completed undergraduate, master’s and doctoral studies at the University of Campinas in Brazil. She was a postdoctoral fellow at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, as well as a postdoctoral fellow and research investigator at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory with Gregory Hannon, a 2000 Rita Allen Foundation Scholar and a member of the Foundation’s Scientific Advisory Committee. She became an assistant professor at CSHL in 2015. In addition to the Rita Allen Foundation award, dos Santos has received a Glen Cove Cares Research Award, a Pershing Square Foundation Scholar Award and a research award from the Manhasset Women’s Coalition Against Breast Cancer.
The dos Santos laboratory aims to uncover the molecular basis of pregnancy-induced breast cancer protection. In humans, a full-term pregnancy before the age of 25 is known to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer by more than one-third. In rodents, pregnancy can decrease the frequency of carcinogen-induced mammary tumors by more than 60 percent. A recent study by dos Santos and colleagues has shown that transitions through pregnancy lead to massive and stable reorganization of DNA methylation in mammary epithelial cells. Now they propose to further characterize this phenomenon by mapping genome-wide enhancer activity in this system. They will test the hypothesis that the parous (post-pregnancy) epigenome modulates the effects of breast cancer oncogenes on epithelial cell oncogenesis. In addition, they will investigate pharmacological strategies that mimic these effects, which may provide a path toward strategies for breast cancer prevention.
Monica Dus (Milton E. Cassel Scholar) earned a B.S. in biology from the University of Redlands in Redlands, California, and a Ph.D. in the Watson School of Biological Sciences at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, where she worked with Gregory Hannon, a 2000 Rita Allen Foundation Scholar and a member of the Foundation’s Scientific Advisory Committee. After a postdoctoral fellowship in Greg Suh’s lab at the New York University School of Medicine, she became an assistant professor at the University of Michigan in 2015. In addition to being a Rita Allen Foundation Scholar, Dus has received a Pathways to Independence K99/R00 Award from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, a NARSAD Young Investigator Grant from the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation and a Klingenstein-Simons Fellowship Award in the Neurosciences.
One of the oldest debates in biology is that of nature versus nurture. Are our behaviors dictated by genes or by the environment? In the last decade it has become clear that neuroepigenetic processes play a key role in adult brain function by merging environmental information with ongoing brain processes to direct behavioral states. Disruption in these processes is linked to both normal and abnormal behaviors, such memory and addiction. However, the underlying mechanisms remain mysterious. In particular, we have no knowledge about the genetic loci of integration between the environment and behavior, or the identity of the neural pathways that control them in specific neural circuits. This presents a major roadblock to unlocking the molecular interface between brain and environment and the role it plays in brain function. To understand how the environment shapes and reprograms brain and behavior, the Dus lab exploits: 1) a simple behavior, eating, which is dependent on an experimentally controllable environment, diet; and 2) the fruit fly brain, which is orders of magnitude smaller than vertebrate brains, but shows conserved neurochemistry.
Katherine Hanlon (Award in Pain Recipient) earned a B.S. in biochemistry and molecular biophysics and a Ph.D. in pharmacology from the University of Arizona, where she worked with Todd Vanderah. She went on to complete a postdoctoral fellowship in tumor immunology at the Mount Sinai Medical Center with Joshua Brody and Peter Heeger. In addition to her work in the lab, Hanlon currently teaches Biochemistry and Principles of Pharmacology in the School of Pharmacy at Presbyterian College and directs the College’s Office of Research. Her primary research interests include macrophage-neuron communication in pain processing and the role of tumor-associated macrophages in cancer development. She also studies the mechanisms of dysregulation of cannabinoid receptor signaling in tumor and immune cells in metastatic disease.
Studies in the Hanlon lab are carried out using multiple in vitro and in vivo models, including leukocytes and neurons isolated from dorsal root ganglia, leukocytes and tumor cells isolated from murine mammary tumors, leukocytes harvested from post-surgical peritoneal adhesions, and human blood monocyte primary cultures. With the support of the Rita Allen Foundation and the American Pain Society, the lab is able to explore the communication that occurs between sensory neurons and macrophages (innate immune cells that are critical in injury response) in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Macrophages in the DRG are a unique population of cells that bear some resemblance to brain microglia, but are functionally distinct and exhibit specific phenotype differences. In response to peripheral injury, DRG macrophages respond to activity in the ascending pain pathways and may alter pain perception. By evaluating the phenotype and function of this unique population, Hanlon hopes to isolate novel and exploitable mechanisms that may be used to develop non-opioid therapeutics for the treatment of persistent pain.
Alex Kentsis received undergraduate and master’s degrees from the University of Chicago, where he conducted research in the laboratory of Tobin Sosnick. He earned a Ph.D. from New York University, where he worked with Katherine Borden, and an M.D. from Mount Sinai School of Medicine, where his advisor was Roman Osman. He completed research and clinical fellowships at Boston Children’s Hospital and the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, where he later became an attending physician, as well as an instructor at Harvard Medical School. He joined the faculties of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College in 2013. In addition to being a Rita Allen Foundation Scholar, Kentsis has received a Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation Clinical Investigator Award, an American Society for Clinical Investigation Physician-Scientist Award, an American Society of Hematology Scholar Award and a Burroughs Wellcome Fund Career Award for Medical Scientists.
Genome sequencing efforts have revealed a surprising dearth of gene mutations in many human cancers, suggesting that alternative oncogenic mechanisms must be investigated to identify targets for improved therapy. Approximately half of the human genome originates from mobile DNA elements, or transposons, but their contributions to human disease and physiology remain almost completely unexplored. Kentsis aims to investigate mechanisms of tumorigenesis by a novel human DNA transposase in embryonal tumors, lethal childhood cancers that are refractory to intensive chemotherapy. Successful completion of proposed studies promises to transform our ability to identify the drivers of human cancer, thus leading to improved targeted therapies for these refractory pediatric tumors. This work will also establish powerful tools for the investigation of DNA transposition and genomic plasticity, with transformative applications in wide areas of human biology.
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Bo Li earned her B.S. in biological sciences from Beijing University and her Ph.D. in biochemistry from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. She was a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology at Harvard Medical School, where she worked with Christopher T. Walsh. She has received a a Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund for Medical Research Fellowship and a National Institutes of Health Pathway to Independence Award.
Li’s lab identifies bioactive small molecules produced by bacteria—she and her colleagues explore the chemistry of their production and study the roles they play in the biology of bacteria and human hosts. Bacteria craft these gene-encoded molecules from primary metabolites using complex chemical transformations; the structures and activities of these small molecules have been optimized through millions of years of evolution and enable these molecules to mediate extensive microbe-microbe and microbe-host interactions. Li’s multidisciplinary research program uses bacterial genomics and metabolomics as enabling technologies to identify novel bacterial small molecules. First, her team is identifying small molecules from soil bacteria as novel antibiotics to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens; second, they are identifying metabolites produced by the human gut microbiota to unravel the chemical and molecular mechanisms of bacterial symbiosis and pathogenesis. Her work involves understanding fundamental biosynthetic mechanisms and extends to exploiting bacterial small molecules to improve human health and prevent disease.
Katharina Schlacher obtained her B.S. in microbiology at the Karl-Franzens University in Graz, Austria. For graduate studies, in 2003 she joined the lab of Myron Goodman at the University of Southern California, where she earned her Ph.D. While there, she discovered an unprecedented transactivation mechanism for mutagenic E. coli DNA polymerase V by proteobacter recombinase RecA, recognized by the USC College Doctoral Research Prize. In 2007, as a Damon Runyon Postdoctoral Fellow, Schlacher joined Maria Jasin at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and Hong Wu at the University of California, Los Angeles, to focus on her passion for mechanisms at the replication fork. She discovered a novel genomic instability and tumor suppressor mechanism at the DNA replication fork distinct from DNA repair. Specifically, Fanconi anemia proteins BRCA1/2 protect stalled DNA replication forks from degradation by MRE11. This replication fork protection discovery was recognized with the Parvin Foundation Award for academic excellence, the UCLA/Molecular Biology Institute Research Excellence Award and the MSKCC Postdoctoral Research Award. Schlacher received a National Cancer Institute K22 award and joined the faculty at MD Anderson Cancer Center in 2014.
Schlacher’s research focuses on developing an in-depth molecular and biological understanding of how replication fork protection suppresses cancer and disease to obtain biological insights suitable to develop disease prevention and treatment strategies.
Minoree Kohwi’s interest in brain development started as an undergraduate in Mark Konishi’s lab at the California Institute of Technology. She earned a Ph.D. in Arturo Alvarez-Buylla’s lab at the University of California, San Francisco. As a postdoc in Chris Doe’s lab at the University of Oregon, she discovered that the 3-D organization of the neural progenitor genome changes during development, determining which genes can be activated, and thus, which cell types can be generated. Now at Columbia, Kohwi is excited to embark on a journey into nuclear architecture and stem cell competence to ask fundamental questions about the origin of neural diversity during brain development.
The brain’s complexity is apparent from the incredible diversity of its neural cell types. To form the functional circuitry governing our cognitive and motor functions, neural progenitors must make each cell type at the right place, time and abundance. In both insects and mammals, stem/progenitor cells typically produce different cell types in a stereotyped order, and over the course of development they lose the ability to make the earlier-born cell types. Such “loss of competence” is a prominent feature of neural progenitors, although the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Using Drosophila, Kohwi and her colleagues discovered that neural progenitors undergo a developmentally timed reorganization of their genome that physically relocates genes within the 3-D nuclear space and affects the genes’ ability to turn on or off. They found that such gene repositioning in neural progenitors is highly regulated, and determines the progenitors’ potential to make specific cell types at each developmental stage. They aim to examine how neural progenitor nuclear architecture is regulated developmentally and how this regulation contributes to neural diversity. These results will provide new insights into brain development, neural developmental disorders and brain repair.
Yevgenia Kozorovitskiy earned B.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Princeton University, where she worked with Elizabeth Gould to study social experience-induced structural plasticity in the adult rodent and primate brain. She conducted postdoctoral research in the laboratory of Bernardo Sabatini at Harvard Medical School, where she investigated neural activity and neuromodulation in developmental wiring of basal ganglia circuits. She joined the faculty of Northwestern University in 2014. In addition to being a Rita Allen Foundation Scholar, Kozorovitskiy is the recipient of a Public Voices Fellowship and a Cornew Innovation Award from Northwestern University, a Sloan Research Fellowship and a Searle Scholar Award.
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a tremendous mental health burden, with a lifetime incidence of more than 15 percent. A great promise for MDD treatment, especially for resistant and suicidal patients, lies in rapidly acting antidepressants. Yet the neurobiological plasticity mechanisms underlying rapid antidepressant effects remain poorly understood. Kozorovitskiy’s research group takes a multipronged approach to studying synapses and neural circuits implicated in depression and affect. First, they are evaluating whether rapidly acting antidepressant drugs and their functionally relevant metabolites directly facilitate the production of new synapses on genetically targeted neurons. Preliminary data indicate that the effects of rapidly acting antidepressants on synapses occur on a slower time scale and have a broader reach than expected, transcending the neural circuits typically implicated in depression. Second, interrogating neuromodulatory circuits implicated in regulation of affective state, they have discovered and characterized an important new direct interaction between dopamine, an amine important for reward-based learning, and oxytocin, a neuropeptide relevant to social affect, bonding and reproduction. Third, to facilitate the imaging of diffraction-limited nanoscale architecture of synapses, they have collaborated to develop a new imaging method that combines the strengths of two-photon excitation with structured illumination.
Julie Law received a B.S. in biochemistry and biophysics from Oregon State University, where she conducted research in the laboratory of Walter Ream. She earned a Ph.D. in biochemistry at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, where she worked with Barbara Sollner-Webb. Following a postdoctoral fellowship with Steven Jacobsen at the University of California, Los Angeles, Law joined the faculty of the Salk Institute in 2012. In addition to being a Rita Allen Foundation Scholar, she is a recipient of a Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award from the National Institutes of Health and an L&L Nippert Charitable Foundation grant. In 2015 she was named a Hearst Foundation Development Chair at Salk.
Understanding how cells maintain genome stability is a fundamental biological question of relevance to reproductive health; numerous human diseases, including cancer; and crop yields. While it is known that modifications to chromatin (either in the form of nucleosome remodeling or the addition of chemical modifications to DNA and/or histones) play critical roles in maintaining genome stability, how they accomplish this feat remains unclear. Since mutations affecting chromatin structure in mammals are often lethal, answering such mechanistic questions requires a comparable, but more robust system, such as the plant model Arabidopsis thaliana. Indeed, the best characterized connection between chromatin and genome stability is a phenomenon first characterized in plants, wherein DNA methylation prevents the perilous movement of transposons within the genome by silencing their expression. The Law lab has described a family of Arabidopsis chromatin remodeling factors, CLSY1-4, that affect small RNA biogenesis, DNA methylation-mediated transposon silencing and DNA repair—revealing new links between several pathways critical for genome stability. Given the dual roles of the CLSY proteins, they propose to utilize these factors to dissect the connections between chromatin and genome stability. Such studies will shed light not only how DNA damage is normally repaired, but also on how chromatin-based defects cause genome instability.
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John Schoggins (Milton E. Cassel Scholar) earned his B.S. in chemistry from the University of Rochester and his Ph.D. in molecular biology from the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences. He was a postdoctoral fellow in virology/infectious disease at The Rockefeller University, and has been on the faculty at UT Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas since 2012. In addition to being a Rita Allen Foundation Milton E. Cassel Scholar, he has been named a Nancy Cain and Jeffrey A. Marcus Scholar in Medical Research, in Honor of Dr. Bill S. Vowell, at UT Southwestern Medical Center and a Clayton Foundation Scholar. He has also received the Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award from the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, the NIH New Innovator Award, and both the Sidney and Joan Pestka Award for Excellence in Interferon Research and the Seymour and Vivian Milstein Young Investigator Award from the International Cytokine and Interferon Society.
Interferons are among the first lines of defense against viral infection. The interferon-induced antiviral state is established by the transcription of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes, many of which have direct antiviral effector functions. Previous screening efforts in Schoggins’ lab identified interferon alpha-inducible protein 6 (IFI6) as an inhibitor of yellow fever virus and dengue virus infection. His group has shown that IFI6 is inhibitory toward multiple flaviviruses, in some cases reducing viral titers 1,000-fold. Strikingly, this antiviral effect is highly specific, since the closely related hepatitis C virus is not inhibited. CRISPR-mediated deletion of IFI6 results in a strong attenuation of interferon sensitivity, suggesting that IFI6 plays a major role in the antiviral response during flavivirus infections. Using a variety of molecular virological and cell biological approaches, Schoggins’ team has shown that the mechanism of IFI6 action is inhibition of viral genome replication, but not earlier steps in the viral life cycle. They are currently addressing a potential role for flavivirus NS1 protein as a target of IFI6 action. In preliminary studies, ectopic expression of NS1 was able to rescue viral infection from the inhibitory effects of IFI6. These findings uncover a novel interferon-stimulated gene that potently and selectively inhibits replication of several important disease-causing flaviviruses.
Robert Sorge (Award in Pain Recipient) earned his Honors B.Sc. in psychology from McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, his M.A. in experimental psychology from Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo, Ontario, and his Ph.D. in psychology from Concordia University in Montreal, Quebec. He was a postdoctoral fellow at McGill University before joining the faculty at The University of Alabama at Birmingham in 2012. In addition to being named a Rita Allen Foundation Pain Scholar, he has received a Young Investigator Award from the Sex, Gender and Pain Special Interest Group of the International Association for the Study of Pain. He also has received postdoctoral fellowships from the Alan Edwards Center for Research on Pain at McGill and from the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
Obesity in America is reaching epidemic proportions, with more than one-third of the population classified as obese, and even more as overweight. In addition to the increased risk for metabolic syndromes and cardiovascular disease, obesity is also comorbid with chronic pain for a significant number of patients. It is known that adipose tissue and components of the American diet can contribute to a chronic proinflammatory state that may predispose individuals to significant negative health effects. Sorge and his collaborators believe that this state is the result of heightened activity of the immune system. Their previous work has shown that consumption of a Western diet results in changes in acute sensitivity to stimuli, increased systemic inflammation and prolonged recovery from injury. These effects are believed to be the result of chronic immune cell activation in the peripheral and central nervous system. Current work is underway to investigate the temporal profile of immune cell activation following differential exposure to the American diet in rodents. Through examination of the immune-related impact of diet, it may be possible to formulate treatments that will reduce the negative effects of the American diet with respect to pain and other related inflammatory conditions.
Jeremy Wilusz received his Ph.D. from the Watson School of Biological Sciences at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and performed postdoctoral studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His research addresses the mechanisms by which noncoding RNAs are generated, regulated and function. Wilusz has been the recipient of the RNA Society/Scaringe Young Scientist Award, the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society Postdoctoral Fellowship and the National Institutes of Health Pathway to Independence Award.
It was long assumed that eukaryotic precursor mRNAs (pre-mRNAs) are almost always spliced to generate a linear mRNA that is then translated to produce a protein. However, recent deep sequencing studies have revealed thousands of protein-coding genes that are non-canonically spliced to produce circular RNAs with covalently linked ends. Some RNA circles are expressed at much higher levels than their associated linear mRNAs, suggesting that the main function of some genes may be to produce circular noncoding RNAs, not proteins. Wilusz’s research aims to reveal (i) how the choice between linear versus circular RNA production is made, (ii) how circular RNAs function and (iii) how misregulation of circular RNAs contributes to human cancer. As part of these efforts, his team has shown that circular RNA biogenesis is often initiated when complementary sequences from two different introns base-pair to one another. This brings the splice sites from the intervening exon(s) into close proximity to facilitate the backsplicing event that generates the circular RNA.They have used this knowledge to make plasmids that efficiently circularize exons in vivo, allowing them to begin to identify novel roles for circular RNAs in normal and cancer cells.
Yi Ye (Award in Pain Recipient) holds a Ph.D. in neuroscience from the University of Wyoming, a master’s degree in clinical research from New York University and an M.B.A. from NYU’s Stern School of Business. She was a research fellow in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in the College of Dentistry at the University of California, San Francisco, and joined the Bluestone Center as an associate research scientist in 2010. She has been in her current position since 2015. She has received a Travel Award and a Young Investigator Award from the International Association for the Study of Pain, and was awarded both a National Institutes of Health-NYU-Clinical and Translational Science Institute Scholarship and an NYU Whitehead Fellowship in 2015.
Ye’s research aims to understand the neurobiological basis of cancer pain, with additional focus on carcinogenesis and tumor progression in head and neck cancer. The ultimate goal of her research is to develop novel therapies that can be used for both cancer and pain treatment by targeting shared mechanisms. In progression toward this goal, she directs a translational research program that uses multiple approaches including in vitro cell culture, animal models and human studies.
Lei Ding completed his undergraduate studies at Peking University, and earned a Ph.D. at the University of Colorado, Boulder, where he worked with Min Han. He was a postdoctoral fellow in Sean Morrison’s laboratory at the University of Michigan and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. He joined the faculty of Columbia University in 2013.
A lifelong supply of blood and immune cells depends on self-renewing hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). How HSCs self-renew is a fundamental question with broad implications for understanding development, regeneration, cancer and aging of the blood system. HSC self-renewal is regulated by cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic mechanisms. The Ding laboratory is interested in these mechanisms, particularly extrinsic mechanisms that regulate blood-forming HSC self-renewal and maintenance. Prior work has identified bone marrow perivascular mesenchymal stromal cells as a critical component of the niche.
Ding’s group is studying the extrinsic regulation of HSCs in three distinct, yet closely related, areas: 1) regulation of bone marrow perivascular mesenchymal stromal cells; 2) the cellular component of the fetal liver HSC niche; and 3) the contribution of the niche to the pathogenesis of hematological diseases. They are in the process of characterizing several candidate factors that may regulate the fate of bone marrow perivascular stromal cells. They are also elucidating the roles of several candidate niche cell types in fetal livers. In addition, their data suggest that bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells are critical contributors to a hematopoietic malignancy, myelofibrosis, providing a cellular target to better treat the disease. HSC-based bone marrow transplantation is widely used in clinics to treat hematological diseases. Ding and his team hope to apply their knowledge to better harness the power of HSCs.
Molly Hammell (Milton E. Cassel Scholar) holds a B.S. in physics from the College of William and Mary and a Ph.D. in physics and astronomy from Dartmouth College. The Hammell lab specializes in developing novel computational algorithms for the analysis and integration of high-throughput genomics datasets and applying these to questions of human disease. Hammell has a broad background in small RNA biology and gene regulatory network analysis, transposon biology and genomics, as well as extensive experience in the statistical analysis of next-generation sequencing data. As a postdoctoral fellow working with Victor Ambros at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Massachusetts Medical School, she developed new algorithms to identify the targets and pathways regulated by microRNAs in animals and to profile the dynamics of small RNA activity across development. Her lab at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory has expanded on these efforts to map the role of both microRNAs and transposon-targeting piRNAs and siRNAs in animals. This includes efforts to establish the molecular mechanisms by which transposons are controlled in somatic tissues. This also includes a major project to profile the genomes and transcriptomes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patient samples in order to understand the extent to which transposons contribute to neurodegenerative disease in patients.
Our genomes are filled with viral-like sequences called transposons, many of which are capable of creating new copies of themselves that can reintegrate elsewhere in the genome, altering the function of nearby genes. While most transposon sequences are now-defunct remnants of ancient genomic parasites, a small fraction of these are still capable of activating themselves, creating genomic instability and crippling cellular function. The Hammell lab and others have discovered a link between the activity of these transposon sequences and neurodegenerative diseases related to misfunction of the RNA binding protein TDP-43 (ALS and frontotemporal lobar degeneration). However, much remains unknown about how transposons are controlled in somatic tissues such as the brain, and the extent to which their activity contributes to neurodegenerative disease. Hammell’s group is working to elucidate the connections between transposon activity and TDP-43 related diseases.
Gregory Scherrer (Award in Pain Recipient) earned his Ph.D. in cellular and molecular biology from the University of Strasbourg, France. He completed postdoctoral training at the University of California, San Francisco, and at Columbia University. He joined the faculty at the Stanford University School of Medicine in 2012. In addition to a Rita Allen Foundation Scholar award, he has received an International Association for the Study of Pain Postdoctoral Fellowship, National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Drug Abuse K99R00 Pathway to Independence and R01 Awards, a Department of Defense Neurosensory Research Award, and an International Narcotics Research Conference Young Investigator Award, and most recently was named a New York Stem Cell Foundation – Robertson Neuroscience Investigator.
The members of the Scherrer Laboratory investigate how the nervous system generates the sensory and affective dimensions of pain experience and opioid analgesia to discover novel analgesic therapies. They aim to identify the pathological changes that occur within neural circuits when chronic pain develops, at the neural network, cellular and molecular levels. One of their approaches is to gain understanding of how our endogenous opioid system modulates pain thresholds. Opioid receptors mediate the effects of opioid painkillers, such as morphine. By determining how opioids generate analgesia and detrimental side effects (e.g., tolerance, addiction, respiratory depression), Scherrer and his team hope to develop more efficient and safer analgesics for the treatment of chronic pain. These studies will also identify novel approaches to counteract opioid side effects and battle the current opioid epidemic. To reach these goals, Scherrer’s research combines a variety of experimental approaches, including molecular and cellular biology, neuroanatomy, electrophysiology, opto- and pharmacogenetics, in vivo calcium imaging and behavior.
Lin Tian holds a B.S. in neuroscience from the University of Science and Technology of
China and a Ph.D. in biochemistry, molecular and cell biology from Northwestern University. She completed postdoctoral training at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Janelia Farm Research Campus, where she developed a toolbox of ultrasensitive neural activity sensors that have been widely utilized. Her current work is a combination of neural activity sensor development and applications. Tian has received the National Institutes of Health Director’s New Innovator Award, Human Frontier Science Program Young Investigator Grant, Hartwell Foundation Individual Biomedical Research Award and NIH BRAIN Initiative grants.
The altered dynamics of synaptic transmission have been implicated in a number of human neurological and psychiatric diseases, including Parkinson’s, schizophrenia and addiction. However, how complex patterns of neural activity at multiple synapses interact to drive changes in circuit connectivity remains poorly defined. To address this question, we must determine the spatiotemporal relationships of different types of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators with synaptic resolution in a defined circuitry. Recent breakthroughs in modern microscopy and protein-based fluorescence sensors hold great promise to access synaptic transmission with needed molecular and cell type specificity and spatiotemporal resolutions. Tian and her collaborators have generated a sensor for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate and demonstrated its utility for detection of fast signaling events in worm, fish, fly and mouse. To further expand the kinds of neural activity that can be measured with genetically encoded indicators, they applied the established sensor design and optimization platform to the development of a set of specific, targetable and sensitive sensors for direct measurement of neurotransmitters, including gamma-aminobutyric acid and the biogenic amines. Application of these imaging tools will enable neuroscientists to obtain a dynamic and comprehensive view of synaptic transmission in action to decipher the codes for transferring information across neural circuitry and systems.
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Tuan Trang (Award in Pain Recipient) began his research career as an undergraduate at Queen’s University studying the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. He also completed a Ph.D. in pharmacology and toxicology there, researching the spinal mechanisms of opioid analgesia with the goal of developing new pharmacological strategies for improving pain therapy. He pursued postdoctoral training as a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) fellow in the laboratory of Dr. Michael Salter at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto. He has received a CIHR New Investigator Award, and young investigator awards from the Canadian Association for Neuroscience and Canadian Society for Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research has been supported by grants from, in addition to the Rita Allen Foundation, the CIHR, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, a Vi Riddell Pain Grant from the University of Calgary and the Canada Foundation for Innovation.
Opioids are among the most powerful and widely prescribed drugs for treating pain. However, a major problem in terminating opioid pain therapy is the debilitating withdrawal syndrome that can plague chronic opioid users. The mechanisms involved in opioid withdrawal are poorly understood, and the limited clinical strategies for treating withdrawal are ineffective. Trang and his collaborators have identified the pannexin-1 (Panx1) channel as a novel therapeutic target for treating morphine withdrawal. They discovered that morphine treatment induces synaptic plasticity in spinal lamina I/II neurons, which manifests as long-term synaptic facilitation upon naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal. This synaptic facilitation is critically gated by activation of Panx1 channels expressed on microglia. Pharmacologically blocking Panx1, or genetically ablating this channel specifically from microglia, blocked spinal synaptic facilitation and alleviated the behavioral sequelae of morphine withdrawal. Their findings together reveal a novel mechanism by which microglia signal through Panx1 to produce the cellular and behavioral corollary of withdrawal. Thus, targeting Panx1 represents a potential novel therapeutic approach for treating the symptoms of opioid withdrawal. Trang and his team are moving these discoveries into the clinic by building on the utility of probenecid as a unique and practical therapy for the management of opioid withdrawal. In a pilot clinical trial, they will test whether probenecid alleviates opioid withdrawal in patients undergoing opioid tapering, a systematic and gradual approach intended to reduce or discontinue opioid use.
Michael Boyce obtained his B.A. in biochemistry from Harvard College and his Ph.D. in cell biology from Harvard Medical School in the laboratory of Ying Yuan. He performed postdoctoral research in chemical biology and glycobiology at the University of California, Berkeley, with Carolyn Bertozzi, and has been an Assistant Professor of Biochemistry at the Duke University School of Medicine since 2012. Boyce has received fellowships or career awards from the Albert J. Ryan Foundation, the National Science Foundation, the Life Sciences Research Foundation/Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Whitehead Scholars Program, the Sydney Kimmel Foundation for Cancer Research and the Mizutani Foundation for Glycoscience, in addition to his 2013 Rita Allen Foundation Scholar award. Boyce is also active in promoting diversity and inclusion in the biosciences and serves on the national Minorities Affairs Committee of the American Society for Cell Biology.
The long-term goal of the Boyce lab is to understand the role of protein glycosylation in mammalian cell signaling and physiology. Protein glycosylation is the most abundant post-translational modification in nature and, as a sugar-based modification it lies at the nexus of cell signaling and cell metabolism. However, because glycosylation is a dynamic, non-templated and chemically complex process, it can be difficult to study with conventional biological techniques alone. The lab uses a range of biochemical, cell, chemical and structural biology methods to dissect the role of protein glycosylation in mammalian cells. Current work focuses on two specific aspects of glycosylation: first, understanding how dynamic signaling by O-linked b-N-acetylglucosamine on intracellular proteins senses and regulates cell physiology; and second, investigating the cell- and systems-level regulation of nucleotide-sugar metabolites in health and disease.
Sophie Dumont (Milton E. Cassel Scholar) received her B.A. in physics from Princeton University, and Ph.D. in biophysics from the University of California, Berkeley, where she probed the mechanics of individual biomolecules with Carlos Bustamante. She was a junior fellow at the Harvard Society of Fellows and a postdoc at Harvard Medical School, where she worked on the mechanics of cell division with Tim Mitchison. She has been an assistant professor at UCSF since 2012, and her group focuses on the self-organization and emergent mechanics that drive robust chromosome segregation. In addition to being a Rita Allen Foundation Scholar, she is a Searle Scholar, a Sloan Research Fellow, and a National Institutes of Health New Innovator and National Science Foundation CAREER award recipient.
Life is a chemical as well as a mechanical process. At the nanometer scale, mechanoenzymes interconvert force and chemical potential. At the micrometer scale, cells spatially organize their constituents, change shape and move. At the millimeter scale, organisms develop and also move. How are mechanical and chemical processes integrated over molecular, cellular and tissue-length scales?
The Dumont lab aims to understand how cells coordinate mechanical and chemical activities to equally distribute their genetic material when they divide. During cell division, each daughter cell must inherit exactly one copy of each chromosome. Errors can lead to cell death or cancer in somatic cells, and developmental disorders in the germ line. How do cells generate, detect and respond to mechanical force to robustly and accurately segregate their chromosomes? How do the spindle’s nanometer-scale constituents work together to generate micrometer-scale movements?
To address these questions, the Dumont lab uses an interdisciplinary approach to uncover how molecules, mechanics and cellular function relate to each other.
Elena Gracheva received an M.S. in biochemistry from Moscow State University and a Ph.D. in neuroscience from the University of Illinois at Chicago, where she worked with Janet Richmond. She conducted postdoctoral research at the University of California, San Francisco, in the laboratory of David Julius. She joined the faculty of the Yale University School of Medicine in 2012. In addition to being a Rita Allen Foundation Scholar, Gracheva has received a Yale Scholar Award in Neuroscience, an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation research fellowship and a Beckman Foundation Young Investigator award.
The main goal of Gracheva’s lab is to understand the molecular basis of temperature sensitivity under normal, adaptive and pathological conditions. Her early work concerned acute temperature perception in infrared-sensing animals. She and her colleagues discovered two receptors that are responsible for this function, as well as structural elements within ion channels that dictate activation by temperature and chemicals. Her research group is using non-standard animal models—hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels and Syrian hamsters—to delineate molecular and cellular aspects of somatosensitivity, with a focus on temperature tolerance. They are investigating the contribution of different ion channels to cold tolerance of mammalian hibernators using a multidisciplinary approach, which includes electrophysiology, molecular biology, imaging, behavioral paradigms, genomics, transcriptomics and bioinformatics. Recently, Gracheva’s group discovered a molecular mechanism that supports nerve tissue function during hibernation.
William Greenleaf received an A.B. in physics from Harvard University, and received a Gates Fellowship to study computer science for one year at Trinity College in Cambridge, England. After this experience abroad, he returned to Stanford to carry out his Ph.D. in applied physics in the laboratory of Steven Block, where he investigated, at the single-molecule level, the chemo-mechanics of RNA polymerase and the folding of RNA transcripts. He conducted postdoctoral work in the laboratory of Xiaoliang Sunney Xie at Harvard University, where he was awarded a Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation Fellowship, and developed new fluorescence-based high-throughput sequencing methodologies. Since moving to Stanford in 2011, he has been named a Baxter Foundation Scholar, as well as a Rita Allen Foundation Scholar. In addition to his position in the Department of Genetics, Greenleaf holds a courtesy appointment in Stanford’s Department Applied Physics. He is a member of Bio-X, the Biophysics Program, the Biomedical Informatics Program and the Cancer Center. He is also a participating member in a number of large genomic consortia (CEGS, GGR).
High-throughput sequencing techniques are revolutionizing biology and promise to have a significant impact on the future of medicine. Greenleaf’s research interests focus on leveraging high-throughput methods to understand “the physical genome” by developing methods to probe both 1) the relationship between DNA sequence and the structure and function of molecules encoded by the genome; as well as 2) the physical compaction and folding of the genome itself, and how this topology influences biological state. 1) His research group is interested in understanding the biophysical basis and evolutionary consequences of sequence-function relationships in biological molecules and their interactions. Toward this goal, they develop ultra-high-throughput methods to quantitatively assay sequence-space in bulk and single-molecule experiments. 2) They also seek to understand the hierarchical folding of genomic DNA into regulated structures, the most basic and important of which is the nucleosome. With this objective in mind, they have developed methods that assay open chromatin, nucleosome positions and transcription factor binding genome-wide in small populations of cells undergoing dynamic processes such as differentiation or stochastic state switching.
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Rebecca Seal (Award in Pain Recipient) earned her B.S. in chemistry and psychology from the University of Oregon and her Ph.D. in neuroscience from Oregon Health and Science University. Her graduate studies with Susan Amara focused on the structure and function of plasma membrane glutamate transporters. As a postdoctoral scholar at the University of California, San Francisco, she studied the vesicular glutamate transporter 3 in hearing and pain with Robert Edwards. She has received a NARSAD Young Investigator Grant from the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation, an Innovation Award from the American Diabetes Association, a Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science Fellowship and a Whitehall Foundation Research Award.
Seal’s laboratory focuses on defining the neural circuitry underlying a wide range of nervous system functions in health and disease, including persistent pain, motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease and audition. A major impediment to identifying new pain treatments is incomplete understanding of the neural networks and mechanisms that underlie the pain. Her team’s work, using multiple approaches ranging from cellular and molecular to physiological and behavioral, centers on elucidating the neural circuits and mechanisms that underlie a particular form of persistent pain in which touch becomes painful in the setting of injury, termed mechanical allodynia. The spinal cord dorsal horn is a major site for the integration of somatosensory information and is vital for the induction and maintenance of this form of pain. Their work thus far suggests that the pain is encoded by distinct microcircuits in the dorsal horn, depending on the nature of the injury. This concept not only has important implications for understanding at a basic level how the nervous system encodes mechanical allodynia, but also highlights the need to consider etiology in the design and implementation of therapeutic strategies.
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Reza Sharif-Naeini (Award in Pain Recipient) earned his Ph.D. in physiology from McGill University in 2007, and returned there to joined the faculty in 2012. In the interim, he was a postdoctoral fellow at Institut Pharmacologie Moleculare et Cellulaire in Nice, France, and in the Department of Anatomy at the University of California, San Francisco. He has received fellowships from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the International Association for the Study of Pain and the Human Frontier Science Program. He has also received the CIHR Brain Star Award for excellence in research and the Peter and Patricia Gruber International Research Award in Neuroscience from the Society for Neuroscience.
Chronic neuropathic pain (NeP) is a debilitating disease that follows nerve injury and persists long after the initial injury has subsided. Despite the plethora of medications and treatment modalities, NeP remains a disease with unmet medical needs that significantly decreases patients’ quality of life. Spontaneous pain and mechanical allodynia, two hallmarks of NeP, are due in part to a spinal cord dysfunction characterized by a decrease in inhibitory neurotransmission (or inhibitory tone). Our understanding of how these inhibitory mechanisms function in health and disease remains, however, limited. This indicates a need for novel and innovative experimental approaches to gain a better understanding of inhibitory circuits in the dorsal horn and how changes in these circuits can precipitate NeP symptoms. Sharif-Naeini’s group is interested in understanding the function of these inhibitory pathways using transgenic mouse lines combined with opto/pharmacogenetic approaches.
RELATED STORIES: Rita Allen Foundation Scholar Harnesses Sound Waves to Activate Brain Cells, Rita Allen Foundation Scholars Reveal Biological Forces That Underlie Responses to Change
Sreekanth Chalasani obtained a B.S. degree and an advanced diploma in computer science from Osmania University in Hyderabad, India. He then did research at the National Center for Biological Sciences in Bangalore, India, before coming to the U.S. in 1997. Chalasani obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania, where he worked with Jonathan Raper, and did postdoctoral research in Cornelia Bargmann’s laboratory at the University of California, San Francisco, and The Rockefeller University. He started his laboratory at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in 2010. In addition to the Rita Allen Foundation award, Chalasani has received awards including a Blavatnik Award for Young Scientists, a Basil O’Connor Starter Award from the March of Dimes, and a W.M. Keck Foundation Award.
Chalasani’s research addresses how the brain responds to changes in its surrounding environment. Neural circuits within the brain extract relevant information from the environment and regulate behaviors on timescales ranging from seconds to hours. A complete understanding of this process requires an ability to identify, record and manipulate all the participating neurons. It is difficult to obtain this level of access in a complex vertebrate brain. Chalasani’s group is using the nematode C. elegans, with its small, well-defined nervous systems, to decode the cellular and molecular mechanisms transforming environmental changes into behaviors. They have shown that C. elegans can evaluate the size of a patch of bacteria (its food) and uses that information to modify a behavior that lasts many minutes. In particular, they have identified sensory neurons that encode the size of a food patch by detecting large, but not small, changes in food. Moreover, they show that information about patch size is stored in the level of dopamine in the circuit, which acts to modify downstream sensory and interneurons. Also, they find that the rate of acquiring information is controlled by the amount of CREB protein in key interneurons in the circuit.
Christopher Hammell (Milton E. Cassel Scholar) attended the University of Georgia, where he received a B.S. degree in biochemistry. He then moved to Dartmouth Medical School, where he studied the mechanisms by which mRNA molecules are exported from the nucleus. After receiving his Ph.D., he began work with Victor Ambros at the University of Massachusetts, investigating how animals regulate the activity of microRNAs during development. He discovered a family of proteins, the TRIM-NHL family, that physically associate with and modulate the activity of the microRNA-induced silencing complex.
Hammell then began his independent research program at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, where he switched his focus toward understanding how the temporal precision of developmental events is established. His current work centers on determining the regulatory architectures that ensure that developmental genes are turned on and off at the correct times.
Michael Jankowski (Award in Pain Recipient) earned an M.S. in neuroscience and a Ph.D. in neurobiology from the University of Pittsburgh, where he also conducted postdoctoral research. He joined the faculty of the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center in 2011. Jankowski has received several National Institutes of Health grants from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Developmen
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Previous IAS Fellows & Lecturers: About: Institute for Advanced Study: Indiana University Bloomington
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Discover past IAS fellows, lecturers, and more.
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https://assets.iu.edu/favicon.ico
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Institute for Advanced Study
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https://ias.indiana.edu/about/previous-fellows.html
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A
Michelle Ann Abate, Associate Professor of Literature at the Ohio State University (Summer Repository Research Fellow in 2016)
Daniel Aaron, Victor S. Thomas Professor Emeritus of American Studies and of English and American Literature, Harvard University. Ralph Emerson, Edmund Wilson, George Santayana. (Fellow in September of 1992)
Ernest Kofi Abotsi, prominent lawyer and a faculty member at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology (KNUST) in Ghana and the Ghana Institute of Management & Public Administration (GIMPA). (Fellow in March of 2011)
Aderonke Adesanya, Research Fellow/Lecturer in African Art History, Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan. (Fellow in November of 2007)
Simi Afonja, Professor of Sociology and former Director of the Centre for Gender and Social Policy Studies at Obafemi Awolowo University in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. (Fellow in October of 2005)
Girish Saran Agarwal, Professor of Physics, School of Physics, University of Hyderabad, India. Atomic, molecular, optical physics. (Fellow in March of 1995)
Klaus E. Aghte, Director of the international manufacturing investments firm VIAG. International business. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in April of 1994)
Alexandre Alexakis, Director of First Class Research, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Chimie des Organo-Elements of the Universite Pierrre et Marie Curie, Paris, France. Organic chemistry. (Fellow in February of 1996)
Ndalu de Almeida (Ondjaki), acclaimed Angolan writer and filmmaker who has published numerous novels, shorts stories, poems, and children's books. (Fellow in October 2009)
George Alter, Professor of History, Director of Population Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington. Historical demographics. (Internal Fellow in the Fall of 1995)
PatrÍcia Amaral, Associate Professor of Spanish and Portuguese, College of Arts and Sciences, Residential Fellow in Spring 2020
Gerhard Arminger, Professor of Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Wuppertal, Federal Republic of Germany. Applied social statistics. (Fellow in September of 1985)
David Armstrong, Challis Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, University of Sydney, Australia. Philosophy of the mind. (Fellow in September of 1992)
Rabbi Arik Ascherman, President and Senior Rabbi of Rabbis for Human Rights (RHR), (Branigin Lecturer, November 2014) Watch Rabbi Arik Ascherman's lecture
Marc Asnin, Photojournalist of national and international reputation, has been an astute chronicler of contemporary social issues, including migrant labor in the United States, civil war in Eastern Europe, and Jewish culture in Cuba. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in October, 2002)
Taik Sup Auh, Professor and Chair of the Department of Mass Communication at Korea University, Seoul. (Visiting Scholar in 1991)
Fekade Azeze, Associate Professor of Ethiopian Literature and Folklore at the Addis Ababa University, From Blood Feuds to Peace: Traditional Dispute Resolution Mechanisms in Ethiopia (Branigin Lecturer in October 2011) Watch Fekade Azeze's lecture
Ariella Azoulay, Academic Director of the Camera Obscura School of Art in Tel Aviv and teaches visual culture and contemporary philosophy at the Program for Cultural Interpretation, Bar-Ilan University, Israel. (Branigin Lecturer in April of 2010)
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Wallace Baker, international partner in the Baker & McKenzie Law firm, The Nature and Importance of Business Ethics: How Can a Research University Help Improve Ethics? (Branigin Lecturer in April 2007)
Anna Balakian, Professor and former Chair of the Department of Comparative Literature at New York University. Symbolism, dadaism, surrealism, comparative literature methodology, literary theory. (Fellow in October/November of 1991)
Gerald Baldasty, Professor of Journalism, University of Washington, Seattle. History of communication; business practices in the newspaper industry in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. (Visiting Scholar in spring & summer of 1995, summer of 1996, summer of 1999, fall of 2001, spring of 2002, and summer of 2005)
Jeanne Bamberger, Professor of Education at the University of California at Berkeley and Professor Emerita of Education at MIT. (Visiting Fellow in fall of 2010)
Martha Banta, Professor of English, University of California, Los Angeles. Literary criticism and American culture. (Fellow in 1982/83)
Kathleen Bardovi-Harlig, Professor of Second Language Studies at Indiana University (Residential Fellow)
Sarah Evans Barker, chief judge of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Indiana. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in February of 2000, and October, 2001)
Geremie R. Barmé, Director of Australian Centre on China in the World and professor in the School of Culture, History, and Language at the Australian National University, Canberra, China's 1911 Xinhai Revolution: After the Future of the Past (Branigin Lecturer in October 2011)
Benjamin J. Barnes, Second Chief of the Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma. (Summer Repository Research Fellow in July/August of 2015)
John Barrell, Head of the Department of English and Related Literatures, University of York. Theory, criticism, and historical scholarship of English Romantic Literature and culture. Exhibition Extraordinary! Mock-Advertisements as Radical Propaganda in 1790s Britain. (Fellow in February of 2002) Watch John Barrell's lecture
David J. Bartholomew, Professor of Statistics, London School of Economics and Political Science. Applied and theoretical statistics. (Fellow in March of 1987)
Hillel Barzel, Professor of Literature of Jewish People, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel. Tradition and modern Hebrew Literature. (Fellow in October of 1989)
Paul Patrick G. Bateson, Provost of King's College, Cambridge, U.K. Zoology, neuro-psychology, ethology, behavioral biology, developmental psychology. (Fellow in April of 1991)
Birch E. Bayh, former U.S. senator from Indiana, lawyer. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in 1990/91)\
Nancy Bazin, Professor of English & Women's Studies, Old Dominion University, Norfolk. Nadine Gordimer and other South African novelists. (Visiting Scholar in January/May/July of 1994)
Christian Beck, Professor of Educational Research at the University of Oslo, Norway, Home Education: A Mirror for Differences in Educational Politics (Branigin Lecturer in April 2012) Watch Christian Beck's lecture
Jean-Pierre Begot, poet, editor, Paris. Expert in dadaism and the literary works of George Ribemont-Dessaignes. (Visiting Fellow in October of 1984)
Ruth Behar, Anthropology Professor from the University of Michigan, The Last Time Tere Danced a Rumba... (Branigin Lecturer in 2001) Watch Ruth Behar's lecture
Eshel Ben Jacob, Professor of Physics at Tel Aviv University and president of the Israeli Physics Society. Tel Aviv, Israel. The interaction of microorganisms that lead to complex multicellular behavior. (Fellow in May of 2004)
Ivan Berend, Professor of Economics, University of Economics, Budapest, and President of Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Economic history of Eastern Europe. (Fellow in February of 1990)
Harry Berger, Professor of Literature and of Art History, Cowell College, University of California in Santa Cruz. English literature and literary criticism. Authority on Shakespeare, Spencer, and the Renaissance period. (Fellow in September/October of 1993)
Irving N. Berlin, M.D., Professor of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, University of New Mexico. Child psychiatry. (Visiting Fellow in April of 1983)
Leonard Bernstein, Composer and conductor. Universal contributions to the art of music. (Fellow in January of 1982)
Andres Betancor, Professor of Public Law at the Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona, Spain. (Fellow in May of 2005, Visiting Scholar in June-August 2005)\
Claudio Bianchini, Director of the National Research Council (CNR) in Florence and Professor of Chemistry at the University of Siena, Italy. Conversions of molecules. (Fellow in October of 1991 and in March of 1993)
Hall Bjørnstad, Associate Professor of French and Italian, College of Arts and Sciences, Residential Fellow in Fall 2019
Eric A. Blackall, Jacob Gould Schurman Professor of German Literature at Cornell University. German literature of the 18th and 19th centuries. (Fellow in October of 1987)
Heather Blair, Associate Professor of Religious Studies (Residential Fellow in Spring 2019)
Robert Blank, Professor of Political Science, Northern Illinois University. Genetic technology and social aspects of reproductive technologies. (Fellow in November of 1986)
Lisa Block De Behar, Professor of Literary Theory, Department of Literature, Instituto de Professores Artigas, Montevideo, Uruguay. Literary theory, criticism, comparative literature. (Fellow in February of 1992)
Donald Bloxham, Professor of Modern History, U. of Edinburgh. The Final Solution in European Perspective (Branigin Lecturer in October 2009). Watch Donald Bloxham's lecture
Baruch Blumberg, M.D., Nobel Laureate, Fox Chase Cancer Center, University Professor of Medicine and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania. The foundation for the eradication of hepatitis B. (Fellow in October of 1984 and in March of 1985)
John E. Bodnar, Professor of History, Indiana University. Work and family in industrial America. (Internal Fellow in 1983/84)
Edward Boehne, former President of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia and an active member of the Federal Market Committee. Political Science, Economics, Business, and government interest in monetary policies. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in January 2001) Watch Edward Boehne's lecture
Mary Catherine Boewe, Independent scholar of English literature. Mark Twain and James Whitcomb Riley. (Visiting Scholar in May of 1994)
Landrum R. Bolling, Former President of Earlham College, the Lilly Endowment, and the Ecumenical Institute at Tantur (Jerusalem); educator, writer, administrator. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in April of 1991)
Tiziano Bonazzi, Faculty of Political Science at the University of Bologna, Italy (Visiting Fellow in 2013)
Mihai Botez, Mathematician, sociologist, dissident thinker, Romania. Fellow of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in the Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. Analysis of communist states. (Fellow in September/October of 1988)
Dame Hilary Boulding, DBE, President of Trinity College, Oxford University, Branigin Lecturer, Fall 2019
Otis R. Bowen, former U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services and Indiana Governor. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow several times from 1989 through 1993
Nina V. Braginskaya, classics scholar in the Institute of the Human Sciences and Senior Instructor of the History and Theory of Culture, Department of Philosophy, Russian State University in Moscow, Russia. Theory of myths, literary theory, Archaic and Ancient theater, history of ideas. (Fellow in March/April of 1993)
Reinhard Brandt, Professor of Philosophy, University of Marburg, Federal Republic of Germany. History of philosophy. Expert on Kant. (Fellow in January of 1984)
Susanna Braund, Chair of Latin Department, Royal Holloway College, University of London. Classical studies and art history. (Fellow in April/May of 2000)
Fritz Breithaupt, Perspectives on Moral Judgment. (Remak Lecture/Seminar March 2014)
Fritz Breithaupt, Assistant Professor of Germanic Studies, IUB. During his stay at the Institute, he worked on his project, a book entitled “The Ego Effect of Money: The Expansion of Economy in German Literature and Culture, 1740-1918.” (Internal Academic Scholar in the Spring of 2003)
Shirley Brice-Heath, Professor of English and Linguistics at Stanford University. Sociolinguistics, anthropology, education. (Fellow in September/November of 1991)
Charles Briggs, Professor of Ethnic Studies, University of California, San Diego. Linguistic anthropology, study of artistic verbal performance. (Fellow in March of 1996)
Birgit Brock-Utne, Professor of Education at the Institute for Educational Research, University of Olso, Norway. Peace studies, globalization, feminist pedagogy, conflict resolution, and language and education policies in Africa. (Fellow in February/March of 2005)
Donald J. Brown, Professor of Mathematical Economics, Stanford University. General economic equilibrium theory. (Fellow in September of 1988 and in March of 1989)
Peter L. Brown, Rollins Professor of History, Princeton University. Late antique/early medieval periods of Western Europe, Asia Minor and the Near East. (Fellow in October/November of 1994)
Marilyn Brownstein, Professor of English, University of Georgia. Modern and postmodern theory and literature. (Visiting Scholar in the Fall of 1993)
Jane Bryce, Professor of African Literature and Cinema, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill (Visiting Fellow in 2017)
Rainer Budde, Director of Walraf-Richartz Museum, Cologne, West Germany. Art history. Authority on Stefan Lochner. (Fellow in February of 1987)
Lawrence Buell, Powell M. Cabot Professor of American Literature, Harvard University. (Branigin Lecturer in April of 2010) Watch Lawrence Buell's lecture
Beth Buggenhagen, Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, IUB. (Residential Fellow in fall 2015)
Jerome R. Busemeyer, Professor of Psychology, Purdue University, Lafayette. Quantitative methods, judgment and decision making, concept learning. (Fellow in April of 1996)
C
John C. Caldwell, Professor of Demography, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. Anthropology and demography. Studies on developing countries of Africa, Southeast Asia, and on India. (Fellow in October of 1986)
Lynton K. Caldwell, Bentley Professor Emeritus of Political Science, Indiana University. Genetic technology and biopolitics. (Internal Fellow in November of 1986)
David Campbell, Scholar and multimedia producer; From Robert Capa to the iPhone: How the Photojournalism of War Has (and Has Not) Changed (Branigin Lecturer in February 2012) Watch David Campbell's lecture
Elof A. Carlson, Distinguished Teaching Professor of Biochemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York. Human genetics and its social aspects. Authority on H.J. Muller. (Fellow in the fall of 1986)
Marvin Carlson, Sidney Cohn Professor of Theater Studies, City University of New York. Theater history, performance theory, dramatic theory, theater semiotics. (Fellow in October of 1992 and in March of 1993)
Pack Carnes, Professor of Japanese Studies and Folklore, Lake Forest College. Folklore, Germanic and Japanese studies. (Fellow in March of 1992)
Judge Robert L. Carter, lawyer, civil rights activist, and United States District Judge (Branigin Lecturer in November 2004)
Damian Catani, Lecturer in the French Department, University of Cambridge, U.K. (Visiting Scholar October 2006)
Stanley Cavell, Walter M. Cabot Professor of Aesthetics and the General Theory of Value, Harvard University. Philosophy and film. (Fellow in March of 1988)
Mary Ann Caws, Professor of English, French, and Comparative Literature, Graduate school, City University of New York. Correspondence between Virginia Woolf and Vita Sackville-West in the Harold Nicolson archives. (Visiting Scholar in April of 1998, and February of 2004)
Remo Ceserani, Professor of Literature and Comparative Literary Theory, University of Pisa. History of Italian and other related European Literatures from the Renaissance to the Modern Ages; theory and criticism. (Fellow in January of 1994)
Wallace Chafe, Professor of Linguistics, University of California, Santa Barbara. American Indian languages in the Caddoan family. (Fellow in June/July of 1993)
Michel Chaouli, Associate Professor of Germanic Studies at Indiana University (New Knowledge Seminar Convener 2010–2011)
Roger Chartier, Director of Studies at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, and Andrew D. White Professor-at-Large, Cornell University, The Stage and the Page (Branigin Lecturer in 1999)
Robert Chaudenson, Professor Emeritus at the University of Provence (Aix-Marseille I) and a leading specialist in French-based Creole languages throughout in the world. (Visiting Fellow in November 2009)
George Chauncy, Professor of American History, University of Chicago. History of gay men in modern America. (Fellow in September of 1998)
Lingling Chen, Associate Professor of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in Spring 2016)
Yii-Der Ida Chen, Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (Visiting Fellow in July 2008)
Dorothy Cheney, Professor of Biology, University of Pennsylvania. The Evolution of Social Cognition. (Branigin Lecturer in November 2009) Watch Dorothy Cheney's lecture
Zhanna Chernova, Professor of Sociology, Higher School of Economics, National Research University, Saint Petersburg, Russia (Visiting Fellow in February 2016)
Graham Chesters, Assistant Professor of French and Senior Pro-Vice-Chancellor, University of Hull, England. 19th- and 20th-century French poetry (Baudelaire), utilization of computers in humanistic studies. (Fellow in February of 1995)
David Chidester, Professor of Religious Studies and Director of the Institute for Comparative Religion in Southern Africa (ICRSA) at the University of Cape Town, South Africa. Wild Religion: Sacrifice, Sports, and Sovereignty in South Africa, (Branigin Lecturer Wednesday, April 3, 2013) Watch David Chidester's lecture
Jamsheed Choksy, Professor of Near Eastern Languages &;Cultures, Indiana University, Bloomington. Near Eastern &;Inner Asian religions and history; numismatics. (Resident Scholar in 1997)
Pierre Citron, Professor Emeritus at the Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle and Director of the Center for the Study of Jean Giono. Relationship between literature and music. (Visiting Scholar in April of 1992)
Norma Clarke, Senior Lecturer in English, Kingston University, U.K. The culture of British writing women in the early 18th century: women's relationships with each other, with male writers and with publishers. The Rise and Fall of the Woman of Letters (Fellow in September of 2002) Watch Norma Clarke's lecture
Robert Graham Clark, Professor of Physics, University of New South Wales; Director of the Australian National Pulsed Magnet Laboratory. Experimental condensed matter physics. (Fellow in February/March of 1994)
Robin J.H. Clark, Professor Chemistry, University College, London, UK. Vibrational spectroscopy of molecules and materials. (Fellow in May of 1998)
Lawrence Clopper, Professor of English, Indiana University, Bloomington. The Ludic Element in Medieval Drama. (Internal Fellow in 1994/95)
Deborah Cohen, Associate Professor of History at University of Missouri-St. Louis (Summer Repository Research Fellow in 2016)
Judah Cohen, Associate Professor of Musicology at Indiana University Jacobs School of Music (Residential Fellow in Spring 2016)
Ralph Cohen, William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor of English, University of Virginia. Literary theory and literary history. (Fellow in October of 1984)
Janie Cole, Founder/Executive of Music Beyond Borders (MBB) and Visiting Professor at the University of Cape Town’s Centre for African Studies and the South African College of Music, “Soiled by Black Lips”: Music, Resistance, Race, and Incarceration in Apartheid South Africa (Branigin Lecturer in February 2017)
Esteve Corbera, Distinguished Researcher, Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Visiting Fellow in 2017)
Jean-François Cottier, Professor of Latin at University of Paris Diderot (Visiting Fellow in March and April 2016)
Jill Craigie, Historian of women's movement, journalist, screenwriter. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in September of 1991)
Yvonne Cripps, University Lecturer in Law and Director of Legal Studies, Emmanuel College, Cambridge, U.K. Law of biotechnology, constitutional and administrative law. (Fellow in August of 1992)
Dionne Cross Francis, Associate Professor of Mathematics Education in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in Fall 2016)
John Crowley, novelist and documentary film writer and producer, Practicing the Arts of Peace (Branigin Lecturer in December 2005)
Eduardo Cuenca, Faculty of Economics & Business at the University of Grenada, Spain (Visiting Fellow in 2013)
Tracy Cullen, Associate Editor of American Journal of Archaeology. Franchthi excavations in Greece. (Fellow in October of 1993)
Jonathan Culler, Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Cornell University and an internationally recognized scholar of literature and literary theory. (Branigin Lecturer in February of 2010) Watch Jonathan Culler's lecture
Franz Josef Czernin, Austrian poet. Concrete poetry, semiotics, music, and literature. (Fellow in September/October, 1988)
D
Richard Henry Dalitz, Research Professor of Physics, Oxford University, Fellow of All Souls College. Physics of fundamental particles. (Visiting Fellow in November of 1982)
Robert Dallek, Historian, former Professor of History at Boston University, Columbia, UCLA, Oxford, Dartmouth, and Stanford, The Making and Unmaking of American Presidents (Branigin Lecture, September 2008) Watch Robert Dallek's lecture
Vincenzo D’Andrea, Professor of Informatics, University of Trento, Italy (Visiting Fellow in Spring 2009)
Marcel Danesi, Professor of Italian Linguistics and Director of Semiotics Research Unit, Victoria College, University of Toronto, Canada. Vico studies and related subjects; language and cultural studies; pedagogy; theory, design and practice of puzzles; language origins; and comportment of adolescents. (Fellow in February and September of 1998)
Robert Darnton, Professor of History, Princeton University. Eighteenth century France. Poetry and Violence in Eighteenth-Century Paris. (Fellow in November of 1983) Watch Robert Darnton's lecture
Krassimira Daskalova, Professor of Philosophy and Social Sciences at St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, Bulgaria. The history of the book, gender, feminism, reading, and censorship under communism. (Fellow in November of 2003)
Colin J. Davis, Professor of French at the School of Modern Languages, Literatures, and Cultures, Royal Holloway, University of London, U.K., In Praise of Overreading (Branigin Lecturer in November 2008) Watch Colin J. Davis' lecture
Deborah Davis, Professor of Sociology, Yale University (Visiting Fellow in March 2012)
Warren D'Azevedo, Professor Emeritus of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno. African aesthetics (Liberia). Native American ethnography. (Fellow in March/April of 1993)
Anthony DeCurtis, Senior Editor, Rolling Stone magazine. Popular music and culture. (Fellow in April of 1991)
Francois B. Delachaux, President and Chairman of the Board of the Delachaux Group in Gennevilliers, France. International business, French education. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in November of 1993 and of 1995)
Jost Delbrück, Professor of Law and former President of the University of Kiel, West Germany. Internation Law. (Fellow in April/ May of 1990)
Miguel A. Delgado, Professor of Economics in the Department of Econometrics at Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (Visiting Fellow in January and February 2011)
Sergei Denisov, Professor of Physics, Moscow State University and leader of the Neutrino Department, Institute of High Energy Physics, Serpukhov, Russia. Particle physics. (Fellow in April of 1994)
Barbara Dennis, Associate Professor of Counseling and Educational Psychology (Promotion Cohort 2018)
Devin Deweese, Assistant Professor of Uralic & Altaic Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington. Narratives in Islamic Inner Asia. (Internal Fellow in the spring of 1993)
Yves Dezalay, Professor of Sociology and charge de recherches, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire (C.N.R.S.), Vaucresson, France. Legal and accounting professions. (Fellow in December of 1989)
Bruce Dierenfield, Professor of History, Canisius College, Buffalo, New York. Senator Birch Bayh and the School Prayer Issue. (Visiting Scholar in July/August of 1993)
Constance Dinapoli, Assistant Professor at George Mason University, Fairfax, VA and a former member of the Paul Taylor Dance Company. (Visiting Fellow in January of 2010)
Omar Victor Diop, photographer (Visiting Fellow in September 2016)
John Dixon, Professor of Education, University of Leeds, England. Writing assessment. (Fellow in March of 1992)
Mary Elizabeth Dixon, classical scholar, London, England. Julius Caesar, Cicero, Livy, and Tacitus. (Visiting Scholar in March of 1992)
Carrie Docherty Steele, Associate Professor of Kinesiology at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2017)
Elizabeth Dodd, Associate Professor of English, Kansas State University. American poetry. (Visiting Scholar in January/February of 1997)
Hartmut Doehl, Professor of Classical Archaeology, University of Gottingen, Federal Republic of Germany. History of classical sculpture. (Fellow in February/March of 1986)
Antal Dorati, Conductor/composer. The art of music. (Visiting Fellow in October of 1982)
Patrick Dougherty, sculptor, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. (Fellow in October of 1995)
Slavenka Drakulić (Swartz), prominent Croatian journalist, essayist, novelist and contributing editor to The Nation. (Visiting fellow in April 2011)
Elizabeth Dunn, Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Indiana University. (Residential Fellow in fall 2015)
J. Michael Dunn, Professor of Philosophy, Indiana University. Mathematical logic. (Internal Fellow in the fall of 1984)
Stephen Dyson, Professor of Classics, Wesleyan University. Classical archaeology and social history. (Fellow in February/March of 1986)
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Ralph Earle II, Washington D.C. lawyer and former Chief U.S. Negotiator of the SALT II Treaty and Director of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency; Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Lawyers Alliance for World Security (LAWS). (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in February/March of 1993)
John Eaton, Professor of Music Composition and Artistic Director of the Electronic and Computer Center at Indiana University, Bloomington. (Internal Fellow in 1990/91 and Visiting Scholar in the summer of 1994)
Dieter Ebert, Professor and Chair of Zoology and Evolutionary Biology in the Zoological Institute, Basel University, Switzerland (Visiting Fellow in September 2009).
Umberto Eco, Semiotician, Historian, Philosopher and Writer of Fiction, University of Bologna, Italy. (Fellow in July of 1989)
Murray Edelman, George Mead Professor of Political Science, University of Wisconsin. Political symbolism and language. (Visiting Fellow in October of 1983)
Thomas B. Edsall, Political editor of the Huffington Post and Joseph Pulitzer II and Edith Pulitzer Moore Professor at the Columbia Graduate School of Journalism, The Media and American Politics (Branigin Lecturer in April 2009) Watch Thomas B. Edsall's lecture
Odile Eisenstein, Professor of Chemistry at the Universite de Paris-Sud; Head of the Laboratory for Theoretical Chemistry. Fragment molecular orbital analysis. (Fellow in October-December of 1988 and in November of 1992)
Stanley Elkin, Professor of English, Washington University, St. Louis. Author, Contemporary Literature. (Fellow in June of 1983)
Jonathan Elmer, Assistant Professor of English, Indiana University, Bloomington. Antebellum American literature. (Internal Fellow in the spring and summer of 1992)
Guy T. Emery, Professor Emeritus of Physics, Bowdoin College. History of the physical sciences. (Fellow in September/October/November of 1998)
Nils Erik Enkvist, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Stylistics and Text Research, Abo Academy, Finland. Text linguistics. (Fellow in April of 1993)
Cynthia Enloe, Research Professor in the Department of International Development, Community, and Environment at Clark University, The Geopolitics of Your Bathtub: Why Who Does Your Housework Matters (Branigin Lecturer in October 2016)
Loan Epstein, Hilldale Professor Emeritus of Political Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison. British politics and American political parties. (Fellow in November of 1989)
Richard Evans, Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Houston. Social psychology, behavioral medicine, and child and adolescent health psychology. (Fellow in April/September of 2000)
Wendy Everett, President of the New England Healthcare Institute (NEHI) and one of the leading experts in the US on health care policy. Health and Health Care 2020: Back to the Future (Branigin Lecturer in Fall of 2010) Watch Wendy Everett's lecture
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Emil Fackenheim, Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, University of Toronto, and Hebrew University, Jerusalem. Modern Philosophy and contemporary Jewish thought. (Fellow in September/October of 1985)
William R. Farrand, Professor of Geology and Curator of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan. Integration of geology and archaeology. (Fellow in the fall of 1985)
Christine Farris, Associate Professor of English, Indiana University, Bloomington. Curricular, pedagogical, and political consequences of various reforms of college writing and general education. (Visiting Scholar in the fall of 2001 and the spring of 2002)
Mary Favret, Associate Professor of English, IUB. While on leave with a President's Arts & Humanities Fellowship, she worked at the Institute on the project tentatively titled: "Reading and Writing in Wartime: The Literature of British Romanticism." (Internal Academic Fellow in Spring of 2003)
Sarah Fee, of the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, Canada. Curator Fee, (Visiting Fellow in May, 2015)
J. César Félix-Brasdefer, Professor of Spanish at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in 2011)
Charles Ferguson, Professor of Linguistics and Semiotics, Stanford University. Socio-linguistics, language learning, the acquisition of first-language phonology. (Visiting Scholar in September of 1991)
Robert Ferguson, Professor of English, Comparative Literature, and Law, Columbia University, New York. (Patten Lecturer and Visiting Scholar in March of 1998)
Maurizio Ferraris, Professor of Philosophy at University of Turin (Visiting Fellow in March 2017)
Pnina Fichman, Professor of Information Science at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2016)
Olga Filippova, Associate Professor of Sociology at Kharkiv National University and a pioneer of socio-cultural anthropology in the Ukraine. (Fellow in November 2009)
John Findling, Professor of History, Indiana University Southeast (New Albany). The Century of Progress Exposition. (Visiting Scholar in February/March of 1993)
Bernd Fischer, Assistant Professor of History, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne. History of Albania and the Balkans. (Intercampus Scholar in June/July of 1996)
Robert Fischman, Professor of Law at IUB. How law constructs ideas of nature. (Spring 2007)
Raymond C. Fletcher, Adjunct Professor of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder. Rheology and tectonophysics. (Fellow in April of 1998)
Jennifer Fleissner, Associate Professor of English, College of Arts and Sciences, Residential Fellow in Fall 2019
Philip Ford, Associate Professor of Music (Musicology), Jacobs School of Music, Indiana University. (Residential Fellow in fall 2015)
Michael Foot, Labor Member (from Wales) of the British Parliament, author, journalist and British romanticism scholar. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in September of 1991)
Allen Forte, Professor of Music Theory, Yale University. Music scholarship. (Visiting Fellow in March of 1984)
Charles H. Franklin, Professor of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, The Shape of the Campaign: Composition and Dynamics in the 2008 Election (Branigin Lecturer in September 2008) Watch Charles H. Franklin's lecture
Lessie Jo Frazier, Associate Professor of Gender Studies at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2018)
Anne Freadman, Professor of French and Chair of the Department of Romance Languages, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. French culture, structuralism, feminist criticism. (Fellow in November/December of 1995)
Saul Friedlander, Professor of European History, Tel Aviv University. Study of the fate of the Jews under Hitler. (Fellow in September/October of 1984)
Sara Friedman, Professor of Anthropology and Gender Studies at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2016)
William A. Friedman, Professor of Physics, University of Wisconsin. Many-body nuclear reaction dynamics and hot nuclear matter. (Fellow in August of 1997 and in April/May of 1998)
Robert H. Frowick, Visiting Scholar at the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace; head of the Commission on Macedonia. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in November of 1993)
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Kostas Gallis, Archaeologist and Director of Antiquities for Thessaly, Greece. Prehistoric archaeology and Hellenistic period. (Fellow in March/April of 1991)
Enrique Galvez-Ruano, Professor of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain. Neuropharmacology. (Fellow in September of 1995)
Victor Gama, Composer and Instrument Designer (Visiting Fellow 2018)
Dolores Lewis Garcia, Artist, Pueblo, New Mexico. American Indian pottery. (Fellow in April of 1990)
Pablo Garcia Loaeza, Associate Professor and Associate Chair of Spanish, West Virginia University (Visiting Fellow 2018)
Sir Timothy Garden, Visiting Professor at the Center for Defence Studies, Kings College, London. International affairs and international security. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in February/March of 2001)
Jean-Claude Gardin, Archaeologist of Central Asia, Cognitive Scientist, Semiotician, Computer Scientist, Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques (C.N.R.S.), Paris, France. (Fellow in March/April of 1991)
Elda Garetto, Lecturer in Russian Language and Literature, University of Milan, Italy. Russian émigré writer Alexander Amfiteatrov and other Russian émigrés in Italy in the 1920s. (Visiting Scholar in July/August of 1992)
Susan Garland Mann, Assistant Professor, English department, Indiana University Southeast, New Albany. English women playwrights, 1660-1823. (Visiting Scholar in May/June of 1993)
Dominique Gauthier, Professor Emeritus of English, Universities of Nantes and Bordeaux, France. European-American literary relations. Poetry of Robert Muldoon. (Visiting Scholar in September of 1995)
Shannon Gayk, Associate Professor of English and Director of the Medieval Studies Institute (Residential Fellow in Fall 2017)
Walter Geist, Research Director at the Institute of Subatomic Research in Strasbourg, France. High energy particle physicist with expertise in colliding beam physics. (Fellow in April of 2005)
Guliz Ger, Professor of Marketing, Faculty of Business Administration, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey. The parallels between the modern material expressions of Islam & Christianity. Consumer's Romance and Weaver's Dilemmas: Oriental Carpets. (Fellow in September of 2002) Watch Guliz Ger's lecture
Ilana Gershon, Associate Professor of Anthropology at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2017)
Julius (Jack) Getman, Professor of Law, University of Texas, Austin. Labor law. (Fellow in March of 1994)
Eleanor Gibson, Susan Linn Sage Professor of Psychology, Emerita, Cornell University. Developmental psychology. (Fellow in October of 1990)
Ronald Giere, Professor of History and Philosophy of Science, Indiana University. Theory of Science. (Internal Fellow in 1985/86)
Todd Gitlin, Professor of Sociology and Journalism at Columbia University, The Media Torrent and the Erosion of Democracy (Branigin Lecturer in November 2002)
Pearl Gluck, is a professional filmmaker and scholar of Jewish ethnography. Palinsky Pictures. (Fellow in February 2007)
Deborah Goldberg, Institute of Fine Arts, New York University. Edward A. Rumely papers, a study of the sculptor Isamo Noguchi. (Visiting Scholar in April/May of 1998)
Alice Goldstein, Senior Researcher, Brown University Population Studies and Training Center. Historical demography of Europe and the United States, migration in Southeast Asia and China. (Fellow in April of 1995)
Sidney Goldstein, George Hazard Crooker University Professor, Brown University. Migration and urbanization in Southeast Asia and China. (Fellow in April of 1995)
Michael P. Gonella, Research Associate, Myaamia Research Center, Miami University (Summer Repository Research Fellow in 2016)
Yasmine Gooneratne, Associate Professor of English, Macquarie University, Australia. Post-colonial literature. (Fellow in July of 1984)
Oleg Grabar, Aga Khan Professor of Islamic Art, Harvard University. Islamic art and culture. (Fellow in April of 1985 and in April of 1999)
Michael Graetz, Avraham Harman Professor of Modern Jewish History, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. French and German Jewry. (Fellow in February of 1991)
Agnieszka Graff, Assistant Professor at the American Studies Center, Warsaw University, Poland. Narrative and feminist theories, gender studies, history of the American Women’s Movement, and modern novel. (Fellow in April of 2003)
Herman Gray, Professor of Sociology at the University of California, Santa Cruz. (Branigin lecturer Spring 2013) Watch Herman Gray's lecture
Marion W. Gray, Professor of History, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas. Women in European history, gender norms in German-speaking Europe from 1780 to 1840. (Visiting Scholar in the Fall of 1993)
Sir Timothy Green, International Security in the New Century. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in 2001) Watch Sir Thomas Green's lecture
Mark Greengrass, Professor of Early-Modern History and Executive Director of the Humanities Research Institute at the University of Sheffield, U.K. (Fellow in September, 2005)
Carol Greenhouse, Professor of Anthropology, Princeton University. Anthropologists working in the U.S. in the 1990's. (Visiting Scholar Fall 2006 Spring 2007, and Spring 2018)
James Greeno, Margaret Jacks Professor Emeritus of Education, Stanford University, and Visiting Professor of Education at the University of Pittsburgh. (Branigin Lecturer Spring 2011) Watch James Greeno's lecture
Susan Gubar, Professor of English, Indiana University. Literature and women's studies. (Internal Fellow in 1983/84)
Richard B. Gunderman, Professor of Radiology, Pediatrics, Medical Education, Philosophy, Liberal Arts, and Philanthropy at IUPUI (Vising Fellow in October 2009).
Harriet Guest, Senior Lecturer, Department of English and Related Literatures, Co-Director of the Centre for Eighteenth-Century Studies, University of York. Eighteenth-century studies. Bluestocking Feminism. (Fellow in February of 2002) Watch Harriet Guest's lecture
Victoria Gunn, Lecturer at the Teaching and Learning Service, University of Glasgow, Scotland. Student learning and group work facilitation with training in both humanistic and psycho-dynamic approaches to groups. (Fellow in the Spring of 2004, and again in the Fall of 2004)
Irwin C. Gunsalus, Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry, University of Illinois. Biology, chemistry, and physics. (Fellow in November of 1985)
Werner Guth, Professor of Economics, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Game theory. (Fellow in March of 1992)
Louis Guttman, Professor of Social and Psychological Assessment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, and Scientific Director of the Israel Institute of Applied Social Research. Measurement. (Fellow in September of 1987)
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Toru Haga, Professor and Chairman of the Dept. of Comparative Literature and Culture, University of Tokyo, Japan. Comparative literature, fine arts and history. (Fellow in March/April of 1991)
Jerald Hage, Professor of Sociology, University of Maryland. Understanding of complex organizations. (Fellow in November/December of 1984 and in May and September of 1992)
Eva Hajicova, Professor of Applied Mathematics, Charles University, Prague, Czechoslovakia. Computational linguistics. (Fellow in June of 1984)
C.R.D. Halisi, Professor of Political Science, Indiana University, Bloomington. Black politics in South Africa. (Internal Fellow in the fall of 1989)
Tim Hallett, Associate Professor of Sociology (Residential Fellow in Fall 2017)
Marc Hallin, Professor of Statistic, School of Economics, Political and Social Sciences, Free University of Brussels, Belgium. Statistical inference in time series, operation research, game theory, and risk analysis. (Fellow in September of 1991)
Vivian Halloran, Professor of English and American Studies at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2016)
Lee Hamilton, Representative of Indiana's 9th Congressional District, Former Chair of the House Foreign Affairs Committee and a member of the Joint Economic Committee. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in April of 1995 and in April of 2005).
Stanley S. Hanna, Professor of Physics, Stanford University. Nuclear physics. (Fellow in the fall of 1983)
William Hansen, Professor of Classical Studies, IU Bloomington. Origins of international folktales. (Internal Fellow in 1992/93)
Noriko Hara, Associate Professor of Information Science at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2017)
Miklos Haraszti, Public intellectual, writer, human rights activist, member of parliament, and university professor, Budapest, Hungary. How global patterns--the American and European norms of media democratization--have collided with the post-communist precondition. The Seven "Days" of Creation of a Free Press: Post-Communist Media Democratization in Hungary. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in March/April of 2001) Watch Miklos Haraszti's lecture
Lee Haring, Professor of Folklore and English, Department of English, Brooklyn College, New York. Theory of oral literary genre, African and Malagasy traditions. (Fellow in February of 1999)
J. Albert Harrill, Assistant Professor of Religious Studies, DePaul University, Chicago. Project entitled Slavery and the New Testament. (Visiting Scholar in 1999/2000)
Geoffrey H. Hartman, Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Yale University. European and American romantic and modern poetry, history of criticism. (Fellow in March of 1988)
Thomas Hartquist, Professor of Astrophysics in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Leeds, UK, and a world-renowned researcher studying the physics of the Interstellar Medium. (Visiting Fellow in April 2011)
Paul Haupt, Program Director at the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation in Cape Town, South Africa. (Fellow in February of 2004)
David Harvey, Distinguished Professor of Anthropology, The Graduate Center, CUNY; Senior Research Fellow, St. Peter's College, Oxford; Miliband Visiting Fellow, London School of Economics, Geographical Knowledges/Political Powers (Branigin Lecturer in 2001) Watch David Harvey's lecture
William Hay, Professor and Co-Chair of the Paleoceanology Division, GEOMAR, at Christian-Albrechts Universitat, Kiel, Germany. Global modeling and model variation for ancient climates, oceans, and plate tectonic positions. Geological mass balance for the global sedimentation system. (Fellow in November of 1999)
Marie-Christine Hazaël-Massieux, Professor of Linguistics and Director of the Institut d'Etudes Créoles et Francophones at the University of Provence (Aix-Marseille I). French Creole languages of the French West Indian islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique. (Fellow in October of 1999)
Allen Hazen, Reader in Philosophy, University of Melbourne, Australia. Metaphysics, philosophy of mathematics, modal and non-modal logic. (Visiting Scholar in the fall of 1991)
David Headon, Senior Lecturer in Australian and American Literature, University College, University of South Wales (Australian Defense Academy). Aboriginal literature. (Visiting Scholar in December of 1991)
Lars Skov Henriksen, Associate Professor of Social Studies and Organization at Aalborg University, Denmark. (Visiting Scholar during Fall Semester, 2005)
Debra Herbenick, Professor of Applied Health Science at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2018)
John Heritage, Professor of Sociology, University of California in Los Angeles. Ethnomethodology and conversation analysis. (Fellow in October/November of 1995)
Fred Hersch, world renowned jazz pianist, composer, and educator, Leaves of Grass (Branigin Lecturer in April 2004) Watch Fred Hersch's performance
Gail Hickey, Associate Professor of Education, IUPU Fort Wayne. Oral history of women immigrants. (Visiting Scholar in July of 1994 and May of 2001)
Benjamin Higgins, Development Studies Center, Australian National University. Expert in regional economic development. (Fellow in March of 1986)
Richard Hogg, Smith Professor of English Language and Medieval Literature, University of Manchester. Old English Language. Negative Contraction and Dialects (Fellow in April of 2002) Watch Richard Hogg's lecture
John Hollander, Professor of English, Yale University. Poet, scholar. (Fellow in March of 1986)
Beth Holmgren, Professor and Chair of Slavic Languages, University of North Carolina. Interpretation of Russian and Polish Literature. (Fellow in March/April of 2000)
Hou Hong-Fei, Professor of Paleontology, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing. Devonian age brachipods. (Fellow in November of 1992)
Pervez Hoodbhoy, Professor of Psychics, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Expert on the interface between nuclear and high energy psychics as well as a major intellectual force behind the study of the relationship between Islamic fundamentalism and science. (Fellow in February/October of 2000)
Jeremy Horder, is Professor of Criminal Law at Worcester College, University of Oxford, and Law Commissioner for England and Wales. (Branigin Lecturer in September 2009) Watch Jeremy Horder's lecture
Naana Banyiwa Horne, Assistant Professor of English, African and African/American Studies, Indiana University, Kokomo. Western Imperialism and Indegenous Ghanian Systems of Empowerment. (Intercampus Scholar in July/August of 1996)
Kenneth Howell, Associate Professor at Reformed Theological Seminary, Jackson, Mississippi. Interpretation of nature and the bible in early modern science. (Visiting Scholar in June of 1992)
Ping-Chen Hsiung, Senior Researcher in the Modern History Institute of the Academia Sinica, Taipei. The history of childhood and gynecology; the treatment of male sexual dysfunction, and sexuality in premodern China. (Fellow in November of 2003) Watch Ping-Chen Hsiung's lecture
Xu Hua, Professor of Public Health of the Chinese Foundation for the Prevention and Control of STD and AIDS. Social behaviors related to HIV transmission in China and China's public health issues. (Fellow in September/October of 1997 and April 2001)
Edward Hughes, Reader in Modern French Literature, Royal Holloway, University of London. Cultural marginality in a variety of French writers. The Betrayal of the Occident? Cultural Difference, Illusion, and Self-Definition in Modern French Literature. (Fellow in April 2001) Watch Edward Hughes lecture
Linda Hutcheon, Professor of English and Comparative Literature at the University of Toronto (Branigin Lecturer in November 2004) Watch Linda Hutcheon's lecture
Michael Hutcheon, Professor of Medicine at the University of Toronto (Branigin Lecturer in November 2004) Watch Michael Hutcheon's lecture
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Elena Iarskaia-Smirnova, Professor of Social Anthropology and Social Work at Saratov State University as well as Professor of General Sociology at the Moscow Higher School of Economics in Moscow, Russia. (Visiting Fellow in spring 2011)
Saad Eddin Ibrahim, Professor of Sociology, American University in Cairo; Founder of the Ibn Khaldun Center and the Arab Organization for Human Rights (Visiting Fellow in Spring 2009)
Ivo Ibri, Professor of Philosophy, Pontifical Catholic University of Saõ Paulo, Brazil. The philosophy of Charles S. Peirce, as well as pragmatism and semiotics. (Fellow in April of 2004, January/February, 2005)
David Ignatius, journalist and novelist. Imagining a Lee Hamilton Foreign Policy for 2013 (Hamilton Lecturer) Watch David Ignatius' lecture
Ken'ichi Ikeda, Professor of Social Psychology, University of Tokyo, Japan. Comparison of social politics in Japan and the United States. (Visiting Scholar in 1997/98)
Edgar Illas, Associate Professor of Spanish and Portuguese, Director of the Catalan Program (Residential Fellow, Fall 2018)
Michael Ing, Associate Professor of Religious Studies, College of Arts and Sciences, Residential Fellow in Fall 2020
Patricia Ingham, Department of English at Indiana University (Residential Fellow 2008–2009)
Vyacheslav V. Ivanov, member of the Soviet Parliament; Director of the USSR State Library of Foreign Literature, Moscow University. Semiotics & comparative literature. (Fellow in March of 1991)
William Ivey, Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts, former Director of the Country Music Foundation in Nashville, Tennessee. American history, folklore, and ethnomusicology. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in January of 2000)
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Michael Derek Jackson, Professor of Anthropology. Poet and fiction writer, New Zealand/Australia. Studies in West Africa. The Kuranko people of Sierra Leone. (Visiting Scholar in 1988/89)
Gary C. Jacobson, Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego, The Bush Legacy and the 2008 Elections (October 2008) Watch Gary C. Jacobson's lecture
Robert Jaffe, Professor of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge. Elementary particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics. (Fellow in October of 1992)
S. Japhet, Professor of Law at the National Law School of India University. Bangalore, India. Creating identities for Dalits in India and advancing their struggle for social, religious, economic, and political status in India. (Fellow in September of 2004)
Jeremy Jennings, Professor of Political Theory at the University of Birmingham, U.K. Nineteenth- and twentieth-century intellectual French history and European political philosophy. Professor at Queen Mary University of London, U.K. (Fellow in March/April of 2005 and April of 2006)
Biodun Jeyifo, Professor of English, Cornell University (currently teaching at Harvard). Scholar in the areas of theater, Marxist and postcolonial theory, with a particular interest on Africa. (Fellow in January of 2000)
Hans Joas, Professor of Sociology, Free University of Berlin, Chair of Sociology, John F. Kennedy Institute for North American Studies, Free University of Berlin. Communitarianism. (Fellow in September/October of 1994)
Jorgen Dines Johansen, Professor of General and Comparative Literature and Director of the North European Regional Center for Semiotics, Odense University, Denmark. Semiotics, and Peircean thought. (Fellow in May of 1993)
Barry Johnston, Professor of Sociology and Chair of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Indiana University Northwest, Gary. History of American sociology, theory, and race relations. (Internal Fellow in 1990/91)
Sumie Jones, Associate Professor of East Asian Studies, Comparative Literature and Film Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington. Edo period in Japan. (Internal Fellow in the spring of 1996; Fall of 2008; 2009; Spring of 2010; Residential Fellow of the Institute Spring 2015)
Robert Tony Judt, Remarque Professor of European Studies, New York University. European intellectual history and history of political ideas. (Fellow in February of 1999)
Robert Juepner, Professor of Hydraulic Engineering at the Department of Water Management at the Magdeburg University of Applied Sciences, Germany, and Director of Institute for Water Management and Ecotechnology. Watershed management and ecological restoration of rivers. (Fellow in September of 2004 and September of 2005)
Eileen Julien, Professor of Comparative Literature at Indiana University (Residential Fellow)
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Jaakko Kaprio, Professor in the Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki. Behavioral medicine, genetics, and epidemiology. (Fellow in April and May of 1990)
Sabrina Karpa-Wilson, Assistant Professor and Director of Portuguese Studies in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese, Indiana University. Politics of memory and identity in twentieth-century Brazilian autobiography. (Internal Scholar in spring of 2000)
Dirk Käsler, Professor of Sociology, University of Hamburg. Theory and history of sociology. (Visiting Scholar from October of 1994 to January of 1995)
Peter Katzenstein, Walter S. Carpenter, Jr. Professor of International Studies at Cornell University, Anti-Americanisms in World Politics (Branigin Lecturer in April 2007) Watch Peter Katzenstein's lecture
Ani Kavafian, Professor of Violin at Yale University (Visiting Fellow in November 2016)
Toshie Kawamoto, Grand mistress of the Bando School of kabuki, a traditional Japanese dance. (Visiting Scholar in September/October of 1992)
Oscar Kenshur, Professor of Comparative Literature, Indiana University, Bloomington. (Resident Scholar in 1997/98)
Adam Kern, Professor of Japanese Literature & Visual Culture, University of Wisconsin-Madison (Visiting Fellow in 2017)
Giovanni Kessler, constitutional lawyer and a member of the Italian Parliament. The evolution of the concept of judicial independence in Italy, its role in Italian society and politics, and the challenges and conflicts the judiciary faced in the years before and after President Berlusconi took office in 1994. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow of the Institute in September of 2004)
Imrat Khan, Leading classical music performer (sitar) and musicologist. (Fellow in the spring of 1997)
Richard Kielbowicz, Associate Professor of Communications, University of Washington, Seattle. Relationship between telegraph and the policy-making process in the 19th-century American business and government. (Visiting Scholar in 1992/93)
Marianne Kielian-Gilbert, Professor of Music, Indiana University, Bloomington (Visiting Scholar, Spring, 2004)
De Witt Douglas Kilgore, Associate Professor of English at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in Spring 2017)
Uchang Kim, Professor of English, Korea University, South Korea. Two-week fellowship at the Institute combined with a week as a Patten Lecturer in April of 2003. The understanding of the current phenomena and discourse of globalization in East Asia.(Fellow in March & April of 2003)
Justice Michael Kirby, Justice of the High Court of Australia, Terrorism: Global Response of the Courts and Alfred Kinsey and His Continuing Impact on the Human Rights of Sexual Minorities, (Branigin Lecturer in 2004, October 2006; Distinguished Citizen Fellow) Watch lecture, "Terrorism: Global Response of the Courts"; Watch lecture "Alfred Kinsey and His Continuing Impact on the Human Rights of Sexual Minorities"
Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Professor Emerita, NYU, Chief Curator of the Core Exhibition and Advisor to the Director at POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews
Sarah Knott, Associate Professor of History at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in 2009)
George Knox, Leading scholar of XVIII-century Venetian painting and culture and an expert on the greatest Venetian masters Giambattista and Domenico Tiepolo. Domenico Tiepolo, A New Testament. (Fellow in September of 2002) Watch George Knox's lecture
Robert Koons, Associate Professor of Philosophy, University of Texas, Austin. Logic and cognitive science. (Visiting Scholar in January and April 1997, and spring of 2002)
Boris Z. Kopeliovich, Physicist, the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia. High energy hard scattering processes off nuclei; polarization effects and color screening phenomena in hadron-nucleus interactions. (Fellow in December of 1991)
Joachim Krause, Professor of International Relations, Christian-Albrechts University in Kiel, Germany and Director of the Institute for Security Policy. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in February of 2006)
John Richard Krebs, Royal Society Research Professor, Oxford University; President of the International Society of Behavioral Ecology and of the Association for the Study of Animal Behavior. Bird behavior and behavioral ecology. (Fellow in April of 1993)
Victor Krebs, Assistant Professor of English, Indiana University, Kokomo. Dante and his critics. (Visiting Scholar in May/June of 1995)
Ivan Kreilkamp, Associate Professor of English, Victorian Studies, Indiana University (Residential Fellow of the Institute Spring 2015)
John Kruschke, Professor of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Adjunct Professor of Statistics, Core Faculty of the Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University (Remak Lecturer, March 2014)
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Mauricio Lasansky, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Fine Arts (Printmaking), Iowa City. (Fellow in September of 1989)
Sir Edmund Leach, Professor Emeritus of Social Anthropology, Cambridge University. Social anthropology and semiotics. (Fellow in October of 1984)
Jennifer C. Lee, Associate Professor of Sociology, College of Arts and Sciences, Residential Fellow in Spring 2020
Ursula Le Guin, Author, writer of speculative fiction, criticism, and poetry from Portland, Oregon. (Visiting Fellow in June of 1983)
Laurent Legendre, Professor of Biology at the Universite Jean Monnet de Saint Etienne, France and Director of the Institute of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants. (Fellow in July/August of 2005)
Colin Legum, former Associate Editor of The Observer (London), writer and editor, South Africa and UK. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in September of 1997 and October of 1999)
Margaret Legum, Economist and writer, South Africa and UK. Race relations and gender planning in South Africa. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in September of 1997 and October of 1999)
Jim Lehrer, journalist (Hamilton Lecturer)
Jerome P. Levine, Professor of Mathematics, Brandeis University. Knot theory. (Fellow in April of 1996)
Lord Lewis of Newnham, Professor Emeritus of Chemistry and Master of Robinson College at the University of Cambridge. Chemistry and highest education. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in April of 1999)
Ursula Link-Heer, Professor and Chair of Comparative Literature, Bayreuth University, Germany. Pastiche and multiple personality. (Visiting Scholar in October of 2002)
Margarita Lliteras, Assistant Professor of Spanish, Indiana University, Southeast. Symbolism of the Cantigas de Santa Maria. (Intercampus Scholar in July of 1996)
Mirta Zaida Lobato, Professor of History, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina. She is a leading scholar of Argentine social, labor, and gender history. (Fellow in November of 2002) Watch Mirta Zaida Lobato's lecture
M. Logan, Head of English Department, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. Thomas More's Utopia and History of King Richard III, Sidney's Defense of Poesie. (Visiting Scholar in 1994/95)
Dominic Lopes, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, IU Kokomo. Understanding pictures. (Visiting Scholar in May of 1994)
John Lucaites, Professor of Communication and Culture at Indiana University (Remak Convener, 2011–2012)
Niklas Luhmann, Professor of Sociology, University of Bielefeld, Germany. General theory of social systems. (Fellow in September of 1994)
Michael Lützeler, Rosa May Professor in the Humanities, German and Comparative Literature, Washington University in Saint Louis; Director of the European Studies Program and of the Center for Contemporary German Literature. Postmodernism, multiculturalism and cultural theory in the U.S. and in Germany. (Fellow in February/March of 1997)
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Diane Mackie, Social Psychologist, University of California in Santa Barbara. Motivational and cognitive consequences of mood. (Fellow in August/September of 1990)
Robert Malina, Professor of Kinesiology and Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin. Growth, maturation, and physical performance. (Fellow in January of 1992)
Robert Mandell, Professor of Physiological Optics and Optometry, University of California at Berkeley. Topography and physiology of the cornea. (Fellow in October of 1991)
Teresa Mangum, Assistant Professor of English, University of Iowa. Ageing and old age in Victorian England. (Visiting Scholar in April of 1994)
Rebecca Manring, Associate Professor of Religious Studies and Dhar India Studies Program at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2018)
Salomon Marcus, Professor Emeritus, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Bucuresti, Romania. Interrelations of mathematics, linguistics, semiotics, and poetics. (Fellow in August/September of 1993)
Phyllis Martin, Associate Professor of History, Indiana University. Central African history. (Internal Fellow in the spring of 1987)
Terence J. Martin, Distinguished Professor of English, Indiana University. Nineteenth-century American literature. (Fellow in December of 1983 and in May-August of 1984)
Manual (Suzanne Bloom and Ed Hill), fine arts. Digital imaging, a computer-based art. (Fellows in October of 1999)
Martin E. Marty, Fairfax M. Cone Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus of Religious History at the University of Chicago (Branigin Lecturer in February 2006) Watch Martin E. Marty's lecture
Ulrich Marzolph, Professor of Islamic Studies at the University of Gottingen, Germany. Expansion and updating of Antii Arne and Stith Thompson's The Types of the Folktale: A Classification and Bibliography. The Thousand and One Nights and Other Anthologies of its Narrative Strategies in Medieval Arabic Popular Literature (Fellow in October of 2002) Watch Ulrich Marzolph's lecture
Adrian Matejka, Ruth Lilly Associate Professor of English (Residential Fellow in Fall 2018)
Angelo Mazzocco, Professor of Spanish and Italian at Mount Holyoke College. Latin and vernacular literature of Renaissance Studies. (Fellow in March of 1998)
Audrey McCluskey, Associate Professor of Afro-American Studies and Director of Black Film Center/Archive, IUB. A recipient of a President's Arts & Humanities Fellowship in the Spring of 2003, she worked at the Institute on her research project, "Lucy Craft Laney and the Discourse of Black Women Educators, 1880-1940." (Internal Academic Fellow in Spring of 2003 and Visiting Scholar Fall 2006 Spring 2007)
Maxwell McCombs, Professor of Communication, University of Texas, Austin. Agenda-setting theory in mass communication. (Fellow in June of 1990)
Jason McGraw, Associate Professor of History, College of Arts and Sciences, Residential Fellow in Spring 2020
Ewen McDonald, performance artist, painter, art and literary critic, Sydney, Australia. Art criticism and critical essays. (Visiting Scholar at the Institute in April - June of 1992)
John W. McGreevey, distinguished writer for television, Laguna Beach, California. (Fellow in March/April of 1988)
M. Ruth Megaw, Australian Scholar in American Studies, American and Australian History, Bedford Park, Australia. (Visiting Scholar in November/December of 1988)
John Vincent Megaw, Professor of Archaeology and Anthropology; Head of the Visual Arts Discipline at Flinders University of South Australia. Anthropology, archaeology, fine arts, and visual arts. (Fellow in November/December of 1988)
Ajay Mehrotra, Professor of Law at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in Fall 2010)
Pratap Bhanu Mehta, President of the Centre for Policy Research in New Delhi, India, Constitutionalism and Judicial Review in Divided Societies (Branigin Lecturer in September 2008)
Deborah Meier, New York University, Founder of the Mission Hill School (Visiting Fellow in September 2011)
Christopher Melchert, is University Lecturer in Arabic and Islam at the Oriental Institute and a Fellow of Pembrook College at the University of Oxford, England. (Branigin Lecturer February 2011) Watch Christopher Melchert's lecture
Allan H. Meltzer, John M. Olin Professor of Political Economy and Public Policy, Carnegie-Mellon University. Monetary policy and theory. (Visiting Fellow in October of 1984)
Xiangdong Meng, Senior Physician and Director of the Institute of STD/AIDS Prevention and Control in the Jilin Province Center for Disease Prevention and Control in Changchun, P.R. China. (Visiting Fellow in February of 2005 and September of 2005)
Carolyn Merchant, Chancellor’s Professor of Environmental History, Philosophy, and Ethics in the Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management at University of California, Berkeley, Partnership with Nature: Women and the Environment (Branigin Lecturer in March 2009) Watch Carolyn Merchant's lecture
Walter J. Meserve, Professor of Theater and Drama, Indiana University. American drama. (Internal Fellow in 1984/85)
Lutgard Mutsaers, Seeking to Sound Black: Popular Music in the Netherlands in the 20th Century and Beyond March 21, 2002 (Visiting Fellow in March 2002) Watch Lutgard Mutsaers' lecture
Tiya Miles, Professor in the Program in American Culture, Center for Afro-American and African Studies, Department of History, and Native American Studies Program at the University of Michigan. (Branigin Lecturer in fall 2012) Watch Tiya Miles' lecture
Andrew H. Miller, Associate Professor IUB and Editor of Victorian Studies. While on leave with a College of Arts and Sciences Arts and Humanities Fellowship, he worked on his book concerning narratives of ethical and political self-improvement in nineteenth-century Britain, titled Perfect Examples.(Internal Academic Fellow in Spring of 2003)
J. Irwin Miller, Former Chairman of the Executive and Finance Committee of the Cummins Engine Company, Columbus, Indiana. One of the country's leading industrialists. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in October of 1989 and in April of 1992)
Mihaela Miroiu, Professor and Dean of the Political Science Faculty at the National School for Political Studies and Public Administration, Bucharest, Romania. Changes in Romania and Eastern European political culture, especially pertaining to gender relations. The Uneasy Way through Autonomy: The Peverse Effects of Transition for Women in Romania. (Fellow in April 2001 and April 2007) Watch Mihaela Miroiu lecture
Boris Mironov, Research Fellow in Russian History at the Academy of Sciences and Professor of History at the University of St. Petersburg. Soviet totaliarism, family and village structures. (Fellow in October of 1992)
Emma Lewis Mitchell, Artist, Acoma Pueblo, New Mexico. American Indian pottery. (Fellow in April of 1990)
Greg Mitman, Vilas Research and William Coleman Professor of History of Science, Medical History, and Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison (Visiting Fellow in 2018)
Chandra Mohan, Professor of Comparative Literature at the University of Delhi, India. Interdisciplinary tendencies in western comparative literature. (Visiting Scholar in March - May of 1991)
Raymond Monelle, Reader in Music, University of Edinbourg, Scotland. Music theory and semiotics. (Visiting Scholar in February/March of 1996)
Robert Ian Moore, Professor of Medieval History, University of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, U.K. Dissent and persecution in the European Central Middle Ages. (Fellow in September of 1995)
Marissa J. Moorman, Associate Professor of History at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in Spring 2017)
Emilio Moran, Professor of Anthropology and in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington. Social anthropology, economics, ecology and tropical agriculture. (Internal Fellow in 1989/90)
Gregor E. Morfill, Director of Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany. Physical and chemical processes in the early solar system, chaos theory, star formation theory, effects of charged dust grains on space plasma. (Fellow in October/November of 1994)
Chantal Mouffe, Quintin Hogg Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Democracy, School of Social and Policy Sciences, University of Westminster (London), Politics and Passions: The Stakes of Democracy (Branigin Lecturer in 2000)
Alex Moumouras, Chief of the European Division at the International Monetary Fund Institute (Visiting Fellow in Fall 2008)
Suzuko Murata, Professor of Education at Ryukoku University, Kyoto, Japan. The Future of Public Universities in the 21st Century. (Visiting Scholar in August/September of 1996)
Lutgard Mutsaers, Professor of Musicology at Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. Black American music in Dutch culture. (Fellow in March of 2002)
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C.V. Devan Nair, former President of Singapore. One of the "founders" of modern Singapore. Educator and statesman. (Fellow in 1986/87)
Daniel Nahon, Professor of Geology and head of Laboratoire de Petrologie de la Surface, University of Aix-Marseille III, France. Weathering alterations and geochemical geomorphology. (Fellow in May/June and in October of 1990)
Rhoda Nathan, Professor of American Literature, Hofstra University, New York. Archives of Poetry magazine and the papers of Henry Rago. (Visiting Scholar in November of 1997)
Homer A. Neal, Professor and Chair of the Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Superconductors; higher education administration. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in November of 1992)
Diane Negra, Professor of Film Studies and Screen Culture in the School of English, Drama and Film Studies at University College Dublin, Ireland, Failing Women: Hollywood and Its Chick Flick Audience (Branigin Lecturer in April 2009) Watch Diane Negra's lecture
Brian Nelson, Professor of French and Chair of Romance Languages, Monash University, Clayton, Australia. 19th- and 20th-century French literature and culture, Zola and Naturalism. (Fellow in October of 1993)
Robert Netting, Regents Professor of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson. Cultural ecology. (Fellow in February of 1994 and Visiting Scholar in 1994)
Nikolai K. Nikolskii, Professor of Mathematics and Head of the Laboratory of Mathematical Analysis at the Steklov Mathematical Institute in Leningrad, USSR. Applied mathematics. (Fellow in May/June of 1988)
Cornelia Nixon, Associate Professor of English, IU Bloomington. Creative writing and fiction writer. (Internal Fellow in the Fall of 1992)
Cassio Nobre, Director, Couraça Criações Cultrais: musican, musicologist, producer, Branigin Lecturer in Fall of 2020
James Nohrnberg, Professor of English, University of Virginia, Charlottesville. Biblical narrative. (Fellow in October of 1991)
Per Nordahl, Director of the Swedish Emigrant Institute in Växjo, Sweden. The study of diversity in the membership of labor unions and other workplace organizations: analyzing the impact of immigration on women, work place, and unions in America. (Fellow in November and December of 2004)
Susan Norrie, Artist, painter and contemporary art observer, Sydney, Australia. (Visiting Scholar in April-June of 1992)
Philip M. Novack-Gottshall, Associate Professor of Biology at Benedictine University (Summer Repository Research Fellow in 2016)
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Tim O’Brien, author, The Things They Carried (Branigin Lecturer in October 2011) Watch Tim O'Brien's lecture
Richard Ohmann, Professor of English, Wesleyan University. The social value of mass culture. (Fellow in January of 1985)
Brenda Marie Osbey, Poet & Essayist, Louisiana Poet Laureate, Wells Distinguished Lecturer Fall 2020
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Joseph Palacio, Scholar in Education, University of the West Indies in Belize. Ethnicity, educational, and economic development of the Caribbean region. (Fellow in October of 1998)
Franz Urban Pappi, Professor of Political Science and Sociology, University of Mannheim; Director of the Mannheim Center for European Social Research. Social networks, comparative politics, European politics, electoral behavior, and public policy. (Fellow in September of 1996)
David Parker, Senior Lecturer and Director of Graduate Studies, English Department, Australian National University, Canberra. Modern British Literature, novel, autobiography. (Visiting Scholar in the fall of 1991)
Priscilla Parkhurst Ferguson, Professor of French and Sociology, Columbia University, New York. (Visiting Scholar in March of 1998)
Daphne Patai, Associate Professor of Spanish and Portuguese and Women's Studies Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Studies in Brazilian women. Feminist criticism of Orwell. (Fellow and Visiting Scholar in 1986/87 and Visiting Scholar in 1989/90)
John Pearce, Professor of Psychology, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, UK. Modern learning theory and theorizing on attribute learning, categorization, and connectionist modeling in Cognitive Science. (Fellow in July/August of 1999)
Michael R. Pennington, Reader in Mathematical Sciences and Physics, Department of Physics, University of Durham, U.K. Particle physics. (Fellow in March of 1995)
Robert T. Pennock, Associate Professor of Philosophy and of Science and Technology Studies at Lyman Briggs School at Michigan State University, Darwin and Design: From Natural Theology to Applied Biology (Branigin Lecturer in March 2002) Watch Robert T. Pennock's lecture
Sibele Pereira de Oliveira, School of Dentistry at UnicenP in Curitiba, Brazil (Visiting Fellow in September 2008)
Katharine Perera, Pro-Vice-Chancellor for teaching, learning, and academic quality and Senior Lecturer in Linguistics, University of Manchester, UK. Language diversity and writing competence. (Fellow in September of 1997)
Christabelle Peters, University of Warwick, United Kingdom. (Visiting Fellow in Spring 2015)
Catherine Perles, University of Paris and Musee de l'Homme. Old World prehistory. (Fellow in January of 1985)
Marjorie Perloff, Professor of Humanities, Stanford University. (Patten Lecturer and Visiting Scholar in November of 1997)
Lewis Curtis Perry, Andrew Jackson Professor of History, Vanderbilt University. American intellectual and social history. (Fellow in 1982/83)
Lord Walter Perry, Professor of Pharmacology, University of Edinburgh, U.K. Founder and developer of the Open University in Great Britain. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in September of 1989 and in 1990)
Bernice Pescosolido, Associate Professor of Sociology, Indiana University, Bloomington. Program for Services on the Severely Mentally Ill. (Resident Scholar in 1995/96)
Christabelle Peters, Professor of Hispanic Studies, Leverhulme Early Career Fellow, University of Warwick, United Kingdom (Visiting Fellow in April 2015)
M. Jeanne Peterson, Professor of History, Indiana University. Victorian England. (Internal Fellow in 1984/85)
Jan Nederveen Pieterse, Professor of Sociology at the University of Illinois (Urbana) and Editor of the Review of International Political Economy. Internationally acclaimed expert on such issues as empire, race, economic development, and globalization who has held numerous positions in the Netherlands, Ghana, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Thailand. (Fellow in October of 2004)
Helen E. Phillips, Lecturer of English, University of Nottingham, (U.K.). Chaucer; medieval dream visions; amatory poetry; hermeneutics. (Fellow in September of 1990)
Angelo Pizzo, screenwriter and film producer, Running the Gauntlet: From the Movie in My Mind to the Movie on the Screen (Branigin Lecture in October 2006) Watch Angelo Pizzo's lecture
Carol Polsgrove, Associate Professor of Journalism, Indiana University, Bloomington. Intellectuals' roles in the civil rights movement. (Resident Scholar in the Fall of 1996)
Carmen Popescu, Historian at the Laboratory for the French Heritage, Paris. Romanian art and architecture of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries; the use of ‘total art’ in various countries as means of defining national identity and constructing of a national ideology. (Fellow in November of 2003) Watch Carmen Popescu's lecture
Bouwe Pieter Postmus, Senior Lecturer in the English Department, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Annotated edition of the Victorian poet George Gissing's Scrapbook. (Visiting Scholar in February/March of 1993)
Martin Potschka, Biophysical Chemist, Vienna, Austria. Physical basis of aqueous size exclusion chromatography. (Visiting Scholar in October-December of 1992)
Robert Potter, Professor of Human Geography and Director of The Research School of Human and Environmental Sciences, University of Reading, U.K. (Fellow in April of 2006 and November 2006)
Enrico Predazzi, Professor of Theoretical Physics and Head of the Department of Theoretical Physics, Torino, Italy. Mathematics, experimental and theoretical physics, University of Torino, Italy. (Fellow in November/December of 1989 and in September/October of 1993)
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Zheng Qingsi, Director of Department of Social Medicine, Chinese Academy of Preventative Medicine, Beijing. China's public health arena and HIV-risk behaviors in the Chinese migrant population. (Fellow in April of 2000)
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Elena Rabinovich, Professor of Ancient History and Classical Literature, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Archetypal plots in the works of Gogol, Dostoevsky, and Tolstoy. (Fellow in September/October of 2001)
N. Ramanathan, Reader in the Department of Indian Music, University of Madras, India. Study, translation and interpretation of early Sanskrit musical texts. (Fellow in April/May of 1991)
Kenneth Ramchand, Reader in West-Indian Literature, University of the West Indies. Literature of the West Indies. (Fellow in the fall of 1984 and in the summer of 1985)
William Rasch, Associate Professor of Germanic Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington. Political and social theory. (Visiting Scholar in the fall of 2001 and the spring of 2002)
Toivo Raun, Professor of Central Eurasian Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington. History of Baltic States and Peoples. (Internal Fellow in 1993/94)
Steve Rayner, Professor of Science and Civilization and Director of the James Institute at Oxford University Saïd Business School. (Visiting Fellow in March/April of 2010)
Diane Ravitch, Research Professor of Education at New York University, Will Today's Education Reforms Improve Our Public Schools? (Branigin Lecturer in April 2011) Watch Diane Ravitch's lecture
William J. Reese, Carl Kaestle WARF Professor of Educational Policy Studies, History, and European Studies at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. (Visiting Fellow in March/April of 2010)
Jörn Reinhardt, Law Faculty at the University of Hamburg, Germany (Visiting Fellow, March 2014)
Darius Rejali, Professor of Political Science at Reed College, Torture, Democracy, and Our Future (Branigin Lecturer in October 2008) Watch Darius Rejali's lecture
Heather Reynolds, Associate Professor of Biology at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort)
Reneé Riese Hubert, Professor Emerita of Comparative Literature and French, University of California, Irvine. Relationship between literature and the arts. (Visiting Scholar in May/June of 1993)
James Riley, Professor of History, Indiana University. European financing in the Seven Year War. Death and sickness in selected historical societies. (Internal Fellow in the fall of 1986)
Alice Rivlin, Economist, the Brookings Institute, former Director of Congressional Budget Office; Director of the Office of Management and Budget; Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve Board. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in March and October of 1992, and September of 1998)
Benjamin Robinson, Associate Professor of Germanic Studies at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2018)
Gabrielle Robinson, Professor of English, IU South Bend. Theater and drama. (Intercampus Scholar in the summer of 1991)
David S. Rood, Professor of Linguistics, University of Colorado, Boulder. American Indian languages. (Fellow in June/July of 1993)
Lord John Roper, Chairman of the European Union Sub-Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Development Staff and an active member of the House of Lords, where he heads the Committee on the European Union. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in April of 2010)
Sir Martin Roth, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry at the University of Cambridge, U.K. Neurology and affective disorders. (Fellow in July of 1990)
Jerome Rotter, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and UCLA (Visiting Fellow in July 2008)
Rhiman Rotz, Associate Professor of History, Indiana University in Gary, Law and Imperialism in Colonial Zimbabwe. (Intercampus Scholar in June/July of 1992)
Louis H. Rowen, Professor of Mathematics, University of Bar-Ilan, Jerusalem. Mathematics; abstract algebra. (Fellow in June/July of 1991)
Daniel Ruberman, Chair of the Mathematics Department of Brandeis University. (Visiting fellow in Spring 2015)
Andrzej Rychard, Director of the Center of Social Studies, Graduate School for Social Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland (Visiting Fellow in September 2009)
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Benjamin D. Sachs, Professor of Psychology, University of Connecticut. Neurobiology of sexual response and reproductive behavior in the rodent. (Fellow in October of 1995)
Arthur M. Sackler, Psychiatrist, philanthropist, art collector from New York City. (Laureate Award in March of 1985)
Alla Salnikova, Professor of History in the Department of Historiography and Historical Sources at Kazan State University of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. (Visiting Fellow in April 2011)
Ranu Samantrai, Associate Professor of English at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in Fall 2016)
Scott R. Sanders, Professor of English and author, Indiana University, Bloomington. Creative and essay writing. (Internal Fellow in 1992/93)
Bengt Sandin, Professor and Chair in the Department of Child Studies, University of Linköping, Sweden, State Building, Surveillance of Children, and the Rise of Early Modern Education (Visiting Fellow in October 2012)
Agnar Sandmo, Professor of Economics at the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration in Bergen, Norway. Choice under uncertainty, taxation, tax evasion, effects of taxes on risk-taking. (Fellow in April/May of 1993)
Eric Sandweiss, Associate Professor of History, Indiana University, Bloomington (Visiting Scholar, Fall 2004)
David Sanger, journalist, author (Lee H. Hamilton Fellow in March 2013)
Michael Sauder, Professor of Sociology at University of Iowa (Visiting Fellow in August 2016)
Susan Seizer, Associate Professor of Anthropology at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2017)
Robert Seyfarth, Professor of Psychology at University of Pennsylvania (Branigin Lecturer in November 2009)
Jon Simons, Professor of Communication and Culture at Indiana University (Remak Convener, 2011–2012)
Ayana Okeeva Smith, Associate Professor of Musicology at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in Spring 2017)
Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Professor of Sociology in the School of Economics at the University of Coimbra, Portugal and Distinguished Legal Scholar at the University of Wisconsin, Madison and the University of Warwick, England. (Branigin Lecturer November 2010) Watch Boaventura de Sousa Santos' lecture
Steven Sarratore, Professor and Chair of the Theater Department at IUPU Fort Wayne. Postmodern scenography. (Intercampus Scholar in the summer of 1991)
Roger Schofield, Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge University, U.K., Director of the ESRC Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, Cambridge. (Fellow in March/April of 1992)
William Schuerman, Professor of Political Science, IUB (Residential Fellow in Fall 2009 and Spring 2010)
Reinhard Selten, Professor of Economics, University of Bielefeld, Federal Republic of Germany. Game theory, social sciences. (Fellow in March of 1984)
Charles Thurstan Shaw, former Director of Studies in Archaeology at Magdalene College, Cambridge University. African archaeology. (Fellow in February of 1984)
Robert Shaw, Musical Director and Conductor of the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra. The art of music. (Fellow in November of 1983)
Harold Silver, Visiting Professor of History of Education, Oxford Polytechnic, U.K. History of education in Great Britain. (Fellow in February of 1991)
Jacques Simonet, Director of Research in the Laboratory of Electrochemistry, University of Rennes I, France. Molecular electrochemistry. (Fellow in April/May/June of 1995)
H. Gordon Skilling, Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of Toronto. Expert on Czechoslovakia and other socialist states. (Fellow in April of 1988)
Barbara Skinner, Assistant Professor of History at Indiana State University Terre Haute, Indiana (formerly at Adelphi University in New York. NEH Fellowship recipient for 2005/2006. (Visiting Scholar summer and fall of 2005)
William Slamyaker, Professor of English, Wayne State College, Nebraska. Postcolonial Liberation Aesthetics and the Afrocanon: Postmodern Pressures in Post-Cold War African Narratives. (Visiting Scholar in the spring of 1997)
Denis Mack Smith, Senior Research Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford University. The history of modern Italy. (Fellow in April of 1984)
George P. Smith, II, Professor of Law, Catholic University of America. Law and ethics. (Fellow in June/July of 1984, Fall 2016, and Spring 2019)
Michael J. Smithson, Reader in Sociology, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia. Sociological analysis of ignorance. (Visiting Scholar in May/June of 1996)
Joel Smoller, Professor and Chair of Mathematics, University of Michigan. Relativity, to the existence and nature of solutions to Einstein's equations in a vacuum and to alternatives to big bang solutions arising from various constituent gas laws. (Fellow in April 2001)
Raymond M. Smullyan, Oscar R. Ewing Professor Emeritus of Philosophy. Logic and game theory. (Fellow in April of 1996)
Paul M. Sniderman, Professor of Political Science, Stanford University; Professor of Criminology, University of Toronto, Canada; Research Scientist, University of California, Berkeley. Political tolerance, democratic values, attitudes toward race. (Visiting Fellow in October/November of 1993 and September 2009)
Charles Sonett, Professor of Planetary Sciences, University of Arizona at Tuscon. Planetary and lunar magnetic fields. (Fellow in October/November of 1990)
Janet Sorensen, Associate Professor of English, Indiana University, Bloomington (Visiting Scholar, Spring 2004, Spring 2006 and Fall 2006)
Meir Sternberg, Chair and Professor of Comparative Literature and English at Tel-Aviv University, Israel. Biblical studies. (Fellow in November of 1991)
Tamar Yacobi Sternberg, Lecturer in English and Comparative Literature, Tel-Aviv University, Israel. Time in poetry, dimensions of space in literature, fictional reliability, narrative and normative patterns. (Visiting Scholar in the fall of 1991)
Peter Stone, Professor of Heritage Studies and Head of the School of Arts and Culture at the University of Newcastle, UK, and a prominent scholar of ethics and political preservation. (Visiting Fellow in fall of 2010)
Robert Strikwerda, Professor of Philosohpy, Indiana University, Kokomo. Emile Durkheim and dispute over work of Margaret Mead. (Intercampus Scholar in May/June/July of 1998)
Mary Stylidi, Special Education Personnel, Institute for Studies and Research in Mainstream and Special Education of the Greek Ministry of Education, Research, and Religion Affairs (Visiting Fellow in 2018)
Lynn Struve, Associate Professor of History at Indiana University, Bloomington. History of China in the imperial period. (Internal Fellow in 1988/89)
Jens Südekum, Assistant Professor of Economics, University of Konstanz, Germany. (Fellow in September/October of 2006 and in September of 2007)
Chuck Sudetic, political analyst, journalist, author, former reporter for The New York Times in Belgrade and Bosnia. Blood and Vengeance: One Family's Story of the War in Bosnia. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in January/February of 1999)
Frederick Suppe, Professor of Philosophy and of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Maryland. Modeling nature. (Visiting Scholar in the spring of 1995 and 1996)
Helen Suzman, Former Member of South African Parliament, human rights activist. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in April/May of 1992)
Andrzej Swiatkowski, Professor of Law, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland. Labor law. (Fellow in January/February of 1996)
Kirsten Sword, Assistant Professor of History at Indiana University (Residential Fellow 2008–2009)
Janos Szabad, Associate Professor of Developmental Genetics, Josef Attila University, Szeged, Hungary. Development and function of the reproductive systems of fruit flies. (Fellow in October of 1992)
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Francisco Tandioy Jansasoy, retired Professor of Inga at the University of Nariño in Pasto, Colombia. Mythic narratives of the Inganos. Folklore and Ethnomusicology, History, Linguistics, Education, and Anthropology. (Fellow in March of 2003)
Yasunori Tan-o, Professor of Art History in the Graduate School of Letters, Waseda University, Tokyo. Modern art, French and Japanese. War and art, sexuality and art. (Fellow in March of 1997)
Eero Tarasti, Professor of Musicology and Semiotics, University of Helsinki, Finland. Semiotics and music theory. (Fellow in November/December of 1992)
Barbara Taylor, Senior Lecturer, Dept. of Cultural Studies, University of East London, U.K. History, Gender Studies and English. Mary Wollstonecraft and Civic Womanhood. (Fellow in September of 2002) Watch Barbara Taylor's lecture
John W. Terborgh, James B. Duke Professor of Biology and Co-Director of the Center for Tropical Conservation at Duke University, as well as a member of the National Academy of Sciences. (Braningin Lecturer October 2011) Watch John W. Terborgh's lecture
To Ngoc Thanh, Professor of Ethnomusicology and Folklore. Vietnamese traditional music, dance (Thai in particular), and other performing arts. (Fellow in November of 1997)
Ngo Duc Thinh, Professor of Ethnology and Folklore. Minorities in Laos and along the Lao-Vietnamese border; linguistics; archeology; folk costumes; Taoism and other religious practices in Vietnam; traditional customary law of highland minorities. (Fellow in November of 1997)
Jacques-Francois Thisse, Professor of Economics at the Center for Operations Research and Econometrics, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. Locational analysis. (Fellow in March of 1988 and in November of 1992)
Rosemarie Garland Thomson, Professor of English at Emory University, Seeing the Disabled: Visual Rhetorics of Disability in Popular Photography (Branigin Lecturer in 2002) Watch Rosemarie Garland Thomson's lecture
Samuel Edmund Thorne, Fairchild Professor Emeritus of Law and Professor Emeritus of Legal History, Harvard University. The origins and evolution of the English common law. (Fellow in the spring of 1985)
Baolin Tian, Professor Coal Geology, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing. Paleobotany, geology. (Fellow in July/August of 1998)
Jean-Pierre Tignol, Professor of Mathematics at Université Catholique de Louvain (Visiting Fellow in 2012)
Roman Timenchik, Professor of Russian and Slavic Studies, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem. Modern Russian literature, theater, and cinema.(Fellow in October/December of 2003) Watch Roman Timenchik's lecture
Vladimir Tismaneanu, Professor of Government and Politics and Director of the Center for the Study of Post-Communist Societies, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland. Twentieth-century anti-liberal intellectuals and the Cold War and the relationship between liberalism, the West and the East. (Fellow at the Institute in January 2003)
Hiroshi Toki, Professor of Physics, Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka, Japan. Nuclear physics. (Fellow in October of 1996)
Alan Trachtenberg, Gray Professor of English and American Studies at Yale University. American studies, anthropology, art history, literary theory, social history and other fields of cultural interpretation. (Fellow in May of 1996)
Neil S. Trudinger, Professor of Mathematics, Australian National University. Elliptic partial differential equations. (Fellow in the fall of 1983)
Robert Tucker, IBM Professor Emeritus in International Studies and Professor Emeritus of Politics, Princeton University. Soviet politics and foreign policy. (Fellow in March/April of 1986)
Doris Turner, Associate Professor of Romance Languages and Literatures and Director of Latin American Studies, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio. Black experimental theater in Brazil. (Visiting Scholar in 1987/88)
John Turner, Jr., Professor of English, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California. Family, sex, and marriage in Shakespeare's plays and in the English Renaissance. (Visiting Scholar in the fall of 1999)
Peter Turnley, prominent photojournalist ("Moments of the Human Condition: A Visual Tour of World Affairs and the Family of Man during the Past Twenty Five Years," Branigin Lecturer in March 2005; Distinguished Citizen Fellow in November of 2005; Branigin Lecturer in November 2007) Watch 2005 lecture "Moments of the Human Condition: A Visual Tour of World Affairs and the Family of Man during the Past Twenty Five Years,"; Watch 2007 Branigin Lecture, "McClellan Street"
Paul Tyler, Old Town School of Folk Music, Chicago City Colleges (Summer Repository Research Fellow in 2016)
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Xavier Vatin, Associate Professor, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Centra de Artes, Humanidades e Letras, Branigin Lecturer in Fall of 2020
Steven Vanderputten, Professor of History at Ghent University (Visiting Fellow in 2012)
Herman Van der Wee, Professor of Social and Economic History, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium. Economic history. (Fellow in September of 1986)
Timothy van Gelder, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Indiana University, Bloomington and Professor of Philosophy in the Research School of Social Sciences at the Australian National University in Canberra. (Internal Fellow in the Fall of 1993)
Helen Vendler, A. Kingsley Porter University Professor at Harvard University. Literary criticism in the field of modern poetry (Wallace Stevens in particular). (Fellow in January of 1998)
Katherine Verdery, Eric R. Wolf Professor of Anthropology, the University of Michigan. Social science, Eastern Europe today, history, law, women's studies, public administration, and cultural studies. (Fellow in October of 1998 and April of 1999)
José Vida, Associate Professor of Administrative Law, Department of Public Law, University Carlos III of Madrid (Visiting Fellow in Spring 2012)
Eric Vogt, Professor Emeritus of Physics, the University of British Columbia; Director Emeritus of the TRIUMF, Canada's National Meson Sciences Research Facility. Fundamental nucleon-nucleon interactions. (Fellow in the spring of 1997)
Jack Vowles, Professor of Comparative Politics, Victoria University of Wellington (Visiting Fellow in September 2015)
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Dror Wahrman, Professor of History at Indiana University (Convener of Remak New Knowledge Seminar in 2010–2011)
John Walbridge, Professor of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures at Indiana University (Residential Fellow, 2011–2012)
Mary Waldron, Associate Professor of Human Development at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in Spring 2017)
Elizabeth Wallfisch, Royal Academy of Music (Visiting Fellow in February 2016)
Isidor Wallimann, Professor of Sociology, Economics, and Social Policy, University of Applied Sciences of Northwest Switzerland. Expert in international social policy. (Visiting Fellow in April of 2008) Watch Isidor Wallimann's lecture
Margaret Walsh, Professor of American Economic and Social History in the School of American & Canadian Studies, University of Nottingham, U.K. Revision of her book The American Frontier Revisited. (Visiting Scholar in fall of 2002)
Michael Walzer, Professor of Sociology, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey. Social criticism. (Fellow in February of 1984)
Jeffrey Wasserstrom, Professor of History, Indiana University, Bloomington. East Asian History (Visiting Scholar in fall of 2001)
Kenji Watanabe, Professor Emeritus of Japanese Literature, Rikkyo University. Academic Dean, Jiyugakuen College, Tokyo, Japan. Early Edo period texts; transcription and annotation of kanozoshi. (Visiting Fellow in 1996, 2008, and in 2018)
Kenneth Watson, retired Senior Lecturer in Education, Sydney University, and an international leader in English/language arts instruction. International perspectives on the teaching and learning of reading. (Fellow in November of 2002)
Ian Watt, Jackson Eli Reynolds Professor of Humanities at Stanford University. English literature from the 16th through the 19th century. (Fellow in October of 1987)
Joanne Webster, Royal Society University Research Fellow, University of Oxford. Epidemiology and parasitology. Co-Evolution and Compatibility in the Snail-Schistosome (Fellow in March/April/May of 2002) Watch Joanne Webster's lecture
Zhu Weizheng, Professor of Chinese History, Fudan University, Shanghai. Late imperial period. (Visiting Scholar and Fellow in the fall of 1989 and in October of 1990)
Nancy Welsh, Professor of Law and William Trickett Faculty Scholar at Penn State Dickinson School of Law (Visiting Fellow in March 2016)
John (Jack) H. Werren, Professor of Biology, University of Rochester. Evolutionary biology of parasitic DNA, intracellular bacteria, and the genetics of parasitic wasps. (Visiting Fellow in April of 2008)
Albert Wertheim, Professor of English, Indiana University, Bloomington. Athol Fugard and his plays. (Internal Fellow in the spring and summer of 1996)
James V. Wertsch, Professor and Chair, Department of Psychology, Clark University. The work of the Russian psychologist Vygotsky. (Fellow in October of 1993 and in April of 1994)
Meg Wesling, Assistant Professor of Literature, University of California San Diego. Educated Subjects: The Pedagogy of Empire in U.S. Literature. (Visiting Scholar Fall 2006/Spring 2007)
Richard Samuel Westfall, Distinguished Professor of History and Philosophy of Science, Indiana University. Scholarship on Isaac Newton and seventeenth century science. (Internal Fellow in 1984/85 and Henry H.H. Remak Distinguished Scholar in 1995/96)
Thomas Wiegele, Professor of Political Science, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb. Social, political and life sciences. (Fellow in November of 1986)
Sir Denys Wilkinson, Professor of Physics, University of Sussex, U.K. Weak nuclear force. (Fellow in March/April of 1991)
Brenda Wineapple, Professor of English, Union College, Schenectady, New York. Gertrude and Leo Stein. (Visiting Scholar in July of 1994)
Joel Wong, Associate Professor of Counseling Psychology at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2018)
Peter R. Wood, Astronomer, Senior Research Fellow at Mount Stromlo and Siding Spring Observatories in Canberra, Australia. Stellar evolution theory. (Fellow in July of 1988)
Peter Woodruff, Associate Professor of Philosophy, University of California at Irvine. Studies in logic and semantics. (Visiting Scholar in the fall of 1990)
Claire Ann Woods, Professor of Communication and Writing, School of Communication and Information Studies, University of South Australia at Magill. Teaching of writing; ethnography of writing and literacies in professional and community contexts; issues in writing research; language and literacy policy and development; and English Education. (Fellow in October of 1999)
X
Yanping Xue, Researcher at the Institute of West European Studies, Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China. Structural changes in Europe and their impact on American-European relations. (Visiting Scholar in 1992/93)
Y
Naoko Yamada, visiting researcher at the Department of Tourism, Conventions, and Event Management in the School of Physical Education and Tourism Management (SPETM), IUPUI (Visiting Fellow in September 2009).
Hiroya Yamaguchi, Chairman of the Department of Otola
|
||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
3
| 32
|
https://new.nsf.gov/news/qa-robert-hazen-studying-deep-carbon
|
en
|
Q&A: Robert Hazen on studying 'deep carbon'
|
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"Programs for people with disabilities",
"Programs for graduates"
] | null |
[
"National Science Foundation"
] |
2017-06-27T17:04:08-04:00
|
Robert Hazen's field -- mineralogy -- might seem like the most appropriate scientific specialty for studying what's happening below Earth's surface. But, he…
|
en
|
/themes/custom/nsf_theme/favicons/favicon-32x32.png
|
NSF - National Science Foundation
|
https://new.nsf.gov/news/qa-robert-hazen-studying-deep-carbon
|
Robert Hazen's field -- mineralogy -- might seem like the most appropriate scientific specialty for studying what's happening below Earth's surface. But, he says, that job requires partnering with scientists from as many different disciplines as possible.
Over more than two decades, NSF supported Hazen's research to address fundamental questions about what happens to minerals in hot, high-pressure environments as found in the deep interiors of Earth and other planets, and how minerals interact with the molecules of living beings. Now, Hazen is working in an area where NSF has also made significant investments: the study of "deep carbon," or stores of carbon located deep below the surface that play a substantial role in the planet's carbon cycle.
"We're looking at the coevolution of the geosphere and the biosphere using data-driven discovery," said Hazen, senior staff scientist at the Carnegie Institution's Geophysical Laboratory and professor of earth science at George Mason University. "This is an aspect of science that's just emerging, using large data resources to make profound discoveries about this planet."
Hazen currently serves as executive director of the Deep Carbon Observatory, a 10-year project launched with Alfred P. Sloan Foundation funds to link researchers -- many of them supported by NSF -- across disciplines, with the shared goal of understanding more about how the planet functions.
Q: How would you describe the work the Deep Carbon Observatory does?
A: Think about carbon. It's an important element -- one that is essential to life. Carbon is important in terms of energy resources. Many new materials are carbon-based compounds, and of course climate and the environment are discussed all the time. NSF has been funding research in those areas for years.
But we're interested in carbon from crust to core. Ninety percent of Earth's carbon is beneath Earth's surface, in hidden reservoirs. We're not exactly sure what those look like or how much carbon is down there, because it is stored in various forms and moves around as part of a deep carbon cycle. However, important exchanges between carbon on the surface and the deep interior happen through a process called subduction, driven by plate tectonics, and through volcanism and other processes. We really have to understand those aspects of the carbon cycle.
Q: So even though you can't see it, this carbon could have a pretty big impact on your life?
A: Over long periods of geological time, this could have a huge impact. Also, there's a lot of carbon in CO2 coming out of volcanoes and diffuse sources. And Earth's surface and oceans soak up a lot of carbon dioxide, creating new kinds of minerals. Understanding this larger carbon cycle is important for understanding how Earth functions as a planet. How resilient is it to change?
Q: You seem to be building cross-disciplinary collaboration, incorporating paleontology, mineralogy and other fields. How important are those kinds of relationships for better understanding the planet's carbon cycle?
A: Science has long divided itself up into separate disciplines -- geology, biology, chemistry, physics -- but if you look at Earth, you can't see it in terms of separate disciplines. They're all integrated together, and if we're really going to understand our planet, we have to step back and view it that way. So our passion is integration -- international collaboration with physicists, chemists, biologists, geoscientists, space scientists and others all folded together using advanced mathematical techniques, big data, visualizations and analysis tools. We're breaking down the barriers to understanding. That's what we're striving for.
Q: How, for example, could someone studying fossils contribute to the work you're talking about?
A: Imagine you're interested in the history of life on Earth. Well, life on Earth doesn't arise in the absence of geographical surroundings. It has a chemical environment. It has a physical environment. As you look at the fossil record, what you're seeing is not just the history of the living world, but of the non-living world around it. If we can harness that information, we can unlock secrets of evolution that have never been seen before, because every fossil environment, every extinction event, took place in a physical and chemical environment on planet Earth.
Q: Is that a reciprocal relationship? Do the people studying fossils get information that helps them contextualize what they found?
A: Earth's biosphere and geosphere have co-evolved. You cannot understand life on this planet without understanding the geological context, just as you can't understand geology without understanding the biological context. I'm a mineralogist. There are over 5,000 different kinds of minerals, and two-thirds of those arose through biological processes. That's astonishing. That's a consequence of the living world.
Q: How many scientists are you working with, corresponding with or partnered with?
A: The Deep Carbon Observatory international collaboration involves more than 1,000 people from 50 countries. It's an amazing network, and the thing that's wonderful about it is that people interact and communicate in ways that I've rarely seen in science before. Everyone wants to learn from everyone else. The richness of this program comes from the fact that we have people from many disciplines, but they're not looking inward to their own disciplines. They're looking outward from their expertise to interact.
Q: I understand that a lot of your focus now is developing early career scientists. Why is that a priority?
A: The future is the early career scientists. They're such incredible people. In the Deep Carbon Observatory, of the over 1,000 collaborators, over half of them are early career -- graduate students, postdocs, or people in the first few years of a tenure track position. They're the people who are really going to carry the program's legacy onward, and they're passionate about learning all they can. They organize their own workshops. They initiate their own field expeditions and grants. And they also serve on all of our leadership committees, because the only way you're going to have future leaders is by giving them leadership opportunities.
Q: Do you have any kind of long-term goal in mind in your role with the Deep Carbon Observatory?
A: We see what we're doing, in a sense, as building an incredible scientific instrument. We see an opportunity to build an international network of early career scientists immersed in this idea of cross-disciplinary science. Imagine when our vision for a vast data network is in place, with open access and new data tools -- as long as you have a laptop and internet access you can make discoveries. This is such a democratic approach to science. You don't need expensive equipment located in one place in the world. Data sharing could open science to people regardless of their economic and physical environments.
Q: What's the aspect of the work that most excites you right now?
A: It's discovery through data. People say "How are microbes related to environments?" "How are fossils related to mass extinctions?" "How is this chemical or physical or geographical aspect of a mineral related to the evolution of the planet?"
We're answering those questions. It is an astonishing way for science to advance, and we're just at the very beginning of what can be done.
|
||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
3
| 65
|
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/libraries-and-research-centers/thomas-j-watson-library/about-the-library
|
en
|
About the Library
|
http://localhost:5000/-/media/images/art/libraries-and-research-centers/watson-library/watson-zodiac/about_the_library_teaser.jpg?sc_lang=en
|
http://localhost:5000/-/media/images/art/libraries-and-research-centers/watson-library/watson-zodiac/about_the_library_teaser.jpg?sc_lang=en
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
"links to useful collections and resources",
"policies",
"auction catalogs",
"rare books",
"manuscripts",
"archives",
"museum history",
"collections",
"Watson Library"
] | null |
[] |
2020-11-20T11:35:58
|
Watson Library provides Met staff, art professionals, and scholars with a collection of over 1,020,000 volumes; over 21,000 periodical titles; over 140,000 auction and sale catalogs; online journals and databases; and papers and ephemera related to artists and Museum history.
|
en
|
/content/img/presentation/icons/favicons/safari-pinned-tab.svg
|
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
|
https://localhost:5000/art/libraries-and-research-centers/thomas-j-watson-library/about-the-library
|
Along with many exhibition, collection, and auction sale catalogs, other books and periodicals, and extensive electronic resources relating to the history of art, Watson Library and the Museum's several specialized libraries possess a number of rare and important titles that are notable for both their historical importance and their scholarly value.
In addition to funding the library building that bears his name, Thomas J. Watson, the founder of IBM and a trustee of the Museum from 1951 until 1956, endowed a book purchase fund. Other important donations from the Watson family have included an endowed position (Arthur K. Watson Chief Librarian) and the funding of early automation projects by Helen Watson Buckner, the daughter of Thomas J. Watson.
The Lita Annenberg Hazen and Joseph H. Hazen Center for Electronic Resources, an integral part of Watson Library, was inaugurated in November 1997. The center was the first of its kind in any art museum in the United States or abroad. The Hazen Center provides training and support in the use of an extensive collection of electronic scholarly material, including numerous indexes, encyclopedias, dictionaries, full-text journals, databases, and Internet resources.
|
||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
3
| 6
|
https://www.k12grants.info/Grant-Details/gid/38586
|
en
|
The Edward W. Hazen Foundation, Inc.
|
https://www.grantsoffice.com/APIImageHandler.ashx
|
https://www.grantsoffice.com/APIImageHandler.ashx
|
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[] | null |
The foundation's work is currently focused on public education and youth development. In the area of public education, interest is primarily in parent and community organizing and training around school reform issues. Similarly, in the area of youth development, proposals which focus on training young people to become community or peer organizers around concrete social issues are favored. Funding is targeted at community-based and grassroots organizations. <br />
<div class="row-fluid">
<div class="span12">
<p id="areas-of-interest"> The grantmaker has identified the following area(s) of interest: </p>
<div>
<h5>Public Education</h5>
<p> Under this area, the foundation will support parent and community organizing initiatives that foster equity and improved student achievement. The foundation will work in partnership with community-based and grassroots organizations in the following cities and regions: Los Angeles, CA; Miami, FL; Mississippi Delta, MS; and New York, NY. </p>
</div>
<div>
<h5>Youth Organizing</h5>
<p> The foundation seeks to contribute to the development of young people as leaders for social change so that they can help create policies, social systems, and public institutions that are supportive, responsible, and accountable to youth and their communities. The foundation will primarily support existing youth organizing groups that: 1) are poised to expand the scope, scale and impact of their organizing on concrete issues that affect young people's development, in particular youth of color and lower income youth and their communities, and that have a well-developed plan to increase the number and leadership capacity of the young people involved in their work as well as to build a larger, stronger, leadership and membership base; and 2) whose work can inform that of other organizations in the field and that demonstrates the effectiveness of youth organizing as a strategy for youth leadership development and social change. See foundation web site for additional information. </p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
|
en
| null |
Youth Organizing
The foundation seeks to contribute to the development of young people as leaders for social change so that they can help create policies, social systems, and public institutions that are supportive, responsible, and accountable to youth and their communities. The foundation will primarily support existing youth organizing groups that: 1) are poised to expand the scope, scale and impact of their organizing on concrete issues that affect young people's development, in particular youth of color and lower income youth and their communities, and that have a well-developed plan to increase the number and leadership capacity of the young people involved in their work as well as to build a larger, stronger, leadership and membership base; and 2) whose work can inform that of other organizations in the field and that demonstrates the effectiveness of youth organizing as a strategy for youth leadership development and social change. See foundation web site for additional information.
|
||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
3
| 73
|
https://carnegiescience.edu/events/wise
|
en
|
Workshop on Information, Selection, and Evolution (WISE)
|
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2024-07-19T12:00:00+00:00
|
From October 23-25, 2024, leading thinkers from diverse fields will come together for WISE, the Workshop on Information, Selection, and Evolution. Held at the Carnegie Science Earth and Planets Laboratory in Washington, D.C., This event will explore fundamental questions about the universe's complexity, bringing together interdisciplinary experts to share and discuss groundbreaking ideas.
|
en
|
/themes/carnegie_science/favicon.ico
|
https://carnegiescience.edu/events/wise
|
WISE stands for the Workshop on Information, Selection, and Evolution. The core objective of WISE is to bring together some of the world’s most thoughtful and influential thinkers from a range of backgrounds to listen, learn, and share ideas related to lawful, universal processes by which order arises in the cosmos.
WISE, which will take place October 23-25, 2024, at the Carnegie Institution’s beautiful Washington D.C. campus, will bring together 80 leading thinkers in topics related to the intertwined topics of evolution, emergence, selection, function, information, energy/entropy, statistical mechanics, and the arrow(s) of time. We want to create a forum for constructive and respectful interaction and advocacy for the wide range of creative theories and concepts that are now in play—models with many overlaps and echoes, as well as original ideas. The time is ripe to bring the wider community together to discuss shared interests and to form new interdisciplinary collaborations and working groups.
The WISE workshop will be held at the Carnegie Science Earth and Planets Laboratory, located in Northwest Washington, D.C., just west of Rock Creek Park.
The workshop will primarily be held in the Greenewalt Building (#3 on the map below).
Address:
Greenewalt Building
Earth & Planets Laboratory
Carnegie Science
5241 Broad Branch Road, NW
Washington, DC 20015
Ample parking is available on and around campus. A shuttle (Moran Transportation) will run from the hotel to the workshop each day.
For those who wish to walk, the 1.3-mile route is on sidewalks and mostly along residential streets.
Ample parking is available on and around campus.
A shuttle (Moran Transportation) will run from the hotel to the workshop each day.
For those who wish to walk, the 1.3-mile route is on sidewalks and mostly along residential streets.
More About Campus arrow_forward
Reagan National Airport (DCA) is approximately nine miles and 30 minutes from EPL and the workshop hotel; Dulles International Airport (IAD) is approximately 25 miles and 40 minutes; and Baltimore-Washington International (BWI) is approximately 36 miles and 50 minutes away during non-peak travel times. Travel times by vehicle depend on traffic conditions.
Taxi/Uber is the quickest in low traffic (note that “rush hour” can extend from 7-9 AM and 3-7 PM on weekdays) but the most expensive method ($50-$120/trip depending on which airport and traffic conditions). Airport group shuttle options have become limited with the expansion of Metro in the region.
Metro is the most economical airport ground transportation ($4 DCA, $6 IAD). It is slower than vehicle travel during low traffic periods but can be quicker during rush hour. The DCA airport is directly serviced by Metro’s Yellow and Blue Lines and IAD airport is directly serviced by the Silver Line which opened in November 2022. Travelers from both airports need to transfer to the Red Line (towards Shady Grove) at Metro Center to reach the Friendship Heights Metro Station. Estimated travel time to/from DCA is 45 minutes each way and to/from IAD is 75 minutes each way. Schedules, fares, and additional trip planning information can be found at the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority's website.
EPL is approximately 1.5 miles from three Metro stations on the Red Line: Van Ness-UDC (at the intersection of Connecticut Ave. and Van Ness), Tenleytown-AU (at the intersection of Wisconsin Ave. and Albemarle), and Friendship Heights (at the intersection of Wisconsin Ave. and Western Ave.).
The format of the workshop will mirror that of the Carnegie Institution’s 2008 Deep-Carbon Workshop—an event that led to numerous collaborations and new funding opportunities exceeding $100 million.
In a departure from tradition, diverse early-career speakers will give most of the plenary talks, while more established experts will present large-format posters where every participant can spend focused time learning and interacting. Significant time will be devoted to small topical breakout sessions and informal interaction opportunities. By the third day, some breakouts will focus on topics that emerge from the workshop in real-time.
We expect that by the end of the workshop each of us will understand other ideas in much greater depth, and that we will have identified key questions for future collaborative research.
The workshop hotel, Embassy Suites by Hilton Washington DC Chevy Chase Pavilion, is connected to the Friendship Heights Metro Station on the Red Line via an interior entrance through the Chevy Chase Pavilion. Arriving by Metro: exit the Friendship Heights platform towards Western Ave and then exit the Metro Station towards Chevy Chase Pavilion (see picture to right) where the hotel is located. Take either the elevator or escalator to Level 2 in the mall (under renovation) to reach the hotel lobby which is one level above street level.
Address:
Embassy Suites by Hilton Washington DC Chevy Chase Pavilion
4300 Military Rd NW, Washington, DC 20015, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(tel: 202.362.9300).
Room rates and local taxes will be direct billed to EPL/Carnegie. Travelers are responsible for other charges (which may be eligible for reimbursement).
Check in is after 3 pm and check out is by 11am. Your room rate includes a made-to-order breakfast from 6:30 – 9:30 am on weekdays. The hotel offers 2 complimentary drink tickets/day for a reception from 5:30 – 7 pm each evening at Willie’s Bar.
Yes! On the mornings of the workshop at 8:15 AM, a shuttle (Moran Transportation) will transport participants staying at the hotel to EPL on the Broad Branch Road Campus. (Remember to have breakfast first at the hotel!).
Daily pick up will be outside the Military Road exit from the hotel where a small pullout is available for the shuttle to park. The shuttle will also be available at other times as indicated on the workshop agenda. Otherwise, travelers should be prepared to walk/Uber/taxi/Metro as needed. These ground transportation expenses are eligible for reimbursement. Local participants with cars may also be able to provide transportation.
More details on the shuttle timing and event agenda to come.
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History of the Moorish Empire Volume 3 (of 3)
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of History of the Moorish Empire in Europe, Vol. 3 (of 3)
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
Title: History of the Moorish Empire in Europe, Vol. 3 (of 3)
Author: S. P. Scott
Release date: April 29, 2024 [eBook #73492]
Language: English
Original publication: Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1904
Credits: Wouter Franssen, Karin Spence and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE MOORISH EMPIRE IN EUROPE, VOL. 3 (OF 3) ***
HISTORY
OF THE
Moorish Empire
IN EUROPE
BY
S. P. SCOTT
AUTHOR OF “THROUGH SPAIN”
IN THREE VOLUMES
VOL. III.
PHILADELPHIA & LONDON
J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY
1904
The extraordinary impulse to scientific investigation, to historical research, to the development and perfection of the industrial arts, to the extension of commerce, to the improvement of the social and economic[2] conditions which are so intimately connected with the comfort and happiness of mankind, imparted by the Saracen kingdoms of Southern Europe, was far from being destroyed by the absorption or conquest of their provinces or by the final extinction of their empire. The progress of their humanizing influence upon other nations had been slow and imperceptible. The philosophical ideas and principles advanced by the Arab universities were necessarily hostile to the doctrines of Christianity, to the opinions of the Fathers, to the inspiration of an infallible Pope, to the imperious claims of ecclesiastical supremacy. In consequence of their heretical tendency, they were perused in secret; and the diligence with which this prohibited literature was studied is revealed by the number of sects which arose, and the defiance of Papal authority, which is the distinguishing characteristic of European annals during the first half of the thirteenth century. The doctrines taught at Cordova and Palermo inspired those audacious mediæval reformers, far in advance of their age, whose aspirations for intellectual and religious liberty were promptly and mercilessly extinguished at the stake and on the scaffold. The spirit of resistance to Papal aggression, corruption, and tyranny, temporarily checked, in time revived, and found permanent expression in the bold and revolutionary theories of the Reformation. These great and radical changes were not spontaneously effected; the causes of their development had been in silent operation for many centuries.
The schools of Moslem Spain and Sicily had long been the resort of students, ambitious of literary attainments and distinction, from every country in Europe. Princes of Castile and France had for generations enjoyed the benefits of the educational advantages to be obtained in the Spanish Peninsula.[3] The proximity of the polished and luxurious towns of Sicily to the ancient seat of Roman greatness and power had produced a corresponding effect, less evident and less durable, it is true, but still most civilizing and beneficial, upon the ferocious barbarism which had succeeded the cruel and shameless vices of the Cæsars. The sacerdotal order had profited more largely than all others by the learning of the Mohammedans. Pope Sylvester II., the most accomplished ecclesiastic of his time, whose prodigious acquirements caused him to be accused of sorcery and led to his assassination by poison, was educated at the University of Cordova. Roger Bacon, another reputed wizard, had deeply imbibed the heretical but fascinating opinions of the sages of the Tagus and the Guadalquivir. In almost every European monastery, whose inmates, corrupted by wealth and depraved by sensual indulgence, had abandoned the ascetic habits of the cloister, the infidel works of the Arabian philosophers were studied with curiosity and delight by jovial monks, long strangers to the vows inculcated as cardinal precepts by the regulations of their order.
With the secular clergy, whose ostentatious luxury was proverbial, the case was even worse. While considerations of policy and self-interest prevented the avowal of principles totally at variance with the tenets of their profession, the fact that those principles were entertained was far from being a secret. The influential prelates of the Church, ignorant or heedless of the prejudicial effects which must inevitably ensue from familiarity with the works of the Moslem philosophers, did not vigorously attempt to suppress them until the mischief they had produced was almost irreparable. The unbelief and moral obliquity of the clergy reacted upon their flocks. The latter saw—first with surprise, then with indifference—the ill-concealed[4] skepticism and open immorality of their spiritual counsellors. As a result of this lax and inconsistent behavior, society became permeated with hypocrisy. The popular tales of the Middle Ages, many of them undoubtedly founded on fact, indicate only too plainly the estimation in which the clergy were held by the people. That such pictures of ecclesiastical life could be drawn and published without interference or punishment shows not only the extent of the evil, but the recognition of its existence by every class of the community. The licentious stories of the mediæval writers were read or repeated with delight both in the palace of the noble and the hovel of the serf. One of the most remarkable of these collections owes its origin to the patronage of Louis XI., the Most Christian King of France.
Although the clergy, and especially the members of the monastic orders, were, in these facetious productions, uniformly represented as objects of hatred and contempt, the practice of the vices and weaknesses imputed to them was evidently so common to their calling as not even to arouse those feelings of resentment which would naturally arise from accusations so nearly affecting their piety and virtue. So little attention, indeed, was paid to these disclosures of the habits of ecclesiastics, that their recital formed one of the ordinary diversions of conventual life, and the Gesta Romanorum, which long maintained a questionable celebrity, is a monkish compilation. When the spiritual guides of a community are deliberately held up to ridicule as the incarnation of all that is vile, rapacious, and bestial, their usefulness as directors of the public conscience and arbiters of private morals is at an end. Their pernicious example was not lost upon the people, although their influence for good declined. Universal corruption became the most prominent trait of every rank of society. The[5] most glaring acts of impiety remained unrebuked. National faith and personal obligations were alike unblushingly violated. Every revolting crime was committed by those whose means were sufficient to appease sacerdotal venality and purchase temporary absolution. No epoch in European history presents a more distressing picture of social demoralization, of royal perfidy, of priestly hypocrisy, of universal wickedness, than the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. But while this condition of affairs was productive of widespread moral debasement, it was not wholly an unmixed evil. The weakening of the sentiments of fatuous reverence with which things denominated sacred had for ages been regarded, awakened among the masses a spirit of intellectual independence. The right of the exercise of private judgment began to be first tolerated, and afterwards tacitly recognized. Then originated the great moral revolution which, subsequently checked and almost overwhelmed by the power of the Papacy and disgraced by scenes of horror to which history affords no parallel, ended in the momentous struggle of the sixteenth century, and the permanent triumph of reason over dogma, of intelligence over ecclesiastical authority.
But it was not only by the removal of superstitious prejudice, through the comparison of creeds, the judicious employment of the principles of philosophical criticism, and the public exposure of the lives of the clergy, that this great and beneficial change was accomplished. The commerce of the European Moslems was almost coextensive with the world at that time familiar to mariners. The excellence and beauty of their wares, unequalled by those of any other nation, were eagerly sought after by the wealthy and luxurious inhabitants of Christian countries. Merchants, traders, and students had spread far and wide[6] accounts of the marvels to be seen beyond the Pyrenees,—opulent and flourishing communities, where the meanest citizen was in the daily enjoyment of comforts unattainable as luxuries by the greatest potentates of Christendom; edifices whose decorations surpassed in richness the wildest conceptions of Oriental fiction; vast plantations, where fruits, unknown to colder climes, grew in prodigal abundance; caravansaries and markets crowded with a profusion of costly fabrics, and resounding with a Babel of strange and guttural tongues; institutions of learning frequented by tens of thousands of students, whose attainments—extraordinary in a world of ignorance—were believed to have been secured by an unholy compact with the infernal powers.
The existence of this civilization in close proximity to the semi-barbarous Mediterranean nations and the salutary experience of its benefits could not fail to produce upon the latter a deep and lasting impression. The Crusades, also, to some extent had enlarged the minds of the fierce warriors of the West. Their respect had been inspired by the equal valor and superior intelligence of their Mohammedan adversaries; and a Saracen was no longer, as formerly, considered a demon incarnate, destitute of honor, insatiable of blood, incapable of compassion, ignorant alike of the courtesies of war and the suggestions of humanity. These various moral and physical agencies, acting through the maintenance of maritime intercourse and the promiscuous association with travellers of every description, gradually produced effects long unperceived and unappreciated by the class whose material interests were most vitally endangered.
The dawn of the thirteenth century witnessed the outbreak and the arrest of two most significant movements of the human mind, destined to exercise immense[7] influence on the intellectual character and political destiny of Europe. The one appeared in Sicily; arose under the auspices and was supported by the power of the Emperor Frederick II.,—that prodigy of mediæval learning and diplomacy, great by birth, and, through the hereditary traditions of his line, still greater through the talents with which he was endowed and the accomplishments that adorned his character; a colossal figure among the pygmy soldiers and churchmen of his time; a combination of opposite and eccentric qualities; brave but treacherous, impetuous but crafty; a skeptic, and an unrelenting persecutor of heretics; at one time heading a crusade for the recovery of the Holy Sepulchre; at another marshalling Saracen armies against the partisans of the Pope; a vassal of the Holy See, and an open ally and friend of the infidel; a professed champion of Christianity, while endeavoring to wrest from its acknowledged head that spiritual dominion which invested him with unlimited power over the lives, the fortunes, and the ultimate destiny of men; legislator, troubadour, author, naturalist; “a poet in an age of schoolmen, a philosopher in an age of monks, a statesman in an age of crusaders.”
The other intellectual revolution against ecclesiastical traditions and Papal despotism originated in the sunny lands of Provence and Languedoc, between the Mediterranean and the Pyrenees. That region, early overrun and colonized by the Saracen, had long remained subject to the Mohammedan princes of Spain. Although nominally Christian, its population was deeply infected with heterodox and atheistical opinions. The country had never lost the characteristics peculiar to the Moslem conqueror,—the intelligent and persevering cultivation of the soil, the venturesome spirit of commercial enterprise, the development and profitable adaptation of every natural resource,[8] the pride of ostentatious luxury, the profound distrust of the female sex, which condemns its members to the seclusion of the harem. Amidst the freedom and gayety of its semi-Oriental cities, sectaries of every creed lived unquestioned and undisturbed. Polygamy was practised without concealment or reproach; scarcely a castle of count or baron was without its numerous seraglio. Education was general, and remarkable in its scope and efficiency when contrasted with the ignorance of contemporaneous societies. The famous University of Montpellier, a manifestation of the intellectual ideas and spirit which pervaded the South of France, was for generations a monument of the progress and erudition of the inhabitants of Languedoc. Among the public teachers were many Jews and Mohammedans, who, in addition to the profound and varied learning of the schools of Cordova, brought to the notice of a curious and speculative race theories that boded ill to the ecclesiastical establishment, which, stained with every hideous and disgusting vice, was fast sinking into universal and deserved contempt. The practice of improvisation,—the composition of extemporaneous poetry,—derived from the imaginative but unlettered tribes of the Arabian Desert, and for generations the delight of the capitals of Moorish Spain, found here its most fascinating expression and its highest development. Next to the prince himself, the troubadour was the most important personage of the Provençal court. His accomplishments, often acquired by association with the Moslem, were the envy of the cavalier and the horror of the priest. His elegant manners and poetical talents gained for him the passionate adoration of high-born ladies, whose beauty he celebrated in florid and licentious verse. His satires were often directed against the clergy, whose lives too readily furnished cause for ridicule and censure. With him[9] occasionally travelled the jongleur, who, to the recitation of amorous chants, added the charm of harmonious minstrelsy. The ditties of the troubadours, like the coarse and facetious tales of this and subsequent periods, afforded an unfailing index of popular taste and prevalent opinions. In their lays the ecclesiastic is almost invariably an object of derision. His hypocrisy, his licentiousness, his greed, are depicted in language which admits of no palliating or ambiguous interpretation. He is constantly represented as the proverbial embodiment of all that is execrable and repulsive. If a butt for ridicule was needed, to give an appropriate climax to a story composed for the amusement of the court, the monastery could be relied upon to furnish an inexhaustible number of subjects, whose foibles were at once recognized by the delighted and scoffing auditors. The sacred calling of the ministers of religion was constantly made the occasion of ribald pleasantry; the tricks of practical jokers were played with impunity upon every incumbent of the sacerdotal dignity, from the haughty bishop to the cowled and barefooted friar. Even the populace, in whom the spirit of superstitious reverence is always the first to be awakened and the last to be destroyed, shared in an equal degree the feelings of their superiors. The vagrant rhymer, declaiming his sarcastic verses in the streets or by the wayside, was always sure of a liberal and appreciative audience. Such a condition of society indicates a certain degree of intellectual progress which can only result from independence of thought and moral irresponsibility of action. The extraordinary opinion began to be advanced and largely accepted that the investiture of the priesthood, of itself, conveyed no special virtue which dispensed with the rules of social morality or conferred immunity from public criticism. This idea, at variance with all the traditions[10] of a Church which attached the highest importance to the rigid observance of mere formalities, was followed by others of even more novel and startling character. The unbroken intercourse with the Moslem principalities of the Peninsula had introduced into a country, whose people might, in some degree, justly claim consanguinity with the Saracens of Andalusia, the arts, the philosophy, and the erudition which had long embellished the accomplished courts of the Western Khalifate. Hence arose the popularity of the works of Averroes, and the general familiarity with the pantheistic ideas of Indian origin, subsequently adopted by the heretical sects which, from time to time, sprang up to vex the Papal orthodoxy of Europe. With their importation into France, the doctrines of the Arab philosophers were invested with a far broader significance than had ever been claimed by those who first inculcated their truths. The gay ballads of the South assumed a greater license of sentiment and language than their prototypes, whose freedom had provoked the censure of the Mohammedan society of the Guadalquivir, little inclined to displays of prudish morality. It was from such beginnings that were derived the suggestions of those memorable religious revolutions which, headed by Wyclif in England, Huss in Bohemia, and Luther in Germany, in defiance of the tremendous power of the Vatican, impressed an indelible seal upon the character and belief of so large a portion of the inhabitants of the civilized globe. The influence that Troubadour and Trouvère—poets and minstrels—during their incessant wanderings exerted upon the provincial dialects in which their productions were composed, and the extensive distribution of the latter, did more than all else to form and perfect the language of France. It was the same in Italy. That country also indirectly owes the sweet and musical accents of its graceful idiom, equally[11] adapted to the descriptions of the historian, the representations of the dramatist, and the melodious versification of the poet, to a race foreign in all its characteristics and traditions to that quarter of the world where it exercised its greatest power. As with poetry, so it was with other manifestations of genius. Much of the architecture of Southern Europe, and especially those buildings devoted to religious worship, present unmistakable evidences of their Moorish origin; and thus the law of Mohammed, while it failed to retain its dominion over the minds of men, was enabled to perpetuate the memory of the arts, which it promoted in the construction of magnificent and imposing edifices raised for the celebration of the rites of another and an inimical religion. In a thousand ways, the march of intellectual improvement, suggested by the presence and example of Moslem skill and learning, was accelerated in the provinces of the South of France. The active minds of the inhabitants of the valley of the Rhone devoured with eagerness the extravagant tales of Moorish fiction, and their curiosity was stimulated by the study of the maxims of Plato and Aristotle contained in Arabic versions of those writers. Their manners insensibly became softened, their ideas were enlarged, their tastes were cultivated; they no longer regarded the torture of heretics and the massacre of infidels as conformable to the precepts of a religion based upon “peace and good-will to men.” With deep disgust they threw off their allegiance to the Church of Rome. Woman, hitherto a slave, subjected to the caprice of an imperious and irresponsible master, was raised by the hand of chivalry and made the cherished companion, if not the equal, of her lord. Semi-barbarous Europe looked with wonder upon a land so blessed by nature and adorned by art; where the remains of classic antiquity were taught in the same schools with the botany[12] of Syria and the chemistry of Spain; where a philosophic spirit of inquiry had awakened the noblest aspirations of the human intellect, and where knightly courtesy had replaced the rudeness of the sword.
This advanced civilization had, unfortunately, come four centuries too soon. The fears of the Papacy were excited, and a ferocious crusade, which spared neither rank, age, sex, nor infirmity, was published against the unfortunate Albigenses. Upon the ruins of one of the most refined societies that had arisen to instruct mankind since the days of Athenian greatness, a society which embodied all that was interesting, learned, profitable, or entertaining in human life, was erected the Inquisition, the bane of science, and the implacable foe of civil and religious liberty.
The great contest of the thirteenth century between the Empire and the Holy See for the mastery of the world derived its origin from the barbarian occupation of Italy. The imperial dignity of the Cæsars embodied, as is well known, not only its supreme exercise, but the prestige and the mysterious power which attached to the place of Pontifex Maximus, the prototype of the Papacy. That power had been solemnly confirmed, and materially enlarged, by the ambition and politic measures of Constantine. The occasional employment of the Bishop of Rome as arbiter of the differences between the Sees of Constantinople and Alexandria had magnified the importance and insensibly extended the jurisdiction of his office. Aspiring prelates, who held their court on the banks of the classic Tiber, in sight of the stupendous memorials of ancient civilization, soon began to arrogate to themselves a preponderance in the determination of secular matters to which their comparatively obscure predecessors had advanced no claim. The texts of Scripture were invoked and interpreted to confirm their pretensions. In addition to the alleged vicarious sovereignty[13] vested in them by the traditional choice of the Saviour, they asserted that the privileges and authority enjoyed by the Pontifex Maximus were theirs by the right of inheritance. They insisted, moreover, that as celestial matters were of far greater importance to mankind than any connected with the affairs of a transitory life, the sacredness of their exalted position conferred extraordinary prerogatives, and that the imperial power was subordinate to, and, under some circumstances, actually merged into, the pontifical dignity. By thus shrewdly taking advantage of every circumstance which could either strengthen its influence or extend its jurisdiction, the Holy See subjected to its tyrannical and irresponsible sway a far more extensive and populous territory than had ever paid reluctant tribute to the masters of imperial Rome. Excommunication, anathema, and interdict, the means by which this tremendous authority was enforced, were moral instruments which appealed with irresistible force to the fears of a superstitious age.
The barbarian invasions, which swept away the last vestige of imperial greatness, introduced the heretical doctrines of Arius into Southern Europe. The religious antagonism resulting from the incessant clash of adverse opinions was perpetuated by the mutual jealousies of king and bishop, until the accession of Charlemagne practically united in the hands of that emperor the temporal and sacerdotal powers,—the dominion of the earth, and the control of an order whose members were universally regarded as mediators with heaven. With his death the exercise of the exalted prerogative of spiritual jurisdiction reverted to the Papacy. The claim to its enjoyment was never afterwards successfully urged by any monarch who was entitled, by right of inheritance, to the dignities and privileges of the Carlovingian empire. By degrees,[14] the resistless influence of intellectual superiority, quietly, but none the less powerfully exerted, began to manifest itself. It was to the fact that the Church monopolized all the learning of early mediæval times, even more than to the reverence that attached to the holy calling of its ministers, that its boundless power over the most truculent and merciless barbarians is to be attributed. A mysterious and exaggerated importance was ascribed to that profession whose members held communion with past ages; who called down the blessings or the maledictions of celestial beings in a tongue unknown to the vulgar; who communicated, in unintelligible characters, with the learned and the wise of distant nations; and who, in the seclusion of the laboratory, indulged in pursuits condemned by the canons of their faith, but occasionally productive of results whose character, remarkable for that epoch, not infrequently acquired for the monkish chemist the unenviable and perilous title of conjuror. The literary and scientific attainments acquired in the cloister bore, however, no comparison to the erudition of those countries where Saracen energy and munificence had long promoted the exercise and expansion of the highest faculties of the human intellect. The knowledge possessed by the clergy was only extensive by contrast with the impenetrable ignorance by which they were surrounded, and which it was their interest to diligently propagate and maintain.
The era which witnessed the climax of Papal supremacy was coincident with the most thoroughly concerted and menacing attempt at its overthrow ever directed by any secular potentate. The birth of Frederick II. preceded the election of Innocent III. to the Holy See only three years. In the deadly struggle that arose between these two mighty antagonists,—a struggle which was far more political than[15] religious, and whose tempting prize was the dominion of the earth,—the influence of the Saracen was a powerful, and, in many instances, a predominant factor. Moslem laws, institutions, and customs had for centuries, amidst communities hostile in origin and belief, survived alike the existence of their own dynasties and the domination of their conquerors. Tribal dissensions and hereditary enmity had prompted and facilitated the destruction of the splendid Mohammedan empire in Sicily. In its turn, the Norman kingdom, after a prolonged and stormy existence, in which the Moorish tributaries played no inconsiderable part, lost its identity; and, by the marriage of Constance, the mother of Frederick II., with Henry VI., was merged into the German Empire. During the great political and moral revolutions which disposed of crowns and repeatedly changed the destinies of the island, the Arab element of the population maintained an undisputed superiority in arts, in commerce, in literature,—in short, in all professions and employments save that of war alone. The semi-barbarian conqueror, whose only passports to distinction were the dexterity with which he wielded lance and sword and the undaunted courage with which he faced tenfold odds, early recognized the advantages of that intellectual power which enabled his Moorish vassals to cope with, and overreach, in both trade and diplomacy, the astute politicians of Christian Italy. This exotic population, notwithstanding the successive calamities which had afflicted it, exhibited through long periods of time no extraordinary diminution of numbers, a fact no doubt largely attributable to the prevalence of polygamous customs. In the centre of the island many Moorish settlements, defended by impregnable fortresses, subsisting by pastoral occupations, and whose comparative poverty offered little inducement to invasion, remained in tranquillity and[16] in the enjoyment of a rustic independence. In the great seaports, on the other hand, the Moslem tributaries retained under foreign domination all of the refinement and much of the splendor which had distinguished the luxurious court of the emirs. In these vast emporiums, where were constantly assembled the merchants of every Christian and of every Mohammedan state, a numerous, motley, and industrious people pursued, without oppression or hinderance, all the avocations of thriving mercantile communities. The peculiar adaptability of the genius of the Norman to novel social and political conditions, a quality which was the main source of his prosperity and greatness, was never more prominently displayed than after the conquest which transferred the sceptre of Sicily from one race of foreign adventurers to another. No more striking antagonism of national customs, religious prejudices, habits, and traditions could be conceived than that existing between the victor and the vanquished. One came from the borders of the Arctic Circle; the original home of the other was in the Torrid Zone. Both traced their lineage to tribes steeped in barbarism and idolatry; but the Norman, though he had changed his system of worship, still retained many of its objectionable and degrading features, while the Arab professed a creed that regarded with undisguised abhorrence the adoration of images and the invocation of saints. In the arts of civilization, there was no corresponding advance which could suggest resemblance or justify comparison. Poverty, ignorance, ferocity, still remained the characteristics of the Norman, as when, with a handful of resolute companions, he scattered to the winds the armies of the Sicilian Mussulman. The latter, however, if inferior in endurance and martial energy to his conqueror, was possessed of accomplishments which justly entitled him to a prominent rank in the[17] community of nations. No circumstance of honor, of distinction, of inventive genius, was wanting to exalt his character or magnify his reputation. The fame of his military achievements had filled the world. His commercial relations had made his name familiar to and respected by remote and jealous races, to whom the Christian kingdoms of Europe were unknown. His civil polity was admirably adapted to the character and necessities of the people its laws were intended to govern. Under those laws, administered by a succession of great princes, Moslem society had become opulent, polished, and dissolute beyond all example, but eventually and inevitably enervated and decadent. Political and social disorganization had not, however, entirely destroyed the prestige earned by ages of military glory and intellectual pre-eminence. The schools of Cordova had been swept away by hordes of African fanatics. Her libraries had been scattered or destroyed. Her incomparable palaces had been levelled with the ground or had succumbed to the gradual decay to which they had been abandoned by ferocious chieftains, alike ignorant of the arts and indifferent to the claims of civilization. But the glory of the fallen metropolis had been reflected upon the provincial capitals of a distracted and dismembered monarchy. Malaga, Granada, Toledo, Seville, were still celebrated as seats of learning; civil war had interrupted but not extinguished the pursuit of science; a taste for letters counteracted in some degree the thirst for blood which prompted the atrocities of tribal hate and hostile faction; and the chivalrous intercourse established at intervals between the two races contending for national superiority afforded a happy if a deceptive image of affluence and security. ‘The Sicilian Mohammedans, while the vicissitudes and calamities of their history presented in miniature a general resemblance to those experienced by their[18] brethren of the Spanish Peninsula, were never subjected to such repeated and overwhelming disasters as fell to the lot of the subjects of the Ommeyade dynasty and of the principalities which inherited its enmities, and the shattered fragments of its once vast and populous but cumbersome empire. The Norman acquisition of Sicily, unlike the Spanish Reconquest, was accomplished with surprising ease and rapidity. In the former instance there was but little of that indiscriminate ferocity which was characteristic of the conflicts of the Middle Ages, and especially of these where religious interests were directly involved. The experience of the conquerors—obtained in many lands—enabled them to appreciate the value of the monuments of a highly developed civilization, whose promoters were soon to pass under their sceptre. For this reason there was no ruthless spoliation of cities, no indiscriminate devastation of a fertile country which had been reclaimed by infinite toil and perseverance from an unpromising prospect of marsh, ravine, and precipice. The tangible results of three hundred years of national progress and culture were transmitted, with but little impairment, to the victorious foreigner. These advantages were at once grasped and appropriated with an avidity absolutely phenomenal in a people whose career had been dictated by the predatory instincts of the bandit, and whose manners had been formed amidst the license of the camp, the superstition of the cloister, and the carnage of the field.
Norman Sicily exhibited, to all intents and purposes, a prolongation, under happier auspices, of that dominion to which the island owed its prosperity and its fame. The influence of Moorish thrift, capacity, and skill was everywhere manifest and acknowledged. Its silent operation facilitated its progress and increased its power. The maritime interests of the[19] island were in the hands of the Moslems; they controlled the finances; they negotiated treaties; to them was largely confided the administration of justice and the education of youth. Their integrity was acknowledged even by those whose practices appeared most unfavorable by contrast; their versatile talents not infrequently raised them to the highest and most responsible posts of the Norman court. That court is declared by contemporary historians to have equalled in splendor and culture those of Cairo and Bagdad. This comparison, while the highest encomium that could be pronounced upon its grandeur and brilliancy, also denoted unmistakably the Oriental influence which pervaded it. Great dignitaries, with pompous titles and retinues imposing in numbers and magnificence, exercised the principal employments of the crown. A rigid system of subordination and accountability was established, governing the conduct of the minor officials in their relations to their superiors and to the sovereign. The gradations in rank of these civil magistrates were numerous, and their respective duties plainly and accurately defined. The system of fiefs had never obtained in Northern Italy, owing to the extraordinary growth of maritime enterprise, the mutual jealousies engendered by commercial rivalry, the prejudices of the Lombard population, hostile to the restraints and abuses which the adoption of that system implied, the foundation of many independent and wealthy communities,—conditions naturally incompatible with the maintenance of an establishment based upon obligations of military service and baronial protection. In Apulia and Northern Sicily, however, Norman domination transplanted, to some extent, the laws and customs of Western Europe, which found a congenial soil in provinces already familiar with the exactions of Saracen despotism. But the feudal system of Norman rule had lost much of its original[20] severity, and had been curtailed of those oppressive privileges with difficulty endured even in countries for centuries accustomed to the suffering and degradation they entailed. These modifications were so extensive and radical as to be almost revolutionary in their nature. The disputes of lord and vassal, of noble and suzerain, were decided by a court of judicature. Villeinage, as recognized elsewhere in Europe, was practically unknown. While the villein was attached to the glebe and passed with its transfer, he could not be persecuted with impunity; he could own property and alienate it, make wills, ransom his services, and, in many other respects, exercise the rights of a freeman, while still subject to the disabilities of a serf. The days of compulsory labor enjoined upon him were prescribed by law. His testimony was admissible in the trial of causes; he could not be illegally deprived of the results of his industry when his duties to his lord had been faithfully discharged; and, under certain circumstances, he was permitted to enter the clerical profession, whose opportunities might open to an aspiring zealot a career of the highest distinction.
The barbarian prejudices of the Norman conqueror survived in many institutions inherited from ages of gross superstition and ignorance. Among these were the absurd and iniquitous trials by fire, water, and judicial combat, prevalent in societies dominated partly by priestcraft and partly by the sword. But more correct ideas of the true character of evidence and its application, acquired from association with a people familiar with the codes of Justinian and Mohammed, eventually mitigated the evils produced by such irrational procedure; and, while not entirely abandoned, its most offensive features were gradually suffered to become obsolete. In other respects, the administration of justice—for the excellence of its system, for the rapidity with which trials were conducted,[21] for the opportunity afforded the litigant for appeal and reversal of judgment—was remarkable. Invested with a sacred character, the judge, in the honor of his official position, was inferior to the king alone. His person was inviolable. No one might question his motives or dispute his authority under penalty of sacrilege. The head of the supreme court of the kingdom, by which all questions taken on appeal from the inferior tribunals were finally adjudicated, was called the Grand Justiciary. His powers and dignity claimed and received the highest consideration. None but men conspicuously eminent for learning and integrity were raised to this exalted office. The Grand Justiciary, although frequently of plebeian extraction, took precedence of the proud nobility, whose titles, centuries old and gained in Egypt and Palestine, had already become historic. A silken banner, the emblem of his office, was carried before him. In public assemblies and royal audiences he sat at the left hand of the sovereign. Only the constable, of all the officials of the crown, approached him in rank. These unusual honors paid to a dignitary whose title to respect was due, not to personal prowess or to hereditary distinction, but to the reverence attaching to his employment, indicate a great advance in the character of a people which, but a few years before, acknowledged no law but that of physical superiority, no tribunal but that of arms. In the other departments of government—in finance, in legislation, in the regulations of commerce, in the protection and encouragement of agriculture, in the maintenance of order—the Norman domination in Sicily presented an example of advanced civilization to be seen nowhere else in Europe, except in the Moorish principalities of Spain. The system of taxation not only embraced regular assessments, but authorized such extraordinary contributions as might be required for the construction[22] of great public works or demanded by the exigencies of war. A powerful and well-equipped navy enforced the authority and protected the rights of the Norman kings in the Mediterranean. In the classification of orders, ecclesiastics were not, as elsewhere, granted extraordinary privileges by reason of their sacred profession. Those of rank were enrolled among the feudatories; the inferior clergy were relegated to the intermediate grade of subjects placed between the noble and the serf; all were, equally with the laity, responsible for infractions of the laws. The monarch was the head of the Church under the Pope; the office of Papal legate, which he usurped, was assumed, by a convenient fiction, to have been transmitted by inheritance; he exercised the rights of the erection of bishoprics, the presentation of benefices, the translation of prelates, the exemption of abbeys; he imposed taxes on the priesthood, and, when occasion demanded, did not hesitate to seize and appropriate property set aside for the uses of public worship. In his dominions, the Pope, while the nominal head of Christendom, was merely a personage of secondary importance, with little real influence and with no prestige save that derived from his venerated title and from his residence in that city which had once given laws to the world. The Papacy, it is true, had not yet fully established those portentous claims to empire which subsequently brought the most remote countries under its jurisdiction; but its aspiring pontiffs had already laid the foundations of their despotism; and this defiance of their authority, at the very gates of the capital of Christendom, was fraught with the most vital consequences to the future peace and welfare of Europe.
No people presented greater variety in manners, language, habits, and religion than that of Norman Sicily. The mingling of strange tongues, the constant[23] recurrence of picturesque costumes, denoted the presence of many distinct nationalities. In general, although close relations were maintained and intermarriages were common, the different races were distributed in separate quarters and districts, and existed as castes. Greek, Latin, Hebrew, Arabic, as well as the harsh and barbaric dialects of Germany and France, were spoken; the laws of each nation were suffered to prevail, except when they conflicted with the supreme authority; enforced proselytism and religious persecution were unknown; and, in a society of such a diversified character, it was impossible that national prejudice could obtain a permanent foothold. The tendency of public opinion, as well as the policy of the government, was towards the indulgence of religious and intellectual freedom. In no respect was this liberality so apparent as in the treatment of the Jews. Elsewhere in Europe they were considered the legitimate prey of every oppressor; liable to be transferred by entire communities, like so many cattle, from one petty tyrant to another; robbed and tortured with impunity; incapacitated from invoking the protection of the laws; rendered powerless by centuries of systematic oppression to exert the right of self-defence or to successfully appeal to arms in an age of anarchy and violence. In Sicily, under the Normans, an enlightened public sentiment dictated the measures pursued in the treatment of an enterprising but unfortunate people. Their usefulness to the state was recognized by the immunities they enjoyed. For generations, no badge of infamy or servitude made them conspicuous in the crowded streets; no onerous taxes were laid upon them as a class; they shared, in large measure, the rights and privileges of other citizens; no tribunal was permitted to discriminate against them in the dispensation of justice; they were not prohibited from exercising the profession of bankers,[24] but the rate of interest they might exact was limited to ten per cent.
The lustre of Saracen civilization was rather heightened than tarnished by the Norman conquest. The stability and confidence which the rule of the victors produced more than compensated for the damage inevitably resulting from their military operations. The supremacy of law was everywhere established. Tribal animosity, which had been the curse of Moslem society, was suppressed, if not entirely eradicated. The seaports increased rapidly in extent and opulence. Palaces of equal dimensions and beauty, but more substantial in their construction, replaced the airy and picturesque villas which had displayed the taste of the Moorish princes. Massive stairways afforded access to the broad stone quays encumbered with the merchandise of the Mediterranean. The narrow and tortuous thoroughfares of the Orient gave way to wide and well-paved avenues adapted to the commercial necessities of a numerous trading population. As formerly, under Greek and Moslem, Palermo exhibited, in the highest degree, the influence and progress of the arts of civilization. Its citadel, defended by every resource of military science, was of such extent as to merit of itself the appellation of a city. Here were situated the warehouses, the bazaars, the baths, the markets, the churches, and the mosques. Above it rose the castle reared by the Normans, the solid blocks which composed its walls being covered with arabesques and inscriptions. The residences of the merchants and the nobility were conspicuous for their number and elegance; the royal palace was in itself a marvel of architectural grandeur and sybaritic luxury. But the edifices which struck the imagination of the stranger most forcibly were the two great shrines respectively allotted to Christian and to Moslem worship. Sectarian rivalry had exhausted itself[25] in their construction and adornment. The mosque was one of the most superb in all Islam. Its beauty was enhanced by its rich tapestries, and by the exquisite coloring and gilding it exhibited in the delicate carvings which embellished its interior. But grand and beautiful as it was, the Christian cathedral was generally conceded to surpass it in those material attractions which appeal most strongly to the senses of the enthusiastic and the devout. Arab writers have vied with each other in celebrating the majesty and splendor of this famous temple. The combined skill of the Moorish and the Byzantine artist had been laid under contribution in its embellishment. The walls were incrusted with gold, whose dazzling brilliancy was relieved by panels of precious marble of various colors bordered with foliage of green mosaic. The columns were sculptured with floral ornaments, interspersed with inscriptions in Cufic characters. The lofty cupola, covered with glistening tiles, was one of the landmarks of the capital, and, projected against the cloudless sky, was the most prominent object which caught the eye of the expectant mariner. Around the city, rising in terraces, like the seats of an amphitheatre, were the suburbs, verdant with the luxuriant vegetation of every country that could be reached by the enterprise of man, through whose leafy screen appeared at intervals the gayly painted villas of the merchant princes or the sumptuous and imposing palaces of the Norman aristocracy.
Amidst the numerous measures originated and brought to maturity by the new domination, it is remarkable that no especial encouragement was afforded to institutions of learning. A tradition exists of the academy of the great Count Roger, but it is only a tradition. No national university was founded to perpetuate the fame or to exalt the benefits of regal patronage. No general plan of promoting[26] the education of the masses was inaugurated. The Jewish and Saracen schools, however, still survived; they were often the recipients of royal generosity, and were resorted to by such Christians as were desirous of profiting by the valuable instruction they afforded. As elsewhere in Christendom, the clergy were the general depositaries of knowledge,—an advantage which they thoroughly understood, and were by no means willing to voluntarily relinquish. In one respect alone their power was seriously curtailed. The spurious medicine of the time, as practised under the sanction of the Holy See, had raised up a herd of ignorant and mercenary ecclesiastical charlatans. These operated by means of chants, relics, and incense; and their enormous gains were one of the chief sources of revenue to the parish and the monastery, and a corresponding burden on the people. King Roger abolished this abuse, and required an examination, by experienced physicians, of all candidates for the profession of medicine and surgery, restricting those whose superstition was ineradicable or whose learning was deficient to the clandestine ministrations of the shrine and the confessional.
In the subjugated race, which had inherited the wisdom and experience of many ages and peoples, is to be discerned the principal, and indeed the indispensable, factor of Norman prosperity and civilization. Its characteristics had been deeply impressed upon the various regulations which controlled the destinies of the island; they reappeared in the military organization, in the civil polity, in the social customs, in the architectural designs, even in the religious ceremonial, of the conquerors. The invaders were but a handful in number; but the moral influence they wielded, through invincible valor, prodigious personal strength, and inflexible tenacity of purpose, at once gave them almost undisputed ascendency. These qualities, however,[27] could not, unaided, found or maintain a flourishing state eminent in those arts which contribute to the welfare and opulence of nations. Oriental craft, refinement, and learning were able, however, to supply the deficiencies of whose existence the rude and unpolished Western adventurers were thoroughly cognizant. The Moslem stood high in the confidence and favor of the Norman princes. Quick to appreciate and meet the exigencies of every occasion, his prowess was invaluable in the suppression of anarchy and the establishment of order. Saracen cavalry were enrolled by thousands in the Norman armies. Saracen councillors stood in the shadow of the throne. Saracens collected taxes and administered the public revenues. They conducted, with the artful diplomacy characteristic of their race, important negotiations with foreign powers. Their religious assemblies were protected from intrusion and insult with the same solicitude which assured the inviolability of Christian worship. The unobstructed enjoyment and disposal of real and personal property was accorded to them by the laws. Their impress on the customs of social and domestic life was deep and permanent. The prevailing language of court and city alike was Arabic. Eunuchs, in flowing robes and snowy turbans, swarmed in the palaces of king, noble, and bishop. Dark-eyed beauties of Moorish lineage filled the harems of the martial and licentious aristocracy. The kadi, retaining the insignia and authority of his original official employment, was an important member of the Sicilian judiciary. He not only determined the causes of his countrymen, but was frequently the trusted adviser of the monarch. From the summits of a hundred minarets which seemed to pierce the skies, the muezzin, shrilly intoning the prescribed verses of the Koran, summoned the followers of Mohammed to prayer. As[28] was Palermo, such were the other Sicilian cities,—Messina, Syracuse, Enna, Agrigentum.
Moslem institutions, with the powerful influences resulting from their universal adoption, thus maintained an overwhelming preponderance throughout the provinces of the Norman kingdom. Even in Apulia and Calabria, the original seat of the new dynasty, the same conditions prevailed. The centre of the Papal power and of the various states subject to its immediate jurisdiction—a jurisdiction already important, but not as yet exercised with undisputed authority—could not fail to be profoundly impressed by the proximity of this anomalous empire; where Christian symbols and Koranic legends were blended in the embellishment of cathedrals; where the crucifixion and the mottoes of Mohammedan rulers were impressed together upon the coinage of the realm; where eminent prelates owed investiture, rendered homage, and paid tribute to the secular power; where Moslem dignitaries not infrequently took precedence of Papal envoys; and the hereditary enemies of Christendom fought valiantly under the standard of the Cross. Nor was the effect of this ominous example confined to localities where daily familiarity had caused it to lose its novelty. The traders who visited the remote and semi-barbarous courts of Europe, the Crusaders who from time to time enjoyed the hospitality of the Sicilian cities, the returned adventurers who had served in the armies of the princely House of De Hauteville, all spread, far and wide, exaggerated and romantic accounts of the strange and sacrilegious customs of the Norman monarchy. Ecclesiastics crossed themselves with dismay when they heard of the honors lavished upon infidels, whose co-religionists had profaned the Holy Sepulchre, evoking gigantic expeditions which had depopulated entire provinces and drained the wealth of credulous and[29] fanatic Europe. Others, whom study and reflection had made wise beyond the age in which they lived, saw, with open indifference and concealed delight, in this defiance and contempt of Popish tyranny, the dawn of a brighter era, the prospect of the ultimate emancipation of the human mind. The progress of the mental and moral changes which affected European society, acting through the intervention of Norman influence in the political and religious life of the continent, was gradual, indeterminate, and long imperceptible, but incessant and powerful. The universal deficiency of the means of information, the dearth of educational facilities, which promoted the dependence of the masses upon the only class capable of instructing and improving them, the terrible penalties visited upon heresy, deferred for nearly three hundred years the inevitable outbreak of an intellectual revolution. The principles on which that revolution was based, although at first discussed furtively and in secret, in time became so popular as to endanger the empire of the Church and to seriously impair its prestige.
The influence of the royal House of De Hauteville was extended, magnified, perpetuated, by the imperial House of Hohenstaufen. The traditions of the Arab, inherited by the Norman, were transmitted to and became the inspiration of the German. The genius of Frederick II. impressed itself indelibly upon the entire Teutonic race. It must not be forgotten that the most formidable revolt against Papal tyranny and corruption broke out in Saxony. The new German Empire owes largely its commanding position in Europe and its exalted rank in the scale of civilization to the talents, the energy, and the transcendent wisdom of the greatest monarch of mediæval times.
The fierce struggle between the Papacy and the Empire for universal rule began with the ascendency[30] of the House of Hohenstaufen, in the beginning of the twelfth century. The princes of that House, eminent for valor and diplomacy, early displayed a spirit of insubordination towards the Holy See which augured ill for the political supremacy which had begun to be the leading object of its ambition. The Papal power, not yet consolidated, nor even fully defined, was unable to successfully oppose to the encroachments of the haughty German sovereigns those measures which afterwards proved so effective against the recalcitrant monarchs of Europe in the settlement of disputes involving its doctrines and its authority. The chaotic state of European politics made it impossible for the Pope to enlist the aid of any potentate able to withstand the tyrants of the North, whose ambition aimed at the absorption of St. Peter’s patrimony, as their insolence had already menaced the independence of his throne. Diplomatic negotiation had proved of no avail. The once formidable weapon of excommunication was treated with contempt. No other resource remained. The influence of the Empire attained its maximum during the reign of Henry VI.; and the Pope, surrounded on every side by powerful and determined enemies, seemed about to be degraded to the rank of an imperial vassal, when the sudden death of the Emperor, and the election of one of the greatest of the Supreme Pontiffs ever raised to the chair of the Holy See, reversed the political and ecclesiastical conditions, to all appearances firmly established, and upon whose maintenance so much depended, and opened the way for a train of calamities unequalled in their atrocious character by any acts of tyranny that have ever stifled independent thought or retarded the progress of human civilization.
Innocent III., when elected to the Papal dignity, was already a man of mature years, wide experience,[31] and established reputation. His abilities as a scholar and a diplomatist, his familiarity with the principles of theology and law, had made his name known and respected throughout Europe, while the influence he exerted in the councils of the Church, long before his exaltation to its highest office, rendered him eminently conspicuous in the ecclesiastical affairs of Italy. With his extensive erudition and versatility of character were united talents for intrigue and administration equal to the most exacting requirements of statesmanship and command. Insinuating in address, jovial in conversation, by turns haughty and affable in manner, his unrivalled acquaintance with human nature, and his delicacy of tact, enabled him to regulate his conduct and his demeanor according to the circumstances of his political or religious environment. Conscious of his commanding genius, his insatiable ambition was not content with the enjoyment of the traditional honors and material advantages of Papal sovereignty; it aimed at the establishment of an autocracy, free from the interference of earthly potentates, nominally subject to celestial power alone, but, in fact, absolutely irresponsible and despotic.
Such was the formidable antagonist who, at the close of the twelfth century, confronted the majesty of the German Empire, represented by an infant less than four years of age. The minority of that infant, afterwards Frederick II., was one of degrading dependence and constant humiliation. His mother was compelled to acknowledge the suzerainty of the Pope in order to retain even nominal authority in her own hereditary dominions. Her death left her child the ward of the Holy See, in addition to being its vassal, and, in consequence, the entire ecclesiastical polity of his kingdom was changed; the clergy were declared independent of the secular power; grants of real property, confiscated by preceding emperors and[32] confirmed by long prescription, were revoked, and the lands restored to the Church; quarrels among the turbulent nobles were industriously fomented, to afford a pretext for Papal interference and an extension of ecclesiastical jurisdiction, for the nominal purpose of reconciling enmities and preserving order; the Jews and Moslems, left without a protector and subjected to horrible persecution, were driven to the desperate alternative of exile or brigandage. As a result of these impolitic measures, Sicily became oppressed by anarchy far more deplorable and vexatious than that produced by the crimes and follies of Saracen misgovernment. Its population diminished; its prosperity declined; its commerce almost disappeared. With the returning ascendency of the priesthood, the evils inseparable from that condition—ignorance, intolerance, private corruption, organized hypocrisy—once more became predominant. The irruption of a horde of greedy and insatiable ecclesiastics into the rich Sicilian benefices brought with it all the abuses of Papal Italy. Simony was openly practised. Some priests lent money at ruinous rates of interest; some kept taverns; others derived enormous incomes from even more questionable places of public entertainment. The impurity of their lives and the blasphemies in which they often indulged soon caused them to forfeit the respect of their parishioners, as had long been the case at Rome. They were so careless of the outward observances and duties enjoined by their profession as to neglect the service of the altar until their conduct became a scandal. It was a matter of common complaint that the sacred vestments were ragged and filthy; the chalices unpolished; the sacramental wine sour; the Host, the visible symbol of God, unprotected from insects and covered with dust. The habits of the clergy were incredibly vile. The more exalted the rank and the more conspicuous the prelate,[33] the greater was the example of pecuniary corruption and social depravity. The revenues of the Church, extorted from a reluctant and impoverished people, were squandered in the purchase of fine equipages, in sumptuous banquets, and upon rapacious courtesans. The duties of religion were forgotten in the general scramble for power. The palace of Palermo was the rallying point of these ecclesiastical politicians, whose broils and intrigues, so inconsistent with their calling, frequently disturbed the peace of the city, and whose vices were the reproach of a population which had never been able to boast of a high standard of personal morality.
The imperious spirit of Frederick, unwilling to brook interference in the affairs of his kingdom even from his feudal superior, first disclosed itself when he was but fourteen years old in a dispute with the clergy of Palermo, who appealed from his decision to the Pope. His defiance of the Pontiff was subsequently of such frequent occurrence as to be regarded as one of the leading principles of his administration. Innocent seems to have viewed with almost paternal indulgence the disobedience of a youth of excellent parts and undaunted resolution, who was subject to his authority not only as a member of the Christian communion, but in the double capacity of ward and vassal. His inability to appreciate the true character of Frederick was never so apparent as when he committed the fatal error which raised that prince to the greatest throne in Christendom. The paltry concessions extorted as the price of this great dignity were an indifferent compensation for the series of misfortunes its bestowal entailed upon Europe,—the rancorous hostility of faction; the perpetuation of intestine conflict, with its inseparable evils, widespread anarchy, the destruction of cities, the waste of provinces, the massacre of non-combatants, the obstruction[34] of national progress; and the partial return to the barbarous conditions of former ages induced by the relentless strife of Guelf and Ghibelline. It is not the object of this work to minutely set forth the events of that mighty struggle. The relations of the Holy See and the Empire are only important as they may have affected indirectly the influence of the reforms instituted by the great Emperor; reforms whose foundation had been laid by two preceding dynasties of widely different character, and whose principles derived their origin from the colonization of Sicily by a nation utterly foreign to the laws and traditions of contemporaneous Europe.
Born under a southern sky, accustomed from childhood to daily intercourse with the most intellectual society of the age, Frederick II. retained to the last a decided predilection for Sicily, the land of his birth. The classic memories and romantic history of that famous island exerted over his active mind a most potent and lasting influence. He had no sympathy with, and less inclination for, the rude and barbarous customs, the coarse festivities, the ferocity, drunkenness, and bestiality of that country which was the original seat of his royal House, the realm whence he derived the proudest and most grandiloquent of his numerous titles. Educated by two Moorish preceptors, under the superintendence of a cardinal,—a curious circumstance which indicates that infidel learning had not yet entirely succumbed to ecclesiastical prejudice,—he in time became proficient in all the arts and accomplishments possessed by that remarkable people whose erudition and industry were admired and feared by the dominant race whose members the fortune of arms had made the depositaries of power and the interpreters of orthodoxy. This early, intimate, and constant association with Mohammedans and Greeks, in each of whose systems of government[35] the temporal and spiritual functions were vested in one individual, undoubtedly suggested to the mind of the Emperor the stupendous project of merging the Papal office in the imperial dignity,—a combination of two despotisms under a single head, whose powers, of uncertain and indefinable extent, could not be questioned without incurring the penalties of both treason and sacrilege, and whose jurisdiction would eventually embrace the habitable world. The political and judicial systems instituted and perfected by Frederick II., remarkable in themselves, become almost marvellous when considered in relation to the era of their establishment, the difficulties encountered in their application, and the antagonism of the privileged classes whose designs they interfered with and whose abuses they were intended to correct and restrain. Two questions of paramount importance engaged the attention of this enlightened prince, questions containing in themselves the solution of every administrative and every social problem,—the promulgation of law and implicit obedience to its mandates, and the adoption of measures which might secure the greatest attainable happiness of the people. To the accomplishment of these noble and praiseworthy ends the talents and energy of the great ruler were constantly devoted,—in hours of triumph and in hours of humiliation; when engrossed with the cares of a vast and seditious empire; in the deserts of Syria; in the very face of death; in the bitterness of spirit induced by shattered dreams of long-nourished ambition.
The evils incident to a protracted minority had manifested themselves with more than ordinary prominence in the Kingdom of Sicily. The supervision of the Pope had, as usual, been uniformly exercised for the benefit of the ecclesiastical order and the aggrandizement of the Holy See. A fierce and rapacious aristocracy, impatient of restraint and eager for innovation,[36] defied the laws, and wreaked their hereditary vengeance upon each other with every circumstance of merciless atrocity. The mass of the population, probably composed of more diversified elements and nationalities than any community of equal numbers in the world, unable to prosper and scarcely able to live, endeavored to obtain, by different methods, exemption from the intolerable persecution of their enemies. The Greek, with the craft of his race, attached himself to the faction which, for the time being, enjoyed the best prospect of success. The Jew purchased a temporary immunity by the voluntary surrender of the greater part of his possessions. Alone among his companions, the Saracen took up arms. His martial spirit and the numbers of his countrymen obtained from his turbulent and disorganized adversaries a tacit recognition of independence, which the rugged nature of the country that contained his strongholds did not a little to confirm. In the effort to re-establish the royal authority, the Saracens rendered invaluable assistance; they were among the first to assemble around the imperial standard; without their co-operation the result would have been uncertain; and their valor and fidelity preserved the empire of Frederick, as that of their fathers had consolidated the power of the Norman domination.
The jurisprudence of the Emperor was based upon and included the system established by the Normans. Its rules were modified and improved as experience had suggested would be expedient and profitable. The main objects of the laws were the extinction of feudal tyranny, and the enjoyment of private liberty so far as it was not inconsistent with the prerogatives of the crown. No monarch of ancient or modern times was more solicitous for the happiness of his subjects, and none ever more fully appreciated the fact that the test of a nation’s greatness is the benefit derived by mankind[37] from its works, its history, its example. The difficulties encountered in the formation of a uniform code which could be enforced in such a cosmopolitan society as that of Sicily seemed insuperable. Feudal rights and ecclesiastical exemptions; the privileges of the Jews and Saracens, founded on prescription and confirmed by tribute; the jealous contentions of many forms of religious belief; the perpetual encroachments and usurpations of pontifical authority; the skepticism of Moslem philosophers, and the fanatical rage of persecuting zealots,—all of these antagonistic rights, claims, prejudices, and prerogatives it was necessary to correct, rearrange, amend, and embody in one practical, efficient, and harmonious system. The task, though stupendous, was not beyond the abilities and constructive genius of the great law-giver. The turbulence of the nobles was firmly restrained. All members of the clerical order were rendered amenable to the laws of the realm in cases which concerned the dignity and traditions of the empire. In matters relating to marriage alone they were permitted to exercise jurisdiction over those who had not taken the tonsure; the assent of the Emperor was necessary to the validity of an election; the prelate as well as the layman was compelled to assist in defraying the expenses of the government; nor, in any way, could he escape the discharge of duties enjoined by the Imperial Code or plead immunity from burdens necessary to the security of the state or the enforcement of order. The law of mortmain, framed under the direction of the Emperor, preceded the famous statute of Edward I., of which it was the prototype, nearly a century. Upon every individual the maxim was continually impressed that the sovereign was the fountain of justice, authority, and mercy. The criminal procedure, founded on Norman precedents, was singularly free from the legal atrocities generally prescribed[38] by feudal regulations; the penalty of death was only inflicted for the most heinous offences; mutilation was seldom permitted except in the cases of incorrigible criminals; torture, while recognized, was one of the rarest of punishments. The courts were invested with every outward circumstance of official pomp and dignity. From the decision of the supreme tribunal there was no appeal; even in the monarch vexatious litigation was systematically discouraged; judicial bribery was considered a crime of peculiar infamy; and the practice of holding the magistrate responsible for the maintenance of peace in his district was a most efficient check upon the violence and depredations of professional malefactors.
In the statutes relating to the detection and punishment of heresy, the character of Frederick appears to singular and manifest disadvantage. His long wars with the Pope, his close intimacy with infidels, his oppression of ecclesiastics, the repeated acts of sacrilege of which he was guilty, the blasphemous speeches constantly upon his tongue, the profane and mysterious studies in which he delighted, his employment of and confidence in wizards and astrologers, demonstrate beyond contradiction the weakness of his faith or the profoundness of his hypocrisy. But the latitude of opinion and conduct which he allowed himself was in an inverse ratio to that which he vouchsafed to others. No familiar of the Inquisition ever pursued heretics with greater zeal or pertinacity than the famous monarch whose name is constantly associated with all that is liberal, enlightened, and profitable in the annals of human progress, an inconsistency all the more glaring in a prince whose favorite sentiment was, “The glory of a ruler is the safe and comfortable condition of the subject.” History has never been able to advance a satisfactory or even a plausible explanation of this anomaly; its cause, at this distance of time, must remain[39] forever unknown, and may be ascribed, for want of a better solution, to the innate perversity of the human mind, which often by a single glaring defect obscures the brilliant lustre of a character eminently conspicuous for every princely quality, for every generous impulse, and for every literary and artistic excellence.
His commercial regulations were among the principal sources of Frederick’s power and greatness. His genius perceived at a glance the vast advantages which must result from an interchange of commodities with maritime nations; and, in the application of this principle, every facility was afforded those bold spirits whose energy the expectation of gain or the love of adventure directed into the channels of trade. Treaties more liberal in their provisions and more profitable in their effects than any which had heretofore been adopted by the powers of the Mediterranean were concluded with the greatest mercantile communities of Europe,—Constantinople, Venice, Genoa,—as well as with Damascus and Alexandria and the Moorish principalities of Africa and Spain.
The intimacy maintained by Frederick with Mohammedan sovereigns contributed greatly to the prosperity of his dominions. The Sultan of Egypt was his friend. The Emir of Tunis was his tributary. With the other Moslem princes he was on the best of terms. Treaties of commerce, framed for mutual advantage, were frequently negotiated with these potentates, who were only too willing to discriminate against other European monarchs in favor of the Emperor of Germany. In 1241, on the arrival of the Imperial ambassadors, Cairo was illuminated in their honor. The trade of Sicily extended to India. The luxuries of the Orient were brought to the ports of Palermo and Messina. In their markets the arms, the jewels, the stuffs, the porcelain, of countries remote[40] from civilization found a ready sale. In return, immense quantities of grain and manufactured articles were exported. It has been established upon undoubted authority that white female slaves of Christian birth formed no inconsiderable portion of the commodities dealt in by the subjects of Frederick II.
The fortunate geographical situation of Sicily, her magnificent harbors, the productiveness of her soil, the excellence and variety of her manufactures, had, in all ages, been factors of paramount importance in her commercial development. That development was now materially aided by the reciprocal observance of humane and courteous regulations, hitherto unrecognized in the intercourse of nations during the Middle Ages. Merchants in foreign ports were received with lavish hospitality; distrust of strangers gradually subsided; and unfortunates, cast away at sea, were no longer compelled to endure both the violence of the elements and the heartless rapacity of ferocious outlaws or amateur freebooters. In the widely distributed commerce of the monarchy the crown enjoyed no insignificant share. The ships of Frederick were anchored in every harbor; his warehouses were filled with the choicest and most costly fabrics of every country; and his agents, conspicuous for their enterprise and daring, collected, in the distant and almost unknown regions of the Orient, articles whose sale would most contribute to the benefit of the royal treasury. The principles of free trade seem to have been first promulgated in the maritime code of Sicily. The Emperor, however, in the application of those principles, evinced no reluctance in discriminating against his own subjects, whose vessels were not permitted to clear for foreign ports until those of the crown had been a certain time at sea. Every branch of commerce paid tribute to the imperial merchant. His ships carried pilgrims to the Holy Land. The grain he annually sent to Africa[41] returned an enormous and certain profit. His trade with India brought into European markets objects of unfamiliar uses and elaborate workmanship, whose rarity often increased their great intrinsic value. His friendly relations with Mohammedan princes, begun during the Crusade and terminated only by his death, made him frequently the recipient of magnificent presents. We read that on one occasion an eastern potentate sent him a dozen camels laden with silver and gold. All ships trading to Palestine were required to bring back a cross-bow for each of their cables, a measure which, while it replenished the royal arsenals with the most effective weapons of the age, was free from the dangers of official incapacity or corruption, and entailed no expense on the government. A great fleet of galleys, commanded by the Genoese admiral Spinola, maintained the naval power of the kingdom and protected the coasts from the depredations of pirates.
In the internal administration of the kingdom, the most progressive and equitable ideas of commercial honor and common advantage prevailed. No duty could be levied on articles of necessity transported from one province to another. While monopolies were not forbidden, they were restricted to the crown, and the oppression resulting from this measure in other countries was not felt by the subjects of Frederick. Annual fairs were held in all the principal cities; markets existed everywhere. Taxes were apportioned according to the wealth of the district where they were to be collected. Constant war made these impositions onerous at times, but there was some relief in the knowledge that the clergy were forced to contribute their share to the public burdens, an inconvenience from which they were elsewhere exempt. The coinage was one of the purest, the most convenient, the most beautifully executed that had ever been put in circulation[42] by any government. Agriculture, still largely in the hands of the Arabs, was carried to the highest perfection. Every plant or tree, whose culture was known to be profitable and which could adapt itself to a soil of phenomenal fertility, was to be found in the gardens and plantations of Sicily. The regulations of the kingdom concerning the rural economy of its people were minute and specific, even paternal, in their character. They were especially exact in details when directing how the royal demesnes should be administered. Records were kept of the crops produced in each district. Inventories of all the stock, poultry, grain, and fruit were made each year; the methods of their disposition and the prices they brought were noted on the public registers. The very uses to which even the feathers of the domestic fowls were destined was a matter of official inquiry. The breeds of horses, asses, and cattle were improved; the greatest care was taken of these animals. Food, which after experiment was found to be the most nutritious, was adopted; and the Emperor, whose interest in these matters was stimulated by the profit he derived from his stables, personally scrutinized their management with the most assiduous care. The supervision exercised by government officials over all occupations was most precise, and must have often proved vexatious. Weights and measures were prescribed by law, and any departure from honest dealing in this respect was visited with the severest penalties. Officers were appointed in every town for the detection of false weights and the sale of spurious merchandise. The laws of hygiene were understood and enforced with a degree of intelligence unknown to many European communities even at the present day. Unwholesome provisions could not be exposed for sale in the markets. Trades offensive to the senses or injurious to public health were prohibited within the walls of cities. A depth[43] was prescribed for graves, that the exhalations proceeding from them might not contaminate the air. No carrion was permitted to be left on the highways.
In questions of legislation, as well as in those relating to political economy, the kingdom of Sicily was far in advance of its contemporaries. The constitution of England, and especially the organization of the House of Commons, owe much to the Sicilian Parliament. While the duties of its members were ordinarily confined to the registering of royal edicts and the imposition of taxes, it presents the first example of a truly elective, representative assembly that is mentioned in history. From the institutions of Frederick, his relative, Alfonso X. of Castile, appropriated many of the legislative and judicial provisions of Las Siete Partidas,—a compilation for which that monarch is principally entitled for his fame. France and Germany also ultimately experienced the imperceptible but potent impulse communicated to society by the supremacy of law over theology, which had its beginning in Sicily during the thirteenth century.
Extensive and important as were the reforms of Frederick, it was from the munificent and discerning patronage extended to science and literature that is derived his most enduring claim to the gratitude and commendation of posterity. The impressions imparted by Moslem taste, in the prosecution of early studies, during the formation of his character, never lost their power. His court was frequented by the most accomplished Jews and Arabs of the age. They were the favorite instructors of youth. Their opinions, drawn from the sources of classic and Oriental learning, were heard with respect and awe, even by those who dissented from their creeds and deprecated their influence. They filled the most responsible and lucrative offices of the government. Admitted to friendly and confidential audiences with the sovereign,[44] who, himself an excellent mathematician, delighted to pose them with abstruse problems in geometry and algebra, their philosophy was regarded with signal disfavor by distinguished prelates that daily, in halls and antechambers, impatiently awaited the pleasure of the Emperor. So fond was Frederick of these intellectual diversions, that he sent certain questions for solution to the Mohammedan countries of Africa and the East; but no one was found competent to answer them until they reached the court of one of the princes of Moorish Spain. One of the most accomplished of linguists, Frederick sedulously encouraged the study of languages throughout his dominions. Arabic, Hebrew, and Greek were understood and spoken by all who made any pretensions to thorough education. Naples and Salerno were the most famous seats of learning in that epoch,—at the former was the University established by the Emperor; the Medical College of Salerno is justly celebrated as one of the most extraordinary academical institutions that has ever existed. The Faculty of the University was composed of the most eminent scholars who could be attracted by ample salaries, the prospect of literary distinction, and the certain favor of an enlightened monarch. The resources of all countries were diligently laid under contribution to insure the success of this noble foundation. The popularity of Frederick with the Moslem princes of the East gave him exceptional facilities for the acquirement of literary treasures. The collections of Egypt and Syria and of the monasteries of Europe were ransacked for rare and curious volumes with which to furnish the library of the great Neapolitan college. No city was better adapted to the necessities of a large scholastic institution than Naples. Its situation in the centre of the Mediterranean, the salubrity of the climate, the cheapness and variety of its[45] markets, offered unusual inducements to poor and ambitious students desirous of an education. Their interests were protected and their security assured by special and rigorous laws. Extraordinary precautions were taken to prevent their being molested during their journeys to and fro. The prices which might be charged for lodging were clearly and definitely established. Provision was made for loans, at a nominal interest, to such scholars as did not have the funds requisite to successfully prosecute their studies. The preparatory schools of the kingdom were conducted with equal care and prudence, and nowhere else in the world, in that age, could educational advantages of a similar character be enjoyed as in the Sicilian dominions of the Emperor.
Great as it was, the reputation of the University of Naples has been eclipsed by the superior renown of the Medical College of Salerno. There the study of surgery and medicine was pursued under the eyes of the most learned and distinguished practitioners of every nation familiar with the healing art. Ignorance of any language could scarcely be an impediment to the student, for instruction was given in Latin, Greek, German, Hebrew, Arabic. Scientific methods were invariably observed in its curriculum. The prevalent superstitions, which, encouraged by the clergy, appealed to the credulous fears of the vulgar, were contemptuously banished from its halls. While the School of Salerno had existed since the eighth century, and, from its origin, chiefly owed its fame and success to Arabic and Jewish influence, it attained its greatest prosperity under the fostering care of Frederick II. The writers principally relied on by its professors were Hippocrates and Galen, whose works had been preserved from barbarian destruction or oblivion by the Saracens of Egypt and Spain. But while these venerable authorities were always quoted[46] with reverence, no obstinate adherence to tradition, no devotion to errors consecrated by the usages of centuries, characterized the College of Salerno. Its spirit was eminently progressive, inquisitive, liberal. The monk, the rabbi, the imam, the atheist, were numbered among its teachers, and each maintained a position among his fellows in a direct ratio to his intellectual attainments. This anomalous condition, the more conspicuous in an era of general ignorance, and flourishing under the very shadow of the Papacy, itself inimical to all pursuits which tended to mental progress and interference with its spiritual emoluments, rendered the existence of such an institution all the more remarkable. To its researches are to be attributed many maxims, theories, and methods of practice still recognized as correct by modern physicians. Its investigations were thoroughly philosophical and based largely upon experiment. Information was communicated by lectures; anatomical demonstrations, as in modern times, were considered among the most useful and valuable means of instruction. Mediæval prejudice still opposed the mutilation of the human form, which, with the sectarian prohibition of ceremonial uncleanness, had long before been overcome by the Moorish surgeons of Cordova; and, in the Salernitan clinic, anatomists were forced to be apparently content with the dissection of hogs and monkeys. In secret, however, human bodies were not infrequently delivered to the scalpel, and the offices of many internal organs were observed and determined by the aid of vivisection,—a practice indispensable to a proper understanding of surgery, yet reprobated, even in our age of scientific inquiry, by a class of noisy, but well-meaning, fanatics. The unsatisfactory memorials of the School of Salerno which have descended to us—some of doubtful authenticity, others of unknown derivation—nevertheless disclose[47] the extraordinary discoveries its professors had made in anatomy; among them those of the functions of the chyle ducts, of the lymphatic system, of the capillaries, which then received their name; of the different coats and humors of the eye; of the phenomena of digestion, together with detailed descriptions of the office of the ovaries and their tubes, which anticipated the researches of Falloppio by more than four hundred years. Specialists then, as now, devoted their talents to the improvement and perfection of certain branches of medical science. There were many celebrated oculists and lithotomists, and practitioners who were highly successful in the treatment of hernia, of mechanical injuries of every kind, and of the diseases of women. The rules of hygiene, the properties of the various substances of the Materia Medica, the principles of pathology and therapeutics, as laid down by the faculty of Salerno, have been transmitted to us in a lengthy and curious poem entitled, “Flos Medicinæ Scholæ Salerni,” popularly known as Regimen Sanitatis.
This extraordinary production, none of which is probably later than the twelfth century, and whose origin is unknown, has been ascribed by Sprengel to Isaac ben Solomon, a famous Jewish practitioner of Cordova, who died in 950. Careful examination, however, discloses the fact that it is not the work of a single hand, but a compilation of various medical precepts and opinions belonging to different epochs. In its prologue, the pre-eminent value of temperance in all things is diligently inculcated:
[48]
It also contains hints on diagnosis and prognosis; information indicating no small degree of anatomical and physiological knowledge; formulas for antidotes of poisons; advice for the care of the body during every month in the year; and astrological indications of the favorable or malign influence of the signs of the zodiac and the stars. From the following couplet, designating the Seven Ages of Man,
seems to have been derived the inspiration of the familiar lines of Shakspeare.
The vitiated taste of an age not yet fully acquainted with the properties of correct literary composition caused the incorporation of verses into many of its most serious and dignified productions. These didactic poems seem singularly out of place in a medical treatise, and especially so where, as is usually the case, the poetry is, in both matter and harmony of numbers, below mediocrity.
Apothecaries and chemists, of whom a competent knowledge of drugs was required, were subject to the corps of physicians who were forbidden to join in their enterprises or share their profits; they were sworn to obey the Code; the number of pharmacies was limited; and they were liable to the visitation of imperial inspectors responsible for the purity of their merchandise and the observance of the law. The precautions required in the sale of poisons; the directions for compounding electuaries and syrups; the most approved methods for the preparation of the love-potions believed to be so efficacious by mediæval credulity; the fabrication of charms for the prevention of disease, are all set forth in the Salernitan Code with minute and tedious exactness.
[49]
In the city were many hospitals, the oldest of which was established in the ninth century, and was contemporaneous with similar institutions founded by the Ommeyade dynasty of Cordova. Some of them were richly endowed, others were entirely supported by charitable donations. The strict requirements of medical police were recognized in the isolation of patients suffering from contagious diseases. A systematic distinction was observed in the purposes of these beneficent foundations; they were of various classes and devoted to the care of the poor and the homeless, to the protection of invalid females of rank and fortune, to the support of foundlings; and the most intelligent treatment of every malady was gratuitously afforded. The members of monastic orders, for the most part, had charge of the hospitals, and acted in the capacity of nurses and attendants.
The regulations of Frederick, who united the various schools of Salerno into one vast institution of medical learning, exacted the possession of the highest abilities, dexterity, and experience by the expectant practitioner. A preparatory course of three years in the general branches of literature and philosophy was required of him. Five years at least were to be devoted to study in the colleges, and one year was then to be passed under the eye of an experienced physician before the aspirant for professional distinction was pronounced competent to prescribe for the suffering.
The remarkable attainments and skill of Roger of Parma, the great surgeon, who was famous for the treatment of wounds and fractures and the extirpation of tumors and polypi; of Maurus, Gaulterius, and Matthew Silvaticus, who published treatises on phlebotomy, general practice, and the Materia Medica; of Garipontus, an expert in operations for calculus and other diseases of the pelvic organs; of Giovanni da Procida, the accomplished court[50] physician of Frederick II., all graduates of the School of Salerno, are conspicuous in the annals of mediæval surgery and medicine. Then first appeared the patronymic of Farragut—afterwards destined to such renown in the naval history of the New World—borne by a Jew of Messina, who was educated at Salerno and Montpellier, and whose translation of the “Continent” of Rhazes, made in the latter part of the thirteenth century, was dedicated to Charles of Anjou, brother of Louis IX., King of France.
Students of both sexes were permitted to enjoy the rare advantages afforded by the School of Salerno; no prejudice hampered the acquisition by woman of medical knowledge, in whose application her natural acuteness and sympathy rendered her remarkably proficient and successful. Many female physicians rose to great eminence in the different departments of their profession as lecturers, chemists, operators: among them the names of Rebecca, who wrote on fevers and the embryo; Abella, on generation and prenatal life; Trotula, on the Materia Medica, hernia, and obstetrics; Mercuriade, on general surgery; and Costanza Colenda, whose scientific accomplishments, as well as her beauty, made her famous in Europe, have descended to our time. A college of midwifery existed at Salerno, whose graduates were subjected to examinations fully as strict as those required of candidates for medical honors, and who, sworn to fidelity, enjoyed a lucrative practice in the opulent families of Naples and Messina. Although a lofty sense of professional etiquette distinguished the faculty of Salerno, imperial supervision, which, under Frederick, found nothing too minute for its attention, carefully protected the public from extortion. Fees were fixed by law; their amounts were regulated by circumstances. Even the ordinary number of visits required in a given time was defined; and attendance was[51] accorded without charge to the poor. In our age, so prolific of professional incompetence, the exalted rank and profound attainments of the graduates of the Salernitan school may well excite astonishment; amidst the darkness of mediæval ignorance it was the educational and literary phenomenon of Europe.
A generous patron of every art and occupation which could embellish his domains, benefit his subjects, or enrich his treasury, the Emperor gave also much attention to great public works,—the fortification of cities, the improvement of harbors, the construction of highways. His palaces disclosed a marked partiality for Moorish customs and Moorish architecture. Some of these beautiful edifices had come down from the Saracen domination, but many were constructed after the plans of the royal architect, who personally superintended their erection. They were finished with costly marbles and adorned with bas-reliefs, statues, and paintings. The eagles of Germany were sculptured over their portals. Outworks of vast extent defended their approaches. In all were courts and gardens odorous with the blossoms of jasmine and orange and surrounded by secluded apartments destined for the occupants of the imperial seraglio. Attached to some of these delightful retreats were extensive menageries, aviaries, and miniature lakes filled with gold and silver fish. There was no appliance of Oriental luxury, no means which could contribute to the gratification of the senses, that was not to be found in the Sicilian palaces of Frederick II. In the foundation of new cities, extensive districts were depopulated to provide them with inhabitants. This arbitrary proceeding was often a measure of profound policy, which insured the good behavior of a turbulent population that, removed from the influence of former associations, transplanted among strangers, and regarded by their new neighbors with suspicion and hostility,[52] were rendered incapable of serious mischief. In this manner was established the Saracen colony of Lucera, whose members, composed of rebellious Mussulmans of Sicily, became, soon after their settlement, the most faithful subjects of Frederick and the chief support of the imperial throne.
That city was built on the slope of the Apennines, in a location most advantageous for both the purposes of commerce and defence. Its citadel was a mile in circuit and protected by fortifications of enormous strength. In the centre stood a lofty tower, at once the palace and the treasury of the Emperor. Frederick neglected no opportunity of gratifying the pride and confirming the attachment of his Saracen subjects. The spoils of the Papal states were lavished upon them. The trade of the colony was encouraged by every available means. Armorers and workers in the precious metals were imported from Syria. From Egypt came laborers highly skilled in horticulture. Great orchards were planted in the environs. The soldiers of the imperial body-guard were Moslems of Lucera. Splendidly uniformed and mounted, they were constantly on duty at the palace, on the march, in the camp. Conspicuous in the funeral escort of the deceased monarch, their duties were only relinquished at the grave.
The maintenance of this infidel stronghold in the heart of Christian Europe was a standing reproach to the Papacy; and the horror of the clergy was aggravated by the knowledge that churches had been demolished to supply it with building materials; that the revenues of rich and populous districts were diverted through its agency from the coffers of the cathedral and the monastery; that it enjoyed exclusive and valuable commercial privileges; and that, worst of all, it was able at a moment’s notice to furnish more than twenty thousand well-equipped, valiant,[53] and incorruptible soldiers to the armies of the Emperor.
The patronage of letters, which distinguished this accomplished sovereign, is not the least of his titles to renown. No prince ever sought out books and manuscripts with greater assiduity, or more strenuously endeavored, by the bestowal of scholastic honors and pecuniary emoluments, to attract the learned to his court. Nationality, creed, partisanship, feudal enmity, private grudges, were alike forgotten in the friendly contest for literary pre-eminence. In the royal antechambers, in the halls of the University, no student was entitled to precedence, save only through his established claim to mental superiority. The incessant rivalry of many acute and highly cultivated intellects, stimulated by rewards and unhampered by restrictions, was productive of results most important for the revival of letters and the future benefit of humanity. Great advances were made in all departments of knowledge,—chemistry, natural history, botany, poetry, mathematics. The famous scholar, Michael Scott, whose rare attainments contemporaneous ignorance attributed to magic, and whose simple tomb in Melrose Abbey awakens to-day the veneration of every educated and appreciative traveller, was employed by the Emperor as a translator of the classics, and carried to Palermo vast stores of learning acquired in the schools of the Spanish Moslems. Theodore, called “The Philosopher,” published treatises on geometry and astrology; John of Palermo wrote on arithmetical problems; Leonardo Fibouacci brought to the general notice of Europe the science of algebra as known and used in modern schools; the versatile Pietro de Vinea, statesman, jurist, orator, amused his leisure in the composition of the first Italian lyric poetry, and of epistolary correspondence unsurpassed, in any age, for perspicuity, ease, and elegance of[54] diction. Frederick himself wrote amorous sonnets, and published in Latin a work on hawking and birds of prey, which is even now an authority on the subject. The apocryphal book, De Tribus Impostoribus, an alleged compendium of blasphemy and vil
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https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A51926.0001.001/1:5.25%3Frgn%3Ddiv2%3Bview%3Dfulltext
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en
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The general history of Spain from the first peopling of it by Tubal, till the death of King Ferdinand, who united the crowns of Castile and Aragon : with a continuation to the death of King Philip III
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jYnV5GXncRao0Ayccegy78Z5MsaSabLgmwM43bS5cXsYtwxx6RSeGnUgdr2YFrhW8CjDC0x2A0Rs0uIljeijy67H422luUUUcm/I7A6PvJdGHhFGXEdnyQ7JDGswZnfO2Spi4PFCvCMu+BRJl912blpr80+jUM63dgdRV8Wr+L0l8N360+YeVsC4zT4FbwsEZ/yaF8gscjuo8FfTqVYgXoKDYWAbFga3W8NYoR1ooNUvk2pp+124M3oOm+OYmBUNbgZWRIRPpqVHaKjAlODIREuXR4bAjDKEFFhaitVa6A3m7gN9buUV/DfXIx05opc33gwLmOZbwNk7qw5hhKL38RpyAVDNUFEgOPdYg+5r+ImN+Hv0u5962oRKIDZN75k5qs5zy55xZ0HS6FxT8MiB8O/VtNJz+pK2DSgJxhwb94KyaFZRO3IFdhmU7HR8jrNlnF5TUSDxUQMKqhbCSrm3VsNOV1Z3gEQfD3j5DPRc773id2eqTXdwanQkdTNsXpsDBAD+uszx38R6mT/WvWC767OXu8Psl3fH/9kD6uAn8Bv+dYEPuEKQoAAAAASUVORK5CYII=
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[
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en
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CHAP. I. The beginning of the War with Granada; King Albohacen surprizes Zahara; Alhama taken from the Infidels, and in vain besieged by them again.
WE will begin this Book with the famous War of Granada, which was begun and carried on by King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth, for the space of ten Years, and in which happened many things very remarkable, and bloudy Battels were fought. The end of it was fortunate to Spain, and delightful to all Christendom, since it put a period to the Monarchy of the Moors, which had conti∣nued in this Nation above 700 Years, to our great Shame and Reproach The Kingdom of Granada lies between Murcia and Andaluzia, is about 700 Miles in compass, and extends far∣ther in length than breadth. From Ronda to Huesca it is counted 60 Leagues in length, and from Cambil to Almun̄ecar only 25 in breadth. It is bounded on the East with the Kingdom of Murcia, on the South with the Mediterranean Sea, on the West and North with Andaluzia. The Country is pleasant, and as fruitful as any in Spain, the very Mountains being full of Springs, and consequently always green. This occasions the Weather to be temperate both in Summer and Winter, especially in the City of Granada, the Metropolis of the Kingdom, one of the noblest and largest of all Spain, from which all that Province takes Name, and the City it self had it of a Cave which reaches to a Village called Alfahor, where it is reported the Natives formerly studied Art Magick. Gar in Arabick signifies a Cave, and certain Sol∣diers who came over with Tarif to the Conquest in Spain, being Natives of the City Nata in Syria, after that unhappy War was ended, fixed their abode in that Place. Of Gar and Nata was framed the Name Granada, as some Learned Men will have it. Other Etymologies of this Name are to be found, but it is needless to spend time in discussing that point. It is certain, that when this War began, there were in that Kingdom 14 Cities and 97 Towns. The principal Cities next to the Capital were Almeria, Malaga, and Guadix, called by Pliny Acci. They are all three Bishopricks, and well Peopled. The Division of Spain under so many several Monarchs, and the continual Supplies sent out of Africk, maintained this King∣dom of the Moors so many Ages. As soon as the Holy Inquisition was established, and the Authority of the Magistrates restored to its Vigour, Spain gathered Strength to extirpate the Dominion of the Moors: Besides the former Animosities betwixt the Two Nations of Moors and Christians on account of Religion, and Wrongs sustained in an Oppression of so many Years, the Infidels now added a new Motive for declaring War. Which was, That on the 27th of December, 1481. King Albohacen having Intelligence the Town of Zahara was unpro∣vided, he surprized it, that Place having been in the hands of the Christians ever since Prince Ferdinand, Grandfather to King Ferdinand, took it from the Moors. It was taken in a dark stormy Night, all the Townsmen that made resistance being put to the Sword, and the rest carried away Slaves to Granada. This Town the Moors fortified. K. Ferdinand and Q. Elizabeth, who were at Me∣dina del Campo, derstanding what had hapned, sent Orders to the Commanders on the Frontiers, and the Cities, to prepare for War, and be upon their Guard. The Moors excused themselves, pleading it was customary during a Truce to make Incursions on both sides, and even to take Towns, provided above 3 Days were not spent in the Attack, and they did not for∣mally encamp before them. Under this same Pretence, the Infidels, at the beginning of the following Year, 1482. attacked Castellar and Olbera, but could not carry them. These Wrongs moved the Christians to seek Revenge. A good Body gathered at Sevil with all Necessaries. Whilst they consulted on which side to make an Incursion, advice was given them that the Town of Alhama was ill Garisoned, and might easily be surprized. James Merlo, Deputy of Sevil, and the Marquess of Cadiz, with 2500 Horse, and 4000 Foot, marched 3 Days, and came to a Valley encompassed with high Hills. There they informed the Soldiers, who were much fatigued, that Alhama was but half a League from them, and encouraged them to undergo the small Labour that remained chearfully, putting them in mind of the rich Booty that Place would afford. 300 chosen Men advanced, and came late at night to the Walls. Perceiving no noise in the Castle, they applied their Scaling-Ladders, and mounted the Wall. The first that got up was John de Ortega, then another John born at Toledo, and the third Martin Galindo, all three resolute Soldiers. They killed the Sentinels, who were asleep, and some others; then opening the Gate, all the others rushed in. The Townsmen speedily cast up Works to secure themselves against the Castle, and were attacked at break of day by our Men;
but without success. Sancho de Avila, Governor of Carmona, and Martin de Rojas of Arcos, be∣bing too forward, were both killed in the Castle-Gate. Any delay was dangerous, because Granada was but 8 Leagues off. Some were for demolishing the Castle, and retiring: The Bolder sort were against quitting the Enterprize upon any account. This Advice prevailed, and the Town was assaulted on all sides. Some from without scaled the Walls; thither the Moors bent their whole Force, which gave those in the Castle an opportunity of entring the Town on that side. A resolute Fight was maintained in the Streets. The Christians were the better Soldiers, but the Infidels more numerous; yet both Parties stood their ground till night, when such as remained of the Enemy retired to a Mosque, where many were killed, and the rest made Slaves. Thus the loss of Zahara was doubly repaid. This was the beginning of that tedious and bloody War. Alhama was taken on the last Day of February. The taking of this Place struck a Terror into the Moors, and caused the Christians to stand upon their Guard. The Moors finding the Christians gained footing so near Granada, feared the approach∣ing Downfal of that Kingdom: Besides, they were afflicted at some Apparitions seen in the Air, and because an old Fortune-teller, as soon as the Infidels took Zahara, is said to have cried out, The Ruine of that Town (God grant what I say prove false) will fall upon our Heads! My Mind gives me the End of our Dominion in Spain draws near. This caused the King to raise Men throughout his Kingdom, and to march towards Alhama with 3000 Horse, and about 50000 Foot. So great an Army was terrible to our Men, who could not quit the Place without much Dishonour. They sent Messengers to all Parts to hasten Relief, and mean while ceased not Day or Night to repair the Walls and add new Works. The Safety of the Town consist∣ed in that the Enemy for haste brought no Cannon, or other Engines for Battery. There∣fore all their Assaults proved unsuccessful, for our Men bravely made good the Walls. The sharpest Dispute was at the River which runs near the Town, in which there being no Foun∣tains nor Cisterns, the Besieged were obliged to go out for Water: The Moors laboured to turn the River another way, which (tho' with much loss) they performed, cutting a new Channel. D. Alonso de Aguilar marched from Cordova with 1000 Horse and 3000 Foot to the Relief of the Besieged; but all Passes being secured by the Enemy, was forced to return without effect∣ing any thing. All the Hopes that remained was in the Duke of Medina Sidonia, and that not much, because of his ancient Enmity with the Marquess of Cadiz; to which was added, that he resented that Expedition had been undertaken without consulting him. The Love of his Country prevailed with his Generous Spirit above private Animosities, and the Publick Danger reconciled those Opposites. Having resolved to relieve the Besieged, he took the Royal Standard out of Sevil, and joined with other Noblemen, particularly D. Roderick Giron, Master of Calatrava, and D. James Pacheco, Marquess of Villena. They gathered about 5000 Horse and 40000 Foot. King Ferdinand the very Day he received the News of the taking of Al∣hama, and the Danger our Men were in, set forward with speed from Medina del Campo, leaving Orders for the Queen to follow him. He sent Orders to the Noblemen not to enter the Moorish Territories before he came, because it was requisite to carry a greater force. The great want of Water the Besieged endured made all delay dangerous; therefore the Lords notwithstanding that Order marched. The Moors expected not their coming, but raised the Siege, and departed. Then the Besieged marched out to meet those that came to their Re∣lief, and joyfully embraced one another. The Marquess of Cadiz embraced the Duke of Medina Sidonia; they saluted one another courteously, and so ended the Hatred which had been betwixt those two Families for many Years. This Joy was very near being converted into Sorrow, by a Dispute arising among the Soldiers. Those that came to relieve the Be∣sieged, pretended to have share in the Plunder of the Town, and from Words they had come to Blows, but that the Duke pacified his Men with fair Speeches, and promises of leading them to greater Plunder. A fresh Garrison was put into the Town, and the Army marched back. Immediately the Moors returned to the Siege, and several Parties went out to plunder the neighbouring Country. The Infidels observing the highest part of Alhama being difficult of access, was slenderly guarded, scaled it before break of day on the 20th of April. Our Men taking the Alarm, charged the Enemy with such Fury, that several of them were killed, and the rest to save themselves leaped over the Walls. Two Citizens of Sevil signalized them∣selves in this Action, the one called Peter Pineda, the other Alonso Ponce.
great account, it was resolved to besiege Loxa, a very strong City not far from Alhama. Ezija was the Place appointed for the Army to Rendezvous; about 5000 Horse and 8000 Foot gathered there: A small Number for so great an Undertaking. After the Moors were gone, the King marched with part of these Forces to Alhama, on the 29th of April. He put a new Garrison into the Place, and left D. Luis Portocarrero, Lord of Palma, a great Soldier, to Command there. Then having wasted the Plain of Granada without sustaining any loss, he returned to Cordova to make the necessary Preparations for War. Besides, the Queen was near her time, and he was willing to be present at her lying in. On the 29th of July she was delivered of two Children; the one that lived was called Mary, the other was dead. Hence the People took occasion to frame Omens of the Success of the War according to every Man's Fancy. But what most troubled them was to see those who carried the Standards to Church to be Blessed look extraordinarily melancholy. Others laughed at all these Observations as at vain and accidental things. The day following the King went away to Ezija, all Persons of any Note striving to have part in that Undertaking. According as had been resolved they marched to Loxa, where they encamped and entrenched themselves near the Suburbs among Olive Gardens, on that side where the River Xenil is so straightned by high Banks, that it is not sordable. The Ground was streight, and not proper for the Horse, and the Citizens be∣ing Masters of the Bridge, it was hard to pass the River. Near this place is a Hill called Al∣bohacen, which being commodious to hinder the Enemy from sallying, and to command the City, the Master of Calatrava, and Marquesses of Villena and Cadiz, were ordered to possess themselves of it. Within the City were about 3000 Horse, Commanded by Alatar a Brave Captain. They made several Sallies, particularly upon a Saturday, being encouraged by some Recruits they had received, and the Hopes that the King of Granada was marching to relieve them, they attacked our Post upon the Hill, sallying in two Bodies. Our Guards being sur∣prized, fled. Those that encamped next them, came to their Relief, but without any Order, or leaving a Guard in the Camp. The other Body of Moors laying hold of this Opportunity, easily made themselves Masters of our Works, which greatly discouraged those that were en∣gaged. However, they ran to defend their Camp, and behaved themselves with great Bra∣very. The Enemy pressed them in Front and Rear, which was the cause our Men were de∣feated. The Master of Calatrava was killed, with many others; the rest saved themselves by flight. King Ferdinand discouraged by this Misfortune, and perceiving that what his Brother the Duke de Villahermosa had said was true, to wit, That the Army was encamped in a dis∣adventageous Post; as also understanding the Enemy's Army marched towards him, the next day marched away as far as the Lovers Rock, called Pen̄a de los Enamorados, which was seven Leagues distant from Loxa. He retired in good Order, the Marquess of Cadiz facing the Enemy, who continually charged the Rear, but were so bravely received they fled to the City. This was the end of that ill laid Design. The Moors encouraged by this Success, re∣turned to the Siege of Alhama. King Ferdinand, on the 14th of August, in Person relieved the Besieged, laid in Provision for 9 Months, and gave the Lieutenancy of that Place to D. Luis Osorio, who tho' Elect Bishop of Jaen, was a brave and experienced Soldier. Be∣sides, the King plundered and burnt all the Plain of Granada. 600 Moors came out of the City to skirmish, but the Earl of Cabra, and Chief Commendary of Calatrava, killed many of them, and forced the rest back into the Town. These were great Losses to the Moors; but the greatest Mischief was Discord among themselves; for a great number of the Citizens of Granada taking Arms, drove their King Albohaçen out of the City: They accused him of Tyranny, and of beginning that bloody War. In his Place they set up his own Son Mahomet Boabdil, commonly called the Little King; others call him Haley Muley Alcadurbil. Malaga, Baça, and some other Cities, continued Loyal to King Albohaçen. Thus that Nation was di∣vided betwixt Two Factions, which did them no less harm than the Enemies abroad. It is remarkable, that amidst these Confusions neither Party asked Aid of the Christians; but in the heat of the Civil War, made Incursions into their Territories, and took the Town of Can̄ete on the Frontiers of that Kingdom.
Other Affairs for some time diverted the King and Queen from the War with the Moores, and they returned to the Kingdom of Toledo. The Command of the Frontiers about Ezija was given to D. Peter Manrique, Earl of Trevin̄o, and lately created Duke of Najara. D. A∣lonso de Cardenas, Master of Santiago was to Command about Jaen. The Government of Sevil was given to D. John de Silva Earl of Cifuentes. All things thus settled, the King and Queen came to Madrid about the beginning of Winter. There the Cortes assembled to regu∣late the Association set on Foot some Years before as has been said, that they might not abuse the Power they had. Supplies were also demanded for the Expences of the War, and they offered to furnish 16000 Beasts for Carriage. Pope Sixtus commanded the Clergy to contribute 100000 Ducats for once. He also granted the Croisade to such as served at their own Cost, or at least contributed a certain small Sum of Money. This was again granted 3 Years after, and has continued ever since, being Yearly Collected, which brings a great Sum of Money into the Kings Coffers. Besides all this, much Money was borrowed of Bankers and other private Persons. The Aragonians would not receive D. Raimund Folch Earl of Cardona for their Viceroy, and pleaded it was a breach of their Priviledges to put a Stranger over them. After some debate the King condescended, and constituted his Son
Alonso de Aragon, Archbishop of Zaragoça Viceroy. The designs of the Portugueses and Na∣varrois did not a little perplex King Ferdinand. The King of Portugal proposed to Marry his Neece the Princess Joanna Daughter to King Henry, to Francis Phebus King of Navarre, who was not yet dead. Navarre favoured France. To prevent danger Ambassadors were sent to both. Those who went to Navarre, which was after the death of that King, had orders to propose a Match betwixt Queen Catherine who had Inherited that Crown, and Prince John King Ferdinand's Son. They had also instructions to endeavour to gain all the Men in Power, particularly the Faction of the Biamonteses, that was possessed of Pamplona, and most of the Kingdom, the Queen having little left her but the Name, tho' she had ap∣pointed a Viceroy, who was Monsieur de Abene, a Frenchman, well versed in Affairs of that nature. Magdalen the Queen's Mother seemed pleased at the Match, and said there could be nothing on her side to obstruct so advantageous a proposal. In Galicia the Con∣stable and Earl of Benavente with their followers were in Arms. Each of them strove to seize the Castles of the Bishops, to be in a better Condition to oppose his Adversary. King Ferdinand to prevent mischief, Ordered Ferdinand de Acun̄a Governor of that Country to seize those Places. The Governor besieging the Castle of Lugo, D. Peter Ossorio Earl of Lemos came with Forces to the Assistance of his Brother who was Bishop of that City. This produced a new War, which obliged King Ferdinand to set out from Madrid on the 11th of February 1413, and hasten into Galicia. By the way he received advice that the Earl of Lemos was dead. He appointed his Grandson Roderick, his Heir, tho' a Bastard of his Son Alonso. The Grandfather obtained a dispensation of the Pope to make him Legitimate, and put him into possession of his Estate before his death. This produced a new debate, for Joanna Daughter to the Earl deceased, and Wife to D. Luis the Earl of Benavente's Son, claimed that Earldom. Upon this account both Parties were in Arms. King Ferdinand Com∣manded them to stand to the determination of the Law, threatning to fall upon him that should refuse, yet he favoured the Grandson of the deceased, who was in possession. Whilst he was busie in Galicia, the Moores near Malaga made a great slaughter of our Men, which was the greatest loss we sustained during that War. Peter Enriquez Lieutenant of Andaluzia having with the Assistance of the Earl of Cadiz recovered his Town of Can̄ete and Fortified it, was desirous to be revenged upon the Moores. D. Alonso de Aguilar and the Master of Santiago had also resolved to make an Incursion into the Moorish Territories. The Earl of Cifuentes had attempted to recover Zahara, but failed. All these Commanders agreed to make an Inroad into the Territory of Malaga in three Bodies. That Country is rich by reason of the Silken manufactures, and therefore they hoped to make a considerable Booty. Near Malaga there are certain uncouth Mountains called Axarquia, over those Mountains they Marched, plunder∣ed and burnt all the Country, and some Parties of Horse advanced even in sight of Malaga. This provoked the Citizens, and the People of the Mountains assembled and secured all the Passes. Our Men sought to retire, but could not. There were two Ways, the longest by the Sea, which was plainest, but dangerous, because of the Castle of Malaga, and several Creeks that cross it. The other through which they came was shorter, but very difficult by reason of the Woods and Mountains. Two Mountains particularly close up a deep Vally, through the middle of which runs a River that parts them. Our Men entred this Valley in a Con∣sternation, encumbred with the Booty, when on the one side the Moores attacked them, and on the other they saw the Pass secured by another Party, which added much to their Fear. They were Tyred with Marching two days, Faint for want of Food, and could neither go backwards nor forwards. Many were killed with Arrows and Musket Shot, the Moores being very good Marksmen. Night coming on, the Terror increased with the darkness and the continual shouts of the Enemy. Then the Master of Santiago cryed out, How long shall we suffer our selves Fellow-Soldiers to be Slaughtered like sheep? Our Swords and our Valour must open the Way, or at least let us endeavour to Sell our Lives dear, and not die unrevenged. Having spoke thus, they began to ascend the Hill, and with much difficulty reached to the Top. There the Fight was bloody, and the Slaughter on our side great, ma∣ny Persons of Note were killed. The Marquess of Cadiz found Guides, who led him off through by-ways. The Earl of Cifuentes his Squadron which brought up the Rear sustained most loss, he and his Brother Peter de Silva were taken and carried to Granada. Of 2700 Horse, 800 were killed, and among them 3 Brothers of the Marquess of Cadiz, James, Lope and Bertran, besides others of his Relations. Near twice as many were taken, and of them 400 of the best Gentry in Spain. Some few with the Master of Santiago escaped over the desert part of the Mountain, and got to Antequera. Others as chance led them, made their way to other Places. This Misfortune hapned upon the 21th of March, being the Feast of St. Benedict, usually a day of Joy in Spain, but now converted into Sorrow. Abohardil Brother to King Albohacen, and Governor of Malaga, who Commanded the Moores, gained great Reputation by this extraordinary Success.
CHAP. III. The Moores defeated, and Boabdil their King taken, and afterwards released; The Af∣faires of Navarre; Pope Sixtus dies, Innocent the Eighth succeeds him; Marquess del Gasto, and Pescara, from whom Descended.
THE Sorrow conceived by The Christians for their loss, was soon allayed, by a greater Defeat they gave the Moores. Albohazen and Boabdil the Two Moorish Kings did one another all the harm they could, yet at the same time both endeavoured to gain the Affecti∣on of their People, destroying the Christians. To this purpose Boabdil having gathered a good Body entred the Territory of Ecija, designing to surprize Lucena a Town more large and rich, than strong. Alatar his Father in Law, who from a mean Condition, rose by his Valour to that Honour, gave this Advice. James Fernandez de Cordova who was Lord of that Town, and some others thereabouts, understanding the design of the Moores, gave advice of the danger he was in to his Unckle, the Earl of Cabra. But few Horse remained in those parts, by reason of the late slaughter, and the Inhabitants of Lucena were in a Consternation because their Walls were not Strong to make resistance. The Moores came before the Town on the 21th of April. The Governour coveyed the Townsmen into the upper Town, and gave the guard of the lower, to 200 Horse and 800 Foot he had got together. They de∣fended it so bravely that the Enemy dispairing of Success, and in a rage for some Men they lost in the Attack, vented their Fury upon the Olive Gardens. Besides, Hamet Abencerrage wasted the Lands of Mon̄tilla with 300 Horse. He was samiliarly acquainted with James de Cordova, the Family of the Abencerrages having resided at Cordova, when they were Banished out of Granada. Upon account of this acquaintance, he had an interview with James de Cor∣dova designing to circumvent him. His fraud was disappointed by another policy. The Governor seemed inclinable to surrender the Town, and by that means gained time till the Count de Cabra could come to his Relief. Upon the news of his approach, the Enemy raised the Siege, and began to March off with the Booty which was very great. The besieged Sallyed and Charged their Rear to keep them in Play till the Earl of Cabra came up. It will scarce be believed, that tho' the Moores were Ten times the number of the Christians, they did not stand the first shock. A League and a half from Lucena, and in the Way to Loxa, is a pleasant Brook, which then with the Summer Rains was swelled. The Enemies Foot having passed this. Brook, began to fly, only taking care to drive the Booty. Their Horse tho' in a Consternation made a stand, the King himself, striving to encourage them. All proved ineffectual, for the Christians advancing, they were Charged in Flank by D. Alonso de Aguilar, who came from Antequera with 40 Horse, and some few Foot. The Enemy suddenly gave way and fled. The King alighted off from a white Horse, and endeavoured to hide himself among the Trees and Bushes on the Banks of the River. Three Foot Soldi∣ers found him, and he discovered himself for fear of being killed. He was secured and sent to Lucena. In the pursuit which lasted till Night, above 1000 Horse were killed, and among them Alatar being 90 Years of Age, about 4000 Foot were either slain or taken. All the Booty was recovered. Having received the news of this Victory, Queen Elizabeth went a∣way to the Borders of Navarre, to hasten the Marriage betwixt her Son and that Queen. And King Ferdinand hasted to Andaluzia to prosecute the War. Being come to Cordova, it was resolved to raise greater Forces, because after the taking of Boabdil, the Moores were again united under Albohacen, and he had recovered Granada, notwithstanding many of the Citi∣zens hated him for his Cruelty and Avarice. King Ferdinand at the head of 6000 Horse, and 40000 Foot destroyed the Suburbs of Yiora, and having taken Tajara by Assault, utterly de∣stroyed it. Thence he Marched, and Encamping on the plain of Granada, sent out Parties, who burnt and destroyed all about them. King Albohacen having no confidence in the Citi∣zens, durst not venture out of the City, and onely some small Parties came out to endeavour to pick up Staglers. That King sent to offer the Earl of Cifuentes and Nine more of the principal Prisoners he had taken for his Son Boabdil. He also proposed Conditions of Peace but such as were haughty and violent. King Ferdinand answered, he was not come to receive, but to give Laws, and would not hear of any Peace till they laid down their Arms. The Marquess of Cadiz and others, ceased not to perswade the King to release Boab∣dil, because it was a mean to keep the Enemy divided, which would redound to our ad∣vantage. King Ferdinand having wasted the Country and lest a good Garrison in Albama under the Command of Ynigo Lopez de Mendoca Earl of Tendilla, returned to Cordova. Thi∣ther the Moorish King was brought Prisoner from the Castle of Porcuna. Being come before the King he offered to kiss his Hand, but King Ferdinand Embraced and Entertained him courteously. After some time they concluded a League upon these Conditions. That Bo∣abdil should give his Eldest Son and 12 other Sons of the principal Moores as Hostages, that he would always continue faithful to King Ferdinand. That he should pay the yearly Tribute of 12000 Ducats and come to the Cortes when Summoned. That in Five years time he should Release 400 Christian Slaves. Upon these terms he was dismissed. King Ferdinand having Garrisoned all Towns thereabouts, and given the Government of Ezija, and general
Command of those Frontiers to D. Luis Fernandez Portocarrero, set out towards the Queen. At the same time 1500 Moorish Horse and 4000 Foot under the Command of Bexir Gover∣nor of Malaga broke into the Territory of Utrera, but were overthrown by Portocarrero and the Marquess of Cadiz near Guadalete. In memory of this good Service, it was granted to the Marquesses of Cadiz for ever, that they should have the Suit of Cloaths the King of Spain wore upon every Feast of the Nativity of our Blessed Lady, which is in September. Within the same Month the Marquess recovered Zahara by surprize. King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth went to Vitoria, tho' with small hopes that the Marriage designed would take effect. The Lady Magdalen pleaded the Queen her Daughter was Marriageable, and the Prince but a Child. At Vitoria the Earl of Cabra and James Fernandez de Cordova were received with extraordinary Honour, the Cardinal of Toledo with all the Nobility by the King's Order, going out of Town to meet them. A Pension of 100000 Maravedies was given to the Earl of Cabra for his Life, and to his paternal Coat of Arms was added a Kings Head Crowned, within an Orle of 7 Colours, betokening that number taken from the Enemy in their Retreat from Lucena. The Winter Floods carryed away a great part of the Wall of Alhama, and the Garrison was for abandoning the Place, but the Earl of Tendilla caused a Cloth painted in such man∣ner that the defect could not be perceived, to be spread along that part. By this project they gained time to repair the Damage before the Enemy understood the Cheat. For want of Money to pay the Garrison, he gave them Pastboard Tickets with his name on the one Side, and the value they were to go for on the other, promising to make them good as soon as the danger was over. On the 15th of November, the Pope gave a Cardinal's Cap to D. John de Melguerite Bishop of Girona. He wrote a brief History of the Kings of Spain, called Paralipomena, but enjoyed that Dignity only a few Months. His Body lies at Rome in the Church of our Lady de Populo.
The troubles in Navarre did not cease, and the old Factions grew strong through the ge∣neral Contempt of the Government. To add to all former Misfortunes, a new War broke out. John Viscount Narbonne Unckle to Queen Catherine, pretended to have Right to that Kingdom before his Nephews, and alledged that a Woman could not Inherit the Crown. The truth is, he had no Right, and therefore by force of Arms brought all the Earldom of Faux into Subjection. To put an end to these troubles, it was thought convenient to hasten the Queen's Marriage. The Lady Magdalen her Mother was for Marrying of her in France. The People pleaded she ought not to Marry without advice of the Cortes, and thereupon the Inhabitants of Tudela protested, if she were disposed of otherwise, they would deliver up the Town to King Ferdinand. He at the beginning of the Year 1484 held the Cortes of Aragon at Taraçona, where nothing remarkable was done, only at first the Catalonians plead∣ed they ought not to be summoned out of their own Province, yet at last they submitted. Mean while, Catherine Queen of Navarre was married to John d' Albret, Lord of Perigeux, Limoges, Dreux and many other Places. This Match produced new troubles in Navarre, King Ferdinand designing to make his advantage of those Confusions, stayed there himself, and sent his Queen to provide for the War in Andaluzia. Alboha••en kept up his Authority, and his Son Boahdil had much ado to maintain the Title of King in the City Almeria, that People hating him as a Friend to the Christians, their Preachers employed by his Father never oeasing to rail at him. About 10000 Men from Sevil and Cordova in April wasted all the Lands of Malaga. No relief came to the Moores out of Africk, either because that People was ingaged in other Wars, or because our Fleet Commanding the Sea, gave them no op∣portunity to stir. All our Force being on that side, the Genoeses under the Command of Jordieto Doria ravaged all the coasts of Catalonia, and Valencia. A Fleet was therefore rigged upon that Coast, to Curb the Insolency of those Pyrates. Some troubles in Ecclesiastical Af∣fairs required the presence of King Ferdinand to settle them. Luis Despuch Master of Montesa dying, the Knights chose D. Philip Boyl in his Place, but King Ferdinand pleading that by vir∣tue of a Bull granted him by the Pope, no Master of a Military Order could be Elected without his Consent, the new Elect was Deposed; and Charles late Duke of Viana chosen in his stead. Also Pope Sixtus gave the Archbishoprick of Sevil to Cardinal Roderick Borgia, but the King opposed him, and it was given to James de Mendoça then Bishop of Palencia. Thus the Kings of Spain began to claim the Right of nominating their Bishops. The Nea∣politans and Venetians were now at War about Hercules Duke of Ferrara, whom the former Protected because he was Married to their King's Daughter. On the 12th of August died Pope Sixtus. His Successor was Cardinal John Baptista Cibo, who took the Name of Inno∣cent the 8th. At the same time died In̄igo Davalos, Son to the Constable Ruy Lopez Dava∣los. He was in high favour with the Kings of Naples, and left several Children of whom some Princes in Italy are descended, and particularly the famous Ferdinand, Marquess of Pescara, who filled not only Italy, but all the World with the same of his Exploits. Inigo Davalo was Father to D. Alonso, Marquess del Gasto, who was also renowned for his Valour, and his Cousin dying without Children, he Inherited his Estate, which he left to his Heirs, upon Condition one of them should be called Marquess de Pescara, and the next Marquess del Gasto alternatively, as is practised till this day.
CHAP. IV. Alora and other Places taken from the Moores; Albohardil usurps the Crown of Gra∣nada, and defeats the Earl of Cabra; The Rebellion in Naples; Birth of the Princess Catherine of Castile, afterwards Wife to Henry VIII. King of England.
IN Andaluzia our Forces never ceas'd to harass the Enemies Country. At Cordoua a Coun∣cil was held to agree about undertaking some Enterprize, and tho the Master of Santiago was of another Opinion, the Marquess of Cadiz his Advice prevailed, which was to attack Alora, a Town almost in the mid-way between Antequera and Malaga. It is stronger by Nature than any addition of Art. The Army was ready to march when King Ferdinand came and approved of the Enterprize. The better to amuze the Enemy, he gave out he was going to put new Forces into Alhama, but being come to Antequera turned short, and set down before Alora unexpected. Our Cannon soon beat down part of the Walls, which so terrified the Moores, that they surrendred on the 21th of June, upon Condition to carry their Goods with them. We lost not one Man in this Siege. Several other Places were at∣tacked, and at one called Caçarabonela, where there was a Skirmish with a Body of the Enemy, D. Gutierre de Sotomayor, Earl of Benalcaçar, being too eager, was killed in the prime of his Age. After this 300 Knights of Calatrava were put into Alhama, under the Command of Garzi Lopez de Padilla, chosen Master of that Order, in the place of Roderick Tellez Giron, de∣ceased. The King marched on, and incamped in sight of Granada. His Army consisted of 6000 Horse, and scarce 10000 Foot. In the City there were reported to be 70000 Comba∣tants, a number scarce to be believed. However King Ferdinand ravaged all that place, and having spent 50 days in this Expedition, returned with his Army entire, and loaded with Plunder to the Christian Territories. The Command of Alora he gave to Luis Fernandez Por∣tocarrero. D. Alvaro de Mendoça, Earl of Castro, was made Admiral, that he being a Man of singular Conduct, might hinder any Succours from passing out of Africk. After the heat of the Summer was over the Christians again took the Field. They battered a Castle near Ma∣laga called Septenil, which the Besieged, terrified with the Cannon, surrendred, being payed for the Provisions they left behind them. Thence our Army marched towards Ronda, a strong and almost inaccessible City, being seated betwixt craggy Mountains, the greatest part of it encompassed by a River, the rest covered with Rocks. The Inhabitants of this place were Resolute and Warlike, and well provided with all Necessaries for their Defence. Our Forces being come in sight of the Walls, destroyed all the Orchards and Olive-Trees there∣abouts, but Money growing short to pay the Soldiers, they made but a short stay there. The Army being put into Winter-quarters, the King and Queen went away to Sevil, and came to that City upon the 2d of October. In the month of January, 1485, the King took the Field, thinking to surprize the City Loxa, but desisted by reason of the Rains and bad Wea∣ther, as also because a Soldier of Note, called John de Ortega, said, that design was impracti∣cable. The Nobility came in daily with their Troops, so that in a little time the Army amount∣ed to 9000 Horse, and 20000 Foot. With this Force it was decreed to prosecute the War. At the same time the Citizens of Almeria, as if their King Boabdil were the Cause of all their Misfortunes, assaulted his Palace, killed his Brother, and secured his Mother, who had been the chief Incendiary betwixt the Father and Son. King Boabdil himself being then out of the Town, as soon as he received the News of that Misfortune, fled with a few Followers to Cor∣doua. The Inhabitants of Ronda, whose numbers were much decreased, were in a great Con∣sternation. A Moore called Joseph Xerife, gave notice of it to the Marquess of Cadiz, and it was decreed to undertake that Enterprize. First they attacked a Town called Cohine near Alora, which they took by Assault, and razed because it was too large to be defended. Ano∣ther Town called Cartama, of which all the Valley takes Name, was also taken. The Master of Santiago was made Governor of it at his own Request. This done they marched to Ma∣laga, where Albohardil, the Moorish King's Brother, resided, in whose Valour the Moores chiefly confided, for the Reputation he gained in the Slaughter of the Christians on the Moun∣tains of Malaga. Little was done there, and the Army returned the way it came to Ronda. The Forces were divided into 5 parts, that they might encompass the Town on all sides. The King with the greatest Body encamped before the Castle. All the Avenues were secured that no Succours might get into the Town, which was then much weakned, a great number of the Inhabitants being abroad upon Parties to plunder in Andalusia. For these Reasons, and because the Christians advanced their Works with great Industry, the Besieged surrendred upon Articles the 23d of May. Among the other Conditions it was agreed, that some of the Principal Inhabitants should have Revenues assigned them at Sevil, out of the Estates of Gonçalo Picon, and others condemned by the Inquisition. A good Garrison was put into that City. Several other Towns along the Mountain surrendred, the chief whereof were Caçarabonela, and Marbella, which lies near the Sea. The Moores were in a great Consternation, and had little help in their Kings, the one being fled, the other ancient, sickly, and almost blind. This moved them to choose for their King Muley Albohardil, who resided at Malaga, and was a Man of great Courage and Conduct. He immediately accepted of the Crown they offered
him, went away to Granada; and entred that City in Triumphant manner, being proud that he had killed 90 Christians by the way, who lay very secure upon Sierra Nevada. The Ci∣tizens with great Acclamations proclaimed him King. Albohazen at the beginning of this Mutiny went away to Almun̄ecar, where his Treasure lay. There his cruel Brother caused him to be Murdered, only to secure himself in the Throne he had usurped.
King Ferdinand, tho many were of Opinion the Soldiers who were harassed with the late Expeditions ought to rest, commanded the Army to Rendezvous at Alcala Real, because that Town was upon the Frontiers, and went himself thither from Cordcua upon the first of Sep∣tember, notwithstanding the Heat was excessive, that part of the Country being naturally hotter than the rest of Spain. The Earl of Cabra desiring to signalize himself, begged he might first enter the Moorish Territories, as he did with 700 Horse and 3000 Foot. He was ordered to take with him Martin Alonso de Montemayor, and to sit down before Moclin, a strong Town near Granada, the King promising to back them with the whole Army. The Earl marched day and night to surprize the new King Albohardil, who he understood was quartered near that place with 1500 Horse, and a greater number of Foot. This Design being dis∣covered to the Moore, he removed to a Hill, and at break of day fell upon the Christians in certain Defiles with such fury, that the best Soldiers were killed, and most of the Foot. The Earl lost his Brother Gonçalo, and he with a few Horse fled towards the way where he ex∣pected to meet Garzi Lopez de Padilla, Master of Calatrava, who followed those that had ad∣vanced before. This Loss so troubled King Ferdinand, that he retired for some time. On the Frontier near Jaen, are two Towns and Castles called Cambil, and Albahar. The River Frio runs betwixt them, and tho small, is difficult to be waded, because of its high Banks. Both these Places were besieged, Albahar is beyond the River, and near it is a Hill that commands it, on which the King, tho with much labour, caused the Cannon to be planted. This so terrified the Moores, that they surrendred both Towns and Castles on the 23d of September, being the very day on which they were lost 120 years before. After this the King put the Army into Winter Quarters, and went himself with the Queen to Alcala de Henares. Dur∣ing this Expedition died D. Alonso de Aragon, Duke de Villahermosa, the King's Brother, a brave Commander. His Body was deposited at Baeça, and thence translated to Poplete, the burial-place of his Ancestors. Of him are descended the Dukes of Villahermosa, and Earls of Ribagorça. In Toledo the Inquisition severely punished those who renouncing the Christian Faith became Jews. A great number of those People who were reconciled, and implored Mercy, was pardoned. They are now called De la Gracia, that is, the People of Grace. The Nobility of Naples had now raised a Bloody War against their King Ferdinand, upon the usual Pretences. Pope Innocent favoured them, but it was rather in Words than Effect, for he was ancient, and otherwise employed. The chief of the Conspirators were the Princes of Sa∣lerno, Basigniano, and Altamura, as also the Marquess del Gasto. It was reported that Frederick, the King's Son, under-hand supported the Rebels, but this could never be proved. The Wicked Life of Alonso, Duke of Calabria, the King's Eldest Son, was one great Motive of this Revolt. The King resolved to reduce the Rebels rather by Policy than Force, and there∣fore gave his General Pardon to all the Mutiniers. King Ferdinand of Spain also sent the Earl of Tendilla his Ambassador, to ingage to those Noblemen for their safety, provided they laid down their Arms. But the King of Naples, as soon as the Storm was over, made no account of those Promises, and at several times, as occasion served, seized the Heads of the Rebellion, and put them all to death. King Ferdinand of Castile ceased not to protest against those Proceed∣ings, but he of Naples ceased not to proceed in cutting off his Enemies, which proved fatal to him at last, as we shall see in its place. Let us turn back. On the 16th of December Queen Elizabeth at Aloala de Henares, was delivered of a Daughter, called Catherine, well known in the World as Wife to two Brothers, Sons to the King of England, and for her great Sufferings caused by the inordinate Lust and infidelity of her Husband, which also drew great Calamities upon the whole English Nation. Their Sins and Rebellion drew Judgments upon them. Richard III. having murdered his Two Nephews, Edward and Richard, the rightful Heirs of the Crown, usurped the Kingdom. He Govern'd like a Tyrant, and ended accordingly. Henry Earl of Richmond, who had been a Prisoner in Britany, having obtained his Liberty, overthrew the Tyrant in Battle, and killed him. By that means he secured the Crown to himself. This Henry had a Son called Henry like himself, who was the Eighth of that Name King of England, and famous for his Incontinency, for putting away Catherine his Wife, and for disowning the Supremacy of the Pope, besides many other Crimes which have left an in∣delible stain upon his Name.
CHAP. V. The Tumults in Aragon, and Catalonia; Several Towns taken from the Moores; A Sedition in Galicia; King Albohardil attacks the Castle call'd Albaizin in Granada, and is repulsed; Azamor on the Coast of Africk delivered to the Portugueses.
SOme small Tumults hapned in Aragon, but those in Catalonia were more dangerous, yet the Prudence of King Ferdinand overcame them all. The City Zaragoça is seated in a Plain on the Banks of the River Ebro, and is in Beauty, Riches, and number of Inhabitants, almost equal to the best in Spain. This Place has often Mutinied in defence of its Priviledges, as it hapned at this time. John de Burgos, the King's Alguazil, gave some ill Language to Peter Cerdan, the Chief of the Aldermen, and Head of their Counsel. Others coming in apprehended the Alguazil, Tried, Condemned, and Hanged him, which was a great Affront to the King. He was then upon the point of entring upon the Kingdom of Granada with his Army, and therefore sent Orders to John Hernandez de Heredia, supream Governor of that Kingdom, to punish all that had a Hand in that Affair with the utmost rigor, and at the same time told the Deputies sent by the City, that no harm should be done; for he was ex∣pert in Dissembling. The Head of the Aldermen could not be apprehended, because the Chief Justice of Aragon protected him, but Martin Pertusa, who was the next, and had been very active in the Business of the Alguazil, was suddenly Executed, the King's Letters being carried before him upon a Spear to awe the People, who were ready to Rescue him. This struck a Terror into the others, and so the Sedition was appeased. Soon after another Tu∣mult hapned upon account of a more Hainous Crime than the last. Peter Arbuc was Inquisi∣tor in that City, and punished Offenders according to their Crimes. Certain wicked Mur∣derers, under colour of standing up for their Liberties, attempted to Murder him in his Bed, but not being able to force the Iron Bars of his Window, they Stabbed him in the Church before the High Altar, as he was at Mattins, on the 14th of September. He died not till the night following, which time he spent in Singing Praises to Almighty God. His Body was buried in the same place where they Murdered him, and soon after a Lamp was hung over his Grave, an Honour never allowed to any but Canonized Saints Charles V. the Emperor, obtained of Pope Paul III. that his Feast might be Celebrated on the 15th of September, as is duely now observed. All his Murderers died unfortunately within a year. After this, for the safety of the Inquisitors, they were lodged in the Castle called Del Aljaferia. This in Aragon. In Catalonia, and particularly the Territory of Ampurias, those Vassals who are vulgarly called Pageses, were oppressed by their Landlords, and Treated like Slaves. Those Lords obliged them to pay the heavy Impositions laid on them by the Moores, pleading Prescription to justifie this Proceeding. The Histories of Catalonia do not mention what Impositions these were, they only say they were very heavy, and that none was exempt from them but such as Ran∣somed themselves like Slaves. This moved the People often to take up Arms to deliver them∣selves from that Tyranny, but the Efforts of the Multitude for the most part are weak. They had recourse to their Kings for Redress, and several of them ordered those Impositions to be moderated, yet the Nobility would not part with any thing of what had been left them by their Ancestors. King Ferdinand at last, with his usual. Success, and good Conduct, put an end to all those Debates. From Alcala de Henarez the King and Queen went to Segovia, and thence to Medina del Campo. By the way they visited D. Garzia de Toledo, created by the King Duke of Alva, who now lived retired by reason of his great Age, having left his Son Frede∣rick to serve in his place. This the King did not only to Honour him, but to Reconcile him to the Constable Peter Fernandez de Velasco, to whom with D. Alonso de Fonseca, Archbishop of Sevil, he intended to leave the Government of Castile, whilst he prosecuted the War in Granada. In order to it he went to Guadalupe, where on the 28th of April he decided the Affair of the Pageses, ordaining, that in lieu of the old Imposition every one of those Vassals should pay to his Lord 70 Sueldos, or Shillings of Barcelona yearly, which tho a heavy Burden, was joyfully accepted by those People, and the more for that they were allowed to buy it off at 20 years purchase. Thus after long Disputes that part of Spain was pacified. In Portugal all was quiet since the death of those Nobles we have spoken of, and the King laboured to make his Kingdom renowned. Azamor, a City in Mauritania Tingitana on the Ocean, ha∣ving formerly been Tributary to the King of Portugal, now took an Oath of Fidelity to him, and in acknowledgment of subjection obliged it self to give yearly 10000 Alosas, which is a sort of Fish that abounds there. It was a greater Honour to that Nation and its Princes, that they had not only formerly maintained their Liberty, and Erected a Kingdom to which they had no good Title, but did now subdue remote Cities and Provinces to their great glory and advantage.
The Kingdom of the Moores decayed apace: Civil Discord consumed them no less than the Enemy abroad. In the City of Granada, Boabdil being called in by his Party, possessed him∣self of a Castle called Albaycin, and the Citizens sought and killed one another in the Streets. Yet they joined to oppose the Christians, and the danger being over to War among them∣selves again. An Alsaqui, which is in the Nature of a Priest, esteemed a Holy Man, went
about the Streets proclaiming their Madness, and threatning speedy ruin unless they grew wiser in time. His Words moved the People, and therefore through his Mediation, and of others of his Profession, the Two Kings came to an Agreement upon these Terms. That the Uncle should still keep Granada, Almeria, and Malaga; all the rest should belong to his Nephew Boabdil, who, I guess, resided in the Albaycin before-mentioned, tho our Historians do not mention it. Their chief design was, that Boabdil should have all those Places which they imagined the Christians would first attack, because he was in League with King Ferdinand. The Christians were not ignorant of their Policy, therefore having assembled their Forces they resolved to attempt Loxa. Boabdil advanced with 500 Horse to stop the passage of our Men, who were to march through uncouth and difficult ways. Nevertheless they came to the Suburbs of the City, where they had a Skirmish with the Moores whom they forced back into the Walls. The Army was divided into 3 parts, the better to compass the Town, and the Bridge that led to it broken down. But the Christians built two others, to secure the Commu∣nication for themselves. A breach being made by the Cannon, and all things in readiness to assault it, the City surrendred the 9th day of the Siege, capitulating for liberty to depart with as much of their Goods as they could carry. Boabdil coming to the Camp, fell down on his Knees, protesting it was against his Will he had broke his Faith, and that he was forced to it. His Excuses were allowed, and he pardoned, because it was convenient to wink at his Faults, to keep up the Division that was among the Moores. King Ferdinand fortified the City, and gave the Command of it to Alvaro de Luna, Lord of Fuentiduen̄a, and Grandson to the Constable D. Alvaro de Luna. This done he marched to reduce other Places. Some few made resistance, but in vain, the most surrendred. Among others Illora was taken on the 28th of June, and after it Ban̄os, Zagra, and Moclin. Some of these Places were very strong, and might have held out long, being near Granada, whence they could be relieved. The Com∣mand of Illora was given to Gonçalo Fernandez de Cordova, afterwards the famous General in Italy. The Citizens of Granada used to call Illora the Right Eye, and Moclin the Buckler of that City, for which reason they began to despair of maintaining themselves, besides that the Christians destroyed all the Country about them. Nevertheless Albohardil sent part of his Horse to the Bridge called De los Pinos, a Place well known for the Slaughter of our Men made there formerly. These were to hinder the Christians passing the River Xenil. He him∣self stayed in the City to prevent Disorders. The Moores could not hinder the Christians pas∣sing the River, but charged the Left Squadron that passed, which was commanded by D. In̄igo de Mendoça Duke del Infant ado. Our Men were hard put to it, being beset by 1000 Horse and 10000 Foot, but the other Forces coming to their Rescue the Moores retired. Still our Men pursued close upon their Rear, and the Fight was renewed in the Olive Gardens of the City. D. John de Aragon, Earl of Ribagorça, signalized himself in this Ingagement, and had his Horse killed under him. King Ferdinand, the Summer being near spent, Garrisoned the Towns he had taken, and left D. Frederick, Son to the Duke of Alva, to Command on the Frontiers, by that means ending the Competition betwixt the Nobility of Andaluzia about that Post. At this time Galicia was in an uproar, because the Earl of Lemos had possessed himself of Pon∣ferrada, a very strong Town, and turned out the King's Garrison. The Earl upon his sub∣mission was pardoned, only that Town with some others were taken from him, and annexed to the Crown. The King and Queen having performed their Devotions at Santiago, returned to Salamanca, at the beginning of the year 1487. Here they resolved to erect a new supream Court in Galicia, to curb that Mutinous People. Frederick, Son to the Duke of Alva, was ambitious of signalizing himself. A great number of Christian Captives that were kept in the Dungeons of Malaga gave intelligence, that if the Christians attempted the Town, they would break Prison, and let them into the Town. Six hundred Horse sent by him to this pur∣pose were disappointed, because the Rivers were swelled and impassable. In the City Gra∣nada the Animosities ran as high as ever betwixt the Two Moorish Kings, insomuch that Albo∣hardil having brought Forces from Guadix and Baça, attacked the Castle of Albaicin and en∣tred it. Boabdil coming on with his Guard, soon repulsed his Enemy. They fought despe∣rately in the place before the great Mosque, and many were killed on both sides. King Ferdi∣nand came from Salamanca to Cordova on the 2d of March. Thence, understanding the dan∣ger that King his Confederate was in, he sent him Succours under the Command of Ferdinand Alvarez de Gadea, Commander of Colomera. With this Supply he gained much upon his Ad∣versary, to the great destruction of the Citizens, who like Mad men ran to their Ruin, siding with the Two Kings.
CHAP. VI. King Ferdinand takes Malaga and other Places from the Moores; Albohardil King of Granada having been defeated by the Christians, is expell'd by his Subjects, and Boab∣dil proclaimed King; Mighty Discoveries made by the Portugueses in the East.
IT was debated at Cordova how to carry on the War. Some were for besieging Baça, o∣thers Gu••dix. The King resolved to attempt Malaga, because it lay opportunely for the Moores to receive Succours out of Africk, the passage there being but short. He set out of Cordova on the 7th of April, without communicating his Design to any Body. His Army consisted of 12000 Horse and 40000 Foot. Being come upon the Moorish Territories he dis∣covered his Design, and encouraged his Men to undertake that great and glorious Work, assuring them it would be the Ruin of the Infidels Dominion in Spain. The King's Will being known, all the Soldiers readily promised to undergo any labour or danger, shewing their rea∣diness to follow wheresoever he would lead. In their March the Army attacked Velez, a Town near Malaga. The Garrison sallying, fell upon the Troops of Galicia, which, tho couragious enough, not being well Disciplined, were worsted, till other Forces coming up, the Enemy were drove within the Walls. The Suburbs being taken, the Artillery was planted to batter the Town. All the Country about rose to succour the Besieged, but to no purpose. Albohardil understanding the Design of the Christians, resolved to relieve that City, on which his whole Kingdom depended. To this purpose he sent before Reduan Venegas, Governor of Granada, a brave Soldier, with some Foot, and 300 Horse, promising to follow them very speedily. Reduan designed to surprize our Guards, and nail the Cannon. His Design failed. The Moorish King came, and incamped on a Ground difficult of access near the Town. In his Army were 20000 Horse, and a like number of Foot. Tho weaker than the Christians he thought the advantage of Ground might secure him; it availed him not, for the Christians charged him, forced his Works, and plundered his Baggage. Their Consternation was such that all fled, and what was worst, the poor King being overthrown and forsaken, the People of Granada at his return shut the Gates against him. This done, they all unanimously pro∣claimed his Competitor Boabdil. No hopes of Relief being left, Velez was surrendred on the 27th of April, upon Condition the Inhabitants might depart whither they pleased, carrying their Goods with them. Immediately upon the surrender of Velez, another Town near it called Bentome opened its Gates, and received a Garrison. The Government of this Town was given to Peter Navarro, who being by Birth a Mean Person, and but a Private Sailer, became a most famous Captain. The People of Malaga despairing that they should be able to hold out long, Abenconnixa their Governor, with the assistance of John de Robles, who had been long a Slave in Malaga, came to the Army to Treat of a Surrender. Certain Soldiers of Barbary who were in Garrison there, having notice of this Design, fearing left they should be delivered up to the Enemy, and in a rage because they had not been consulted in that Affair, possessed themselves of the Castle that commands the City, called Alcaçava, turned out the Garrison that was in it, and killed a Brother of Abenconnixa. Then placing Guards on the Walls, and shutting the Gates, they put any of the Townsmen to death that were suspected of holding Correspondence with the Christians. The thoughts of a Surrender fail∣ing, the King caused heavy Cannon to be brought from Antequera, and incamped on the 15th of May before Malaga. The City is seated on a Plain, but on a rising Ground are two Castles, the lowest called Alcaçava, the highest Gebalfaro. It is small in compass, but beau∣tiful, and well Peopled. It is also a Seaport Town, and towards the Land is encompassed with Mountains, on which are many Orchards and Country-Houses. Between the two Castles runs a Line of Communication. The Country is pleasant and fruitful, and was then rich by reason of the Trade of Africk, and the East. In the King's Army was most of the Nobility of Andaluzia and Castile, and many Aragonians. It was resolved to draw a Trench round the City, to terminate at the Sea on both sides, and to keep a Force on the Hill on which the lesser Fort stands. The Marquess of Cadiz commanded on the Hill. The Queen came to the Siege, and with her the Cardinal of Spain, and Bishop of Avila. Many Skirmishes hapned before the Trenches were finished, in one of which John de Ortega, who had done great Service this War, was killed. On the 29th of May 3000 Moores sallied, and attacked the Marquess of Cadiz his Quarters, killing the Out-guards, and entring his Works. The Marquess nothing daunted, having drawn up his Men, charged the Enemy. Many were killed on both sides, and the Marquess wounded, but at last the Infidels were obliged to re∣tire. Some in the Town believing themselves lost, resolved to kill the King. Among these, one who was accounted a Holy Man, to compass his Design; suffered himself to be taken. He desired to be carried before the King, who at that time, as God ordered it, was taking his rest, therefore the Queen commanded him to be carried before the Marquess of Moya. The Moor, by the Riches he saw in the Tent, guess'd it to be the King's, and drawing a Cimiter, which through oversight had not been taken from him, made at D. Alvaro de Portugall, who was accidentally talking with the Lady Marchioness. He bowing his Body, escaped the Blow, and the Moore was killed by those that came in to rescue D. Alvaro. Thus through God's
Mercy that danger was diverted. The Army was increased by the arrival of the Duke of Medina Sidonia. Maximilian Duke of Austria, who was afterwards Emperor, sent two Ships from Flanders laden with all manner of Warlike Stores, under the Command of D. Ladron de Guevara. The number of the Besieged also increased, for that some got into the City through the Works next the Sea. Hunger pinched, and yet the Barbary Soldiers would hear of no Capitulation. The Citizens were for surrendring. One of them called Dordux, a Man of great Note, went out to Capitulate. The King said, there were no Conditions to be al∣lowed, but they must surrender upon Discretion. This was in publick, but under-hand he promised Dordux, that if he managed that Business well, he and all his Kindred should not only be set free, but well Rewarded. The Moore undertook to do it, and accordingly admitted the Christians into the Castle, and set up their Colours on the highest Tower. This terrified both the Citizens and Barbary Soldiers, yet at the same time they hoped the Capitulation made by Dordux would extend to them all. For this reason they packed up their Goods to depart, but they were deceived, for their Goods and Liberty were taken from them. The same hapned to the Soldiers who drew out near the Sea to march away. All the Africans, with their Com∣mander Zegri, were made Prisoners. Many Christians who had fled to the Moores were put to death. The Jews who after being Baptized, had relapsed, were burnt. All the other Jews and Moores, who were Natives of the City, were allowed to Ransom themselves at an easie rate. This Noble City was taken on the 18th of August, for which there was General Rejoycing and Thanksgiving throughout all Spain. It appeared, that in the time of the Goths it had been a Bishoprick, and therefore the Pope granted his Bull to restore that Dignity. The general Joy for this Success was somewhat abated by the News that Bajazet, the Great Turk, provided a mighty Fleet to invade Sicily, by that means to divert the Spaniards from the Conquest of Granada.
Whilst the Moores were running to ruin, the Portugueses sending out Fleets every year, o∣pened themselves a way to the Eastern Countreys. A mighty Undertaking, first commenced, as has been said, by Prince Henry, who first caused the Coast of Africk, along the Ocean, to be discovered. This Work was continued several years after without intermission. But the Profit in those Discoveries not answering the Trouble and Cost, they designed to pass on∣ward to the rich Provinces of India, to bring home to their Country the Riches of those Parts, which Heaven had so largely bestowed upon those People, as all sorts of Spice, Precious Stones, Pearls, Gold, Silver, Ivory, and many other Things which the insatiable Pride of Man rather than Necessity has caused to be highly valued. Things strange and at that great distance are never truly represented, but highly magnified. It was reported there were Woods of great tall Trees, of Cinnamon, Cassiafistula, and Cloves, great store of Pepper and Gin∣ger, Beasts of extraordinary Shapes, and Men of strange Customs and Countenances. The Wiser sort thought it a great Madness for a Kingdom so small, and of so little strength as Portugal, to seek out those Nations, seated in respect to them, in the utmost bounds of the Earth, and parted from them by such a vast Ocean. But all Difficulties yielded to Avarice and Ambition. To this purpose the King of Portugal some years since sent Bartholomew Diaz, an able Pilot, to the Cape of Good Hope, which is the utmost point of Africk to the South, and beyond the Equinoctial. He passed that Cape, and came to a River which he called Del Infante. With Bartholomew Diaz went F. Antony of the Order of S. Francis, who was an Active and Bold Man. He having viewed a great part of Africk and Assia, travelling from that place came at last to Hierusalem. Lastly, he returning by Land, and Bartholomew Diaz by Sea, gave an Account to the King of what they had discovered. This encouraged the Portu∣gueses to proceed in so great an Undertaking. For the better carrying on of their Design, they chose two Men of Courage and Experience, and that were great Masters of the Ara∣bick Language, to proceed in this Discovery, one of them was Peter Covillam, and the other Alonso de Payva. To save the vast Charge of a Fleet they were sent by Land to discover the inferior Parts of Africk and Asia, each of them taking one of those Parts of the World for his Province. With these Instructions they set out of Lisbon on the 15th of May, took Naples and Rome in their way, thence passed to Hierusalem, then to Alexandria, and so to Grand Caire, the principal City of Egypt. Here they parted, Peter Cavillam for Ormuz, an Island at the mouth of the Persian Gulph, and thence to Calicut. Alonso de Payva undertook to exa∣mine the Inland of Ethiopia, where he died. For this Reason, and because he received Letters from the King, ordering him not to return till he had surveyed all those Provinces, Peter Co∣villam went into Ethiopia. Alexander, Nau, and David, successively Emperors of Ethiopia, and vulgarly called Prester John, took an Affection to Covillam, and therefore would not suf∣fer him to return home, but gave him a Wife and Land to live upon. Since he could not re∣turn, he thence sent an Account to the King in Writing of all he had seen. He said Calicut was the Richest and most famous Place of Trade in all the East, the Inhabitants of a Sallow Complexion, not Warlike, and Extravagant in their manner of living: That they went Naked from the Waste upwards, wore much Gold and Silk, their Arms loaded with Pearls, a Cimiter hanging from their Shoulders. That one Woman Married several Husbands, for which reason no body Knowing the Father, the Nephews, being Sons of Sisters, Inherited. That in Ethiopia were many large Provinces of Blacks, that they all profess Christianity, but much corrupted with Jewish and Heretical Customs. That they were all subject to one power∣ful
CHAP. VII. Tumults in Aragon, the Cities Associate there; The War with the Moores renewed, and several Places taken from them, which they with the same facility recover; Maximi∣lian King of the Romans aimes to Marry the Princess Elizabeth of Castile
AFter the taking of Malaga, when King Ferdinand thought to have gone on in his Con∣quest, the troubles in Aragon oblged him to go thither, to put a stop to the Murders and Robberies committed there. At Valencia D. Philip de Aragon Master of the Order of Montesa killed John de Valterra, a noble Youth and his Rival, for both Courted the Lady Ellenor Marchioness of Cotron, and Daughter of Anthony Centellas, which occasioned great Tumults in that City. To obviate these harms, King Ferdinand set out from Cordova, and arrived at Zaragoça on the 19th of November. The manner of choosing Magistrates in that City was altered. The Council and Commons used before to have the Election of them, and now because that produced Disputes and Mutinies, they desired for the Future the No∣mination of them should be in the King. Besides the Towns associated after the manner of Castile, each engaging to contribute to the Maintenance of 150 Horse, who were to Travel about, and punish all Malefactors. It was Ordained that the King should have the choosing of the Captain of this Association, or Brotherhood, out of 3 Citizens of Zaragoça, named by the Council of that City. Laws were also Enacted to prevent their abusing the Power given them. This was concluded at the beginning of the Year 1488. At the same time came Leonard Tocco a Grecian, and of the Family of the Grecian Emperors (whom the Turks had drove out of his Dominions, and obliged to fly into Italy) Ambassador from the King of Naples, to conclude the Match before proposed betwixt the Grandson of that King, and the Princess Elizabeth, Daughter to King Ferdinand. This Affair took not Effect, because the King designed to Marry his Daughter to the King of France, or else to the Prince of Portugal, hoping that would be a secure Band of friendship with either of those Nations. Instead of her, he offered his other Daughter the Princess Mary. From Zaragoça the King and Queen went to Valencia, thither came to them Alan Father to John d' Albret, King of Navarre. He came to ask Succour against the King of France who had Conquered part of that Kingdom, and the Navarrois themselves who were in Rebellion, particularly the Biamonteses were posses∣sed of great part of Navarre, and kept the King out; notwithstanding, but three Years be∣fore all things had been agreed, and the Earl of Lerin with his whole Family and followers had been restored to their Possessions, and others given them that they might rest contented. It was also proposed that the King should Protect Francis Duke of Britany, whose Daughter Ann, many Princes sought to have to Wife, because he had no Heir Male. Charles the 8th, King of France made War on him on this account. Monsieur d' Albret and the Duke of Orleans favoured that Duke. Maximilian then King of the Romans was assaulted by the People of Bruges in Flanders, and kept Prisoner. All these things troubled the King because Maximi∣lian was a friend to Spain, and d' Albret who gave the Intelligence, his Confederate. In fine a League was concluded betwixt the King and Alan, against all Princes, except the King of France, whom it was not convenient for Alan or his Son to disoblige, because their Domi∣nions were either in his Power, or at least lay exposed to him, yet all this was Counterfeit, for the real design was to make use of the Forces of Spain against France. It was agreed a∣mong other things, that a Fleet should be fittedout on the Coast of Biscay, and Men raised to be sent to Britany, under the Command of Michael John de Gralla a Catalonian. All this Affair was Concluded and Signed on the 21th of March.
The Cortes of Valencia were opened in that City, and broke up at Origuela, to settle that Country, which done, King Ferdinand made hast through the Kingdom of Murcia, that bor∣ders on the Moorish Territories. Great preparations were made for carrying on the War, and subduing that Country where Albohardil with much difficulty supported the Title of a King, tho' still stronger than his Nephew, as being possessed of Guadix Almeria, and Baça, with all the Mountain Country of Granada, which was as far as the Sea, whence he gathered a greater Revenue because the Mountain was untouched, besides the great advantage made of the silken Manufacture which is the best of all Spain. The Natives hated Boabdil, looking upon him as a Coward and Friend to the Christians, and Albohardil had gained Reputation by taking a great Booty about Alcalà Real. John de Benavides who Commanded there, soon revenged this Loss, burning all the Territory of Almeria. The Warlike preparations were not carried on with that Vigour the King could have wished, because Andalvzia had suffered this Year and the last by the Plague. The King Ordered the Rendezvouz to be at Murcia, where he was resolving to Attack Vera, a Town upon the Sea-coast. No resistance was made, but it surrendred on the 10th of June. Muxacra, Velez el Blanco and Velez el Rubio
with several other Towns and Castles that were not well Fortified did the same. The King was desirous to lay Siege to Almeria, a City in that Neighbourhood. An impregnable Castle called Taberna stood in the way, and the old Moorish King came in Person with 1000 Horse, and 20000 Foot to put a Garrison into it, resolving to lie in the Woods and cut off our Parties, and avoid coming to a Battle, because his Men were raw and undisciplined. The Enemy refusing to Fight, our Forces had the more liberty to wast the Country. Most harm was done about Almeria and Baça, which is a fruitful Country because watered. The Chan∣nels that convey the Water were the occasion that many of our Men were cut off, and a∣mong them D. Philip de Aragon Master of the Order of Montesa, a forward and brave Youth. King Ferdinand, his Forces being weak, and he called away upon other Affairs, having Gar∣risoned the Frontiers, went away towards Castile. No sooner was he gone, but the Moorish King recovered all the Towns had been taken from him. Mean while the Inhabitants of Guasin a very strong Town near Ronda conspiring, put all the Garrison to the Sword. It was not long before they received the reward of that Action, for the neighbouring Moores to shew they had no hand in that Slaughter, and fearing least they should suffer for it, assembled and laid Siege to Guasin. The Marquess of Cadiz and Earl of Cifuentes came with Forces from Sevil to their Assistance, and having taken the Town, in Revenge either put all the Inhabi∣tants to the Sword, or sold them as Slaves. King Ferdinand came to Valladolid upon the 6th of September. There an opportunity was offered him of recovering the City Placencia, which the late Kings had Alienated, and given to the Family of Zun̄iga. D. Alvaro de Zuniga dy∣ing, a Grandson of his, whose Father was dead before, Inherited his Estate. James de Zu∣niga Unckle to the Heir pretended he had a better Right, as being Son to the deceased. The Kindred was divided between both. Thus the Family of the Caravajales seized the City, but could not make themselves Masters of the Castle which was well defended by the Garrison. King Ferdinand coming to appease that Sedition, seized all, D. Alvaro the new Duke sur∣rendring, and contenting himself with the Town of Bejar and its Dependancies in lieu of that City. This struck a Terror into all the Nobility, fearing they should be forced to re∣store to the King now grown strong, all they had extorted from his Predecessors in times of Consusion. New Tumults broke out in Aragon, upon account that the Nobility were for breaking off the Association not long since formed betwixt the Cities, as a thing that Curb∣ed them. They never gave over till some Years after; at the Cortes held at Barcelona, they obtained the Association should be dissolved for Ten Years. John de Fonseca and Alvaro Ar∣ronio were sent Ambassadors to Flanders, to procure the Liberty of Maximilian King of the Romans, imprisoned by the People of Bruges. They managed their business so well that he was Released and Reconciled to his Subjects. His first Wife the Lady Mary, to whom be∣longed the Dominion of Flanders being dead, he aspired to Marry the Princess Elizabeth of Castile. Her Father and Mother did not consent, because she was promised in Portugal, yet they offered one of that Princess's Sisters for Philip his Son and Heir. Frederick the Emperor, his Grandfather upon this design of Marrying him in Spain gave him the Title of Archduke of Austria, whereas before they were only called Dukes. The Fleet the Lord d' Albret was sitting out on the Coast of Biscay, contributed much towards the obtaining the Liberty of Maximilian, the People of Bruges being jealous it was designed against them. The Fleet Sailed to Britany, where the Duke of Orleans and his Confederates were overthrown by the King, the Duke and John Gralla who Commanded the Spaniards were made Prisoners, as shall be said hereafter.
All this tended towards subduing of the Kingdom of Naples, which some of the Banished Nobility offered to King Ferdinand, and others to the King of France, as the more Powerful and an Enemy to the House of Aragon. At the beginning of the Year 1489, 1000 Horse and 2000 Foot were sent into Britany to succour the Lady Ann, who succeeded her Father in that Dukedom. D. Peter Sarmiento Earl of Salinas Commanded that Body. The War against the Moores of Granada was of more Moment, and greater advantages were expected from it, therefore the King and Queen set out from Medina del Campo towards Andaluzia upon the 27th of March. The Rendezvous was at Jaen, where upon a Muster the King found 12000 Horse, and 50000 Foot, all the choice Men in the Kingdom. A good Body came from Biscay. Baça was resolved upon to begin the Campaigne with. By the Way, that no E∣nemy might be left behind, they took Cajor a small, but strong Town. This done Baça was Invested. This City is Seated on the Side of a Hill, down which, and along the plain below it, runs a small River, on all other sides it is encompassed with other rising Grounds. It was well Garrisoned and furnished with all Necessaries for 15 Months. The Scituation did not allow any Engines to be brought up to the Walls. About 1000 Horse, and 2000 Foot sallied out of the City and did us some harm, our Men being intangled betwixt the Chan∣nels of Water, but others coming to their Relief, the Enemy was repulsed with considerable loss. Several other Skirmishes happened, our Men destroying all the Orchards about the City. Our Men could not deal with the Enemy upon equal Terms, but they overpowred them in number. Thus the Siege was prolonged, and King Ferdinand was dubious whether he had not best raise the Siege, especially because he lost many of his Men by Sickness and other accidents. The Marquess of Cadiz then made a Duke, advised to raise the Siege However the King resolved to continue it, and the more to Curb the Besieged caused a Trench to be drawn quite round the Walls, with Nine Forts at convenient distances, all strongly Guarded, to prevent being surprized by the Enemy Sallying. All the Army was conveniently Posted about the Place, and the Duke of Cadiz with 4000 Horse had charge of the Artillery. Thus no relief could enter the City, but they had plenty of Provisions. In the Camp there was great scarcity of Bread and Money, and yet fresh Troops came in daily. About October came the Dukes of Najara and Alva, in Mourning for their Fa∣ther lately deceased. The Admiral also came, and the Marquis de Astorga. Soon after arrived the Queen, with the Princess Elizabeth, the Cardinal of Toledo and other Prelates. The Queens coming, as I believe altered the resolution of the Besieged, believing now the Siege was fixed. Hazen the Governor having consulted his King, who was at Guadix, tho' he might have held out much longer, surrendred the City, when least the Christians expected it. On the 4th of December the Capitulation was Signed, and the day following the King and Queen entred the City in triumphant manner. James de Mendoza, Lieute∣nant of Caçorla, and Brother to the Cardinal of Spain was made Governor. This struck such a Terror into the Moores that many Towns surrendred, gave Hostages, and furnish∣ed Corn and all other necessaries. Among these the chiefest were Taverna and Seron. What is more wonderful, the Cities Guadix and Almeria, either of which might have en∣dured a long Siege, submitted of their own accord. King Albohardil himself consented to it, and came out of Almeria to meet King Ferdinand in the Camp, by whom he was splen∣didly entertained. Besides, Two strong Castles upon the Sea Coast were taken, the one called Almun̄ecar, in which the Treasures of the Moorish Kings used to be kept. The other was Solobren̄a, where the Brothers and Sons of the Kings used to be kept in the nature or Prisoners. Francis Ramirez General of the Artillery, who had behaved himself bravely up∣on several occasions, was appointed Governor of that Castle. After performing such great Actions, a Review of the Army was taken on the last day of December preceding the Year 1490, and it appeared by the Muster Rolls 20000 Men were lost, 3000 of them killed by the Moores, the rest consumed by Sickness. Many of the meaner sort were frozen to death.
King Ferdinand let slip no Opportunity of pulling down the tottering Kingdom of the Moors. Gutierre de Cardenas, Chief Commendary of Leon, who did great Service during this War, concluded the Treaty with the unfortunate Moorish King. By Virtue of this Capitula∣tion, he had the Town of Fandaraa on the Mountains of Granada, with all its Dependencies, amounting to the Yearly Value of 10000 Ducats, allowed him for his Maintenance. A small Recompence for a Kingdom, but good enough for him who began his Reign with the Murder of his Brother. The new conquered Moors were allowed to keep their Lands and Possessions, but not to live within Cities, lest they should have the Power of Fortifying themselves, and Rebelling, for which cause they were all disarmed. These Conditions were proclaimed at Guadix. This done, the King and Queen went away to Ecija, and thence to Sevil. All Places by the way received them, as if they had dropped from Heaven. Foreign Princes, moved by the Fame of these great Actions, sent to Congratulate with them, and seek their Friendship. The King of Portugal, in Prosecution of what had been before Treated, desired to Marry his Son Alonso to the Princess Elizabeth, as a sure Bond of Friendship between the two Crowns. He sent Ambassadors to this purpose, and the Match was agreed upon at Se∣vil on the 18th of April. There was great Rejoicing on this account in both Kingdoms, but less in Portugal, because the following Month the Princess Joanna, Sister to that King, died at
Aveiro unmarried. Neither was the Joy of Castile lasting, tho' the Princess from Constantina set out for Portugal upon the 11th of November. A great number of Nobility bore her Com∣pany, and she was delivered up on the Banks of the River Caya, which runs between Badajoz and Elvas. The Chief of the Portugueses that came to receive her, was Duke Emanuel, who afterwards married that Princess, and inherited the Crown. The King of Portugal and his Son came to Estremez, and, the more to honour the Bride, seated her between them, the King being on the left hand. There they were married on the 24th of November by the Archbishop of Braga, Primate of all Portugal. The Rejoicing continued for half a year at Ebora and Santarem, whither the Prince and Princess went. All this Joy was turned into Sor∣row by an unthought-of Accident. The King going out to take the Air on the Banks of the River Tagus, Prince Alonso, who was with him, had a mind to run a Race with John de Mene∣ses. In the Course, the Horse stumbled, and falling, so bruised the Prince, that he soon died It is needless to represent the greatness of his Parents and Wife's Grief. His Body was buried with the usual Pomp among his Ancestors. The Princess Elizabeth, no sooner a Wife than a Widow, returned to Castile in a Mourning Litter. Grief cast the King of Portugal into a lin∣gring Disease, of which he died 4 years after. He founded the Royal Hospital at Lisbon, and laid the first Stone of it. He left no Issue Male lawfully begotten; only D. George, whom he had by the Lady Ann de Mendoça, and whom, tho' but a Child, he left Master of Avis and Santiago in Portugal. After his Death, a new Line of Kings began. Emanuel, Cousin German to the deceased King, and Son to Ferdinand Duke of Viseo, inherited the Crown. John III. was Son to this King, and Prince John his Grandson, who dying young, inherited not the Crown: Therefore King Sebastian, Son to the Prince, succeeded. He being killed by the Moors in Africk, left the Kingdom of Portugal, first to Cardinal Henry his Great Uncle, and after him to Philip II. King of Castile, who was also Nephew to the Cardinal, and Grandson to King Emanuel, by his Mother Elizabeth the Empress. Let us leave this, and return to the War of Granada.
King Ferdinand earnestly desired to put an end to the War with the Moors, which was so well advanced. Besides the Strength of the City Granada, and that it was abundantly furnished with all Necessaries, another greater Difficulty perplexed the King, which was, That his Word was engaged to King Boabdil, that neither he nor his should be prejudiced by him. An Op∣portunity offered it self of subduing that City without breach of Faith. The Citizens, without regarding the Danger that threatned them from abroad, besieged their King in the Castle of Albaycin, and pressed him so hard, that scarce any hope was left of saving himself. The fu∣rious Multitude threatned, never to desist till they had his Life. It was not reasonable to for∣sake that unhappy Prince, when he begged Relief. At the same time the Soldan of Egypt threatned, That if King Ferdinand did not give over persecuting the Moors, he would put to Death all the Christians in Egypt and Syria. F. Anthony Millan, Guardian of the Franciscan Convent at Jerusalem, sent by the Soldan with this Message, by the way visited the King of Naples, and coming thence into Spain, delivered his Embassy, bringing also a Letter from the King of Naples, who was supposed to be a greater Friend to the Moors, than became a Chri∣stian Prince. He advised King Ferdinand, since the Moors had done him no Wrong, not to oppress them only upon account of Religion, which might occasion greater Harms. King Fer∣dinand was no way discouraged at the Threats of the Soldan, nor approved of the King of Naples his Advice. Yet after the War was ended, he sent Peter Martyr, his Ambassador, to the Soldan to appease him. He also, before he enter'd upon the War again, sent his Reasons for so doing to the King of Naples. The Guardian, both in regard of his Character as Am∣bassador, and the Opinion of his Sanctity, was nobly Treated, and dismissed with rich Pre∣sents. King Ferdinand offered the Citizens of Granada, if they would submit, they should be treated in the same manner as the others that had done so before. This moved both the Fa∣ctions in that City to join, in order to oppose the Common Enemy; for the Moorish King was convinced, that King Ferdinand, tho' he pretended to be his Friend, would never desist till he was Master of that City. The Alfaquies and others, held in the Opinion of Sanctity, ceased not to advise, that either for obtaining Peace, or supporting the War, it was requisite they should be united. Thus the Moors were brought to agree among themselves. King Ferdinand, leaving the Queen at Moclin, wasted all the Plain of Granada, destroying all the Corn, to the great Grief of the Infidels, who feared lest they should be reduced by Famine. Prince John bore his Father Company in this Expedition, being newly Knighted by him. They returned to Cordova with the Booty. The Command of the Frontiers was given to the Marquess de Vil∣lena, in Requital for a Brother he lost in the War, and that his own right Arm was lame of a Wound he received rescuing one of his Men, Scarce were the Christians departed, when King Boabdil took the Castle Alhendin, where we had a Garrison, and razed it. The King revenged this in September, when he spent 15 days in destroying all the latter Corn on which the Moors hoped to feed the following year. The Moors at Guadix mutinied, and thought to have destroyed the Garrison in the Castle, but failed, and the Marquis de Villena coming with a good Body of Horse and Foot, turned them out of the City, which prevented any Disorders for the future. K. Ferdinand at the end of the year again ravaged all the Territory of Granada. Boabdil besieged Salobreria, which Francis Ramirez defended with much Bravery. The Moors believing King Ferdinand would relieve the Place, raised the Siege, and returned to Granada.
CHAP. IX. The War with the Moors now effectually renewed; The Description of the City Granada; King Ferdinand lays Siege to it, and builds a Town for his Army to Quarter in during the Siege, to shew his Resolution not to depart without being Master of that City.
THE King and Queen spent the Winter at Sevil, and in the Spring renewed the War. The Queen stayed behind at Alcala Reall with her Children, to furnish all things necessary, and soon after to follow and take part of the Honour and Danger of that Enterprize. All the Nobility came in Person, and the Cities sent Troops upon their own cost, with which and the other Forces King Ferdinand in three days appeared in sight of Granada, upon Saturday the 23d of April, 1491. He encamped at Guetar, a Village a League and a half from Granada: Thence he sent the Marquess de Villena with 3000 Horse to scour the neighbouring Moun∣tains, promising to follow him with the whole Army to relieve him, in case the Mountain-Moors, who are bold and daring, should fall upon him, or those of the City offer to cut off his Retreat. Accordingly he advanced to Padul, and repulsed the Moors of the City, who thought to fall upon the Marquess's Rear. By this means the Marquess was left at liberty to execute his Orders, burnt 9 Villages of the Infidels, and returned to the King loaded with Plunder. This beginning was looked upon as a good Omen of future success. They advan∣ced together to ravage the remoter Parts of the Mountain, which they did successfully, plunder∣ing and burning 15 other Villages. Besides, they defeated a Body of Moorish Horse and Foot, who had secured the Passes against our Army. The Booty was very considerable, that Country being very rich, because untouched till that time, being naturally strong and well guarded, as was requisite, the City being supplied there with Provisions. All this being per∣formed without any loss or bloodshed, the Army returned to its first Quarters; there they fortified themselves for the present. They mustered 10000 Horse and 40000 Foot, the very Flower of the Spanish Soldiery, being all Men of tried Valour, and expert Soldiers. In the City was also a great number of Horse and Foot, and all of them good Soldiers, being the Remains of all the late Wars. The multitude of Citizens was not of any moment, they being a sort of People always lavish of their Tongues, but Cowards when they came to Action. The City of Granada, by reason of its Situation, Largness, Forts, Walls, and Bul∣warks, seemed impregnable. On the West-side of it is a large Plain, about 15 Leagues in compass, pleasant and fruitful as well of its own Nature, as by reason of the Blood that had been there shed for many Years, which made it fat: Besides, that 36 Springs running down from the Mountains do render it more beautiful and rich than can easily be imagined. On the East of it is the Mountain Elvira, where formerly stood the City Iliberis, as appears by the Name Elvira. The snowy Mountain called Sierra Nevada lies on the South-side of it, and runs down as far as the Mediterranean Sea: The sides of it are not steep or craggy, and are there∣fore cultivated and well peopled. The City it self is seated partly upon the Plain, and partly upon two Hills; betwixt them runs the River Darro, which as soon as out of the City, mixes with, and loses its Name in the River Xenil, that runs quite a cross the Plain in length. The Walls are very strong, there being upon them 1030 Towers at distances, very beautiful for their Number and good Structure. Formerly it had 7 Gates, now 12. It cannot well be en∣closed all round, because of its great extent, and the unevenness of the Ground. Towards the Plain where the access is easiest, it is fortified with Towers and Bulwarks: In that part stands the Cathedral, then a Moorish Mosque nothing curious, now beautiful. It is held in great Veneration by all the neighbouring People, and famous not so much for its Riches as the Number and Piety of Clergy belonging to it. Near this Church is the great Market∣place called Bavarambla, 200 Foot in breadth, and three times as long. The Buildings about it stand in a streight Line; the Shops and Streets about it beautiful. Of two Castles that belong to the City, the chiefest lies betwixt the East and West, encompassed with a Wall of its own, and standing above the other Buildings. It is called Alhambra, that is Red, of the colour of the Earth about it, and is so big it looks like a City. In it is the Royal Palace and Monastery of S Francis, the burial place of the Marquess de Yn̄igo de Mendoça, the first Go∣vernour of it. King Mahomet Mir laid the Foundation of this Castle; other Kings conti∣nued the Work, and it was finished by King Joseph Bulhagix, as appears by the Arabick In∣scription over the Gate on a Marble Stone, signifying the Work was finished by that King, in the Year of the Moorish Account 747, which according to us is 1346. This same King built the Castle of Albaizin, opposite to this Castle. The expence of this Work was so great, that because 'twas thought his Revenue could not bear it, the People gave out he had found the Philosopher's Stone. Betwixt these two Castles, that is, Alhambra and Albaizin, lies the City. The Suburb called Churra, and the Street Dę los Gomeles, is on the side of Alhambra. On the
other side the Street Elvira, and the Ascent of Zenete most ill contrived, the Streets narrow and crooked, because the Moors were nothing curious in their Houses. Without the City is the Royal Hospital and Monastery of S. Hierome, the sumptuous Burial-place of Gonçalo Fernandez, called the Great Captain. It is reported the City contained 60000 Houses, a number scarce credible. What is most to be admired is what we find the Ambassadors of King Jayme II. of Aragon assured Pope Clement V. at the Council of Vienna, viz. that of 200000 Souls then li∣ving in Granada, scarce 500 were Children and Grandchildren of Moors. In particular they said there were 50000 Renegado's, and 30000 Christian Slaves. At present it is certain there are in that City 23 Parishes and Chapels of Ease. It is hard to tell the number of Inhabitants, and generally People stretch in those cases. It is also certain, that in the time of the Moorish Kings, the Revenue of that Kingdom was 700000 Ducats, a great Sum for those times, but credible because of the heavy Taxes. All Men paid the 7th part of what they were worth. If any Moor died without Children, the King was his Heir: If he left Heirs, the King had as good a share as any of them. This was the Posture of Granada at this time. It was believed the Siege would be tedious, therefore the Queen came to the Camp with her Children, be∣cause King Ferdinand resolved not to desist till he was Master of the City. To this purpose he caused the Country continually to be wasted, and in the place where he encamped, caused a strong Town to be built, which to this day is called Santa Fé. This Work was finished in a very short time. The Quarters, Streets, and Places within the Walls were distributed with great Order. Mean while the Parties that went out to Plunder, skirmished often with the Moors that came out of the Town. In one of these Rencounters our Men pressed so far, that they took some Cannon from the Infidels, and made many Prisoners, and forced the rest into the City. Another time they ventured near to the Walls, and possessed themselves of two Towers where the Enemy kept Garrisons. On the 10th of June at night a Fire broke out in the King's Tent, which caused a great Consternation. Most of the Men lay in Bar∣racks or Huts, and the Boughs being dry, there was danger they should all take fire. A Candle accidentally left by the Queen, set fire to the King's Quarters, and that to the next. The King fearing it might be a Contrivance of the Enemy, came out naked with his Sword and Buckler. The Marquess of Cadiz with a Party of Horse stood all night upon their Guard, in the way the Moors must of necessity come, if they designed to attack the Army The Fright was greater than the Danger or Loss; so the next day they continued to ravage the Country, and some Troops were sent to the Mountain. Nothing was left to the Besieged tho' they, animated by Despair, defended themselves resolutely. These Misfortunes obliged them to offer a Treaty. Bulcazin Muley, Governour of the City, came to the Camp to ca∣pitulate. The King appointed Gonçalo Fernandez de Cordova, afterwards called the Great Cap∣tain, and his Secretary Ferdinand de Zafra, to treat with him. After some days debating, at length they concluded on the following Articles, to which they swore on the 25th of Novem∣ber: That the Moors within 60 Days deliver up to the King the two Castles, the Towers, and Gates of the City: That they do Homage to King Ferdinand, and take the Oath of Allegi∣ance to him: That they set at liberty all Christian Slaves without Ransom: That till these Articles be performed, they deliver up 500 Sons of the Principal Inhabitants, as Hostages: That they be left possessed of their Lands, Arms, and Horses, only delivering up the Ar∣tillery: That they keep their Mosques, and have the free Exercise of their Religion: That they be Governed according to their own Laws, and to this purpose Persons of their own Nation shall be appointed, by whose Advice the King's Officers shall administer Justice to them: That part of the usual Taxes be abated during the term of three Years, and shall never after be greater than they used to pay to their own Kings: That such as will go over into Africk may sell their Goods, and shall be furnished with Ships for their Passage in any Port they shall chuse: That Boabdil's Son, and the other Hostages delivered by him, be re∣stored, since the City being surrendered, there is no more occasion for Hostages. Accor∣dingly they were brought from the Castle of Moclin to be delivered up.
of their Senses. The cause of their Discontent, or what they aimed at, was unknown, and therefore the Remedy harder to be found. Boabdil, called the Little King, fearing they would offer Violence to him, kept close within the Alhambra. The Multitude are furious at first, but soon cool, chiefly they who had no Head, and were consequently weak, and knew not their own Minds Therefore the next day the King went to the Albaizin, where the People were well affected towards him: There he assembled such as he thought fit, with whom he expo∣stulated the Madness of the Mutiniers, shewing how absolute Necessity and not Affection had obliged him to Capitulate with the Enemy, when no other way was left to save the City from perishing by Sword and Famine. His Words made them calm, and the People were pacified. Many times Seditions are as easily suppressed as raised. What became of the Moor who caused the Mutiny is not known; it may be imagined he fled. King Boabdil warned by the Danger past; and fearing that before the expiration of the Days agreed upon for delivering up the City, new Troubles and Tumults might arise, he immediately sent a Letter to King Ferdinand, with a Present of two choice Horses, a Cymiter, and some Furniture. He adver∣tised him of what had hapned in the City, and how the People had Mutinied, therefore in∣viting him to come and take possession speedily, lest Delay might produce some Alteration. In short, he told him since God had so ordained it, he would the next day deliver up the Al∣hambra and Kingdom to him as Conqueror.
This Letter was brought to the Camp upon New-Year's Day: It is easie to imagin how great Satisfaction it gave to King Ferdinand. He ordered all things to be in a readiness the Day following for his Entrance, and that Day is still kept a Festival at Granada, in Memory of the Taking of that City. Having laid aside the Mourning he wore for his Son-in-Law Prince Alonso of Portugal, and put on his Royal Robes, he set out towards the Castle with his Army, in the same Order as if going to engage the Enemy. After him followed the Queen and her Children, then the Nobility clad in Cloth of Gold and rich Silks. When the King came in this pompous manner near to the Alhambra, Boabdil the Little King came out to meet him with 50 Horse. He offered to alight and kiss the Victor's Hand, but King Ferdinand would not permit it. Then fixing his Eyes upon the Ground with a sorrowful Countenance, he said, We are your Slaves, Invincible King; we deliver up this City and Kingdom to you, not doubting you will use us with Clemency and Moderation. This done, he put into his hands the Keys of the Castle; King Ferdinand gave them to the Queen, she to the Prince her Son, and he to D. In̄igo de Mendoça, Earl of Tendilla, whom the King appointed Governor of that City, and Captain General of that Kingdom. D. Peter de Granada was made head Alguazil of the City, and D. Alonso his Son Admiral of that Sea. The King entred the City with a good Party of Horse. A great Number of Noblemen and Prelates followed; among them the Chief were the Prelates of Toledo and Sevil, t
|
||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
3
| 49
|
https://facommunityfoundation.org/home/community-investment/stories/
|
en
|
Fremont Area Community Foundation
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
The Fremont Area Community Foundation exists to improve the quality of life for residents in Newaygo County. We do this by connecting community needs with the passions of families, businesses, and individuals.
|
en
|
https://facommunityfoundation.org/home/community-investment/stories/
| |||||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
3
| 69
|
https://foundationtestgroup.com/
|
en
|
Consulting Engineering and Geologists
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[] |
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2018-06-25T12:15:44+00:00
|
Foundation Test Group, Inc.’s dedicated staff is aligned toward building efficient and cost-effective solutions for all of your project needs through progressive, timely response, focused interests and project-specific goals.
|
en
|
Foundation Test Group - Consulting Engineering and Geologists
|
https://foundationtestgroup.com/
|
Foundation Test Group, Inc.’s dedicated staff is aligned toward building efficient and cost-effective solutions for all of your project needs through progressive, timely response, focused interests and project-specific goals. FTG, Inc. is founded firmly on building value, afforded with the autonomy to understand each element of design and construction from its conception through project delivery.
No matter how large or small our role, it is always a privilege to serve a diverse industry representing trillions of dollars of the adjusted GDP! Committed and participatory in responsible design, construction and management of our growing infrastructure, FTG, Inc. incorporates a diverse skill set for implementing economical, safe and sustainable engineering solutions that work.
Additionally, FTG, Inc.’s collaborative approach for solving problems articulates a global responsibility to engineering that must also leave a green and sustainable footprint from our approach through innovation, cost effectiveness, performance and process efficiency. We sincerely accept our role and promote an inclusive talent in geotechnical engineering, instrumentation design and implementation, environmental science, deep foundation design and remediation, materials testing and inspection and construction engineering management.
To focus our vision, we mobilize a highly trained staff to build confidence through training, professional licensing and experiential learning. Relentless in our dedicated and ethical response, Foundation Test Group, Inc. is committed to delivering quality, tailored services bound to core values, with a complete dedication to meeting our clients’ needs all while building sound relationships along the way!
Set apart from most, Foundation Test Group, Inc. articulates value best by implementing clear understanding from real data collected using state of the art technologies, described behaviorally and project specifically! We look forward to supporting your project needs, as with FTG, Inc., we are future-forward, making your project matter most!
|
|||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
3
| 90
|
https://www.mott.org/news/articles/joint-statement-in-response-to-the-supreme-courts-decision-in-students-for-fair-admissions-cases/
|
en
|
Joint statement in response to the Supreme Court’s decision in ‘Students for Fair Admissions’ cases
|
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2023-06-29T21:44:05+00:00
|
Dozens of foundations and philanthropy-serving organizations issued a joint statement regarding the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision to limit the consideration of race as one of many factors weighed in college admissions.
|
en
|
https://www.mott.org/wp-content/themes/mott/assets/favicon/favicon.ico
|
Mott Foundation
|
https://www.mott.org/news/articles/joint-statement-in-response-to-the-supreme-courts-decision-in-students-for-fair-admissions-cases/
|
The following is a statement by funders and philanthropic organizations in response to the U.S. Supreme Court’s rulings in Students for Fair Admissions v. University of North Carolina and Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College. A full list of signatories follows.
The Supreme Court’s decision impedes colleges and universities from selecting their own student bodies and fully addressing systemic racial inequalities that persist. The ruling threatens to return this nation to a time when education and opportunity were reserved for a privileged class. It endangers 60 years of multiracial movements to challenge our nation to live up to the ideals enshrined in our founding documents. The decision erects new barriers to building a society in which everyone has the opportunity to improve their lives, communities, health, and education.
Today’s ruling will make the vital work of building inclusive college campuses much harder. Experience has shown that substituting socioeconomic status as a proxy for race will not achieve the diversity that strengthens the fabric of all universities. Educators and communities dedicated to teaching and mentoring young people and adults from every imaginable background understand how all students — not just students of color — benefit from diverse racial and socioeconomic learning environments. Decades of research show that students educated with people from different backgrounds and experiences improve their analytical thinking, creativity, communication, and collaboration. These skills are essential to building our future workforce, our military, and a healthy democracy. In the realm of health, research shows that racially and ethnically representative medical schools produce better-trained physicians and care teams that reflect the communities they serve.
Universities and colleges and those organizations supporting them deserve the resources and support to continue their critical mission. They need our resolve, too. Philanthropies are vital partners in our nation’s progress. We will remain steadfast in our collective mission to create a more equitable nation within the bounds of the law. To forge ahead, we must continue to advocate for the human dignity of all people — regardless of their race, gender, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, or country of origin — with renewed vigor and commitment.
Our nation’s future prosperity, vitality, and unity depend upon America becoming a true multiracial democracy — an aspiration that requires racial equity and diversity in higher education. Despite today’s ruling, our foundations will not waver in our commitment to those making the nation’s high ideals a reality for all communities and all people.
|
||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
3
| 28
|
https://www.lerner.ccf.org/cardiovascular-metabolic/hazen/
|
en
|
Lerner Research Institute
|
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The Stanley Hazen lab studies how inflammation contributes to cardiovascular diseases and the microbiome’s role in heart health.
|
en
|
https://www.lerner.ccf.org/cardiovascular-metabolic/hazen/
|
Research
A long term goal of my laboratory is to understand the ways in which our immune system contributes to diseases like heart disease and asthma. I have several major areas of focus. One centers on the role of myeloperoxidase, a protein found in white blood cells that plays an important role in fighting infections, but which we have discovered also participates in development of heart diseases. A second area focuses on the role of microbes in our intestines (called gut flora) in heart disease. Another area focuses on the HDL particle (carrier of good cholesterol in the blood).
Biography
Stanley Hazen, MD, PhD, received clinical training in Internal Medicine and subspecialty training in Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism from Barnes/Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO, and a PhD in Biophysical Chemistry and Molecular Biology from Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. He holds multiple leadership positions at the Cleveland Clinic including chair, Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, co-Section head, Preventive Cardiology & Rehabilitation, Heart, Vascular & Thoracic Institute, and Director, Center for Microbiome & Human Health. Dr. Hazen sees patients within the Preventive Cardiology Clinic, specializing in preventive cardiovascular medicine care of patients including treatment of hyperlipidemia, hypertension, obesity and diabetes. He also sees patients within the Cardiovascular Rehabilitation program. His research interests include studies of mechanisms for the development of cardiovascular disease, with emphasis on understanding the role of the gut microbiome, inflammation and oxidant stress in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and other inflammatory diseases.
A renowned physician scientist, Dr. Hazen has made pioneering discoveries in new understandings of mechanisms contributing to cardiovascular and inflammatory disease research. He is credited with numerous seminal discoveries linking gut microbial pathways to cardiovascular disease pathogenesis, as well as enumerating the role of myeloperoxidase and other inflammatory and oxidative pathways in cardiovascular disease. Dr. Hazen is among the top 0.1% cited researchers in the world with over 140,000 citations. He has published over 475 peer-reviewed articles in top tier basic and clinical journals alike in the fields of atherosclerosis, lipoprotein metabolism, gut microbiome, inflammation, vascular biology, and other topics related to preventive cardiovascular medicine. His research in multiple areas has impacted clinical practice, and lays the foundation for FDA- and EU-cleared diagnostic tests for cardiovascular disease risk assessment in use worldwide. He is listed as inventor on over 100 patents, and his research has helped to spawn pharmaceutical development of cardiovascular disease drugs in clinical trials.
Dr. Hazen has received numerous awards including being the Inaugural recipient of the Top 10 Clinical Discovery of the Year (2011) Award, Clinical Research Forum; the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association “top 10 advance in heart disease and stroke science” award (2013); and the American Heart Association Distinguished Scientist Award (2017). Dr Hazen has been honored with election of membership into honorary societies in both science and clinical arenas alike, including the American Society for Clinical Investigation (ASCI) and the American Association of Physicians (AAP). Dr. Hazen is an elected fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Dr. Hazen also is an elected member of the National Academy of Medicine, USA.
Education & Professional Highlights
Education & Fellowships
Fellowship - Barnes-Jewish Hospital
Endocrinology
St. Louis, MO USA
1996
Residency - Barnes-Jewish Hospital
Internal Medicine
St. Louis, MO USA
1994
Medical Education - Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, MO USA
1992
Medical Education - Washington University
St. Louis, MO USA
1992
Undergraduate - Washington University
St. Louis, MO USA
1985
Professional Highlights
Chair, Gordon Research Conference on Oxygen Radicals
Jeffrey M Hoeg Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Award for Basic Science and Clinical Research
Election, Association of American Physicians (AAP)
Election, Fellow of American Heart Association Scientific Council for Arteriosclerosis
Election, American Society for Clinical Investigation
Awards & Honors
Howard Hughes Medical Institute Research Fellowship for Physicians Award, 1995-1997
AAP, ASCI, and AFMR Certificate of Achievement Award, 1997
Marilyn Hansen American Thoracic Society Award, 1997
Junior Faculty Award, American Federation of Medical Research, 1999
Gill Heart Institute Physician Scientist Award, University of Kentucky, Lexington Ky., 2001
Election, American Society for Clinical Investigation, 2003
John J. Ferchill Award for Innovation, Cleveland Clinic, 2004
Nomination, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator Award, 2004
Vice-Chair, Gordon Research Conference on Oxygen Radicals, 2006
Jeffrey M Hoeg Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular, 2007
Innovations & Patents
Patent Title: Diagnostic Methods for Asthma; U.S. Serial Number 09/253,380
Patent Title: Myeloperoxidase, a Risk Indicator for Cardiovascular Disease; U.S., Serial Number 10/039,753
Patent Title: Treating Inflammation and Associated Complications; Patent Reference Number 09531-030P01 (Pending)
Patent Title: Methods of Identifying Subjects at Increased Risk for Cardiovascular Disease; U.S. Serial Number 60/259,340 (Pending)
Patent Title: Monitoring Anti-inflammatory and Anti-oxidant Actions of Therapies; U.S. Serial Number (Pending)
Patent Title: Diagnostic Method for Identifying Subjects at Risk for Atherosclerosis and its Complications; U.S. Serial Number (Pending)
Memberships
|
||||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
3
| 53
|
https://www.bellevuecollege.edu/foundation/support-bc-students/student-stories/student-stories-roneel-naidu/
|
en
|
Student Stories: Roneel Naidu :: Foundation
|
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2023-10-12T14:29:13-07:00
|
en
|
https://www.bellevuecollege.edu/foundation/wp-content/themes/bc-douglas-fir-department-theme/img/bellevue.ico
|
Bellevue College
|
https://www.bellevuecollege.edu/foundation/support-bc-students/student-stories/student-stories-roneel-naidu/
|
An Interview with BC Alum Roneel Naidu
Roneel is a Radiologic Technologist at Overlake Medical Center & Clinics. He earned his AA in Radiologic Technology at Bellevue College.
Prior to enrolling in courses at BC, what was your educational background and/or profession?
Prior to enrolling at Bellevue College, I was a high school student at Oliver M. Hazen High School. During my senior year, when I turned 18, I worked at a Red Robin to save up money for school and also volunteered in the emergency room at Overlake Medical Center to help get my foot in the door in the medical field.
What prompted you to come to BC and choose the coursework you pursued?
I heard Bellevue College had an exceptional Radiologic Technology program while volunteering at Overlake, where I stumbled upon some technologists who told me that Bellevue College’s programs were top-notch and that getting into the program was going to be difficult but well worth it. So, from that, I determined that I had to do well in my prerequisites to get into the program.
How has your experience at BC enriched your personal/professional life?
My experience at Bellevue College was impactful. Being so young and getting into a professional program made me grow up fast. It made me realize if you truly want something nobody is going to hand it to you, you yourself have to go out and get it. My experience was eye-opening, and I wouldn’t trade it for anything else – it helped me grow up.
During your time at BC, did you participate in extracurricular activities on campus?
I’m still presently finishing some classes at Bellevue College, and I have plans to finish my BAS program. But, during the Radiologic Technology program, I was the President of the Collimator Club. We hosted fundraisers, hosted a picnic celebration and held a graduation party for the technologists’ graduation ceremony.
When not in the classroom, was there a spot on campus you enjoyed going to? If so, what made that space enjoyable?
Besides being in the classroom, I enjoyed two spots – in the cafeteria there would always be something new, from people playing video games to someone playing the piano that is set up. It’s always something new, which is why I always enjoy going there to grab a bite to eat. Another great spot I enjoyed was the couches and chairs in the T Building; it was a great place to sit and relax for a bit or to get some last-minute reviewing/studying in.
Do you have a most memorable professor or course?
During prerequisites for the Radiologic Technology program, I had to take Anatomy & Physiology 241 & 242. I took these classes with Professor Dennis Gorsuch. There were only about eight people in my class. Dennis was the best professor I’ve ever seen. He took his time with the students, and, no matter what, he was always available for questions. I also became his TA in Anatomy & Physiology 241.
How do you use your experiences at BC to make an impact in our community today?
I use my experiences at Bellevue College to impact our community in a positive way. I’ve learned that no matter what the situation is to not get stressed out and get frustrated because if I do that, things will only get worse. Having learned those skills helps me in the field of Radiology because it is a stressful environment sometimes, but we work swiftly and calmly to get the task done and completed to the best of our abilities. We are proud to provide our best work.
What kind of impacts would you like donors to know they have when they support opportunities at BC?
I have to say thank you to the donors. I’m sure they hear “thank you” a lot, but truly, you help give students the opportunity to receive an education. That is quite remarkable to me. By helping me through a scholarship, you helped my parents see me achieve the goal of becoming a Radiologic Technologist. My parents came to the US from Fiji with very little. Donors have aided me in earning my degree. I continue to work hard to achieve more, and I continue to strive for success.
What value do you see BC, as a whole organization, has to our region?
I see that Bellevue College has a great community. Everyone seems to know everyone. It’s becoming a larger campus and while people seem to be busy, you can always get a smile or hello from someone walking to their class. Bellevue College has a great atmosphere and campus vibe, and that’s hard to find within different schools.
How do you give back to your community?
I like to give back to my community. I donate some of my earnings to a Hindu temple my parents have been going to, since I’m able to afford more things now.
Why is it important to give back to your community?
While volunteering I notice I feel so uplifted. It feels great to help the greater community. A simple act of kindness can go a long way in someone’s eyes – helping an elderly man to his car, or helping patients with their bags. The joy I get is something I won’t forget, and they won’t forget either. I’m big on karma, so do well to others and believe things will be good to you.
Give a BC student a future like Roneel’s today!
More Student Stories
|
|||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
1
| 8
|
https://www.metmuseum.org/events/programs/met-live-arts/catalyst-encuentros-program
|
en
|
Digital Program
|
http://localhost:5000/-/media/images/events/mla-2023-24-season/catalyst-encuentros.JPG?sc_lang=en
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http://localhost:5000/-/media/images/events/mla-2023-24-season/catalyst-encuentros.JPG?sc_lang=en
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2024-06-28T17:07:34
|
MetLiveArts, program, catalyst quartet
|
/content/img/presentation/icons/favicons/safari-pinned-tab.svg
|
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
|
https://localhost:5000/events/programs/met-live-arts/catalyst-encuentros-program
|
MetLiveArts presents
Encuentros
Sunday, June 30, 2024 at 3 pm
Fuentidueña Chapel, The Met Cloisters
Catalyst Quartet 2023-24 QUARTET IN RESIDENCE
Karla Donehew Perez, violin
Abi Fayette, violin
Paul Laraia, viola
Karlos Rodriguez, cello
Gabriel Cabezas, cello
Quartet in Residence programming is made possible by the Grace Jarcho Ross and Daniel G. Ross Concert Fund.
Program
Paquito D'Rivera (b. 1948)
But, just one minute? (2021) from CQ Minute
A Farewell Mambo (2013)
Wapango for string quartet (1998)
CATALYST QUARTET
Tania León (b. 1943)
Four Pieces for Cello Solo (1983)
Allegro
Lento doloroso, sempre cantabile
Montuno
Vivo
GABRIEL CABEZAS
Jorge Amado (b. 1997)
Relatos mágicos (Magical Stories) (2021)
El antiguo conjuro del sabio (The Ancient Incantation of the Sage)
Aquelarre rustico (A Rustic Coven)
El coral de los magos (The Chorale of the Magicians)
En las tierras mágicas del claroscuro (In the Magic Lands of Chiaroscuro)
CATALYST QUARTET AND GABRIEL CABEZAS
About the Artists
Hailed by The New York Times at its Carnegie Hall debut as “invariably energetic and finely burnished… playing with earthy vigor,” the GRAMMY Award-winning Catalyst Quartet was founded by the internationally acclaimed Sphinx Organization in 2010. The ensemble (Karla Donehew Perez, violin; Abi Fayette, violin; Paul Laraia, viola; and Karlos Rodriguez, cello) believes in the unity that can be achieved through music and imagines their projects with this in mind, reimagining and redefining the classical music experience.
The Catalyst Quartet, known for “perfect ensemble unity” (Lincoln Journal Star), has toured widely throughout the United States and abroad, including sold-out performances at The Kennedy Center and Carnegie Hall. Recent seasons have brought international engagements in Russia, South Korea, Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, and Puerto Rico. The ensemble has received invitations to perform at many important music festivals and as guest soloists with the Cincinnati Symphony, New Haven Symphony, St. Paul Chamber Orchestra, and the Orquesta Filarmónica de Bogotá. Catalyst Quartet has served as principal players and featured ensemble with the Sphinx Virtuosi on six national tours. The ensemble launched its New York concert series, CQ@Howl, in 2018.
Highlights of upcoming collaborations include Encuentros, featuring a newly commissioned work by innovative Cuban composer Jorge Amado and other voices from across the Cuban diaspora; (Im)migration: Music of Change, a collaboration with the Imani Winds; and CQ Minute, a commissioning project of 10 miniature string quartets in commemoration of the quartet’s 10th anniversary. The Catalyst Quartet’s latest project is UNCOVERED, a multi-volume set of albums that celebrates artists who have been overlooked in classical music due to their race or gender, to be released on Azica Records. The most recent album, UNCOVERED Vol. 3, was nominated for a GRAMMY Award in 2023.
The Catalyst Quartet’s debut album, The Bach/Gould Project, features the ensemble’s own collaborative arrangement of J.S. Bach’s monumental Goldberg Variations paired with Glenn Gould’s rarely heard String Quartet Op. 1. The quartet can also be heard on Strum (Azica 2015), the solo debut album of composer Jessie Montgomery, who was a member violinist from 2012-2020; bandoneonist and composer JP Jofre’s Bandoneón y cuerdas (Progressive Sounds 2017); and Dreams and Daggers (Mack Avenue Records 2017), a 2-CD GRAMMY-winning album with jazz vocalist Cecile McLorin Salvant.
The Catalyst Quartet has served as principal faculty at the Sphinx Performance Academy, ENCORE Summer Academy, and Ascent Music Festival. Other residencies include interactive performance presentations and workshops with Native American student composers at the Grand Canyon Music Festival and the Sphinx Organization’s Overture program, which delivers access to music education in Detroit and Flint, Michigan. The ensemble’s residency in Havana, Cuba for the Cuban American Youth Orchestra in January 2019 was the first by an American string quartet since the revolution and they continue to return for additional residencies.
The Catalyst Quartet members hold degrees from The Cleveland Institute of Music, Curtis Institute of Music, Juilliard School, and New England Conservatory and proudly endorse Pirastro strings. Learn more at www.catalystquartet.com.
—
Cellist Gabriel Cabezas is a true 21st century musician. Named one of “23 Composers and Performers to Watch in ’23” by The Washington Post, he is a prolific and sought-after soloist and collaborator, as comfortable interpreting new works as he is with the pillar scores of the cello repertoire.
Gabriel has appeared with America’s finest symphony orchestras, including the Philadelphia Orchestra, Chicago Symphony, Cleveland Orchestra, and the New York Philharmonic, and has premiered dozens of new works by some of the most acclaimed composers working today.
He recently released Lost Coast, a dynamic album of original music composed by Gabriella Smith inspired by her reflections on climate change, which she has seen devastate her home state of California. The album was named one of NPR Music’s “Favorite Albums Of 2021” and a “Classical Album to Hear Right Now” by The New York Times.
Gabriel premiered the concerto Lost Coast, reimagined by the composer as a daring work for solo cello and orchestra, with the Los Angeles Philharmonic and Gustavo Dudamel in May 2023. Further performances of Lost Coast in the 2024-25 season include an appearance at the Cabrillo Festival of Contemporary Music with music director Cristian Macelaru, and performances with the New York Philharmonic led by John Adams.
Gabriel is a member of the genre-leading chamber sextet yMusic. Their virtuosic execution and unique configuration have attracted high profile collaborators—from Paul Simon to Bill T. Jones to Ben Folds— and inspired an expanding repertoire of original works by prominent composers including Caroline Shaw, Missy Mazzoli, Nico Muhly and Andrew Norman. In 2023, the ensemble released their first album of self-composed work, titled YMUSIC. Written collaboratively by all six musicians, YMUSIC represents a creative breakthrough for the ensemble. “They’ve transcended all the conventions that they were trained in” (NPR Music), presenting "one of the most exciting and confident chamber music releases of the year” (Strings Magazine). yMusic’s next composition project, an evening-length work in collaboration with choreographer Kyle Abraham, Dear Lord, Make Me Beautiful, will premiere across ten performances in New York at the Park Avenue Armory in December 2024.
Gabriel recently co-founded the string group Owls, described as “a dream group...” by The New York Times. The quartet weaves together new compositions with fresh arrangements of music ranging from the 1600s to the present, made distinctive by the group’s unique instrumentation of violin, viola, and two cellos. He is also a co-founder of Duende, a new music and contemporary dance collective that focuses on the interaction between musicians and dancers in the realization of new scores. Gabriel has recorded extensively as a studio musician, appearing on releases by Phoebe Bridgers, John Legend, Rufus Wainright and Taylor Swift, among many others.
In 2016, Gabriel received the Sphinx Medal of Excellence, a career grant awarded to extraordinary classical Black and Latinx musicians, who, early in their professional career, demonstrate artistic excellence, outstanding work ethic, a spirit of determination, and ongoing commitment to leadership. Gabriel studied at the Curtis Institute of Music under Carter Brey.
—
Paquito D’Rivera has won a combined 16 Grammy and Latin Grammy Awards (5 Grammy and 11 Latin Grammys). He is celebrated both for his artistry in Latin jazz and his achievements as a classical composer.
Born in Havana, Cuba, he performed at age 10 with the National Theater Orchestra, studied at the Havana Conservatory of Music, and at 17, became a featured soloist with the Cuban National Symphony. As a founding member of the Orquesta Cubana de Musica Moderna, he directed that group for two years, while at the same time playing both the clarinet and saxophone with the Cuban National Symphony Orchestra. He eventually went on to premiere several works by notable Cuban composers with the same orchestra. Additionally, he was a founding member and co-director of the innovative musical ensemble Irakere. With its explosive mixture of jazz, rock, classical and traditional Cuban music never before heard, Irakere toured extensively throughout America and Europe, received several GRAMMY nominations (1979, 1980), and a GRAMMY (1979).
His numerous recordings include more than 30 solo albums. In 1988, he was a founding member of the United Nation Orchestra, a 15-piece ensemble organized by Dizzy Gillespie to showcase the fusion of Latin and Caribbean influences with jazz. D’Rivera continues to appear as guest conductor. A GRAMMY was awarded the United Nation Orchestra in 1991, the same year D’Rivera received a Lifetime Achievement Award from Carnegie Hall for his contributions to Latin music. Additionally, D’Rivera’s highly acclaimed ensembles- the Chamber Jazz Ensemble, the Paquito D’Rivera Big Band, and the Paquito D’Rivera Quintet are in great demand world wide.
While Paquito D’Rivera’s discography reflects a dedication and enthusiasm for Jazz, Bebop and Latin music, his contributions to classical music are impressive. They include solo performances with the London Philharmonic, the London Symphony Orchestra, the Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra, the National Symphony Orchestra, the Baltimore Symphony, the Florida Philharmonic Orchestra, and the Brooklyn Philharmonic. He has also performed with the Puerto Rico Symphony Orchestra, the Costa Rica National Symphony, the Simon Bolivar Symphony Orchestra, the Bronx Arts Ensemble, and the St. Luke’s Chamber Orchestra, among others. In his passion to bring Latin repertoire to greater prominence, Mr. D’Rivera has successfully created, championed and promoted all types of classical compositions, including his three chamber compositions recorded live in concert with distinguished cellist Yo-Yo Ma in September 2003. The chamber work “Merengue,” from that live concert at Zankel Hall, was released by Sony Records and garnered Paquito his 7th GRAMMY as Best Instrumental Composition 2004.
In addition to his extraordinary performing career as an instrumentalist, Mr. D’Rivera has rapidly gained a reputation as an accomplished composer. The prestigious music house, Boosey and Hawkes, is the exclusive publisher of Mr. D’Rivera’s compositions. Recent recognition of his compositional skills came with the award of a 2007 John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship in Music Composition, and the 2007-2008 appointment as Composer-In-Residence at the Caramoor Center for Music and the Arts with the Orchestra of St. Luke’s. As part of the Caramoor Latin American music initiative, Sonidos Latinos, D’Rivera’s new concerto for double bass and clarinet/saxophone, “Conversations with Cachao,” pays tribute to Cuba’s legendary bass player, Israel “Cachao” Lopez. D’Rivera’s works often reveal his widespread and eclectic musical interests, which range from Afro-Cuban rhythms and melodies, including influences encountered in his many travels, and back to his classical origins. Inspiration for another recent composition, “The Cape Cod Files”, comes from such disparate sources as Benny Goodman’s intro to the Eubie Blake popular song “Memories of You”, Argentinean Milonga, improvisations on the music of Cuban composer Ernesto Lecuona, and North American boogie-woogie. His numerous commissions include compositions for Jazz at Lincoln Center, the Library of Congress, the National Symphony Orchestra and Rotterdam Philharmonic, the Turtle Island String Quartet, Ying String Quartet, the International Double Reed Society, Syracuse University, Montreal’s Gerald Danovich Saxophone Quartet, and the Grant Park Music Festival.
Paquito D’Rivera is the author of two books: My Sax Life, published by Northwestern University Press, and a novel, Oh, La Habana, published by MTeditores, Barcelona. He is the recipient of the NEA Jazz Masters Award 2005 and the National Medal of the Arts 2005, as well as the Living Jazz Legend Award from the Kennedy Center, Washington, D.C. in 2007. His numerous other honors include Doctorates Honoris Causa in Music (from the Berklee School of Music in Boston, the University on Pennsylvania), and the Jazz Journalist Association’s Clarinetist of the Year Award in both 2004 and 2006. In 2008, Mr. D’Rivera received the International Association for Jazz Education President’s Award and the Frankfurter Musikpreis in Germany, the Medal of Honor from the National Arts Club in 2009. In 2010, he was named a Nelson A Rockefeller Honoree and given the African-American Classical Music Award from Spelman College.
He received his 10th and 11th GRAMMY this year for Panamericana Suite as Best Latin Album and Best Classical Contemporary Composition, adding to his previously awarded 8th and 9th GRAMMY for Riberas (Best Classical Recording) and Funk Tango (Best Latin Jazz Album 2008). Mr. D’Rivera is the first artist to win Latin GRAMMYs in both Classical and Latin Jazz categories– for Stravinsky’s Historia del Soldado (L’Histoire du Soldat) and Brazilian Dreams with New York Voices. He has served as artistic director of jazz programming at the New Jersey Chamber Music Society and continues as Artistic Director of the famous world-class Festival Internacional de Jazz de Punta Del Este in Uruguay and the DC Jazz Festival in Washington, DC., and add to that now in its second year, Jazz Patagonia 2013 in Chile.
In 1999, and in celebration of its 500-year history, the Universidad de Alcala de Henares presented Paquito with a special award recognizing his contribution to the arts, his humane qualities, and his defense of rights and liberties of artists around the world. The National Endowment for the Arts website affirms “he has become the consummate multinational ambassador, creating and promoting a cross-culture of music that moves effortlessly among jazz, Latin, and Mozart.”
—
Tania León (b. Havana, Cuba) is highly regarded as a composer, conductor, educator, and advisor to arts organizations. Her orchestral work Stride, commissioned by the New York Philharmonic, was awarded the 2021 Pulitzer Prize in Music. In 2022, she was named a recipient of the 45th Annual Kennedy Center Honors for lifetime artistic achievements. In 2023, she was awarded the Michael Ludwig Nemmers Prize in Music Composition from Northwestern University. Most recently, León became the London Philharmonic Orchestra’s next Composer-in-Residence—a post she will hold for two seasons, beginning in September 2023. She will also hold Carnegie Hall’s Richard and Barbara Debs Composer’s Chair for its 2023-2024 season.
Recent premieres include works for the Los Angeles Philharmonic, Arkansas Symphony Orchestra, Detroit Symphony, NDR Symphony Orchestra, Grossman Ensemble, International Contemporary Ensemble, Modern Ensemble, Jennifer Koh’s project Alone Together, and The Curtis Institute. Appearances as guest conductor include Orchestre Philharmonique de Marseille, Gewandhausorchester, Orquesta Sinfónica de Guanajuato, and Orquesta Sinfónica de Cuba, among others. Upcoming commissions feature a work for the League of American Orchestras, and a work for Claire Chase, flute, and The Crossing Choir with text by Rita Dove.
A founding member and first Music Director of the Dance Theatre of Harlem, León instituted the Brooklyn Philharmonic Community Concert Series, co-founded the American Composers Orchestra’s Sonidos de las Américas Festivals, was New Music Advisor to the New York Philharmonic, and is the founder/Artistic Director of Composers Now, a presenting, commissioning and advocacy organization for living composers.
Honors include the New York Governor’s Lifetime Achievement, inductions into the American Academy of Arts and Letters and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and fellowship awards from ASCAP Victor Herbert Award and The Koussevitzky Music and Guggenheim Foundations, among others. She also received a proclamation for Composers Now by New York City Mayor, and the MadWoman Festival Award in Music (Spain).
León has received Honorary Doctorate Degrees from Colgate University, Oberlin, SUNY Purchase College, and The Curtis Institute of Music, and served as U.S. Artistic Ambassador of American Culture in Madrid, Spain. A CUNY Professor Emerita, she was awarded a 2018 United States Artists Fellowship, Chamber Music America’s 2022 National Service Award, and Harvard University’s 2022 Luise Vosgerchian Teaching Award. In 2023, Columbia University’s Rare Book & Manuscript Library acquired Tania’s León’s archive.
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Jorge Amado (b. 1997, Havana, Cuba) graduated Summa Cum Laude in 2020 from The University of Arts of Cuba with degrees in both violin and composition in 2020. He has won awards such as 1st Prize at the UNEAC Composition Competition Harold Gramatges (2015 and 2021), Finalist at the Alfred Schnitkke International Composer’s Competition (2016, Ukraine), 1st Prize at the 8SW Composition Competition (2018, USA), Ojalá Symphonic Creation Prize (2018), 1st Prize of the String Quartet Composition Competitions "Nuestra América" (2019, Mexico), winner of the “Conmutaciones” Musical Creation Grant (2019), the Ibero-American Performance Award 2020, Cubadisco 2022 Award in two categories for his first monographic album Ofrenda, among others.
In 2023 he was nominated for a Jeff Award for original music along with Orbert Davis, for the music composed for the play Measure for Measure, directed by Henry Godinez for the Chicago Shakespeare Theater.
As a composer and performer he has participated in several international events such as Havana Chamber Music Festival (2015), Festival of Contemporary Music of Havana (from 2016 to 2022); the Austin Chamber Music Festival (2017, USA), the Shenandoah Valley Bach Festival (2018 and 2022, USA), Habana Clásica (2019), Mozart+Festival 2022 (Salzburg), Young Euro Classic 2023 (Berlin), among others.
He has composed music for films, especially for Cuban filmmakers such as Fernando Pérez.
Performers and ensembles that have played Amado's works include the Catalyst Quartet, Jon Kimura Parker, ~Nois Saxophone Quartet, the Chicago Jazz Philharmonic, Niurka Gonzalez, Didier Laloy, the Havana Lyceum Orchestra, the Cuban American Youth Orchestra (CAYO), Eight Strings and a Whistle, Fear No Music Ensemble, the National Symphony Orchestra of Cuba, among others.
He is currently pursuing a Master’s degree in Composition at DePaul University, where he studies with Dr. Christopher Wendell Jones and Dr. Osnat Netzer. Amado also serves as a Teaching Assistant in Aural Training and Music Theory.
Leadership support for MetLiveArts provided by:
The Adrienne Arsht Fund for Resilience through Art
Jody and John Arnhold, Frank and Lydia Bergen Foundation, Betsy and Edward Cohen / Areté Foundation, the Director’s Fund, Kathryn O. Greenberg, The Kaplen Brothers Fund, New York State Council on the Arts, Stavros Niarchos Foundation, Cynthia Hazen Polsky and Leon B. Polsky, The Howard and Sarah D. Solomon Foundation, the estate of Katherine Walter Stein, Douglas Dockery Thomas, Barbara Tober
Additional major supporters:
Sarah Arison, The David Berg Foundation, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, The Fan Fox & Leslie R. Samuels Fund, the Adbul Latif Jameel Community Initiatives Fund, the Muriel Kallis Steinberg Newman Fund, the Grace Jarcho Ross and Daniel G. Ross Concert Fund, Peter Steinberg and Kathrine Gehring, Helen Lee Warren and David Warren, William H. Wright II
Firebird Fellows and Firebirds:
Carey Ramos and Cartina Bentley, Jenny Gerard Brown and Barry L. Brown, Magda Dvir, Constance Emmerich, Robin Fowler, Thomas C. and Penny Brandt Jackson, Kenneth Koen, Uttara P. Marti, Deborah Paul, Barbara A. Pelson, Rajika and Anupam Puri, Douglas and Jean Renfield-Miller, Meryl Rosofsky and Stuart H. Coleman, Bonnie J. Sacerdote, Melanie Shorin and Greg S. Feldman, Beatrice Stern, Douglas Dockery Thomas, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Van Dercook, Lulu C. and Anthony W. Wang
Produced by The Metropolitan Museum of Art's Department of Live Arts
Limor Tomer, Lulu C. and Anthony W. Wang General Manager of Live Arts
Art Priromprintr, Senior Administrator
Nunally Kersh, Senior Producer
Harrison Corthell, Production Manager
Madyson Barnfield, Production Associate
Emery Kerekes, Program Coordinator
Audrey Rosenblith, Associate for Administration
Ricardo V. Barton, Associate for Administration
Kerrigan Quenemoen, Production Associate
Sam West, Artist Management Associate
The Metropolitan Museum of Art is on the island known as Mannahatta—now called Manhattan—in Lenapehoking, the homeland of the Lenape people.
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https://www.mabryhazen.com/
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en
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Hazen House
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Mabry-Hazen House
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https://www.mabryhazen.com
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With her time on the witness stand near ending on Valentine’s Day 1934, perhaps Evelyn Hazen reflected on the holiday and where she currently sat. Her heart balm suit against Ralph Scharringhaus had shared her romance with everyone and now on a day dedicated to romance and love, she was on the witness stand again reliving a failed love. The past two days she had been questioned at length during cross-examinations by John Jennings, Jr., Ralph’s defense attorney. While lovers and sweethearts exchanged romantic gifts and glances at home, Evelyn detailed forlorn memories of her ill-fated affair with Ralph, denied repeated accusations of infidelity, addressed long-ago written love letters and defended her choices after threatened; all the while interjecting statements that exasperated Jennings, brought warnings from the bench against volunteering statements, and once even drew laughter from the courtroom. “This witness is smart,” complained Jennings, “and she is interjecting things that she knows are incompetent.” Miss Hazen did not seem to care. The last three images are rediscovered photographs from the Cincinnati Post taken 90 years ago today of Miss Evelyn on the stand! Evelyn was unrepentant and cast barbs until finally excused from the stand. At one point, when questioned about whether she hadn’t kissed a certain man, Evelyn quipped: “I never kissed a man in my life. They had to kiss me.” After nearly four and half days on the stand and fifteen years engaged, Evelyn M. Hazen decided to give something spicy and a little sour, rather than something sweet that Valentine’s Day. #MabryHazenHouse #herstory #womenshistory #knoxvillehistory #historichousemuseum #ValetinesDay #otd
Kiss me near the golden Sunsphere Nightly, beside the green, green grass Swing, swing, swing the spinning step You wear those shoes and I will wear that dress, oh So Kiss Me in Knoxville, Tennessee! (...or something like that! We're trying! 😅) We've reproduced this ca. 1915 Knoxville-centric, Valentine appropriate postcard just in time to ask someone to kiss you in Knoxville, Tenn. You can pick up one in our gift shop starting tomorrow to give to your Valentine and hopefully get a few smooches from your Knoxville cutie in return! These will run more than sixpence, but someone will be richer for it. Thank you and credit to Chris Comer for finding this postcard and sharing it with us. #MabryHazenHouse #knoxrocks #Knoxville #vintagepostcards
All human societies, and even many animal ones, have always had courtship rituals to attract others or develop romantic bonds. But they have not all had dating. A male bird of paradise does some dramatic, colorful, and often eccentric dances, but it does not date. And neither did Americans until about 1900. The story of dating began when women left their homes and moved to cities where they took jobs and mingled with men on a daily basis. In fact, the word “date” did not appear in print in the sense we now use it until 1896! American writer, syndicated humorist, and playwright, George Ade dropped it in a weekly column he wrote for The Chicago Record. The column was called “Stories of the Streets and Town.” His stories used street language and slang to describe the daily life of working class Americans. For middle-class readers, it offered a glimpse into the everyday experiences, social situations, and mannerisms of working class life. In this particular fable, the protagonist is a young clerk named Artie. He suspects his crush, Mamie, has been losing interest and seeing other people. As Mamie cleans off a store display, Artie confront hers stating, “ I s’pose the other boy’s fillin’ all my dates?” In another serial published a few years later, Artie blurts out about another girl’s popularity, “Her Date Book had to be kept on the Double Entry System.” Dating culture was its infancy when Ade first published his humorous works about Artie and was mostly a societal marker for those working in factories, mills, and shops. For those like the Hazen daughters, the system of courtship and “calling” still followed an elaborate set of rules. You can learn more about these rules and how dating became mainstream next week during our special Valentine’s Day tours, Rated R for Risqué! More information can be found in the link in our bio. Image: ca. 1910 Magic Lantern Image of a young Edwardian couple in the midst of a romantic forest rendezvous #MabryHazenHouse #valentines #historyoflove #dating
“Mildred, I don’t think you understand why the whole symphony must be played all through in one evening. It is absurd that people think you can sample Beethoven willy-nilly like he’s some penny-opera! You wouldn't believe…” Curious how dating has changed and how much has stayed the same? Join us for what we hope is a far more interesting evening than poor Mildred is enduring! Our Rated R for Risqué: Courtship, Romance, and Intimacy in the Hazen Household tours will be held on Wednesday, Feb. 14, and Friday, Feb. 16, from 6-7:30pm. Enjoy Valentine's stepping back in time. See books and artifacts that taught and helped them be "good ladies," and hear their own words about their experiences courting, dating, and loving. Wine and light refreshments will be available. Tours start at 6:00pm and will last about 75 minutes. To purchase tickets and more information, visit the link in our bio #valentinesday2024 #865life #womeninhistory #knoxville #womenshistory
#OTD, 90 years ago, Evelyn Hazen walked into the Covington, KY courthouse to commence her breach of promise against her former fiance, Ralph Scharringhaus. Seeking $100,000 in damages, Evelyn wanted monetary compensation for her lost affections due to Ralph breaking his promise to marry–a legally binding contract in the eyes of the court. Such trials were increasingly rare by the 1930s due to high-profile stories about such "heartbalm” claims being abused. Evelyn nevertheless pursued Ralph for personal vindication. The money would be a welcome follow-up. But the monetary cost was simply lawyer and court fees. "Miss Hazen" was risking her reputation. Two Knoxville socialites uncovering all the sordid details of their love life was too enticing for newspapers to avoid. Their story was immediately a front page, top-line story at the Knoxville News Sentinel, and the paper sent special correspondent Steve Humphrey to wire back the latest reports. Scharringhaus v Hazen essentially was given live coverage for the 1930s. It wasn't long before the Associated Press and other major news outlets printed it for prying eyes. Amid the worst years of the Great Depression, the tea spilled between the two proved a welcome distraction. Yet, it became a significant clash between men and women over traditional or contemporary values. That was all to come because, on February 7, a different court case delayed proceedings. By the afternoon, though, jury selection began. In Kentucky, Men AND women would be drawn from a lot to serve. Tennessee would not permit women to serve on juries until 1951! As for Evelyn's Kentucky trial, no woman would serve "to pass on her plea" because the courts could not find an unbiased woman. The next day, Evelyn would take the witness stand and make her appeal to an all-male jury. We'll share more of Evelyn's story over the following weeks on social media and at two upcoming programs. Join us at Maple Hall on Tuesday, February 13, at 6pm for "A Woman Scorned," presented by the Knoxville History Project. Then, on February 14th & 16th, we'll host our Rated R for Risque tours! More information is in our bio.
Passed by Congress February 26, 1869, and ratified February 3, 1870, the 15th Amendment granted African American men the right to vote. The last of the Reconstruction amendments appeared to signify the fulfillment of promises made to Black Americans. In retrospect, it marked another step in the struggle for equality that would continue for more than a century before Black Americans could begin to participate fully in American public and civic life. Tennessee was the first Southern state to enfranchise Black men, doing so in 1867, and the first in the country to hold elections with massive voter turnout by Black Americans with nearly 40,000 Black men registered to vote that same year. Yet, ironically, Tennessee would not ratify the 15th amendment until 1997! In Knoxville, the Black community was deeply involved in politics by the 1870s and eager to participate, nominating and electing Black men to represent them. Between 1869 and 1879, eight Black men were elected to the board of alderman and two others served on the Knox County County Quarterly Court. Yet as Black political activism was surging, efforts were in motion to restrict their involvement and power. Even as the 15th amendment arrived for ratification, state lawmakers were trying to figure out how to reverse their own granting of suffrage to Black men. Despite the intensifying opposition, Black Knoxvillians including Wiley Mabry held a parade in April 1870 to celebrate its addition to the Constitution. His involvement represented a movement by Black people to actively reshape their lives after emancipation and fully exercise their rights as citizens. His deeper beliefs and hopes may be lost to time, but these few sources glean a man politically active in pursuit of his rights. By the end of the decade though, backlash among white voters who feared the number of Blacks suddenly in positions of authority, had sent legislators who would restrict Black political power, setting the stage for Tennessee’s Jim Crow era and decades of activism and struggle before these laws were reversed. #BlackHistoryMonth #MabryHazenHouse #tellthefullstory
In recognition of Black History Month, Mabry-Hazen House is excited to announce a new talk and the development of new interpretative signage at the museum! We celebrate this month as it allows us to talk about stories, histories, and experiences of people that have often gone overlooked, unseen, or intentionally left out. Throughout February, we’ll share stories and artifacts associated with Black inhabitants of Mabry-Hazen House. On February 22, 2024 from 6-7p, join Patrick Hollis, our executive director, for The Value of a Man: Wiley Mabry and His Mark on Knoxville. The story of Wiley Mabry offers a celebratory yet sobering tale of the lengths enslaved African-Americans took to obtain their freedom. Only fragments exist from Wiley's life, yet an 1872 Southern Claims Commission report reveals a fascinating and powerful detail about him: Wiley Mabry bought himself. Since discovering this fascinating story, more details about Wiley and his experiences after his self-emancipation have emerged. From political activism to marriage, family, and beyond, hear the wider story of Wiley Mabry, learn about Black life in Knoxville during the 1870s, and understand Hollis's research process into the fragmentary evidence sketching Wiley's life. Admission is FREE! You may have seen our post about working to open up the bottom floor of the house to better tell the stories of Elizor, Fanny, and others enslaved. Along with these efforts, we are creating a new interpretive sign listing all documented individuals enslaved by Joseph Mabry. The sign will be installed in the kitchen of the house. Our interpretive mission aims to tell an inclusive, full history of everyone who inhabited Mabry-Hazen House and while we only have slivers of the experiences on the bottom floor, we hope this sign will give more voice to those living alongside the Mabrys. Once the final design is completed, we’ll be sure to share it! You can support this project by making a donation on our website. #MabryHazenHouse #blackhistorymonth #visitknoxville #tellthefullstory
“You can go as far as you like with me In my merry Oldsmobile.” In 1905, the chorus of the risqué waltz, “In My Merry Oldsmobile,” ends with an open and scandalous invitation. The automobile offered young couples an escape from the old courtship, parlors, and watchful eyes of their parents. Couples could “spark” in the “old dark park.” And, while church and marriage were still in the picture, Sunday morning drives were rarely the top priority. The automobile is one example of the rapidly changing romantic conventions and challenges at the turn of the 20th century. We'll cover couples sneaking away in their new cars and more during our tour: Rated R for Risqué: Courtship, Romance, and Intimacy in the Hazen Household on Wednesday, Feb. 14, and Friday, Feb. 16, from 6-7:30pm. Enjoy Valentine’s Day by stepping back in time. See books and artifacts that taught and helped the Hazen women be "good ladies," and hear their own words about their experiences courting, dating, and loving. Visitors must be 18 or older, or 16 or older accompanied by a parent or guardian older than 21. This program will discuss topics such as sexual trauma and harassment and could be triggering for those sensitive to such issues. Wine and light refreshments will be available. Tours start at 6:00pm and will last about 75 minutes. Tickets are $15 per person, and pre-purchasing is encouraged as tickets at the door are not guaranteed. Space is limited to eighteen visitors. To purchase tickets and more information, visit www.mabryhazen.com/ratedr "In My Merry Oldsmobile." Timely Waltz Song. sourced from The Lester S. Levy Sheet Music Collection at Johns Hopkins University #historyoflove #valentinesday2024 #valentines #new2knox #865life
The #museumlife soots us! With snow now in the rear view, we busied ourselves with important work cleaning and refurnishing the original kitchen of Mabry-Hazen House. The kitchen and bottom floor of the home was where enslaved people like Fannie, Elizor, and Lewis and later domestic workers like the Jones family would have labored and resided. We are working to open up more of this area to better interpret their experiences and lives in the house. The staff had a rare chance to stick their heads in the hearth and got down and dirty to see decades of soot in the chimney, built up from cooking food and heating water for laundry. So while we may be closed for our winter season, our hands certainly aren’t idle. We can’t wait to show the progress when we reopen for regular hours in March! #mabryhazenhouse #historichousemuseum #tellthefullstory #knoxrocks
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correct_foundationPlace_00034
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FactBench
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3
| 45
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https://www.des.nh.gov/
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en
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Welcome
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NH Department of Environmental Services - An official New Hampshire Government web site.
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en
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/sites/g/files/ehbemt341/files/iconseal.gif
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NH Department of Environmental Services
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https://www.des.nh.gov/
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Stay up-to-date on E. coli and cyanobacteria advisories this summer by checking our Beach Advisory Map, signing up for the weekly Healthy Swimming newsletters or following the NHDES Twitter account. If you suspect a waterbody is experiencing a cyanobacteria bloom, submit a Bloom Report Form.
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correct_foundationPlace_00034
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FactBench
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3
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https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/263261498
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en
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Robert And Margaret Hazen Foundation Inc
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[
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2013-05-09T12:00:00+00:00
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Since 2013, the IRS has released data culled from millions of nonprofit tax filings. Use this database to find organizations and see details like their executive compensation, revenue and expenses, as well as download tax filings going back as far as 2001.
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en
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ProPublica
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https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/263261498
|
Bethesda, MD
Tax-exempt since Feb. 2009
EIN: 26-3261498
Receive an email when new data is available for this organization.
Organization summary
Organization summary might be incomplete or out of date
This organization is not listed in the IRS's most recent list of tax exempt organizations, but we have data associated with this Employer Identification Number.
Type of Nonprofit
Designated as a 501(c)3 Organizations for any of the following purposes: religious, educational, charitable, scientific, literary, testing for public safety, fostering national or international amateur sports competition (as long as it doesn’t provide athletic facilities or equipment), or the prevention of cruelty to children or animals.
Category: Philanthropy, Voluntarism and Grantmaking Foundations / Private Independent Foundations (NTEE)
Donations to this organization are tax deductible.
Tax Filings by Year
Form 990 is an information return that most organizations claiming federal tax-exempt status must file yearly with the IRS. Nonprofit Explorer has IRS digitized Form 990 data for filings processed in 2012 and later. If this organization filed an amended return, it may not be reflected below. Duplicate download links may indicate a resubmission or amendment to this organization's original return. Form 990 data is from the IRS.
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2022
Extracted Financial Data
Extracted Financial Data from Form 990-PF
Revenue
$7,075
Expenses
$21,062
Net Income
-$13,987
Net Assets
$0
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue Contributions Received $1,113
15.7%
Interest Revenue $0 Dividends $232
3.3%
Sales of Assets $5,730
81.0%
Other Income $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses Charitable Disbursements $20,168
95.8%
Compensation of Officers* $0
* Officer compensation may be included in charitable disbursements, so Percent of Total Expenses may add up to greater than 100%.
Assets/Debt Total Assets $0 Total Liabilities $0 Net Assets $0
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Other Robert Hazen (President) $0 $0 Margaret Hazen (V. President) $0 $0
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2021
Extracted Financial Data
Extracted Financial Data from Form 990-PF
Revenue
$1,133
Expenses
$132,624
Net Income
-$131,491
Net Assets
$26,430
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue Contributions Received $550
48.5%
Interest Revenue $1
0.1%
Dividends $582
51.4%
Sales of Assets $0 Other Income $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses Charitable Disbursements $131,680
99.3%
Compensation of Officers* $0
* Officer compensation may be included in charitable disbursements, so Percent of Total Expenses may add up to greater than 100%.
Assets/Debt Total Assets $35,078 Total Liabilities $8,648 Net Assets $26,430
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Other Robert Hazen (President) $0 $0 Margaret Hazen (V. President) $0 $0
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2020
Extracted Financial Data
Extracted Financial Data from Form 990-PF
Revenue
-$2,329
Expenses
$69,059
Net Income
-$71,388
Net Assets
$140,024
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue Contributions Received $0 Interest Revenue $0 Dividends $5,682 Sales of Assets $0 Other Income $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses Charitable Disbursements $67,000
97.0%
Compensation of Officers* $0
* Officer compensation may be included in charitable disbursements, so Percent of Total Expenses may add up to greater than 100%.
Assets/Debt Total Assets $140,025 Total Liabilities $1 Net Assets $140,024
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Other Robert Hazen (President) $0 $0 Margaret Hazen (V. President) $0 $0
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2019
Extracted Financial Data
Extracted Financial Data from Form 990-PF
Revenue
$162,480
Expenses
$165,805
Net Income
-$3,325
Net Assets
$210,900
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue Contributions Received $130,500
80.3%
Interest Revenue $20
0.0%
Dividends $8,693
5.4%
Sales of Assets $23,267
14.3%
Other Income $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses Charitable Disbursements $163,000
98.3%
Compensation of Officers* $0
* Officer compensation may be included in charitable disbursements, so Percent of Total Expenses may add up to greater than 100%.
Assets/Debt Total Assets $210,901 Total Liabilities $1 Net Assets $210,900
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Other Robert Hazen (President) $0 $0 Margaret Hazen (V. President) $0 $0
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2018
Extracted Financial Data
Extracted Financial Data from Form 990-PF
Revenue
$141,040
Expenses
$88,791
Net Income
$52,249
Net Assets
$218,689
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue Contributions Received $130,000
92.2%
Interest Revenue $7
0.0%
Dividends $7,670
5.4%
Sales of Assets $2,833
2.0%
Other Income $530
0.4%
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses Charitable Disbursements $85,700
96.5%
Compensation of Officers* $0
* Officer compensation may be included in charitable disbursements, so Percent of Total Expenses may add up to greater than 100%.
Assets/Debt Total Assets $218,689 Total Liabilities $0 Net Assets $218,689
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Other Robert Hazen (President) $0 $0 Margaret Hazen (V. President) $0 $0
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2017
Extracted Financial Data
Extracted Financial Data from Form 990-PF
Revenue
$255,163
Expenses
$131,550
Net Income
$123,613
Net Assets
$186,852
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue Contributions Received $250,000
98.0%
Interest Revenue $7
0.0%
Dividends $3,645
1.4%
Sales of Assets $1,511
0.6%
Other Income $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses Charitable Disbursements $131,000
99.6%
Compensation of Officers* $0
* Officer compensation may be included in charitable disbursements, so Percent of Total Expenses may add up to greater than 100%.
Assets/Debt Total Assets $186,852 Total Liabilities $0 Net Assets $186,852
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Other Robert Hazen (President) $0 $0 Margaret Hazen (V. President) $0 $0
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2016
Extracted Financial Data
Extracted Financial Data from Form 990-PF
Revenue
$90,380
Expenses
$63,360
Net Income
$27,020
Net Assets
$63,099
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue Contributions Received $90,360
100.0%
Interest Revenue $2
0.0%
Dividends $18
0.0%
Sales of Assets $0 Other Income $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses Charitable Disbursements $62,000
97.9%
Compensation of Officers* $0
* Officer compensation may be included in charitable disbursements, so Percent of Total Expenses may add up to greater than 100%.
Assets/Debt Total Assets $63,099 Total Liabilities $0 Net Assets $63,099
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Other Robert Hazen (President) $0 $0 Margaret Hazen (V. President) $0 $0
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2015
Extracted Financial Data
Extracted Financial Data from Form 990-PF
Revenue
$40,355
Expenses
$109,574
Net Income
-$69,219
Net Assets
$36,079
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue Contributions Received $40,350
100.0%
Interest Revenue $0 Dividends $5
0.0%
Sales of Assets $0 Other Income $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses Charitable Disbursements $109,224
99.7%
Compensation of Officers* $0
* Officer compensation may be included in charitable disbursements, so Percent of Total Expenses may add up to greater than 100%.
Assets/Debt Total Assets $36,079 Total Liabilities $0 Net Assets $36,079
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Other Robert Hazen (President) $0 $0 Margaret Hazen (V. President) $0 $0
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2014
Extracted Financial Data
Extracted Financial Data from Form 990-PF
Revenue
$160,348
Expenses
$66,705
Net Income
$93,643
Net Assets
$105,298
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue Contributions Received $160,345
100.0%
Interest Revenue $0 Dividends $3
0.0%
Sales of Assets $0 Other Income $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses Charitable Disbursements $66,360
99.5%
Compensation of Officers* $0
* Officer compensation may be included in charitable disbursements, so Percent of Total Expenses may add up to greater than 100%.
Assets/Debt Total Assets $105,298 Total Liabilities $0 Net Assets $105,298
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Other Robert Hazen (President) $0 $0 Margaret Hazen (V. President) $0 $0
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2013
Extracted Financial Data
Extracted Financial Data from Form 990-PF
Revenue
$501
Expenses
$10,500
Net Income
-$9,999
Net Assets
$1,655
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue Contributions Received $500
99.8%
Interest Revenue $0 Dividends $1
0.2%
Sales of Assets $0 Other Income $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses Charitable Disbursements $10,000
95.2%
Compensation of Officers* $0
* Officer compensation may be included in charitable disbursements, so Percent of Total Expenses may add up to greater than 100%.
Assets/Debt Total Assets $1,655 Total Liabilities $0 Net Assets $1,655
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Other Robert Hazen (President) $0 $0 Margaret Hazen (V. President) $0 $0
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2012
Extracted Financial Data
Extracted Financial Data from Form 990-PF
Revenue
$50,002
Expenses
$65,500
Net Income
-$15,498
Net Assets
$11,654
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue Contributions Received $50,000
100.0%
Interest Revenue $0 Dividends $2
0.0%
Sales of Assets $0 Other Income $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses Charitable Disbursements $65,500
100%
Compensation of Officers* $0
* Officer compensation may be included in charitable disbursements, so Percent of Total Expenses may add up to greater than 100%.
Assets/Debt Total Assets $11,654 Total Liabilities $0 Net Assets $11,654
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2011
Extracted Financial Data
Extracted Financial Data from Form 990-PF
Revenue
$80,402
Expenses
$97,900
Net Income
-$17,498
Net Assets
$27,151
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue Contributions Received $80,400
100.0%
Interest Revenue $2
0.0%
Dividends $0 Sales of Assets $0 Other Income $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses Charitable Disbursements $97,500
99.6%
Compensation of Officers* $0
* Officer compensation may be included in charitable disbursements, so Percent of Total Expenses may add up to greater than 100%.
Assets/Debt Total Assets $27,152 Total Liabilities $1 Net Assets $27,151
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2010
No Extracted Financial Data
Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2009
No Extracted Financial Data
Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.
Document Links
Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2008
No Extracted Financial Data
Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.
Document Links
About This Data
Nonprofit Explorer includes summary data for nonprofit tax returns and full Form 990 documents, in both PDF and digital formats.
The summary data contains information processed by the IRS during the 2012-2019 calendar years; this generally consists of filings for the 2011-2018 fiscal years, but may include older records. This data release includes only a subset of what can be found in the full Form 990s.
In addition to the raw summary data, we link to PDFs and digital copies of full Form 990 documents wherever possible. This consists of separate releases by the IRS of Form 990 documents processed by the agency, which we update regularly.
We also link to copies of audits nonprofit organizations that spent $750,000 or more in Federal grant money in a single fiscal year since 2016. These audits are copied from the Federal Audit Clearinghouse.
Which Organizations Are Here?
Every organization that has been recognized as tax exempt by the IRS has to file Form 990 every year, unless they make less than $200,000 in revenue and have less than $500,000 in assets, in which case they have to file form 990-EZ. Organizations making less than $50,000 don’t have to file either form but do have to let the IRS they’re still in business via a Form 990N "e-Postcard."
Nonprofit Explorer has organizations claiming tax exemption in each of the 27 subsections of the 501(c) section of the tax code, and which have filed a Form 990, Form 990EZ or Form 990PF. Taxable trusts and private foundations that are required to file a form 990PF are also included. Small organizations filing a Form 990N "e-Postcard" are not included in this data.
Types of Nonprofits
There are 27 nonprofit designations based on the numbered subsections of section 501(c) of the tax code. See the list »
Get the Data
For those interested in acquiring the original data from the source, here’s where our data comes from:
Raw filing data. Includes EINs and summary financials as structured data.
Exempt Organization profiles. Includes organization names, addresses, etc. You can merge this with the raw filing data using EIN numbers.
Form 990 documents. Prior to 2017, these documents were obtained and processed by Public.Resource.org and ProPublica. Bulk PDF downloads since 2017 are available from the IRS.
Form 990 documents as XML files. Includes complete filing data (financial details, names of officers, tax schedules, etc.) in machine-readable format. Only available for electronically filed documents. Electronic data released prior to October 2021 is also available through Amazon Web Services.
Audits. PDFs of single or program-specific audits for nonprofit organizations that spent $750,000 or more in Federal grant money in a single fiscal year. Available for fiscal year 2015 and later.
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correct_foundationPlace_00034
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FactBench
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3
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https://www.cshl.edu/harborscope/hazen-tower/
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Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
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2024-04-25T16:00:40+00:00
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very hour on the hour, from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m., a bell tolls at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL). Whether you’re enjoying a walking tour, attending a Symposium, admiring some campus art, or just going about your day at the lab, Hazen Tower is hard to ignore. Orienting visitors and staff in time and...
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Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
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https://www.cshl.edu/harborscope/hazen-tower/
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Every hour on the hour, from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m., a bell tolls at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL). Whether you’re enjoying a walking tour, attending a Symposium, admiring some campus art, or just going about your day at the lab, Hazen Tower is hard to ignore. Orienting visitors and staff in time and space, the 65-foot-tall bell tower, or campanile, is one of CSHL’s most unique features.
Hazen Tower is the centerpiece of the courtyard linking CSHL’s Beckman Neuroscience Building and Dolan Hall. At its peak hangs a bronze bell weighing nearly a ton. Above the bell, four letters are inscribed in gold: “a” for adenine, “c” for cytosine, “t” for tyrosine, and “g” for guanine. They’re the building blocks of DNA, the basis of life as we know it. An appropriately shaped helical staircase rises from the ground between the tower’s four brick columns. It winds its way up to a circular platform offering an unobstructed view of the inner harbor.
“One of the things I love about working at CSHL is the environment,” CSHL Assistant Professor Lucas Cheadle says. “Hazen Tower is one of the first landmarks you see from across the harbor. Its spiral staircase is a clear homage to the genetic code that lies within each individual on campus. Performing basic biology research in an environment that is so intertwined with nature creates a synergy that helps propel our work forward.”
Hazen Tower was named in honor of former CSHL Trustee Lita Annenberg Hazen. The late philanthropist was a lifelong supporter of science. In the late ’80s, she became a founding donor of CSHL’s then-budding Neuroscience Program. Her support was key to the construction of the Beckman Neuroscience Laboratory, dedicated in 1991 alongside Dolan Hall and Hazen Tower.
Today, Beckman houses the labs of five CSHL researchers. Professor & HHMI Investigator Leemor Joshua-Tor studies the molecular machinery our cells depend on to function normally. Professor Hiro Furukawa explores how the brain regulates signals passed between neurons. Associate Professor Jessica Tollkuhn studies sex hormones’ roles in the brain. Assistant Professor Gabrielle Pouchelon focuses on the origins of neurodevelopmental disorders. And Assistant Professor Lucas Cheadle investigates how immune cells called microglia interact with the brain. (In fact, you can catch him talking about this topic as part of our Cocktails & Chromosomes series at Industry bar in Huntington, NY.)
As for Lita Annenberg Hazen, the biomedical philanthropist passed away in 1995. However, her contributions have helped ensure the Laboratory’s place at the forefront of neuroscience research. Today, her legacy remains every bit as strong as the tower that bears her name.
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https://www.rwjf.org/en/about-rwjf/newsroom/2023/06/rwjf-joint-statement-in-response-to-the-supreme-courts-decision-in-students-for-fair-admissions-cases.html
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Philanthropic Joint Statement in Response to the Supreme Court's Decision in 'Students for Fair Admissions' Cases
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"Health Disparities",
"Policy and Law",
"Structural Racism",
"Continuing education",
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Philanthropic joint statement in response to the U.S. Supreme Court’s rulings in Students for Fair Admissions v. University of North Carolina and Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College.
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/content/dam/rwjf-components-guide/RWJF_Favicon.png
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RWJF
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https://www.rwjf.org/en/about-rwjf/newsroom/2023/06/rwjf-joint-statement-in-response-to-the-supreme-courts-decision-in-students-for-fair-admissions-cases.html
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The following is a statement by funders and philanthropic organizations in response to the U.S. Supreme Court’s rulings in Students for Fair Admissions v. University of North Carolina and Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College. A full list of signatories follows.
The Supreme Court’s decision impedes colleges and universities from selecting their own student bodies and fully addressing systemic racial inequalities that persist. The ruling threatens to return this nation to a time when education and opportunity were reserved for a privileged class. It endangers sixty years of multiracial movements to challenge our nation to live up to the ideals enshrined in our founding documents. The decision erects new barriers to building a society in which everyone has the opportunity to improve their lives, communities, health, and education.
Today's ruling will make the vital work of building inclusive college campuses much harder. Experience has shown that substituting socioeconomic status as a proxy for race will not achieve the diversity that strengthens the fabric of all universities. Educators and communities dedicated to teaching and mentoring young people and adults from every imaginable background understand how all students—not just students of color—benefit from diverse racial and socioeconomic learning environments. Decades of research show that students educated with people from different backgrounds and experiences improve their analytical thinking, creativity, communication, and collaboration. These skills are essential to building our future workforce, our military, and a healthy democracy. In the realm of health, research shows that racially and ethnically representative medical schools produce better-trained physicians and care teams that reflect the communities they serve.
Universities and colleges and those organizations supporting them deserve the resources and support to continue their critical mission. They need our resolve, too. Philanthropies are vital partners in our nation’s progress. We will remain steadfast in our collective mission to create a more equitable nation within the bounds of the law. To forge ahead, we must continue to advocate for the human dignity of all people—regardless of their race, gender, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, or country of origin—with renewed vigor and commitment.
Our nation's future prosperity, vitality, and unity depend upon America becoming a true multiracial democracy—an aspiration that requires racial equity and diversity in higher education. Despite today’s ruling, our foundations will not waver in our commitment to those making the nation’s high ideals a reality for all communities and all people.
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https://ritaallen.org/scholars-all-years/
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Rita Allen Foundation
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Investing in transformative ideas in their earliest stages to promote breakthrough solutions to significant problems
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Rita Allen Foundation
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https://ritaallen.org/scholars-all-years/
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Assistant Professor, Chemical and Systems Biology; Developmental Biology
B.S., University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez
Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania
Messenger RNAs (mRNAs), the instructions to make proteins, are composed from a 4-letter alphabet of RNA bases. These bases are extensively chemically modified to create new letters in the alphabet that change the meaning of the message. These changes can impact the fate and function of mRNAs in cells. The full collection of RNA modifications in cellular mRNAs represents a previously unappreciated layer of gene regulation on top of what is hard-wired in our genome. The Martinez lab studies how these chemical modifications are added very early when mRNAs are “born,” and how they impact how mRNAs are processed and interpreted in cells. RNA modifications have an important role in health and disease: many RNA modifying enzymes have been associated with a wide range of human diseases, particularly neurodevelopmental disorders, and cancer. Our goal is to connect molecular functions of RNA modifications to normal and disease traits using innovative high-throughput sequencing methods, RNA biochemistry, and model systems.
Assistant Professor, Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences
B.Sc., McGill University
Ph.D., McGill University
Fibromyalgia is a chronic, whole-body pain disorder. Despite having a clinical diagnosis for decades, the underlying causes remain poorly understood. During a postdoctoral fellowship, Dr. Krock and colleagues found that IgG antibodies from fibromyalgia patients cause mice to develop signs of pain, but antibodies from pain-free people do not. The fibromyalgia antibodies bind to satellite glia cells, which surround pain-sensing neurons, and the levels of these antibodies are higher in fibromyalgia patients with more pain. These results suggest a subset of fibromyalgia pain could be mediated by autoantibodies—that is, antibodies attacking parts of our own body. However, why these autoantibodies develop remains unclear. The Krock lab at McGill University is investigating how fibromyalgia autoantibodies develop. One possibility is that altered gut bacteria stimulate an antibody-generating immune response, and if these antibodies recognize molecules similar enough to molecules found on satellite glia, then an autoantibody response could occur.
Milton E. Cassel Scholar
Assistant Professor, Cell Biology
B.Sc., University College London
Dr. rer. nat., Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
Lucas Farnung has been designated the Milton E. Cassel Scholar for the 2023 class of Rita Allen Foundation Scholars. This special award honors the memory of a longtime President of the Rita Allen Foundation who passed away in 2004.
Each human cell takes on an extraordinary feat, as it compacts its two-meter-long genome into a nucleus that is merely a few microns in size. Yet, our genetic material must remain accessible, ready to be read by the cell’s molecular machinery. To mitigate this conflict, the genomic DNA is spooled like yarn around specialized proteins called histones. Together, histones and the DNA form a structure called chromatin, akin to delicate beads on a string. The Farnung lab studies how a cellular machine called RNA polymerase II navigates through chromatin and generates blueprints of the DNA in a process called transcription. We use a combination of biophysical methods, machine learning, and structural biology approaches. Elucidating transcription through chromatin is important to understand how cells develop, morph into diverse types—like heart or liver cells—and react to the environment. With many cancers linked to dysregulated chromatin transcription, a deeper grasp of this process is vital for novel cancer therapy development.
Assistant Professor, Gene Expression Laboratory
A.B., Princeton University
Ph.D., University of California San Diego
M.D., University of California San Diego
The Dixon lab is interested in how the spatial organization of genomes affects the acquisition and impact of mutations in cancer. Our genomes are 3 billion base pairs in length and must be compacted into the nucleus of every cell in our body. How our genomes are organized in cells has a major impact on diverse processes, from the expression of genes to the replication of DNA as cells divide. In cancer, our genomes are bombarded with mutations, some of which break and shuffle the genomes creating a mosaic of how these genomes appear in healthy cells. When our genomes are shuffled in cancer cells, this often can place cancer-causing genes in novel environments with altered spatial organization, which can lead to aberrant gene activation that drives the growth of cancer cells. We are interested in understanding where and when such altered gene regulation events occur and understanding what critical factors facilitate altered gene activation in cancer genomes.
Assistant Professor; Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Anesthesiology, and Pain Management
B.S., Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
M.S., Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
Ph.D., Harvard University
In conjunction with Margaret and William R. Hearst III
Each day we experience myriad somatosensory stimuli—hugs from loved ones, warm showers, a mosquito bite, and sore muscles after a workout. These tactile, thermal, itch, and nociceptive signals are detected by sensory neurons innervating the skin, propagated into the spinal cord, and transmitted to the brain via ascending somatosensory pathways. Primary sensory neurons that innervate the skin and detect a wide range of somatosensory stimuli have been identified and well-characterized. In contrast, very little is known about how peripheral signals are integrated and processed within the spinal cord and how these signals are conveyed to the brain to generate somatosensory perception and behavioral responses. The Choi lab aims to determine the developmental logic, functional organization, and dysfunction of ascending somatosensory circuitry. Our lab explores these exciting areas using new mouse genetic tools in conjunction with advanced molecular, anatomical, physiological, and behavioral approaches.
Assistant Professor; Department of Biological Sciences
Ph.D., European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Germany
M.S., University of Pisa and Scuola Normale Superiore, Italy
The stunning complexity of our brain is the result of a long journey, that started when squishy and brainless aggregates of cells—the first animals—appeared on Earth over 700 million years ago. Understanding how our brain evolved can shed light on fundamental principles underlying its organization and function. The Tosches lab investigates the evolution of the cerebral cortex, the part of our brain associated with advanced cognition. Focusing on neuron types as units of evolutionary change, we discovered that the mammalian cerebral cortex has a unique neuronal repertoire without clear counterparts in other vertebrates. Our future goal is to understand how changes of developmental programs and gene regulation contributed to the emergence of these new types of neurons in mammals.
Assistant Professor; Biology; Structural Biology
Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine
M.A., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
B.S., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Viruses are inextricably linked to the host cells that they infect. Thus, investigating viral-host interactions is essential to understanding the mechanisms of viral entry, replication, pathogenesis, and the host’s ability to respond to viral pathogens. The Barnes lab excels in leveraging interdisciplinary approaches to address fundamental principles of viral-host interactions for therapeutic benefit. We combine biophysical and structural methods with in vivo approaches to understand how enveloped viruses infect host cells and elicit immune responses. In particular, our research translates knowledge of the structural correlates of antibody-mediated neutralization into the development of highly effective immunotherapies. Additionally, we seek to identify conserved epitopes on viral glycoproteins that are recognized by neutralizing antibodies to facilitate structure-based immunogen design for candidate vaccines against coronaviruses and HIV-1. By combining structural information and improved biochemical methods to mask distracting epitopes, we believe pan-neutralizing vaccines that protect against emerging and re-emerging viral threats are attainable.
Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Assistant Professor of Neuroscience
Ph.D., University of Alberta
B.S., German University of Cairo
Brain circuits are dynamic networks of neurons that process information in the form of electrical and chemical signals to form memories and behaviors. To investigate how brain circuits instantiate fundamental computations underlying behaviors, we need to map their wiring diagrams coupled with functional analysis at cellular resolution to correlate neuron activity with behavior. However, the electrical and chemical signals are not directly visible since there is no natural contrast mechanism that allows us “to see” those signals. The Abdelfattah lab is developing novel classes of molecular tools for large-scale functional analysis and manipulation of brain circuits. In the lab, we repurpose proteins found in nature and engineer them to illuminate brain communication. We hope to use our new molecular tools to unravel the functional basis and causes of neural disorders at a level of detail that has not been accessible to date and empower us to develop novel treatments.
Milton E. Cassel Scholar
Assistant Professor; Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry
Ph.D., Harvard University
B.S., Haverford College
Kevin Monahan has been designated the Milton E. Cassel Scholar for the 2022 class of Rita Allen Foundation Scholars. This special award honors the memory of a longtime President of the Rita Allen Foundation who passed away in 2004.
In order to fit the long DNA molecules that encode our genome into a tiny nucleus, our cells fold the DNA into complex 3-dimensional structures. This folding does more than save space; it also affects how genes are turned on and off. Intriguingly, different types of cells in the nervous system exhibit distinct 3D nuclear structures. However, the functional significance and regulation of these 3D nuclear structures remains poorly understood. The Monahan lab studies the protein machinery that controls the 3D positioning of genes within the nucleus and how the formation of 3D nuclear structures regulates gene expression. For example, we recently discovered that olfactory sensory neurons, which detect chemical odorants in the air, use the 3D positioning of odorant receptor genes in the nucleus to control the specific type of odorant receptor that they will express. Using molecular, genetic, and genomic approaches, we are investigating protein complexes that regulate 3D nuclear structures in olfactory neurons and in defined populations of neurons within the central nervous system.
Assistant Professor, Physiological Sciences
B.S., University of Wisconsin – La Crosse
Ph.D., University of Iowa
In conjunction with Margaret and Will Hearst
Chronic pain affects millions of people in the United States, and its socioeconomic burden is currently unprecedentedly high due to the opioid crisis. Almost everyone has either experienced chronic pain or had a family member affected by it. For these reasons, the Mickle lab is passionate about pain research and discovering new therapeutic options for chronic pain patients. Our lab uses a “cell to model organism” strategy to pursue the goal of understanding and delineating the causes of bladder pain dysfunction. We have multiple avenues of research that support this end goal: 1) Pursuing the development of neuromodulation strategies to alleviate bladder dysfunction following spinal cord injury, 2) Evaluating the role of urothelial cells, the cells that line the bladder, in bladder pain and dysfunction, and 3) Developing implantable biosensor and neuromodulatory technology to study bladder disorders and pain.
Assistant Professor, Plastic Surgery; Cell biology, neurobiology, and anatomy
Ph.D., Rice University
M.D., Baylor College of Medicine
In conjunction with Margaret and William R. Hearst III
A truly new way to approach a problem surgically is rare and that is what has made targeted muscle reinnervation so fascinating. The unexpected observation that TMR could prevent and reduce residual limb and phantom limb pain in amputees has already impacted the lives of hundreds of patients. The Hoben laboratory has taken TMR from the bedside back to the bench to better elucidate how surgically rearranging nerves affects pain pathways. These changes in nerve connections alter neurons, the fundamental cells of the nervous system. Characterizing the changes in these cells may help identify critical components of residual and phantom limb pain that can be targeted for pain relief. Ultimately, we hope that by better understanding the foundation of TMR pain relief we will be able to apply TMR principles to amputees with chronic pain and other forms of nerve injuries.
Assistant Professor; Biochemistry, Biophysics, Chemical Biology, and Structural Biology
B.S., Stanford University
Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley
In order to fit into our cells, the human genome is packaged by proteins that protect it from breaks and cancer-causing mutations. These proteins also help cells maintain cell identity by suppressing expression of genes that belong to other cell types. The Risca lab is studying one such protein, called macroH2A, which has been shown to suppress several types of cancer. I recently developed a cutting-edge method for mapping the folding of DNA within cells. We are using this method in combination with biochemical studies of DNA wrapped around purified proteins to study the structural mechanisms that macroH2A uses to regulate gene expression. MacroH2A also interacts with PARP1, a major cancer drug target involved in DNA repair and regulation of transcription, and we hope that these insights will inform future innovations in targeted therapy.
Assistant Professor, Materials Science and Engineering
B.S., Peking University
Ph.D., Stanford University
Research from the Hong lab aims to study how the brain changes at the level of single neurons over time as well as the circuits encompassing these neurons. The brain is a dynamically changing structure. The time-dependent evolution of neural circuits during brain development—learning and memory, and aging—occurs over many years and in many different brain regions. However, this evolution involves physiological changes that must be quantified at the millisecond and micrometer scales of individual neurons. A substantial challenge in understanding the dynamically changing brain arises from the spatiotemporal mismatch between the neural activity of interest and the available tools to study it. Therefore, we aim to fill the knowledge gap by developing novel bioelectronic and biophotonic tools to study the long-term evolution of neural circuits during neurodegeneration. The knowledge obtained therein will offer therapeutic strategies for devastating diseases such as Alzheimer’s, thereby improving life quality for the families affected and society as a whole.
Assistant Professor, Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology
B.S., Yale University
Ph.D., Stanford University School of Medicine
M.D., Stanford University School of Medicine
Our first line of defense against harmful infections is known as innate immunity—an inborn system of protective mechanisms that guards against harmful viruses or bacteria, even when the body has never encountered the infection before. Many individuals infected with dangerous viruses such as influenza or coronavirus can recover quickly with only mild symptoms, even without immunity from prior exposure or vaccination, because of these defenses. The Foxman lab studies the biology of innate immune responses in tissues that are not traditionally considered part of the immune system, such as the cells that form the lining of the nasal passages and lung airways. Understanding how innate immunity is regulated in these tissues could help answer unsolved questions in infectious diseases—why the same viral infection can be asymptomatic in one person, but lead to a serious illness in another; or, on a larger scale, why certain viruses spread through families or communities at certain times but not others.
Assistant Professor
B.A., Smith College
Ph.D., Yale University
The brain is one of the most exquisitely complex networks in the known universe, and its precise connectivity is established through a convergence of genetic and environmental influences (i.e., nature and nurture, respectively). While many of the genetic factors that drive early stages of embryonic brain development are known, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of how the environment—in the form of sensory experiences—shapes neural circuits in the developing brain. We unexpectedly discovered that sensory experiences engage microglia, a unique class of brain-resident immune cells, to promote the refinement of synaptic connections between neurons early in postnatal life. Based upon this finding, the Cheadle lab combines functional, structural, and genomics approaches to systematically disentangle the mechanisms microglia and neurons use to interact with one another to facilitate postnatal brain development, and to understand how impairments in microglial function contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders.
Assistant Professor, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics
B.S., Duke University
Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Joshua Modell has been designated the Milton E. Cassel Scholar for the 2021 class of Rita Allen Foundation Scholars. This special award honors the memory of a longtime President of the Rita Allen Foundation who passed away in 2004.
CRISPR technologies have led to revolutionary new modes of genetic inquiry in the basic sciences, and they are in development as therapeutics for many genetic diseases. Less is known about how CRISPR systems function in nature, where they provide bacteria with adaptive immunity against viruses and plasmids. The Modell Lab seeks to understand how these systems interact with the biology of their bacterial hosts and viral targets, and how their activity is regulated to provide strong immunity against viruses while preventing autoimmunity.
Mitchell J. and Margo K. Blutt Presidential Assistant Professor, Biology
B.S., North Carolina A&T University
Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania
In conjunction with Open Philanthropy
My research focuses on a long-standing question—how does the nervous system encode a soft gentle caress versus a harsh painful stimulation? To accomplish this, the Abdus-Saboor Lab uses neurobiology, computational biology, and mathematics to objectively measure pain—a sensory experience that is inherently subjective. Traditionally, researchers have applied sensory stimuli to the rodent paw and tried to infer the animal’s pain state based on the singular readout of whether the animal moved its paw or not. The problem is, animals will lift their paw to both innocuous and noxious stimuli; and with that sole measurement parameter, there is a high likelihood of incorrectly assigning the animal’s sensory experience. An innovation in our work is to use videography to take thousands of images per second to measure sub-second pain behaviors, and couple this with statistical modeling and machine learning to develop rodent “pain scales.”
Assistant Professor, Immunobiology
B.S., University of California, Berkeley
Ph.D., Harvard University
An essential function of the immune system is to distinguish between its own and foreign molecules in order to destroy pathogens while preventing destruction of healthy cells. The Chen Lab investigates how the immune system correctly identifies pathogens when the same signals are found in both host cells and pathogens. Circular RNAs (circRNAs)—single-stranded RNAs where the ends are joined together—are encoded by eukaryotes and viruses. We study the essential features of viral and host circRNAs that are required in the regulation and recognition of self- versus non-self, the proteins involved in this process, and the ensuing cellular signaling. We strive to apply our understanding to engineer circRNAs as a novel strategy for immunotherapy that exploits the uniquely promising characteristics of circRNAs.
Assistant Professor, Physiology
Ph.D., Lille University School of Medicine, France
The Laumet Lab is interested in understanding why pain becomes chronic and how can we stop it. While it is obvious that neurons convey pain signaling throughout the body, neurons do not work in isolation and are constantly communicating with and getting influenced by other cells. We are particularly interested in the contribution of non-neuronal cells to chronic pain. We think that impaired communication between “pain-sensing” neurons and their surrounding cells may result in chronic pain. For example, we have discovered that anti-inflammatory molecules secreted by cells from the immune system prevent pain-sensing neurons from becoming persistently activated—this constant activity is the cellular basis of chronic pain. We hope that a better understanding of neuron/non-neuronal cell communication will lead to the development of new and better analgesics.
Assistant Professor, Department of Symptom Research
B.S., The University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, United Kingdom
Ph.D., The University of Manchester, United Kingdom
Work in the Shepherd Lab focuses on how injury, inflammation, and cancer interact with the nervous system to cause pain. We are particularly interested in how chronic illnesses disrupt the immune system, thereby increasing pain risk. Macrophages, a type of immune cell, are important contributors to pain. Macrophages infiltrate damaged tissue to clear debris and infection. Ordinarily, this process eventually resolves, promoting healing. We hypothesize that chronic pain often stems from macrophages failing to make this transition from a “damage response” to a “pro-repair” state. In such cases, macrophages continually sustain inflammation, causing nearby nerves to remain hyper-excitable and drive chronic pain. Our knowledge of these mechanisms is surprisingly limited, a problem that is set to become more widespread as chronic illnesses and cancer survivorship improve. We hope that improving our understanding of these “neuro-immune” interactions will identify novel therapeutic targets and facilitate the development of safe and effective analgesics.
Assistant Professor, Biology and Biological Engineering
B.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology
M.D., University of California, Los Angeles
Ph.D., California Institute of Technology
Viruses are in constant conversation with the cells they infect, and the information exchanged can be used by the host or the virus to guide their respective behaviors. For example, viruses may decide to become dormant after infection, while host cells may choose to activate an immune response. The Van Valen Lab listens in on this conversation to understand how viruses and their hosts represent information about their internal state and their environment, and how this information is accessed to make decisions. To do so, we combine ideas from cell biology and physics with recent advances in imaging, machine learning, and genomics to make novel measurements of host–virus interactions. Active projects include imaging the interaction between host immune and metabolic signaling networks during infection, measuring host–virus interactions in a model system of viral latency, and developing novel deep-learning approaches to single-cell analysis of biological imaging data.
Assistant Professor, Molecular and Cellular Biology
B.S., The University of Oklahoma
Ph.D., Baylor College of Medicine
Amanda Whipple has been designated the Milton E. Cassel Scholar for the 2020 class of Rita Allen Foundation Scholars. This special award honors the memory of a longtime President of the Rita Allen Foundation who passed away in 2004.
Our DNA represents the full library of genetic information each of us inherits from our parents. We inherit two copies of each gene—one from our mother and one from our father. Typically, the two copies are treated equally in the cell. However, the Whipple Lab studies a unique class of “imprinted genes,” in which only one parental copy is active (“expressed”) while the other is inactive (“silenced”). Many imprinted genes are expressed in the brain and are associated with diverse neurological disorders. Yet, the reasons for imprinted expression and the effects of imprinted gene activity in the brain remain largely unknown. We use molecular and bio-computational approaches to understand: (1) why genes evolved imprinted expression in the brain, (2) how imprinted genes function in neurons, and (3) how dysregulation of imprinted genes contributes to neurological diseases.
Assistant Professor, Evolutionary Genetics and Genomics
B.S., Inner Mongolia University, China
Ph.D., Chinese Academy of Sciences
Each living species and every phylogenetic clade has a unique set of genes and phenotypes. Understanding how novel genes originate and subsequently evolve is crucial to explaining the genetic basis of novel phenotypes and ultimately the diversity of life. However, because the relationship between genes and phenotypes is complex and multidimensional, how and what type of genetic innovations contribute to novel organismal phenotypes remains largely unknown. Research in the Zhao Laboratory aims to understand the origination and evolution of molecular innovations as well as how they contribute to phenotypic innovation and adaptation. One of the focuses in the lab is to use de novo genes, which are genes that have originated from non-genic sequences of genomes, as a unique paradigm to tackle these questions. In the long-term, the Zhao lab aims to decipher the principles of gene origination and its underlying positive or negative impact on population dynamics and human health.
Assistant Professor, Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine
B.Sc., McGill University
M.D./Ph.D., Dartmouth College
In conjunction with the Open Philanthropy Project
The mission of the Tawfik Lab is to do the best clinically informed basic science research to advance our understanding of the neuroimmune contribution to chronic pain in a thoughtful manner, with our patients always in mind. We are particularly interested in understanding the unique underpinnings of various types of chronic pain and how central nervous system glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) contribute to the transition from acute to chronic pain. Microglia are particularly interesting to us, as the macrophages of the central nervous system with known roles in synaptic pruning and neuroinflammation. Funding from the Open Philanthropy Project will allow us to dive more deeply into the contribution of spinal cord microglia using transgenic manipulations and microglial transcriptome analyses in a mouse model of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), a disease that affects the limbs after minor fracture, or surgery. We expect that our findings in this model will also extend to other forms of chronic pain and allow for the development of more specific glial-targeted therapeutics.
Assistant Professor, Symptom Research
B.S., University of Adelaide
Ph.D., University of Adelaide
In conjunction with the Open Philanthropy Project
Pain that becomes chronic and outlasts the period of healing is a major medical challenge. The Grace Lab investigates the neuroimmune interactions that drive chronic pain. After injury to sensory nerves, glial cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, are activated throughout the central nervous system. These activated glia secrete neurotransmitters and cytokines that increase the excitability of neurons in pain pathways. We are focused on the open question of how spinal cord astrocytes are persistently activated in such remote regions. This line of research is also being expanded to determine how activated glia in the brain also contribute to common comorbidities of chronic pain, including depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairments. The ultimate goal of this work is to find new ways to treat chronic pain.
Assistant Professor, Anesthesiology
B.S., University of Toronto Scarborough
Ph.D., University of Toronto
Our research focuses on synaptic plasticity and neuromodulation within defined neural circuits in the ventral basal ganglia, a collection of brain structures involved in reward learning and selection of flexible behavior. Specifically, we ask how chronic pain, addictive drugs, or genetic mutations alter the function of these neural circuits, and how circuit dysfunction contributes to symptoms of chronic pain, substance use, and mood disorders. Our ultimate goal is to leverage insight from circuit studies to develop novel neuromodulation for these disorders, including deep brain stimulation and focused ultrasound. By first determining how neuronal and circuit adaptations drive specific behavioral symptoms of disease, we can establish a strategy for targeted circuit manipulation in a disease state. We then rationally design neuromodulation paradigms and validate them in model systems to provide novel strategies to treat symptoms at the interface of chronic pain, mood, and substance use disorders.
Assistant Professor, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology
B.S., University of Michigan
Ph.D., University of California, San Francisco
Josie Clowney has been designated the Milton E. Cassel Scholar for the 2019 class of Rita Allen Foundation Scholars. This special award honors the memory of a longtime President of the Rita Allen Foundation who passed away in 2004.
Our bodies make direct contact with environment-derived molecules including volatiles, dietary nutrients, and microbial components. The evolutionary problem of detecting and responding to extraordinarily diverse exogenous compounds has been solved similarly in chemosensory, digestive, and immune systems, by the evolution of large families of cell surface and secreted proteins whose members each have limited binding affinities. The Clowney lab studies how these large gene families evolved; how they are coordinately regulated across cells; and, in the chemosensory system, how signals flowing through chemosensory receptors can be meaningfully interpreted to allow suitable behavioral responses. We are particularly interested in understanding the distinct biological mechanisms that allow reflexive responses to evolutionarily predicted stimuli versus flexible responses to arbitrary or evolutionarily unpredicted stimuli.
Assistant Professor, Neurobiology
B.S., University of the Sciences in Philadelphia
Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley
Our perception of the world around us is heavily shaped by factors such as prior experience, expectations, attentional focus, and drugs—both therapeutic and recreational. Yet, how context influences sensory information processing in the brain is largely a mystery. The Banghart Lab aims to understand how the brain controls the perception of pain. Toward this goal, the lab studies the neural mechanisms that support both pharmacological analgesia (e.g. opioid painkillers), as well as “top-down” pain modulation, wherein pain suppression is driven purely by cognitive processes (e.g. placebo analgesia). By revealing the similarities and differences between the neural circuits and neurochemical signals that underlie these forms of pain modulation, this work may one day contribute to the development of new therapies.
Research Associate, Boston Children’s Hospital
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School
B.S., Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University
M.S., Environmental Engineering, Duke University
Ph.D., Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Northwestern University
Project: How do signals from resident bacteria keep the intestines healthy?
Motivated by a desire to advance strategies for environmental protection, Dingding An began her undergraduate education in environmental engineering at Tsinghua University in Beijing. She took many courses in chemistry and physics, but was increasingly drawn to biology. An’s research experience at Duke University helped her make this transition—she chose a laboratory that focused on the remediation of pollution by microbial processes, and discovered she had a keen interest in working with bacteria.
In her doctoral research, An explored how multiple species of bacteria grow, survive and compete in communities called biofilms, which are known for posing problems in food production and medicine. During the course of her Ph.D., she followed her mentor, Matthew Parsek, from Northwestern University to the University of Iowa, and finally to the University of Washington School of Medicine in Seattle. This exposure to diverse biological research environments inspired An to pursue research on host-microbe interactions.
As a postdoctoral fellow in Dennis Kasper’s lab at Harvard Medical School, she began using mouse models to examine microbes that function not as pathogens, but as partners. She studied how bacteria living in the intestine modulate the immune system and protect the host from inflammatory bowel disease. An found that this protection is conferred in part by unique yet abundant bacterial molecules called sphingolipids. Now, An and her team are seeking a fuller understanding of sphingolipids in intestinal health. Their research will address why these bacterial signals seem to be important early in life, and how sphingolipids affect the production of mucus, which forms a critical barrier between bacterial cells and the host’s intestinal cells. “Eventually, I think we could identify specific sphingolipids produced by bacteria and use them as therapeutics to specifically help patients when they have a mucus production problem,” she says.
Kyle Baumbauer (Award in Pain Recipient) earned a B.S. in psychology and a B.A. in sociology from the University of Central Florida. He holds an M.A. and Ph.D. in experimental psychology from Kent State University, where he studied molecular mechanisms that allow neurons in the spinal cord to mediate learning and adaptation to the environment. This research contributed to an emerging view of the spinal cord not merely as a channel for signals traveling to and from the brain, but as a dynamic group of nerves with important effects on behavior. Baumbauer continued this area of research while a postdoctoral fellow at Texas A&M University, and explored how painful stimulation impacts spinal cord function to understand how the presence of pain affects the recovery of function after spinal cord injury. Baumbauer then did a second fellowship at the University of Pittsburgh, where he began examining the impact of injury and inflammation on peripheral sensory neuron function.
In 2014 Baumbauer joined the faculty at the University of Connecticut School of Nursing, where his research focuses on unraveling the relationship between alterations in gene expression and sensory neuron function, and how these processes contribute to chronic pain following spinal cord injury. Through these investigations, Baumbauer and his team aim to make advances that aid in the treatment of pathological pain. In addition to the Rita Allen Foundation Baumbauer’s research is supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. He is also a recipient of a Mary Lawrence Research Development Award from the UConn School of Nursing and has been honored as a Sigma Theta Tau Friend of Nursing.
Richard Daneman has been designated the Milton E. Cassel Scholar for the 2017 class of Rita Allen Foundation Scholars. This special award honors the memory of a long-time President of the Rita Allen Foundation who passed away in 2004.
Assistant Professor of Neuroscience and Pharmacology
B.Sc., Biochemistry, McGill University
Ph.D., Developmental Biology, Stanford University
Project: How does the blood–brain barrier influence the activities of neurons in the brain?
Richard Daneman grew up in an academic family. His parents, a cognitive psychologist and a pediatric endocrinologist, sometimes enlisted him and his brother to serve as research subjects. From an early age, Daneman says, he was attracted to the “amazing adventure” of science: “I loved asking a question that had no answer and trying to work out different ways that you could solve a problem.” As an undergraduate, he got involved in projects to develop new laboratory techniques—to measure fine-scale pH changes within cells, and to analyze gene expression patterns in fruit flies.
Daneman conducted graduate work at Stanford University with Ben Barres, a neurobiologist known for research on glial cells, which make up a large proportion of cells in the nervous system but are vastly understudied. The Barres lab was an ideal setting for Daneman to pursue another overlooked aspect of the nervous system: the blood–brain barrier. He led studies to identify molecular signals that give blood vessels in the central nervous system their unique properties—unlike the “leaky” blood vessels in other tissues, they restrict the movement of toxins, pathogens and immune cells.
Daneman continued to focus on the blood–brain barrier during a fellowship at the University of California, San Francisco, and is now pursuing multiple questions related to the barrier’s development and its breakdown in conditions of injury or disease. He recently discovered physiological processes within the brain’s blood vessels that could influence the function of neurons. The Rita Allen Foundation award will allow Daneman and his team to examine the role of the blood–brain barrier in brain functioning. “We think of blood vessels as these tubes that run through the brain,” he says. “But the idea that they have these dynamic physiological properties that can fine-tune and manipulate the [neural] circuits—we know nothing about that.”
Arkady Khoutorsky (Award in Pain Recipient) earned a B.Sc. in biology and an M.Sc. in neurobiology, as well as D.V.M. and Ph.D. degrees, from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. During a postdoctoral fellowship at McGill University, Khoutorsky investigated how regulation of protein synthesis controls neuronal plasticity in the brain and in the pain pathway. He joined McGill’s Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain in 2016. In addition to the Rita Allen Foundation, Khoutorsky’s work is supported by the Canada Foundation for Innovation, and by a NARSAD Young Investigator Grant and a Louise and Alan Edwards Foundation Grant in Chronic Pain Research.
Khoutorsky’s lab is examining how neuronal circuits in the spinal cord are remodeled to promote sensitivity to pain. He is interested in the extracellular matrix, a network of proteins that surrounds neurons. In the brain, this matrix appears to restrict the ability of neurons to form the new structures necessary for learning and memory. Enzymes that degrade the matrix are activated in some chronic pain conditions. Khoutorsky and his team are investigating how such degradation impacts spinal cord neurons that normally inhibit pain signals. They aim to determine how changes in the extracellular matrix might enable the neurons to become “hyperexcitable” and inappropriately propagate pain.
Assistant Professor of Neurobiology
B. Pharm., Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
M.Sc., Neuroscience, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany
Ph.D., Neuroscience, Philipps-University, School of Medicine, Marburg, Germany
Project: How can chronic stress change neural circuits and lead to depression?
Stephan Lammel has a longstanding interest in medicine, and began training as a pharmacist with the intention of taking over his family’s business. During his pharmacy residency, he grew frustrated with the limitations and side effects of currently available medications—particularly for neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. Then he met a researcher, Jochen Roeper, who was studying how dopamine neurons degenerate in Parkinson’s disease.
Lammel was excited by the opportunity to explore the underlying neurobiology of the dopamine system, and to make discoveries that could guide more effective therapeutic approaches. He joined Roeper’s lab as a master’s student, and later pursued a Ph.D. His work helped to reveal diversity in the properties of dopamine-containing neurons. As a postdoctoral scholar in Robert Malenka’s lab at Stanford University, Lammel continued investigating dopamine neurons, including neural circuits involved in reward and motivation.
With support from the Rita Allen Foundation, Lammel and his team will apply new technologies to examine the mechanisms by which chronic stress can lead to depression. Better knowledge of these mechanisms is crucial to treating depression, he says, as today’s outdated therapies are effective for less than half of patients, and have many undesirable side effects. Lammel’s research group will follow changes in neural activity in freely moving animals over time, using methods such as optogenetics and in vivo calcium imaging to visualize changes in activity among specific populations of neurons. “If we understand the circuits in which these neurons are embedded, we can manipulate them in a more specific way and try to reverse some of the pathological changes in these circuits”, he explains. “Ultimately, we hope these manipulations can also reverse some of the symptoms of depression.”
Assistant Professor of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute
A.B., Psychology and Biology, Harvard College
Ph.D., Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University
M.D., Weill Cornell Medicine
Project: What are the molecular mechanisms of working memory?
As an undergraduate, Conor Liston became fascinated by the science of learning and memory, and by larger questions of how the brain gives rise to consciousness. “One of the things that attracted me to neuroscience was the potential for discoveries that would transform the way we think about ourselves as people, and also could potentially transform the way we think about diagnosing and treating disorders of the brain,” he says.
Liston’s desire to improve the understanding and treatment of mental illness led him to pursue an M.D.-Ph.D. During his psychiatry residency at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, he also conducted postdoctoral research with Wen-Biao Gan at New York University, investigating how stress hormones affect neural connections critical for learning. This research fueled his interest in new technologies for visualizing and experimentally manipulating activity in the living brain, and led him to a fellowship at Stanford University. There, Liston worked in the laboratory of Karl Deisseroth, known as a pioneer of optogenetics—a technique for controlling and monitoring neurons using specific wavelengths of light. Liston used optogenetics and other new imaging methods to explore the neural circuitry of fear responses and reward-seeking behaviors.
Now, Liston, an assistant professor of neuroscience in the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, treats psychiatric patients in the clinic, and leads a research program on the neuroscience of learning, memory, stress and depression. Support from the Rita Allen Foundation will allow Liston and his team to investigate the basis of working memory—the type of memory that operates when we remember and call a phone number, but forget it a few hours later. Working memory “is both stable and robust enough to not be interfered with by irrelevant information in our environment, but also labile enough to be easily deleted and replaced with new information,” Liston explains. “That’s an interesting paradox: How does our brain register memories that have these two competing qualities?” He plans to examine how different subtypes of neurons interact to achieve this balance—and how it can be disrupted in conditions such as depression.
Assistant Professor of Biochemistry
B.S., Biopsychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Michigan
Ph.D., Neuroscience, Northwestern University
Project: How does a modification of RNA influence the brain’s development and activity?
As a child, Kate Meyer had ambitions of becoming a surgeon, and entered college on a premedical track. A course on abnormal psychology fueled her fascination with the brain’s complexity, and she switched her focus to neuroscience. She helped with a research project on the neural basis of taste, which involved “scoring rat behaviors for hours on end, and loving it,” she recalls. “I was super excited to do literally anything” in the laboratory, Meyer adds.
She sought further training in neuroscience as a Ph.D. student in Jill Morris’ lab at Northwestern University, where she investigated the expression pattern of a gene implicated in schizophrenia and assessed its role in the developing brain. During a postdoctoral fellowship with Samie Jaffrey at Weill Cornell Medical College, Meyer delved into the biology of RNA. She led a comprehensive analysis of an RNA modification called m6A—the methylation of adenosine residues, a chemical marker that can influence whether an RNA molecule is translated into protein. Using next-generation sequencing, Meyer and her colleagues showed that the modification is widespread among thousands of genes in mammals, and that its prevalence increases in the brain during development.
In her own laboratory at Duke, Meyer and her team are exploring how the m6A modification affects when and where genes are expressed—with special attention to how this regulation shapes the growth, connections and activities of neurons. Her goal, she says, is “to understand, all the way from the molecular level to the behavioral level, what happens if we manipulate this pathway that controls methylation. What are the consequences for things like learning and memory, or neurological disease?”
Steve Davidson (Award in Pain Recipient) earned a B.S. in psychology from the University of New Orleans and a Ph.D. in neuroscience from the University of Minnesota. He was a postdoctoral scholar in the Department of Anesthesiology at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis from 2009 to 2014, and in 2015 he joined the faculty of the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. In 2010, Davidson received a Future Leader in Pain Research award from the American Pain Society.
Pain has long been recognized as a multidimensional experience. Yet research has focused almost exclusively on the sensory dimension, leaving the emotional and motivational components poorly understood and undertreated. The Davidson lab seeks to elucidate and control a neural circuit responsible for regulating the capacity for pain tolerance, an aspect of pain behavior dependent on emotional and motivational pain processing that occurs in the brain. Davidson’s research tests the main hypothesis that effective pain control can be achieved by manipulating neural activity in a thalamo-limbic pathway to enhance pain tolerance. His laboratory has developed a novel operant behavioral model in which rodents may obtain a reward by engaging with (tolerating) a noxious thermal stimulus. Using this approach, analgesics with efficacy for improving the affective measure of pain tolerance vs. reflexive withdrawal may be determined. To determine whether thalamo-limbic projection neurons control pain, virally infected posterior thalamic neurons containing optically gated ion channels will allow direct control of activity through an implanted light source while animals are tested for changes to pain tolerance and reflexive behaviors. Finally, the Davidson lab will test the hypothesis that chronic pain alters synaptic plasticity in the thalamo-limbic circuit. This will include examination of posterior thalamic projection neurons for altered excitability and synaptic plasticity at the posterior thalamus-insula synapse in rodent models of neuropathic and inflammatory chronic pain.
Camila dos Santos completed undergraduate, master’s and doctoral studies at the University of Campinas in Brazil. She was a postdoctoral fellow at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, as well as a postdoctoral fellow and research investigator at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory with Gregory Hannon, a 2000 Rita Allen Foundation Scholar and a member of the Foundation’s Scientific Advisory Committee. She became an assistant professor at CSHL in 2015. In addition to the Rita Allen Foundation award, dos Santos has received a Glen Cove Cares Research Award, a Pershing Square Foundation Scholar Award and a research award from the Manhasset Women’s Coalition Against Breast Cancer.
The dos Santos laboratory aims to uncover the molecular basis of pregnancy-induced breast cancer protection. In humans, a full-term pregnancy before the age of 25 is known to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer by more than one-third. In rodents, pregnancy can decrease the frequency of carcinogen-induced mammary tumors by more than 60 percent. A recent study by dos Santos and colleagues has shown that transitions through pregnancy lead to massive and stable reorganization of DNA methylation in mammary epithelial cells. Now they propose to further characterize this phenomenon by mapping genome-wide enhancer activity in this system. They will test the hypothesis that the parous (post-pregnancy) epigenome modulates the effects of breast cancer oncogenes on epithelial cell oncogenesis. In addition, they will investigate pharmacological strategies that mimic these effects, which may provide a path toward strategies for breast cancer prevention.
Monica Dus (Milton E. Cassel Scholar) earned a B.S. in biology from the University of Redlands in Redlands, California, and a Ph.D. in the Watson School of Biological Sciences at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, where she worked with Gregory Hannon, a 2000 Rita Allen Foundation Scholar and a member of the Foundation’s Scientific Advisory Committee. After a postdoctoral fellowship in Greg Suh’s lab at the New York University School of Medicine, she became an assistant professor at the University of Michigan in 2015. In addition to being a Rita Allen Foundation Scholar, Dus has received a Pathways to Independence K99/R00 Award from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, a NARSAD Young Investigator Grant from the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation and a Klingenstein-Simons Fellowship Award in the Neurosciences.
One of the oldest debates in biology is that of nature versus nurture. Are our behaviors dictated by genes or by the environment? In the last decade it has become clear that neuroepigenetic processes play a key role in adult brain function by merging environmental information with ongoing brain processes to direct behavioral states. Disruption in these processes is linked to both normal and abnormal behaviors, such memory and addiction. However, the underlying mechanisms remain mysterious. In particular, we have no knowledge about the genetic loci of integration between the environment and behavior, or the identity of the neural pathways that control them in specific neural circuits. This presents a major roadblock to unlocking the molecular interface between brain and environment and the role it plays in brain function. To understand how the environment shapes and reprograms brain and behavior, the Dus lab exploits: 1) a simple behavior, eating, which is dependent on an experimentally controllable environment, diet; and 2) the fruit fly brain, which is orders of magnitude smaller than vertebrate brains, but shows conserved neurochemistry.
Katherine Hanlon (Award in Pain Recipient) earned a B.S. in biochemistry and molecular biophysics and a Ph.D. in pharmacology from the University of Arizona, where she worked with Todd Vanderah. She went on to complete a postdoctoral fellowship in tumor immunology at the Mount Sinai Medical Center with Joshua Brody and Peter Heeger. In addition to her work in the lab, Hanlon currently teaches Biochemistry and Principles of Pharmacology in the School of Pharmacy at Presbyterian College and directs the College’s Office of Research. Her primary research interests include macrophage-neuron communication in pain processing and the role of tumor-associated macrophages in cancer development. She also studies the mechanisms of dysregulation of cannabinoid receptor signaling in tumor and immune cells in metastatic disease.
Studies in the Hanlon lab are carried out using multiple in vitro and in vivo models, including leukocytes and neurons isolated from dorsal root ganglia, leukocytes and tumor cells isolated from murine mammary tumors, leukocytes harvested from post-surgical peritoneal adhesions, and human blood monocyte primary cultures. With the support of the Rita Allen Foundation and the American Pain Society, the lab is able to explore the communication that occurs between sensory neurons and macrophages (innate immune cells that are critical in injury response) in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Macrophages in the DRG are a unique population of cells that bear some resemblance to brain microglia, but are functionally distinct and exhibit specific phenotype differences. In response to peripheral injury, DRG macrophages respond to activity in the ascending pain pathways and may alter pain perception. By evaluating the phenotype and function of this unique population, Hanlon hopes to isolate novel and exploitable mechanisms that may be used to develop non-opioid therapeutics for the treatment of persistent pain.
Alex Kentsis received undergraduate and master’s degrees from the University of Chicago, where he conducted research in the laboratory of Tobin Sosnick. He earned a Ph.D. from New York University, where he worked with Katherine Borden, and an M.D. from Mount Sinai School of Medicine, where his advisor was Roman Osman. He completed research and clinical fellowships at Boston Children’s Hospital and the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, where he later became an attending physician, as well as an instructor at Harvard Medical School. He joined the faculties of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College in 2013. In addition to being a Rita Allen Foundation Scholar, Kentsis has received a Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation Clinical Investigator Award, an American Society for Clinical Investigation Physician-Scientist Award, an American Society of Hematology Scholar Award and a Burroughs Wellcome Fund Career Award for Medical Scientists.
Genome sequencing efforts have revealed a surprising dearth of gene mutations in many human cancers, suggesting that alternative oncogenic mechanisms must be investigated to identify targets for improved therapy. Approximately half of the human genome originates from mobile DNA elements, or transposons, but their contributions to human disease and physiology remain almost completely unexplored. Kentsis aims to investigate mechanisms of tumorigenesis by a novel human DNA transposase in embryonal tumors, lethal childhood cancers that are refractory to intensive chemotherapy. Successful completion of proposed studies promises to transform our ability to identify the drivers of human cancer, thus leading to improved targeted therapies for these refractory pediatric tumors. This work will also establish powerful tools for the investigation of DNA transposition and genomic plasticity, with transformative applications in wide areas of human biology.
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Bo Li earned her B.S. in biological sciences from Beijing University and her Ph.D. in biochemistry from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. She was a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology at Harvard Medical School, where she worked with Christopher T. Walsh. She has received a a Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund for Medical Research Fellowship and a National Institutes of Health Pathway to Independence Award.
Li’s lab identifies bioactive small molecules produced by bacteria—she and her colleagues explore the chemistry of their production and study the roles they play in the biology of bacteria and human hosts. Bacteria craft these gene-encoded molecules from primary metabolites using complex chemical transformations; the structures and activities of these small molecules have been optimized through millions of years of evolution and enable these molecules to mediate extensive microbe-microbe and microbe-host interactions. Li’s multidisciplinary research program uses bacterial genomics and metabolomics as enabling technologies to identify novel bacterial small molecules. First, her team is identifying small molecules from soil bacteria as novel antibiotics to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens; second, they are identifying metabolites produced by the human gut microbiota to unravel the chemical and molecular mechanisms of bacterial symbiosis and pathogenesis. Her work involves understanding fundamental biosynthetic mechanisms and extends to exploiting bacterial small molecules to improve human health and prevent disease.
Katharina Schlacher obtained her B.S. in microbiology at the Karl-Franzens University in Graz, Austria. For graduate studies, in 2003 she joined the lab of Myron Goodman at the University of Southern California, where she earned her Ph.D. While there, she discovered an unprecedented transactivation mechanism for mutagenic E. coli DNA polymerase V by proteobacter recombinase RecA, recognized by the USC College Doctoral Research Prize. In 2007, as a Damon Runyon Postdoctoral Fellow, Schlacher joined Maria Jasin at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and Hong Wu at the University of California, Los Angeles, to focus on her passion for mechanisms at the replication fork. She discovered a novel genomic instability and tumor suppressor mechanism at the DNA replication fork distinct from DNA repair. Specifically, Fanconi anemia proteins BRCA1/2 protect stalled DNA replication forks from degradation by MRE11. This replication fork protection discovery was recognized with the Parvin Foundation Award for academic excellence, the UCLA/Molecular Biology Institute Research Excellence Award and the MSKCC Postdoctoral Research Award. Schlacher received a National Cancer Institute K22 award and joined the faculty at MD Anderson Cancer Center in 2014.
Schlacher’s research focuses on developing an in-depth molecular and biological understanding of how replication fork protection suppresses cancer and disease to obtain biological insights suitable to develop disease prevention and treatment strategies.
Minoree Kohwi’s interest in brain development started as an undergraduate in Mark Konishi’s lab at the California Institute of Technology. She earned a Ph.D. in Arturo Alvarez-Buylla’s lab at the University of California, San Francisco. As a postdoc in Chris Doe’s lab at the University of Oregon, she discovered that the 3-D organization of the neural progenitor genome changes during development, determining which genes can be activated, and thus, which cell types can be generated. Now at Columbia, Kohwi is excited to embark on a journey into nuclear architecture and stem cell competence to ask fundamental questions about the origin of neural diversity during brain development.
The brain’s complexity is apparent from the incredible diversity of its neural cell types. To form the functional circuitry governing our cognitive and motor functions, neural progenitors must make each cell type at the right place, time and abundance. In both insects and mammals, stem/progenitor cells typically produce different cell types in a stereotyped order, and over the course of development they lose the ability to make the earlier-born cell types. Such “loss of competence” is a prominent feature of neural progenitors, although the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Using Drosophila, Kohwi and her colleagues discovered that neural progenitors undergo a developmentally timed reorganization of their genome that physically relocates genes within the 3-D nuclear space and affects the genes’ ability to turn on or off. They found that such gene repositioning in neural progenitors is highly regulated, and determines the progenitors’ potential to make specific cell types at each developmental stage. They aim to examine how neural progenitor nuclear architecture is regulated developmentally and how this regulation contributes to neural diversity. These results will provide new insights into brain development, neural developmental disorders and brain repair.
Yevgenia Kozorovitskiy earned B.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Princeton University, where she worked with Elizabeth Gould to study social experience-induced structural plasticity in the adult rodent and primate brain. She conducted postdoctoral research in the laboratory of Bernardo Sabatini at Harvard Medical School, where she investigated neural activity and neuromodulation in developmental wiring of basal ganglia circuits. She joined the faculty of Northwestern University in 2014. In addition to being a Rita Allen Foundation Scholar, Kozorovitskiy is the recipient of a Public Voices Fellowship and a Cornew Innovation Award from Northwestern University, a Sloan Research Fellowship and a Searle Scholar Award.
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a tremendous mental health burden, with a lifetime incidence of more than 15 percent. A great promise for MDD treatment, especially for resistant and suicidal patients, lies in rapidly acting antidepressants. Yet the neurobiological plasticity mechanisms underlying rapid antidepressant effects remain poorly understood. Kozorovitskiy’s research group takes a multipronged approach to studying synapses and neural circuits implicated in depression and affect. First, they are evaluating whether rapidly acting antidepressant drugs and their functionally relevant metabolites directly facilitate the production of new synapses on genetically targeted neurons. Preliminary data indicate that the effects of rapidly acting antidepressants on synapses occur on a slower time scale and have a broader reach than expected, transcending the neural circuits typically implicated in depression. Second, interrogating neuromodulatory circuits implicated in regulation of affective state, they have discovered and characterized an important new direct interaction between dopamine, an amine important for reward-based learning, and oxytocin, a neuropeptide relevant to social affect, bonding and reproduction. Third, to facilitate the imaging of diffraction-limited nanoscale architecture of synapses, they have collaborated to develop a new imaging method that combines the strengths of two-photon excitation with structured illumination.
Julie Law received a B.S. in biochemistry and biophysics from Oregon State University, where she conducted research in the laboratory of Walter Ream. She earned a Ph.D. in biochemistry at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, where she worked with Barbara Sollner-Webb. Following a postdoctoral fellowship with Steven Jacobsen at the University of California, Los Angeles, Law joined the faculty of the Salk Institute in 2012. In addition to being a Rita Allen Foundation Scholar, she is a recipient of a Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award from the National Institutes of Health and an L&L Nippert Charitable Foundation grant. In 2015 she was named a Hearst Foundation Development Chair at Salk.
Understanding how cells maintain genome stability is a fundamental biological question of relevance to reproductive health; numerous human diseases, including cancer; and crop yields. While it is known that modifications to chromatin (either in the form of nucleosome remodeling or the addition of chemical modifications to DNA and/or histones) play critical roles in maintaining genome stability, how they accomplish this feat remains unclear. Since mutations affecting chromatin structure in mammals are often lethal, answering such mechanistic questions requires a comparable, but more robust system, such as the plant model Arabidopsis thaliana. Indeed, the best characterized connection between chromatin and genome stability is a phenomenon first characterized in plants, wherein DNA methylation prevents the perilous movement of transposons within the genome by silencing their expression. The Law lab has described a family of Arabidopsis chromatin remodeling factors, CLSY1-4, that affect small RNA biogenesis, DNA methylation-mediated transposon silencing and DNA repair—revealing new links between several pathways critical for genome stability. Given the dual roles of the CLSY proteins, they propose to utilize these factors to dissect the connections between chromatin and genome stability. Such studies will shed light not only how DNA damage is normally repaired, but also on how chromatin-based defects cause genome instability.
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John Schoggins (Milton E. Cassel Scholar) earned his B.S. in chemistry from the University of Rochester and his Ph.D. in molecular biology from the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences. He was a postdoctoral fellow in virology/infectious disease at The Rockefeller University, and has been on the faculty at UT Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas since 2012. In addition to being a Rita Allen Foundation Milton E. Cassel Scholar, he has been named a Nancy Cain and Jeffrey A. Marcus Scholar in Medical Research, in Honor of Dr. Bill S. Vowell, at UT Southwestern Medical Center and a Clayton Foundation Scholar. He has also received the Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award from the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, the NIH New Innovator Award, and both the Sidney and Joan Pestka Award for Excellence in Interferon Research and the Seymour and Vivian Milstein Young Investigator Award from the International Cytokine and Interferon Society.
Interferons are among the first lines of defense against viral infection. The interferon-induced antiviral state is established by the transcription of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes, many of which have direct antiviral effector functions. Previous screening efforts in Schoggins’ lab identified interferon alpha-inducible protein 6 (IFI6) as an inhibitor of yellow fever virus and dengue virus infection. His group has shown that IFI6 is inhibitory toward multiple flaviviruses, in some cases reducing viral titers 1,000-fold. Strikingly, this antiviral effect is highly specific, since the closely related hepatitis C virus is not inhibited. CRISPR-mediated deletion of IFI6 results in a strong attenuation of interferon sensitivity, suggesting that IFI6 plays a major role in the antiviral response during flavivirus infections. Using a variety of molecular virological and cell biological approaches, Schoggins’ team has shown that the mechanism of IFI6 action is inhibition of viral genome replication, but not earlier steps in the viral life cycle. They are currently addressing a potential role for flavivirus NS1 protein as a target of IFI6 action. In preliminary studies, ectopic expression of NS1 was able to rescue viral infection from the inhibitory effects of IFI6. These findings uncover a novel interferon-stimulated gene that potently and selectively inhibits replication of several important disease-causing flaviviruses.
Robert Sorge (Award in Pain Recipient) earned his Honors B.Sc. in psychology from McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, his M.A. in experimental psychology from Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo, Ontario, and his Ph.D. in psychology from Concordia University in Montreal, Quebec. He was a postdoctoral fellow at McGill University before joining the faculty at The University of Alabama at Birmingham in 2012. In addition to being named a Rita Allen Foundation Pain Scholar, he has received a Young Investigator Award from the Sex, Gender and Pain Special Interest Group of the International Association for the Study of Pain. He also has received postdoctoral fellowships from the Alan Edwards Center for Research on Pain at McGill and from the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
Obesity in America is reaching epidemic proportions, with more than one-third of the population classified as obese, and even more as overweight. In addition to the increased risk for metabolic syndromes and cardiovascular disease, obesity is also comorbid with chronic pain for a significant number of patients. It is known that adipose tissue and components of the American diet can contribute to a chronic proinflammatory state that may predispose individuals to significant negative health effects. Sorge and his collaborators believe that this state is the result of heightened activity of the immune system. Their previous work has shown that consumption of a Western diet results in changes in acute sensitivity to stimuli, increased systemic inflammation and prolonged recovery from injury. These effects are believed to be the result of chronic immune cell activation in the peripheral and central nervous system. Current work is underway to investigate the temporal profile of immune cell activation following differential exposure to the American diet in rodents. Through examination of the immune-related impact of diet, it may be possible to formulate treatments that will reduce the negative effects of the American diet with respect to pain and other related inflammatory conditions.
Jeremy Wilusz received his Ph.D. from the Watson School of Biological Sciences at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and performed postdoctoral studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His research addresses the mechanisms by which noncoding RNAs are generated, regulated and function. Wilusz has been the recipient of the RNA Society/Scaringe Young Scientist Award, the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society Postdoctoral Fellowship and the National Institutes of Health Pathway to Independence Award.
It was long assumed that eukaryotic precursor mRNAs (pre-mRNAs) are almost always spliced to generate a linear mRNA that is then translated to produce a protein. However, recent deep sequencing studies have revealed thousands of protein-coding genes that are non-canonically spliced to produce circular RNAs with covalently linked ends. Some RNA circles are expressed at much higher levels than their associated linear mRNAs, suggesting that the main function of some genes may be to produce circular noncoding RNAs, not proteins. Wilusz’s research aims to reveal (i) how the choice between linear versus circular RNA production is made, (ii) how circular RNAs function and (iii) how misregulation of circular RNAs contributes to human cancer. As part of these efforts, his team has shown that circular RNA biogenesis is often initiated when complementary sequences from two different introns base-pair to one another. This brings the splice sites from the intervening exon(s) into close proximity to facilitate the backsplicing event that generates the circular RNA.They have used this knowledge to make plasmids that efficiently circularize exons in vivo, allowing them to begin to identify novel roles for circular RNAs in normal and cancer cells.
Yi Ye (Award in Pain Recipient) holds a Ph.D. in neuroscience from the University of Wyoming, a master’s degree in clinical research from New York University and an M.B.A. from NYU’s Stern School of Business. She was a research fellow in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in the College of Dentistry at the University of California, San Francisco, and joined the Bluestone Center as an associate research scientist in 2010. She has been in her current position since 2015. She has received a Travel Award and a Young Investigator Award from the International Association for the Study of Pain, and was awarded both a National Institutes of Health-NYU-Clinical and Translational Science Institute Scholarship and an NYU Whitehead Fellowship in 2015.
Ye’s research aims to understand the neurobiological basis of cancer pain, with additional focus on carcinogenesis and tumor progression in head and neck cancer. The ultimate goal of her research is to develop novel therapies that can be used for both cancer and pain treatment by targeting shared mechanisms. In progression toward this goal, she directs a translational research program that uses multiple approaches including in vitro cell culture, animal models and human studies.
Lei Ding completed his undergraduate studies at Peking University, and earned a Ph.D. at the University of Colorado, Boulder, where he worked with Min Han. He was a postdoctoral fellow in Sean Morrison’s laboratory at the University of Michigan and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. He joined the faculty of Columbia University in 2013.
A lifelong supply of blood and immune cells depends on self-renewing hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). How HSCs self-renew is a fundamental question with broad implications for understanding development, regeneration, cancer and aging of the blood system. HSC self-renewal is regulated by cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic mechanisms. The Ding laboratory is interested in these mechanisms, particularly extrinsic mechanisms that regulate blood-forming HSC self-renewal and maintenance. Prior work has identified bone marrow perivascular mesenchymal stromal cells as a critical component of the niche.
Ding’s group is studying the extrinsic regulation of HSCs in three distinct, yet closely related, areas: 1) regulation of bone marrow perivascular mesenchymal stromal cells; 2) the cellular component of the fetal liver HSC niche; and 3) the contribution of the niche to the pathogenesis of hematological diseases. They are in the process of characterizing several candidate factors that may regulate the fate of bone marrow perivascular stromal cells. They are also elucidating the roles of several candidate niche cell types in fetal livers. In addition, their data suggest that bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells are critical contributors to a hematopoietic malignancy, myelofibrosis, providing a cellular target to better treat the disease. HSC-based bone marrow transplantation is widely used in clinics to treat hematological diseases. Ding and his team hope to apply their knowledge to better harness the power of HSCs.
Molly Hammell (Milton E. Cassel Scholar) holds a B.S. in physics from the College of William and Mary and a Ph.D. in physics and astronomy from Dartmouth College. The Hammell lab specializes in developing novel computational algorithms for the analysis and integration of high-throughput genomics datasets and applying these to questions of human disease. Hammell has a broad background in small RNA biology and gene regulatory network analysis, transposon biology and genomics, as well as extensive experience in the statistical analysis of next-generation sequencing data. As a postdoctoral fellow working with Victor Ambros at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Massachusetts Medical School, she developed new algorithms to identify the targets and pathways regulated by microRNAs in animals and to profile the dynamics of small RNA activity across development. Her lab at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory has expanded on these efforts to map the role of both microRNAs and transposon-targeting piRNAs and siRNAs in animals. This includes efforts to establish the molecular mechanisms by which transposons are controlled in somatic tissues. This also includes a major project to profile the genomes and transcriptomes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patient samples in order to understand the extent to which transposons contribute to neurodegenerative disease in patients.
Our genomes are filled with viral-like sequences called transposons, many of which are capable of creating new copies of themselves that can reintegrate elsewhere in the genome, altering the function of nearby genes. While most transposon sequences are now-defunct remnants of ancient genomic parasites, a small fraction of these are still capable of activating themselves, creating genomic instability and crippling cellular function. The Hammell lab and others have discovered a link between the activity of these transposon sequences and neurodegenerative diseases related to misfunction of the RNA binding protein TDP-43 (ALS and frontotemporal lobar degeneration). However, much remains unknown about how transposons are controlled in somatic tissues such as the brain, and the extent to which their activity contributes to neurodegenerative disease. Hammell’s group is working to elucidate the connections between transposon activity and TDP-43 related diseases.
Gregory Scherrer (Award in Pain Recipient) earned his Ph.D. in cellular and molecular biology from the University of Strasbourg, France. He completed postdoctoral training at the University of California, San Francisco, and at Columbia University. He joined the faculty at the Stanford University School of Medicine in 2012. In addition to a Rita Allen Foundation Scholar award, he has received an International Association for the Study of Pain Postdoctoral Fellowship, National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Drug Abuse K99R00 Pathway to Independence and R01 Awards, a Department of Defense Neurosensory Research Award, and an International Narcotics Research Conference Young Investigator Award, and most recently was named a New York Stem Cell Foundation – Robertson Neuroscience Investigator.
The members of the Scherrer Laboratory investigate how the nervous system generates the sensory and affective dimensions of pain experience and opioid analgesia to discover novel analgesic therapies. They aim to identify the pathological changes that occur within neural circuits when chronic pain develops, at the neural network, cellular and molecular levels. One of their approaches is to gain understanding of how our endogenous opioid system modulates pain thresholds. Opioid receptors mediate the effects of opioid painkillers, such as morphine. By determining how opioids generate analgesia and detrimental side effects (e.g., tolerance, addiction, respiratory depression), Scherrer and his team hope to develop more efficient and safer analgesics for the treatment of chronic pain. These studies will also identify novel approaches to counteract opioid side effects and battle the current opioid epidemic. To reach these goals, Scherrer’s research combines a variety of experimental approaches, including molecular and cellular biology, neuroanatomy, electrophysiology, opto- and pharmacogenetics, in vivo calcium imaging and behavior.
Lin Tian holds a B.S. in neuroscience from the University of Science and Technology of
China and a Ph.D. in biochemistry, molecular and cell biology from Northwestern University. She completed postdoctoral training at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Janelia Farm Research Campus, where she developed a toolbox of ultrasensitive neural activity sensors that have been widely utilized. Her current work is a combination of neural activity sensor development and applications. Tian has received the National Institutes of Health Director’s New Innovator Award, Human Frontier Science Program Young Investigator Grant, Hartwell Foundation Individual Biomedical Research Award and NIH BRAIN Initiative grants.
The altered dynamics of synaptic transmission have been implicated in a number of human neurological and psychiatric diseases, including Parkinson’s, schizophrenia and addiction. However, how complex patterns of neural activity at multiple synapses interact to drive changes in circuit connectivity remains poorly defined. To address this question, we must determine the spatiotemporal relationships of different types of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators with synaptic resolution in a defined circuitry. Recent breakthroughs in modern microscopy and protein-based fluorescence sensors hold great promise to access synaptic transmission with needed molecular and cell type specificity and spatiotemporal resolutions. Tian and her collaborators have generated a sensor for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate and demonstrated its utility for detection of fast signaling events in worm, fish, fly and mouse. To further expand the kinds of neural activity that can be measured with genetically encoded indicators, they applied the established sensor design and optimization platform to the development of a set of specific, targetable and sensitive sensors for direct measurement of neurotransmitters, including gamma-aminobutyric acid and the biogenic amines. Application of these imaging tools will enable neuroscientists to obtain a dynamic and comprehensive view of synaptic transmission in action to decipher the codes for transferring information across neural circuitry and systems.
RELATED STORY: Rita Allen Foundation Scholars Reveal Biological Forces That Underlie Responses to Change
Tuan Trang (Award in Pain Recipient) began his research career as an undergraduate at Queen’s University studying the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. He also completed a Ph.D. in pharmacology and toxicology there, researching the spinal mechanisms of opioid analgesia with the goal of developing new pharmacological strategies for improving pain therapy. He pursued postdoctoral training as a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) fellow in the laboratory of Dr. Michael Salter at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto. He has received a CIHR New Investigator Award, and young investigator awards from the Canadian Association for Neuroscience and Canadian Society for Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research has been supported by grants from, in addition to the Rita Allen Foundation, the CIHR, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, a Vi Riddell Pain Grant from the University of Calgary and the Canada Foundation for Innovation.
Opioids are among the most powerful and widely prescribed drugs for treating pain. However, a major problem in terminating opioid pain therapy is the debilitating withdrawal syndrome that can plague chronic opioid users. The mechanisms involved in opioid withdrawal are poorly understood, and the limited clinical strategies for treating withdrawal are ineffective. Trang and his collaborators have identified the pannexin-1 (Panx1) channel as a novel therapeutic target for treating morphine withdrawal. They discovered that morphine treatment induces synaptic plasticity in spinal lamina I/II neurons, which manifests as long-term synaptic facilitation upon naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal. This synaptic facilitation is critically gated by activation of Panx1 channels expressed on microglia. Pharmacologically blocking Panx1, or genetically ablating this channel specifically from microglia, blocked spinal synaptic facilitation and alleviated the behavioral sequelae of morphine withdrawal. Their findings together reveal a novel mechanism by which microglia signal through Panx1 to produce the cellular and behavioral corollary of withdrawal. Thus, targeting Panx1 represents a potential novel therapeutic approach for treating the symptoms of opioid withdrawal. Trang and his team are moving these discoveries into the clinic by building on the utility of probenecid as a unique and practical therapy for the management of opioid withdrawal. In a pilot clinical trial, they will test whether probenecid alleviates opioid withdrawal in patients undergoing opioid tapering, a systematic and gradual approach intended to reduce or discontinue opioid use.
Michael Boyce obtained his B.A. in biochemistry from Harvard College and his Ph.D. in cell biology from Harvard Medical School in the laboratory of Ying Yuan. He performed postdoctoral research in chemical biology and glycobiology at the University of California, Berkeley, with Carolyn Bertozzi, and has been an Assistant Professor of Biochemistry at the Duke University School of Medicine since 2012. Boyce has received fellowships or career awards from the Albert J. Ryan Foundation, the National Science Foundation, the Life Sciences Research Foundation/Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Whitehead Scholars Program, the Sydney Kimmel Foundation for Cancer Research and the Mizutani Foundation for Glycoscience, in addition to his 2013 Rita Allen Foundation Scholar award. Boyce is also active in promoting diversity and inclusion in the biosciences and serves on the national Minorities Affairs Committee of the American Society for Cell Biology.
The long-term goal of the Boyce lab is to understand the role of protein glycosylation in mammalian cell signaling and physiology. Protein glycosylation is the most abundant post-translational modification in nature and, as a sugar-based modification it lies at the nexus of cell signaling and cell metabolism. However, because glycosylation is a dynamic, non-templated and chemically complex process, it can be difficult to study with conventional biological techniques alone. The lab uses a range of biochemical, cell, chemical and structural biology methods to dissect the role of protein glycosylation in mammalian cells. Current work focuses on two specific aspects of glycosylation: first, understanding how dynamic signaling by O-linked b-N-acetylglucosamine on intracellular proteins senses and regulates cell physiology; and second, investigating the cell- and systems-level regulation of nucleotide-sugar metabolites in health and disease.
Sophie Dumont (Milton E. Cassel Scholar) received her B.A. in physics from Princeton University, and Ph.D. in biophysics from the University of California, Berkeley, where she probed the mechanics of individual biomolecules with Carlos Bustamante. She was a junior fellow at the Harvard Society of Fellows and a postdoc at Harvard Medical School, where she worked on the mechanics of cell division with Tim Mitchison. She has been an assistant professor at UCSF since 2012, and her group focuses on the self-organization and emergent mechanics that drive robust chromosome segregation. In addition to being a Rita Allen Foundation Scholar, she is a Searle Scholar, a Sloan Research Fellow, and a National Institutes of Health New Innovator and National Science Foundation CAREER award recipient.
Life is a chemical as well as a mechanical process. At the nanometer scale, mechanoenzymes interconvert force and chemical potential. At the micrometer scale, cells spatially organize their constituents, change shape and move. At the millimeter scale, organisms develop and also move. How are mechanical and chemical processes integrated over molecular, cellular and tissue-length scales?
The Dumont lab aims to understand how cells coordinate mechanical and chemical activities to equally distribute their genetic material when they divide. During cell division, each daughter cell must inherit exactly one copy of each chromosome. Errors can lead to cell death or cancer in somatic cells, and developmental disorders in the germ line. How do cells generate, detect and respond to mechanical force to robustly and accurately segregate their chromosomes? How do the spindle’s nanometer-scale constituents work together to generate micrometer-scale movements?
To address these questions, the Dumont lab uses an interdisciplinary approach to uncover how molecules, mechanics and cellular function relate to each other.
Elena Gracheva received an M.S. in biochemistry from Moscow State University and a Ph.D. in neuroscience from the University of Illinois at Chicago, where she worked with Janet Richmond. She conducted postdoctoral research at the University of California, San Francisco, in the laboratory of David Julius. She joined the faculty of the Yale University School of Medicine in 2012. In addition to being a Rita Allen Foundation Scholar, Gracheva has received a Yale Scholar Award in Neuroscience, an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation research fellowship and a Beckman Foundation Young Investigator award.
The main goal of Gracheva’s lab is to understand the molecular basis of temperature sensitivity under normal, adaptive and pathological conditions. Her early work concerned acute temperature perception in infrared-sensing animals. She and her colleagues discovered two receptors that are responsible for this function, as well as structural elements within ion channels that dictate activation by temperature and chemicals. Her research group is using non-standard animal models—hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels and Syrian hamsters—to delineate molecular and cellular aspects of somatosensitivity, with a focus on temperature tolerance. They are investigating the contribution of different ion channels to cold tolerance of mammalian hibernators using a multidisciplinary approach, which includes electrophysiology, molecular biology, imaging, behavioral paradigms, genomics, transcriptomics and bioinformatics. Recently, Gracheva’s group discovered a molecular mechanism that supports nerve tissue function during hibernation.
William Greenleaf received an A.B. in physics from Harvard University, and received a Gates Fellowship to study computer science for one year at Trinity College in Cambridge, England. After this experience abroad, he returned to Stanford to carry out his Ph.D. in applied physics in the laboratory of Steven Block, where he investigated, at the single-molecule level, the chemo-mechanics of RNA polymerase and the folding of RNA transcripts. He conducted postdoctoral work in the laboratory of Xiaoliang Sunney Xie at Harvard University, where he was awarded a Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation Fellowship, and developed new fluorescence-based high-throughput sequencing methodologies. Since moving to Stanford in 2011, he has been named a Baxter Foundation Scholar, as well as a Rita Allen Foundation Scholar. In addition to his position in the Department of Genetics, Greenleaf holds a courtesy appointment in Stanford’s Department Applied Physics. He is a member of Bio-X, the Biophysics Program, the Biomedical Informatics Program and the Cancer Center. He is also a participating member in a number of large genomic consortia (CEGS, GGR).
High-throughput sequencing techniques are revolutionizing biology and promise to have a significant impact on the future of medicine. Greenleaf’s research interests focus on leveraging high-throughput methods to understand “the physical genome” by developing methods to probe both 1) the relationship between DNA sequence and the structure and function of molecules encoded by the genome; as well as 2) the physical compaction and folding of the genome itself, and how this topology influences biological state. 1) His research group is interested in understanding the biophysical basis and evolutionary consequences of sequence-function relationships in biological molecules and their interactions. Toward this goal, they develop ultra-high-throughput methods to quantitatively assay sequence-space in bulk and single-molecule experiments. 2) They also seek to understand the hierarchical folding of genomic DNA into regulated structures, the most basic and important of which is the nucleosome. With this objective in mind, they have developed methods that assay open chromatin, nucleosome positions and transcription factor binding genome-wide in small populations of cells undergoing dynamic processes such as differentiation or stochastic state switching.
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Rebecca Seal (Award in Pain Recipient) earned her B.S. in chemistry and psychology from the University of Oregon and her Ph.D. in neuroscience from Oregon Health and Science University. Her graduate studies with Susan Amara focused on the structure and function of plasma membrane glutamate transporters. As a postdoctoral scholar at the University of California, San Francisco, she studied the vesicular glutamate transporter 3 in hearing and pain with Robert Edwards. She has received a NARSAD Young Investigator Grant from the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation, an Innovation Award from the American Diabetes Association, a Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science Fellowship and a Whitehall Foundation Research Award.
Seal’s laboratory focuses on defining the neural circuitry underlying a wide range of nervous system functions in health and disease, including persistent pain, motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease and audition. A major impediment to identifying new pain treatments is incomplete understanding of the neural networks and mechanisms that underlie the pain. Her team’s work, using multiple approaches ranging from cellular and molecular to physiological and behavioral, centers on elucidating the neural circuits and mechanisms that underlie a particular form of persistent pain in which touch becomes painful in the setting of injury, termed mechanical allodynia. The spinal cord dorsal horn is a major site for the integration of somatosensory information and is vital for the induction and maintenance of this form of pain. Their work thus far suggests that the pain is encoded by distinct microcircuits in the dorsal horn, depending on the nature of the injury. This concept not only has important implications for understanding at a basic level how the nervous system encodes mechanical allodynia, but also highlights the need to consider etiology in the design and implementation of therapeutic strategies.
RELATED STORY: Rita Allen Foundation Scholars Reveal Biological Forces That Underlie Responses to Change
Reza Sharif-Naeini (Award in Pain Recipient) earned his Ph.D. in physiology from McGill University in 2007, and returned there to joined the faculty in 2012. In the interim, he was a postdoctoral fellow at Institut Pharmacologie Moleculare et Cellulaire in Nice, France, and in the Department of Anatomy at the University of California, San Francisco. He has received fellowships from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the International Association for the Study of Pain and the Human Frontier Science Program. He has also received the CIHR Brain Star Award for excellence in research and the Peter and Patricia Gruber International Research Award in Neuroscience from the Society for Neuroscience.
Chronic neuropathic pain (NeP) is a debilitating disease that follows nerve injury and persists long after the initial injury has subsided. Despite the plethora of medications and treatment modalities, NeP remains a disease with unmet medical needs that significantly decreases patients’ quality of life. Spontaneous pain and mechanical allodynia, two hallmarks of NeP, are due in part to a spinal cord dysfunction characterized by a decrease in inhibitory neurotransmission (or inhibitory tone). Our understanding of how these inhibitory mechanisms function in health and disease remains, however, limited. This indicates a need for novel and innovative experimental approaches to gain a better understanding of inhibitory circuits in the dorsal horn and how changes in these circuits can precipitate NeP symptoms. Sharif-Naeini’s group is interested in understanding the function of these inhibitory pathways using transgenic mouse lines combined with opto/pharmacogenetic approaches.
RELATED STORIES: Rita Allen Foundation Scholar Harnesses Sound Waves to Activate Brain Cells, Rita Allen Foundation Scholars Reveal Biological Forces That Underlie Responses to Change
Sreekanth Chalasani obtained a B.S. degree and an advanced diploma in computer science from Osmania University in Hyderabad, India. He then did research at the National Center for Biological Sciences in Bangalore, India, before coming to the U.S. in 1997. Chalasani obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania, where he worked with Jonathan Raper, and did postdoctoral research in Cornelia Bargmann’s laboratory at the University of California, San Francisco, and The Rockefeller University. He started his laboratory at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in 2010. In addition to the Rita Allen Foundation award, Chalasani has received awards including a Blavatnik Award for Young Scientists, a Basil O’Connor Starter Award from the March of Dimes, and a W.M. Keck Foundation Award.
Chalasani’s research addresses how the brain responds to changes in its surrounding environment. Neural circuits within the brain extract relevant information from the environment and regulate behaviors on timescales ranging from seconds to hours. A complete understanding of this process requires an ability to identify, record and manipulate all the participating neurons. It is difficult to obtain this level of access in a complex vertebrate brain. Chalasani’s group is using the nematode C. elegans, with its small, well-defined nervous systems, to decode the cellular and molecular mechanisms transforming environmental changes into behaviors. They have shown that C. elegans can evaluate the size of a patch of bacteria (its food) and uses that information to modify a behavior that lasts many minutes. In particular, they have identified sensory neurons that encode the size of a food patch by detecting large, but not small, changes in food. Moreover, they show that information about patch size is stored in the level of dopamine in the circuit, which acts to modify downstream sensory and interneurons. Also, they find that the rate of acquiring information is controlled by the amount of CREB protein in key interneurons in the circuit.
Christopher Hammell (Milton E. Cassel Scholar) attended the University of Georgia, where he received a B.S. degree in biochemistry. He then moved to Dartmouth Medical School, where he studied the mechanisms by which mRNA molecules are exported from the nucleus. After receiving his Ph.D., he began work with Victor Ambros at the University of Massachusetts, investigating how animals regulate the activity of microRNAs during development. He discovered a family of proteins, the TRIM-NHL family, that physically associate with and modulate the activity of the microRNA-induced silencing complex.
Hammell then began his independent research program at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, where he switched his focus toward understanding how the temporal precision of developmental events is established. His current work centers on determining the regulatory architectures that ensure that developmental genes are turned on and off at the correct times.
Michael Jankowski (Award in Pain Recipient) earned an M.S. in neuroscience and a Ph.D. in neurobiology from the University of Pittsburgh, where he also conducted postdoctoral research. He joined the faculty of the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center in 2011. Jankowski has received several National Institutes of Health grants from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Developmen
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Maggi Peyton Gallery
Hosted by the Manhattan Borough President’s Office and President Gale Brewer
October 4th to December 6th, 2021
1 Centre St. South Entrance, 19th Floor
New York, NY 10007
(347) 239-9086
Welcome Back is a group exhibition featuring over thirty artists’ responses to the unprecedented COVID-19 Pandemic. Curated by Jean Sonderand for Maggi Peyton Gallery, and hosted by the Manhattan Borough President’s Office, the exhibition is an opportunity for artists and residents to come together and consider the variety of public and private experiences we have faced over the last two years. Welcome Back is a celebration of our resiliency as a city and culture, and an invitation for New Yorkers to consider how we will grow and adapt as we recover over the years to come.
Each artist in this exhibition had a unique response to the pandemic, but certain themes jump out as we look at the collection as a whole. Some ticked away the time reading the daily updates in the news, with headlines and crosswords marking the uncertain trajectory of an unfolding, global crisis. PPE, consisting of masks, gloves, and medical ephemera, littered our lives and our streets, accumulating physically as well as symbolically. With the world cut off, the familiar shape of our homes was radically transformed. Our bedrooms and offices became safe havens in which entire lives were carried out, while a view out of a window became a portal to an unfamiliar world of vacant streets. Meanwhile, our obsession with sanitation led others to re-investigate the meaning of touch and contact, especially when physical closeness could spell a death sentence for those we cherished. Scarcity, uncertainty, and boredom drove us nearly mad, but the same forces inspired many to re-envision our lives, our communities, and our aspirations.
Welcome Back is a reflection of how our sensibilities have changed and adapted to this ‘new normal’, and an invitation to embrace these experiences as they guide the trajectory of our recovery, in New York and beyond.
This exhibition is generously supported by City Artists Corps Grant made to the curator, Jean Sonderand. More info at https://www.nyfa.org/awards-grants/city-artist-corps-grants/
"Hope in a Vial" Digital print, 12x12
https://www.andreaarroyo.com
Insta: https://www.instagram.com/andreaarroyoart/
FB: https://www.facebook.com/andrea.arroyo1
Bio
Andrea Arroyo is an award-wining artist working in drawing, painting, site-specific installation and public art.
Her work has been exhibited in fifty individual and numerous group shows, and is in private and public collections around the world, including The Library of Congress, The Smithsonian Institution, The New York Public Library, The Latin Recording Academy of Arts and Sciences, The Ellis Island Foundation, The Richmond Museum and The National Museum of Mexican Art.
Honors include: New York Foundation for the Arts Fellowships, NY Artist Corps, Clinton Global Initiative Award Artist, 21 Leader for the 21st Century, Art in Embassies Program, US Department of State, Outstanding Woman of New York, Official Artist of the Latin Grammy, Groundbreaking Latina in the Arts and Outstanding Latina of the Year.
She has received multiple grants from the Northern Manhattan Arts Alliance, the Puffin Foundation, the Harlem Arts Alliance, The Upper Manhattan Empowerment Zone and the Lower Manhattan Cultural Council.
Public Art projects and commissions include projects for the New York City subway, The International Museum of Women, The Elizabeth Cady Stanton Museum, The Morris-Jumel Mansion Museum, The New York Women’s Foundation, The Women’s Rights National Historical Park, The Latin Recording Academy of Arts and Sciences and New York Restoration Project.
Her artwork has been published extensively including in The New Yorker (cover art,) The New York Times and The International Herald Tribune, and has been the subject of over two hundred features in the international media.
Ms Arroyo is also a curator, a speaker and an activist. Please visit:www.andreaarroyo.com
Statement
“Hope in a Vial” is part of my series “Solidarity - Images for Social Justice”
The “Solidarity” series consists of works created in response to social justice issues, including the impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic.
These works of “artivism” reflect on our collective experience during the pandemic (from trauma and fear to empowerment and hope,) while expressing universal values of love, justice and equality, that aim to build bridges across borders, languages and cultures.
The images are created digitally and have been published widely including in The Nation, The Manhattan Times, Viceversa, Fanyblog and WeEmpower (Italy,) Chartis (Greece,) and other publications, and have been exhibited in the USA, Italy, Turkey, Portugal and Spain.
CV
INDIVIDUAL EXHIBITIONS:
2022 Upcoming: “The Fence of Solidarity” Public Art project, NYC.
2022 Upcoming: “Images for Social Justice” The City University of New York
2021 "CoVIDA-Homage to Victims of the Pandemic" Morris-Jumel Mansion Museum, NYC.
2019 New York Restoration Project, 2 outdoor locations, NYC.
2019 "EmPOWER - Images for Social Justice" Grady Alexis Gallery, NYC.
2018 “Women Who Fly” New York Restoration Project, 3 public gardens NYC.
2017-18 Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s Historical House Museum, Seneca Falls, NY.
2018 "The Rite of Spring" South Oxford Space, Brooklyn NY.
2016 “Women with Wings” Outdoor exhibition, NYRP, 2 outdoor locations, NYC.
2016 and 2013 The Morris-Jumel Mansion Museum, New York City.
2016 “Boundless in the City” Outdoor traveling exhibition, NYRP, 4 outdoor locations, NYC.
2016, 2015, 2014, 2013 National Women's Rights Gallery, Seneca Falls, NY
2016 Rio Gallery, New York City.
2014 and 2007 Grady Alexis Gallery, New York City.
2014 The Malcolm X & Dr. Betty Shabazz Center, NYC.
2013 and 2012 The City University of New York, Hall of Fame Gallery, New York City.
2011 Mark Miller Gallery, New York City.
2011 and 2000 Treasure Room Gallery, New York City.
2011 Azucarera Gallery, New York City.
2010 Women’s eNews Gallery, New York City.
2009 and 2007 ArtHaus Gallery, San Francisco, CA.
2009 La Galeria, New York City.
2008 Marmara Gallery, New York City.
2008 Berkeley Gallery, New York City.
2006 Latin Collector Gallery, New York City.
2006 Julia de Burgos Cultural Center, New York City, NY.
2005 PhilosophyBox Gallery, New York City, NY.
2003 Azarian-McCullough Gallery, Sparkill, NY.
1999 Bridgeport University Gallery, Bridgeport CT.
1999 Sivertson Gallery, Duluth, MN.
1997 The Museum Gallery, White Plains, NY.
1996 B.Abrahams Center Gallery, NY.
1995 Lehman College Art Gallery, NY.
1993 Marymount Manhattan Gallery, New York City.
1993 Steinhardt Conservatory Gallery, Brooklyn, NY.
1992 Stage Installation, Brooklyn Academy of Music, NY.
1992 Mexican Cultural Institute of New York Gallery, NY.
1992 Ollantay Center for the Arts Gallery, New York City.
1991 Hewlett-Woodmere Gallery, Hewlett, NY.
1991 Schoharie County Arts Council Gallery, Cobleskill, NY
1990 Jagendorff-Bacchi Gallery, New York City.
1989 and 1988 On the Wall Gallery, New York City.
GROUP EXHIBITIONS:
Over one hundred group exhibitions, notable venues include: USA: The Library of Congress, Washington DC; The National Museum of Mexican Art, Chicago, IL; The Hillwood Art Museum, NY; The Islip Art Museum, NY; The Alternative Museum, NY; The Ellis Island Museum, NY; The Lower East Side Tenement Museum, NY; The United Nations, NY; Google Headquarters, Sn. Francisco, CA. International: Museum of Modern Art, Dominican Republic; Museu de Imprensa, Porto, Portugal; Arkana, Alcalá de Henares, Spain, Proloco Gallery Gallarate, Italy, San Antonio de los Baños Museum, Cuba; Alianza Francesa, Mexico; Banat Museum, Romania, Turizm Akademisi, Anatolya, Turkey: Camara Municipal, Caldas da Rahina, Portugal.
KID GLOVE 11X14 Black & White Photograph, Latex Free Glove (c)annpmeredith.com 8.30.21 334pm
QUEER GLOVE 11X14 LGBT Rainbow Flag, Latex Free Glove (c)annpmeredith.com 8.30.21 326pm
www.annpmeredith.com
@annpmeredith
http://www.facebook.com/annp.meredith.3
specialfilmgmail.comapm7
Bio
52 years creating creating Queer Art that helps give a compassionate, compelling realistic face and voice to people and cultures who have been persecuted, marginalized under-recognized and therefore underserved.
Statement
Almost 2 years of wear a mask and gloves to protect myself and keep myself healthy. KID GLOVE C-19 & QUEER GLOVE C-19 express the protection of, the suffocation of and the devouring and murder of children and LGBTQAI+ people by (the pandemic)
CV
Fine Art Resume
69 West 9th Street #9-J New York, New York 10011 +1.917.806.9078/mobile annpmeredith7@gmail.com www.annpmeredith.com
U.C. Berkeley B.A. – History of Art, Post Graduate - Photo-Printmaking, Cal State University Hayward, California College Arts & Crafts
Adjunct Professor - The New School for Social Research, NYU, The Feminist Art Institute, UC Berkeley Extension, SPEOS Paris Institute
10.21.21 SPECIAL – Rape, Sexual Assault New Perspectives Theatre Co. League of Professional Theatre Women NYC
9.23.21 1 SPECIAL – Sexual Harassment, Rape, Sexual Assault Theatre Row Arts Building NYFA/CAC Scripted Reading NYC
9.11.19 THE FORGOTTEN – Child Torture, Incarceration, Experimentation, Interrogation and Sex Trafficking, TheTankNYC
8.10.18 THE FORGOTTEN – Site Specific Pont Neuf, Notre Dame, Les Tuileries, Le Louvre, Les Champs Elysee
L’Arc de Triumph, La Tour Eiffel, Princess Diana’s Eternal Flame - Pont d’Alma - Paris
10.11.17 SPECIAL - Incest, Rape, Sexual Assault, Sex Addiction, Stage Production, New York New Work Theatre Festival, Broadway Showcase, New York Ensemble Cast, Semi-Finalist, Duke Theatre 42nd Street - New York
3.12.18 SPECIAL- Dramatic Scripted Reading – ‘Male’/LGBTQAI+ Actors reading ‘Female’ Roles
Theatre of Note, Hollywood
8.25.17 SPECIAL - Dramatic Scripted Reading – ‘Female’ Leads, Hudson Theatre Guild, Chelsea - New York
9.10-15.09 SPECIAL Stage Production – Audience Awards Best Play, Best Director, 5 Best Lesbian Actors, Fringe Festival
1.21.17 TRIANGLES – Witnesses of the Holocaust - -Art Installation, Solo Theatre Performance, - Leslie Lohman Museum of Gay & Lesbian Art, Spring Street Performance Space, SoHo - New York, Theatre for Human Rights - Washington D.C.
6.11.1998 - Starving My Mother to Sleep - Incest & Family Values – Art Installation, Solo Theatrical Performance
Matrix Gallery – Sacramento, CA
9.1995 - A World for Peace: A Peace in Our Time- Solo Theatrical Performance, Tiananmen Square – Beijing, China
U.N. Intl. Conference on Women Sacred Circle - Sacred Sites - The Great Wall of China – Huairou, China
11.1994 - The Re-Definition of Home: An End to the Legacy of Poverty – Art Installation 14th St 309 Gallery - NYC
1989-1993 - And No One Heard Me Scream – Solo Theatrical Performance Dixon Place, Boston Museum, Ceres Gallery, CAA Sheraton Conference Washington DC, Creative Time, Inc., Brooklyn Anchorage - NYC
7.1985 - Reaching Common Ground - I Did Not Come to Africa to Die, - Paa Ya Paa Arts Centre - Nairobi, Kenya
8.1982 - 40: The Balance of Aging – Art Installation and Interactive Theatrical Performance Katz Studio - Oakland, CA
FINE ART EXHIBITIONS – SOLO
The Forgotten – The Tank Art & Performance Space New York 2019, Paris 2018
President and Rogers – Crown Heights, New York November 2017
Two Days In January – Washington D.C. January 2017
Triangles-Witnesses of The Holocaust, Leslie Lohman Museum of Gay & Lesbian Art Prince Street Project, SoHo, January 27th 2017
Until That Last Breath! The Global Face of Women with HIV/AIDS
Byerly Gallery, Harvard University September 8- May 15th 2009, Art in Embassies, American Embassy Togo, West Africa 1995
The Brooklyn Museum 1993, The New Museum of Contemporary Art January 1- March 31st 1989
SOMAR Arts, San Francisco 1987
Everything I Know … I Learned in the Movies
Bank of America Concourse Gallery, San Francisco, CA April 5th- June 5th 2001
The Oakland Museum, CA 2000
Saul Zaentz Media Center, The French Hotel, Muse Media Center 1999
Starving My Mother to Sleep, MATRIX Gallery, Sacramento, CA 1998
Don’t Call Me Honey: Women and Their Work September 29th-October 31st 1995
United States Dept. of the Interior National Historic Park for Women’s Rights, Seneca Falls
The Greensboro County Historical Museum, Greensboro, North Carolina 1994
California History Center & Foundation, Cupertino, CA, Cornell University, NYC 1993
Survivors! The Sitting Room-Ruma Village, East Africa La Galleria, San Francisco, CA 1994
On Fire! Faggots, Fairies, Dykes & Queens - Fire Island, New York – Spectra Gallery, NYC 1986
In Passing: Lucy Lee Leonard, The Joseph Dee Museum, San Francisco 1983
Strap ‘Em Down! The World of Drag Kings Paul Gabriel Art Gallery Historical Society 2003
Urban Landscapes, The Oakland Museum, Citicorp Bank, LIMN Gallery- San Francisco 1985
Reaching Common Ground: United Nations End of the Decade, Gallery Nairobi, Kenya 1985
Cornell University Gallery, NYC, Afro-American Cultural Society, Fort Mason, SF 1986
Dykes and Their Dogs, Atlas Gallery, San Francisco 1980
COLLECTIONS
1987-1997 The Library of Congress, The Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History, Washington
Simon Lowinsky Gallery NYC, Ira Michael Heyman, Chancellor U.C. Berkeley, William B. Hunt-New York, Monique Goldstrom, NYC SONY Pictures Theatre Collection, Deutsch Inc. NYC, Michael Toby Solomon, Esq. Tower Records, Leslie Lohman Museum of Gay and Lesbian Art - NYC, The New Museum of Contemporary Art, The Schlesinger Library on The History of Women - Harvard University
PUBLICATIONS
2018 Art In America, Art News, 1995 LIFE Magazine Centerfold,1975, 1980, 1985, 1990 Ms. Magazine, 1989USA Today, 1989 NY Newsday, 1989 Rizzoli, 1989, 1999 The Village Voice, 1970 Artweek, 1989 The New York Times
EXHIBITIONS - GROUP
2021 Welcome Back Maggie Peyton Gallery NYC, 2019 Bridging the Gap-All Nation of Art, 2019, AIR Gallery, New York, 2019 Art After Stonewall, Grey Art Museum, New York, Leslie Lohman Museum of Gay and Lesbian Art, SOHO, Silence = Death 2017, A Deeper Dive, Expanded Visions 2017, Leslie Lohman Museum, SOHO, Art AIDS America 2017-2016: Tacoma Art Museum, Georgia State Museum, SFMOMA, WEHO Gallery LA, Bronx Museum of Art, Alpha Museum Chicago, OFF SITE- Mercedes Benz-NY, Queer Migrations-NYC Progress of World’s Women UN, American Faces US Embassy Sarajevo, Bosnia, Troubling Customs, Ontario Design Center, Gay Art Tampa Museum of Art, AIDS Timeline, Wadsworth Anthenaeum, Eyes of Women, China World Trade, Beijing, China, Queer in The Year 2000 – Parsons/Aronson-PSDX, Unarmed Revolutionaries-Artists/Art/Social Change Consortium – MN, Global Focus-NMWA,D.C., Fax Art, Lee Link Arts Int III, Gunma, Japan, Kunst Und AIDS, Stadt Bibliothek, Hanover/Munich, Saints & Survivors in A Time of Plague, Lowinsky, Dwellings of Introspection, Center for Contemporary Art, Intl Women Artists Italy, Sweden, Royal Society Bath UK, California Women – Riverside Art Museum Living With AIDS – Social Movement Gallery, TN & Nexus-Atlanta, Women, An Historical Perspective, Transamerica-Occidental, International, Delaware Center for The Arts, Women in The Mainstream World’s Fair-New Orleans, Indomitable Spirit ICP NY/LA, The Other, Houston Center, Family Values, White Columns, Women In America-MN/Riverside Art Museum, Other, Galeria de la Raza, NEOQUEER-Seattle Ctr Contemporary Arts, Holocaust Remembrance Day Ravensbruck Camp Memorial 2021.
GRANTS
The Lila Wallace - Reader’s Digest International Artist Fellowship 1992/3, U. S. Dept of Labor, Region II - Women’s Bureau, Nelson B. Delavan Foundation 1995, Mid - Atlantic Arts Foundation, Downtown Community Television-A.I.R.1985, AmFAR-American Foundation for AIDS Research 1986, Creative Time, New York Public Art Fund Subway Sculptures 1988, Santa Fe Realty Corp, Pettus Crowe Foundation, Zellerbach Family Fund, Rainbow Fund and The L.J. Skaggs and Mary C. Skaggs, St. Monica’s Help at the Door 2004, SOS 2016, Puffin Foundation, Ltd., Art Matters, Inc., Episcopal Actors Guild Grant, Mayer Foundation Grant, BGC Grant, Haven Foundation Artist Grant, American Academy of Artists & Writers, Change, Inc, Women Photograph, Hire Her Back, Artist Fellowships.
How We Live Together, 2018, Wood, brushed brass aluminum, 35 x 38 x 1/2 in. / 88.9 x 96.5 x 1.3 cm. Edition of 3. (AKS0060) Courtesy of Yi Gallery, New York and the artist.
http://annesenstad.com
https://www.facebook.com/artistannesenstad
https://www.instagram.com/annesenstadstudio/
Bio
Anne Katrine Senstad is an interdisciplinary Norwegian-Amernican artist whose practice lies in the intersections of light sculpture, installation, immersive environments, photography, video, land and site-specific art. Senstad was raised in Singapore and Norway, today she lives and works between New York and Oslo. Having studied video art at the University of California at Berkeley and earned her BFA Honors in Photography from the Parsons School of Design, she went on to study film at the New School for Social Research in New York. Notable exhibitions include Radical Light (2021) at Seinajöki Kunsthall, Finland and Radical Light (2020) at Kai Art Center in Estonia, a monumental light environment accompanied by acclaimed composer JG Thirlwell’s sound composition, Music for Plutocracy at S12 Gallery, Norway (2021), How We Live Together, Yi Gallery, New York (2020), Seen Unseen (2018) at He Xiangning Art Museum in Shenzhen, China with an immersive light sculpture and color environment ELEMENTS II (2018); light art survey Through The Spectrum at Athr Gallery alongside James Turrell, Robert Irwin, Carlos Cruz Diez and Leo Villareal with ELEMENTS I (2018); the 55th (2013) and 56th (2015) Venice Biennales and Bruges Art and Architecture Triennale (2015). Her video work has been shown worldwide at Centre Pompidou, Haus Der Kultur Der Welt, Beirut Art Center, The Canadian Museum of Nature, Museum of Modern Art Ukraine, Dallas Aurora, Eva Peron Museum, Oslo Screen Festival and K4 Gallery.
Statement
My exhibition How We Live Together at Yi Gallery in Brooklyn, set to open in March 2020 was effected by the pandemic in numerous ways. First the gallery was closed so we carefully opened it in August 2020, and secondly, the whole exhibition concept changed from a societal theory based installation, to a humanistic and critical response to what we as New Yorkers were going through in the spring and summer of 2020. I developed the text piece, with the same title as the exhibition title, How We Live Together, in 2018 , a long time prior to the pandemic, based on the philosophical theories of Roland Barthes on ideorrythmic living formats in relation to societal structures and ideas of utopia, which in Barthes 1977 world, lies in tolerance of the fellow citizen – yet transformed the concept of isolated living formats, to responding to the crisis. The exhibition included 4 works: the wall text piece in a brass covered corporate signate asesthetic “ How We Live Together” , a neon wall work, “Ascension/Descension Graph” as a response to Cuomo's daily briefings on the numbers of hospitalized and deceased from Covid televised as a corporate graph, “Circle of Babel” plexiglass cultures seeking to unify pour separateness, and a short film in collaboration with acclaimed actor Bill Sage, famous from Amercian Psycho, Law & Order and much more, who performed a remote reading of a selection from Barthes book, and footage from our lives during the pandemic as a way to creatively process the isolation. The 10 minute short film can be viewed on request as it is password protected and has been screened with Streaming Museum in NY and Yi Gallery in 2020. There are 4 films in total in the How We Live Together short film series I created with Bill Sage.
The sculpture series Tower of Babel, was built during the early stages of the pandemic, while I also investigated historic art works of human and societal erosion. Mythology and iconic symbolism seemed to reflect our condition and the story of god, or a larger consciousness punishing the human race for its wickedness by separating us from our families and loved ones. The sculpture installation The Circle of Babel suggests a unifying togetherness of separated parts.
CV
SOLO EXHIBITIONS:
2021
Kunsthalle Seinäjoki, Finland, Radical Light – Elements VI, June 16 – Sept 4, with a sound environment composed by JG Thirlwell. Organized in collaboration with Kai Art Center, Estonia and Art Promoction Center Finland. With support from the Royal Norwegian Embassy Helsingfors. www.seinajoentaidehalli.fi
S12 Gallery, Bergen, Norway, Music for Plutocracy, Opening Jan 15, 2021. www.s12.no
With a sound environment by JG Thirlwell.
2020
Open Art Advisory, New York. On Eternity’s Tablets curated by Sarah Walko. Online solo exhibition. Nov 24 2020 – Feb 28 2021. www.openartadviisory.com
Patioo Monoroom, Sotogrande, Spain, The Sensory Chamber, incl sound by JG Thirlwell. Sept 17 – Dec 17, 2020. Curated by Camilla and Firouz FarmanFarmain. https://nouvellevagueartspaces.com
Yi Gallery, Brooklyn, New York, How We Live Together, July 17 – Aug 15, 2020 Curated by Cecilia Jalboukh. Exhibition program includes a short film release with acclaimed actor Bill Sage Utopie/Utopia, 2020.
Uj Kriterion Galeria, Miercurea Cuic, Transylvania, Romania. Trans/essence, April 2 – July 11, Curated by Botond Reszegh. Exhibition catalogue, essay Gary Snyder.
KAI Art Center, Tallin, Estonia, Radical Light, Jan 26 – July 5. ELEMENTS IV, including sound by JG Thirlwell.
Freight and Volume Gallery, New York, Hyperborea, Jan 9 – Feb 12. Organzied by Nick Lawrence. Exhibition catalogue, essays Sarah Walko, Nick Lawrence.
2019
SL Gallery, New York. Beckoned to Blue, With sound by CC Hennix. Curated by Tony Long and William Schwinghammer. April 3 – May 31,2019
2018
The Yard. New York. From Other Worlds, Curated by Sarah Crown
May 2– August 21, 2018
Trafo Kunsthall, Asker, Norway. Soft Geometry, Jan 13 – Feb 25.
Organized by Knut Blomstrøm.
2017
K4 Galleri, Oslo, Norway. TIME BEYOND PLACE, video,14.25 min loop, sound composed by JG Thirlwell. Sept 29 – Oct 12, 2017. Curated by Bjørn Hatterud.
Good Children Gallery, New Orleans. UltraModerne. Jan 14 – Feb 5
Curated by Generic Art Solutions
2016
Athr Gallery, January 6-30. The Infinitesimal, Curated by Jumana Gouth. Sound composed by Catherine.C. Hennix.
2015
El Magazen Dell’Arte, 56th Venice Biennale, May 9 – June 30, 2015.The Vanity of Vanities, curated by Dr Roberta Semeraro, organized by RO.SA.M.
Zhulong Gallery, Dallas, TX. Color Gamut, Feb 8 - March 6. Curated by Aja Martin
2013
SALT (Saltarelli Salong), Oslo, Norway. State of Space, curated by Bjørn Hatterud, Sept 4 – Oct 10, 2013
2012
St Brigid's Centre for the Arts, Ottawa, CA. Site Specific installation at St Brigids Cathedral Kinesthesia for Saint Brigid, with sound by JG Thirilwell, Curated by Celina Jeffery
2011
Utsikten Kunstsenter, Norway. Kinesthesia in Kvinesdal, Sound by JG Thirlwell, Curated by Torill Haugen
ThisIsNotAgallery, Buenos Aires. The Infinity of Colour, Curated by Carlos Baragali
Stiftelsen 3,14 Kunsthall. Is Her Name Red?, Bergen, Norway, Curated by Malin Barth.
2009
Eva Peron Museum, The Reason for my Life, curated by Carlos Baragali and Andrew Utt
KK Projects, New Orleans, The Sugarcane Labyrinth, Site Specific, 1,4 Acre Agricultural Landart, March-Dec 2009, Theriot, Louisiana
KK Projects, New Orleans, Real Estate Representation, Site Specific installation, March-Oct 2009, curated by KK Projects
The Lab for Performance and installation Art, Diaspora USA Chapter, curated by KJ Bajsa
2008
Gallery Nine5, NY, Translating Raw, Curated by Sebastien LePelletier
Zendai MOMA, Shanghai, Light Words, White Neon, curated by Lies Coppens
2007
Houston Center for Photography, TX, Light Writes Always in Plural, Curated by Madeline Yale,
2007
Björn Ressle Gallery, New York, Light Writes Always in Plural , Curated by Björn Ressle
2005
Trygve Lie Gallery, New York, The Norwegians, w/ artist book release
2003
Galleri JMS, Oslo, Norway, ONE, Curated by Birgitte Schiøth
SELECTED GROUP EXHIBITIONS:
2021
Welcome Back, Maggi Peyton Gallery, Manhattan Borough Presidents Office, New York. Curated by Jean Sonderand. Oct 4 - Dec 8, 2021
Carriagetrade, NY, New York: Social Photography VI, July 15 - Sept 1, 2021. Curated by Peter Scott.
Brusfabrikken, Kragerø, Norway: Hjerte til Hjerte, July 10 – Aug 10, 2021. Curated by Rina Beldo and Erikka Fyrrand. Suported by Arts Council Norway.
Streaming Museum, New York Digital Dynamics: New Ways of Art, Aug 27-Sept 30. Curated by Tanja Toft Ag and Nina Colosi.
2020
Airmattress Gallery, New York, Born Again Virgin, Aug 8 – Sept 7, 2020.. Curated by Mark DeMuro and Ben Peterson.
Art of the Quarentine, YI Gallery on ARTSY.net, April 10 – June 10, 2020
2019
Galleri Del Campo, Wijster, The Netherlands. COSMOSIS COLLAGES, June 23 – Sept 22, 2019. Curated by Wim Melis.
Yi Gallery, Kind of Green, NY, New York. June 1-June 11. Curated by Cecilia Jalboukh Noorderlich House of Photography, Groningen, Holland. March/April 2019. IN VIVOTempo-The Nature of Nature. Curated by Wim Melis. Anne Senstad, Chris Jordan, Evan Roth, Christine Seely, Helen Sear.
2018
He XiangNing Museum, Shenzhen, Scene/Unseen .Dec 1, 2018 – March 3, 2019.
Octavia Art Gallery Houston, 10 Years 10 Artists, Nov 8, 2018 – Jan 4, 2019 Curated by Georgia Fox and Kasey Short.
Octavia Art Gallery, 10 Years 10 Artists, New Orleans. Aug 2 – Sept 29, 2018
Athr Gallery, Through The Spectrum, May 28 – Aug 31, 2018. Anne Senstad, James Turrell, Robert Irwin, Leo Villareal, Timo Nasseri, Carlos Cruz-Diez, Nasser Al-Salem. Curated by Afia Bin-Taleb and Mohammed Hafiz.
Airmattress Gallery, New York, Summer Lovin, July 20-Sept 9, 2018, Curated by Mark DeMuro and Ben Peterson.
Airmattress Gallery,, New York, 2D or Not 2D, May 1 – July 10, 2018. Curated by Mark DeMuro and Ben Peterson
A:Code.org.uk: Nordic DeLight, Light Art festival, London. Jan 13-28. Curated by Vassiliki Tzanakou. Showing Color Synesthesia VI, 2015. Sound by Catherine Christer Hennix.
2017
Øya Festivalen – Kunst på Øya, Aug 8-12, Oslo, Norway. GOLD GUIDES ME – Capitalism in the Public Realm. Curated by Alexander Rishaug and Kyrre Karlsen.
Knockdown Center, NY. Nasty Women, Jan 12-15, exhibition and fundraising for Planned Parenthood. Curated by Jessamyn Fiore and Roxanne Jackson.
Carriage Trade, NY, Socal Photography IV July 11- Sept 17. Organized by Peter Scott.
2016
Shoot Gallery, Oslo, OSLO+PARIS, Oct 29 – Dec 18. Anne Senstad, Per Maning, Tom Sandberg, Eric Antoine. Curated by Helene Gulaker-Hansen.
Bærum Kunsthall, Norway, Everything Else is Too Narrow. Anne Senstad, Christine Istad, Anna-Marit Staurseth. Oct 12-30. Curated by Sarah Walko.
Sonic Architecture/Sonica Festival, Museum of Transitory Art, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Sept 27 – Oct 1, curated by Martin Bricelj Baraga/MoTa.
One Art Space, NY. The Best Thought I Had, Opening April 22. Curated by Georgia Harrell and Suzanne Levesque.
Views, Manama,Kingdom of Bahrain, March 10-25. Organized by Sharabi & Stafford. Video installation. Under the patronage of Shaikh Rashid bin Khalifa al Khalifa.
2015
Dallas Aurora Festival – The Synesthesia Edition, Oct 18th, 2015. Immersive site specific projection installation at St Pauls Methodist Church, Dallas. Sonoptic Parallels – The Infinitesimal, 2014. Curated by Julia Kaganskiy, New Museum, NY.
Joshua Treenial, California, May 22-26th, curated by Dr KJ Baysa and Bernard Leibov. Organized by Honolulu Biennial and Boxoprojects.
Bruges Art and Architecture Triennial, Belgium, May 20 to Oct 18 2015 .Curated by Michel Dewilde, Dr Manfred Sellnik, Till Holger Borchert and Lies Coppens.
Safina Radio Project, 56th Venice Biennale, Collateral Event. Curated by Anabelle de Gersigny, Organzed by Al Serkal Avenue Dubai, UAE. The Swamp, by Anne Senstad
2014
Prospect 3 Satellite, The New Orleans Biennale, The Nature of Now, 25 Oct – 25 Feb 2015. Curated by Pamala Bishop
LIwa Art Hub – The Age of Transformation, Oct 30th, UAE, curated by Nasser Palangi
Abu Dhabi Art Hub, Artist residency and exhibition, Sonpotic Parallels – The Infinitesimal, in conjunction with ISEA Dubai2014. Nov 3rd 2014.
ISEA Dubai2014, Oct 30-Nov 8th. Interlacing Worlds, curated by Janet Bellotto
2013
No Longer Empty, NY, Tears on a Coffin, Site specific performative installation Nov 4-16th. Conveying the Invisible – curated by Sarah Crown.
Light of Convergence, Oct 18th, Aurora, Dallas,TX. Colour Synesthesia IV – projection installation at The Cathedral Shrine of the Virgin of Guadeloupe.
The Metamorphoses of the Virtual - One Hundred Years of Art and Freedom, 55th International Art Exhibition La Beinnale di Venezia 2013 - Arte Eventi, Officina delle Zattere, June 1- Nov 1st 2013
2012
Whitebox, NY–Art On The Beach, curated by Jee Won Kim
2011
Museum of Modern Art of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine. Neurodiversity, curated by dr. KJ Baysa
Canandian Museum of Nature , Ottawa, Canada – PRETERNATURAL. Curated by Dr Celina Jeffery Ph.d. Nov 2011 – Feb 2012.
2010
Björn Ressle Art Projects, New York, Winter Salon, Curated by Björn Ressle
Life is Art Foundation West, Sonoma, California, The River of Migration, permanent light installation, curated by KK Projects, Sept 2010.
2009
VIBA, Video Arte Internacional Buenos Aires, w/ThisIsNotAGallery, Buenos Aires, Argentina, curated by Andrew Utt and Carlos Baragali
Elga Wimmer Gallery, NY, A Matter of Light, curated by Elga Wimmer
Zendai MOMA, Shanghai, Museum collection exhibition, curated by Lies Coppens
2008
Perpetual Aart Machine, Utsikten Kunstsenter, Norway, curated by Iris Piers
Björn Ressle Gallery, New York, Works on Paper, Dec –Feb 1 2009
KK Projects, New Orleans Biennial – Prospect 1, Nov 10/2008- 01/25/2009
2007
KK Projects, New Orleans, The Light House, curated by KK Projects
Bjorn Ressle Gallery, New York, Anne Senstad/Dan Flavin, Summer exhibition, 2007
Houston Center for Photography, TX, Antennae, curated by Madeline Yale
2006
Art Mine. Port Hadlock , WA, Square One, curated by Eric Swangstu
Art: Pulse, NY , curated by Dr Koan Jeff Baysa
2005
Paradigm Art, NY, 4 Artists, curated by Christina Kang
Trygve Lie Gallery, NY, Sheer Veil – Three points of view, curated by Turid Meeker
2004
HVVCA, Peekskill, NY, The Peekskill Project, curated by KJ Baysa
Galleri JMS, Oslo, Galleriets Kunstnere, curated by Birgitte Schiøth
2003
Galleri JMS, Oslo, Norway, Plexi, curated by Birgitte Schiøth
Vestfossen Kunstlabratorium, Norway , School of 2003. Curated by Birgitte Schiøth
Transientnyc, New York “Anne Senstad and Matthew Abbott”, curated by Laura Raisanen
Heiberg Cummings, New York, “Red”, curated by Turid Meeker 2002
Noorderlicht, The Netherlands, “Mundos Creados”, curated by Wim Melis
Gary Snyder Fine Art, New York, Works on Paper, curated by Gary Snyder
Robin Rule Gallery, Denver – CO, Semblance, curated by Robin Rule 2001
Gale Gates Gallery, New York, Serial number, curated by Lauren Ross
1998
Kunstnernes Hus, Oslo, Norway, Høstutstillingen 1997
Gary Snyder Fine Art, New York, A new Naturalism, curated by Gary Snyder
1996
Gary Snyder Fine Art, New York, Affinities, curated by Gary Snyder 1995
The Munch Museum, Oslo, Norway, Annual National Photography Exhibition
PUBLIC ART COMMISSIONS:
2016 – Shortlisted: NYC EDC, NYC Parks and recreation, NYC Arts Council, The New Stapleton Waterfront public art commission, Staten Island, NY
2010 – Bowling Green State University, Ohio State Percent for Art Program/Snøhetta Architects,The Wolfe Center for Performance Arts – Permanent publicart commission
LECTURES:
St Brigid’s Art Center,Ottawa, Canada, 2012 – On installation and Projection, 2011
ArtTalks: Anne Senstad, 2009, Bowling Green State University,Ohio
Bærum Kunsthall, Norway October 27 2016: Artist talk with curator Sarah Walko in conjunction with the exhibition And Everything Else is Too Narrow.
The Mosaic Rooms, London, August 24th, 2017. Lecture on TIME BEYOND PLACE – The Cultural Bridge, a cross cultural platform for women artists established by Anne Senstad in Saudi Arabia in 2016.
Corcoran School of Art and Design George Washington University, Washington DC, on TIME BEYOND PLACE as part of WISAL symposium on cross cultural initiatives. Organized by ITHRA Dec 4, 2017.
Is Blue the calmest color – SL Gallery, An artist dialogue with Sarah Walko and Anne Senstad on the occasion of UNESCO’s International Day of Light, May 16, 2019.
Trafo Kunsthall Norway, On Light Art, an educational lecture series, Nov. 2020
S12 Galleri, Bergen, Artist talk with historian Erik Meling. Music for Plutocracy, 1/6, 2021
"2021," 8"x10" framed, 2021, two-stone lithograph print, drawn and printed by the artist
www.brendaberkmanartworks.com
www.thirty-sixviews.com
Bio
In 1982, Brenda Berkman won her landmark sex discrimination case against the New York City Fire Department and became one of the FDNY’s first women firefighters. For 25 years, she served the City as a firefighter and fire officer, rising to the rank of Captain. A PBS documentary about her career “Taking the Heat” can be found at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6l56ShNMAE&t=63s She continues to mentor girls and young women both in firefighting and other non-traditional work and is also a volunteer tour guide on the 9-11 Memorial.
On retiring from the FDNY in 2006, knowing nothing about drawing or printmaking, Brenda decided to study printmaking at the Art Students League, where she quickly fell in love with stone lithography. Part of the WNET documentary about the League, Berkman has always been eager to collaborate with other League artists. She created a collaborative art project commemorating the tenth anniversary of 9/11 involving 12 other artists connected to the League. After an exhibition at Westbeth, that group of works was then collected and exhibited by the League. For the 15th anniversary of 9/11 in 2016, Berkman created “Thirty-six Views of One World Trade Center,” to document the rebuilding of lower Manhattan after 9-11. Drawing and printing hundreds of stone lithograph prints of 36 iconic views of the new One World Trade Center over the course of three years (averaging a print per month!), Berkman’s series was collected by the 9/11 Memorial and Museum and is currently the subject of a solo exhibition at St. Olaf College on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of 9/11. A news story about her artist talk can be found at https://kstp.com/minnesota-news/september-11-2001-exhibit-at-saint-olaf-college-altered-skyline-brenda-berkman/6240618/ Her book about Thirty-six Views was published in September.
A short video about the Thirty-six Views project is at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R7Bp7LXlf2M&feature=youtu.be
Berkman is the featured artist for the 2021 White House Fellows conference this October.
Berkman serves on the Board of Directors of Monumental Women (MW), dedicated to honoring women and people of color in public spaces. On the 100th anniversary of the 19th Amendment on August 26, 2020, she coordinated the unveiling of MW’s Women’s Rights Pioneers Monument (WRPM) in the midst of the pandemic, the first statue of real women in the 167-year history of Central Park. The unveiling ceremony can be watched at https://monumentalwomen.org/ and more information is at https://monumentalwomen.org/the-unveiling/ She also coordinated MW’s Talking Statues project for the WRPM, an app featuring the voices of Meryl Streep, Jane Alexander and Viola Davis (English), and Rita Moreno, America Ferrara and Zoe Saldana (Spanish). Monumental Women’s projects include a “toolkit” to help more communities honor women in public spaces and a 5-borough Women’s Rights History Trail.
Statement
In March 2020 when the Covid pandemic shut down art studios all over New York City, stone lithograph printmakers like me did not have options to continue our printmaking – we had no access to the litho stones, presses and other equipment we need. Even when vaccination was possible and studios started to reopen with limitations, I still had health concerns about mass transit, infection rates, etc. that made me hesitant to fully embrace resuming artmaking. For one of my first images after returning to the studio, I drew a small stone to resemble a cave, with nooks and openings that reminded me of how I felt being separated from most family and friends. Two little eyes peering out of the “cave” express the hesitancy I still feel about resuming normal activities. The surrounding green vegetation is inviting and symbolic of hope and renewal.
CV
Collaborative art project I organized commemorating the tenth anniversary of 9-11
http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/145297/artists-bring-9-11-inspired-works-to-west-village?ap=1&MP4 (2011)
Thirty-six Views exhibit at DC 37 gallery (2016)
"From Lawyer to Firefighter to Artist" exhibit at the Charles P. Sifton Gallery, US District Court Eastern District (Brooklyn) (2018)
Selected as one of five featured printmakers by the New York Print Club (2019)
Numerous radio interviews about my art including on NPR and by the Women’s Media Center https://www.wnyc.org/story/brenda-berkman-september-11-responder-firefighter-artist/
http://www.womensmediacenter.com/feature/entry/new-yorks-firefighting-women
https://kstp.com/minnesota-news/september-11-2001-exhibit-at-saint-olaf-college-altered-skyline-brenda-berkman/6240618/
"Altered Skylines" solo art show Flaten Gallery, St. Olaf College (2021)
Multiple exhibits at the Art Students League (2007-present)
Flip Book, March 2020, watercolor/graphite on paper with vellum overlay (watercolor/graphite), 2020, 46"x36"
Halo, graphite/mixed on paper with vellum overlay (graphite/mixed), 15"x12", 2020
www.carlalobmier.com
@vandanceboat
Bio
Illinois native Carla Lobmier was awarded an APEX Studio NYC residency in 1999, prompting her move to NYC. Since 2000 she has lived and worked in Jackson Heights, Queens. Her paintings, drawings and mixed media pieces have been exhibited at the Queens Museum, Langston Hughes Cultural Center, Resobox Gallery, NYC; The Buckman Center, Memphis, TN; as well as site-specific watercolor installations for the Mid-Manhattan Library, NYC. Grace In Dwelling, her companion book to the art of the same title, was published by Ragged Sky Press on the occasion of this piece exhibited at the Queens Museum. Shaping the Container, her art/movement piece was supported by a Queens Council for the Arts 2018 New Works Grant. She is a recipient of a 2021 NYC City Artist Corps Grant.
Statement
Concentration is disciplined, requiring practice.
I am a visual artist, primarily. I paint and draw. My studio practice languished with the pandemic’s escalation here in NYC where I live and work, so the necessary concentration came hard. Making the piece, “Flip Book, March 2020,” was the means to move through my inertia and give my thoughts and hands a place of focus.
Most mornings early in the pandemic my husband and I took long walks to Flushing Meadows - Corona Park in our home borough of Queens. We plotted a route skirting contact with people, arriving at the park consoled to be in such open space. Quite possibly, the landscape in FM-CP was the largest, unoccupied panorama in NYC during that spring. The Unisphere, commissioned for the 1964-65 World’s Fair, became a fixture of my study. Designed by Gilmore D. Clarke, the steel monument represents the world’s continents and major mountain ranges in relief and is encircled by three rings that represent the orbits of early satellites. As my perception of the monument changed with light and weather conditions, I was unfailingly fascinated. I drew this motif as a landmark in Flip Book’s composition, next painting an over-sized microscopic coronavirus overhead a draped torso (me). Beneath this vellum layer is a second paper layer with a painted shadowy figure encircled by text and continuous calendar numbers.
The text reads:
December November Octo
Octobet October No ember
Dee rember Janu Can uary
Feb February March March
March Fevery January
June May April Apart May B
Maybe Maybe Jump July A
August September See
See Ember Ag
A Gust July Why
Jump June May A
Maypole May Pop Hop
Hop Hop Jump
Skip
Flip Book
The circle of our walks to the Unisphere intersected the orbit of changing information transmitting the world’s pandemic condition. The studio became a satellite in these rings – a space to process and make something of my finite movement.
Although my studio is only one flight down from my home floor in my building, I still take a big breath, open the door, and hurry down the stairs.
CV
SOLO SHOWS:
Shaping the Container, Art-Movement/Queens Arts Fund New Works Grant, NYC (2018)
Scrolling Confluence, Art in the Corner Room, Mid-Manhattan Library, NYC (2016)
Scrolling Confluence: Supernova, Art Wall on Third, Mid-Manhattan Library, NYC (2016)
Love Letter (to Light), Levy Gallery, The Buckman Center, Memphis, TN (2014)
Dirt, rock and far views, Langston Hughes Library and Community Center, NYC (2014)
Not so fast, Resobox Gallery, NYC (2012)
Residency, APEX ART C.P., NYC (1999)
Turn your back, it’s gone, Memphis Center for Contemporary Art, Memphis, TN (1989)
New Pictures, Grae Gallery, St. Louis, MO (1988)
Stitch, Memphis College of Art, Memphis, TN (1986)
Organic Configurations, Olney Central College, Olney, IL (1980)
GROUP SHOWS:
All Things Paper, Raiches Taller 222 Art Gallery, Tucson, AZ (2021)
Drawings in the Time of Renewal, LIC-A, NYC (2021)
Aqua Sagrada, Raíces Taller 222 Art Gallery, Tucson, AZ (2021)
FAME, Ivy League Gallery, Minneapolis, MN (2021)
Color Blind, Cultural Alliance of Western Connecticut, Danbury, CT (2021)
Mujeres, Mujeres, Mujeres Artists 2021, Raices Taller 222 Art Gallery, Tucson, AZ (2021)
OverThinker, Tyme Lapse Studio Gallery, London, UK (2021)
Artists Responding To Gallery, London, UK (2021)
Roche Faces of a Community, Southern Arizona Arts & Culture Alliance, AZ (2021)
2021, FLATFILE GALLERY, NYC, (2021)
Process -> Project: What Comes Out of Our Sketchbooks, Jamaica Center for the Arts & Learning, NYC, (2021)
Small Works, Clarksville Gallery, West Nyack, NY, (2021-2020)
Regalitos, Raices Taller 222 Gallery, Tucson, AZ, (2021-2020)
What Matters Most, The Artist Essentials, (2020)
Corazones Unidos, Raices Taller 222 Gallery, Tucson, AZ, (2020)
Pride In Bloom, PFLAG Rockland, Rockland County, NY, (2020)
USPS Art Project, Ely Center of Contemporary Art, New Haven, CT, (2020)
The USPS Art Project, Pelham Art Center, NYC, (2020)
New York State of Mind, Inside Small Art Exhibition, NYC, (2020)
Drawings In A Time of Social Distancing, LIC-A, NYC, (2020)
Art Like Air and Water: Mobile Zine & Artist Book Library, Southeast Queens Artist Alliance, NYC (2019)
Diary of a Radio Junkie, Guest Artist, Frosch and Portmann, NYC (2019)
First Radio Headlines Heard of the Day, Guest Artist, Esther Massry Gallery, Albany, NY (2019)
OFF THE WALL, The Plaxall Gallery, NYC (2019)
Fall Forward, The Factory, NYC (2018)
I Dream in Blue and Green, The Factory, NYC (2018)
Resistance, Jersey City Theater Center, Jersey City, NJ (2018)
Disillusionment – Perspectives Beyond, Taller Boricua Gallery, NYC (2018)
Queens Art Intervention: Dwelling, commissioned intervention/piece, Queens Museum, NYC (2017-18)
Fall Salon Show 2017, The Plaxall Gallery, NYC (2017)
The Art of the Garden, The Lazarus Gallery, New Rochelle, NY (2017)
Pop-Up, Queens Arts Council, NYC (2017)
I catch the pattern, Langston Hughes Library and Community Center, NYC (2015)
I catch the pattern, LIC ARTS OPEN 5, NYC (2015)
Summer Show, Guild Hall, East Hampton, NY (2015)
Winter, Hamptons Art Hub, East Hampton, NY (2015)
Local Color, Jamaica Center for the Arts & Learning, NYC (2014)
Roots/Drawing Connections, MSKCC In-Fusion Center, NYC, 12-month loan (2013)
Bridging the Gap, LaGuardia Community College, NYC (2013)
Bridging the Gap, Flushing Town Hall, NYC (2013)
Virtual Delight, Melissa Wolf Fine Arts, NYC (2013)
SQUARE, Space Womb Gallery, NYC (2013)
Natural Elements, Memorial Sloan-Kettering, NYC, 18-month loan (2013-14)
BIG QUEENS DRAWING SHOW, Jamaica Center for the Arts & Learning, NYC (2012)
Backlash, Soho 20 Chelsea Gallery, NYC (2012)
Bloom Time, Space Realty Group, NYC (2012)
Women in Art/Film 2012, Queens Museum of Art, NYC (2012)
Words Become Air, Space Realty Group, NYC (2012)
A Sense of Place, Space Realty Group, NYC (2011)
ARTSPoetica, A-Lab Forum, Crossing Gallery, NYC (2011)
Square Exhibition, Space Womb Gallery, NYC (2010)
BABEL, Space 37, NYC (2010)
Oncology on Canvas International, Union Station, Washington D.C. (2010)
Oncology on Canvas International, Altman Building, NYC (2009) (2008)
The Tax Form Project, Cynthia Braun Gallery, NYC (2009)
The Impermanent Collection, The ‘temporary Museum of Painting, NYC (2005)
Stu-di-ous, Upstairs at Dish, NYC (2004)
Cambridge Art Association National, Cambridge, MA (2002)
RED, Gallery 118, NYC (2002)
YELLOW, Gallery 118, NYC (2002)
BLUE, Gallery 118, NYC (2002)
Artist at Work, The New Century Artists Gallery, NYC (2001)
A Shared Journey, Greater Lafayette Museum of Art, Lafayette, IN (2001)
13th Biennial Drawing/Watercolor: Illinois, Tarble Arts Center, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL (2001)
WinterThaw National, Gallery 510, Decatur, IL (2000)
45th Annual Paris Juried, Paris Bicentennial Art Museum, Paris, IL (1999)
55th Annual, Sheldon Swope Museum, Terre Haute, IN (1999)
53rd Illinois State, Capital Center, Springfield, IL (1999)
St. Charles Art and Music Festival National, Dellora A. Norris Cultural Arts Center, Chicago, IL (1999)
12th Biennial Drawing/Watercolor: Illinois, Tarble Arts Center, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL (1998)
PAINT SEEN, Dellora A. Norris Cultural Arts Center, Chicago, IL (1998)
Yeiser 98, Yeiser Art Center, Paducah, KY (1998)
Art for Sale, Fort Wayne Museum of Art, Fort Wayne, IN (1998)
Fine Line National, Dellora A. Norris Cultural Arts Center, Chicago, IL (1998)
art & soul, ART St. LOUIS, St. Louis, MO (1998)
Paint Illinois, Paris Bicentennial Art Museum, Paris, IL (1998)
Gesture as Value, NYC (1998)
Gesture as Value, Bordesholm, Germany (1998)
Summer, Steinbocks Gallery, Chicago, IL (1998)
Paint Illinois, Paris Bicentennial Art Museum, Paris, IL (1997)
St. Charles Art and Music Festival National, Dellora A. Norris Cultural Arts Center, Chicago, IL (1997)
Rhythm and Rhyme, GALLERY TEN, Chicago, IL (1997)
Paducah ’97 National, Yeiser Arts Center, Paducah, KY (1997)
43rd Annual Paris Juried, Paris Bicentennial Art Museum, Paris, IL (1997)
53rd Annual, Sheldon Swope Museum, Terre Haute, IN (1997)
Gesture as Value, Franziska Pia Gallery, Bern Switzerland (1997)
Harper National Print and Drawing, William Rainey Harper College, Chicago, IL (1996)
The Party's Over (Fiesta Flag #2), 2021, 30 x 22, Oil on Arches oil paper
The Party's Over (Fiesta Flag #4), 2021, 30 x 22, Oil on Arches oil paper
The Party's Over (Fiesta Flag #5), 2021, 30 x 22, Oil on Arches oil paper
www.cjanepaint.com
IG: @corajaneglasser
FB: Cora Jane Glasser
Bio
Cora Jane Glasser is a third generation New Yorker, born in Brooklyn and residing in Manhattan. She received her education in New York City public schools, earned her degree at Queens College and received further art education at the Arts Students League.
Glasser’s family history is deeply entrenched in the history of the City. Her father’s family worked in a building trade, and her mother’s in the garment and entertainment industries. Her personal generational connection to the City and its growth gives her a layered, archaeological view of it that is reflected in her work. Recently, she has worked on a commission for the production of permanent artwork onto architectural glass for a building in Queens, and created a monumental installation for a group exhibit at FIT inspired by these influences. Her work has been shown in numerous solo and group shows nationally and internationally, and is held in private, corporate and municipal collections.
Glasser works from her studio in South Williamsburg, Brooklyn.
Statement
While wandering my neighborhood during the pandemic, I sadly took note of the emptiness. I passed the location of a restaurant where for decades my family had celebrated happy occasions; it was like a gut-punch to see that it had closed. My head swimming with memories, I peered inside and beyond the darkness I saw only ghostly furnishings. Wanting to hold onto something that I knew was already out of reach, I stood up against the window and took some photos through the glass – not expecting much. The photos, however, unexpectedly captured reflections of translucent layered images that appeared to be floating into the ether. I knew that when I got back into the studio I would somehow paint these images. The Party’s Over is a series of paintings inspired by this and the many closings of familiar and beloved spots in NYC neighborhoods as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. Fiesta Flags, playful ubiquities in Mexican restaurants, are depicted as lost objects, shadows and reflections, emblematic of the disappearances and losses we have experienced. On the bright side, over the month we have seen the streets of New York come alive, and we can even see Fiesta Flags beckoning again.
CV
SELECTED EXHIBITIONS:
2021
CAUSALITY, Atlantic Gallery, (pending Nov.), curated by Kim Power
WELCOME BACK, Maggi Peyton Gallery, New York, NY
WOMEN CELEBRATE WOMEN, El Barrio Art Space, New York, NY
ROOTED, Greenly Art Space, Signal Hill, CA
MADE IN NEW YORK, Schweinfurth Art Center, Auburn, NY, juror, Sharon Loudon
CONNECTIONS V, Atlantic Gallery, New York, NY
REFRESH!, Organized by Odetta Digital in collaboration with the SHIM Art Network on Artsy
PAGE TURNER, Organized by Odetta Digital in collaboration with the SHIM Art Network on Artsy
USPS ART PROJECT, A multi-venue traveling exhibit, Greenly Art Space, CA
2020
SEA CHANGE, Organized by Odetta Digital in collaboration with the SHIM Art Network on Artsy
PANDEMIC PROOF, Organized by Odetta Digital in collaboration with the SHIM Art Network on Artsy
ESSENTIAL WORKS, Organized by Odetta Digital in collaboration with the SHIM Art Network on Artsy
USPS ART PROJECT, a multiple venue traveling exhibit, Pelham Art Center, Pelham, NY; Ely Center for Contemporary Art, New Haven, CT; Sunset Studios, Dallas, TX; Art Gym, Denver, Denver, CO; inLiquid, Philadelphia PA
2019
PICTURING SPACE, FIT Pomerantz Center Lobby, NYC (installation)
ALLEYWAY ARCHAEOLOGY: SLOW SPACES BETWIXT AND BETWEEN, An exhibition of art and artifacts in conjunction with the Department of Anthropology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York (installation; collaboration)
2018
ALLOW ME TO INTRODUCE MYSELF, Cigar Factory, LIC, NY
MADE IN NEW YORK, Avelon’ARTS, Lavelanet, France
2017
SPACES, Long Island City, NY
ADAPTATIONS 2, Goodhue House Lobby Gallery, NY (solo)
CAUTIOUS OPTIMISM, Fitton Center for Creative Arts, Hamilton, OH (installation)
2016
WHEN LANGUAGE MEETS ART, The Louise Hopkins Underwood Center for the Arts, Lubbock, TX
A DIFFERENT VISION, Plymouth Center for the Arts, Plymouth, MA
ARTIST III EXHIBITION, Miller Gallery, Jamaica Center for Arts and Learning, NY
PAINTING AND SEEING, Univ. of NC, Wilmington, NC
2014-15
HOME, Theresa A. Maloney Gallery, College of Saint Elizabeth, NJ
THE LAST BRUCENNIAL, NYC
ADAPTATIONS, Goodhue House Lobby Gallery, NY (9/14-1/15) (solo)
BENEATH THE SURFACE, Art at First Gallery, NY (solo)
CORA JANE GLASSER, SELECTED WORKS, Roger Smith Hotel Lobby Gallery, NY (solo)
TRAJECTORIES, Gallery 61, NY Institute of Technology, NY (2 person)
ARCHI | TEXTURE: 2014, Living Room Gallery, NY (solo)
TALKING VOLUMES-AND VOIDS, Governor’s Island, NY
EXQUISITE, LabSpace, Hillsdale, NY
SPRING EXHIBIT, Dalton Gallery, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, GA
2013
ARCHI | TEXTURE : NEW WORK, FXFOWLE Gallery, NY (2 person)
ARCHIVE OF UNREALIZED DREAMS, Gallery of the Institute Library, New Haven, CT
NURTUREart 2013, Bernarducci Meisel Gallery, NY
WORKING IT OUT, The Painting Center, NY
2011-12
NATURAL/CONSTRUCTED SPACES, The Painting Center, NY
FOUNDATIONS, Blackney Hayes Architects Gallery, Philadelphia, PA (solo)
QUERY, James Oliver Gallery, Philadelphia, PA (solo)
ARCHI | TEXTURE, Broadway Suites, NY (2 person)
A SENSE OF PLACE, Holiday Inn Manhattan View, NY; Space Realty Group, NY
2010
WORKSITES, Wachovia Bank, Corporate Real Estate Offices, NY (solo)
BERLIN BLUES, Julio Valdez Studio at AAF, NY (solo)
AN EXCHANGE WITH SOL LEWITT, Cabinet Gallery, Brooklyn, NY
THE ARCHITECTURE SHOW, James Oliver Gallery, Philadelphia, PA
URBAN VOIDS AND ABSENCES, Turn-Berlin Gallery, Berlin, Germany
LONG ISLAND CITY GRID, Acumen Capital Partners Lobby & Gallery Exhibition, NY
ENCAUSTIC: WAX AND IMAGE, Westchester Community College Center for the Arts, NY
2009
BEAUTY AND ITS OPPOSITES, 301 Gallery, Montserrat Collage of Art, Beverly, MA
2008
CONTEMPORARY CONNECTIONS, Katonah Museum of Art, Katonah, NY
COLOR KEY, The Painting Center, NY
TIMELESS, THE ART OF DRAWING, Morris Museum of Art, Morristown, NJ
2007
ABSTRACT & GEOMETRIC, Woman Made Gallery, Chicago, IL
ANNUAL EXHIBIT, Artworks Gallery, Trenton, NJ
2006
NEW AMERICAN TALENT, NINETEENTH EXHIBITION, Arthouse at the Jones Center, Austin, TX Juror: Jerry Saltz, traveling to: Texas A & M University Gallery and Wichita Falls Museum
2005
SUMMER EXHIBIT, Godwin-Ternbach Museum, Queens College, NY
NIGHT AND DAY, Fairfield University Gallery, Fairfield, CT
TWENTY THIRD ANNUAL TRAVELING METRO SHOW, City Without Walls, Newark, NJ, traveling to : Johnson Free Public Library, Hackensack, NJ; Palmer Museum, Springfield NJ; B. Beemderfer Gallery, Highland Park, NJ; Ramapo College, Mahwah, NJ
2003-4
22ND ANNUAL WREATH INTERPRETATIONS, Arsenal Gallery, New York, NY
MODERN PAINTINGS, Dezart One Gallery, Palm Springs, CA
FISH FOLLIES, Cordova Historical Museum,” Cordova, AK
22ND ANNUAL NATIONAL SMALL WORKS, Schoharie County Arts Council, Cobleskill, NY
LANDSCAPES UNLIMITED, Fine Arts Building Gallery, Chicago, IL
2001-2
SMALL WORKS 2002, Nexus Gallery, NY
THE LANGUAGE OF VISION, Williamsburg Art & Historical Center, Brooklyn, NY
THE LANGUAGE OF VISION, Watchung Arts Center, Watchung, NJ
EDUCATION:
B.S./B.A. Anthropology/Art, Queens College, NY; Art Students League, NY
COMMISSIONS:
2017-2018 Fabrication by Glassmalerei Peters’ Studio, Paderborn, Germany, for The Delson
Design, develop & realize designs for permanent fabrication onto glass totaling approximately 130 square feet for permanent installation into a newly constructed building. Disclosure of names & details subject to approval by owner & architect of record.
PUBLIC ART:
Finalist, MTA Arts For Transit, E. 180th Street Station, 2008
BIBIOGRAPHY:
“Uncertainty”, ekphrasic poem by Nancy Defoe, inspired by “Holding Patterns#7”, on occasion of “Made in NY” exhibit, Schweinfurth Art Center
“Alleyway Archaeology: Art & Artifacts”, exhibition catalog, commentary by Shannon Novak
“Picturing Space”, exhibition catalog, essay by David Ebony
“The Delson”, exhibition catalog, essay by Ann Aptaker
“A Different Vision”, Plymouth Center for the Arts, Exhibit Review, Louisa Clerici
“Cautious Optimism”, brochure essay by Jonathan Goodman
“Sunrise in the West”, curatorial statement by Ann Aptaker
“Speaking Volumes-and Voids,” curatorial statement by Anne Stanner
Yew Journal, Summer volume, 2015
“Beneath The Surface”, First Presbyterian Church of New York, Interview by Amy Ullo, “First Notes”.
“Natural/Constructed Spaces Catalog”, The Painting Center, NY
“Archi | Texture”, Q & A, with commentary by Liane Torre, NY
“Query”, Catalog, essay by Ann Aptaker
“Urban Voids & Absences”, Catalog, turn-berlin Gallery, Berlin, Germany
R & F Paints On-Line Gallery, Interview by Gallery Director, Laura Moriarty
“Timeless, The Art of Drawing ” Catalog, Morris Museum of Art, Morristown, NJ
“22nd Annual National Small Works”, Catalog, Schoharie County Arts Council, Cobleskill, NY
“New American Talent, Nineteenth Exhibition”, Catalog, Arthouse at the Jones Center, Austin, TX
SELECTED COLLECTIONS:
Landmarks Preservation Commission, Library, New York City
Department of Anthropology, Syracuse, New York
Transitional Services for New York, Inc.
Arts Alliance of Decatur (municipal collection)
Williamsburg Art & Historical Center, Brooklyn, NY
Pfizer, Inc., NY
Acumen Capital, NY
Vericon Construction, NJ
XØ Projects, NY
TowerBrook Capital Partners LP, NYC (exhibition)
Various national and international private collections
Untitled Orange-Yellow Mural; 40 x 120"; 2021; Video stills inkjet-printed on paper, colored pencil
www.ElizabethRileyProjects.com
instagram: @elizabethrileyprojects
Bio
Elizabeth Riley’s art addresses questions concerning the complex and changing world we inhabit and our “mixed reality,” living between physical and digital/virtual contexts. The works produced take the form of two and three dimensional wall works, installations, and tabletop cityscapes, made from video, video stills, and diverse materials. A long time New Yorker, Elizabeth Riley graduated from Barnard College and received an MFA from Hunter College. The artist recently completed a proposal, as a finalist, for a Percent for Art commission for a public school in New York City. April 2021, her two-dimensional wall work was presented in a 2-person show at Spantzo Gallery on New York City’s Lower East Side. She was a resident at the Millay Colony, November 2020, and has participated in 14 artist residencies, in the US and aboard. “Ribbons Become Space,” a solo show of her work, featuring an installation including six live video elements, was presented at SL Gallery, in Manhattan, 2019. In 2018 her video, “The Life of a City,” was screened as part of the BRIC Garage Door Video Series, at BRIC Arts-Media House in Brooklyn. Also in 2018 the artist curated "Trill Matrix" for The Clemente Center on the Lower East Side, a show of seven dynamic women artists. In December, 2017, Elizabeth Riley’s wall sculpture was on display in Excessive Frugality at Odetta Gallery in Brooklyn. In April, 2017, the site-specific participatory installation, “City Remix,” appeared in the exhibition, Reconstruct, at LIU in Brooklyn, and in June, 2017, the 20 x 20 ft installation, “Paper Dragons, Brooklyn,” which functions as a walk-in, physical video, appeared in Bigger, Bolder, Better at 470 Vanderbilt Ave, Brooklyn, sponsored by Chashama. In 2016 the multipart tabletop cityscape, “Video City,” appeared in the show LAND AIR PLACE at Project Artspace in Manhattan.
Statement
“Sheltering-in,” in order to focus on artwork, is something artists do in the best of times. Being asked to do this for the sake of personal and community safety for this artist wasn’t a stretch. While witnessing the news and sights and sounds of the pandemic saddened and opened my heart, my private acts as an artist gave me comfort and even joy. My lifelong struggle, even before the pandemic, has been between feeling locked down due to my cultural experience growing up female, and a strong drive to “open up.” Being in “lock down” for external, legitimate reasons, provided a sense of relief, while I was further freed to “open up” in the pursuit of, and exploration of my art practice.
My work addresses questions concerning the complex and changing world we inhabit and our “mixed reality,” living between physical and digital/virtual contexts; are we our everyday, familiar, material past, or our digital future, and is this apparent “mixed reality” of the moment to be embraced or resisted. Is the digital present the bells and whistles of an unchanged and familiar humanity, or does it define us and the future? This project is embodied in two and three dimensional wall works, installations, and tabletop cityscapes, made using video, inkjet-printed video stills, and diverse materials.
My primary working materials, video and video stills, are from the same source but utilized in immaterial and material forms. Video is light and motion, while the video stills are a material expression of the live videos. These video stills have been exported from my short videos, imported into a page layout program and often arranged and printed out as lengths of consecutive video stills. I fold and roll these to make shapes I then build sculptures with.
Recently, during the 2020-2021 pandemic, I’ve been collaging two dimensional wall works from torn and shaped video stills. This current body of work began in 2019 as large 3-D wall works which referenced multiple qualities of “light”: the light of the “soul” that combine the internal and external; light that’s both here and not as a new thought originates; radiant and funky city light; the light that animates video and makes it real to our eyes; and light captured and made material in video stills, and in these current works symbolically present as orange and yellow, pigment printed on paper.
In the development of my art my drive has been in looking through the video media shapes and structures I’ve made, toward forming an embodiment of the present and the future. This embodiment is based in personal experience and the sensation body, and also in a determination to reach beyond the self, and beyond the personal moment. A propelling motive in my work history and process has been in reaching beyond the limited roles provided for women and enforced by the social standards which I encountered as a young woman and young artist. Another major influence on my art has been the raw and nurturing influence of the urban environment that’s been my home as an adult, and speaks to me continually about the future, and our direction as a society.
CV
2021
Elizabeth Riley, Mohamed Khalil – GALANTE, Spantzo Gallery, New York NY
Friends of Dorothy, Spantzo Gallery, New York NY
Embody, Ely Center for Contemporary Art, New Haven CT
My Octopus Friend Inspiration, WoArt Blog, Online Exhibition
People Places Things, Project Gallery V, Online Exhibition
All of the Lights, Treat Gallery, Online Exhibition
One in a Year, The Painting Center, Online Exhibition
Art from the Boros VIII, Denise Bibro Fine Art, Online Exhibition
Drawing Challenge XIX, Jason McCoy Gallery, Online Exhibition
2021: January Featured Artists, FLATFILE Gallery, Online Exhibition
2020
#PandemicProjections – Night 8, Curated by Wavelength, Outdoor projection, Little Falls NJ
#PandemicProjections, Gardenship: Art House Projections, Curated by Wavelength, Kearny NJ
#PandemicProjections 3.0, MoCA L.I.ghts, Curated by Wavelength, Patchogue NY
Changing a Point of View, All She Makes, Curated by Christina Massey, Online Exhibition
Spring Forward, Arcade Project, Curated by Ruben Natal-San Miguel, New York NY, Online Exhibition
USPS Art Project, Pelham Art Center, Organized by Christina Massey, Pelham NY
Computer Love, DAS NYC, Brooklyn NY
2019
(solo) Elizabeth Riley: Ribbons Become Space, SL Gallery, New York NY
Mounds, Piles and Massings, Walsh Gallery, Seton Hall University, South Orange NJ
Among Friends / Entre Amigos, The Clemente, New York NY
#CollageNow, Denise Bibro Fine Art, New York NY
REVISION 2, Edison Price Lighting Gallery, Queens, New York NY
Collage/Mixed Media/Digital Art (The Art of Layering), NAWA, New York NY
Transcendental Pathway, Gallery 55, Empire Stores, Brooklyn NY
2018
BRIC Garage Door Video Series, BRIC Arts|Media House, Brooklyn NY
Away From the Wall, National Arts Club, New York NY
JuxtaPostions, The Painting Center, New York NY
Zoom In, Zoom Out, The Cluster Gallery, Brooklyn NY
Defining Form, The Untitled Space, New York NY
Introductions 2018, Trestle Gallery, Brooklyn NY
Trill Matrix, Abrazo Interno Gallery, The Clemente, New York NY
Sideshow Nation VI, The Greatest Show on Earth, Sideshow Gallery, Brooklyn NY
2017
Excessive Frugality, Odetta Gallery, Brooklyn NY
Dancing with Rhinos, Van Der Plas Gallery, New York NY
Bigger Bolder Better, Curated by Jaynie Crimmins, Christina Massey & Etty Yaniv, Chashama Space to Present Program, 470 Vanderbilt Ave, Brooklyn NY
Reconstruct, Curated by Michal Gavish & Etty Yaniv, Salena Gallery, Long Island University, Brooklyn NY
The Constructicons, It’s All About Things Project Space, Port Chester NY
Nasty Women Exhibition, Knockdown Center, Queens NY
Sideshow Nation V, Thru the Rabbit Hole 2, Sideshow Gallery, Brooklyn NY
2016
Land, Air, Place, Curated by Leslie Kerby, Project Artspace, New York NY
My Nights Are More Beautiful Than Your Days, Curated by Osman Can Yerebakan, AC Institute: Online + Live Event, New York NY
Seeking Space: Making the Future, David & Schweitzer Gallery, Brooklyn NY
Made in Ridgewood, Outpost Artists Resources, Queens NY
OPEN (C)ALL: Up for Debate, Gallery at BRIC House, Brooklyn NY
Thru the Rabbit Hole, Sideshow Gallery, Brooklyn NY
2015
Shifting Scapes, Curated by Dashboard Co-op, Duluth GA
Out of Place, Curated by Etty Yaniv & Fanny Allié, 172 North 1st St, Brooklyn NY
Reactivator, Curated by Matt Miller, The Active Space, Brooklyn NY
Gone Fishin’, Curated by Dana Kane, 315 Berry Street, Brooklyn NY
Holiday Salon Extravaganza, Lesley Heller Workspace, New York, NY
BOS Cinema Sunday, Bushwick Community Darkroom, Brooklyn NY
The Big Small Show, Drawing Rooms, Jersey City NJ
Going Big, Curated by Suzan Shutan & Susan Carr, Central Booking Gallery, New York NY
New Work City, Curated by Julie Torres, Momenta Art, Brooklyn NY
Paperazzi 4, Janet Kurnatowski Gallery, Brooklyn NY
Sideshow Nation llI, Circle the Wagons, Sideshow Gallery, Brooklyn NY
2014
Inhabiting Ten Eyck, Site-specific work by 14 artists, Curated by Karin Bravin, Storefront Ten Eyck, Brooklyn NY
COSMS, Dashboard Co-op, Atlanta GA
Best Case Scenario, Curated by Jeanne Tremel & Eliot Markell, Brooklyn Fireproof, Brooklyn NY
Second Family, Curated by Julie Torres, 2 Rivington, New York NY
Paperazzi 3, Janet Kurnatowski Gallery, Brooklyn NY
2013
SO1EO1 — Dennis Congdon, Oliver Herring, and Elizabeth Riley, Kijidome, Boston MA
dB Artist Series — Rhia Hurt and Elizabeth Riley, Dungeon Beach, Brooklyn NY
Transitions, v.1 (Like an Indefinite State), Associated Gallery, Brooklyn NY
Portraits of Fern, Norte Maar, Brooklyn NY
Paperazzi 2, Janet Kurnatowski Gallery, Brooklyn NY
Sideshow Nation, Sideshow Gallery, Brooklyn NY
2012
Martin Bromirski, Rachel LaBine, and Elizabeth Riley, Storefront Bushwick, Brooklyn NY
Salon Exhibition, The Active Space, Brooklyn NY
Art From the Boros, Denise Bibro Fine Art, Platform Project Space, New York NY
Art Snack Registry, Curatorial Project of Krista Saunders, New York NY
Traps, Space 1026, Philadelphia PA
MIC:CHECK (the human mic), Sideshow Gallery, Brooklyn NY
2011
Fiction is Fact, Studio Salon: Curated by David Gibson, New York NY
VIDEO ALCHEMY – Elizabeth Riley & Jeanne Wilkinson, Creon Gallery, New York NY
Hidden Cities, Woman’s Caucus for Art, Juried by Lisa Phillips, New Century Gallery, New York NY
Experimenta, Streaming Festival Sixth Edition {The Hague}, Online
New York Group Show, Kianga Ellis Projects, Brooklyn NY
IT’S ALL GOOD!!! (Apocalypse now), Sideshow Gallery, Brooklyn NY
2010
(solo) OUTSIGHT INN: 28 Solo Projects, Rupert Ravens Contemporary, Newark NJ
Party Animal, Curatorial project of Elliot Lessing, at SUGAR in Bushwick, Brooklyn NY
Jamaica Flux Video Slam, Art as Action, Jamaica Center for Arts & Learning, Jamaica NY
Painting with Pictures, David Gibson, Savannah Spirit and Asya Geisberg, Curators, Casita Gallery, Bronx NY
Idle Time/Busy Mind, NURTUREart, Brooklyn NY
Open Portfolio Salon & Exhibition, Sponsored by Frére Independent, Chelsea Museum, New York NY
CURATORIAL:
2018
Trill Matrix, Abrazo Interno Gallery, The Clemente, New York NY
Artists include: Nancy Baker, Jaynie Crimmins, Christina Massey, Elizabeth Riley, Christine Romanell, Linda Kamille Schmidt and Etty Yaniv
RESIDENCIES & FELLOWSHIPS:
2020
Millay Colony For The Arts (Artist Residency—Austerlitz NY)
2018
Soaring Gardens Artists Retreat, Lacyville PA (Artist Residency)
2017
Heliker-LaHotan Foundation, Great Cranberry Island ME (Artist Residency)
2015
Two Trees Cultural Space Subsidy Program (Subsidized studio space in DUMBO, 2015-2017)
I-Park Residency, East Haddam, CT (Artist Residency)
2014
BRIC Media Arts Fellowship, BRIC Arts | Media House, Brooklyn NY (Media Fellowship)
2013
Anderson Center Residency (Supported by a grant from the Jerome Foundation), Red Wing MN (Artist Residency)
I-Park Residency, East Haddam, CT (Artist Residency)
2011
SIM Residency, Reykjavik, Iceland (Artist Residency)
2009
Ox-Bow Fall Residency, Saugatuck MI (Artist Residency)
2008
Chashama North, Pine Plains NY (Artist Residency)
2006
Byrdcliffe Artist Colony, Woodstock NY (Artist Residency)
2003
Valparaiso Foundation, Mojácar Playa, Almería, Spain (Artist Residency)
2003
Atlantic Center for the Arts, New Smyrna Beach FL (Artist Residency)
2001
Aljira Emerge 2001, Newark NJ (Juried program of professional developmental seminars)
1997
Virginia Center for the Creative Arts, Mount San Angelo, Sweet Briar VA (Artist Residency)
1979
Yaddo, Saratoga Springs NY (Artist Residency)
BLIOGRAPHY:
Mode Shifting: Elizabeth Riley at SLGallery, John Mendelsohn, Art Critical, 2019
http://www.artcritical.com/2019/08/01/mode-shifting-elizabeth-riley-sl-gallery/
Ribbons Become Space at SL Gallery, Etty Yaniv, Art Spiel, 2019
http://artspiel.org/ribbons-become-space-at-sl/
Elizabeth Riley (interview), Woart, Christina Massey, 2019.
http://www.cmasseyart.com/blog/2019/2/6/elizabth-rile
The Thrill of Trill Matrix at The Abrazo Interno Gallery, Clemente Soto Vélez Center, Ante Mag, Audra Lambert, 2019
https://antemag.com/2019/01/14/the-thrill-of-trill-matrix-at-the-abrazo-interno-gallery-clemente-soto-velez-center/
“Trill Matrix” at The Clemente, Arte Fuse, Johnathan Goodman, 2019
https://artefuse.com/2019/01/03/trill-matrix-at-the-clemente/
EDUCATION:
Hunter College, MFA
Barnard College, BA
01. Covid-Diary Day 3, Self-Check for Symptoms, 9”w x 12”h, 2020, Mixed-media on Paper
02. Covid-Diary Day 10, Another Anxiety Day, 9”w x 12”h, 2020, Mixed-media on Paper
03. Covid-Diary Day 23, It’s About the Breathe, 9”w x 12”h, 2020, Mixed-media on Paper
04. Covid-Diary Day 40, Or Maybe It’s Just Me, 9”w x 12”h, 2020, Mixed-media on Paper
05. Covid-Diary Day 44, BLANK-My Time, 9”w x 12”h, 2020, Mixed-media on Paper
06. Covid-Diary Day 68, Persevere, 9”w x 12”h, 2020, Mixed-media on Paper
07. Covid-Diary Day 78, I Touched His Phone With Bare Hands, 9”w x 12”h, 2020, Mixed-media on Paper
08. Covid-Diary Day 164, Opp-Ortunity, 9”w x 12”h, 2020, Mixed-media on Paper
09. Covid-Diary Day 175, So Much is At Stake, 9”w x 12”h, 2020, Mixed-media on Paper
10. Covid-Diary Day 211, Focus on the Good While Carrying the Heavy, 9”w x 12”h, 2020, Mixed-media on Paper
11. Covid-Diary Day 217, Went and Voted, 9”w x 12”h, 2020, Mixed-media on Paper
12. Covid-Diary Day 272, Bits and Pieces, 9”w x 12”h, 2020, Mixed-media on Paper
www.jennieboothart.com
www.jenniebooth.com
@jennieboothart
Bio
Brooklyn artist Jennie Booth’s work is cerebral and challenging in its quietness.
Widely exhibited, her recent shows include a solo exhibit at the Sheen Center For Thought and Culture, NYC and the international sculpture festival, Socha a Objekt XX in Bratislava, Slovakia. Significant to her practice are the many residencies and grants she has been awarded; City Artist Corps Grant, artAmari (Crete), Cill Rialaig (Ireland), Mano Y Mente (New Mexico), and the prestigious Marie Walsh Sharpe Studio Program, to name a few. From a humorously scathing Wall Street Journal review to positive words from New York Time’s Roberta Smith, Booth has a rich bibliography that spans print and digital genres. She maintains a Brooklyn studio through the ChaShaMa Space-To-Create Program.
Statement
During the NYC Pause, I decided a way to help alleviate my isolation and stress was to create a Covid-Diary, documenting my experience during this unique time. As someone who enjoys doing crossword puzzles, I made it part of the project to do a puzzle each day and then use parts or all of it in a spontaneous collage drawing. I noted a diary entry about my day on one edge and the top news headlines I saw on my Apple and Google newsfeeds on another. These drawings represent days 3, 23, 44, 68, and 211 of the shutdown. All together I did 366 crossword puzzle collages. The project gave me a focus during those empty, silent days and posed a challenge to my creative process. And yes, I still enjoy doing crossword puzzles!
CV
AWARDS
2011-2021 Studio Residency, Chashama, Brooklyn Army Terminal, Brooklyn NY
2021 City Artist Corps Grant, NYC Department of Cultural Affairs, NY,NY
2014 Artist in Residence, artAmari, Crete, Greece
2013 Artist in Residence, Cill Rialaig, County Kerry, Ireland
2007 Artist in Residence, Mano Y Mente, Tularosa, New Mexico
2005 Finalist: Aljira Emerge Program, Newark, NJ
2003 Winner-Concorso Per Artisti, Comune di Roma, Italy
2003 Ucross Foundation, Alternate-Artist Residency, Ucross, Wyoming
2002 Fellow, “Food for Thought” Emerging Artists, Sumei Multidisciplinary Arts Center, Newark NJ
1999 Resident, Fundacion Valparaiso, Almeria, Spain
1998 Full Fellow, Vermont Studio Center, Johnson, VT
1997 Recipient, Marie Walsh Sharpe Foundation-Studio Program
SELECT SOLO EXHIBITIONS
2016 Through the Dark (Darkly), Sheen Center for Thought and Culture NY, NY
2015 The Raw and the Cooked, Honey Badger Motel, Brooklyn, NY
2011 The Universe Goes Looking For An Answer, chashama Gallery 461, NY, NY
2010 Die Suche des Universums nach einer Antwort, Feral Kunst Galerie, Aigen, Austria
2009 Speechless, Art on Armitage Gallery, Chicago, IL
thinking about water, Figment NYC, Governor's Island, NY
Booth at Solomon's Porch, Culture Caravan, Brooklyn, NY
2007 To the Nth Power, The SkinNY, NY, NY
2003 del dicho al hecho, Art for Change Carlito’s Gallery, E. Harlem NY
Odradek, Rome, Italy
Comune di Roma X Municipio, Rome, Italy
Selected Works, Gallery at Libreria Oberdam, Perugia, Italy
2000 Signs of the Unseen, White Pines College, Chester, New Hampshire
SELECT GROUP EXHIBITIONS
2021 ChaShaMa Open Studios, Brooklyn, NY
Trilean Logic, Chashama Space to Create 23rd St. Gallery, NY, NY
Metamorphosis, P&P Townhouse Salon, Brooklyn, NY
Harvest of Dreams 2021, Incubator Studio Gallery, Brooklyn, NY
Almost Endless, Southern Alleghenies Museum of Art, Altoona, PA
2020 Pushing Your Buttons, Incubator Gallery, Brooklyn, NY
2019 Total Eclipse, Friday Studio Gallery, Brooklyn, NY
Red Hook Summer Pop Up, BWAC Red Hook Brooklyn, NY
O, Portmanteau Project Space, Dayton, Ohio
No Rules, eskff Benefit, Mana Contemporary, Jersey City, NJ
The Unambiguous Line, Friday Studio Gallery, Brooklyn, NY
REDUX; McKinney Arts Pop-up, 526 11St. Space, NY, NY
2018 Solstice, Friday Studio Gallery, Brooklyn NY
A Mirror To Reflect Myself Upon, T.A.F Gallery, Athens, Greece
2017 Wizard, Friday Studio Gallery, Brooklyn, NY
A Fine Tuned Machine, Friday Studio Gallery, Brooklyn, NY
2015 Opposable THUmbs, Booth and Licul, Friday Studio Gallery, Brooklyn, NY
Time Regained, Fo Kia Nou, Athens, Greece
Brooklyn 2 Bratislava, Sculpture and Objects Exhibition XX, Bratislava, Slovakia
2013 Harvest of Dreams, Friday Studio Gallery, Brooklyn, NY
Artists U Nite /Project Fishtown, Philadelphia PA
Art For Music's Sake, Brooklyn Symphony at Rogue Space, NY, NY
Pinwheel, CCCP-Northern Light Gallery, Brooklyn, NY
2012 Scope Art Fair, chashama , NY, NY
Hey Beautiful!, Amos Eno Gallery, DUMBO Brooklyn, NY
may queen, CCCP-Northern Light Gallery, Bushwick Brooklyn, NY
Celebration, Gallery Bar, NY, NY
SELECT PUBLICATIONS
Vellum Art Zine, Featured Artist, Human Nature, Issue 24, 2020, pgs 14, 15
“A return to 11th Street this weekend for ‘McKinney Arts REDUX,’ EV Grieve.com 1/25/2019
Sheen Center for Culture Fall Season Brochure, Cover Pg, Interior Pages 2016
http://artefuse.com/2015/06/11/the-best-of-bushwick-open-studios-2015-124051/
http://spectator.sme.sk/c/20058760/us-culture-in-slovakia.html
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/camille-zamora/street-pianos_b_3351959.html
Featured Artist, MISC Magazine, Mind Issue, (Photo), Spring 2012
http://www.time2imagine.com/site_1/Stories/Entries/2011/12/5_The Universe_Goes_Looking_4_an_Answer.html
http:womenartsalon.blogspot.com/2011/09/member-spotlight-bisual-artist-jennie.html
http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2011/06/astor_place_pop_up_piano.php
http//:villagebeat.nyuhyperlocal.org/arcfhives/2694 (Video Image, Piano)
http://streetcredmusic.blogspot.com/2011/02/jennie-booth-artist-activist.html
New York Narratives Catalogue, Winter 2009, Cover, pgs 1,2 (Photos)
PUBLIC WORKS
"Think About How You Think" Sing For Hope Piano, United States Post Office, Jackson Heights, Brooklyn, NY 2013
"Try To Be An Ear,” Sing For Hope Piano, Astor Place NY, NY 2011
“Cerca di Essere Un Orechhio” Mural, Albania Hotel Arts Center, Lecce, Italy 2003
“El Arbol de la Sabiduria” Mural, Escuaela San Augustin Etla, Oaxaca, Mexico 2001
“Cow Science”, New York Cow parade, Museum of Science, Queens NY 2000
Pandemic Sunshine 8x10 Black & White Photo
IG - mcfphotos2020
Bio
This quote sums up how I feel about my photography:
“There is one thing the photograph must contain, the humanity of the moment.” Robert Frank
I use photography to express my interpretation of the world around me. Photography allows me to interact with people I would otherwise not be able to engage with. My camera act as a bridge to connect with people photograph.
My choice of subject comes from my interest in ideas about human realty and intuition. I enjoy finding photographs that capture sincere moments. I photograph people in their natural environment because I want to preserve the moment. I use a Sony a7 full frame mirrorless camera. The a7 uses a 24.3 megapixel CMOS sensor with a low-pass filter and on-chip phase detection.
Originally, I started taking photos because I was interested in exploring human rights and identity. I am a self-taught photojournalist based in New York City and Dominican Republic. Since my days as a high school student I was very concerned with the issues that affected the Dominican diaspora in New York City. Being a photography enthusiast allowed me to see these issues from a different lens. Photography afforded me the opportunity to approach different people within the community including the community leaders of the time to confront these different issues. Using the camera as my tool, to voice these issues and facilitated my interaction and approach towards people. It wasn’t until my college years that I became aware of the important role women play in our community. As ironic as it sounds, me being a woman in a patriarchal society it is very hard to understand this. From that moment on, my work was mainly focused on the different activities that women were performing in our community in their daily lives, in the arts, in school, in the political arena, education, etc. My work as a photographer has consisted in exposing the inequalities I see everywhere I go.
When people see my work, I’d like them to feel that moment of shared emotion and experience. Photography is a source of some of my utmost pleasure.
Statement
Monday March 16, 2020 marked the beginning of the COVID-19 global pandemic in New York City. On this day, the world came to a standstill and life as it was known stopped. Millions of establishments closed their doors, some forever, while online businesses flourished and became the new normal.
The virus spread rapidly and some of the immediate measures were: social distancing, isolation, curfews and lockdowns. This led to vast underemployment/unemployment, widespread of hunger, and an upsurge in homelessness just to mention some of the immediate impact of the pandemic.
We all have been affected by the pandemic, However, the impact is felt differently depending on our status as individuals and as members of society.
I, for example, was overwhelmed working from home but had to adjust. I was forced to learn many new computer applications, to better support my students with their online learning. Nonetheless, I was lucky that I didn’t get exposed to the virus while keeping a tiny part of society “functioning.”
During the first 100 days of the pandemic, I illustrated a photographic diary of everyday life at Inwood, NYC. I exposed the dreadful and unfortunate situations that my community faced during those dark days of uncertainty.
I, also, became more aware of the importance of self-care and mindfulness.
The COVID-19 global pandemic that masked people, unmasked the world nations sanitary system
CV
EXHIBITIONS
photography-in-berlin -PAN-DIARY
The Children's Art Carnival and Centro Civico Cultural Dominicano -Resilience
nomaanyc-in/out-Light/Dark
nomaanyc-Healing and Community: Connecting with Inner Strengths
nomaanyc-Women in the Heights: Creating for the Future
Between Ambiguous Loss and Tenuous Hope, No. 1, 9"x12", 2021, China marker, acrylic, ink and graphite on watercolor paper
Between Ambiguous Loss and Tenuous Hope, No. 2, 9"x12", 2021, China marker, acrylic, ink and graphite on watercolor paper
Between Ambiguous Loss and Tenuous Hope, No. 3, 9"x12", 2021, China marker, acrylic, ink and graphite on watercolor paper
Between Ambiguous Loss and Tenuous Hope, No. 4, 9"x12", 2021, China marker, acrylic, ink and graphite on watercolor paper
Between Ambiguous Loss and Tenuous Hope, No. 5, 9"x12", 2021, China marker, acrylic, ink and graphite on watercolor paper
Bio
I’m a New York based artist in Manhattan, focusing on drawing and painting. Besides attending RISD and receiving a BFA with honors from Pratt Institute in drawing, I have a master’s degree in Counseling Psychology from Goddard College and extensive postgraduate training in Narrative Therapy in both Chicago and Cambridge, MA.
While not a direct influence on my art, the underlying philosophy of innovative language, power and narrative energizes and strengthens my creative practice.
Statement
My art has focused continuously on a personal vision with a very strong sense of linear evolution. I work in ongoing series of drawing / paintings derived from the same imaginary or landscape-like source and explore the inherent, expressive meanings in that image by returning to the original drawing structure in each new work, searching for meaning content in the nuances found and elaborated in each new piece.
This is a particularly contemporary concern relating to the work of artists like Vija Celmins or Jim Dine, but extending back through artists like Morandi, Picasso and Monet.
What has always fascinated me is the nature of psychic energies––the sixth sense we all possess to varying degrees that allows us to be receptive to the subtle energies and signals in our surroundings and inner landscape. It is this tension between positive and negative energies that are not separate from nature but are forces of invisible phenomena that can be felt, not seen.
My work is intuitive and direct, using unforgiving materials that resist erasure. This demands that my love of detail doesn’t overwhelm the negative space and allows subtractive techniques to create light and energy to then become the subject.
"Between Ambiguous Loss and Tenuous Hope" explores an otherworldly space of highly charged energy. Using China marker, acrylic, ink and graphite on watercolor paper, this series of drawing / paintings was created in the summer of 2021 during the Covid-19 Pandemic in New York. Like many residents, I was sequestered and isolated in my apartment.
What unconsciously emerged in these intense, kinetic works were glimpses of bird imagery, in light or slightly shaded negative space. In the unnatural silence of a great city without its usual street noise, the sounds of songbirds became a prominent daily occurrence. As losses escalated, this reminder of the natural world prevailing gave hope, however tenuous. Where birds might ominously appear as omens of doom, they also offer the possibility of escape.
The intention to avert negative forces is the basis of my ritual in creating art that carries psychic energy against the darkness beyond our control. In describing my work, the Lexington Herald-Leader wrote, “Its power lies in its ability to invite and unnerve simultaneously.”
"Between Ambiguous Loss and Tenuous Hope" is my response of resilience to the Pandemic and invites the viewer to respond with intuitive strength and imagination.
CV
DIGITAL SELECTIONS
2020-2021 School of Visual Arts, New York, NY
Continuing-Education Website (Contemporary Drawing Studio: The Drawing Habit)
SOLO & FEATURE EXHIBITIONS
2010 North Central Missouri College, Trenton, MO
The Doris Rider Gallery
2002 University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, OH
The Esther Allen Greer Museum
1999-2001 The John E. Anderson Graduate School of Management at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
1998 Minot State University, Minot, ND
Northwest Art Center
1997 Synagogue for the Arts, New York, NY
1997 Ansonia Gallery, New York, NY
1996 Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, PA
Hass Gallery of Art (Visiting artist and lecturer)
1995 Cazenovia College, Cazenovia, NY, Chapman Art Gallery (Two-person exhibition)
1994 Barnes & Noble, New York, NY
1993 St. Hilda’s House, New York, NY
1988 Northport Galleries Juried Competition—EXPO VII, Huntington, NY
Judge: Madeline Burnside, Director—Islip Art Museum, Islip, NY, Award (Three-person exhibition)
JURIED & GROUP EXHIBITIONS
2021 Maggi Peyton Gallery, Manhattan Borough President’s Office, New York, NY
“Welcome Back,” works from the Pandemic (Juried)
2007 Makor Gallery, Makor/Steinhardt Center of the 92nd Street Y, New York, NY
“Metropoly”—Fall 2006 Makor Artists-in Residence program
2005 Fredericksburg Center for the Creative Arts, Fredericksburg, VA (Juried)
2005 Morehead State University, Morehead, KY
Claypool-Young Art Gallery – “Town & Country: Contemporary Images of Landscape” (Juried)
2004 Synagogue for the Arts, New York, NY
2004 Vermont College of Union Institute & University, T.W. Wood Gallery & Arts Center, Montpelier, VT
“Spectrum: A Show on the Theme of Color” (Juried)
1999 “End of the Millennium Group Show,” Lindenburg Gallery, New York, NY
1998 Bristol Art Museum, Bristol, RI (National Juried Exhibition)
Juror: John Udvardy—Rhode Island School of Design
1993 Appalachian State University, Boone, NC
Halpert Biennial—A National Juried Visual Art Competition, Catherine J. Smith Gallery
Juror: Robert J. Evans—Danforth Museum of Art, MA
1993 The Seventh National Art Competition (Juried)
Merrimon Galleries, Asheville, NC
1989 Rockland Center for the Arts Tri-State Juried Competition
“Nature—Fact & Fantasy,” West Nyack, NY
Juror: Dr. Paul Albert Chew, Director—Westmoreland Museum of Art, PA
Merit Award (sponsored by Chemical Bank)
1988 Eighth Holiday Invitational Exhibition, A.I.R. Gallery, New York, NY
1988 Third Annual Exhibition (Juried) Del Bello Gallery, Toronto, Canada
1988 Emerging Artist Exhibition (Juried)
Selected for the Artist-In-The-Marketplace Program
The Bronx Museum of the Arts, Bronx, NY
1988 Museum of the Hudson Highlands—Seventh Annual Exhibition, Cornwall-on- Hudson, NY
Juror: Renato Danese, Director—Pace Gallery, New York, NY
1987 Second Annual Exhibition (Juried) Del Bello Gallery, Toronto, Canada
1986 First Annual Exhibition (Juried) Del Bello Gallery, Toronto, Canada
1985 Fifth Holiday Invitational Exhibition, A.I.R. Gallery, New York, NY
1985 Group Show, AMMO Artist Exhibition Space, Brooklyn, NY
1984 Fourth Holiday Invitational Exhibition, A.I.R. Gallery, New York, NY
1983 Group Show, Just Above Midtown/Downtown, New York, NY
1982 Juried Senior Show, Pratt Institute Gallery, Brooklyn, NY
Award: Honorable Mention
1980 Studio Scholar Awards Show, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn NY
1980 Studio Scholar Awards Show, The Newhouse Gallery
Snug Harbor Cultural Center, Staten Island, NY
AWARDS
2006 Residency—Makor Gallery, Makor/Steinhardt Center of the 92nd Street Y, New York, NY
1994 Residency—Palenville Interarts Colony, Palenville, NY
1993 Residency—Studios Midwest, Galesburg, IL
1991 Residency—The Cummington Community of the Arts, Cummington, MA
1991 Residency—N.Y. Mills Arts Retreat, New York Mills, MN
1989 Residency—The Ucross Foundation, Ucross, WY
1988 Residency—The Millay Colony, Austerlitz, NY
1987 Fellowship—The Woodstock School of Art, Woodstock, NY
1980 Ford Foundation Grant
LECTURES & WORKSHOPS
2007 “Metropoly” Makor Gallery, New York, NY (gallery talk)
2001 University of Rio Grande (studio talk in New York City)
1996 Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, PA
1991 N.Y. Mills Arts Retreat, New York Mills, MN
PUBLICATIONS
Benita Heath, “Landscapes Exhibit a Show of Force: Contemporary Works Instill Respect for Artists, Nature”
Lexington Herald-Leader, Lexington, KY, 2/11/05
Paula Lindekugel-Willis, “An art lesson: Minot State University faculty and New York artist Miriam Kurman put work on display,” Minot Daily News, Minot, ND, 2/26/98
Kate Christenson, “New York artist’s paintings featured in exhibit.” Red & Green, Minot, ND, 2/26/98
“Paintings of trees recall haven from childhood trauma for artist” Communiqué: A newsletter for faculty and staff at
Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, PA, 2/8/96
Robert Franklin, ‘In this town, it’s art for art’s sake—New York Mills farm has become retreat for artists”
Star Tribune, Minneapolis/St.Paul, 12/30/91
Tim Hennagir, “Artist Residency Program continues—Painter from New York City latest visitor to
N.Y. Mills Arts Retreat,” The New York Mills Herald, MN, 6/6/91
Arlyne Boltson, “Northport Galleries Seventh Annual Juried Art Competition”
East Northport Voice, Long Island, NY 3/25/88
Helen A. Harrison, “Exploring Creativity as Process,” The New York Times, 3/20/88
Karin Lipson, “A Show of the Best Art,” New York Newsday, 3/11/88
“Galleries Open a New Facility with EXPO VII,” The Observer, Long Island, NY, 2/25/88
Long Shot, Vol. 4, Long Shot Productions, New Brunswick, NJ, 1986
EDUCATION
Goddard College, Plainfield, VT—M.A., 1997
Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, NY—B.F.A. with Honors, 1982
Rhode Island School of Design, Providence, RI, 1970-72
C OVID TIMES. 5.5 x8.5, 2021. Zine printed on cardstock paper.
The Virus Is US, Mask Up. 16"x 20", 2021. Text printed on poster paper.
https://visualaids.org/artists/peter-cramer
https://www.facebook.com/artfortartsake/
Bio
Peter Cramer (aka Peewee Nyob) - Called by i-D Magazine as " radical queers creating a powerful community through progressive politics, community gardens, wild parties, and colorful performance,” Peter is multi-media artist/performer, co-founder of the art garden Le Petit Versailles and non profit Allied Productions, Inc. His work has been presented by Anthology Film Archives, Danspace Project, ABC NO Rio, MIX NYC, Hermann Nitsch Museum, Microscope Gallery, FRISE/Hamburg, Center for Contemporary Culture of Barcelona, New Museum, Deitch Projects, Visual AIDS and Venice Biennale.
Most recently invited to collectively create AIDS OS Y Version 10.11.6, a zine for Lost and Found Platform Danspace Project 2016, and presenting Spaghetti Wrestling performance at Museo Hermann Nitsch, Naples, Italy.
With Jack Waters, my partner of 40 years, they created of Allied Productions Inc, a non profit arts umbrella in 1981, served as directors of ABC No Rio alternative art collective from 1983-1990 and founded Le Petit Versailles (1996) a NYC community garden.
Peter Cramer lives and works in New York CIty. Other artistic collaborations include Kembra Pfahler, Barbara Hammer, Geoff Hendricks, Lorraine O’Grady, Stephen Winter, Carl George and Ethan Shoshan.
Further histories are in various books including Alternative Histories: New York Art Spaces, 1960 – 2010 and Gentrification of the Mind: Witness to a Lost Generation and is subject of oral histories conducted by ACT UP Oral History Project (#50) and Art Spaces Archives Project of Smithsonian Institution/Archives of American Art.
Film/performance/visual works are viewable at FilmMakers’ Cooperative, Visual AIDS,NY Public Library of Performing Arts, Fales Downtown Collection, MOMA, and Allied Productions’ archives. Films have been preserved with the support of Estate Project for Artists with AIDS and National Film Preservation Fund
Residencies include the Emily Harvey Foundation, Harvestworks, and Yaddo.
Recipient of 2014 Kathy Acker Award,
Statement
C OVID TIMES is a photographic portfolio that serves as diary of the tumultuous times of the last two years living thru the pandemic and protests against violence against people of color. It also includes documentation of 2 major artistic events - Generator: Pestilence Part 1 and In The Realm of Anansi from Assisi that I was working on both as covid emerged and continued thru the summer of 2020. That the theme of Generator is specifically about how diseases affect culture having survived the worst part of the 1980's AIDS crisis, it is uncanny and unsettling too that covid affects the entire world in an altered echo of that same uncertain time. As a collaborative team with Jack Waters , we are known for our experimental cross disciplinary multimedia works that encompass experimental, non narrative, documentary and personal history strategies. We bring a broad based knowledge and technical skills to practices of socio-political and cultural engagement responsive to issues of ethnic, sexual /gender identity, AIDS activism and archival histories using the mediums of photography, film/video, installation and performance to engage and develop ideas that seek to value the process of creation as one of the most highly regarded part of the experience rather than the end result of a final “product”.
CV
EDUCATION
Deerfield Academy 1972-74
Skidmore College - 1975-76
School of American Ballet, Merce Cunningham School, Manhattan School Of Dance 1979-85.
EMPLOYMENT
Interdisciplinary Artist/Performer - 1980-2016
Co-Founder/ Director- Le Petit Versailles Garden 1996-2013
Publisher of PLOT Zine - 2006/2007/2019
Executive Director - Allied Productions Inc.. 1987-2010
Co-Director - ABC NO RIO 1983-90.
Technical Director - Danspace Project 1989-98
Lighting Design- 1970-2021
EXHIBITIONS
In The Realm Of Anansi from Assisi, 2020 Le Petit Versailles
Generator: Pestilence Part 1,La MaMa Downstairs Theater, 2020
Various online web galleries with Visual AIDS 2005-2021.
Secrets of the Great Pyramid: The Pyramid Cocktail Lounge
as Cultural Laboratory. Howl Happenings 2015
U&I - MIX 2015
Ephemera As Evidence - Visual AIDS @ La MaMa Galleria 2014
Arsenic & O’Lace. MIX 2013
NOT OVER: 25 Years of Visual AIDS. La Mama Galleria, NY 2013
Not Only This, but ‘New language beckons us.
Bobst Library/Fales Collection, New York University. 2013
HPSCHD - Eyebeam New York 2013
Forest of the Future. 2013
Papyri: Guestbooks,Bookworks,and similar departures,
Emily Harvey Foundation, Venice. 2012
Mixploratorium - La MaMa Galleria,New York, 2011
Ars(e) Moriendi - MIX NYC 2010
I Want to be left A Loon, MIX NYC. 2009
Triple Threat- FRISE, Hamburg Germany 2009
Anal it’s cracked up to be! - Home Sweet Home, NYC 2009
One Way Empire - PS 122 New York 2009
Mousa'a Muse' - MIX NYC 2008
Undetectable - Berlin Temp , Berlin. 200
Lo Vamos a Hablar – Centro de Cultura Contemporánea De Barcelona (CCCB) 2005,*
Pagano Primavera. “My Comrade” Relaunch- New York 2005
War Is Ovah, If You Want It Or Give Peace A Break! - Welcome to the Avant Garde Festival, Cleveland ,Ohio. June 2003
En Plein Air – Video Non Stop, Pinerolo, Italy 2003
Groundswell Benefit, White Columns, NYC 2003
Critical Art Practices - Shedhalle, Zurich Switzerland 2001
PRIDE 2001 NYC Public Library/Donnell Media Center 2001
Buried Treasure ABC NO RIO, 2001
* CoCurator
FILMS/VIDEOS
U & I. 2015.
Pestilence- Visual elements for Opera. 2014- 2020 *
Landscape (Western Hemisphere) Lorraine O’Grady, 2012**
We Are Cinema- 50 Years FilmMakers’ Coop, NYC 2012
WORMHOLE - MIX NYC 2009.
Giornalisti en Maschera* - Millenium Film Archives/Union Docs 2009/2010.
One Way Empire. FRISE, PS 122 NYC, Berlin Temps 2008/2009
Two Gentlemen of Lucca*- Festival Côté Court à Pantin. Lucca Film 2008
Whitney Biennial, Nova- NPR/Illuminated Corridor, NYC, 2008.
Mousa'a Muse' - MIX Festival, New York 2008
Stag Nation- Issue Project Room New York 2008
Heidi HO! - Womanizer Show @ Deitch Projects 2007
LPVTV *- Manhattan Neighborhood Network cable TV. 2005/06
Sacre Coeur 2001 MIX NYC Festival premiere
Peter Palace Porn, 2001 MIX NYC Festival premiere
Söma,Söma,Söma: Geoff Hendricks,William Pope.L, Patty Chang 2000
Short Memory/No History: AIDS Art Activism -2000, NewFest, OUTFest
* Co-produced with Jack Waters
** Director of Photography
SET/LIGHTING DESIGN
Voluptuous Horror of Karen Black@ The Kitchen,Deitch Project, Whitney Biennial, 2002-2017
Pestilence Opera - 2006-15 @ LMCC, Emily harvey Gallery, Harvestworks,NYC
Ephemera As Evidence - Visual AIDS @ La MaMa Galleria 2014
Arsenic & O’Lace. MIX 2013
NOT OVER: 25 Years of Visual AIDS. La Mama Galleria, NY 2013
HPSCHD - Eyebeam New York 2013
Forest of the Future. 2013
Emily Harvey Foundation, Venice. 2012
Mixploratorium - La MaMa Galleria,New York, 2011
Ars(e) Moriendi - MIX NYC 2010
I Want to be left A Loon, MIX NYC. 2009
BLACK & WHITE STUDY: THE DANCE - Danspace Project 1999
PIPELINE (Fun ,Fun, Fun, 'til they take my dead body away) 1999
PUTTI -1995/96 Danspace project
The Ring, Our Way 1989-91
Caza Moscas: Homage to Coney Island 1988
POOL Performance - Cat's Paw/ Shot in the Arm/ Foho Tell Dreams 1982-86
AWARDS & HONORS
Emily Harvey Foundation, Venice. 2006 /2013 Residency Artist
Yaddo Art Colony November 2001 Residency Fellow
Choreographic Commission Initiative-Danspace Project/Jerome Foundation 1999
National Endowment for the Arts - InterArts 1988
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://i-d.vice.com/en_us/article/the-colorful-activism-of-new-yorks-most-radical-queers
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/21/arts/design/not-over-25-years-of-visual-aids.html
Gentrification of the Mind: Witness to a Lost Generation. 2012
Alternative Histories: New York Art Spaces 1960-2010. 2012
Garten Eden. 2011 Szene Hamburg- September 2009
“Furious Fun” and “Tripping the Light Fantastic” by Ves Pitts 2009.
Beautalism- Deitch Project/Whitney Biennial. 2008
Art Spaces Archives Project /Smithsonian Archives of American Art. 2007
On Guerilla Gardening 2007
Temporary Urban Spaces: Concepts for the Use of City Spaces, 2006
Village Voice, May/August 2006
The New York Times, Jennifer Dunning, May 1999
NY Blade, Sarah Schulman, April 1999
Art In America: Annual, August 1985
OCTOBER, Rosalind Kraus/Cara Gendel Ryan. Winter 1984
ABC No Rio Dinero - The Catalogue of a Lower East Side Art Gallery 1984
New Observations; Tricia Collins & Richard Milazzo, Fall 1983
‘Two’ 48 x 24 x 1.5 in, 2020, Oil On Canvas
IG: @sethpaintsus
www.sethruggleshiler.com
Bio
Seth Ruggles Hiler received an MFA from the New York Academy of Art and BFA from Syracuse University. He is the Assistant Professor of Visual Arts at Bard
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2008 IPA Country Report
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2008 IPA Country Report
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International Permafrost Association
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Table of Contents
Argentina (and South American Partners)
Austria
Belgium
Canada
China
Finland
France
Germany
Italy
Japan
Mongolia
The Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States of America
Argentina (and South American Partners)
A. L. Ahumada, G. Ibánez Palacios and S. Verónica Páez of the Institute of Quaternary Geology (Miguel Lillo Foundation, San Miguel de Tucumán) pursued their exploration and research of the cryogenic environment of Sierra de Aconquija with a special emphasis on fields of thufurs at 4200 m a.s.l. The same working group was the fi rst to document talus rock glaciers of glacigenic origin for Cumbres Calchaquíes (Province of Tucumán), which display active fronts from 4270 m a.s.l. on upwards. Their spatial extent is constrained by the climatic characteristics of the region.
On the western edge of the Puna, at the Nevados de Catreal, in the Province of Catamarca, a preliminary inventory of talus and glaciogenic rock glaciers has been elaborated. Rock glaciers in this region are found at elevations of 4254 – 4898 m a.s.l. Th ese newly discovered areas of rock glacier occurrence increase the knowledge about permafrost distribution of the intracontinental cryosphere in the northwest of Argentina.
During 2008, a joint research project focussing on Andean cryogenic environments was carried out in Argentina by the University of Salzburg (L. Schrott, Austria) and the Geocryology Research Unit of the IANIGLA (D. Trombotto, Mendoza). Th is research includes geophysical soundings with a variety of modern techniques (geoelectrics, ground penetrating radar) and were already carried out by a team of younger researchers (J. Götz, I. Hartmeyer and M. Keuschnig). In the framework of this project, research has begun at the Morenas Coloradas rock glacier and at Paso de Agua Negra (in the Province of San Juan) and students (from the National University of Cuyo, Mariano Castro and from the University of Bonn, Germany, J. H. Bloethe) have received research and professional training at the Geocryology Research Unit in Mendoza. These young researchers are working on periglacial environments in diff erent areas of the Central Andes and are concerned with mapping new areas aff ected by permafrost occurrence. This mapping task was extended to the Cordillera del Tigre in the north of the Province of Mendoza. Mapping permafrost there is particularly interesting because it displays an important rock glacier pattern similar to that mentioned for the Cordón del Plata.
Areas with palaeopermafrost in the northwest of the Province of Chubut, Patagonia, are being investigated by L. Ruiz (IANIGLA, Mendoza) in order to help reconstruct the palaeoclimate of the area. This research will be part of his doctoral thesis to be presented at the University of Buenos Aires.
As part of a new cooperation, the International Center of Earth Sciences (Malargüe, Mendoza), the IANIGLA (D. Trombotto) have been monitoring the volcano-cryogenic contact zone on the active volcano Peteroa, where glaciers retreated considerably due to the high geothermal gradient detected at the rims of the caldera. Permafrost occurrence is indicated by the presence of buried ice in numerous sites where deglaciation has taken place.
A new joint research project (J. Ruzzante ICES and IANIGLA) about the geocryology of the Peteroa Volcano has been initiated to continue studying the area, mapping permafrost and linking the local cryospheric environment to present water supplies. The project includes the characterization of specific areas according to their vulnerability to volcanic risks and the infl uence of volcanic activity on periglacial environment with high-ice content. The latter is the subject of a master degree at the Unviersity of Cuyo (A. Ramires) in cooperation with the IANIGLA. Future joint research projects together with Germany (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) and Brazil (National Observatory of Rio de Janeiro) have been presented this year. They focus on this study area in order to better understand the evolution of periglacial processes in the context of global warming and to measure permafrost or ice thickness using radar equipment.
Active layer monitoring of new sites underlain by permafrost (D. Trombotto) has been initiated in Morenas Coloradas (Balcón I Superior) where the permafrost table lies at approximately the 5.5 m depth (corroborated by GPR) and in the south of the Province of San Juan, in the valley of the river Pachón, at 31° 44´S, close to the border between Chile and the Province of Mendoza. The nearby Cerro Mercedario with a height of 6770 m a.s.l. is glaciated. The valleys that are monitored do not exhibit glaciers, but have a great variety of subterranean types of ice associated with landforms such as rock glaciers and cryogenic sedimentary slopes with the occurrence of supersaturated gelifl uction in ice.
A. Brenning (University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada) and visiting student G. Azócar from Universidad de Chile are currently investigating the distribution and signifi cance of rock glaciers in the dry Andes of northcentral Chile between 27° and 33°S in collaboration with F. Escobar from the Dirección General de Aguas, Santiago, Chile. Th e water equivalent of rock glaciers exceeds the amount of water stored in glaciers across great parts of the study area. The impact of mining on rock glaciers in the Los Pelambres mine is another issue that is being addressed. First results have been presented at the 4th Alexander von Humboldt Conference in Santiago (November 2008). The Argentine Subcommission of Cryospheric Sciences (ASCS) was founded during the year 2008 and D. Trombotto was nominated president. J. C. Leiva (Glaciology, IANIGLA, Mendoza) and S. Barreira (Antarctic Sea Ice, Servicio Meteorológico de la Armada Argentina, Buenos Aires) are members of the Executive Committee.
Dario Trombotto (dtrombot@lab.cricyt.edu.ar)
Austria
Comprehensive research on permafrost issues in Austria is currently carried out by nine institutions and by a increasing number of scientists: University of Innsbruck (with two research groups: K. Krainer and J. Stötter), Vienna University of Technology, University of Graz, Graz University of Technology, Joanneum Research (Graz), University of Salzburg, Geological Survey of Austria (Vienna) and by two branches of the Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics (Vienna and Salzburg).
The Innsbruck group around K. Krainer in cooperation with the University of Vienna (E. Brückl, H. Hausmann, G. Blöschl), the Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics in Salzburg (M. Staudinger) and the Geological Survey of Austria (A. Römer) continued working on their existing project Permafrost in Austria. The project consists of two diff erent parts carried out at two diff erent study sites as reported in the previous issue of Frozen Ground. At the 5 km² study area in the Kaunertal (Ötztal Alps), it is planned to study the present distribution, thickness and ice content of alpine permafrost by applying a combination of methods including mapping, study of aerial photographs, geophysical surveying, ground temperatures etc. In summer 2008 geophysical mapping (seismic refraction) were started at this study area. Profiles were selected by (a) probable and improbable areas of permafrost based on geomorphology and the previously modelled PERMAKART map and by (b) geomorphological classes for near surface materials (talus, rock glacier, moraine, etc.) and their variation in altitude. The analyses of P- and S-waves are used to detect the presence of permafrost. The geophysical indicator together with the corresponding behaviour of BTS should prove (or disprove) the existence of permafrost. At the second study area, Sonnblick, an initial seismic tomography was applied to test the functionality of the pre-installed 15 geophones deployed in three 20 m boreholes in June 2008. Further measurements are planned for September 2008 and in summer 2009 to observe variations of the seismic signals (travel time, amplitude). The comparison of a computed velocity model (P- and S-waves) using the time-lapse inversion will be used to interpret spatial and temporal variations of the permafrost.
The University of Graz (G.K. Lieb, A. Kellerer-Pirklbauer), Graz University of Technology (M. Avian, V. Kaufmann), and Joanneum Research (A. Bauer, H. Proske) continued to work on objectives defi ned within the project ALPCHANGE (for details and published results see www.alpchange.at) in the Hohe Tauern and Niedere Tauern Ranges in central Austria. Most of the measurement devices installed in summer and autumn 2006 worked properly thereby collecting a whole suite of data related to permafrost and rock glacier occurrence and activity. For example, near-ground surface temperature recordings (in total more than 100 sensors) were carried out in diff erent substrates (bedrock, coarse debris, fi ne debris), in diff erent aspects as well as in diff erent altitudes in alpine cirques in order to understand in more detail the ground temperature situation of cirques with permafrost and active rock glaciers. By combining these numeric results with remotely sensed data it is planned to model the thermal situation in the entire cirques. Other local scale activities were for example continuation of the annual geodetic measurements on the Dösen, Hinteres Langtalkar and Weissenkar rock glaciers, resurveying of the rock glacier in the Äusseres Hochebenkar (Tirol) by terrestrial photogrammetry, resurveying of the front of the highly active Hinteres Langtalkar rock glacier by terrestrial laser scanning, geomorphic fi eld mapping, geoelectric measurements (in cooperation with E. Niesner and B. Kühnast, Leoben) and BTS measurements at various study locations in the Hohe Tauern and Niedere Tauern Ranges. At a regional scale, airborne laser scanning was carried out in summer 2008 at three ALPCHANGE study areas thereby focusing on rock glaciers, glaciers and larger-scale solifl uction features in the Hohe Tauern Range. Furthermore, permafrost modelling was carried out for the Carinthian part of the Hohe Tauern Range. Model results were used as one input layer for constructing a geomorphological hazard map of the Großglockner area and will be combined with regional climate scenario models developed by the Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz (A. Gobiet) in Graz. Th e Geological Survey of Austria (A. Römer and R. Supper) launched an automatic geoelectric monitoring system in the summit area of Sonnblick, an activity which was initiated by ALPCHANGE.
The Central Institute of Meteorology and Geodynamics in Vienna (W. Schöner, Ch. Kroisleitner) continued permafrost monitoring in the Sonnblick region (project PERSON; see previous report) at two test fi elds (one with Southern and one with Northern aspect) of ground surface temperature measurements with miniature data loggers and additional BTS measurements in March/April each year. The monitoring was extended by a digital snow cover and snow depletion mapping activities which started in spring 2008. Additionally, monitoring of the ice dammed Pilatus Lake north of Mt. Sonnblick was started in summer 2007 thereby including measurement of shape, discharge and ice thickness.
At the University of Salzburg the research group Geomorphology and Environmental Systems (L. Schrott, J.- Ch. Otto, B. Ebohon; cf. www.geomorphology.at) initiated a research project (permalp.at) about permafrost distribution in the Austrian Alps in cooperation with the national government. A major interest is to explore the permafrost distribution in the Austrian Alps, particularly with regard to potential future development and natural hazards in the densely populated mountain ranges. Th us, the fi rst objective of permalp.at is to create a high resolution map of permafrost distribution of the Austrian Central Alps. This knowledge will signifi cantly help to improve planning of infrastructure in high mountain regions. In the research area (Hohe Tauern) several methods will be applied. Apart from geomorphological mapping and the analysis of aerial photographs it is intended to carry out geophysical soundings, to enlarge BTS-measurement sites and to measure ground- and rockwall-temperatures at several test sites. The results will be used to create a new topoclimatic key for the Eastern Alps which can be used to simulate permafrost distribution. The project combines the knowledge of Salzburg’s research group with experiences of several Austrian colleagues (e.g. research group of G. K. Lieb and A. Kellerer-Pirklbauer) and is supported by M. Phillips (SLF, Davos) and F. Keller (ETI, Academia Engiadina, Samedan) from Switzerland.
Finally we want to report briefl y on a new project funded by the European Union through the Alpine Space Program of the European Territorial Cooperation named PermaNET – Permafrost long-term monitoring network launched in mid- July 2008. The project consortium consists of 14 participating institutions. The function of the so-called “lead partner” is carried out by the Autonomous Province of Bolzano – South Tyrol, Office for Geology and Building Materials Testing, Italy (V. Mair). Th e four Austrian project participants are: the Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics in Salzburg (M. Staudinger, C. Riedl, M. Ungersböck, G. Schauer) and Vienna (W. Schöner, Ch. Kroisleitner), the University of Innsbruck (both Innsbruck permafrost research groups: J. Stötter, M. Monreal, M. Maukisch, F. Petrini-Monteferri and K. Krainer), the University of Graz (A. Kellerer-Pirklbauer, G.K. Lieb) and the Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management, Forest Department (H. Siegel). A fi rst PermaNET-Austria meeting was held in August 2008 in Salzburg. For more details on this new project read the respective paragraph at the national report of Italy or visit www. permanet-alpinespace.eu.
Andreas Kellerer-Pirklbauer and Gerhard Karl Lieb (andreas.kellerer@uni-graz.at)
Belgium
Activities related to cold environment in Belgium can be divided in three parts:
The building of a Polar Research station on Antarctica The Princess Elisabeth Antarctica“
The research of paleoenvironmental remnants of ice wedge casts and sand wedge casts
The continuation of the archaeological research of the frozen Scythian tombs in the Altai Mountains (Siberia)
Belgium has a long history of scientific activity in Antarctica, dating back to the fi rst over-wintering in 1897, from which the Belgian Antarctic Expedition returned with an important scientifi c harvest: bathymetrical and hydrological soundings, numerous botanical and zoological samples, a large amount of oceanographical, meteorological, geomagnetic, glaciological and geological observation data. Belgium next returned to the Antarctic sixty years later to build the Baudoin Station which operated until 1967. This was part of Belgium‘s celebrating the 1957-58 International Geophysical Year (IGY). In 2004, the Belgian government commissioned the International Polar Foundation (IPF) to design and construct a new research station in Antarctica. The result was a resarch station called „The Princess Elisabeth Antarctica“, which exact coordinates are 71°57‘ S – 23°20‘ E. The base will be maintained and operated by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Offi ce (BELSPO). The IPF will be involved as a privileged partner taking the lead on related public outreach and educational activities.
In 2008 Gunther Ghysels obtained his PhD (supervisor I. Heyse) with a detailed study of relict wedge phenomena in northern Belgium. Air photos revealed ephemeral network systems comparable with ice wedge casts and sand wedge casts in the present-day periglacial regions. Detailed field work and numerous excavations in combination with OSL dating proved the existence of two periglacial complex network systems that were active during the Last Glacial Maximum at about 20.000 BP and later at about 15.000 BP.
Gent University and in particular the Department of Archaelogy (J. Bourgeois, W. Gheyle), the Department of Geography ( R. Goossens, A. De Wulf ) in collaboration with S. Marchenko (University of Alaska Fairbanks) continued to work on the frozen Scythian tombs in the Altai Mountains. A field campaign was organised in the summer of 2008. More information on this project is available in the Belgium report in Frozen Ground #30.
Irénée Heyse (irenee.heyse@ugent.be)
Canada
This Canadian year’s report focuses on IPY permafrost projects. It also includes reports from select other research activities at the Geological Survey of Canada, University of Ottawa, and McGill University. Finally a special item is provided on Don Hayley, in recognition of his 40 years of service to the Canadian and broader permafrost community.
Canadian IPY Activities:
Thermal State of Permafrost (TSP-Canada) – A Canadian Contribution to the International Polar Year – S. Smith, A. Lewkowicz and C. Burn: A collaborative project led by S. Smith (Geological Survey of Canada -GSC), A. Lewkowicz (University of Ottawa) and C. Burn (Carleton University) was one of 44 science and research projects that were selected for funding under the Canadian Government’s IPY program in March 2007. Th is project represents the main Canadian contribution to the International IPY project led by the IPA, Th ermal State of Permafrost (TSP). A primary objective was to develop new sites to address gaps in the existing long-term permafrost monitoring network. Over 80 new boreholes were established bringing the total number to 159. Funding acquired by Canadian government departments under the Northern Energy Development Memorandum to Cabinet (between 2005 and 2007) supported the drilling and instrumentation of about 70 boreholes in the Mackenzie Valley. The IPY program, other funding sources and a number of partnerships facilitated the establishment of new monitoring sites in other regions including the Yukon Territory, northern Manitoba and communities in the Baffin region of Nunavut. Collaboration with communities, mineral exploration companies and the Yukon Geological Survey resulted in the installation of temperature cables to depths of up to 40 m in an altitudinal transect of boreholes to better understand spatial variation in mountain permafrost in the Yukon. Collaboration with the Nunavut government and communities has resulted in an enhanced monitoring network in the Baffin region. Th ere are also plans to establish 4 to 8 sites over the next 1 to 2 years in additional Nunavut communities. Collaboration with Parks Canada resulted in establishment of monitoring sites in northern Manitoba including seven boreholes at the York Factory Heritage site.
Progress was also made on another primary objective to measure permafrost temperatures in new and existing boreholes in Canada during the IPY to provide a ‘snapshot’ of ground thermal conditions, and provide an improved baseline against which to measure change. Data were collected from most of the existing and many new monitoring sites during the fi rst portion of the Polar Year. Baseline information was collected in regions for which little recent information was available, and existing time series were extended, enabling quantifi cation of recent changes in permafrost conditions across the Canadian north. Analyses are underway and are expected to lead to a better understanding of permafrost-climate linkages and to explain variability and change in permafrost conditions. Preliminary project results were presented through posters at NICOP, including some by graduate students involved in the project. Data collection for the entire IPY period was completed in Fall 2008 and snapshot data will be disseminated in Canadian and IPA data products at the IPY early science conference in June 2010 and through a special IPY issue of Permafrost and Periglacial Processes.
Tundra Ecosystems and Perennially Frozen Peatlands – C. Tarnocai: Two major collaborative IPY projects were initiated to study the impact of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems in the permafrost region of Canada. Th e fi rst study, led by G. Henry (UBC), deals with Arctic tundra ecosystems and the second, led by J. Bhatti (Northern Forest Research Centre, NRCAN), deals with forest and peatland ecosystems in the Mackenzie Valley. Th e information obtained during the course of these projects will be published in posters and scientifi c journals. The fi rst study, entitled “Climate Impacts on Canadian Arctic Tundra Ecosystems” (CiCAT), includes a number of subprojects (approximately 32). The subproject led by C. Tarnocai (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada) in cooperation with P. Achuff (Parks Canada), G. Broll (University of Vechta, Germany) and J. Gould (Government of Alberta) involves a long-term study of changes in the soils, permafrost, vegetation and thermal regime of High Arctic ecosystems and the eff ect of climate change on the carbon stored in the soils. Data collected during the July 2008 fi eld work in the Lake Hazen and Tanquary Fiord areas of Ellesmere Island revealed the development of an unexpectedly deep thaw never before observed during the past 18 years of this study. This rapid increase in thaw depth is supported by the soil temperature data collected at the Lake Hazen soil climate site. This unprecedented deep thaw triggered retrogressive fl ow slides, detachment slides, and severe landscape changes resulting from the thawing of ice wedges. The second study, entitled “Carbon source–sink and greenhouse gas emissions in forest and peatland ecosystems along the Mackenzie Valley,” includes approximately fi ve subprojects. The subproject led by C. Tarnocai (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada) involves carbon dynamics and carbon cycles of perennially frozen peatlands. Coring of these peat deposits was carried out during the 2007 and 2008 fi eld work at the Inuvik, Norman Wells and Fort Simpson research sites. The samples collected at these sites are being radiocarbon dated, analysed and evaluated.
Permafrost Studies on Herschel Island Linked to IPY Project 90 – W. Pollard: Activities undertaken by McGill University’s project “An integrated study of permafrost conditions on Herschel Island, Yukon” are linked to the IPY Project 90: Arctic Circumpolar Coastal Observatory Network (ACCO-Net) and stem from the regional component of a larger endeavour originally planned as an IPY activity (Vulnerability of Ice-Cored Environments (VICE) – #376).
W. Pollard and Ph.D. candidate N. Couture brought a group of four undergraduate students to the Yukon coast to undertake fi eldwork that related to establishing the extent of ground ice on Herschel Island and the impact of its thaw. Each student specialized in one topic. The first is characterizing the permafrost stratigraphy of the Pauline Cove area of Herschel Island to help determine the thaw susceptibility of this area and gain insight into paleoenvironmental conditions. The second project uses ground penetrating radar (GPR) to assess the extent of massive ground ice deposits on Herschel Island and generate a fi rst approximation of ice volume to provide the basis for a prediction of thermokarst. The third examines the re-vegetation and succession patterns of retrogressive thaw slumps, and the fi nal component of the 2008 research is the development of a geographical information system (GIS) that will provide the basis for monitoring the extent and progressive changes in thermokarst and the impact of those changes. All projects make use of baseline data collected from earlier studies on the island.
The research team also included Dr. H. Lantuit and Ph.D. student M. Fritz from the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in Potsdam, Germany. The undergraduate projects complement M. Fritz‘s doctoral work which uses a joint approach based on sedimentary, palynological, and stable isotope records to gain insight into the island’s postglacial permafrost history.
Other Activities:
GSC –Atlantic and its Collaborative NearshorePprojects in the Mackenzie Delta – S. Solomon: Work on nearshore permafrost within the bottom fast ice (BFI) zone of the Mackenzie Delta continued with the successful recovery of temperature loggers from beneath the BFI for the third year. This provides an unprecedented time series illustrating extreme interannual variability due to small variations in ice thickness and the rate of ice growth. Funding for these activities is provided by the Natural Resources Canada Program for Energy Development (PERD) and by the Northern Energy Development Program. BFI development through the 2007-08 freeze-up season was monitored using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from a variety of sensors. The availability of fully polarized SAR data in several diff erence frequency bands (C, L, and X-band) is enabling new methods for BFI mapping. This work is being undertaken in collaboration with the Centre for Cold Oceans Resource Engineering. We are also investigating applications of interferometric SAR for mapping BFI and for monitoring subsidence in the Mackenzie Delta. This work is funded by the Canadian Space Agency.
Although not directly permafrost-related, new PERDfunded projects have been initiated to improve our understanding of sediment transport in the coastal regions of the southern Beaufort Sea region and the role that sea-ice may play. Observations during spring break-up indicate that BFI plays a signifi cant role in controlling overfl ow over the sea ice surface during initial stages of the spring freshet. Vigorous upwelling at the edges of BFI mark the locations of overfl ow and small whirlpools (“strudel drains”) concentrated at the seaward edges of BFI and indicate locations of drainage. Strudel scours more than 1 m deep occur in the seabed. Th e strudel drainage process is being modeled by an M.Eng student at the University of Alberta (M. Belanger, under the supervision of F. Hicks and M. Loewen). Dr. M. A. Hoque has joined the GSCA Arctic coastal group as a visiting post-doctoral fellow to help develop models of waves, sediment transport and coastal erosion.
D. Forbes with colleagues from the Geodetic Survey of Canada (J.C. Lavergne and M. Craymer) continued their investigation of vertical ground motion in the Mackenzie Delta region using GPS measurements. Working with B. Moorman and his students, they further examined the applications of ground penetrating radar (GPR) for examining coastal permafrost. C. Stevens (Ph.D. candidate) extended his work on the identifi cation of thermal interfaces in the shallow nearshore region where the ground temperature data was collected. J. Bode (M.Sc. candidate) worked with D. Forbes to examine the role that ground ice may play controlling ground elevation and flooding extent. Nearshore ground temperatures and GPR results were presented at the NICOP in Fairbanks.
University of Ottawa – A. Lewkowicz: A. Lewkowicz and several graduate students undertook additional investigations of the spatial distribution and characteristics of permafrost in the Yukon. In collaboration with B. Etzelmüller (University of Oslo) and as a contribution to the IPY, DC resistivity profi ling was carried out at several thin permafrost sites along the Alaska Highway where permafrost has persisted over the past 44 years. Mt McIntyre, a possible borehole site close to Whitehorse, was also surveyed using this method. To enable predictive spatial modelling, the team completed two years of BTS measurements and latesummer observations of permafrost presence in five study areas across the southern half of the Yukon. Th ese data are currently being analysed and ways to incorporate vegetation and air temperature inversions into the models are being explored. In order to assess the impact of the inversions, air and ground surface temperatures, temperatures near the top of permafrost and snow depths are being recorded at almost 100 sites through the Territory. The potential infl uence is suggested by ground temperatures measured at three new IPY sites that are about 4°C warmer than would be predicted by adjusting nearby weather station data for the elevational diff erence. This is probably because they are unaff ected by the air temperature inversions that impact the weather stations, all of which are located in valley bottoms. A database of almost 1500 rock glaciers is also under construction and will be used to calibrate the spatial model between the study areas. The project, to produce detailed predictions of permafrost probability throughout the discontinuous permafrost areas of the Yukon, is planned for completion by the end of 2009.
McGill University – W. Pollard: There were four different but complementary themes to the permafrost research activities at McGill University led by W. Pollard.
(1) An integrated study of permafrost conditions on Herschel Island, Yukon, is reported above under the Canadian IPY activities.
(2) PERD Project NP 1.2.2: Massive ground ice nature and distribution. In collaboration with R. Gowan (Federal Department of Indian and Northern Aff airs) and funded by the Federal Panel on Energy Research and Development (PERD), the McGill team is also engaged in a project involving the detection and assessment of massive ground ice conditions for a range of environmentally sensitive sites related to hydrocarbon development activities in the Mackenzie Delta region. This project builds on previous PERD funded research on massive ground ice in granular deposits. As in previous PERD work, the team is conducting geophysical surveys using ground penetrating radar (GPR) and capacitive coupled resistivity (CCR). However, this project expands the scope of the earlier work by combining these techniques with frequency domain electromagnetic sounding (FEM), by using diff erent frequency GPR antennae to provide a more detailed view of near-surface ground ice stratigraphy, and by increasing the density of the surveys. In subsequent years, this data will be then be used to model terrain response for hydrocarbon production activities and potential long-term problems related to climate change.
(3) Nature and significance of perennial springs in cold permafrost. In 2008 fieldwork was undertaken at several groups of saline springs on Axel Heiberg Island, three periods of fi eldwork (March, July and September) were undertaken to characterize the response of spring discharge phenomena to seasonal changes. This is an ongoing NSERC funded project focusing on the permafrost hydrology, surface geomorphology and geochemistry of these unique spring systems. This year a series of geophysical surveys were conducted to define the subsurface extent of flow systems. Geochemical research focused on eutectic freezing processes and the formation of hydrated minerals. Th is research is related to the creation of a Mars analogue site funded by the Canadian Space Agency Canadian Analogue Research Network (CARN) Program.
(4) The response of ice-rich permafrost to climate change in the high Arctic. The main focus of this research is the assessment of ground ice distribution and thaw sensitivity of massive ground ice and ice wedge systems. In July 2008 fieldwork was conducted on Axel Heiberg, Ellesmere and Devon Islands. Included were (a) Ph.D. research by T. Haltigin on ice-wedge polygon geometry and detection and (b) M.Sc. research by J. Grom on the microclimate of a retrogressive thaw slump. Haltigin’s research has shown a strong predictive relationship between polygon geometry and the age, geology and ice content. Grom’s research has shown that there is a positive feedback between slump shape and rate of headwall retreat. W. Pollard continued the collection of microclimate data for several sites on Axel Heiberg and Ellesmere Island as well as the annual survey of retrogressive thaw slumps in the Eureka sound Lowlands. This is an ongoing project funded by NSERC and ArcticNet.
GSC-Northern Landslide Hazard Activities in the Mackenzie Valley – R. Couture: In the last three years, the Geological Survey of Canada, through the Natural Resources Canada’s Earth Science Sector Secure Canadian Energy Supply Program, has been providing new geoscience information on regional landslide hazards along a new proposed pipeline corridor in the Mackenzie Valley. A series of publications has been prepared and published in 2008 through traditional Geological Survey of Canada’s publications and scientifi c journal papers and international conferences. A GSC Open File (#5740) contains over 1800 landslides and other natural terrain hazard features (e.g. karstic sink holes, rock glacier) mapped along a proposed gas pipeline route, between Norman Wells and Inuvik, and integrated into a GIS spatial database. A second GSC Open File (#5738) includes high-resolution orthophotos and digital elevation models for three landslide-prone areas along this corridor. These Open Files are available through the following hyperlink http://gsc. nrcan.gc.ca/bookstore/index_e.php. Since 2006, InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) techniques have been used to monitor and better understand landslides and slope behaviour in permafrost that are otherwise difficult to analyse with usual geotechnical tools. D-InSAR (Differential Interferometry) analysis has led to preparation of guidelines for processing InSAR in permafrost environment. Two publications are in preparation for publication in early 2009. Also in 2006, the first ever a set of corner refl ectors (artificial permanent scatters) was installed in Canada at various landslide sites in a permafrost environment with the objectives of monitoring active landslides and slopes using a Point Target InSAR technique, (PT-InSAR). Preparation of guidelines for PT-InSAR in permafrost environment is underway with anticipated publication in 2009.
Recognizing Don Hayley’s 40 years of arctic engineering – EBA Engineering Consultants Ltd.: The staff and Board of Directors of EBA Engineering Consultants Ltd. are pleased to congratulate Mr. Don Hayley P.Eng., Director of Arctic Resource Projects for EBA’s Arctic Practice, for 40 years of consulting focused on arctic engineering, primarily related to northern resource development. During this time Don has led numerous feasibility and design studies for projects such as transportation facilities over permafrost terrain, arctic pipelines, northern mining developments, and exploratory oil and gas drilling and production structures. Don is one of Canada’s premiere proponents for responsible northern development. Don founded the Cold Regions Division of the Canadian Geotechnical Society and was its first Director. He is a past Chairman of the Canadian National Committee for the International Permafrost Association, and served on the CNC-IPA from 1988 to 2008. Don was a member of IPA Executive Committee from 2003 to 2008. He was named a Fellow of the Engineering Institute of Canada (EIC) in 2002 and more recently received the prestigious Julian B. Smith Medal from EIC for “Achievement in the Development of Canada”. Don graduated with a Bachelor’s degree from Carleton University and an M.Sc. from the University of Alberta. He has worked with EBA, a consulting engineering and sciences company practicing in western and northern Canada since 1966, in Edmonton and Peachland throughout his 40 year career. EBA, and indeed members of the Canadian permafrost community, are proud to have Don as a colleague and mentor.
Margo Burgess (mburgess@nrcan.gc.ca)
China
The majority of the 2008 permafrost and cold regions engineering studies in China were associated with the construction and maintenance of high-elevation highways and railways in Southwestern China (Qinghai-Tibet Plateau) and the construction of a 1,030-km, 813mm-diameter, ambienttemperature crude oil pipeline in Northeastern China. Additional research in permafrost science was focused on augmenting and developing basic long-term data collection at established stations in both areas.
Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Qinghai-Tibet Highway (QTH): The QTH was upgraded during 2003-2007 for hauling the large tonnages of fi ll and construction materials for building the Qinghai-Tibet Railway (QTR). Although the traffi cability has been greatly improved, however, the thaw subsidence resulting from asphaltic pavement continues, the thaw depths have reached more than 10 m beneath the road in some segments. Permafrost temperatures were monitored at more than 100 cross-sections along the QTH. Proposed Qinghai-Tibet Express Highway (QTEH): An express highway (QTEH) has been proposed paralleling the QTH and utilizing the relatively lower relief, but high elevation, naturally occurring engineering corridor from Golmud to Lhasa. A thawed belt has been proposed, however, some designers also are considering alternative routes to avoid congestion and extensive and asymmetrical (old and new lanes) thawing of the permafrost in this relatively narrow engineering corridor.
Qinghai-Kang (Western Sichuan) Highway (QKH): The QKH on the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has required major maintenance each year because the permafrost subgrade has been thawing. Several stations, with boreholes and automatic data recording, along the route, were established at Huashixia, Zuimatan and Qingshuihe.
Xinjiang-Tibet Highway (XTH): The Tianshuihai Permafrost Station established in 2007, functioned well during the 2008. More than one-year of data on ground temperatures and weather conditions were obtained and some initial analysis has been done by German and Chinese scientists both in Lanzhou, China, and Heidelberg, Germany.
Qingshuihe-Budongquan Highway (QBH): The QBH is a connecting road between the QTH and the QKH. It traverses a signifi cant amount of permafrost. Th e Sino-German Research Team from Heidelberg and Lanzhou worked together on surveys and investigations using geophysical methods. Two more permafrost stations were established at Quma’he and Chumar’he. Field data have been collected for two years. Th ese data generally include ground temperatures and weather data from automatic stations.
Qinghai-Tibet Railway (QTR): The research continued on the verifications of permafrost railbed cooling confi gurations both along the railway and at the experimental stations. To date, the foundation soils have been performing as designed. At some segments, the cooling eff ects have been better than expected, and the permafrost table beneath the railbed has risen into the base of the fi ll.
Muli Coal Mine Railway: During 2007, large-scale development of the Muli Coal Mine in Qinghai was approved, necessitating the building of an 140-km-long coal-transport railway from Reshui to Muli. About 60% of the route is underlain by Drilling permafrost. The permafrost sections are largely located in wetlands on gentle slopes, with high-ice content and warm temperatures of about -1.5 to -0.5 °C. Some mitigative measures such as block-embankments, sometimes strengthened with thermosyphons, and revegetated side protection slopes were adopted for protecting permafrost and ensuring the stability of the railway foundations. The thermal stability of permafrost foundations was monitored, studied and evaluated at six crosssections along the railway. The railway is to be in operation in 2009.
The Qilian Mountains are located on the northeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The area is rich in mineral resources, and water resources vital for the downstream economy and social development. The evaluation and exploitation for these resources have advanced the research on permafrost in the mountains. During the 1960s, some major surveys were conducted for the development of the Muli coal mine, with some permafrost data. Surveys on permafrost along the highways during the 2004-2005 period and local railway construction during 2007 also accumulated valuable data on permafrost distribution.
Since 2007, the permafrost studies on the southern slopes in the Qilian Mountains has been revived. The presence of permafrost here is closely related to wetlands, and permafrost is ice-rich. Permafrost conditions along the upper tributaries of the Shu’le River on the northern slopes at the western section of the Qilian Mountains were investigated in 2008. The climate is dry, the surface vegetation is sparse and unlike on the southern slopes, the permafrost is generally ice-poor. Permafrost is warmer compared to that at similar elevations on the southern slopes. Three monitoring sites for ground temperatures and two automatic weather stations were installed to study the permafrost.
Northeastern China
Chinese-Russian Unheated Crude Oil Pipeline (CRUCOP): The construction of the 1030-km, 813mm-diameter, unheated (ambient-temperature) crude oil pipeline (CRUCOP) is scheduled to begin in March 2009, and to require about 18 months for completion. The section in China, 953 km, is from Mo’he to Daqing and traverses about 441 km of warm (>-1°C) permafrost. The assessment of the engineering geological conditions, and predictions of frozen foundation soils around the pipeline have been completed. The design of the pipeline construction mode, basically all conventional burial, is closely elaborated with the research results at all phases of survey and design. Environmental concerns and mitigation measures for frost hazards during the construction and operation periods were carefully identifi ed and studied to minimize unnecessary costs to the environments and for construction, maintenance and operational safety. Some results of these studies will be published in a special issue “Pipelines in Permafrost Regions” of the journal Cold Regions Science and Technology.
Mo’he Airport: The other studies include a permafrost survey related to the construction of Mo’he Airport and monitoring of permafrost foundations beneath the runway. This is the fi rst airport in the permafrost regions of China. Although the mean annual air temperature was about -5°C during the past 50 years, the permafrost is warm (>-1°C) and ice-rich. Some excavations for ice-rich permafrost and refilling with coarse blocks were used to ensure the stability of the runway foundation. Several cross-sectional measurements of ground temperatures and deformations of foundation soils were installed in 2007. Some good data have been collected.
Gen’he-Yituli’he Permafrost Station: Eight boreholes were drilled in the Gen’he-Yituli’he area in the middle section of the Da Xing’anling (Hinggan) Mountains in June to July 2008 for measurements on the ground temperatures of various surface coverage conditions in the subarctic taiga forests and wetlands. Two automatic weather stations and soil moisture measurement fi elds were also established for the forested wetlands and shrubcovered wetlands in the Gen’he area. These establishments include the present permafrost station at Gen’he-Yituli’he.
The single borehole about 8 m in depth drilled in the Yituli’he town is only a few meters distance from a former borehole of about 14 m in depth. This damaged and abandoned borehole had a data series from 1981 to 2005. Inactive ice wedges groups were fi rst identified in 1987 and they were re-excavated in 2007 for detailed analysis.
Five boreholes in the Gen’he area are located inside the China Forest Ecological Research Network Station in the Da Xing’anling Mountains, 16 km north of the Gen’he city with a pollution of about 180,000. One borehole was established inside the to-be-abandoned meteorological station in the center of the city. The meteorological station had to be abandoned because of increasing urbanization and its impacts on the representativeness of the collected data. Another borehole was established about 3 km north of the meteorological station, which is in the outskirts of the city. The eight boreholes in the Gen’he areas, two automatic weather stations, and many other setups for forestry studies are aimed at the understanding of the interactions among the boreal ecosystem, permafrost, snow cover, and human activities. In particular, the rapid urbanization has been greatly impacting the permafrost and vegetation in this area.
Other Permafrost Projects Large-scale synchronous of satellite- and airborne and ground measurements of permafrost, vegetation and snow cover were also planned and conducted along the upper and middle tributaries of the Hei’he Watershed in the middle section of the Qilian Mountains. A transect study profi le from the mountain top at elevations of 4,400 m a.s.l. to the control hydrological section at 3,200 m a.s.l. was established for the long-term study at Binggou Creek. The results will be published in a special issue “WATER” on the Hydrological Processes.
Huijun Jin (huijunjin2003@yahoo.com)
Finland
There are about ten IPY coordinated projects in Finland. The leading projects are Interhemispheric Conjugacy in Geospace Phenomena and their Heliospheric Drivers (ICESTAR/IHY) and Change and variability of Arctic Systems Nordaustlandet, Svalbard (“Kinnvika”). The key participants in Finnish IPY research are the Arctic Centre, Finnish Meteorological Institute, University of Oulu, University of Lapland and Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK).
There are also about 20 institutions acting as partners in international IPY projects/consortiums, e.g. University of Helsinki, Finnish Environmental Institute, Finnish Institute of Marine Research and Geological Survey of Finland. In general, Finnish researchers are engaged with about 100 international IPY projects. More information about the projects, development of research station network and education can be found from the Finnish IPY website (www. ipy-fi nland.fi ). Related to the IPY topics, an international congress was held at the Geological Survey of Finland in Espoo, November 12-13, 2008.
In addition to the above IPY activities, several research projects and groups are working in Finland. Some of these projects started before 2008 but they have not been reported in Frozen Ground previously. The project Spatial modelling of periglacial processes under environmental change (2008–2010) (J. Hjort from the University of Helsinki, Department of Geography, and M. Luoto and M. Marmion both from the University of Oulu, Department of Geography) aims to develop and test novel approaches to model the occurrences and distributional alterations of periglacial processes in response to climate change. The ultimate goal is to make a signifi cant step forward in combining empirical, geographic information (GI) and remote sensing (RS) data to predict and analyze complex geomorphological processes at various spatial scales. The Nordic Permafrost Young Researchers Network’s contribution to the Thermal State of Permafrost project in the Nordic countries (PYRN – TSP, 2008–) (J. Hjort) project addresses the burning issue of impacts of increasing global temperatures on terrestrial permafrost. The project will provide young Nordic researchers with the means to conduct simple yet powerful measurements of permafrost conditions either in areas where records of prior observation exist (to establish recent trends) or in new undisturbed areas.
The project Global change impacts on sub-arctic palsa mires and greenhouse gas feedbacks to the climate system (PALSALARM, 2007–2008) (T.R. Carter and S. Fronzek from the Finnish Environment Institute; co-ordinating institute, and M. Luoto and M. Parviainen from the University of Oulu, Thule Institute/ Department of Geography) continued. PALSALARM brings together research groups from four institutions in the Nordic region who have hitherto worked largely independently on diff erent aspects of palsa mires. The central aim of the study is to estimate future changes in the distribution of palsa mires in Fennoscandia, and the implications of these changes for greenhouse gas budgets and nature conservation.
Biogeochemistry research group (P. Martikainen, C. Biasi and M. Repo) of the University of Kuopio continued the greenhouse gas flux measurements initiated in 2007 in discontinuous permafrost zone in Northeast European Russia. Fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O at the microsite level were measured from a peat plateau complex and adjacent shrub tundra areas. The studied ecosystem types include thermokarst lakes and soils aff ected by cryoturbation. The aim of the study is to improve our understanding of the flux dynamics and processes behind them in heterogenous Arctic landscape, characterized by the presence of permafrost and freezing and thawing processes. The flux campaigns were part of the EUfunded CARBO-North project, which aims at quantifying the carbon budget in northern Russia in past, present and future conditions (see http://www.carbonorth.net).
At the Geological Survey of Finland, the projects Development of applied geophysical techniques for mapping and monitoring permafrost (H. Vanhala, P. Lintinen, A.E.K. Ojala, H. Hirvas and I. Suppala) and Mapping and monitoring permafrost with geophysical techniques in the Komi Republic, Russia (H. Vanhala, P. Lintinen and I. Suppala) continued. Th ese projects aim to apply and develop geophysical techniques for mapping discontinuous and sporadic permafrost in Northern Finland and Vorkuta, Northwest Russia. An additional objective is the longer-term monitoring of the state of permafrost in the study regions. The first project started in 2004 with a series of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) measurements at the Ridnitsohkka fell in Northern Finland. ERT measurements have repeated 2005 and 2008. In addition to ERT, OhmMapper, GPR and gravity measurements have been used. The second project started in 2007 with a series geophysical measurements (electrical resistivity tomography, ERT and multi-frequency MaxMin Slingram).
Jan Hjort (jan.hjort@helsinki.fi )
France
Started in 2006, the objective of the Hydro-sensor-FLOWS project (2006-2010, IPY#16) is to investigate the hydrology of the Loven-East Glacier basin (10 km2, Brøgger peninsula, Svalbard) by continuous monitoring of the dynamics of the runoff , the snow cover, the ablation/accumulation limit of the glacier and the glacier itself. The project is coordinated by M. Griselin (UMR Th ema, Besançon) and C. Marlin (UMR IDES, Orsay) in association with SET (Pau), FEMTO (Besançon) and AWI (Potsdam).
During the 2008 field work, we gathered hydroglacio- climatological data for a second complete hydrological year, that allows a comparison with the past year (2006-2007). Th e hydrological year 2007-2008 is different than last year: the winter 2007-2008 was much more snowy and the summer was colder, with less direct radiation. This provides a glaciological balance more favourable for the glacier than in 2006-2007. The volume variation of snow and ice of the glacier is known by the set-up of 30 ice stakes and the 30 snow drill holes. The data obtained by the recorders (multi-parameters probes) set up on the catchment (outlet and two tributaries), as well as those obtained by chemical and isotopic analysis on water samples, allowed us to address the cause-effect relationships between the various parameters involved (climate, geological, hydrological) on the runoff at a daily and hourly time-scale. The data show that the runoff is more dependent on thermal conditions on the glacier than on the amount of precipitation. The flood peaks are controlled both by the amount of heat accumulated on the glaciers of the period 24 hours or 48 hours before the flood and the amount of precipitation if any. The isotopic measurements (O-18 and H-2) have been used to study the origin of water at the outlet: the separation of flows between supra-glacial meltwater at various altitudes and subglacial water is possible.
Since 2007, the CLIMAFLU ANR project is dedicated to the study of the impact of the recent global warming on the erosional process of the largest arctic fluvial system, the Lena River in Yakutia, by means of hydro-climatic data and spatial analysis of fluvial forms mobility. Th is project is coordinated by F. Costard (IDES laboratory, Orsay) and E. Gautier and D. Brunstein (Laboratoire de Géographie Physique, Meudon) in cooperation with Prof. F. Fedorov and P. Konstantinov from the Permafrost Institute in Yakutsk, Russia. The flood plain at the latitude of Yakutsk is dominated by outburst floods within a continuous and deep permafrost zone. On the basis of the satellite image analysis, different sites have been selected, where precise topographic and bathymetric surveys have been conducted in May and August 2008. The use of a laser theodolite on dewatered areas, will allow the elaboration of annual Digital Elevation Models. The comparison of these DEM before and after the annual flood will give precise information about the efficiency of the discharge on the spatial distribution of erosion and sedimentation. The precise topographic and bathymetric surveys are completed by sediment trapping systems. By this way, we will evaluate the annual bank retreat of channels and islands and to quantify the annual deposition. Different data loggers have been used to evaluate the evolution of the permafrost thermal regime with time for the next few years.
Dr. Decaulne (CNRS UMR 6042 Geolab and GDR 3062 Mutations Polaires) develops the Holocene slope activity research in subpolar areas from stratigraphical profi les analysis in Northern Iceland. Results show an increasing activity of mass movements during the last 1000 years, without pronounced climatic signals, but with probable implication from human activity. Also, in a natural hazard and risk mitigation perspective, she pursues her work on geomorphic evidence of past- and present-day snow avalanches and debris fl ows, both in the direct surrounding of inhabited areas and in remote areas to recognise extreme events occurrence and magnitude. This research is carried out in partnership with Dr. Þ. Sæmundsson, director of the Natural Research Center of Northwestern Iceland, Sauðárkrókur, Iceland. Collaboration with S. Conway, Open University, UK, took a step further with the second field season carried in Northwest Iceland on the comparison of terrestrial and Martian debris flows. Dr. Decaulne is also the Geosciences Coordinator within the group of Association of Polar Early Career Scientists.
The periglacial group of the University of Caen (UMR CNRS 6143) carried out laboratory experiments to address the genesis of Martian gullies observed on sand dunes (collaborator F. Costard, UMR CNRS 8148). Preliminary results suggest that the typical morphology of gullies observed on Mars can best be reproduced by the formation of linear debris flows related to the melting of a near-surface ground ice within silty materials. This physical modelling highlights the role of the periglacial conditions, especially the active-layer thickness during debrisflow formation.
François Costard (fcostard@geol.u-psud.fr)
Germany
The German National Science Foundation (DFG) has funded a coordinated group of projects with the title “Sensitivity of Mountain Permafrost to Climate Change – SPCC”, consisting of fi ve collaborating individual projects. The aim is to bridge the gap between climate simulations and the analysis of surface and subsurface characteristics for an assessment of the sensitivity of mountain permafrost dynamics.
The projects include: “Ground-atmosphere modelling: Strategies to combine RCM and subsurface simulations” (C. Hauck, G. Schädler, Ch. Kottmeier – University Karlsruhe); “Quantitative assessment of permafrost degradation using coupled geophysical and thermal monitoring systems” (R. Mäusbacher, C. Hilbich – University Jena); “Spatial assessment of permafrost characteristics and dynamics in alpine periglacial environments” (C. Kneisel – University Würzburg); “Sensitivity of rock permafrost to regional climate change scenarios and implications for rock wall instability” (R. Dikau, M. Krautblatter – University. Bonn) and “Monitoring and process analysis of permafrost creep and failure in changing temperature regimes” (I. Roer – University Bonn). Main field sites include the Zugspitze (Bavarian Alps) and several stations within the PACE and PERMOS networks in Switzerland (e.g. Murtèl/Corvatsch).
At the University of Bonn, the permafrost research group currently monitors three field sites in permafrost rock walls in Germany, Austria and Switzerland to detect permafrost fluctuations and resulting rock wall instabilities. Rock creep and rockfall are investigated with geodesy, extensometers, and laser scanning. Distribution and changes of rock permafrost are assessed at a stability-relevant scale with ERT (electrical resistivity tomography), P and S-wave refraction seismics and IP (induced polarization), and are referenced by temperature measurements (Krautblatter and Hauck 2007, JGR). At the Zugspitze, seasonal permafrost thaw in a steep north face was monitored monthly over the summer 2007 (M. Krautblatter and S. Verleysdonk). The subproject SORP (Sensitivity Of Rock Permafrost to regional climate change scenarios and implications for rock wall instability) based at the University of Bonn, will be supported by M. Moser and J. Rohn from the Engineering Geology Section at the University of Erlangen and by A. Kemna from the Applied Geophysics Section at the University of Bonn.
At the Department of Physical Geography, University of Würzburg, C. Kneisel is continuing surface temperature monitoring in northern Sweden along an altitudinal transect. In the Swiss Alps subsurface temperatures are monitored in the Bever Valley. Here, D. Schwindt has started his Ph.D. thesis on geophysical mapping of the extent of small permafrost lenses and evaluation of the interaction of temperature regime with surface and subsurface factors. Geoelectrical monitoring of permafrost characteristics and active layer thickness is continued in the Muragl glacier forefi eld.
At the University of Giessen, the permafrost research group (led by L. King) continued studies in the Matter and Saas Valleys (Swiss Alps). O. Wild specialized on a new permafrost modelling approach, C. C. Maag studied the impact of global warming and building measurements on rock and ice temperatures at Kleinmatterhorn (3820 m a.s.l.), and L. Bödger-Mayrink focused on glacier hazards due to climate change. The Departments of Geography of Giessen and Zurich are continuing the monitoring and analysis of the PACE-data at the Stockhorn (3410 m a.s.l.).
A Chinese-German joint project investigating the Late- Quaternary landscape development on the northern Tibetan Plateau, China, is in progress at the University of Berlin (B. Wünnemann) , the RWTH Aachen (F. Lehmkuhl, G. Stauch), and the AWI Potsdam (B. Diekmann), in cooperation with the University of Lanzhou, and the CAS in Lanzhou and Nanjing. Research topics comprise lake and permafrost dynamics, glacial and periglacial landforms and processes, and the reconstruction of regional climatic change, inferred from terrestrial and lacustrine sedimentary records. The studies are part of the DFG program “Tibetan Plateau: Formation, Climate, Ecosystems – TiP”.
Polar Activities:
The 11th Russian-German Expedition to the research station Samoylov, Lena Delta, took place from July to October 2008. Long-term methane emission measurements of wet polygonal tundra were continued along with the study of the functional microbial ecology of methane-cycling microorganisms using stable-isotope techniques. The ongoing project is a collaboration between scientists from the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) (D. Wagner), the Sukachev’s Institute of Forest, Krasnoyarsk, the Permafrost Institute in Yakutsk, the ETH Zurich, and Hamburg University. The Hamburg University team also performed studies of the N-fluxes in permafrost soils and sediments (E. M. Pfeiff er). Field work on Kurungnakh Island, central Lena Delta, is aimed at understanding the interaction between ice-rich sediments (Yedoma) and morphometry and evolution of lake basins and the related landscape dynamics (A. Morgenstern, M. Ulrich).
An expedition to Seward Peninsula (“East Beringia 2008”) by scientists from the AWI Potsdam, the Senckenberg Research Institute, Weimar, and the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) followed the NICOP in Fairbanks. Modern tundra vegetation, ostracod associations, sedimentary permafrost sequences including ground ice and electrical resistivity profiling were undertaken near the mouth of the Kitluk River. A second team from the AWI and the UAF (P. P. Overduin, S. Westermann, K. Yoshikawa) studied the near-shore submarine permafrost distribution in the Barrow region by means of Electrical Resistivity Tomography.
In the frame of INTAS-Project “Permafrost dating by cosmogenic 36Cl and 10Be” and IPY Project “Past Permafrost”, the AWI Potsdam (S. Wetterich, L. Schirrmeister) joined the Russian expedition “Beringia” of the IPBPSS Pushchino to the Kolyma River in August 2008. The main aims were to study permafrost sequences along riverbanks and to extract palaeoenvironmental archives and modern ostracod associations and their physico-chemical living conditions. ICDP deep drillings into permafrost and lake sediments of Elgygytgyn Impact Crater, Chukotka, started in autumn 2008 (icdp-online. org). The AWI Potsdam group participated in this drilling project by studying the permafrost history reflected in frozen ground and lake sediments through a multi-proxy approach (sedimentology, mineralogy, ground ice chemical properties, bio-indicators, permafrost borehole geophysical data) (G. Schwamborn, L. Schirrmeister) and with the help of the stable oxygen isotope record from lacustrine diatoms (H. Meyer, B. Chapligin). A new 141.5m deep borehole was drilled in the vicinity of the lake and instrumented with a permanent high temporal resolution temperature logger, which will contribute to the GTN-P network.
AWI continued its collaboration with McGill University, Canada (W. Pollard, N. Couture) with the objective to better understand coastal erosion dynamics of the northern Yukon and associated geochemical fl uxes. AWI also conducted an expedition in August 2008 (H. Lantuit, M. Fritz) to study the palaeoenvironmental history of the Yukon coast and to establish a time frame of the Wisconsin glaciation and ground ice history around Herschel Island.
Within the scope of the Helmholtz Research Alliance “Planetary Evolution and Life”, two new projects started in spring 2008: (1) Physics and Biology of Interfacial Water (D. Wagner), which estimates the role of under-cooled water for the off spring of life in Martian environments. Methanogenic archaea isolated from Siberian permafrost will be used as model organisms in laboratory-based studies. (2) Comparisons of Martian and terrestrial permafrost features (L. Schirrmeister) using morphometric analyses of periglacial structures in key regions on Mars and Earth. The outcome will be based on results from the field campaigns to the Lena Delta in 2008 and to Svalbard in 2009.
The AWI young investigator group SPARC (“Sensitivity of Permafrost in the ARCtic”, J. Boike) focused on field expeditions to maintain ongoing monitoring efforts. It included expeditions to sites in Siberia (Lena Delta) Spitsbergen (Ny-Ålesund), Alaska (Barrow) and Canada (Polar Bear Pass). Measurements comprise meteorological, soil and eddy covariance data, highresolution air photography using balloons, IR thermography imagery, and ERT profiles. Next to these evaporation rates, snow properties and thickness distribution, stream flow, and spatially distributed surface properties were assessed. DEMs and hydrological models of the investigated regions on Spitsbergen and in Siberia are in development.
A new study group on permafrost (Arbeitskreis Permafrost) has been formed within the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Polarforschung (German Society for Polar Research), aimed at scientists from German speaking countries (Germany, Switzerland, Austria). At its first annual meeting at AWI Potsdam in October 2008, a large number of ongoing studies relating to polar and mountain permafrost were presented. Follow-up meetings are planned on an annual basis.
Lorenz King and Clemens C. Maag (lorenz.king@geogr.uni-giessen.de)
Italy
In 2008, the IPA Italian community was focused on the participation in the NICOP where several Italians were present. The Italian representatives produced three papers as fi rst author (Guglielmin et al., Cannone and Guglielmin, Pogliotti et al.) and another three papers as co-authors on topics ranging from alpine permafrost to Antarctic and Martian permafrost. In addition four extended abstracts were also presented as posters.
Antarctic research was severely hindered by national funding issues but the download of the data and the maintenance of the automatic permafrost monitoring stations at Boulder Clay and Oasi (M. Guglielmin) and of the ice-wedges monitoring thermal regime (R. Raffi ) were assured. The results of previous Antarctic campaigns (in cooperation with Canadian, German and British colleagues) were nonetheless published in various international journals.
Another focal point for the Italian community has been the preparation of a new European project in the framework of the EU Alpine Space Programme 2007 – 2013: PermaNET (Permafrost Long-term Monitoring Network) that was approved and will be funded. The project aims at establishing a common strategy for dealing with permafrost analyses though the creation of an Alpine-wide monitoring network and of guidelines for the consideration of permafrost in risk and water resources management. The kick-off meeting of the project was held in Bolzano/Bozen on September 4-5. The Project includes five Italian partners: Bolzano Province, lead partner; Arpa Piemonte, Regione Valle d’Aosta (with Arpa VDA and FMS involved), Trento Province and Regione Veneto.
In the Western Alps a first project to map permafrost and correlated landforms was carried out in the framework of cooperation between Arpa Piemonte and Insubria University (M. Guglielmin). A new inventory of the rock glaciers and the protalus rampart of the whole Piemonte was fi nalized and a provisional permafrost map (obtained by empirical models) was obtained and used as first step to the research that Arpa Piemonte and Insubria University (as subcontractor) will continue in the framework of the PermaNET.
A. Ribolini, with his group of Pisa University, pursues the research focused on three diff erent topics (permafrost and ground ice distribution, relationships between rock glaciers and glaciers, freeze-thaw cycles eff ects on alpine geomorphology) in a marginal Mediterranean sector of the Alps as the Maritime Alps. In particular, the Vei del Bouc rock glacier in the Argentera Massif (Maritime Alps) was surveyed using a new highly transportable georadar device, equipped with a 25 MHz antenna and produced by the I.D.S. company (www.ids-spa.it). Preliminary results show a high signal penetration (about 25 m depth) and well visible refl ections at various depths. Shallow ice presence seems to occur in the lodgement till above the apical part of the rock glacier.
In the Cothian Alps, Italy, the DC resistivity tomography surveys carried out on the Col de l’Agnel rock glacier represent the fi rst step of a research program that the Universities of Pisa (A. Ribolini) and Insubria (M. Guglielmin) intend to develop in the Monviso area. Preliminary results report on a near-surface (0-10 m depth) concentration of sediments that are highly to extremely highly resistive (> 2-6 MOm), resting onto slightly frozen and unfrozen debris. An interaction with a glacier potentially present during the Little Ice Age is under examination. The temperature monitoring of Rocca dell’Abisso block field has continued hourly and at diff erent depths, reaching the second year of measurements.
In June 2008 the European project ‘PERMAdataROC’ (INTERREG IIIA – ALCOTRA) was concluded. The Italian partners ARPA Valle d’Aosta (Arpa VDA), CNR-IRPI of Turin and Fondazione Montagna Sicura (FMS – project leader) have been involved. The project led to the development of an integrated strategy for the study and monitoring of rockwall instabilities in high-mountain areas (Mont Blanc Massif and Matterhorn) aff ected by permafrost degradation. The research directions were:
(1) CNR-IRPI, FMS – creation of a database of rockfalls occurred in the Mont Blanc Massif area (at elevation greater than 2000 m a.s.l.) from the past until now. The database will be updated on the basis of reports provided by Alpine Guides and huts owners specifi cally trained to fi ll a survey form describing future events.
(2) ARPA VdA – development and test of strategy for thermal monitoring of near vertical rockwalls in high-mountain environments. A total of seven sites with more than 30 temperature loggers installed have been equipped for the hourly record of: (i) rock temperature at depths of 3, 30 and 55 cm, (ii) air temperature and humidity, (iii) wind speed and direction, and (iv) incoming and outgoing shortwave and longwave radiation. Collected data series are actually used for the validation and calibrations of physical based models in collaboration with the Glaciology, Geomorphodynamics & Geocronology Group of the University of Zurich.
(3) CNRS-EDYTEM (France) FMS – development of a monitoring methodology for rockwalls morphological activities in high-mountain environments using frequently repeated LIDAR surveys and terrestrial photogrammetry (see France‘s report). All details about this project are available on the web. (http://www.fondazionemontagnasicura.org/multimedia/ permadataroc/).
During the 2007 and 2008 in the Valle d‘Aosta Region, Northwest Italy, a monitoring site (Cime Bianche, 3100 m a.s.l.), initiated in 2005 through collaboration between ARPA VdA and Insubria University, has been progressively implemented with new instrumentation. The set-up includes: (i) one borehole of 41 m depth equipped with 25 temperature nodes, (ii) one borehole of 6 m depth equipped with 15 temperature nodes, (iii) one CALM grid of 40×10 meters area for soil temperature measurement at 2 and 30 cm depths, (iv) one automatic weather station (MAWS) for the measurements of standard meteorological parameters including snow depth, and (v) one system for the measurement at different depths of the temperature, heat flux and permittivity into the snow pack. Currently more than two years of continuous data series are available.
On the eastern side of Rosa Massif, Insubria University finalized a geophysical and geomorphological investigation in the area of Lago delle Locce to understand the evolution of permafrost and buried ice distribution in the last 30 years comparing the new results with what W. Haeberli and F. Epifani carried out in the 1970’s. In Upper Valtellina, Central Alps, N. Cannone continues the research on the relationship between vegetation and permafrost degradation in the Stelvio area. A new program for monitoring CO2 emissions in permafrost and permafrostfree areas characterized by different vegetation types has been started. M. Guglielmin continues to maintain the monitoring of the Stelvio PACE borehole and two other shallower boreholes on Foscagno rock glacier where the program of monitoring relationships between snow, permafrost and vegetation is being pursued.
The monitoring activity of several rock glaciers located in the Adamello Presanella and Ortles Cevedale mountain groups (Central Italian Alps) continued also in 2008, leaded by R. Seppi (Pavia University) and A. Carton (University of Padova). In particular, the fourth consecutive year of data on the ground near-surface thermal regime were retrieved from ten sites located on rock glaciers. In addition, ten ground surface temperature monitoring sites were set up in the framework of a Ph.D. thesis (L. Carturan, University of Padova). The monitoring activity on the thermal characteristics of several springs discharging from rock glaciers also continued in the two mountain groups.
In collaboration with the local Geological Survey, Autonomous Province of Trento, topographic surveys on two rock glacier were repeated for the sixth year, continuing an activity started in 2001. The thermal and topographic data series were partially processed by M. Zumiani and included in his Master thesis at the University of Padova (tutors: M. Meneghel and R. Seppi).
A study on a rock glacier originating from a Little Ice Age moraine of the now vanished glacier of Cima dell‘Uomo, Bocche Range, Dolomites, has just started. Monitoring of climate, ground surface temperature and geophysical investigation along with survey and mapping are planned (A. Carton, M. Meneghel and R. Seppi). The research group leaded by R. Rigon of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Trento, started to deal with alpine cryosphere since 2004. Part of the research aims at analyzing the hydrological balance and the energy and mass exchange on glaciers (S. Endrizzi). The other branch of the research, mainly conducted through the Ph.D. of M. Dall‘Amico in cooperation with S. Gruber, University of Zürich, is directed to alpine permafrost modelling and aims at simulating the thermal state of soil in high mountain environments. This will be accomplished by the coupled thermal-hydrological model GEOtop customized for permafrost environments.
Mauro Guglielmin (mauro.guglielmin@uninsubria.it)
Japan
In the Daisetsu Mountains, Hokkaido, northern Japan, surface energy balance observations have started during the summer 2008, aiming at physically-based understanding of mosaic-like distribution of permafrost (T. Maeda, G. Iwahana, M. Ishikawa, H. Arai and N. Matsuoka).
The automatic weather systems provide concurrent data on radiation components, air temperature, rainfall, humidity and wind components (by sonic anemometer-thermometer) at permafrost and immediately adjacent topermafrost-free sites. Stable isotope analysis was also introduced to evaluate the origin of surface water on summit areas underlain by permafrost (H. Arai, M. Ishikawa, A. Sugimoto, G. Iwahana and T. Maeda). Water was sampled from seasonally and permanently frozen ground, rainfalls, snowmelts and small tributaries.
In the northern Japanese Alps, rockfall activity and supranival debris sliding were investigated (Y. Kariya, Y. Matsunaga, Y. Miyazawa, J. Komori, M. Ishii, G. Sato, K. Tomita and S. Iwata). During the ablation period in 2007, the position, size and lithology of all fallen debris on perennial snow patches in the valley floor were measured every month, and these data were used to estimate the mode and rate of debris production. Supranival block sliding was monitored with an automatic camera. Snow ablation and bedrock thermal regimes were also monitored. In the alpine and subalpine zones of the northern Japanese Alps, geology and geomorphology of landslides were studied (Y. Kariya, G. Sato, J. Komori and K. Tomita). Sedimentological and Quaternary chronological information was newly obtained from the Mt. Shiroumadake and Mt. Chogatake areas. Collected data show that non-sorted chaotic sediments, which have previously been considered to be a glacial origin, are more likely to have originated from a large landslide and/or a debris avalanche.
Intensive field campaigns have been undertaken in the southern Japanese Alps from 2007 to 2008. One group, composed of scientists from Meiji University and other institutions (T. Koyama, A. Amaizawa, N. Takahashi, S. Sawaguchi, M. Aoyama and Y. Sugawara), studied periglacial geomorphology of the Mt. Akaishi-dake area during the summers of 2007 and 2008. Th e topics include mapping of patterned ground, structural analysis and thermal monitoring of solifl uction lobes, as well as thermal and chronological characteristics of rock glaciers. Another group (R. Nishii, N. Matsuoka and A. Ikeda, University of Tsukuba) continued monitoring of rock and soil slope dynamics in the Mt. Ainodake area. Newly introduced techniques are visual recording of stone movement with an automatic camera and diff erential GPS for monitoring annual movement of rock glaciers. Detailed monitoring of rock creep and sliding has also been undertaken on the top of a rockslide by both automatic and periodical manual observations. The data show seasonal variation in rock movement associated mainly with thawing of snow and seasonal frost, as well as with large rainfalls in summer.
A synthetic study on the permafrost of the Fuji volcano, the highest peak in Japan (3776 m asl), was started by postdocs (A. Ikeda, G.. Iwahana, K. Fukui, T. Sueyoshi and Y. Sawada) with the help of senior researchers (T. Tamura, K. Harada and K. Saito), a visiting researcher (A. Kellerer-Pirklbauer) and graduate students (T. Watanabe and R. Nishii). In 2008, a 3-m deep borehole and a 2-m automatic weather station were constructed on the summit area. A monitoring network of shallow ground temperature was also set on the north- and south-facing slopes. In addition, hydrological conditions in the pyroclastic rock and lava were examined by applied geophysical methods to estimate permafrost distribution. The project is planned to be enlarged and continued for long-term monitoring of the environmental changes and studying interaction between permafrost and volcanic activity.
Several overseas projects are also on going. Model experimental sites established in Svalbard have provided data on thermal contraction cracking in ice- and soil-wedge polygons, rock weathering and movement of a polar rock glacier, as well as their controlling parameters, with a variety of methods (N. Matsuoka). The project is a collaboration with UNIS (H.H. Christiansen) and University of Oslo (O. Humlum) as part of the IPA periglacial group activity aiming at standardizing monitoring techniques and extending the monitoring network. Detailed geophysical sounding was applied to detect subsurface frost wedge structures under non-sorted polygons with a wide range of diameter and composed of diff erent materials at two locations in Svalbard (T. Watanabe). In August 2008, an educational project related to IPY Project No. 50 (TSP) was conducted in Svalbard, as a part of ‘International University Course on High Arctic Permafrost Landscape Dynamics in Svalbard and Greenland’. Three Japanese graduate students attended the lectures, fi eldwork and laboratory analysis in UNIS, Adventdalen and Kapp Linne, guided by H.H. Christiansen, B. Elberling (Univ. Copenhagen) and N. Matsuoka.
In Alaska, the project ‘2004 Forest Fire Impacts to Hydrological Cycles, Permafrost and Eco Systems in Central Alaska’ has continued since 2005 in order to monitor permafrost conditions after severe wildfire (K. Harada and K. Saito). In August 2008, observations including manual measurements of thaw depth were carried out at the Kougarok site near Nome. Measurements of surface roughness were also conducted to compare with the satellite data. Since 2007 ground temperatures have been monitored with data loggers to obtain continuous data of thaw depth and ground temperature and to understand the effect of the wildfire on the permafrost condition and vegetation recovery. The study area of rock glacier research in Alaska by A. Ikeda was shifted from the Brooks Range in the Arctic to the Alaska Range in the central Alaska after the NICOP. The focus of the study was also changed from distribution characteristics of rock glaciers to the direct monitoring of processes related to debris and ice accumulation on rock glaciers.
Long-term monitoring campaigns still continue in the Swiss Alps. The monitoring focused on frost weathering, heave, creep, solifluction and permafrost creep (N. Matsuoka and A. Ikeda). Differential GPS was newly introduced to monitor annual movement of rock glaciers and solifl uction lobes. K. Fukui, National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR) undertook a permafrost research expedition in the South Chuyskiy Range, Russia Altai Mountains, in the summer of 2008. The expedition is joint research between NIPR and Altai State University (Prof. Mikhailov, Dr. Ostanin and Dr. Troshkin). They installed ground temperature sensors in ice wedge polygons in the Akkol Valley, and found a large pingo originated from the Little Ice Age moraine in the Tardura Valley (2100 m a.s.l.) and many rock glaciers in the Yelanzash Valley (2400 m a.s.l.).
Finally, ISOP (Informal Seminar on Permafrost) hosted meetings several times in Sapporo at the Hokkaido University, aiming at exchanging information on permafrost monitoring and planning joint fi eld campaigns.
Norikazu Matsuoka (matsuoka@geoenv.tsukuba.ac.jp)
Mongolia
Over the past 12 years N.Sharkhuu (retired from Institute of Geography, MAS) individually prepared most of permafrost monitoring boreholes in Mongolia, expanding from year to year and conducting permafrost monitoring of Mongolia within the framework of international CALM and GTN-P programs in close collaboration with F. Nelson and N. Shiklomanov from University of Delaware (with its fi nancial and data logger support) and with V. Romanovsky and K. Yoshikawa from University of Alaska Fairbanks (who recently supplied nine HOBO U12 dataloggers). At present, there are 44 CALM and GTN-P boreholes in Mongolia. 23 boreholes are equipped with temperature data loggers.
The Mongolian IPY Expression of Intent # 1129 is the main component of CALM and GTN-P programs in Mongolia, and is part of the IPA contribution to the Thermal State of Permafrost IPY Project 50.. This year’s investigations were the continuation of the activities described in Frozen Ground Number 31.
During three weeks in September Romanovsky, Yoshikawa, and N. Sharkhuu, conducted field investigations at almost all borehole sites in the Hovsgol, Hangai and Hentei mountainous regions, In the Hovsgol region we measured permafrost temperatures in 24 boreholes, including precise temperature measurements in three deep boreholes down to depths of 130- 200 m containing 50-150 m thick permafrost. In late May Sharkhuu drilled a 16 m deep borehole on Nalayh pingo top near Ulaanbaatar and collected 100 samples of pingo ice for Yoshikawa’s isotope analysis. We also plan to drill the 20 m high pingo top in the Hovsgol region, where artesian waters under 28 m thick massive ice (or at 32 m depth) was detected during borehole drilling in 1968.
In September, Y. Jambaljav, Institute of Geography, MAS, drilled nine, 10 m deep boreholes for permafrost monitoring in the Mongolian Altai and southern Hangai mountain regions. Based on N.Sharkhuu’s recommendation and old data, most of the drilled boreholes were located at locations where old boreholes were drilled and investigated 24-34 years ago. Ground temperature measurements in the boreholes are planned to start in August 2009. Soil temperature measurements in a series of mainly 2-3 m deep holes at Terelj and Nalayh observation sites near Ulaanbaatar have been running for the last six years within the cooperation framework between Japanese IORGC and Mongolian Institute of Geography.
N.Sharkhuu attended the NICOP in Fairbanks and represented Mongolia at the IPA Council meetings. The main results on TSP and CALM in Mongolia were presented at NICOP sessions and the CALM workshop. N. Sharkhuu wishes to express many thanks to Professor Larry D. Hinzman, director of IARC for sponsorship to attend the NICOP.
Natsagdorj Sharkhuu (sharkhuu_n@yahoo.com)
The Netherlands
In the framework of the study of the ecology of breeding and moulting geese and wader birds using the Northwest-European migration routes, expeditions focusing on permafrost have continued in 2008.
In the delta of the Pyasina River investigations focused on permafrost dynamics and the understanding of the permafrost at Cape East on the Pyasina Delta, Taimyr, northern Siberia (74° 06‘ N, 86° 44‘ E). The research is carried out by Alterra Wageningen UR (B.S. Ebbinge, contact person GBM Pedroli) and the Netherlands Institute of Ecological Research (NIOO, B. Nolet) in collaboration with Russian partners (Heritage Institute, Moscow). In 2008 the percentage of tundra covered by snow was surveyed daily on a 2-km line transect, until snow was completely melted. The thaw depth over the permafrost was measured on the same transect at three dates during the second part of the field season. The vegetation on the transect was surveyed by recording the presence-absence of six indicative plant species.
Active layer thawing was observed to be considerably shallower in 2008 than in 2006 when it was especially intensive. This is mainly due to late spring and late snowmelt in 2008. Spatial variation in active layer thawing is correlated with the type of vegetation. Thawing is shallower where Sphagnum, Eriophorum polystachum and Salix reptans are present, and deeper where Salix polaris and Dupontia fisheri are present.
Research on carbon and water exchange of taiga and tundra ecosystems in eastern Siberia was performed in cooperative projects with the Institute for Biological Problems Cryolithozone (IBPC) of the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Yakutsk and the Vrije Universiteit (VU) in Amsterdam, Department of Hydrology and Geo- Environmental Sciences. Recently, the University of Utrecht (paleoecology) and Wageningen University (vegetation Ecology) have been involved. This project is partly funded by the Dutch Organization of Scientifi c Research (NWO), the Darwin Centre for Biogeology and the NWO Dutch-Russian Scientific Cooperation Fund .
In a larch/birch forest near Yakutsk (Spasskaya Pad Field Station) and on a tundra site near Chokhurdakh in the Indigirka lowlands (Kytalyk Reserve) flux measurements have been made with eddy correlation towers. From 2004 onwards, this research has been extended with flux chamber measurements of methane fluxes and a survey of active layer thickness and temperature. The aim is to estimate the annual exchange rates and their interannual variability, and to determine the sensitivity to environmental factors of the fluxes.
Apart from a methane flux measurement campaign on tundra and floodplain environments and on thermokarst lakes, vegetation ecological experiments were set up and lake bottom sediments were sampled for paleoecological research. Also a site was established for long-term monitoring of active layer thickness. In the summer of 2008, for the first time eddy covariance measurements using a cavity ringdown laser system were successfully set up and operated at the tundra site.
Jef Vandenberghe (jef.vandenberghe@falw.vu.nl)
New Zealand
At least five New Zealanders attended the NICOP in Alaska, a highlight being the presentation of the fi rst TransAntarctic Mountain region soil and permafrost maps as a contribution to ANTPAS (the Antarctic Permafrost and Soil Group) (Balks et al., Bockheim et al., McLeod et al., in the NICOP proceedings).
New Zealand has two Ph.D. students leading and commencing Antarctic soil and permafrost related fi eld projects this summer. T. O‘Neill, from the University of Waikato is investigating impacts of human activities on Antarctic soils and permafrost and will be travelling to the Ross Sea Region, with M. Balks. F. Shanhun, from Lincoln University, will be studying carbonates in the soils with P. Almond, S. Smith and J. Bockheim.
Two researchers at Canterbury University, S. Allen and I. Owens, have been undertaking permafrost research in the Southern Alps, in collaboration with C. Huggel of Switzerland. They are investigating the distribution of mountain permafrost, a relatively unresearched area in New Zealand.
M. Balks was invited to give the prestigious „Norm Taylor Memorial Lecture“ at the joint New Zealand and Australian Soil Science Society‘s conference in December this year. She will be highlighting the Antarctic and Arctic permafrost work in her lecture entitled „Footprints at the ends of the Earth; impacts and management of human activities on frozen soils“. This will be an opportunity to raise the profile of frozen ground research to the wider Australasian soils community.
Megan Balks (m.balks@waikato.ac.nz)
Norway
TSP Norway IPY project activities: The Permafrost Observatory project: A contribution to the thermal state of permafrost in Norway and Svalbard (TSP Norway) was introduced in the last issue.
In the 2007-2008 winter we had a drilling campaign in Svalbard from February to May, and established 12 new boreholes, with a total of 173 m. The deepest borehole is 39 m. Eight boreholes in different landforms are located in the Longyearbyen area in central Svalbard, and three on the strandfl at in the Kapp Linne area, western Svalbard and one in Ny Ålesund, NW Svalbard. All boreholes are now instrumented with thermistor strings, and two are online in the Longyearbyen area.
In the 2008 summer, fieldwork focused on downloading data from the boreholes and from periglacial landformmonitoring both in northern Norway and in Svalbard. In northern Norway geophysical investigations were carried out to delimit permafrost in collaboration with international TSP partners from Universities of Karlsruhe (C. Hauck) and Jena (C. Hilbich), Germany, and the University of Ottawa, Canada (A. Lewkowicz). Year round observations of diff erent periglacial landforms are running intensively in the Longyearbyen area involving several students doing fieldwork, study of active layer thawing, water/ice content from resistivity measurements, icewedge activity, solifluction activity and rock glacier thermal processes.
The ‘International University Course on High Arctic Permafrost Landscape Dynamics’ was run very successfully as a UNIS course with support from TSP Norway and the Nordic Council of Ministers, with 10 students obtaining more than 20m of sediment cores from the permafrost in Svalbard and Zackenberg, NE Greenland. Lecturers were H.H. Christiansen and B. Elberling (both UNIS). Japanese students participated in the Svalbard part of the course led by N. Matsuoka.
The NORPERM, the first Norwegian permafrost database, has reached its version 1.0, and is ready for the first full year of permafrost and active layer temperature data to be entered into the database during autumn 2008. Th e project made several presentations at AGU in December 2007, and at EGU and at NICOP in 2008 in addition to having many visitors especially in Svalbard and at our website: www.tspnorway.com. TSP Norway partners will play a strong role in organizing the Third European Conference on Permafrost (EUCOP) in Svalbard in June 2010.
Geology Department, UNIS: Permafrost and periglacial studies were carried out by a group (H.H. Christiansen, H. Juliussen, L. Kristensen, U. Neumann and M. Eckersdorfer) partly under the TSP Norway project, but also under the CRYOSLOPE Svalbard project (www. skred-svalbard.no). Th e CRYOSLOPE Svalbard project started data analyses after observing 332 avalanches in 1.5 years in the 40-km, most-used snow mobile tracks around Longyearbyen. Permafrost and periglacial studies at the Geology Department at UNIS (H.H. Christiansen, O. Humlum, L. Kristensen, H. Juliussen and J. Ellehauge) continued (see previous issues of Frozen Ground for project description).
Collaboration with N. Matsuoka, University of Tsukuba, Japan, C. Harris, University of Cardiff and A. Lewkowicz, University of Ottawa, continued on ice-wedge dynamics and solifluction in Svalbard.
The intensive graduate course AG-330 Permafrost and Periglacial Environments was presented for the second time in April 2008 with 22 students. The PYRN, coordinated in Norway by H. Juliussen, arranged several talks and events for students at UNIS to raise the awareness of permafrost studies and research possibilities. On August 1, and after aproximately one year, H. Farbrot f nished working part time for the IPA Secretariat. The Secretariat moved to the Alfred Wegener Institute starting in autumn 2008.
Technology Department UNIS, NTNU and SINTEF research collaboration: The collaboration on the use of ground penetrating radar (GPR) to eff ectively survey permafrost areas and locate pure ice structures within the subsoil continued (see previous issue of Frozen Ground). In 2007 and 2008 the Efficient Soil Investigative Methods on Permafrost (ESIMP) included several fi eld surveys in Adventsdalen, Svalbard. This year a 3D ground penetrating radar was used to investigate potential benefi ts over normal 2D GPR. SINTEFs geotechnical drilling rig was used to verify the results from the GPR. The work is carried out partly by students at UNIS and SINTEF personnel.
The work connected to the Ph.D. study of F. Caline (supervised by L. Grande UNIS/NTNU) continued in 2008 mainly with registration of behaviour of the geotextile bags of diff erent material exposed to the development of sea ice and the ice break up. This work is sponsored by a group of Norwegian and French companies and institutions and aims at developing environmental friendly coastal protection in areas with ice, waves and water currents.
Master thesis in Road Building on Permafrost in Arctic climate exposed to snow avalanches and snow drift: In 2008 two students took their Masters degrees in Arcticrelated topics at The University Centre in Svalbard. M. Bratt Pedersen studied the principles of building roads on permafrost on steep terrain, and as a practical subject she focused on a new road to Mine No. 7 in Advent Valley, 15 km southeast of Longyearbyen. Ø. Skeie Hellum studied the principles of building roads on snow-drifted and avalanche exposed areas, and as a practical subject he focused on location and design of the new road to Mine No. 7. Their work has been of high interest to the mining company “Store Norske Spitsbergen Kullkompani” as their access road currently has problems with frequent avalanches, winter maintenance winter, and slope stability. Their supervisor at UNIS was Associate Professor Dr. J. O. Larsen.
Physical Geography, Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo: In 2008 B. Etzelmüller, H. Farbrot and K. Lilleøren gathered the first year’s data series from the various TSP-sites in Northern Norway within the TSP Norway IPY project. Some shallow boreholes were also drilled and instrumented at the Nordnes site, Troms. Th e new CRYOLINK-project (B. Etzelmüller, O. Humlum) funded by the Norwegian Research Council started August 1,2008, and 15 shallow boreholes were drilled along altitudinal transects in southern Norway. At five of the new sites, automatic cameras and soil moisture logging equipment were installed.
In addition, the University of Oslo in collaboration with UNIS received substantial funding for student and faculty member exchange with the University of Ottawa (A. Lewkowicz) and Carleton University (C. Burn) from SIU (Norwegian Centre for International Cooperation on Higher Education). The project covers the terrestrial cryosphere including permafrost, and was launched during a meeting in Ottawa in October 2008.
Within the EU-funded project BRAHMATWINN the mountain permafrost distribution of the Brahmaputra River basin was modelled. A rock glacier inventory was compiled using high-resolution satellite imagery over a test area in the Himalayas and compared to the modelled permafrost distribution. Roughly, the lower permafrost limit was found to be at an elevation of about 5000-5500 m a.s.l., depending on aspect. (R. Frauenfelder, A. Kääb, University of Oslo; M. Hoelzle, University of Zurich).
A new project (CORRIA) was started to develop and apply improved image processing algorithms for cross-correlation of repeat images in order to measure displacements on, among others, rock glaciers. (A. Kääb and two Ph.D. students with funding by the Norwegian Research Council).
Research since 2004 on mountain meteorology, snow cover, vegetation, ground temperatures and the interaction between permafrost and glaciers continues (O. Humlum, H. Juliussen, K.S. Lilleøren, M. Ferbarlein); see previous issues of Frozen Ground for project description.
Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Norwegian Geological Survey and other research Institutions: In the Troms and Møre and Romsdal areas of northern and southern Norway, respectively, temperature data are collected as part of a permafrost and climate monitoring project on the instability of rock slopes in Norway. The project was established in 2001. A series of temperature data loggers were installed to monitor the temperature of the ground, the surface and the air. Exposed sites with minimal winter-snow accumulation are preferred to optimise comparability and to ensure that the thermal properties are not extensively complex (K. Isaksen, L.H. Blikra, H. Farbrot, T. Eiken and J.L. Sollid).
On Dovrefjell, southern Norway, temperature data was collected from 11 boreholes (9 m deep) along an altitudinal transect across the mountain permafrost transition zone. These boreholes were drilled and instrumented in October 2001. The objective of the study is to model the trend and variability of mean annual ground temperature (MAGT) and to evaluate the influence of the snow cover on mean annual ground surface temperature (MAGST) in a high mountain terrain. The trend and variability of MAGT and MAGST are of particular relevance in the interpretation of ground temperature measurements from just a few seasons. This work is also relevant to understand the climate/cryosphere interactions in general. An additional deep (100 m) borehole is planned to be drilled on Dovrefj ell (R.S. Ødegård, K. Isaksen, T. Eiken and J.L. Sollid).
In the same field area data from temperature data loggers was collected as part of a Norwegian monitoring programme for palsa peatlands, co-ordinated by the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (A. Hofgaard, K. Isaksen, R.S. Ødegård, T. Eiken, J.L. Sollid).
In Jotunheimen, southern Norway, temperature data from the Juvvasshøe PACE borehole (established in 1999) was collected and in Svalbard data from the Janssonhaugen PACE borehole (established in 1998) was collected. Collection of the temperature data from the PACE boreholes is organized in a long-term monitoring programme for climatic research. The programme is run by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute (K. Isaksen) and the national databases are linked to the GTNP database.
Permafrost Young Researchers Network<. In September 2008, the Permafrost Young Researchers Network’s Contribution to the Thermal State of Permafrost Project in the Nordic Countries (PYRN-TSP) established two, 30m deep boreholes in debris and bedrock at Iškoras (572 m a.s.l.), in Finnmark, northern Norway. A thermistors chain connected to datalogger were installed (K. Isaksen, M. Johansson, H. Farbrot, B. Etzelmüller, H. H. Christiansen). The inner part of Finnmark (Finnmarksvidda) is a plain with strong continentally and has the lowest mean annual air temperature (MAAT) when reduced to sea level in Norway. Finnmarsvidda has strong temperature inversions, and the permafrost and climate at elevated locations are poorly known. These activities are in close cooperation with the Norwegian funded TSP NORWAY IPY project.
Arctic Council‘s Cryosphere Project SWIPA (Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic): H. Christiansen and A. Instanes are Norwegian representatives in the Arctic Council‘s cryosphere project SWIPA (Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic). The project is in many ways a continuation of the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) project. The main objective of the section related to permafrost is twofold: (i) Evaluation of the impacts o
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https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/early-music-history/article/singing-upon-the-book-according-to-vicente-lusitano/0DA4B60DE078CC8822B3C8DA1E9AF346
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SINGING UPON THE BOOK ACCORDING TO VICENTE LUSITANO
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SINGING UPON THE BOOK ACCORDING TO VICENTE LUSITANO - Volume 30
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https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/early-music-history/article/abs/singing-upon-the-book-according-to-vicente-lusitano/0DA4B60DE078CC8822B3C8DA1E9AF346
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Article contents
Abstract
References
SINGING UPON THE BOOK ACCORDING TO VICENTE LUSITANO
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Philippe Canguilhem*
Affiliation: Université de Toulouse
Article contents
Abstract
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Abstract
Towards the middle of the sixteenth century, the Portuguese composer and theorist Vicente Lusitano wrote a manuscript treatise on improvised counterpoint which constitutes the most thorough and detailed explanation that has survived on the subject. This manuscript has long been overlooked by music historians, despite being easily accessible at the Bibliothèque nationale de France (Paris). The manuscript is described and its history traced. Lusitano's rules, techniques and stylistic advice are investigated and compared with contemporary theory. The extraordinary complexity of the contrapuntal lines singers were expected to invent extempore calls for a reappraisal of the relationship between improvisation and composition, also discussed by Lusitano. Historical evidence is adduced to provide a context for this document; far from being disconnected from the real life of sixteenth-century music, Lusitano's manuscript counterpoint treatise provides a key to understanding the oral tradition of Renaissance art music.
Type
Research Article
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Early Music History , Volume 30 , October 2011 , pp. 55 - 103
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261127911000052 [Opens in a new window]
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011
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References
1
1 Quoted in Stevenson, R., Spanish Cathedral Music in the Golden Age (Los Angeles, 1961), p. 29Google Scholar .
2
2 The document has previously been published by Preciado, D., Alonso de Tejeda (ca. 1556–1628), polifonista español, vol. 1 (Madrid, 1974), p. 78Google Scholar , and Reynaud, F., La polyphonie tolédane et son milieu: Des premiers témoignages aux environs de 1600 (Paris and Turnhout, 1996), pp. 135–136Google Scholar . My transcription in the appendix, which Michael Noone was able to check against the original document, differs slightly from the two cited above.
3
3 Stevenson, Spanish Cathedral Music, pp. 28–9, quoting Rubio Piqueras, F., Música y músicos toledanos (Toledo, 1923), p. 94Google Scholar . No source or reference is given to support this statement, neither by Rubio Piqueras nor by Stevenson.
4
4 ‘El primer exercicio de darles puntos a todos sea esta tarde, para que compongan un motete y un villancico cada uno dentro de veyntes quatro horas, y los han de entregar mañana a la misma hora en poder del secretario, para que se vayan cantando cada motete y villancico el mismo dia del examen del maestro que los compuso, y la canturia sobre que se han de componer se les entrego a todos juntos y es una misma.’ Preciado, Alonso de Tejeda, p. 78, with emendations.
5
5 As for making counterpoint on pre-existent polyphony, Zarlino only considers the possibility of adding a third voice to a duo. See G. Zarlino, Le istitutioni harmoniche (Venice, 1558), Pt. 3, ch. 64. On this subject, see Schubert, P., ‘Counterpoint Pedagogy in the Renaissance’, in Christensen, T. (ed.), The Cambridge History of Western Music Theory (Cambridge, 2002), p. 519Google Scholar . Regarding canons, A. Brunelli, Regole et dichiarationi di alcuni contrappunti doppii utili alli studiosi della musica, & maggiormente à quelli, che vogliono far contrappunti all'improviso (Florence, 1610); P. Cerone, El Melopeo y maestro (Naples, 1613); and L. Zacconi, Prattica di musica, seconda parte (Venice, 1622) content themselves with explaining how to build them on a plainchant, which is always put in the bass part. Zarlino (Pt. 3, ch. 63) is the only theorist to consider the possibility of improvising a canon below the chant, but only at the unison.
6
6 This exercise appears six times (nos. 1–3 and 6–8). In the same vein, no. 13 asks the future choirmaster to sing a new part on a pre-existent mensural voice, while pronouncing the solmization syllables of another part which will be sung by another singer, in order to form a trio (!). None of the four applicants succeeded in obtaining the position. A fifth one, Alonso de Tejeda, was chosen by the chapter a few weeks later, after having passed the same exams. See Preciado, , Alonso de Tejeda, pp. 78–79Google Scholar .
7
7 As far as Spain is concerned, the titles of the following treatises are eloquent: Fernando Esteban, Reglas de canto plano è de contrapunto, è de canto de organo (1410); Domingo Marcos Durán, Sumula de canto de órgano, contrapunto y composición vocal e instrumental práctica y especulativa (Salamanca, c. 1504); Gonzalo Martínez de Bizcargui, Arte de canto llano et de contrapunto et canto de órgano con proporciones et modos (Saragossa, 1508). Even at the end of the seventeenth century, Andrés Lorente organises the division of his musical practice in the same manner: El porqué de la música, en que se contiene los quatro artes de ella, canto llano, canto de órgano, contrapunto, y composición (Alcalá de Henares, 1672, 2nd edn 1699).
8
8 Ferand, E., ‘Improvised Vocal Counterpoint in the Late Renaissance and Early Baroque’, Annales Musicologiques, 4 (1956), pp. 129–174Google Scholar . On this subject, see also Sachs, K.-J., ‘Arten improvisierter Mehrstimmigkeit nach Lehrtexten des 14. bis 16. Jahrhunderts’, Basler Jahrbuch für historische Musikpraxis, 7 (1983), pp. 166–183Google Scholar .
9
9 Paris, BnF, MS n.a.f. 5402, p. 539.
10
10 de Conihout, I., ‘Du nouveau sur la bibliothèque de Philippe Desportes et sur sa dispersion’, in Balsamo, J. (ed.), Philippe Desportes (1546–1606): Un poète presque parfait entre Renaissance et Classicisme (Paris, 2000), pp. 121–160Google Scholar . The manuscript appears on p. 157 (no. 267).
11
11 Ibid., pp. 133–6.
12
12 Asenjo Barbieri, F., ‘La música militar’, La Ilustración Artística, 1/42 and 1/44 (1882), repr. in F. Asenjo Barbieri, Escritos, ed. Casares Rodicio, E. (Madrid, 1994), pp. 409–410Google Scholar : ‘y aun se establecían reglas para poder mezclar lo sagrado y lo profano en la música de los templos: ejemplo de esta verdad es una obra didáctica española del siglo XVI, que se conserva manuscrita en la Biblioteca Nacional de Paris, en cuya obra he leído un Exemplo de cómo se puede echar un cantarcito sobre el Kyrie, y luego esta la música a cuatro voces tres de las cuales cantan la plegaria ¡Kyrie eleison ! y la otra al mismo tiempo entona: ‘Si tantos monteros/la caza combaten/por Dios quela maten’. The passage quoted here occurs at fol. 51v, although Lusitano creates a two-part arrangement, not a four-part one, as claimed by Barbieri. The Kyrie is taken from Nicolas Gombert's Missa super Philomena (see below).
13
13 Pedrell's letter to Barbieri appears in Casares, E. (ed.), Documentos sobre música española y epistolario (Legado Barbieri), vol. 2 (Madrid, 1988), p. 857Google Scholar . On Henri Collet, see the short bio-bibliographical article in Grove Music Online, <http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com> (accessed 15 Mar. 2011).
14
14 Henri Collet, Un tratado de canto de organo (siglo XVI): Manuscrito en la Biblioteca Nacional de Paris. Edición y comentarios (Madrid, 1913). Collet's transcription is inaccurate in a variety of ways, with numerous mistakes and omissions.
15
15 ‘Vicente Lusitano: New Light on his Career’, Journal of the American Musicological Society, 15 (1962), pp. 72–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar .
16
16 See fol. 15, but there are other similar places, e.g. fols. 16 and 49.
17
17 Stevenson, ‘Vicente Lusitano’, pp. 76–7.
18
18 Ibid., p. 77. Although Bonnie Blackburn draws attention to the manuscript in the New Grove article devoted to Lusitano, it is scarcely mentioned in the bibliography, and appears only in passing in the monograph of Alves Barbosa, M. A., Vincentius Lusitanus, ein portugiesischer Komponist und Musiktheoretiker des 16. Jahrhundert (Lisbon, 1977)Google Scholar or in G. Gialdroni's introduction to the 1561 facsimile edition of the Introduttione facilissima (Lucca, 1989). More recently, Haar, J., ‘Palestrina as Historicist: The Two “L‘homme armé” Masses’, Journal of the Royal Musical Association, 121 (1996), p. 191CrossRefGoogle Scholar , relies on the treatise to report a lost mass of Diego Ortiz; Schubert, ‘Counterpoint Pedagogy in the Renaissance’, p. 513, is to my knowledge the only author to have studied the manuscript through Collet's edition.
19
19 See Briquet, C. M., Les filigranes: Dictionnaire historique des marques du papier dès leur apparition vers 1282 jusqu'en 1600 (2nd edn, Leipzig, 1923)Google Scholar , vol. 1, no. 58 (paschal lamb with halo, Rome, 1531–5); vol. 2, nos. 6086–9 (six-pointed star, southern Italy, end of 16th c.); vol. 3, nos. 12235–6 (shield with bird surmounted by a star, Naples, 1513 and Rome, 1534–46); and vol. 3, no. 11937 (three mounts overlapped with a cross on a shield surmounted by a star, Italian origin).
20
20 In the same manner, a Spanish expression used in the manuscript finds its way in the printed Italian treatise through a word-to-word translation: after having recommended using dissonances sparingly, Lusitano concludes: ‘de la falsa la menos’ (fol. 24), which becomes ‘de la falsa la manco’ in the 1558 (fol. 12v) and 1561 (fol. 11v) editions.
21
21 This allowed him to draw his staves neatly without the help of a rastrum.
22
22 This interruption may have been combined with a change of quill.
23
23 The manuscript was most probably written after 1542, when the Gombert mass used by Lusitano was published for the first time (see below, n. 83).
24
24 Fols. 81–4 themselves have subsequent additions.
25
25 Stevenson, ‘Vicente Lusitano’, p. 73: ‘after publishing his Introduttione facilissima, he turned to the writing of a much more ambitious treatise that survives in Spanish’.
26
26 1553 edn, fol. 19v (1561 edn, fol. 20v). The second reference to the manuscript appears at the end of the printed treatise: ‘questo & quel più che si desiderarà sapere si trovarà nel nostro trattato maggiore di Musica pratica’ (1553, fol. 22; 1561, fol. 23).
27
27 See ‘Cerone’, Grove Music Online (accessed 15 Mar. 2011).
28
28 Besides Ortiz, they published Las Yglesias et Indulgentias de Roma en vulgar Castellano (1539) and Las yglesias, indulgencias y staciones de Roma (1561). A search through the catalogues of Italian libraries that today preserve Spanish books printed in Italy during the 16th c. reveals that Rome, with fifty-five editions, closely follows Venice (79 editions), but largely outdistances Naples (16 editions) (<http://edit16.iccu.sbn.it/web_iccu/ihome.htm>, accessed 15 Mar. 2011).
29
29 On Baena, see Knighton, T., ‘A Newly Discovered Keyboard Source (Gonzalo de Baena's Arte novamente inuentada pera aprender a tanger, Lisbon, 1540): A Preliminary Report’, Plainsong and Medieval Music, 5 (1996), pp. 81–112CrossRefGoogle Scholar .
30
30 See Lavaud, J., Philippe Desportes (1546–1606): Un poète de cour au temps des derniers Valois (Paris, 1936), pp. 6–8Google Scholar .
31
31 The work is considered as reliable, and often paraphrases earlier Portuguese bio-bibliographical dictionaries, some of which go back to the 17th c. See Stevenson, R., ‘The First Black Published Composer’, Inter-American Music Review, 5/1 (1982), pp. 79–103Google Scholar , and M. A. Alves Barbosa, Vincentius Lusitanus, pp. 1–14.
32
32 Since 1801 the city has been in the Spanish region of Extremadura.
33
33 Aranda was choirmaster at Évora from 1528 to 1544, and his Tractado de canto mensurable y contrapuncto was printed in Lisbon in 1535. See Rice, S., ‘Aspects of Counterpoint Theory in the Tractado de canto mensurable (1535) of Matheo de Aranda’, in Bloxam, M. J., Filocamo, G., and Holford-Strevens, L. (eds.), Uno gentile et subtile ingenio: Studies in Renaissance Music in Honour of Bonnie J. Blackburn (Turnhout, 2009), pp. 63–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar .
34
34 Liber Primus Epigrammatum (Rome, 1551). Despite a manuscript correction of the date appearing on the title page of the unique copy (changed to 1555), the book of motets was actually published in 1551, as demonstrated by Cusick, S., Valerio Dorico: Music Printer in Sixteenth-Century Rome (Ann Arbor, 1981), pp. 53 and 173Google Scholar . On the debate with Vicentino, which occurred between May and June 1551, see the introduction of M. R. Maniates to her translation of Nicola Vicentino, Ancient Music Adapted to Modern Practice (New Haven and London, 1996), esp. pp. xvii–xxii.
35
35 Cimello, like Lusitano, was at the same time a theorist and a composer, and he also left a treatise on improvised counterpoint which has been partly preserved. See Haar, J., ‘Lessons in Theory from a Sixteenth-Century Composer’, in Charteris, R. (ed.), Altro Polo: Essays on Italian Music in the Cinquecento (Sydney, 1990), pp. 51–81Google Scholar , quoting on p. 77 the following passage of a letter written by Cimello: ‘io c’ho fatto un libretto e poi di tutta l'arte de segni di proportioni de contraponti di componere d'infinite habilitadi d'improviso etc. e non hò a cui grande dedicarle che m'aiutasse'.
36
36 Cimello was in the service of Marc'Antonio Colonna, as indicated by his pupil Giovanni Battista Martelli in his dedication to Colonna of his La nuova, et armonica compositione a quattro voci (Rome, 1564): ‘Et si come non ho havuto altro maestro che Messer Gio. Tho. Cimelio, il quale gioisce sotto la servitù sua, cosi ho voluto ch’esse non habbino altro padrone, che vostra Eccellenza.' I am grateful to Marco Giuliani for having given me this reference.
37
37 On counterpoint in the 1553 treatise, see in particular Ferand, E., ‘Improvised Vocal Counterpoint’, pp. 147–151Google Scholar ; Dahlhaus, C., ‘Formen improvisierter Mehrstimmigkeit im 16. Jahrhundert’, Musica, 13 (1959), pp. 163–167Google Scholar ; and Schubert, ‘Counterpoint Pedagogy in the Renaissance’.
38
38 This hand is unique in the Guidonian tradition, although is was printed again a century later (in 1656) in a posthumous republication of Orazio Scaletta's Scala di musica: see Forscher Weiss, S., ‘Disce manum tuam si vis bene discere cantum: Symbols of Learning Music in Early Modern Europe’, Music in Art, 30 (2005), pp. 53–54Google Scholar .
39
39 1 Cor. 3: 10–11. Lusitano's dedication begins: ‘Pigliando per fondamento quello sopr’il quale ogni Fabrica edificata cresce che è Christo'; Brucioli's translation of St Paul gives: ‘Come sapiente architettore posi il fondamento: & uno altro vi edificò sopra. Ma ciascuno vegga come egli vi edifica sopra: perché nessuno può porre altro fondamento fuori di quello che è posto: il quale è Giesu Christo.’ La Biblia quale contiene i sacri libri del Vecchio Testamento, tradotti nuovamente da la hebraica verità in lingua toscana da Antonio Brucioli. Co' divini libri del nuovo testamento di Christo Giesu signore et salvatore nostro. Tradotti di greco in lingua toscana pel medesimo (Venice, 1532), fol. 54r–v. Many thanks to Giordano Mastrocola for having indicated the Brucioli reference to me.
40
40 It was at Viterbo that Cardinal Reginald Pole gathered around him from 1541 some of the major figures of the Italian reformation movement (M. A. Flaminio, Pietro Carnesecchi), constituting the so-called Ecclesia viterbensis. One of the key figures of this circle was none other than Vittoria Colonna, the aunt of Marc'Antonio Colonna, dedicatee of the Introduttione.
41
41 See Casali, S., Annali della tipografia veneziana di Francesco Marcolini da Forlì (Forlì, 1861). The third edition (Venice: Rampazetto, 1561)Google Scholar , closely reproduces the 1558 version, with layout modifications. There is still a point open to question about the original 1553 edition, since Casali claims (p. 291) that it included a portrait of Lusitano. A similar note appears in F.-J. Fétis, Biographie universelle des musiciens et bibliographie générale de la musique, vol. 5 (Paris, 1867), p. 379: ‘in-4o de 86 pages avec le portrait de l’auteur'. Subsequently, this remark was taken over exactly by J. de Vasconcellos, Os musicos portugueses, vol. 1 (Porto, 1870), p. 217. Apparently, Fétis did not rely on Casali's work, since the two authors do not agree on the number of pages (mistaken in both cases). It is a fact that Fétis is not famous for the reliability of his bibliographical information, but in this particular case, it is useful to recall that the copy of the 1553 edition now preserved at the Brussels Royal Library comes from his personal collection. No portrait of Lusitano is found in this copy, nor in that at Bologna, Museo Internazionale e Biblioteca della Musica (a third copy is at Macerata, Biblioteca comunale). According to Barbosa Machado, a now lost Portuguese translation of the Introdutione was made in 1603.
42
42 No Lusitano (nor any musician surnamed Vincenzo or Vicente) appears in any of the books dealing with musical life in Padua in the 16th c., either in Sartori, A., Documenti per la storia della musica al Santo e nel Veneto (Vicenza, 1977)Google Scholar or in Owens, J. A., ‘Il Cinquecento’, in Durante, S. and Petrobelli, P. (eds.), Storia della musica al Santo di Padova (Vicenza, 1990), pp. 27–92Google Scholar .
43
43 Olivieri, A., Riforma ed eresia a Vicenza nel Cinquecento (Rome, 1992), p. 297Google Scholar . This Giulio Thiene should not be confused with the homonymous count of Scandiano, a Ferrarese courtier sometimes mentioned in the musicological literature since he married the singer Leonora Sanvitale. It seems that a third Giulio Thiene was a lieutenant in the French army during the war of Siena.
44
44 The treatise of Francisco de Montanos, Arte de Música teórica y práctica (Valladolid, 1592), is organised in five books: (1) plainchant and mensural music, (2) counterpoint, (3) composition, (4) proportions, and (5) commonplaces. On Bizcargui, see n. 7 above.
45
45 Plainchant and the Guidonian hand are therefore not considered in the manuscript, but they may have been treated separately, in another treatise. Be that as it may, the manuscript appears today as it was originally conceived, as indicated by the original mention ‘Libro primero 1’ on the recto of the first folio.
46
46 Rice, ‘Aspects of Counterpoint Theory’, pp. 68 and 72, transcribes two (or rather eight) examples from Aranda's treatise. If Aranda actually played a role in Lusitano's musical education, he could have prompted him to undertake the writing of his treatise: as a matter of fact, Aranda writes in his plainchant treatise of 1533 (sig. Aii): ‘que ninguno que sea em qualquier arte o sciencia puede mostrar ni enseñar enteramente si no escrive e haze muestra de aquello que en su facultad alcança’.
47
47 Fol. 18r–v: ‘Nota que quando quier que el canto fermo estuviere de color como el sobredicho, esta en tal parte un semibreve del contrapunto o conpostura se yguala a un breve. Esto mostro bien Francisco de Laiole en los oficios de la Misa y se halla en otros muchos que hizieron sobre canto fermo; y ponense las bozes sin circulo o semicirculo por la ygualdad entre ellas y el canto fermo.’ After a few pages, however, the black square notation is abandoned, and plainchant is notated in mensural breves, as in the Introdutione: ‘If the plainchant is not written in square black notation, then a breve of plainchant equals two semibreves’ (fol. 19v: ‘Sy el canto llano no estuviere de color, entonçes vale dos semibreves el breve del canto llano’).
48
48 It should be noted that for Lusitano, as for modern scholarship, the book should be ascribed to Francesco de Layolle, although his name appears only before the three last pieces, all the rest being anonymous. See The Lyons Contrapunctus (1528), ed. Sutherland, D. A. (Madison, 1976)Google Scholar .
49
49 Schubert, ‘Counterpoint Pedagogy in the Renaissance’, p. 509.
50
50 Giovanthomaso Cimello's Regole nove represent an exception. See Haar, ‘Lessons in Theory’, p. 72. Aranda goes directly from note-against-note counterpoint (llano) to florid counterpoint (diminuto).
51
51 Fol. 19: ‘en esta manera de conpasete algunos quisieren que la primera y 2ª cabeça pudiesen ser falsas, scilicet quartas o segundas’.
52
52 Fol. 19: ‘la rrazon esta es por que el tono i diatesaron fueron hallados en el no de las consonancias de Pithagoras de donde la musica tomo fundamento. Segun Boetio nel primer libro, cap. 10.’ At fol. 61, Lusitano also allows singing a minor seventh on a downbeat in two-part counterpoint.
53
53 Schubert, ‘Counterpoint Pedagogy in the Renaissance’, p. 503.
54
54 Fols. 20v–21: ‘y en tal manera se deve echar qualqier boz que lleve con sigo gracia, por que poco va echar solfa sin gracia y muchos lo pueden hazer facilmente. Lo que no tan façilmente si se busca el ayre, y en esto se deve esmerar el contrapuntante.’
55
55 Urquhart, D., ‘Francisco de Montaños's Arte de Musica Theorica y Pratica: A Translation and Commentary’ (Ph.D. diss., University of Rochester, Eastman School of Music, 1969), ii, p. 90Google Scholar . Cerone, El melopeo, p. 593, takes up exactly the same expression: (‘buen ayre, diversidad de passos, y buena imitacion’).
56
56 Fol. 12v: ‘L’aria de cantar il contraponto, e pigliar un passage, & fatto una o due volte, subito si farà una tirata, over passo largo ascendente o descendente, secondo che à te parerà.' The English translation is taken from Schubert, ‘Counterpoint Pedagogy in the Renaissance’, p. 512.
57
57 Fol. 24: ‘sin ellas el artifiçioso contrapunto no se puede hazer’. Shortly later (fol. 24v), he insists on explaining that a more elaborate counterpoint can be made if more dissonances are introduced.
58
58 Schubert, ‘Counterpoint Pedagogy in the Renaissance’, pp. 510–14.
59
59 Fol. 26v: ‘Es de saber que la meior manera que se puede tener en echar el contrapunto es tomar un paso en principio y depues de aver cantado otros pasos tornar al primero como tema, y luego algun paso largo deçendiente o subiente, segun mas conforme fuere visto. Por que algunas vezes viene el paso rodando de tal modo que le conviene mas un paso que otro, lo qual es dexado al bivo yuez, que es la razon. Y no se deve olvidar que los principios sean pacificos, esto es entrando con algun mas reposo, por que pueda ir de grado en grado diminuiendo.’
60
60 Fol. 29: ‘Otra manera se puede hazer, la qual entonçes sera bien hecha quando fuere una mixtion de pasos fugados, largos, y proporçion, y pasos muy diminutos. Es de muy mas suficiencia que todas las otras maneras, por las muchas cosas que dentro se veen, scilicet la diferencia de los pasos fugados y largos y de la proporçion y mucho mas de la diminuçion.’
61
61 ‘Triple metre is also adapted to mixed counterpoint, that is, with imitative points, wide-ranging passages and change of proportion, with some diminutions. As I have said, this kind of counterpoint is very elegant, and belongs to competent men, so it will be much more elegant and accomplished when it will show more imitations and corresponding motifs, as will be shown below’ (fol. 36: ‘De proporcion puede aon ser el contrapunto mixto, scilicet de pasos ymitados y largos, y de otra proporçion, y de algunos pasos diminutos, la qual manera de contrapunto, como ya es dicho, es muy galana y de ombres suficientes, y entonçes sera muy mas galana y suficiente quando mas ymitaciones y pasos corespondentes tuviere, como abaxo se veera’).
62
62 Triple metre appears at the end of the chapter because it implies a specific treatment of dissonances. Aranda also speaks specifically of the ‘canto llano de breves ternarios’ at sigs. Ci and Ciiiv.
63
63 Rice, ‘Aspects of Counterpoint Theory’, p. 69: the term ‘is usually understood to describe counterpoint in which the same note-value must be used throughout an improvisation’; on the other hand, ‘Bermudo also indicates that a fixed, quasi-isorhythmic pattern of note values could also be considered contrapunto forçoso’.
64
64 M. de Fuenllana, Libro de musica para vihuela intitulado Orphenica lyra (Valladolid, 1554), no. 92: ‘Fantasia sobre un passo forçado ut re mi fa sol la’, and no. 169: ‘Fantasia sobre un passo forçado: ut sol sol la sol’. Before the second fantasia's tablature one can read: ‘Siguese una fantasia con un passo forçoso.’
65
65 Fol. 30r–v: ‘Llaman los musicos paso forçado quando sienpre se dize un paso, aonque sea diferente; el qual se puede hazer siendo mixtion de bequadro y bemol, con tal que siempre diga el paso sin interponer otro alguno, como abaxo se vera.’ A careful reading of Aranda's and Bermudo's treatises reveals that they had also this meaning in mind when using this expression, even though their definitions are less accurate than Lusitano's: for Aranda (sig. Eiiv), the passo forçado is ‘un passo hazelle muchas vezes’; for Bermudo, ‘contrapunto de passo forçoso usan los exercitados en este arte. Puede ser qhe digan unos mesmos puntos en diversos signos, pero no siempre de una qualidad. Si una vez hazen un punto breve, en otra parte lo ponen semibreve; y el que una vez es semibreve, en otra parte lo dizen minima. Si en passo forçoso el cantor dixesse siempre los puntos de una mesma qualidad, mayor abilidad seria. Si a uno le diessen un passo forçoso de seys puntos, seria forçoso en numero de puntos. Si le dixessen que los dos avian de ser breves y los quatro semibreves, o los dos semibreves y los quatro minimas, no tan solamente seria este passo forçoso en numero de puntos, sino tambien en qualidad.’ J. Bermudo, Declaración de instrumentos musicales (Osuna, 1555), fol. 129.
66
66 On this tradition in the 16th c., see Haar, J., ‘Some Remarks on the Missa La sol fa re mi’, in Lowinsky, E. E. and Blackburn, B. J. (eds.), Proceedings of the International Josquin Festival-Conference (London, 1976), pp. 564–588Google Scholar , and Fabris, D., ‘The Tradition of the “La sol fa re mi” Theme from Josquin to the Neapolitans through an Anonymous 4-part Ricercar’, Journal of the Lute Society of America, 23 (1990), pp. 37–48Google Scholar .
67
67 Cerone, El melopeo, p. 597: ‘puesto caso sean siempre con una mesma solfa pronunciados, varian empero en las consonancias, valores, y en las posiciones’.
68
68 The Biblioteca de Catalunya in Barcelona preserves the written tests of the three applicants for the exam organized in 1682 to fill the post of choirmaster of Girona cathedral. As in 1604 at Toledo, they had to compose a motet and a villancico. On the scores appears the following mention: ‘Se dio por passo forçado.’ See Pedrell, F., Catàlech de la Biblioteca musical de la Diputació de Barcelona, vol. 2 (Barcelona, 1909), p. 115Google Scholar . On improvised canons upon a ‘voz forçosa’, see Nassarre, Segunda parte de la escuela musica, p. 279. As early as 1555, Vicentino strongly criticized the habit of singing ‘contrappunti rinforzati con alcune ostinazioni di dire sempre un passaggio’. See Vicentino, N., L'antica musica ridotta alla moderna pratica (Rome, 1555)Google Scholar , fol. 83v.
69
69 See Aranda, sig. Cii (‘Quarta manera de contrapunto’).
70
70 Besides the five examples of Lusitano, the list is rather short: Tinctoris (1477) gives an example of three-voice cantus super librum, transcribed among other places by Blackburn, B. J., ‘On Compositional Process in the Fifteenth Century’, Journal of the American Musicological Society, 40 (1987), p. 257CrossRefGoogle Scholar ; Aranda (1535) inserts three three-voice examples and one for four voices; and Montanos (1592) gives six three-voice examples in his treatise, one of these being ‘of equal voices’, below the plainchant. They are transcribed by D. Urquhart, ‘Francisco de Montaños’, ii, pp. 98–104 and 109–10. Finally, some authors do mention contrapunto concertado without giving any examples, from Durán, Sumula, sig. BIVv to Cerone, El melopeo, pp. 592–3.
71
71 On treatises dealing with canons on plainchant, see n. 5 above.
72
72 ‘es cantar tres o quatro vozes juntamente en terminos distintos acordadamente in consonancia, scilicet cantar tres vozes o quatro concertadamente distintas cada una por si en su termino distinto’ (sig. Eiii). Given that nearly all the sources that document this practice are Iberian (Aranda, Lusitano, Montanos, Cerone), Stevenson's judgement seems quite difficult to understand: ‘contrapunto concertado is so unusual a topic in the native Spanish treatises that only Bermudo (Declaración de instrumentos, Bk V, Ch. 26) goes into it’. Stevenson, ‘Vicente Lusitano’, p. 77.
73
73 Fols. 38v–39: ‘Pues, despues del contrapunto solo conviene saber como se puede cantar en conçierto dos y tres y quatro y mas contrapuntantes, para lo qual es de saber que lo primero que deven mirar es de que modo sea el canto sobre el qual quieren cantar, y esto para la orden de prosegir y para las clausulas. . . . Y lo segundo que deven mirar es que danbas las bozes que contrapuntan se esperen, para que se paresca la gracia del contrapunto y no sea confundida con la desorden. El qual esperar y concertar apenas se haze bien de inproviso, por abiles que sean, y conviene que se conoscan para saber el uno los terminos del otro, por que mas façilmente se conçierten. Lo tercero es de saber con que bozes an de cantar el conçertado, por que en una manera se an tiple y tenor sobre el canto llano en tono de contrabaxo, y en otra tiple y contralto, aonque alguna conformidad an entre si, otra el tiple con el baxo y el canto llano por tenor, y en otra contralto y contrabaxo y en otro tenor y baxo, y en otra tiple, alto y tenor sobre el canto llano en boz baxa.’ The other treatises dealing with concerted counterpoint are rather discreet on this subject. Aranda, for instance, merely gives the following advice: ‘y todo lo que en este tractado se contiene es necessario ser la vozes comunicadas, y por tal armonia que se entiendan, y sean siempre en consonancia’ (sig. Cvii).
74
74 Fol. 39v: ‘Note that the more concerted counterpoint is plain and imitated, so much better it will be because the imitations will emerge more smoothly’ (‘Nota que quanto el contrapunto concertado fuere mas llano y ymitado, tanto meior por que las ymitaciones entonçe avran mas suavidad’). Fol. 43: ‘concerted counterpoint does not require much diminution’ (‘el contrapunto conçertado no quiere ser muy diminuto’). The technique of parallel tenths, first explained by Guilielmus Monachus around 1480, reappears in Cerone's treatise (El Melopeo, p. 593), where it is not well considered: ‘por falta de cantores que sepan contrapuntar, se acostumbra de hazer un contrapunto a tres, en esta manera’. Vicentino (L'antica musica, fol. 83) is also critical in this matter.
75
75 The four-part example differs from the one given by Aranda since the three added voices are placed above the cantus firmus. Aranda combines a soprano, an alto and a bass around a cantus firmus in the tenor voice (sig. Cvi).
76
76 ‘Muchos Maestros quieren, que el Canto Llano en los conciertos sobre Tiple, estè figurado por la Clave de Cesolfaut en la primera linea, por que dizen, que assi va, por el termino de Tiple; pero yo digo, que los conciertos, assi sobre Baxo, como sobre Tiple, se deven echar de repente, y si quando se estudian, es por la Clave en que naturalmente deve estar el Canto Llano, no hallaran turbacion en echando sobre el Libro. V. si lo estudian por la clave de Tiple, corre riesgo de embarazarse al llegar à echarlo de repente.’ P. Nassarre, Segunda parte de la escuela musica (Saragossa, 1723), p. 237. The former chapter is devoted to contrapuntos à concierto sobre baxo, apparently still in use in Spain at that time.
77
77 See e.g. Bermudo, Declaración, fol. 129v, and n. 65 above. See also Nassarre, Segunda parte de la escuela musica, p. 487. This term has also been used in Italian, either in a Neapolitan context (see n. 35 above), or written by a Spaniard, Sebastian Raval. See Hill, J. W., Roman Monody, Cantata and Opera from the Circles around Cardinal Montalto (Oxford, 1997), i, p. 40Google Scholar .
78
78 On the role of canons in contrappunto alla mente theory at the beginning of the 17th c., see Froebe's, Folker recent article, ‘Satzmodelle des Contrapunto alla mente und ihre Bedeutung für den Stilwandel um 1600’, Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Musiktheorie, 4 (2007), pp. 13–55Google Scholar (online at <http://www.gmth.de/zeitschrift/artikel/244.aspx>).
79
79 On this aspect of counterpoint pedagogy, see Busse Berger, A. M., Medieval Music and the Art of Memory (Berkeley, 2005), pp. 118–146CrossRefGoogle Scholar . On diminution treatises, see Brown, H. M., Embellishing 16th-Century Music (Oxford, 1976), pp. 17–21Google Scholar .
80
80 This feature may explain Tim Carter's recent (and rather negative) opinion: ‘Vicente Lusitano's Introduttione facilissima, et novissima, di canto fermo, figurato, contraponto semplice, et in concerto (Rome: Antonio Blado, 1553) both codified developments in the techniques of contrappunto alla mente and established patterns for late sixteenth-century practice. He laid down simple rules for several types of improvised counterpoint over a plainchant cantus firmus in semi-breves: one voice moving in simple canon with the cantus firmus; one voice moving freely above it; two voices moving freely above or below it; and two or three voices moving in canon above (but not necessarily with) it. But while Lusitano's canons are fairly primitive, later treatises by Gioseffo Zarlino and Lodovico Zacconi envision far more complex musical structures. They explain how to generate improvised canons at the unison, octave, and fifth usually at close time-intervals and often involving the repetition of standard motivic patterns over 5–3 harmonies.’ T. Carter, ‘‘Improvised’ Counterpoint in Monteverdi's 1610 Vespers’, in Bloxam, Filocamo, and Holford-Strevens (eds.), Uno gentile et subtile ingenio, p. 33.
81
81 Fol. 45: ‘las fugas se pueden hazer en muchas maneras, ca se pueden hazer en unisonus, en dyatesaron, en subdyatesaron, en dyapente, en subdyapente, en dyapason. Y estas fugas se pueden hazer ansi sobre el canto llano en boz baxa, como en boz alta. Otras fugas se pueden hazer, las quales son trabajosas y de poca suavidad, y por eso no se haze dellas mençion. Y nota que las fugas se pueden hazer esperando la segunda boz o pausa de breve o de semibreve o de mynima, excepto la fuga de unisonus y dyapason, que no se haze con pausa de breve por la grande tardança.’
82
82 ‘Note that sometimes a very subtle canon can emerge above the plainchant, and it is so subtle that we place it here at the end, so one can take it as an example, in the way we do with other chants’ (‘Nota que algunas vezes puede venir sobre canto llano una fuga muy sotil, y tanto que por lo ser ansi la ponemos aqui en fin, para que della se pueda tomar exemplo, en que modo se hara en los otros cantos llanos’; fol. 48v). It should be noticed that the resulting part has to sing a diminished fifth at the end of the canon! Canons at the second begin to appear in the compositions of Josquin and his contemporaries, but are not considered in counterpoint theory before the beginning of the 17th c.
83
83 Sex missae cum quinque vocibus (Venice, 1542) (RISM 15422), and Sex misse (Venice, 1547) (RISM 15473). Modern edition: Nicolai Gombert Opera omnia, ed. J. Schmidt-Görg, vol. 2 (Corpus Mensurabilis Musicae, 6; Rome, 1954).
84
84 Among a few others, Zarlino (Istitutioni, Pt. III, ch. 43) and Montanos (Urquhart, ‘Francisco de Montaños’, pp. 111–14) deal with this subject. See Schubert, ‘Counterpoint Pedagogy in the Renaissance’, p. 517. Cerone, El melopeo, pp. 593–4, is to my knowledge the only theorist to conceive abilidades on a mensural melody, albeit much less elaborate than those described by Lusitano.
85
85 Fol. 49v: ‘Despues destas se hazen otras muchas cosas, ansi como cantar una cançion; las sequencias de los modos; cantar el mismo canto al reves sobre la misma boz; volver el libro al reves; hazer las cosas sobre dichas cantando el canto al reves; hazer una fuga en unisonus con pausa de minima sobre el canto de organo. Y aon puede un abil hazer dos cantos llanos sobre el canto de organo, los quales a de señalar por las manos y echar una boz cantando, que sean por todas quatro. Y otras muchas cosas que los vivos ingenios de los ombres suelen ymaginar y hazer, de las quales se mostraran aquellas que se pudieren mostrar sin pena.’
86
86 Fol. 54: ‘Depues desto, puede un abil hazer una fuga sobre canto de organo a dos, scilicet en unisonus, o en dyapason o en diapente, las quales no se hazen sino con mucha continuacion. Y aonque las tales fugas no aprovechen para otro que para avivar el ingenio, es grande cosa aver pasado un musico por todas estas cosas, por que de la frequentaçion de semejantes cosas viene un hombre a ser muy esperto en su profesion de la musica.’
87
87 See my article ‘Main mémorielle et invention musicale à la Renaissance’, in Busse Berger, A.-M. and Rossi, M. (eds.), The Art of Memory between Archive and Invention, from the Middle Ages to the Late Renaissance: Literature, Music and Art (Florence, 2009), pp. 81–98Google Scholar .
88
88 ‘Quiere el padre Nassarre que sobre un bajo ó tiple, escrito y cantado por un músico, componga el opositor de repente un concierto á tres voces. . . . Se pide que nuestro opositor, llevando el compas con la mano derecha, y levantando en alto la izquierda, vaya señalando con el dedo pulgar en los otros dedos el canto de una tercera voz, que con las dos que efectivamente cantan, completaria el concierto á tres. Me acuerdo de haber visto practicada esta prueba, siendo muchacho, en las oposiciones al magisterio de capilla en una iglesia de mi país.’ A. Eximeno, Don Lazarillo Vizcardi: Sus investigaciones músicas con ocasion del concurso á un magisterio de capilla vacante, vol. 1 (Madrid, 1873), p. 179. On the verisimilitude of the facts reported in the novel, Carmen Rodríguez Suso has the following opinion: ‘Although it is a work of fiction, the plot and the characters of this novel are taken from real life, and thus the book becomes an important source for sociological observations on Spanish musical taste during the decline of the Enlightenment.’ C. Rodríguez Suso, ‘Antonio Eximeno’, Grove Online (accessed 15 Mar. 2011).
89
89 Nassarre, Segunda parte de la escuela musica, p. 451.
90
90 Zacconi, Prattica di musica, p. 131; see Canguilhem, ‘Main mémorielle et invention musicale’, pp. 96–7.
91
91 Fol. 55v: ‘lo qual sobre dos bozes es dificultoso, y hazerlo bien es abilidad preçiada’.
92
92 Fol. 55v: ‘La segunda manera es echar un contrabaxo a bozes altas, la qual hecha sobre dos bozes es mucho y muy de loar. Mas si sobre tres se haze bien, es el fin de todas las abilidades, y no ay major en la musica pratica.’
93
93 Fols. 56v–57: ‘Mas, si la quarta parte se echa en baxo, aqui no ay otro aviso que dar, sino que la quarta parte deve ser avisado de guardar a todas las tres y aver grande oydo para los pasos que pueden responder y a las clausulas, por que son muy dificultosas las clausulas del baxo echado sobre tres partes conçertadas.’ Nassarre also admits that the bass part is much more difficult to realize than any other one (Segunda parte de la escuela musica, p. 451).
94
94 Fol. 53: ‘Algunas destas abilidades sobre el libro se muestran perfetamente, lo qual en escrito no se puede hazer, y por eso aquellas que sin el libro no se pueden mostrar dexaremos, y las que comodamente sin el se mostraran.’
95
95 See especially Bent, M., ‘Resfacta and Cantare super librum’, Journal of the American Musicological Society, 36 (1983), pp. 371–391CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Blackburn, ‘On Compositional Process in the Fifteenth Century’.
96
96 Fol. 47: ‘Mas quanto mas delicadas sean las tales fugas hechas con el canto llano en boz de tiple, ellas por si lo demostran por que no las pueden hazer bien los que no tuvieren grande curso de la conpostura. De donde claro pareçe que pues para ellas es menester conpostura que dellas se puede aprender, por cuia causa se pondra la orden de la conpostura brevemente, por que es el camino diverso, y tanto quanto son los juizios de los componedores.’
97
97 Lusitano, fol. 57v: ‘es cosa que depende de la mucha conpostura y su grande uso’. Ortiz, Trattado de glosas, fol. 35: ‘La quarta [manera] es una quinta boz, a la qual no obligamos a nadie porque presupone abilidad de compostura en el tañedor para hazerla.’
98
98 Bermudo, Declaración, fol. 134: ‘el cantor se aplique mucho a la composición de canto de organo, porque sepa muy bien de memoria los golpes que cada una de las bozes puede hazer’.
99
99 Fol. 26: ‘por que todo lo que se haze en conpostura se puede hazer en contrapunto a solas; por que la conpostura no es sino contrapunto’.
100
100 Fol. 38v: ‘Such a change of cadences cannot be executed while singing concerted counterpoint, because it cannot be improvised, yet it can be done in composition’ (Mas la tal mutaçion de clausulas no se hara cantando contrapunto conçertado, por que de ynproviso no açertarian a las tales clausulas, mas en la conpostura se puede hazer'); and fol. 39, about four-part counterpoint below the plainchant: ‘when in any of the aforementioned modes you make a cadence in another mode, it creates sweetness, unless you make a cadence of the fourth mode in the fifth or sixth, for it will create a dissonance. The addition of three voices below the same soprano chant is very difficult indeed; doing so belongs more properly to the realm of composition than it does to the realm of improvisation’ (‘quando en alguno de los sobredichos modos se hizieren clausulas de otro modo engendra suavidad, excepto si el quinto o sexto hiziere clausula de quarto, ca entonçes disonancia engendrara. Mas tres sobre el mismo canto en boz de tiple es mucho, lo qual mal se haze de inproviso, por que es como conpostura’).
101
101 Fol. 24: ‘This is very good for improvised as well as prepared counterpoint, and even better for composition’ (‘Lo qual vale mucho ansi para de inproviso como pensado, y mucho mas para la conpostura’). Bermudo also brings contrapunto pensado closer to composition when he claims: ‘Pues del exercicio de la composicion de canto de organo, que es composicion sobre pensado, se granjea el contrapunto concertado, que es composicion de improviso’ (Declaración, fol. 134).
102
102 For a discussion of this topic with different conclusions, see Wegman, R. C., ‘From Maker to Composer: Improvisation and Musical Authorship in the Low Countries, 1450–1500’, Journal of the American Musicological Society, 49 (1996), pp. 409–479CrossRefGoogle Scholar . See also my recent article, ‘Le projet FABRICA: Oralité et écriture dans les pratiques polyphoniques du chant ecclésiastique (xvie–xxe siècles)’, Journal of the Alamire Foundation, 2 (2010), pp. 272–281CrossRefGoogle Scholar .
103
103 ‘les enseñe a cantar llano, canto de organo y contrapunto, ansi sobre canto llano come sobre canto de organo, y les enseñe a componer y las otras abilidades que para ser diextros músicos y auctores conviene que sepan los dichos niños cantorcicos.’ R. Stevenson, La música en las catedrales españolas (Madrid, 1993), p. 169. This was taught on a daily basis (p. 186).
104
104 See Nassarre, Segunda parte de la escuela musica, pp. 487–8. A few pages earlier he had stressed the importance of ‘working on the book’ for the choirmaster to conduct a choir: ‘Para conseguir facilidad el Maestro en semejante exercicio, conviene el que tenga mucho habito de trabajar sobre el Libro. Lo primero en tener bien exercitados los Contrapuntos sobre qualquiera parte, à lo menos sobre la de el Tiple, que es sobre la que mas comunmente se echan, y esto conviene que sea con variedad de especies de ellos, procurandola echar con la mayor velocidad possible; pues de echarlos muy veloces, se sigue el aver de acudir con la vista pronta à la voz sobre que los echa, con lo qual adquiere habito de llevar la vista adelantada, materia importante.’ Nassarre, Segunda parte de la escuela musica, p. 450.
105
105 Fol. 47: ‘Todas las cosas sobrescritas son para avivar el ingenio, y son muy provechosas para muchas neçesidades que vienen en la musica.’ Speaking about improvised canons, Pietro Cerone (El melopeo, p. 604) underlines their usefulness: ‘el qual modo no se deve despreciar, si no mas de los otros se deve recebir, por ser muy hermoso, y de mucho primor; y mas comodo para poderse servir del en el choro’. Nassarre, Segunda parte de la escuela musica, p. 153, still considers contrapunto in terms of necessity: you have to study counterpoint ‘de repente, por ser tan necessario’.
106
106 ‘y el dicho maestro de capilla por los animar tiene de hacerles algunas alleluyas de contrapunto concertado y enseñárselas muy bien para quellos las canten en el coro, que haciéndolo así se cebarán los muchachos a querer hacer otro tanto por sí, y desta suerte, con ayuda de Nuestro Señor, habrá gran ejercicio de música y saldrán muchos hábiles’. J. López-Calo, La música en la Catedral de Burgos, vol. 3 (Burgos, 1996), p. 112. At Toledo, the chapel of the cathedral was also accustomed to sing ‘Alleluia de concierto’ on certain feasts. See M. Noone, ‘An Early Seventeenth-Century Source for Performing Practices at Toledo Cathedral’, in Bloxam, Filocamo, and Holford-Strevens (eds.), Uno gentile et subtile ingenio, pp. 157, 165 and 166.
107
107 ‘13: Ytem, cuando el maestro de capilla, que tiene cargo del dicho staplo o facistorio, mandare cantar algún dúo o trío a los dichos que les fuere mandado, sean obligados de ponerse delante del libro y hacer lo que les fuere mandado, so pena de castigo y ser multados’; ‘14: Más: que el verso y allelluia se digan de aquí adelante cada día como se ha acostumbrado los días solemnes, y que el maestro de los niños haga decir a cada uno de los cantores a veces, y que se pongan en su orden como fueren sin mezclarse o entreponerse el uno con el otro, y que ninguno de ellos rehúse de cantar el dicho dúo o trío u otra cosa que conviniere al dicho oficio cuando le fuere mandado por el dicho maestro, si no tuvieren causa para ello legítima, so la pena sobredicha.’ L. Robledo Estaire (ed.), Aspectos de la cultura musical en la corte de Felipe II (Madrid, 2000), pp. 113–14.
108
108 Bernadette Nelson has already made a similar interpretation of this passage: ‘A clause in Charles V’s Estatutos suggests that the practice of singing the Alleluia in polyphony at every Mass, and not just on major feasts, was instigated during his reign, though this probably originated in slightly earlier practices in the Spanish royal chapel. This stipulation is preceded by the dictum that the singers are obliged to sing a duo or a trio, if ordered by the maestro de capilla; the way these clauses are expanded in the version of the Estatutos issued during Philip II's time is strongly indicative that the Alleluia and its verse were sung in improvised polyphony super librum, which could be interpreted as contrapunto, a practice which was common at the time.' ‘Ritual and Ceremony in the Spanish Royal Chapel, c. 1559–c. 1561’, Early Music History, 19 (2000), pp. 140–141Google Scholar . The same assumption can be found in Luis Robledo, Aspectos de la cultura musical en la corte de Felipe II, p. 130.
109
109 Robledo, Aspectos de la cultura musical en la corte de Felipe II, pp. 163–8.
110
110 Declaración, fol. 128: ‘En la extremada capilla del reverendísimo arçobispo de Toledo, Fonseca de buena memoria vi tan diestros cantores hechar contrapunto, que si se puntara: se vendiera por buena composición. En la no menos religiosa que doctissima capilla real de Granada ay tan grandes abilidades en contrapunto: que otros oydos mas delicados que los mios eran menester para comprehenderlas y otra pluma para explicarlas. . . . De aquí es que algunos no quieran este arte se llame de contrapunto; sino de composición.’ For Vicentino, see above, nn. 68 and 74.
111
111 ‘Dico, che ritrovandomi nell’alma Città di Roma à tempo vivea la bona memoria della Santità di Papa Gregorio Terzodecimo nell'anno 1573 et anco nel 1601, à tempo della Santità di Papa Clemente Ottavo, nella sua Cappella sentì un Contraponto molto arteficioso, che se fosse stato scritto à penna non possea migliorare più di quello ch'era fatto all'inproviso.' S. Cerreto, Dialoghi armonici pel contrapunto e per la composizione (Naples, Biblioteca del Conservatorio San Pietro a Majella, MS 1626), fols. 34v–35; available online at <http://www.chmtl.indiana.edu/smi/seicento/CERDIA_MNBC1626.html>.
112
112 On contrappunto alla mente in Rome, see my article ‘“Ad imitationem sortisationis”: Il contrappunto a mente e i madrigali di Marenzio’, in Piperno, F. (ed.), Luca Marenzio e il madrigale romano (Rome, 2007), pp. 143–165Google Scholar . See also Morelli, A., ‘Una nuova fonte per la musica di Ghiselino Danckerts “musico e cantore cappellano della cappella del papa”’, Recercare, 21 (2009), pp. 99–100Google Scholar .
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https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A16053.0001.001/1:38%3Frgn%3Ddiv1%3Bview%3Dfulltext
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The rogue: or The life of Guzman de Alfarache. VVritten in Spanish by Matheo Aleman, seruant to his Catholike Maiestie, and borne in Seuill
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[
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en
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THE ROGVE: OR, THE SECOND PART OF THE LIFE OF GUZMAN DE ALFARACHE. THE SECOND BOOKE. (Book 2)
Wherein Guzman de Alfarache, treateth of that which befell him in Italie, till he returned into Spaine. (Book 2)
CHAPTER I.
Guzman de Alfarache, leaues Siena, and goes for Florence. He meets with Saya∣vedra, whom he takes into his seruice. And before he comes to Florence, he re∣counts vnto him on the way, many admirable things concerning that 〈◊〉〈◊〉. And when he was arriued there, he shewes him all, that was worth the seeing.
PHOCION (a famous Philosopher in his time) was so poore, that though he tooke a great deale of paines, he could hardly get wherewith∣all to hold life and soule together. Whereupon, as oft as any in the presence of Dionysius the Ty∣rant, and his mortall enemie, made mention ei∣ther of himselfe, or of the manner and course of his life, he made a scoffe and a iest both at it, and him, flouting at his pouertie, and deriding his miserie, thinking with himselfe, that he could not doe him any greater disgrace, nor in∣iure him more, then to mocke at the meannesse of his fortunes. As if he would haue inferred thereupon, that if he had beene a man of that great learning, as the world held him to be, he might therewith haue gained bread to put in his mouth, and not needed to liue in that want, as now he did.
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When this came to the Philosophers eare, he was not only not grieued thereat, but laughing at this his follie, he answered him, that reported this vnto him; It is true sir, that Dionysius sayes of me, in terming me poore, for I am truly so; but, I must tell you withall, that he is much poorer, then my selfe, and hath a great deale more reason to be asham'd of himselfe, if he shall but consider his owne wretched estate and condition. For though I lacke mo∣ney, I want not friends: I abound in the more, and faile in the lesse. But as for him, though he be rich in money, he is poore of friends. For I know not any one that he hath. This Philosopher could not satisfie himselfe better, nor with a righter or fuller blow hit out his eyes, then by stiling him, hominem sine ami∣cis; A man, that had not so much as one friend in the world, that he could truly say, was his friend. And albeit, it oftentimes so falleth out, that they are purchased with money, and that this is a principall meanes to winne and wedge them vnto vs, yet this Tyrant had neuer yet the wit either to get or keepe them. And it is no wonder, that he should, of all other, want them. For he, that sayes friend, sayes (in that one word) Goodnesse, and Vertue; compre∣hending in that all the good, that speech, or thought, can reach vnto. Who∣soeuer therefore shall desire to conserue friendship, and to continue in his friends loue, and that the bond of amitie be not broken betweene them, must haue a care, that his workes correspond with his words. But Dionysius, being tyrannie it selfe, and of too ill a digestion to keepe friendship long, and his con∣uersation being worse then his concoction; and for that friends are not so much gotten out of the greatnesse of our fortune, as our vertue; wanting that, he wanted them.
For mine owne part, euer since I had the vse of reason, and knew what dis∣cretion was, I made it my chiefest studie, to get me friends, though at neuer so deare a rate, thinking no cost too much, to purchase so great a treasure. They seeming vnto me (as indeed they are) our greatest helps and comfort, as well in prosperous, as a duerse fortune. Who doth enioy the content of contents, but he that hath true friends? What doth so much lengthen and preserue our peace, our life, our honour, and our wealth, as to see our friends to ioy with vs in our prosperitie? And in aduersitie, from whom, but from them, can we finde any refuge, kindnesse, comfort, helpe, and a fellow-feeling of our miseries, as if they were their owne? A wise man, ought to want all whatsoeuer goods, ra∣ther then good friends. For they are better then our neerest kinsmen, or our owne naturall brothers.
Of the qualities, and conditions of friendship, many haue spoken much (and one day, God willing, we shall say something thereof:) but in my opi∣nion, where friendship is professed, there must be all true and plaine dealing, and such a faire and euen cariage, that it neither leane to alteration, nor giue any offence, nor cause any trouble, nor to aduenture (through our rasn and inconsiderate actions) the loosing of a friend. Two friends ought so to loue one another, as each of them doth seuerally loue himselfe. For that I, and my friend, are as it were all one. And as you see, how quick-siluer dealeth with gold, how close it adheres vnto it, how it workes it selfe into the very entrailes and bowels of it, and being two diuers mettals, are so incorporated, that they become but one masse or lumpe, nothing in the world being able to sunder and diuide them but the pure fire of the furnace, wherein the quick-siluer is consu∣med: So a true friend, who is now become another mans selfe, and by an in∣termixture of their hearts and mindes made as it were one selfe-same thing, no∣thing ought, nor can indeed dissolue this vnion, but death, which is the Chry∣soll, wherein we must at last be all melted one after another.
Man ought to make the same choise of their friends, as they doe of good bookes. For their happinesse consists not neither in the greatnesse of their number, nor the curiousnesse of their binding, but rather to haue a few, and
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those good and approued Authors. For oftentimes, it so falleth out, that many friends are rather a hinderance, then a helpe to true friendship: For he is a friend to none, that is a friend to all. Nor are we to choose a friend for our en∣tertainment only, and merrily to spend the time withall, but to make choise of such a one, as may benefit both our soule, and our bodie: one that without re∣spect of humane interest, will aduise him to obserue the diuine precepts. Not only to represent them vnto him, but to speake to the purpose, to admonish him to the obseruation of them, and to instruct him in the true knowledge of them. And if he be called a true friend, who meerely out of friendship, tells his friend the naked truth without masking or disguising it, not as to a third per∣son, but as to one, that is properly his owne, and as freely as if he should treat of any thing belonging to himselfe, or that he himselfe would desire, his friend should say the same to him, on the same occasion, of which sort of friends, that carry that sinceritie and plainenesse with them, few are now a dayes to be found, in whom a man may haue that assured confidence, and entire satisfaction.
Then questionlesse (and that with very good reason) a good booke is a good friend; nay I dare boldly say, there cannot be a better. For from thence, we may draw that vtile & necessarium, that good and necessarie counsell, which we stand in need of, without incurring the shame, of that vaine and idle hu∣mour, which is too common now a dayes, to be rather content to continue still in ignorance, then by asking the question, to seeme to doubt of any thing. But to bookes, we may boldly put the question, and neuer need to be afraid, that they will bewray our ignorance: And besides, we shall receiue this satisfaction from them, that they will faithfully, without flatterie, deliuer vs their opinion. And this one aduantage (and it is a notable one) bookes haue of friends: That our friends, dare not alwayes tell vs what they thinke, and know; for feare of particular interest, or out of tendernesse to offend (as we shall by and by briefly tell you) their friends. So soft a hand hath Loue, when it comes to touch, where it loues. Whereas on the contrary, the counsell that is giuen thee in bookes, is downe-right and plaine, and stands before thee starke-naked, as be∣stript of all manner of vice. And therefore (these things considered) it hath euer beene held one of the hardest and difficultest things in the world, to finde out a true and faithfull friend.
Of which sort, many are spoken of in ancient stories, and we finde a great number of them recorded of olde, and painted forth vnto vs in your feigned fables; but that there either now are, or haue beene such heretofore as are there decyphered vnto vs, I doubt it very much, at least I am fully perswaded, they were very rare and few. One only friend haue I found to be true, and is of the same nature and condition, as we are. And this friend of ours, is the best, the bountifullest, the truest, and the faithfullest of all other; for this is neuer wanting to it's friend, but continues firme and constant for euer, nor is at any time weary of giuing: And this good friend of ours, (that I may not hold you any longer in suspence) is the Earth.
This affords vs pretious stones, gold, siluer, and diuers other mettals, where∣of we stand in need, and so earnestly thirst after. It bringeth forth grasse, and all sorts of herbes, wherewith are not only fed our flocks of sheepe, our cattell, and other beasts for the vse and seruice of man, but those medicinable simples, which conserue our health, free vs from diseases, and if we fall into sicknesse, set vs vpright againe, preseruing this life of ours, in a sound and perfect state of health. It yeeldeth vs all sorts of fruits, that are either sauourie to the taste, or nourishable to the bodie. It giues vs wooll, and flax, and by consequence, all kinde of wouen stuffes, wherewith we cloath, and adorne, this naked flesh of ours. It opens its owne veines of its owne accord, whilest from its f•…•…ll brests, sprout forth those sweet and delicate waters, which we drinke; those brookes
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and riuers, which get the fields with childe, and make them fruitfull, and not only that, but doth facilitate commerce, and make an easie way for trafficke, bringing the strangest and remotest parts of the world to shake hands, and to communicate their commodities one with another, and to liue in a league of loue and friendship together. Nay more, it is so good, and so sweet a friend, that it suffereth, and willingly consenteth to all that we will our selues. Be shee well or ill vsed by vs, all is one to her, so as we be pleased. Shee is like a sheepe, from whom you shall heare no other language, but Omnia bene: All is well. Leade her forth to feed, or bring her to the waters to drinke; shut, and penne her vp, or let her loose; take her lambkin from her, her milke, her wooll, nay her very life, to all shee alwayes answers bien: all is well. And all that bien, or good that we haue on earth, the Earth giues it vs. And for an vpshot of all, when we are now dead, and lye stinking aboue ground, when there is neither wife, father, sonne, kinsman, nor friend, that will abide and endure our compa∣nie any longer, but doe all of them vtterly forsake vs, and flie from vs; then, euen then, doth not shee refuse vs, but huggs vs, and makes much of vs, and opening her owne wombe, takes vs in vnto her, where we quietly lye, as it were in deposito, till shee render afterwards a faithfull account of what shee hath receiued, and deliuers vs vp to a new and eternall life. And amongst many her other excellencies, one of the worthiest things in her, and deseruing most com∣mendation, is; That shee doing so much for vs, as shee doth, and that so con∣tinually and without ceasing, being so generous, and so franke-hearted, that shee is neuer tyred out, neuer growes weary, yet doth shee not looke for any requitall, shee neither askes, nor expects any returne of kindnesse, nor doth shee talke and tell of it, nortwit thee in the teeth with it; which some kinde of friends, more vsually, then commendably, doe.
Amongst so many friends, as I had, and did daily conuerse withall, I found very few, who had not an eye to the north-starre of their owne proper interest, and shap't their course by the Compasse of their owne priuate ends; hauing only a desire to deceiue, not hauing any respect at all to the friendship they pro∣fest, being devoide of all loue, truth, and shame: I was of an easie and tractable nature, my condition was facile and •…•…pt to be mis-led, their tongue was all ho∣nie, but their heart was very gall it selfe: whose bitternesse, I had too often tasted to my cost.
Considering therefore the falshood that now adayes is vsed in friendship, and mens craftie and subtle cariage, we are not so much to wonder that we are; as, that we are not deceiued. For I finde them, as liberall in promising, as nig∣gardly in performing; as facile in their words, as difficile in their deeds. There are now no more Pilades, nor Orestes; they are dead and gone; and with them, almost the remembrance, that there were euer any such kinde of men. I only speake this for my Pompeyos sake; whom I therfore condemne the more, for that I lou'd him more then any other, and tooke him to be my especiall friend. For, most of my friends, I gained by my words, but this man, I presum'd I had pur∣chast by my deeds. When I was in my prosperitie, I had many friends, all men did desire my loue, made much of me, feasted me, and did offer their seruice vnto me: But my moneys failing, they also failed; so that their friendship, and my money had an end at once.
And as there is no misfortune, that toucheth vs so neere, as to call to minde the happy estate, wherein heretofore we did liue; so there is not any sorrow, that equals that, of being forsaken by those friends, whose loue and friendship we did euer desire to conserue. That little wealth that I had, was stolne from me, which was my vndoing. I continued some dayes (though but a few) in my friends house, how beit he thought them too many; in which short time, he fell off from me by degrees, by a little and a little vnwedging himselfe from me, and vnloosing those knots, which had knit vs in friendship together;
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finding at last, that I had but a slipperie eele in my hand, who when I thought I had surest hold of him, slipt when he saw his time from me, leauing my hand empty. He was a Cordouese, in the freenesse of his offers; and would say vnto me after that we had dined; Sir, is there any thing else, that you would be pleased to command? If there be, I pray Sir make as bold of any thing this house affords, as if it were your owne. But these were but generall words, and matter of complement; for he went not vpon certainties, nor promised me any thing, that I might trust vnto, but did rather seeme to proffer this his kind∣nesse doubtfully and fearefully, lest I might chance to take him at his word. And that little curtesie, which he shewed me, was not so much out of any hearty good will, that he had to doe it, as for feare lest I should seeke to recouer my lost goods of him, by course ofLaw.
I read his thoughts in his lookes: And as mine were alwayes noble, so on the contrary, his were base and vile. And as oft as he spake of my losse, if he vsed any complement with me, it was all dissimulation, and counterset stuffe. Well, whatsoeuer it were, either better or worse, I was much offended at it, and thought that he did me therein a great deale of wrong, and did seriously risent this his double dealing, and these faire but false showes of his loue. But he, on the other side, did as earnestly persist in the pursuit of his simulations, as if he had meant nothing lesse, then to play vpon me, and abuse me; or as if they had some ground of truth with them: And because I stoutly stood to it, and bore out this businesse as well as I could, that he might not perceiue any de∣iectednesse in me, he tooke heart thereupon, and made sleight of it, as a matter of little, or no importance. For the losse was mine, and not his; and there∣fore he made the lesse reckoning of it.
Wherefore, that I might not giue him farther trouble, perceiuing how much perplexed he was, and how willing to be rid of me, I resolued with my selfe to free him of that feare, and to goe for Florence. I imparted this my pur∣pose vnto him, telling him, that I much desired to see that Citie, for the great commendation, that I had heard of it, and those famous sights that were there to be seene. And because this my determination suted with his desire, he tooke hold on this occasion, relating vnto me many memorable things, worthy my sight, wherewith my will was the more inflamed, and the desire which I had to see it, much increased. But he did not doe this so much, to commend it vnto me, or out of any good desire, that he had, that I should see it, but only that he might see me no more in his house; and for that he is an vnwelcome guest, that is a mans guest against his will. After that I had thus broken my minde vnto him, he began to blow the winde afresh of his kinde vsage of me, that he might oblige me thereby to get me the sooner out of his house, and to depart from thence peaceably and quietly; for he was not a little afraid of me. He then signified vnto me, how sorry he was that I would needs be gone; but vsed no intreaties, nor any the least resistance, to haue me to stay. He deman∣ded of me, when I was minded to begin my iourney, but neuer asked, what I wanted; which he might haue done out of good manners, though he had no meaning to pleasure me. Which proffer, had he made it me, it should not haue beene performed by him so much out of complement and ceremonie, as that he might thereby learne, how long, or how little a while I meant to stay with him, not knowing as yet the houre, when I me•…•…nt to be gone. It is an easie thing, to see; more easie, to speake; but it is a hard thing to fore-see. For all that see, doe not know; and all that speake, doe not doe. And for that he now saw, that he should haue no farther need of me, for that I like a foole, told him ere I was aware, that I was not minded to returne any more to Rome, he began to cast with himselfe, What good can this cocks-combe doe me now? or of what vse and profit will this foole be vnto me hereafter? And so from that time forward, he vsed me accordingly, which was no worse, then
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mine owne indiscretion deserued. Then did I learne to my cost, how a man may come to know a generous and noble minde; which is seene in nothing more then in a thankfull acknowledgment of benefits already receiued.
In this alteration of fortune, there were set before mine eyes a thousand dangers, that I neuer dream't of. But because I had as yet so much spirit left me, as was able to put me forward, I was not vtterly dismaid, nor quite dishartned. I studied to forget that, which I could not helpe; making my meanes, the thinking on my iourney. And because noueltie, and things of a strange na∣ture, doe draw the mindes of men after them, out of the desire that they haue to know them, I made all the haste I could to get me gone from Siena, as well out of this respect, as also that I might leaue Pompeyo well pleased therewith; who, I knew, would neuer thinke himselfe well at ease, till he were well eased of me. For albeit men commonly say to their guests; I pray fall to your meat, and be merry, for I assure you, you are heartily welcome; yet whether you be merry, or not merry, welcome, or not welcome, they thinke you are bound vnto them for a meales meat, and put euery morsell to account, that goes downe thy threat.
This hoggishnesse of his, this his vnciuill cariage, this dissembled care of his, and this his great feare that he had, that I would continue longer with him, did much trouble me. Well, I tooke my leaue of him; and because I was still the same man, as I was wont to be, as also in regard of that loue and friend∣ship, which I truly bore vnto him, at the time of this our departure each from other, I did so grieue thereat, that I was not able to speake a word, no not so much as to bid him, farewell; yet could not this my inward sorrow, draw so much as one teare into his eyes, or to make any the least show of griefe. And so all alone, I set forward on my iourney, but more then well accompanied with a world of melancholy thoughts, nor slightly attended by a multitude of cares, wherewith I was so ouer-laden, that my horse was ready to sinke vnder me, as vnable to beare so great a burthen. And therefore I rode plotting and deuising with my selfe, how I might make them lighter, and so case both my selfe and my horse of them.
I had not gone thus musing many miles, but it was my hap to light on Saya∣vedra, who had left Siena to cumply with his banishment. Whom I no sooner saw, but my kinde heart began to melt, and I could not chuse but take com∣passion of him, and withall I must needs salute him; placing my eyes, not vpon the hurt, which he had done me, but on the harme, from which he once had freed me. Esteeming more of that kindnesse I then receiued from him, then of all that, that he had rob'd me of. And he is a bad pay-master, and doth ill deserue a curtesie, who doth not with aduantage requite a receiued kindnesse. Besides; Liberalitie, supposeth a generous and noble spirit, and is of that high esteeme, for that it is originally descended from heauen, that it is alwayes found in those mindes, that are destinated thereunto. I could not for my life refraine from speaking louingly vnto him, nor he abstaine from receiuing me with teares, which guttring downe his cheekes, dropt downe vpon my feet, as he bowed him-selfe to kisse my stirrop, whereof he taking fast hold, fell downe on his knees, crauing pardon for this his error, humbly and earnestly beseeching me, that I would be pleased to forgiue him; rendring me likewise thanks, that during the time of his imprisonment, I neuer offred to accuse him; excusing himselfe also, that he had not, as soone as he was set at libertie, come to visit me, laying the fault thereof, in his lacke of boldnesse, and the largenesse of his offence. Yet, for to make satisfaction and payment of this his debt, he would become my slaue, and doe me faithfull seruice all the dayes of his life; I, who euer knew him to be a man, that had both a strong braine, and a nimble wit, which d•…•… him rather hurt, then good, because he did not well imploy them; yet, for that these did adapt him, and make him fit for any imployment what∣soeuer,
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I was the more willing to accept of his offer. And so taking him into my seruice, we ioggd on along by little and little like a couple of good fel∣lowes, talking of diuers things on the way.
And albeit I was not ignorant, that he was a notorious theefe, and a notable cunning rogue, yet I held it the lesser inconuenience of the two, to haue a knaue, then a foole, to my man. For foolishnesse did neuer yet but walke hand in hand with wickednesse. And both of them being ioyned together, are suffi∣cient to vndoe not only a priuate house, but a whole Common-wealth. For the simple, or foolish man, cannot keepe counsell, nor knowes when and where to hold his peace; nor the wicked and malitious man, to iudge of things a•…•…ght; and if either of them, vttereth what he thinketh, (for commonly their tongue blabbeth, what their heart conceiueth) scandals, and troubles are already en∣tred within the doores of our house, and like impudent rogues, sticke not to presse into our priuatest roomes, to see what they can get from thence. I thought with my selfe, if I would haue any one to serue me, (good seruants being so few, and so hard to be got) that this would be lesse b•…•…d then any other, because by those his cunning tricks, that he had plaid with me already, he made me the more warie of him, and taught me (•…•…s if I had beene some La∣cedemonian) to throw my beard ouer my shoulder: that is, to haue an eye vnto him, and to be the more circumspect and warie of him, and to take the better heed, looking still behinde me, as those doe that haue enemies, turning their head one while this way, another while that, that they may not be set vpon vn-awares. And therefore knowing him so well as I did, I thought it as good, if not better, to entertaine a knaue that I knew, as a knaue, that I knew not. For I knew well enough, that I must looke narrowly to his water, and watch him at euery turne, wherein I meant not to be negligent: Whereas, in taking of another, that should seeme to beare the face of an honest man, and make show of being faithfull and trustie vnto me, I might haply grow carelesse out of the confidence that I haue in him, and by this my credulitie be coozened of all that I had, and afterwards be left to looke after moone-shine in the water.
As well in this respect, as also for that I had not much now to lose, nor was my condition or qualitie such, that I should stand so nicely vpon these points, I admitted him into my seruice. He askt me (as soone as I had entertained him) which way I meant to take? I told him, I was for Florence, led thither out of a desire that I had to satisfie my longing, by seeing that Citie, whereof I had heard •…•…o much. Whereunto my seruant replied, and said; Sir, whatsoeuer you haue heard thereof, I make no question, when you come there, but your selfe will confesse, report hath beene too short with you. For I assure you, there are so many admirable things therein to be seene, that they cannot suffi∣ciently be commended. For the naked relations of things, that are curious and good indeed, neuer fill the vacuitie and emptinesse of our desires. I haue liued there some time, yet all the while as I remained there, as if I had beene but come that very day to towne, wheresoeuer I went, new things were still offered to my view: and I would neuer with my good will haue left that Towne, if my friends had not forced me from thence.
I began to aske him some questions, touching the foundation of that Citie, and whence it had its first beginning? Sir (said he) seeing we haue day enough before vs, and that we may talke and walke faire and softly, and that the rela∣tion, which I am to make you is but short; I shall, for the better satisfying of vour desire, acquaint you, and that truly, with all those curiosities, that did then offer them-selues vnto my knowledge.
Then did he forth with begin to discourse of those ciuill warres, which were occasioned by Catiline, betweene those of Fiesole, and Florence; the o•…•…er∣throwes, which one while those of the Romane faction receiued, another while their enemie, Bela Totile. How in the time of Pope Leo the third, the Emperor
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Charles the Great, sent a great Armie against the Fiesolani, leauing Florence re∣edified in the hands of the Florentines, till that Pope Clement the seuenth, and the Emperor Charles the fifth recouered the same, for to restore it to its ancient possession, from which the house of the Medics had beene put out. Which suc∣ceeded in the yeere of our Lord, 1529. Euer since which time, the Florentines haue alwaies been gouerned by one sole Prince; which, though it seemed some∣what harsh vnto them at the first, yet now they see their error, and finde now at length how much more quietly they liue vnder the protection of their owne Prince, and with how much more safetie, both of their liues and goods. It is said, that the first Prince, that euer they had, was Alessandro de Medici; who, for his sweetnesse of nature, his magnanimitie, and valour, though violently he lost that principalitie in the very flower of his youth, yet might he justly be termed Alessandro. After him, succeeded, that wise, and worthy Cosimo, great Duke of Tuscanie, whose memoriall, for his heroicall actions, and great ver∣tues, as also for his courteous behauiour, his religion, and good gouernment, shall liue eternally in the mindes of the liuing. This Prince was succeeded by Francesco, who, for that he died without issue, the Crowne came to that fa∣mous Ferdinando his brother, the liuely image, and true picture of his father Cosimo, being as well heire to his Vertues, as his Estate. Who gouerned so wor∣thily, and so wisely, that I doe not know any other, with whom I may equall him, for the loue that his subiects bare him.
If th•…•… relation, he then made me, had beene a little longer, he must of force haue deferr'd it till the next day; but it seemed, that he had measured it out iust with the time: for we were come as neere night, as we were to our Inne•…•… whereinto we went to lodge. And hauing there well rested and refresht our selues, we got vp betimes in the morning, and that we might the sooner get into Florence, we did set the best foot before, and made a little more haste, then otherwise we would haue done. But when we came within sight of it, I was so ouer-ioyed, that I am not able to expresse it, so faire and so beautifull did it a farre of present it selfe vnto me. For though I could not take a full view of it, yet from the one end to the other, and from almost the bottome to the top, I might reasonably well discerne it; and a more pleasing sight, did mine eyes neuer see. I did examine the pleasantnesse of its situation, I beheld the beauty of many great and goodly buildings, the inexpugnable strength of its stately walls, the maiestie, and firmnesse of its high, and well formed Towers. In a word, the whole pile thereof, seemed such vnto me, that I stood amazed at it, and could not (me thought) too much admire it. I would not willingly, haue mou'd out of the place where I stood, nor haue drawne neerer to the Towne, but haue kept my selfe at that very distance; as well, for that mine eye was wonderfull well pleased therewith, as also for that I would not wrong that de∣light, which I now receiued, when I should draw neerer thereunto; if perad∣uenture (as it vsually falleth out with most things) it should lessen it selfe, and fall short of that goodly prospect, which I did here enjoy.
But, when I did consider with my selfe, that all this glorious show, was, but as it were the outward case of it, my iudgement did then begin to instruct me, that the iewels therein contained, must needs be richer, and faire more glori∣ous, as indeed they were. For, when I was entred thereinto, and saw the spa∣tiousnesse of the streets, how streight and leuell they were, how plaine and smooth, paued all with cleane hewen stones of goodly faire marble, and their houses built with beautifull stones, so costly, so curious, so nearly polished, so artificially wrought, and with such a deale of skill and cunning, in the archi∣tecture thereof, I was so confounded, that I could not tell what to thinke of it. For I could not imagine with my selfe, that any other Citie in the world, could haue compar'd with Rome for beauty: But hauing well viewd this, for its bignesse, it goes farre beyond it. For those buildings that are in Rome, the
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best of them are gone to ruine, and few of them left standing; and those that are now remaining, are but meere shadowes, and the very ruines and fragments of those, that were so famous in former times. But Florence, is the flower of the world, all is therein so flourishing, so costly, and so well set forth, that I said vn∣to Sayavedra; Certainly, if the inhabitants of this Citie be as curious in the tricking of their women, as they are in the adorning, and beautifying of their houses, they are vndoubtedly the happiest men in the world. I was so strucken with admiration, that I was desirous to haue dwelt a long time in contempla∣ting and beholding euery particular peece of building; but because night was now growing on, and that the day would not befriend vs any longer, I was faine to retire my selfe to my lodging. And we were not slacke in hastning to our Inne, whither when we were come, we were so neatly and so daintily en∣tertained, that I cannot so much indeare it, as it truly deserueth. Such plenty of prouision, such cleanlinesse in their lodging-chambers, such sweetnesse in their linnen, such diligent attendance, such affable language, and such good vsage, did I neuer meet withall else-where in all my life. I was so taken there∣with, that it made me almost to forget that which I most desired. I slept so soundly that night (thankes to the good bed, that was vnder me) that it see∣med vnto me scarce halfe an houre, since my first lying downe.
When the morning was come, (though with a heart full of sorrow, for that was then my Mount Tabor) I call'd to Sayauedra, to giue me my clothes; and for that he was so well acquainted with that Citie, I will'd him to make him∣selfe ready to goe along with me, that he might show me all, whatsoeuer was of any note, and held (as curiosities) to be worth the seeing. And that first of all he should bring me to the chiefe Church, where hauing heard diuine ser∣uice, and recommended our selues vnto God, all things would prosper after∣wards the better with vs. Thither he led me, and hauing ended our deuotion, I stood like one amaz'd in beholding that most famous Temple and fabricke del Zimborio, which they there call Cupula, which in my opinion, may be better termed Copula, for that it seemed not only to my selfe, but as many as beheld it, that therein was copulated, and ioyned as it were together, all that curious Architecture, which the writings of the best and skilfullest professors, in that profession, either theoricke, or practicke, haue published to the world, so admirable a peece of workmanship, such a deale of greatnesse, strength, and cu∣riositie, (without any wrong or iniurie to any other fabricke of Europe) may iustly challenge the name of the eighth wonder of the world. Let him consider with himselfe, who hath any knowledge in Architecture, it being foure hun∣dred and twenty handfuls high, besides the spire that is on the top of it, what diameter, this Cupula will require; and by this he may come to guesse, what manner of thing it is.
From thence I went to the Annunciata, a Church so called, to see the image, that was painted there vpon the wall, which might more properly be termed Heauen; so admirable a peece of worke, is that picture of the Incar∣nation of the Sonne of God: Insomuch that it is held there for certaine, that it was drawne by one, that was no lesse excellent in his Art, then holy in his life. For, when he had made an end of that which there you see painted, and that there remained no more to be done, but to finish and make vp the face of our blessed Lady the Virgin; being wonderfull timerous and fearefull, much misdoubting and musing with himselfe, whether or no, he should be able to giue it its true life, and to fit it euery way in its age, in truenesse of its colour, its complexion, in its honest and sober countenance, and in the demure and modest posture of its eyes, in this confusion of his, and these his distracted thoughts, not deui∣sing with himselfe, what he were best to doe, he laid himselfe downe a while to sleepe, and awaking anon after, and minding to betake him to his pensill, and to put his hand (by the helpe of God) to the peece of worke, he found it
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made to his hand. And therefore, it needs not our farther commendation, for it being to be presupposed, that it was there miraculously wrought either by Gods owne hand, or some one of his Angels, it can be said to be no lesse, then an Angelicall picture. And for this cause, the rest of that peece being conside∣red, which the Painter made, we may easily conceiue, what kinde of spirit he had, who could finde so much fauour, as to haue the hands of heauen (as if for the time, they had beene bound prentises to his Trade) to helpe him to grinde and mixe his colours, and to make an end of his worke for him.
So many miracles doth it daily worke, such a concourse of people doth con∣tinually flocke thither out of deuotion, and so great are the almes, that are there distributed & giuen to the poore, that I did much wonder, that all the beggars were not wondrous rich; which put me in minde of that poore man, who (as I was told, and you haue heard) made in this Citie, that his famous last Will and Testament, wherein he bequeathed his Asses pack-saddle to the Great Duke; That seeming now vnto me but a little small summe, in comparison of that, which such a one as he, might very well haue gained in that place. And for that it is a knowne truth, Que el hijo de la gata, ratones mata: That the sonne of a Cat, will kill his Rat. Or (as our English Prouerbe hath it) Cat will to his kinde; a thousand, and a thousand times, did I bethinke my selfe of many things that I had done in my younger dayes, and did now as it were plainely perceiue; that if, as I went to Rome, it had beene my good hap to haue lighted in this Citie, what with my roguish tricks, my counterfeit scurffs, leprosies, and fore legs, I might haue come to be a mayorazgo amongst them, and to haue pur∣chased some great Lordship.
I did likewise obserue, that few of these rogues, were curious, and cunning, or that they were their crafts-masters; but were, for the most part, fooles, meere block-heads, and had little or no wit at all, in comparison of those in my time. And when I did perceiue, what poore counterfeits they were, and how sillily they did order their affaires, it was sport alone to me. I tooke a great deale of pleasure in looking on them, and I did secretly wish to my selfe, that I might haue had the opportunitie, to reforme a thousand imperfections, which I pre∣sently saw in them. Who did euer see, that an honest poore beggar, that was a good proficient in his trade, nay, say he were neuer so meanely bred to it, would when he had most, (vnlesse he were a very cocks-combe) haue more then six, or seuen Maranedis, or some such like trifle, and not about, in his hat? nor to haue such a summe of money lie open to the peoples eye, that they may thereby be taught to tell him; you need no more, you haue as much there al∣ready, as will very well serue to supply your wants for this day, and to put bread enough in your belly; and therefore, that he should get him gone, and giue way to other poore folkes, that had more need, then he had? When was it euer knowne, that there was euer seene any beggar, of that poore vnderstan∣ding, though he were but a new beginner, that would beg, hauing a loafe of bread vnder his arme? or to stand, as I saw another, with a tooth-pick in his care? Which I no sooner saw, but I said to my selfe: O thou poore silly theefe, thou traitor to thy profession; Art thou such an Asse, as to let euery man know, that thou hast eaten so much, that there are some remnants yet left be∣hinde in thy teeth? I saw not one amongst them all, that could play his game handsomely, nay scarce know how to set his men in their right place, nor to take their due time for the hitting of a blot; I saw no order, no decorum amongst them; they had no skill in this kinde of musicke; many of them could say their Gammoothe, (and that too they had learned by rote) but knew not how to proue a note; others there were, that had a little paltry skill in plaine-song, but would bawle it out so scuruily and so vntuneably, that no care was able to endure it: And none of all this dunghill crew, that like Chaunti∣cleere, could chaunt it out lustily, descant and diuide at pleasure, and so to
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relish and melt their notes, as to make their hearts to melt that heare them, and to moue them to compassion of them.
There did I spie a young man, one of my old acquaintance, who was now a pretty well-growne man; this was the only beggar (I meane compared with the rest) that knew any thing amongst them. And would to God (thought I) that I might be so happy, as to come once to set my hands, where he had set his heart. For questionlesse, he could not chuse but be rich. He was the sonne of such parents, as were able to leaue him much. His father was a notable cun∣ning rogue, and could his craft wonderfull well. And this his sonne, was euery way like vnto him. He was leane visag'd, lanke bellied, spindle-shank'd, and so alike suted in all the rest, that a man might truly say of him; That, t'was fathers n'owne sonne. But because euery thing hath its time appointed, and takes it course when it comes, and for that the Iustice did not there permit, the ha∣uing of an Academie, for the trayning vp of these fresh men, what through want of exercise, and not trying of conclusions, and putting them in practise, they may now throw away their caps, whilest themselues with their breviaticke Art, may lie wallowing in the durt. I knew him, but he did not know me: He might well say vnto me, Tal•…•…e veo, que no te conosco: The world is so changed with thee, that I doe not know thee. O, what a terrible conflict had I with my selfe, what a shrewd temptation, to goe and speake to him: but I durst not. I said to Sayavedra; Seest thou that poore fellow? That rogue is able to make me rich. He then said vnto me; Why doth he then goe a begging? I told him; When men haue once begun to open their mouthes to craue an almes, and haue shut their eyes to all shame, and bound their hands from all labour, and that their feet are benum'd, and wax stiffe from taking any paines, or care to liue in a lawfull course, their disease is beyond all cure, and there is no remedie to redresse this euill.
The experience whereof I saw in a poore young wench in my time, who comming to Rome poore and sicke, fell a begging for Gods sake. And when shee was well recouer'd of her health, and as strong of her bodie, as any bull, shee still continued her trade of begging. They, whose almes shee craued, told her, it was shame for her to beg, shee was young, and lustie, and was able to serue, and worke for her liuing. Shee answered; that shee was often troubled with a cruell paine and griping of the heart, which when the fitt tooke her, caused her to fall downe to the ground in a swound, beating her feet and her hands against the earth, renting and tearing all that shee could lay hand on, and kick∣ing and spurning at those that came neere her. In this sort, did shee cozen the world a long time, and spent many yeeres in this lewd fashion, till at last one of her owne Countrymen being askt, whether he knew her father, and her mother? Answered, He did; And that they were both dead, and had left her a great deale of wealth. Whereunto (as lawfull Inheretrix) shee laid claime. Whose estate was now such, and so great, that many principall men became Sutors vnto her, and sought to haue her to wife, and some of them exceeding rich (for there is no yron so foule, that it will not be guilded; gold hides and couers all, be it neuer so rustie) shee was penny-white (as we say) and so was married in the end to one of an honest condition, and well to liue, and an hand∣some man withall. But this wife of his, seeing shee was now depriued of her wonted libertie of begging, grew within a little while after desperately sicke, daily withering and wasting away, the Physitians not being able to search into the nature of her disease. And thus shee continued for a good while, till shee be∣came her owne physitian, and cured her selfe, by playing the hypocrite, making solemne profession, that meerely out of humilitie, shee would goe a begging, and eat not any thing, but what should be giuen her of almes, wherewith shee would sustaine this sinfull carkasse of hers. And to this end, would she go vp and downe her house amongst her seruants, first to one, and then to another, crauing
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and begging some thing of them. And because all did giue her almes, and none denie her, that did not fully please her, but did much trouble her; where∣fore, oftentimes, shee would steale vp into a priuate roome that shee had, and there shut her selfe in, where shee had some pictures of certaine great persons, that were fairely hung vp in frames, and euen of these (to satisfie this her ill habit, and to keepe her selfe in vre) would shee likewise demand an almes.
Sayavedra, maruelled much at it; Who brought me from thence, to the outward Court belonging to the Palace; in the midst whereof I might see a braue Prince, mounted vpon a beautifull horse of brasse, so curiously cut to the life, and so well proportioned in euery part, that they both seemed to haue life and motion. My apprehension, could not discerne, and therefore durst not pre∣sume to iudge, which of the two were better, either this, or that at Rome; yet inclined in the end with that short vnderstanding of mine, to giue the praise to that which was there present; not for that it was present, but because it did de∣serue it. I askt of Sayavedra, whose statua that was? He told me, it was the great Dukes, Cosimo de Medici. Of whom I went discoursing vnto you vpon the way. And here, great Ferdinando, his sonne, (who lately was, but is not now aliue) caused it to be set vp to perpetuall memorie. I would needs know out of curiositie, of what height it might be, and not being able to reach thereunto to take the measure of it, I was informed, that from the very bottome to the top, was about some fiftie handfuls high, little more, or lesse. Round about the said place, were many other delicate peeces cast in brasse, and some, of substantiall, yet very fine marble, so artificially wrought, that they did driue the beholders into great admiration; leauing euen the best iudgements in suspense, and stag∣gering those wits most, that were most acute; excepting only such, as had some inckling afore-hand, what manner of things they were.
Afterwards, we visited the Temple of S. Iohn Baptist, as being most worthy our particular remembrance; for I may truly say of it, that there is scarse the like in the world for all in all. Which glorious fabricke, I then learned, was founded in the time of Octauianus Augustus the Emperor, and consecrated to Mars. There did I entertaine my selfe in obseruing its antiquitie, and foun∣dation, wherein I tooke much content; and the more, for that it is reported of it, and receiued by tradition, as also grounded vpon reason, (in regard of its foundation) That it is to last and continue, to the finall consummation and end of the world. Which we may the rather be induced to beleeue, for that neither length of time, nor those continuall warres, accompanied with so many calamities, haue as yet had the power either to deface, or destroy it. All the Citie besides being left desolate and laid leuell with the ground, only this Temple remaining still vntoucht. The bodie of it, consists of eight angles, all spatious, strong, and maruellous beautifull to behold; especially those its three great doores, which are shut vp with six halfe doores, all of brasse, cast in curious molds, and all of one entire peece, wrought with Histories of embossed worke, so daintily handled, so finely raised, and so proportionably equall in euery point, as may well be presumed from the Artizans of that Citie, who beare away the bell from all the rest, in that kinde, that are in the world.
This Temple hath likewise another greatnesse belonging vnto it, which is this; That there being in Florence one and forty Parish Churches, two and twenty Monasteries of Fryars, forty and seuen Nunneries, foure Colledges or Houses for those that are willing to retire themselues from the world, eight and twenty Hospitals, and two bearing the name of IESVS; yet there is no baptisme vsed in any of these, saue only in that of S. Iohn, and in that Church, are all the children of this Citie baptized, from the meanest amongst the com∣mons, to the principall Gentlemen, and the great Dukes owne children. For that time, that we stayed there, we visited all the Churches-one after another, which were of that admirable workmanship, and set forth with such singular
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and rare curiosities, that it is not possible to relate no not the least part thereof, in regard of the muchnesse of them, (the number of them being so infinite,) nor is the vnderstanding capable of apprehending them, much lesse our out∣ward eye. For he that should goe about to make a memoriall of so great a Ma∣china, and such a masse of things, whose admirable parts are so numberlesse, and euery one of them accompanied with sundry peeces of such singular Art, and exquisite workemanship, besides so many excellent pictures, some in tables, and some ingrauen in brasse, and other mettals, had need to make thereof a huge great Volume, and to seeke out some other Chronicler, that shall be bet∣ter able then my selfe, to present these things to the eyes of the Reader, and to giue them their due commendation.
The great Duke, hath a Palace in the Citie, which is called Il Palaggio de Piti; whose excellencies, greatnesses, and curiosities, as well in gardens, as fountaines, mounts, groues, sports for hunting, and goodly roomes, may (with∣out indearing) be truly said to be a princely and royall seat; and such a one, as may compare with any other whatsoeuer in all Europe.
I would not omit to know and see the circuit of this Citie, which contai∣neth in it such store of wealth. And I found it to be much about fiue mile com∣passe: it hath ten great Gates, and one and fifty Towers. The Citie is seated all within the walls, and hath no suburbs adioyning thereunto. Through the midst of it passeth the famous riuer of Arnus, vpon which stand foure most stately bridges, all pau'd with stone, and very strongly built, being large and spatious withall. And all these things, being thus done in perfection; the like perfe∣ction is also to be found in their gouernment, their behauiour, and in the gene∣rall fashion, and cariage of that people. And therefore iustly, and with a great deale •…•…son, is this Citie called Florencia, as being flos florum, the flower of flowers, and as it were the only nose-gay of all Italie. Wherein all things, as in a curious garden, doe flourish ioyntly together, but more particularly these especiall and singular good things; As the liberall Arts, horsemanship, all kinde of learning, militarie discipline, true dealing, faire proceeding, sweet be∣hauiour, plainenesse and sinceritie in their actions, and aboue all I must recom∣mend vnto thee, their loue and kindnesse towards strangers. Shee like a true mother, imbraces them in her bosome, huggs them, makes much of them, and fauours them more, then shee doth her owne children; to whom, in respect of them, shee may be termed a mother in law.
The time, that I stayed there, I came to know the Causes by their Effects: to wit, by knowing the nature and condition of the inhabitants, and the poli∣ticke lawes, by which they were gouerned, and their due obseruation of them, not erring a tittle from them. There they apply themselues truly to know and esteeme euery mans merits, rewarding them with iust and due honours; to the end that all may be incouraged to vertue. And let not Princes thinke it a small glory vnto them, for they ought to acknowledge it for one of the greatest, that can be giuen them, when it is truly said of them, that their noble and renowned actions, doe iumpe and concurre with those of their subiects.
I likewise knew that to be true, which Sayavedra had told me about the fa∣ctions in Court, and the crossing and thwarting one another. I saw somewhat of that, which did exceed in other places, as Enuie, and Flatterie, whereof no Princes Court is free, which alwayes raigne there most, where is desire of s•…•…our, but more especially, when they labour to increase it, and to keepe themselues in grace with their Soueraigne. Which oftentimes turne to the great hurt of both the one and the other. They are fine and witty re∣lators of other mens actions, and subtle Mathematicians, for to delineate and measure out that which other men can doe, and sometime that, which others cannot. But let these things rest, without farther entring into them. For hauing painted forth vnto you, in so great a perfection,
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this illustrious and noble Citie, it is not fit that I should blemish it with so foule a blot, and dash as it were with a cole, that faire commendation, that I haue giuen it.
CHAP. II.
Guzman de Alfarache goes to Bologna in pursuit of Alexandro, who had stolne his trunkes from him; Whither, when he was come, going about to imprison Alexan∣dro, himselfe was clapt vp.
IN Florence, I did eat out that horse, which my Lord Em∣bassador had bestowed on me at my departure, and made me one mor•…•…g a breakfast of his shooes. I say; To the end I might •…•…ell him the better, I caused him to be new shod, giuing order to Sayavedra to make money of the old ones; whereof we made our breakfast. If this here∣tike, Necessitie, had not kickt me out of Towne, and thrust me out by head and shoulders, I should neuer while I liu'd, of mine owne ac∣cord, haue gone from thence. And this thou maist as certainly beleeue of me, as of any one Article of thy Creed. For I had now well taken salt, and was throughly seasoned, and had sounded that Citie to the very bottome, yet I know not, how my minde might haue altered, and what I should haue done hereafter. For in conclusion, todo lo nueuo, aplaze: See what is newest, that we still like best. This rule, holding more especially in such as I was, who had spiritum ambulatorium, a wandring humour of mine owne, and was a great lo∣uer of nouelties. But then I was of that opinion, for those many reasons I had on my side. For it was my hap to come thither, when they were full of their sports and pastimes; and other young fellowes of the same yeeres with my selfe, led me to these their delightfull pleasures along with them from house to house, from feast to feast, and from bridall to bridall.
In one house you might finde them dancing; in another, playing vpon in∣struments; in a third, singing; and in a fourth, making merry with their friends. All was delight, and more and more delight still; one sets vp his rest at Primera, another vyes his game at Tic-Tack: some at one game, some at ano∣ther. In a word, in all places of the Citie wheresoeuer we came, we met with nothing, but laudable exercises, and honest recreations. There might a man see many young gallants, pompous in apparell, and richly clad, and many faire Ladies, and hansome Gentlewomen, who wanted no setting forth for curious and costly dressings, with whom these young blouds did dance. Whose tyres on their heads were so daintily adorned, their gownes on their backs so richly imbroydered, and their Chapine•…•… •…•…o their feet, so plated with siluer, and beset with pretious stones, that they did rauish both the eyes, and the soules of as many as did looke vpon them. I leaue it therefore to thee to consider, what kinde of dressings those were, that had so much power to moue the beholders. See how I haue seasoned this dish, that I may not disgrace the goodnesse of the meat. Tell me; hath it not a good rellish? is it not pleasing to thy palate? Though I goe not into a Tauerne to drinke, yet I take delight to talke of it, and to looke vpon it, and to peepe in at the doore as I passe by, and sometimes slip in, to make my selfe merry. No man is wise on horsebacke; much lesse, in the vnbridled yeeres of his youth. In a word, I was young. And as old age is cold, and dry, so on the contrary, youth, is hot, and moyst. Youth, hath strength, and old age, wisdome. Thus are these gifts diuided, and yet euery one hath that which is fit, and necessarie for him. And though for the most part, we see that all old men turne to be young, if not (as we say) become children againe; yet
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it were a wonder, to see young men grow old. And I say againe, it were as great a wonder, to see a young man in yeares, to be an old man in discretion, as to see a Peare tree, to beare fruits in the heart of winter. But I speake this in Spanish, that some of other Countries, whom I know, may not finde fault with me. And I would haue all men take notice, that I alwayes speake according to the vse and fashion of mine owne Country: for I doe not know after what manner others dance in theirs.
But that I may returne to my former discourse; it grieued me very much to leaue Florence, (yet did it much concerne me to be gone) flying as it were from my selfe, not knowing to what end, nor whither to goe; nor yet knew I, why I should stay any longer there, vnlesse it were to spend that poore little store of money, that I had yet left me, and that chaine, which the Lord Embassador my master, gaue me at my farewell as a token of his loue, and to thinke vpon him, as oft as I chanc'd to cast mine eyes vpon 〈◊〉〈◊〉 And I must truly confesse vnto you, that he was neuer out of my minde, •…•…ensoeuer I did thinke vpon that houre, wherein I must ere long be forced to•…•…rne it into money. And as it was giuen me with a great deale of loue, so did it exceedingly grieue me that I must shortly part so vnkindly with it. I would, if I could, haue kept it rather then my life, and neuer haue parted from it; but there are some such occasions, wherein parents may impawne their owne children. Patience, (quoth I to my selfe) I will doe the best I can; and more, I can not. And therefore (my ma∣sters) I pray pardon me; for he, that hath no other meanes to helpe him-selfe, and is constrained thereunto out of meere necessitie, is driuen many times to commit many a greater error, and that shall proue farre more preiudiciall and hartfull. I had a great wrestling and strugling with my selfe; and my thoughts had a cruell sharpe warre with themselues, as well touching this, as other the like businesses. I considered with my selfe, what would now become of me, and what course I were best to take, for to supply and releeue my wants. God helpe me; How heauy is the heart, when the purse is light! And therefore we say; A heauy purse, makes a light heart. What little comfort doe we take in the world? And how faint and feeble, are the pleasures of this life to him, whose purse strings are too weake? And more particularly, to one that is in a strange Country, and that hath put on a resolution with him-selfe to forget his lewd courses, and not to liue, as he had done, by tricks and by shifts; yet not know∣ing how to gaine a penny, and wanting the meanes, how to come by money; hauing no neere acquaintance with any, to presume of such kindnesse from them, being farre from my friends, and farther from any the least intention or purpose to cheat or cozen any man. For, if I would haue runne that course, and set my minde vnto it, I needed not to haue taken such a deale of care and trou∣ble in the businesse. For I had my 〈◊〉〈◊〉 about me; and a hand, that was able to finde me worke all the yeare long; I could not want, (if I listed my selfe) to picke out a liuing where-soeuer I should come. For (thanks be to God for it) what I had once learned, it was mine owne for euer: I neuer lost it, if I once had it. Only, I might at first be a little to seeke, for want of vse, but the tooles of my trade were neuer out of my hand, but alwayes carried them with me, whither-soeuer I went. I departed from Rome with a full purpose to become an honest man; and fall backe, fall edge, come good, or come bad, all welcome, as it pleas'd God; for I had a great minde to continue these my good desires, and t•…•…remaine firme in this so honest a resolution. But seeing, that Hell is full of these, what good could my holy deliberations doe me, if I did not put them in execution? For f•…•… without workes, is but a dead faith.
Now, I had gotten me a man to waite vpon me; Where by the way, I pray let me aske you, what a good direction this was, to addresse me to a Master? What a Letter of recommendation to bee receiued into seruice? I had beene now accustomed to command; how would you then, that I should submit my
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selfe to obey? I verily thought with my selfe (as perhaps many moe doe, for I doe not thinke that I am the onely man of that minde in the world) that I should haue beene an honest man, if answerable to that glorious show that I made, and the height whereat I liu'd, I had had wherewithall to spend accor∣dingly, and that I had not wanted meanes to vphold this great spirit of mine, but had had money enough to maintaine and inlarge my generous disposition. But the summes (I feare me) which must haue seru'd to supply my wants, must miraculously by some holy Saint or other, be subministred vnto mee: for no other hand could doe it. And certainly, I know not how it then fell out, that I was so honest, as I was; I verily beleeue, that this also was a Miracle, conside∣ring the condition of that present time, and mine owne euill inclination. I was young, left to liue at mine own liberty, suffered to do what I list, and rather ac∣customed to seeke occasions, to doe then to shunne ill; and I could hardly by the helpe of my good desires, eith•…•… •…•…ose, or lay aside my bad conditions.
Such a Lady, or such a Gentlewoman saith (which is their ordinary kind of language) I would faine be a good woman, I desire to lead an honest life, as no woman more, if that necessity did not force me to doe that, which I doe. In∣deed Madame, by your leaue, your Ladyship lyes. For, that you doe ill, it is onely, because you are willing to doe ill. O what a poore excuse is this? I con∣fesse that I offend thus and thus, but it is against my will; for I am not of my selfe giuen to such, or such a sinne, nor haue any inclination thereunto in the world. In good faith it is otherwise, for I reade it in your eyes. And they con∣senting vnto sinne, who can be said to be the cause thereof, but your selues? For if you would but turne your eyes from your windowes, and throw them on your distaffe, or your cushionet, certainly necessity would not constraine you to ill. Womens hands are not of that length, nor so quicke and so nimble, that they should sodainly reach so farre, as to finde you food, apparell, and house-rent: yet are they long enough, to put themselues forth to seruice; and they that set you a worke, will bestow house-roome on you, and put meate in your mouthes, and money in your purse. But I expect you should say vnto me; Thou, that art a man, giu'st me this counsaile; Thou art loath to serue thy selfe, and yet thou wouldst haue me to serue, that am a woman? Indeed, thou hast hit the nayle on the head; And this is that, which I say; That your Mi∣strisse-ship, and I, and this, or that other woman (bee shee what shee will) are all of vs vnwilling to doe our selues good. We will put to no helping hand of our owne, but would, that what we stand in need of, should be put into our mouthes, and that it should miraculously be ministred vnto vs.
Twenty yeares of age, is a terrible beast: O how headstrong, and how wild it is. There is no battaile so bloody, no skirmish so hot, and so hard to come off cleare, as that warre, which wee wage with our youth. For if it goe about to make its retreat from Vice, it hath many fierce enemies that sharply set vpon it, neuer ceasing to assaile it, galling it here, & wounding it there, which wil hardly bee repell'd, more hardly ouercome, by reason of those many occasions of ad∣uantage which offer them-selues; it being besides a thing proper vnto youth, to stumble, if not to fall, at euery step: Youth hath not (beleeue me) any strength in its legs, much lesse know they well how to goe. It is an vntamed beaste, it is full of fury, and voyd of patience; and if it entertaine any good mo∣tion, a hundred ill thoughts disband the same by and by, and put it to route; not giuing it so much leysure as to set foote to ground, nor to put it in the •…•…∣rop, not to seate him-selfe sure in the Saddle. Euery one cannot get vp to it; and few that can bridle this beaste. It will not be so soone ouer-mastered, as some doe thinke, nor be easily brought to goe that way as a man would haue it. I was euer, like the Hog, vp to the very eyes, nousling my selfe in the mud of vice and wickednesse, (for albeit I did not alwayes practise ill, yet I neuer lost the sight of it) and I was loath to kick and fling against it, lest by my too
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much stirring, I might loosen my lading, and cause it to fall to the ground; if not spraine, and hurt my selfe.
A Bullocke, or young Steere, when he is to bee tamed, they first halter his legges, throwing him downe on the ground, then they fall a shooing of him, after that, they binde a rope or a cord to one of his hornes, which they suffer him to traile after him for some fewe daies; and when they are minded to bring his necke to the yoake, they yoake him with an old Oxe, that hath beene long vsed to the plough, and so by little and little disposing him thereunto, they teach him by these degrees to beginne to draw handsomely, and in the end to be as perfect as the best of them.
That young man therefore, that hath a desire to be old, let him leaue to fol∣low my steps, and let him striue to subdue his passions; let him prepare, and dispose himselfe to labour, and in dispight of his owne will, let him strongly struggle and wrastle with his idle and foolish desires, and throw them flat on their backes to the ground, that they may neuer rise vp any more to make resi∣stance against him: And when he hath thus gotten them downe vnder him, let him binde them fast with that double twisted cord of Patience, and Humi∣lity; and let him traile after him, for some certaine daies, these his strange and dangerous appetites, spending his time in vertuous exercises, and many shall not passe ouer his head, before hee be brought to bow his necke to that holy yoake of repentance; and by yoaking him-selfe with good company, hee shall quickly be inured to the plough, wherewith he shall breake vp the earth of his euill inclinations; But let no man thinke, that hee shall bee able to doe this at the first dash; and that once trying what he can doe, shall be sufficient to make him grow perfect. Some (I know) will not sticke to tell me; I would doe this, and I would doe that, my will is to it, but &c. Let him speake this to such ano∣ther as himselfe, and to one that is of the like quality and condition, as he is. For I know well enough already, that he is not willing to doe this, nor to doe that; For they, that are willing indeed, vse other more effectuall meanes. And nothing is hard to them, that will set them-selues hard to it. Peraduenture such a one thinkes, or expects, that God should open the heauens, and miracu∣lously strike him to the ground, as he did Saint Paul; But let him not looke to haue the like course to be taken with him; lest he be accounted a foole for his labour.
God threw him to the ground, and humbled him sufficiently, when he af∣flicted him with sicknes, when he laid troubles vpon him, and when he suffered him to be toucht in his good name; if either then, or now, thou wouldst accept of grace, while it is offered thee, thou shalt be sure to finde it. But thou wast neuer willing to entertaine these good motions, much lesse to humble thy selfe with Saint Paul, and to city out with him; Domine, quid vis, vt faciam? Lord, what wilt thou, that I doe? What is thy diuine will and pleasure? Thou wilt not like Paul be for God, and yet thou look'st that God should be for thee. And if he dealt thus with Saint Paul, it was because God knew the earnest desire that he had to know and search out the Truth: and that it was his zeale to the Law that did thus ouersway him; the current whereof being turn'd another way, he would be as feruent for the Gospell. And you can instance but in a few that haue beene saued by a bare intention, without any good worke. These •…•…o are to concurre in one, intention and action; I say, if we haue any time left vnto vs for action, or wherein we may doe any good worke. And then shall a •…•…me intention of amendment of life, and a hearty sorrow for our sins past, be accounted a good worke, when the night of death shall sodainly ouertake vs, and shut vs vp in darknesse. But hauing day enough to worke and labour in the Lords Uineyard, both these ought to goe together, I meane intention and action. For neither the spade alone, nor the hand alone, can digge, and dresse the ground; but hand, and spade, must both worke together.
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But who hath put me into this theame? Was not I in Florence euen now to my great content? Thither doe I returne againe. I assure thee, that the more I walked vp and downe that Citie, the more desirous I was to plant there my Pillars, and not to seeke for a Plus vltrà. For it was euen as I would haue wisht it to be, all very beautifull and delightsome. And if therein resided either flat∣tery or enuie, I tooke no great heed thereof, but let it runne to others account, for I was none of those, that were comprehended in that Decree. I had no∣thing to doe (like Iudas) with the almes of the poore; nor could any preiudice thereby come vnto me, being that I pretended nothing in Court. And if they would any way haue holpen me, I had no need to vse them. Or had I stood in need of them, I would not haue made any vse of them; they euermore seeming vnto me the greatest meanes of mischiefe, that euer came yet within my know∣ledge. For one onely flatterer is sufficient alone of him-selfe to ouerthrow a Commonwealth, if not a whole Kingdome. Happy is that King, and fortu∣nate that Prince, whose Subiects serue him for loue, and who out of his wise∣dome leaues now and then an eare open to the peoples complaints, as also their aduice; for onely by this meanes shall he come to know truthes, whereby hee may redresse those things, that are amisse, and keepe off flatterers from abusing his eares.
There would I haue liu'd all the daies of my life, and haue past away the time, like a Duke, had I had wherewithall. But I was in a manner blowne vp, and all my money was almost spent. I need not to confirme this vnto you with an oath, for you may very well (if you will) beleeue me on my bare word. The Riuer now began to grow drie, and my store to faile me; for, Del monton que sacau, y no ponen, presto lo descomponen. Pull from your heap, and put nothing to it; you, or your heape (if not both) may rue it. So that my moneys still going out, and none comming in, if I should haue staid any longer there, I should quickly haue runne my-selfe out at the heeles, and it would haue beene a great disreputation for me, to haue come in a horsebacke, and to goe out a foote. I thought it good counsell to vphold mine honor, and to depart from thence, both to my credit, and content, before that being forced thereunto by neces∣sity, I should come to discouer my wants, and be bound to stay still there, for lacke of meanes to be gone. I acquainted Sayavedra with this my purpose, and plainly opened my minde vnto him; For by this time, I knew well enough, that he was likely to be my onely helpe at a pinch, my strong forte, and the onely trench whereunto I might with safety retire, and that I could not haue met with such another companion in all the world for my purpose. I went pre∣paring him by a little and a little, working and disposing him by degrees, that he might not afterwards thinke that he had seene strange visions, and vaine apparitions, and that whatsoeuer should hereafter befall me, might not seeme new vnto him, or accounted as a nouelty.
When I had thus moulded him, he said vnto me; Sir, There is one remedy, that offers it selfe vnto me now on the sodaine, neither chargeable, nor hard, but very easie to be effected, and that may make much for your profit. Seeing there is no remedy, but wee must be gone, it is not much materiall which gate we goe out at; for at any one of the ten, we may trauaile out on our ten toes, to goe abroad, and see the world. Let vs (if you will be rul'd by me) take the way, that leads to Bologna; for besides, that it is neere at hand, and that we shall there see that famous Vniuersity, wee may chance likewise to haue the good lucke to meere with Alexandro Bentivoglio, that Master of mine, who went away with the most part of your goods. For if we hap to find him there, (as I verily beleeue we shall,) It will be an easie matter for you to recouer your owne. For, vpon that information which was made of the theft in Siena, it is not to be doubted, that though you get not what you lost againe, yet he or his father will at least be content to giue you good satisfaction.
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I tooke this to be no bad counsell, but was very well pleased therewith, not thinking on any other thing then the force of Law, and the iustnesse of my cause; and let iustice deale neuer so indirectly with me, I could not conceiue the least cause of doubt, in regard of the cleare notice I could make of the theft, which would, if not all, yet haue allotted me the greater part of my goods: per∣swading my selfe, that this party, who was principall in this theft, knowing him-selfe guilty therof, would haue come vnto me vpon his knees, desiring my pardon, and that he would voluntarily haue offered to make me amends for the wrong he had done me, and to come vpon any termes to agreement with me; as well for that his parents, and kindred in that Citie, were persons of principall note; as also, for that notwithstanding all the meanes they were able to make to bolster out the matter, yet would they neuer permit, that so foule a fact should come to publike hearing, and be iudicially tryde, nor that they, and their house, should be blotted and blurr'd with so foule a staine, and dishonour, as this could not chuse but proue, if it should once come to be ripped vp.
Will you heare a strange kinde of humour in me? you shall then know it by this. It is not long since you heard me say, what a delicate and delightsome place Florence was, and what a deale of pleasure I tooke therein. And now vpon the sudden, I was growne out of loue with it, the very name of it was growne so hatefull vnto me, that it was ready out of a loathing that I had taken to it, to turne vp my stomach. It began now (me thought) to stinke, I could not endure the sent of it; euery thing seemed so foule and so filthy to my sight, that I did now long to be gone, and till then, euery day was to me a thousand. You may see (my masters) what wonders want of money can worke! You will in a moment hate those things, which you lou'd most, when you lacke wherewith∣all to maintaine both your selues, and them. Now my minde gaue me, that there was not such another Citie in the world, as Bologna; wherein I should no sooner set my foot, but I should recouer my stolne wares, and haue wherewith∣all to spend, and to keepe company with your young Students, lads of the right stampe, merry greekes, much of mine owne size and marke, with whom I might play three or foure venewes, when I were so disposed, without any great disaduantage of weapon. And the dice might haply haue giuen me so lucky a chance, and haue hit so right, that I might haue had the good fortune to haue followed my studies: for that learning, which my Lord Cardinall bestowed vpon me, I had not as yet forgot it, but was very ready and perfect in all that had beene taught me. And questionlesse, with that little learning, that I then had, I might very well haue proceeded Master, and made a shift to liue by that profession, if that kinde of course had beene fitting for me, or that my selfe had beene willing to apply my minde hereunto.
But stay a while Guzman, be not thou too hastie: Wilt thou offer to traile a gowne after thee, being so weake that thou canst scarce hale a halter at thy heeles? Hold thy hand, this is not a taske for thee to vndertake. There is no talking of commencing Doctor, till the bowe of preferment be drawne home by the strong arme of angels. What canst thou hope for then, who art so poore, that thou art scarce able to wagg the string.
I was now fully resolued to begin my iourney, and to make all the haste I could. And so in an instant I put this my intention in execution. Away goes Sayavedra, and I together, making directly for Bologna. And because I had fly∣ing thoughts in my head, I was willing to put wings to my horse: making such good speed, that we came thither that night; but slept very little, for we spent the most part of it in plotting and casting about how we should beare our selues in this businesse; and whilest we were discoursing to and fro, what were best to be done; Sayavedra (hauing looked well as it should seeme on his owne cards) sayes vnto me: Sir, I hold it not so fit, that I should be seene herein at all, espe∣cially now at this my first flight, but rather to lye close awhile, till we may see,
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where it will be best to giue the wound; and when wee shall come to know, where the game lies, and that there is any hope of doing good, then let vs let flie, and strike it dead. For if Alexandro be in the towne, and should know that I am here, (which he cannot choose, if I stir abroad, being so well knowne as I am,) he will question me, wherefore I am come hither, and with whom? And that knowne, he will absent him-selfe forthwith from the Citie, and so we shall be defeated of our purpose. Or if he chance but to suspect, that I had a finger in this businesse, and that I was the cause of this iourney, and his shame, there is no way but one with me, he will surely kill me; so that neither of these two will aduantage vs any thing, nor is fitting for vs to be aduentured on. Be∣sides, if this web must come to be wouen in the Loome of Iustice, I must bee the master-thred to be wrought vpon, there is no auoyding of it: And there∣fore you haue no reason to suffer me (considering that I can stand you in no stead, if I be taken and clapt by the heeles) to receiue any farther harme, then what I haue already endured. The best course then to be taken, I conceiue to be this; That to morrow morning you make inquirie after him, and by one meanes or other (with the best secresie you can) seeke first to know him, and to take particular notice of his person; That done, wee will consult thereof afresh, and gouerne our selues therein, according as occasion and time shall serue.
I did not like amisse of this, me thought it was good wholesome counsell. Well; as he had aduised me I set my selfe to worke, I walkt vp and downe the Towne, and after the treading of some few steps, not being troubled (as fortune would haue it) to tyre out my legs in the search of him, it was my good hap to haue him pointed out vnto me with the finger, telling me; Loe, that's the man. Which direction I needed not, for the cloathes on his backe did speake what he was, and without others teaching, could tell me, This is Alexandro. He was standing amongst other young men at the Church doore; nor doe I beleeue, that his deuotion was such, as to goe in and out to heare Masse, but I was rather of opinion, that hee stood there registring those that went in, offering great scandall, but showing small respect, to that sacred place. It is a foule shame, that this is so commonly vsed as it is in most parts of the Christian world. I know what I speake; Would to God I knew as well how to reforme this abuse. Are there not store of streets, and other publike places in the towne, for to make loue in, which wee scandall too much already with our lewd steps, wanton lookes, dishonest signes, and tokens, and perhaps other things of a worse con∣dition, to intimate our loose and lustfull affections, but that wee must wrong Gods holy Temple with this our vnciuill and beastly behauiour.
But let vs proceed in our former argument, that wee may not leape from a Masse, into a Sermon. It seemed vnto me, that hee stood not there with any great deuotion, for he talkt apace with his hand, and now and then he would breake out in a loud laughter. He had at that time a doublet of mine on his backe of cloath of siluer, and a ierkin drest with Amber, and other rich per∣fumes, cut and slasht cleane through, and lined with the same cloath of siluer, sutable to the doublet, and richly laid with lace after the Seuillian fashion, and eight buttons of gold wrought vpon Amber, to make it sit the closer to the collar, all which a Gentleman of Naples presented mee withall, for a certaine dispatch that I had procured for him, by soliciting his businesse with my Lord Embassador.
When I came to know mine owne, and saw another man weare it before my face, I could haue found in my heart to haue stab'd him, and to haue pre∣sently stript him of it, so did it grieue and vexe the very soule of me, that such deare pledges as these of my friends loue vnto me, should thus fore against my will, be in another mans possession. My blood rose against him, and I was of∣ten tempted to haue gone and stab'd him, but I held my hand, and said with
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my selfe; No Guzman, no; This must not be so; Better it were, that this thy thiefe, should be conuerted, and liue. For if thou let him liue, he may chance to pay thee; but if thou kill him, thou art sure to pay for him. And of the two, it is better to take, then to giue. And safer it is for thee, that others should be indebted to thee, then thou indebted to others. And it will bee more for thy ease, and more easily compast, to get in a debt, then to pay a debt. Make not thy selfe the defendant, if thou maist be the plaintiffe. Goe on faire and soft∣ly, be not so hasty, for there is no body that runs after vs. And if there be any order or Law in gaming, and if the dice runne true, if the cards bee not packt, but are well shuffled and cut, and that there be faire play, vnlesse the diuell be in it, or my lucke exceeding bad, all the world cannot winne the game from me. For I haue cards enough in mine owne hand to carry it. We are sure the bird cannot now get from vs; which is that which importeth vs most. Let vs not feare the Chase, but hunt liuely, for the Buls are safe enough; they cannot escape vs. He is taken in the manner, the theft found about him, hee cannot possibly deny it. I sweare I will put him to his necke-verse, and see how well or ill he will come off, and make him to confesse vpon the Racke, who put him into those fine cloathes, or in what Fayre or Market he bought them.
Hauing consulted thus with my selfe, I got me home to my lodging, ac∣quainting Sayavedra with what I had seene. Hee had prouided me my dinner ready for me, and had set it downe on the table, as soone as he saw I was come; And when we had din'd, we pitcht the hay wherewith we were to catch this Cony. We discoursed one while of this course, another while of that, many designes we had, many meanes propounded to come by our owne; but Saya∣vedra (poore man) did stagger at them, and was loath to giue way vnto them: He repented him now of the counsell hee had giuen me, fearing therein his own danger. But we concluded in the end, that of all other meanes, Peace (if we could draw him to some reasonable composition) were the best. For it is better to haue one bird in the hand, then two in the bush. And a bad Accord, is better then a good Plea: Lesse harme euer comming of agreeing, then suing. So that at last, we grew to this conclusion, that I, by a third person, should vse some meanes, to haue his father talkt withall, making him acquainted with the businesse, and the whole manner how it was carried, giuing him a large ac∣count of euery particular thing, remitting my selfe to his good will and plea∣sure, how he in his owne discretion should thinke meet I deseru'd to be dealt withall, and that he would not enforce mee (considering my faire manner of proceeding with him) to recouer mine owne by rigour of Law, being there was Euidentia facti; besides many other pregnant proofes to be produced, that these goods were mine. And so I did, as we had deuised; hauing made choice of a discreet person, who should secretly and with fitting language, deliuer thus much vnto him. But because Power is commonly accompanied with Pride, and Pride is still attended with Tyranny, he was so farre from compounding the businesse, that he made little reckoning of it, taking it ill at his hands that trea∣ted with him about it, wishing him that hee should speake no more of it, dee∣ming it as an affront done vnto his honour, and a meere defamation. He feigned him-selfe to be greatly wronged, though he knew well enough that I was he, that was iniur'd; and without giuing vs either good hopes, or good words, he dispatcht my messenger.
When I receiu'd this answer, I hatched a thousand euill imaginations in my heart. But because I would not returne euill for euill, I resolued to talke with some one Lawyer or other of that Vniuersity, that should be recommended vn∣to me for the nimblenesse of his wit, and soundnesse of iudgement; to whom I opening my case (fearing the successe thereof, for that my aduersaries father was so powerfull) might craue his opinion, and that hee would assist me with his best aduice and counsell, for the better prosecuting of his businesse. Hee
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plainly told me; Sir, it is well enough knowne in this Towne, what manner of man Alexandro is, as also his lewd and idle courses, which in some other place, would be a sufficient information against him. Besides, there is so much truth in that, which you vrge against him, that it is manifestly apparant to as many as know him, or shall heare you. You haue right on your side, a iust and a good cause, and therefore I would aduise you to frame an information against him, and to desire iustice. All Bologna, hath taken notice already of this theft of his; for, as soone as he came hither with it, it was presently knowne, that these clothes were none of his owne; as well, because he caused them to be altred, and fitted to his owne bodie; as also, for that he carried hence with him no lambes to sell, nor any other kinde of merchandize, whereby he should make so rich a returne. Besides, another companion of his, in whom he put much trust, stole a good part of these goods from him, that he might likewise gaine thereby a part of his Pardons, & Indulgences. You see now, what course you must be faine to take, what lyes in me to releeue you, you may be assured of the best furtherance and the best counsell that I can giue you, for the coun∣tenancing of this your cause.
Whereupon, I being very desirous, that a bill should be exhibited against him, he presently (according to my information) drew one out, which I forth∣with presented to the Auditore del Torrone, who is there the Iudge in all Cau∣ses Criminall. But, be it as it may be, whether it were immediatly from the Iudge him-selfe, or from the Notarie, I know not which, nor from whence, nor how it came to passe, but sure I am, that this businesse of mine was instantly ouer all the Towne, and particular notice was giuen thereof vnto Alexandro's father. And for that he was a man of authoritie in that Towne, and carried a great hand there amongst them, he hyes him in all haste to the Iudge, and there accusing me for this my bold attempt, and inconsiderate rashnesse, (as it pleased him to terme it) he formed a complaint against me, that I had defa∣med, and dishonoured his house, and that therefore he was of purpose come vnto him to desire his lawfull fauour, and that he would be pleased to doe him iustice, to the end that I might be seuerely punished for this my presumption. I know not how, but the matter was so carried betweene them, that it had beene better for me, to haue held my peace. He was a powerfull man in that Citie, and the Iudge (it seemed) was very willing to pleasure him. I began now to feare, that occasions of quarrell would be pickt against me; mole-hils made mountaines; and this my losse, turne to my greater losse; making my vn∣doing, an occasion of my farther vndoing. For Loue, Interest, and Hatred, are euer maine enemies to the Truth. And in many places, As a man is befriended, so his Cause is ended. But he that hath both money and friends, is sure to worke out his ends. Money is of no great thicknesse, yet it dulls the double edg'd sword of iustice, if it but once offer to touch it. Gold, is a heauy mettall; and that makes the ballance of Iustice so light. I did spit as it were against heauen, the driuell whereof fell vpon my owne face; I shot my arrowes vp in∣to the ayre, and they returned backe againe vpon mine owne bosome; the in∣nocent paying for the nocent; and the iust, for the vniust.
Much money, does much harme; But much more, the euill intention of an euill man. And therefore where an ill-minded man, and a great masse of money meet together and shake hands, there is much need of helpe from heauen, to free an innocent soule out of their cruell clawes. Good Lord deli∣uer vs from out their clutches, for they are more griping and tyrannous, then those of Tygers, or of Lyons. Their will is a law; what-soeuer they desire, that they doe; right (when they lift) shall be wrong; and wrong, right: And no man must controll them for it; nor dare to say, blacke is their eye; lest he chance to lose both his owne, for prying too neere into the secrets of these earthly gods. O that there were men of that goodnesse and courage, that would
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not sticke to tell them, and plainly giue them to vnderstand; that the money, they thus vnlawfully take, shall last with them but a while; but the fire, where∣with they shall be tormented for it, shall continue for euer.
The Iudge did limit me a prefixed time for my proofes, but so short, that it was not possible for me to make my information according to that scantling. In this you may see the iniustice that he did me. Who did euer till now know a Iudge restraine the Plaintiffe of lawfull time to make his proofes, as he did me, especially when I did alleage for my selfe, that the information was to come from Siena, where the theft was committed, whence I was to procure it, for otherwise I could not haue it. But to alleage this, or not alleage it, all was one. I must be content, will I, nill I, to sit downe with this losse. There was no fence for it. And to this purpose, before I passe any farther, I will tell you what hap∣ned in a little Village of Andaluzia.
There was a certaine sessing to be set in a ratable proportion, vpon the Towne-dwellers, and borderers there-about, for some publike peece of worke, that was to goe in hand; and the Collectors that were appointed to gather the money, had put into their rolle (to contribute thereunto) a Gentleman of as ancient a house, as any in those parts; who taking himselfe therein to be great∣ly wronged, made his complaint against the collectors. But for all that, they did not strike his name out of the rolle. Now, when the time was come for the levying of these moneyes, they went vnto this Gentleman to demand so much of him, as he was rated at in their note; He refused to pay it. Whereupon they distrained on his goods, and paid themselues. The Gentleman being much offended with this their proceeding, goes forthwith to his Lawyer, asks his counsell, who (in conclusion) drawes me a petition for him, grounded vpon all both Law, and Reason, wherein he layes open his ancient Gentry, and the noblenesse of his House, and that in regard thereof he was priuiledged from all manner of sessings, and such other the like payments, and that therefore he did humbly petition the Court, that they would be pleased to giue present order, that what the Collectors had forcibly taken from him, might againe be restored, and be deliuered backe vnto him, as in all equitie it ought. When this petition was by them deliuered vnto the Alcalde, hauing read it, and heard what they could say for themselues, he called to the Register, and said vnto him; Mark well, what I shal say vnto you, & see you set it down in the very same words, as I shall deliuer it vnto you. This Petitioner (then said he) as he is a Gentleman, I will by no meanes debarre him of his priuilege, God forbid I should denie him his iust request; but as he is a poore man, his House growne now to decay, and himselfe (as you see) in want, I hold it very fit, that he pay as others doe.
That I had iustice on my side, no man doubted it; it was so publike a thing, that all the world tooke notice of it. But I was poore and needy, and therefore it was fit I should pay for all, and there was no reason (in that respect) that they should doe mee iustice. I presently smelt a rat; I saw this was a bad signe, and was shrewdly afraid, that all my labour would be lost. But I could not for all this perswade my selfe, nor could it sincke into my head, that I should be that man, or whom it is said by way of prouerbe; Paçiente, y apaleado: That I must goe away with the wrong, and the blowes too. First be made cuckold, and af∣terwards knockt for my prating. Well; such was my hard fortune, that being not able to bring in my proofes in so short a time, it so fell out with me, that my Bill of Complaints, was throwne out of the Court, and held as a thing of no validitie or force in Law, and that of the aduerse part, tooke place against me; declaring there in Court, that I by this my petition, had shamed an infamous L•…•…bell against his sonne, by meanes whereof his House, and h•…•… honour was much defamed; adding and interferting, in maiorem cautelam, I know not what a world of words, and what strange and intricate termes. That I did sp•…•…te, in∣dubitatè,
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&c. That I did it wittingly and willingly, impudently and malitiously, aggrauating the matter against me with all the odious termes they could de∣uise, that if I should set them downe one by one, they would take vp a whole sheet of paper. Alleaging farther against me, that forasmuch as his sonne, was a quiet, honest, and peaceable Gentleman, and of a good both report, and life, I did deserue I know not what exemplarie punishment, hanging, burning, and drowning, all was too little, that I knew not what to make of it, nor what a Gods name, they would doe with me. Which things, w•…•…n they were read vnto me, I said to my selfe; These men may haue healthy bodies, but I am sure they haue sicke soules; They may haue good purses, but I finde (to my cost) they haue bad consciences. I was carelesse, (as one that was confident of a good cause) I neuer shrunke aside, and as I was afterwards going about my bu∣sinesse, that my sute might not fall, for want of following, I was taken vp in the midst of the street by an Arrest, and presently carried away to prison, without any other information against me, saue only the putting vp of my petition, and acknowledging it to be mine.
There is no sword, that hath so keene and sharpe an edge, as Calumnie, and false Accusation: and then cuts deepest, when it is in the hand of a tyrannous Iudge; whose force and power is such, that it is able to ouerthrow, and lay le∣uell with the ground, the best grounded Iustice that is, though it haue neuer so sure, neuer so strong a foundation. Which it doth then most, and most ea∣sily, when a poore mans cause comes in his way, who suspects (poore harme∣lesse soule) nothing lesse, then to receiue hurt from him, to whom he flyes for helpe. My businesse was plaine, no tricks, no giggs in it, I did only set downe the naked truth, but they made it I know not how, by their quillets and deui∣ces, knotty and vneuen, though there was not a man, neither within, nor without the Towne, that did not know, all was true, that I had deliuered; and all this did plainly appeare to the Iudge to be so, and that I had sufficient information.
All this is very good; yet for all this (goodman Guzman) giue me leaue to tell you, that you are a goose-cap. Thou art poore, thou wantest fauour, and friends; and therefore art neither to be heard, nor beleeu'd. These are not Cases, that are to be brought before the Tribunals of men; but when thou hast occasion to haue thy cause try de, goe get thee to God, petition him, where the truth shall appeare face to face, without any need of the fauour of thy friend, nor an Aduocate to plead thy cause, nor a Register to record it, nor a Iudge to wrest it. But here they made a sport of Iustice, and like Iuglers plaid legger∣demaine with me. They punisht me, as an vnmannerly man of my tongue, a lyar, and a lewd companion. I had spent my moneyes, lost my goods, put in prison, gyves clapt on my legs, treated with euill language, vpbraiding mee with many foule and vnciuill reproches, vnworthy my person, without suffe∣ring me to open my mouth in mine owne defence. And when I would haue answered their obiections, and giuen them satisfaction by writing, when they saw how the world went with me, my Proctor forsooke me, my Solicitor would not come at me, my Aduocate refused to plead for me, so that I only now remained in the power of the publike Notarie. The only comfort that I had, was the generall voice of my wrong, comforting me, that that terrible and fearefull day, would one day come, that the powerfull shall for all his power, be condemned to Hell, and that there, your potentes, potenter punientur, your mighty men shall be mightily punished; for that they are accursed of God for peruerting of Iustice. And that which he shall leaue behinde him, shall not continue to the third heyre, though he tye his land neuer so fast, nor make ne∣uer so strong a conueyance, that it shall not goe from the house: For he cannot (though h•…•… would neuer so faine) tye the inclinations of those that are to suc∣ceed him; nor is there any preuention, that he can vse, of that force as the least
description Page 109
haire of his head, to make any resistance against Gods diuine will and pleasure. And it is to be beleeued as an article of thy faith, that their lands and estates must be spent and consumed, for that they are the grindings of the face of the poore, vngodly gaine, the bloud of the innocent, gotten in rage, and maintai∣ned with lyes.
But thou wilt say vnto me; Trust them with so much more, till that day come, and you shall see whether they will make any bones of either taking the one, or thinking on the other. Where-unto I answer, that how sleight a reckoning soeuer thou mak'st of it, and that it seemes so long a day to thee, that it will neuer come, I doe not know what these kinde of men may thinke of it; but I know very well, that it will come, and that quickly, and sooner perhaps then thou art aware. And then it shall seeme so short vnto thee, that thou wilt say; I am but newly come forth with my feet from out my bed, and the night is already come, and I must shut vp my eyes in darknesse.
But perhaps, thou wilt reply vnto me; I pray how cam'st thou by so many good suits of clothes, so much money, and other things of value? Thou didst not get them by the spade, nor the plough, thou didst not digge, nor delue for them. What didst thou make in that street, vpon that occasion and accident you wot of, when you seru'd your Master the French Embassador? Is this (quoth I) the rod, you seeke to beat me withall? Thou art caught in thine owne-trap; thine owne words doe condemne thee. For thou would'st liken these goods of mine, to those that are gotten by lewd women, whereas thou doest not, but oughtest to vnderstand, that their gaine is lawfull, though the act be vnlawfull; and thou art in conscience bound to recompence her, if thou hast had thy desire of her, and didst make vse of her for thine owne interest. Besides, the case is not alike. For it is publikely knowne to all the world; that though a corrupt Iudge commit neuer so many mischiefes, neuer so vniustly put men to death, neuer so wrongfully rob a man of his goods, and vndoe him by his partiall and corrupt dealing, thou shalt haue little or no remedie against him, nor canst thou take that from him, which he hath stolne from others. For thou art not his competent Iudge, nor of that power as to adiudge against his will that to others, which he hath taken from them. For though it be true, that he is culpable therein towards others; thou shalt be sure to be found cul∣pable towards him. And howsoeuer he scape, thou shalt be sure to smart for it. Beleeue me, I tell thee what is
|
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FactBench
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3
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https://www.gibbesmuseum.org/news/intern-insights-sydney-hazen/
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en
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Intern Insights: Sydney Hazen
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2018-08-03T16:28:53+00:00
|
From the moment I was leading a group of children in counting the buttons on the eighteenth-century formal jacket of Colonel Barnard Elliot, Jr., I knew that the Gibbes Museum of Art was a place that I could belong. As a rising Fashion Textiles, Merchandising, and Design senior at the University of Rhode Island, I […]
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en
|
Gibbes Museum of Art
|
https://www.gibbesmuseum.org/news/intern-insights-sydney-hazen/
|
From the moment I was leading a group of children in counting the buttons on the eighteenth-century formal jacket of Colonel Barnard Elliot, Jr., I knew that the Gibbes Museum of Art was a place that I could belong. As a rising Fashion Textiles, Merchandising, and Design senior at the University of Rhode Island, I searched for an internship in an environment of encouragement and growth. Truthfully, I searched only for opportunities in art museums. My ultimate career goal is historic costume curation, a unique yet agreeable mix of art history and fashion. The Gibbes was a perfect fit, and I was beyond thrilled when I was offered this experience.
Museums are a place in which I can freely explore my great loves. I find myself completely surrounded by inspiring historical figures, and become engrossed in my ideal combination of art and fashion. Museums are institutions in which I feel most at home with my choices and education. They are an all-encompassing space in which I wish to spend the rest of my life. The children I worked with this summer, typically aged between four and twelve years old, arrived each morning at 9:00 am, full of energy and enthusiasm. I expected them to more likely channel that energy by throwing rocks in the small fountain than by being enamored with the Roy Lichtenstein print on the third floor. Needless to say, when the campers shared my excitement in viewing the works of art throughout the galleries, I was pleasantly surprised.
Each week of camp, a docent led a class of children on a guided tour of the upstairs galleries to focus on a few works that related to that week’s theme. And every week, I was stunned by the questions that the campers posed. During one session themed Do the Charleston!, we focused on art of the Lowcountry, and one of the campers asked me if the old Charleston deli portrayed in Robert Merrill Sweeny’s Levi’s Deli, 106 Spring Street, Charleston was haunted. During another week, entitled Passport to the Past, when studying the 1858 A View of the Roman Forum, a brave girl raised her hand and so honestly asked, “Who are the Romans?”
For the past eight weeks, I have worked alongside these Charleston students, helping with art projects, leading discussions, and using a lot of glue. I’ve seen elaborate lions blended with oil pastels, Giverny ponds in watercolor, and self-portraits done in magazine collages. As one of the few adults in the classroom, I was a role model for these little learners. I would sit at each table and, by making a few marks with a pencil, inspire the entire class to change their work. An incredibly humbling experience, I often found myself asking more questions than the campers themselves. Each and every project came with new skills to be learned, both for me and the children.
Most importantly, I loved communicating with these children. I wanted to know everyone’s favorite color, favorite animal, favorite thing to draw! I was genuinely fascinated with every scribble that they did during free draw time, from how they drew their giraffe’s neck to imaginative creations and designs that they completely invented.
Exploring these topics through their eyes enriched me. Formal training can only go so far when a four-year-old inquires, “Do you think Monet would have liked my water lilies?” I learned side-by-side with these children, not only about patience and quick adaptations but also about how to draw inspiration from any and everything.
What was even more compelling about this internship for me was the breadth of opportunities that I had. Personally, my favorite week was the one that centered around textiles. During this week of camp, I worked with a group of teen campers, instead of the normal four through twelve age groups. As teenagers, the campers were capable of projects with a larger artistic scope and were eager to grasp the subjects being presented. We focused on Shibori, a fabric-dyeing technique common in Japanese culture. Using natural indigo dye native to the Lowcountry, the class created naturalistic designs by pressing and gathering the fabric. They also experimented with using resist-dyeing using flour from a cassava plant, which, when blended with boiling water, creates a paste. That paste can then be painted on cotton and dyed in indigo. Because cassava is water soluble and indigo is not, the paste will wash off when wetted and leave the design painted.Besides the actual classroom time, I was also able to work with the education department itself. With this, I was able to explore more deeply the inner workings of the Gibbes, and museum professions in general. Before beginning my summer in Charleston, I believed that I knew exactly what I wanted to do. Upon my exit, I am (happily) more confused than ever! I enjoyed hearing and learning about everyone’s position, with every exciting day bringing a new, “I want to do that!” thought in my head.
Overall this experience has been nothing but enriching. I have grown exponentially as a student and art historian, as a teacher, communicator, and problem solver. I want to thank everyone at the Gibbes for giving me the chance to be there and be part of such an incredible community. And, who knows, maybe I’ll become a museum educator!
— Sydney Hazen, Gibbes Education Intern & guest blogger
Published August 3, 2018
Top Image: As a fashion Textiles Merchandising, and Design student at the University of Rhode Island, intern Sydney Hazen found herself right at home in the teen textile summer camp.
|
|||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
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FactBench
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3
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https://www.kstatesports.com/sports/track-and-field/roster/tommy-hazen/11349
|
en
|
Kansas State University
|
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Tommy HazenDistance - TFRRS Link (Personal Bests) Personal Bests (Track) Mile 4:09.64 (Steve Miller Invitational, 2/16/24) 1,500 Meters 3:53.80 (Ward Haylett...
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en
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/favicon.ico
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Kansas State University Athletics
|
https://www.kstatesports.com/sports/track-and-field/roster/tommy-hazen/12138
|
TFRRS Link (Personal Bests)
Personal Bests (Track)
Mile 4:09.64 (Steve Miller Invitational, 2/16/24) 1,500 Meters 3:53.80 (Ward Haylett Invitational, 4/26/24) 3,000 Meters 8:13.31 (Tyson Invitational, 2/9-10/24) 5,000 Meters 14:42.11 (ESU Relays, 3/24-26/22) 3,000 Meter Steeplechase 8:51.57 (Big 12 Championship, 5/9-11/24) 4x1600 Relay 16:52.71 (Drake Relays, 4/27-30/22)
HONORS
Spring 2022 Big 12 Commissioner’s Honor Roll
2021-22 Academic All-Big 12 Rookie Team
Fall 2021 Big 12 Commissioner’s Honor Roll
AS A JUNIOR (2023-24)
OUTDOOR
Ran in the 3,000m steeplechase at the NCAA West Preliminary (5/22-25/24) with a time of 9:45.52, placing 47th.
Medaled in the 3,000m steeplechase at the Big 12 Championship (5/9-11/24) with a new personal best time of 8:51.57, in 8th place, nine seconds faster than his previous time and now no. 5 in the K-State all-time top-10.
Recorded his 1,500 meters personal best during the Ward Haylett Invitational (4/26/24) with a runner-up time of 3:53.80, four seconds faster than his previous.
Competed in the 3000m steeplechase at the Mt SAC Relays (4/17-20/24) with a time of 9:00.59 in 13th place.
Won the 3000m steeplechase at the Jim Click Shootout (4/5-6/24) with a time of 9:11.75.
Ran in the 1,500 meters at the Shocker Spring Invitational (3/29-30/24) with a 6th place time of 3:57.66.
During the first outdoor meet of the season at the Hurricane Invitational (3/15-16/24) he ran in the rare 2,000m steeplechase in 5:55.39 as runner-up.
INDOOR
Competed in the 3,000 meters at the Big 12 Championship (2/23-24/24) where he finished with a time of 8:26.22 in 27th place.
Ran his fastest mile at the Steve Miller Invitational (2/16/24) with a time of 4:09.64 in 2nd place.
Recorded a new 3,000 meters personal best at the Tyson Invitational (2/9-10/24) with a 9th place time of 8:13.31, no. 8 in the K-State all-time top-10.
Won the 3,000 meters at the DeLoss Dodds Invitational (2/1-3/24) with a time of 8:19.22.
Ran in the mile at the Texas Tech Corky Classic (1/19-20/24) with a 4th place time of 4:14.31.
Finished 3rd in the 3,000 meters during the KU-KSU-WSU Triangular (1/12/24) with a time of 8:31.95.
AS A SOPHOMORE (2022-23)
OUTDOOR
Medaled in the 3,000m steeplechase at the Big 12 Championships (5/12-14/23) with a 7th place time of 9:09.00.
Ran in the 5,000 meters at the Rock Chalk Classic (4/29/23) with a time of 15:22.27, placing 11th.
At the Michael Johnson Invitational (4/21-22/23) he ran in the 1,500 meters in 3:57.62, nine seconds faster than his previous last season.
During the Mt. SAC Relays (4/13-15/23) he ran in the 3000m steeplechase with a 4th place time of 9:02.61.
Competed in the Bobcat Invitational (3/31-4/1/23) where he finished 2nd in the 3,000m steeplechase with a time of 9:21.95.
In the first outdoor meet of the season at the UTSA Invitational (3/17-18/23) he won the 3,000m steeplechase with a time of 9:22.27.
INDOOR
Competed in the Big 12 Championships (2/24-25/23) in the 3,000 meters where he finished with a time of 8:33.26.
Won the mile run at the Steve Miller Invitational (2/17/23) with a time of 4:17.77.
During the Texas Tech Open & Multis (1/26-28/23) he finished in the top-five in the 3,000 meters run with a 4th place time of 8:38.92.
At the KU-KSU-WSU Triangular (1/13/23) he ran in the 3,000 meters with a time of 8:24.09.
AS A SOPHOMORE (2021-22)
OUTDOOR
Competed in the Big 12 Championships (5/13-15/22) in the 3,000m steeplechase where he placed 9th at 9:33.94.
During the ESU Relays (3/24-26/22) he ran his 5,000 meters personal best in a 3rd place finish at 14:42.11.
Won the 3,000m steeplechase at the UTSA Invitational (3/18-19/22) with a time of 9:37.96.
INDOOR
At the Steve Miller Invitational (2/18/22) he ran in the mile at 4:18.04 with a 2nd place finish.
He ran a 2nd place 3,000 meters time of 8:24.26 during the Frank Sevigne Husker Invitational (2/4-5/22).
In his first meet at the KU-KSU-WSU Triangular (1/14/22) he competed in the 3,000 meters placing 6th at 8:41.34.
Personal Bests (Cross Country)
10k 31:03.6 (NCAA Midwest Regionals, 11/11/22) 8k 24:40.3 (Chile Pepper Festival, 9/30/22) 6k 19:00.7 (Bob Timmons Classic, 9/3/22)
AS A JUNIOR (2023)
Led the Wildcats in the 10k at the NCAA Midwest Regional (11/101/23) with a time of 32:11.1, finishing 69th.
Competed in the Big 12 Championship (10/28/23) with an 8k time of 24:47.1, finishing 63rd.
Ran in the 8k at the Panorama Farms Classic (10/14/23) where he finished in the top-50 with a time of 25:09.2, placing 39th.
In the Gans Creek Classic (9/29/23) he led the men's team for a consecutive meet with an 8k time of 24:45.4, placing 26th.
During the John McNichols Invitational (9/16/23) he led the Wildcats in the 8k with a 28th place time of 24:47.4.
At the first meet of the season at the Bob Timmons Classic (9/2/23) he finished 11th in the 6k with a time of 19:20.6.
AS A SOPHOMORE (2022)
During his first 10k at the NCAA Midwest Regionals (11/11/22) he ran his personal best time at 31:03.6, placing 82nd.
Competed in the Big 12 Championships (10/28/22), his first meet in almost a month, where he finished 47th in the 8k with a time of 26:12.3.
Ran in the Chile Pepper Festival (9/30/22) and recorded a new 8k personal best in consecutive meets with a time of 24:40.3 and a top-50 finish at 39th.
Recorded a 8k time in the Greeno/Dirksen Invitational (9/17/22) at 24:47.2 and a 16th place finish.
Started the season in his first collegiate 6k at the Bob Timmons Classic (9/3/22) with a personal best of 19:00.7, finishing 11th.
AS A FRESHMAN (2021)
Helped the Wildcats to a 4th-place finish at the Big 12 Championships (10/29/21), finishing 41st with an 8k time of 26:25.1.
Performed well at the Pre-National meet (10/15/21) with a time of 25:08.1 to place 43rd out of 256 competitors.
Posted an 8k time of 24:56.6 at the Gans Creek Classic (10/1/21) to finish 42nd.
Competed in his first collegiate meet at the Cowboy Jamboree (9/18/21), placing 92nd with an 8k time of 26:11.9.
PRIOR TO K-STATE
Competed at St. Thomas Aquinas High School in Overland Park, Kan.
Lettered in cross country and track and field.
Earned seven top-5 cross country finishes as a senior in 2020, including a 3rd-place finish at the Class 5A/6A State Championship with a time of 15:57.6.
Captured the state title in the 3,200m as a senior at the 2021 Class 5A/6A State Championship with a personal-best time of 9:05.39… Also placed 3rd in the 1,600m with a season-best time of 4:23.81.
Ran in the 4xMile Relay at the 2021 Outdoor Nationals Presented by Nike, finishing in a time of 17:43.09 for a 6th-place finish out of 22 relay teams across the country.
Won the 1,600m and 3,200m at the 2019 Class 5A Regional meet in Pittsburg, Kan.
IN THE CLASSROOM
Majoring in Business Administration
PERSONAL
Son of Katy and Andrew Hazen
Has two siblings; Liam and Emily
|
||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
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2
| 24
|
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/15/5/594
|
en
|
Esclavos Indios and the School of Salamanca after the New Laws of 1542
|
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[
"Manuel Méndez Alonzo",
"Méndez Alonzo"
] |
2024-05-11T00:00:00
|
In 1542, with the promulgation of the New Laws, Spanish authorities made a greater effort to eliminate indigenous slavery in America, after the doubts expressed by various missionaries about the treatment given to the indigenous people by Spanish settlers. However, legally sanctioned slavery among indigenous people continued in the border regions of the Spanish Empire. My interest is to demonstrate that the persistence of this practice did not result in a legal contradiction, but rather was a means of sanctioning rebellious indigenous groups, using arguments of Francisco de Vitoria and other School of Salamanca scholars, especially in places where control of sovereignty was in question. Methodologically, I will use original texts from various sources, such as the minutes of the Cabildo of the Audiencia of Guadalajara, as well as reports on the Chichimeca War by various clerics and jurists who witnessed the conflict, such as Guillermo de Santa María, Jean Focher, and Fulgencia Vique. Temporally, I will focus on the discussion of war and slavery against the nomadic peoples of northern New Spain, known as the Chichimecas. The result was that, for many New Spanish clerics, slavery would serve to punish the supposed crimes of these peoples against peace, and also to change their archaic customs and teach them sedentary and civil life. Finally, I argue that the establishment of indigenous slavery in the northern frontier of New Spain demonstrates the limitations of the Spanish Empire in maintaining its most remote borders, especially when faced with peoples who did not have a civil political life with definable centers and hierarchies.
|
en
|
MDPI
|
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/15/5/594
|
Departamento of Historical Sciences, Faculty of History and Geography, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35003 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
Religions 2024, 15(5), 594; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15050594
Submission received: 9 January 2024 / Revised: 27 April 2024 / Accepted: 30 April 2024 / Published: 11 May 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theology and Aesthetics in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires)
Abstract
:
In 1542, with the promulgation of the New Laws, Spanish authorities made a greater effort to eliminate indigenous slavery in America, after the doubts expressed by various missionaries about the treatment given to the indigenous people by Spanish settlers. However, legally sanctioned slavery among indigenous people continued in the border regions of the Spanish Empire. My interest is to demonstrate that the persistence of this practice did not result in a legal contradiction, but rather was a means of sanctioning rebellious indigenous groups, using arguments of Francisco de Vitoria and other School of Salamanca scholars, especially in places where control of sovereignty was in question. Methodologically, I will use original texts from various sources, such as the minutes of the Cabildo of the Audiencia of Guadalajara, as well as reports on the Chichimeca War by various clerics and jurists who witnessed the conflict, such as Guillermo de Santa María, Jean Focher, and Fulgencia Vique. Temporally, I will focus on the discussion of war and slavery against the nomadic peoples of northern New Spain, known as the Chichimecas. The result was that, for many New Spanish clerics, slavery would serve to punish the supposed crimes of these peoples against peace, and also to change their archaic customs and teach them sedentary and civil life. Finally, I argue that the establishment of indigenous slavery in the northern frontier of New Spain demonstrates the limitations of the Spanish Empire in maintaining its most remote borders, especially when faced with peoples who did not have a civil political life with definable centers and hierarchies.
1. Introduction
The enslavement of Native Americans as a result of their encounter with the Spanish ignited a contentious debate between the Catholic clergy and Spanish authorities. These discussions often ran counter to the economic interests of Spanish settlers. Notably, since Christopher Columbus’s colonization of the Caribbean, the trafficking of indigenous slaves emerged as a primary means of exploiting the riches of the Indies. As documented by scholars like Zavala (1991); Mira Caballos (2008); Van Deusen (2015); and Resendez (2019), there are historical records of Native Americans being sold in slave markets in Seville and other Mediterranean ports. Moreover, slave trading was a prevalent practice in local markets in peripheral regions of New Spain and the Kingdom of Peru.
In the early phases of Castile’s colonization, the enslavement of American indigenous people seemed a logical way of providing labor for economic endeavors initiated by the Spanish. In 1494, Christopher Columbus, in his letter to Juanotto Berardi dated April 19, refers to 26 indigenous people of various language groups who he brought back with him on the return voyage. Some of these individuals were enslaved under accusations of cannibalism. A year later, half a thousand natives were transported by caravel from Santo Domingo to Seville, facing accusations of killing ten Spaniards, and sold as slaves (Olachea Labayen 1998, pp. 137–38). While the Catholic Monarchs authorized the sale of slaves in America in 1495, this order was soon challenged. The Crown sought to determine whether “Indian slaves” could be sold “in good conscience”, prompting an examination of the legality of the practice (Olachea Labayen 1998, p. 139). The burgeoning trade between the Antilles and the markets in Seville from 1495 to 1500, coupled with the legal recognition of Native American freedom, sparked theological debate, as Adorno (2007, p. 100) notes. This debate centered on the rights, nature, and subsequent treatment of this population. The enslavement of American indigenous people faced scrutiny from both civil and ecclesiastical Spanish authorities, who blamed the accelerated demographic decline to this practice. At this point, in 1500, Queen Isabel the Catholic ordered the immediate liberation of Indian slaves, an act which marked the beginning of a contentious debate on the legality of these practices (Van Deusen 2015, p. 2). For example, the Dominican friar and polemicist Fray Bartolomé de las Casas vehemently denounced the practice, emphasizing its devastating impact on indigenous communities.1
Isabel the Catholic’s Instruction of 1493 recognized indigenous peoples as free vassals. This recognition was subsequently confirmed in the royal decree of 20 June 1500, which proclaimed the liberation and return of all natives brought to Castile by Columbus (Olachea Labayen 1998, p. 149). However, this policy proved inconsistent, as evidenced by a later royal decree in August of 1503 permitting the capture and enslavement of “cannibals on the Caribbean islands and at Cartagena” (Adorno 2007, p. 101). This decree was confirmed to the governor of Hispaniola, Nicolás de Ovando, in 1505 (Adorno 2007, p. 101). This led to the convening of theologians and jurists by Fernando II of Aragon in 1512 to determine the legal status of Native Americans. In their deliberations, scholars, both in the Iberian Peninsula and later in the Americas, delved into the complexities of Castile’s right of discovery, the legitimacy of conquest wars against indigenous people, the natural rights of non-Christian populations, and, most notably, the arbitrary removal of political power and dominium (ownership) from conquered pagan peoples.
While discussions on the rights and powers of indigenous people in Iberian theological faculties are well documented, disputes over the justice of war, slavery, and the forced relocation of war-affected Indians to the frontiers of Spanish viceroyalties have received less scholarly attention. A notable case is the legal and theological discourse that unfolded in New Spain from 1550 to 1600 during the conquest of what would become the northern territories of New Spain. This paper will focus on three key aspects of this discourse: (1) the legitimization of indigenous slavery; (2) the theological justifications put forward for enslaving indigenous populations, particularly those rooted in the teachings of Francisco de Vitoria and his disciples on bellicose Chichimeca nations in northern New Spain; (3) further critiques of the Spanish conquest of their northern borderlands, particularly those espoused by Dominican friars, who consistently denounced the abuses and injustices perpetrated during the conquest process.
Among the sources, Francisco de Vitoria’s Relectios on the American Indians will be reviewed. However, greater emphasis will be placed on theologians who had direct experience of New Spain’s realities, such as the Augustinian Alonso de la Veracruz and his De dominio infidelium et iusto bello, along with some opinions and judgments from the Third Mexican Provincial Council of 1585. Special attention will be given to Dominican reports, which consistently condemned the abuses of conquest. These reports will be contrasted with the justifications offered by settlers, found in Cabildo letters and reports to the Audiencia de Guadalajara, sourced from the Archivo General de Indias. These petitions were submitted to viceroy Antonio de Mendoza on 23 December 1572, coinciding with the height of the Chichimeca War. Finally, the dissenting theses of prominent Dominicans, such as Bartolomé de las Casas, will be presented, criticizing the enslavement of these populations and advocating for their humane treatment.
2. Francisco de Vitoria and Alonso de la Veracruz: Paganism, Natural Rights, Sovereignty, and Lack of Dominium of American Indigenous Nomadic Peoples
In Tzvetan Todorov’s influential work, The Conquest of America, he highlights the paradoxical nature of the Spanish encounter with indigenous peoples: on the one hand, the Spaniards sought signs of civilization and humanity among the native inhabitants, yet on the other hand, they failed to fully recognize them as legitimate interlocutors (Todorov 2007, p. 143). This contradiction resulted in a complex and often contentious debate over the conquest rights of a Christian superpower and the status of native pagan populations, a debate that unfolded within the confines of the Spanish Empire, affecting its juridical and ideological structures.
The roots of this debate can be traced back to the Spanish conquest of the Canary Islands and the Antilles (Zavala 1991; Pagden 1990; Muldoon 1979; Birr and Egío 2018, p. 11). In the early 16th century, King Fernando II of Aragon convened a council (junta) in Burgos to deliberate on the natural rights of Native Americans, involving theologians Matías de Paz and Juan López de Palacios Rubio.2 As Matsumori (2018) observes, the expansion of the Spanish commonwealth into the Indies was preceded by ongoing debates regarding the proper conduct of relations between Christians and those living beyond the confines of the known Christian world.
This debate centered on the supposed ontological inferiority of Native Americans. While some scholars argued for their inherent humanity, others maintained that their cultural practices, such as human sacrifice and cannibalism, indicated a lack of rationality and moral standing. This perspective, largely confined to academic circles within Spain and its colonies, effectively denied Native Americans political rights and, in extreme cases, questioned their capacity to form a legitimate political society.
As Pastor (2021, pp. 14–15) has noted, the construction of this image of the Amerindian was deeply influenced by the theoretical training of European observers. Based on the reports of chroniclers returning from the Indies, Spanish theologians constructed an image of the American indigenous people, aligning it with the theses of Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas, among other sources (Pastor 2021, p. 15). Armed with this theoretical framework, European missionaries could not only judge indigenous communities from an axiological perspective but also condemn practices they considered sinful or against nature.
Several notable theologians who engaged with the issue of indigenous ontology and slavery, such as Francisco de Vitoria and Bartolomé de Las Casas, were well versed in the realities of the New World, which they combined with their experience with Thomistic political thought (Aspe 2021, p. 297). This suggests that the transmission of knowledge between Europe and the Americas was not a unidirectional process, and that Salamancan theories on the origin of the community found practical application in the context of colonial encounters.3
The Spanish and Portuguese theologians inquired into the ontological nature of American indigenous people in order to test their rationality and, in some cases, their very status as human beings (Tierney 1997, p. 255). This exploration aimed to demonstrate their alleged incapacity to manage their domestic lives independently, due to their perceived inability to follow the mandates of natural law (Méndez Alonzo 2022, p. 97). In their everyday life, the Spaniard theologians held the belief that American indigenous nations have normalized behaviors that would be considered crimes against nature by a rational mind, such as cannibalism and human sacrifice (Tosi 2021, p. 182).
Undoubtedly, the foremost authority on the rights of pagan American indigenous peoples was Francisco de Vitoria (1483–1546), despite his never having set foot in America. Drawing upon the works of Thomas Aquinas, Vitoria explored possible justifications for the Spanish conquest of Native Americans. Vitoria’s Relectiones, a collection of legal opinions and consultations on natural and international law, were primarily composed between 1528 and 1533. To establish a common frame of reference, according to Castilla Urbano (1992, p. 251), Vitoria posited the existence of a set of rules apprehended rationally, enabling humans to discern between good and evil. These rules, identified with the laws of nature, were considered a divine instrument to reveal justice to men, knowledge of which is acquired through rational capacity rather than revelation (Castilla Urbano 2014, p. 42). In cases of transgressions against natural law, such as incest, human sacrifice, and cannibalism, the state, according to Schäfer (2020, 206ss), would be obliged to intervene, even using force.
The doubts raised by these theologians regarding the legitimacy of the Spanish conquest aligned with restrictions on indigenous slavery, from the promulgation of the Laws of Burgos in 1512 to their repeal in 1542 with the New Laws (Mira Caballos 2008, 139ss).
For Spanish theologians, the principles defining the good governance of life were rooted in a presumption of the existence of a moral world outside of Christianity, based on an understanding of the principles of natural law. Vitoria made this explicit, recognizing, following Aristotle, a natural sociability in humans, incapable of recognizing the common good independently of religion or nationality, distinguishing them from animals.4 Here lies the crux of the matter: individual perfection depended on transcending the principles of natural law into a moral realm that shapes social life, distinct from what one would experience in a state of freedom but exposed to nature.5
The underlying principles of sociability are transmitted through language and codified through writing, conditions rarely found among nomadic groups who live at the mercy of nature. As a result, Vitoria acknowledges that moral perfection is only achievable within complex, sedentary societies that possess writing, agriculture, and robust political institutions.6
This conceptualization of society aligned with the advanced urban societies in the Andes and Mesoamerica. For instance, as Vitoria observed, the indigenous peoples within the Inca, Aztec, and Purépecha empires, as well as the Maya city-states, exhibited intricate political structures and social stratification that governed moral life, demonstrating their ability to administer and transfer dominium. Moreover, prior to the arrival of the Spaniards, indigenous peoples appeared to be in peaceful possession of their dominium.7 As Vitoria acknowledged:
The proof of this is that they are not in point of fact madmen, but have judgment like other men. This is self-evident, because they have some order (ordo) in their affairs: they have properly organized cities, proper marriages, magistrates and overlords (domini), laws, industries, and commerce, all of which require the use of reason. They likewise have a form (species) of religion, and they correctly apprehend things which are evident to other men, which indicates the use of reason.
For Vitoria, the principles governing the relationship between indigenous peoples and Spaniards, once their humanity and rationality had been established, were to be based on the principles of ius gentium (law of nations), as neither the Pope nor the Spanish emperor held jurisdiction or dominion over pagans in America.8 However, in the event of discovering that indigenous peoples, despite supposed lifestyle deficiencies, possessed reasoning capabilities, they were considered entitled to enjoy their natural freedom until proven otherwise. Therefore, they were deemed capable of exercising dominion over themselves and their properties.9 This perspective aligned with the advanced civilizations that thrived in Mesoamerica and the Andes. With these populations, it was anticipated that, through persuasion, they could be encouraged to adopt the lifestyle proposed by the Spaniards and convert to Christianity through gentle means.
As the Spaniards expanded their dominions, they encountered human groups that appeared to live in an archaic manner, leading a nomadic life and displaying hostility or indifference to the Christian message. This is exemplified by the indigenous factions of the northern regions of New Spain, collectively known as Chichimecas. The indigenous peoples of the northern regions of New Spain had a non-sedentary lifestyle, many of them being gatherers and hunters, distinct from the indigenous peoples of the Mexican highlands. However, their military resistance capabilities were surprisingly formidable, enabling them to even mount offensive actions against the Spaniards. The resistance to a sedentary life and the Christian religion gave rise to derogatory discourses about the intellectual capacities of these peoples. While their social life was not organized around private property, social lineage hierarchies, or organized religion, they were portrayed as lawless barbarians who failed to utilize their land, existing like beasts and being incapable of peaceful assimilation. The conversion of peoples like the Chichimecas necessarily involved imposing an urban lifestyle as understood by the Spaniards.
In New Spain, one of the most significant theologians was the Augustinian friar Fray Alonso de la Veracruz (1507–1584). Following the footsteps of Vitoria, the Augustinian put forth a theory of natural rights with universal implications, encompassing Native Americans and protecting them from the abuses of Spanish colonists. He regarded them as equals to the Spaniards, capable of distinguishing between right and wrong and managing dominium (Doyle 2014, p. 253). Scholars like Burrus (1963, p. 225) and Aspe (2021, 315ss) argue that his theological and philosophical knowledge, coupled with his direct experience of the issues in the Indies (having been a student of Vitoria), enabled him to make more well-founded condemnations against the abuses of Spanish colonists than his colleagues in Salamanca.
Alonso de la Veracruz (1) believed that communities of Native Americans could be considered authentic political entities that clearly emerged primo et principaliter est in ipso populo. Drawing from Vitoria10, Alonso recognized in American indigenous communities elements that established them as commonwealths capable of political life. Consequently, he affirmed that the communities formed by Native Americans were made up of rational human beings seeking the common good.11 Therefore, according to natural law, their leaders (referred to generically by the Augustinian as caciques) should have had their political rights acknowledged.12
Alonso de la Veracruz followed Vitoria’s tenets in his belief that the association and formation of first communities naturally arise in groups of any rational creature. To govern themselves better and thus preserve themselves, humans in association relinquish their original freedom and transfer potestas to a ruler, choosing the type of government while also having the faculty to change it if it does not fulfill its primary function: preserving the common good.13 Veracruz argued that the Spanish conquest of different realms in Mexico did not align with these principles, as there was never a conscious and free process in which Native Americans, without armed threat, could choose their leaders or be convinced of the virtues of living under the sovereignty of the Spanish emperor. Instead, they were subjected to plundering by Spanish encomenderos, who, following Veracruz’s criteria, should be removed from the governance of the indigenous people, allowing them to choose their own leaders.14
Nevertheless, Veracruz maintained that these principles did not apply to groups leading an itinerant life, as they lacked the rules or institutions that define civil life. In other words, individuals who seemingly had not formed a sedentary community making “rational use” of their lands were not considered legitimate political interlocutors. These groups, explicitly called Chichimecas by Veracruz, were viewed as nomadic people who roamed the lands and survived off them, akin to animals. From a legal standpoint, they had not made a lawful occupation of these lands, making them legally considered terra nullius.
Veracruz drew the following as a corollary: those who possess pastures in the territories they call Chichimecas, as such lands were either unowned or abandoned, and as there are no inhabitants or towns with defined boundaries, rightfully possess them. Especially when apparently these nomadic Chichimecas live in the manner of beasts and do not cultivate the land, no injustice is done to them by allowing the herds and beasts of the Spaniards to graze on their land (Veracruz 2003, p. 33).
Despite Veracruz’s ardent defense of Native Americans, he therefore acknowledged significant distinctions between nomadic groups living in an itinerant manner and the more politically organized sedentary peoples of the highlands. According to Aspe (2021, p. 316), this implied an alignment with the theses of José de Acosta, a Spanish Jesuit missionary who recognized the existence of hierarchies among Native Americans and proposed differentiated rights based on their level of civilization. In specific cases, without explicitly mentioning the Chichimecas, Veracruz accepted the possibility of coercive evangelization, particularly for individuals who had violently resisted the missionary efforts of Spanish priests. Veracruz went so far as to consider separating parents from children to achieve the indoctrination of new generations of Chichimeca groups deemed irreducible to Christian teachings (Aspe 2021, p. 318).15 To justify his position, Veracruz invoked a principle of natural law: one cannot prevent the free preaching of religion in any other way than by punishing the aggressors and disposing of their temporal goods potest eos punire et de bonis temporabilus eorum disponere (Veracruz 2003, p. 121). The Augustinian recommended that homines armatae militae vel praecedant vel comitentur praedicatores evangelii but advised avoiding, as much as possible, that unbelievers be deprived of their lands and fields sine hoc quod priventur suis Terris et agris (Veracruz 2003, pp. 123–24). Alonso de la Veracruz’s opinions can be explained by the context of military conflict and the death of missionaries assigned to the northern frontier.
The war against the Chichimecas can be traced back to the incursions into the regions that would form New Galicia. The first significant encounter was the Mixtón War of 1542, in which viceroy Antonio de Mendoza led a significant military force composed of Spaniards and thousands of allies from central Mexico against the sedentary peoples in what would become the Mexican states of Querétaro, Colima, Jalisco, and Nayarit, and the northern regions of Michoacán and Jalisco (Powell 1977, pp. 20–21). According to Powell (1977, p. 71), the conflict against the Chichimeca factions spanned the period from 1550 to 1600, encompassing the states of Aguascalientes and San Luis Potosí, parts of Coahuila, and Zacatecas. As the conflict became more costly and less favorable for the Spanish, positions against these peoples became more radicalized. Among the viceroys who stood out for their more bellicose positions were Martín Enríquez de Almansa (1568–1580) and Pedro Moya (1584–1585), according to Powell. Positions of negotiation and peace through gifts were proposed by viceroys Álvaro Manrique de Zúñiga (1585–1590), Luis Velasco y Castilla (1590–1595), and Gaspar de Zúñiga y Acevedo (1595–1603).16
Compelled by the existence of legislation protecting indigenous peoples, the viceroys of New Spain had to convene theologians and jurists to discuss the just titles for undertaking a just war, understood as defensive, and forcibly settling the Chichimecas. These debates focused on the alleged crimes and disruptions to peace caused by the Chichimecas (Poole 1965, pp. 119–20). Yet, the abuses of the Spaniards were also recognized, who were often responsible for arousing animosity among the natives. The political authorities of New Spain convened experts in theology and canon law to elucidate the justice of the war against the nomads and justify the colonization policies of the northern region (Poole 1965, pp. 116–17). The decrees17 that emerged from this council reflected the desire to boost evangelization among pagans within the Tridentine reforms (Moutin 2016, pp. 19, 24). The goal was to strengthen the dominion of the king of Spain in “already conquered land”, increase the number of believers by constructing more churches, and provide better training for the secular clergy to missionary work with still pagan Indians (Pérez Puente 2014, pp. 48–49). The cause of this change in perspective was mainly due to a political context that was not favorable to colonization, with peoples capable of resisting the Spanish military advances and even carrying out offensive actions in the territory of New Spain, which resulted in the murder of friars and local native allies.
3. Justifying Chichimeca Slavery Using Francisco de Vitoria’s theology by New Spain Clergy
Van Deusen’s (2015, 2023) research has revealed that the trade and use of indigenous slaves were far more prevalent than previously acknowledged. The author estimates that up to 650,000 indigenous people were enslaved, many of them captured in border wars against hostile nomadic factions. Van Deusen rightly demonstrates that most Hispanic clergy and jurists did not subscribe to the notion of natural servitude for Native Americans, nor did they find any theological basis for it. Instead, the subjugation of these peoples was justified by portraying them as hostile aggressors who violated the law of nations, providing a pretext for waging a just war (Van Deusen 2015, p. 3). As mentioned at the beginning of this work, this practice continued to be in force after the implementation of the New Laws in 1542.18 From a legal perspective, the justification for Indian slavery was through opinions and reports addressed to the Council of the Indies or to the different Audiencias in the Spanish viceroyalties in America (Van Deusen 2023, p. 400). A panel of experts would discuss the relevance of maintaining a state of submission in very specific cases. This, in Van Deusen’s (2023, p. 403) opinion, would only happen in exceptional cases, within specific moments, in compliance with laws that prohibit slavery. The experts would analyze the crimes of these Indians, as aggressors or violators of the law of nations. In these cases, slavery was deemed comparable to a punishment exercised against the crimes of a particular people, under regulated circumstances and within a specific period of time (Van Deusen 2023, p. 420).
From the perspective of canon law, Nicholas V in the bull Romanus pontifex granted the facultas to punish and enslave the enemies of the Christian faith, such as Saracens and other pagans (Muldoon 1979, p. 134; Russell-Wood 1978, p. 27). In the face of the threat of unconquered indigenous groups apparently hostile to the Christian message, such as the Chichimecas, New Spain theologians repeated the accusations of apostasy, rebellion against the king, and attacks on innocent Christian Indians to the point of comparing the Chichimecas with the Moors (Gradie 1994, p. 14). Moreover, accusations of witchcraft and idolatry to the devil were included (Powell 1945, pp. 330–31). The war waged against this enemy was juridically defined as just, as there was an intention to avenge their aggressions against the Spaniards and their Indian allies.19
Nonetheless, the Spanish conquest of the Chichimecas in New Spain remained a complex and controversial issue. To justify this event, the regular and secular clergy had to resort to a variety of theological and legal opinions, including those of Francisco de Vitoria and Domingo de Soto. They attempted to portray these indigenous nations as violators of natural law, akin to highwaymen.20 The Spanish also argued that since the nomadic Indians of their northern border had no property that could serve as just pecuniary reparation, the only option left was to turn them into slaves.21 For this, a formula for permanent servitude was proposed, in which they would be taught useful trades along with the fundamentals of the gospel. For example, the Mexican jurist Hernando Ortiz de Hinojosa in 1585 argued that attempts to reform these nomadic peoples through temporary slavery had proven futile, as they quickly returned to their marauding with even greater fury.22
The decision to use the theology of Vitoria, considered by most scholarship critical of the Spanish conquest, to justify war against the Chichimeca nations and their enslavement might appear peculiar. However, as I have shown in a previous study (Méndez Alonzo 2023), resorting to the School of Salamanca was congruent for three reasons: (1) there is an exegesis of natural law that provides universal ethical criteria for judging the behavior of pagan peoples; (2) these theses are applicable in complex practical situations between pagans and Christians; (3) they defined the rights of the affected populations and possible casus bellum between the Spanish authorities and the Chichimeca nations. Furthermore, in different time periods, chroniclers such as Antonio Herrera y Tordesillas in 1596 and Matías de la Mota Padilla in 1742, as well as sixteenth century ecclesiastical authorities such as Guillermo de Santa María in 1575, and Juan de Torquemada in 1612 ventured to give an ethnographic description of these peoples in their works to justify their armed conquest (Powell 1945, pp. 318–19).
The term Chichimeca was used to generalize the nomadic bands of the deserts of Aridoamerica and later proved useful for stigmatizing some ethnicities as non-political and barbaric (Van Deusen 2023, p. 412). For Powell (1945, pp. 318–19), the term derives from the Nahuatl words chichi (dog) mécatl (noose), literally meaning dog without a leash but also conceivably meaning arrogant dogs. According to the UNAM Gran Diccionario Nahuátl (UNAM 2024), the term chichimecatl has various meanings, ranging from those who “chupan o maman” to rough people, valued for their strength, hunting abilities, and martial prowess. By offering their services as mercenaries in other peoples’ wars, the Chichimeca earned renown, ultimately achieving respect and political influence. This term, once derogatory, transformed into a badge of honor, with various Nahuatl-speaking groups claiming Chichimeca ancestry. Subsequently, this term encompassed all groups, regardless of their customs and language, that still led a nomadic life. Among the most numerous groups were the Zacatecos, Guamares, Guachichiles, and Cazcanes, among others. Their way of life is largely explained by complicated geographical conditions, where an impenetrable terrain and lack of water (and thus the absence of large-scale agriculture) are constants. This also explains the absence of political centers that could accommodate massive populations. Since the livelihood of these peoples depended largely on hunting, the Chichimecas were recognized as accomplished archers, becoming formidable enemies against the military and religious advances of the Spanish. Also, due to their tribal organization, the majority of these peoples were not subject to a central political authority (Powell 1945, p. 322).
For most of the New Spanish chroniclers, the main challenge in evangelizing these peoples was their nomadic lifestyle.23 For instance, Friar Toribio de Benavente Motolinía states about the Chichimecas, “it has not been more than eight hundred years since they have been inhabitants of this land, although it is considered certain that they are much older, but they did not have a way of writing and figuring, as they were barbaric people who lived like savages” (de Benavente 2007, p. 3). According to the Jesuit José de Acosta (2002, p. 381), the Chichimecas “had no chief, nor did they recognize one, nor did they worship any gods or have rites or any religion whatsoever”, making it very difficult for them to submit to the Spaniards.24 According to the Franciscan Juan Focher (1960, p. 348), their so-called barbaric customs are explained by the fact that “they do not work but live off hunting, nor do they worship God or idols”. The wild life (as the Chichimecas seemed to have) implied living under the “cruel tyranny” of nature and the rule of their own desires. “Due to their itinerant lifestyle, nomadic Indians resorted to raiding roads to survive or obtain the goods they desire”.25 To stop this cycle of violence, it was argued that they should be forced to live a sedentary life.26 This was the opinion of the magistrate Juan de Salmerón, who described the Chichimecas as a plague that moves as freely as deer, and argued that military actions should be taken against them to secure the roads.27 This opinion was echoed by Guillermo de Santa María who considered that the irreducibility of these peoples was due to the fact that they did not have cities or political authorities that would make them live civilly.
And thus, since these Chichimecas do not have cities enclosed with walls to level or fortresses to be torn down or new ones to be built for them, so that, with garrisons of people, they may be kept peaceful and secure, which are the means commonly used to punish and keep kingdoms and provinces in peace, there are other means, albeit contrary to these.
The arguments presented above suggest an ethnographic categorization of Native Americans, similar to that made by Alonso de la Veracruz, who distinguishes between peoples who have not exercised dominium over their land, such as the Chichimecas, and apparently political peoples such as the Incas or Aztecs. This categorization arises because, as suggested by Gibson (1978, p. 35), the Spaniards established a hierarchy between what represented a settled community and tribal organizations. They had a set of urbanistic and ideological categories to define a community that lived politically. Peoples that lacked a settled existence and political authority, described by Alonso de la Veracruz (33) as brutos, an argument later repeated by José de Acosta28, were hardly amenable to the authorities of the viceroyalty as a whole.
These accusations were corroborated by the prominent prelate and archbishop Pedro Moya de Contreras (born in 1527 until his death in 1591), who recounted in 1574 the “great damages and thefts caused by these peoples, especially affecting the mining industry”.29 The complaints of the ranchers align with the grievances of the miners, who have been unable to exploit the silver deposits in Zacatecas since 1550 due to Chichimeca attacks (Powell 1977, p. 32). The solution, in this case, would be “to enslave these peoples in order to settle them and compel them to engage in productive activities”.30 Thus, Moya’s arguments align with the reports to the Audiencia by Licenciado Santiago de Riego from the Audiencia de Guadalajara in 1576, detailing the robberies and murders committed by the Chichimecas against Spanish ranchers in Michoacán.31 The foregoing was supported in 1572 by the members of the Cabildo of Guadalajara, who described crimes against peace and the lack of security on the roads caused by Chichimeca raids.32 Before the king, the Cabildo lamented the insecurity on the roads that “hinders the exploitation of the mining wealth of the region due to the conflict with the native nomadic peoples”.33 These reports were commissioned by ranchers, miners, and merchants affected by the disruption of trade between Nueva Galicia and Mexico. These reports were consistent with the arguments of Salamancan theology, portraying the Chichimecas as the initial aggressors, justifying the Spanish response as self-defense against a dangerous and pagan enemy. Despite being dictated by expert theologians, these reports often aligned with the public policy pursued by viceroyal political authorities, while also theoretically supporting the complaints and requests of settlers on the Novohispanic frontiers. Therefore, they recommended the solution implemented by viceroy Antonio de Mendoza in the Mixtón War: enslaving thousands of rebellious Indians.
… and for these Indians and troublemakers, it is necessary to do the same with a large number of allies and from many sides, along with the necessary provisions. In a short span of time, God willing, they would be overcome, given to them as slaves because they deserve it for being so harmful to people, as they showed during the good Viceroy’s time. Your Majesty should know that the soldiers in this land, if they don’t see the interest very clearly, as they don’t receive any other salary, they don’t move, because everyone who comes here is looking for something to eat, with great thirst and greed for silver and gold.
And for a business like this, which has been going on for so long and is getting worse every day, it is necessary to provide what is needed at once because this land is in a critical situation. Every day we cannot report to Your Majesty about what is necessary, and receive the will of these loyal subjects. Our desire is for success, for these bad Indians to be punished, and the land to be secure. The evils they do are great, and if they see that they are not consumed and eradicated, the other Indians of this land and New Spain might decide to join them and rebel together.
(AGI, Cartas de los cabildos seculares de 23 de diciembre de 1572, Colección Guadalajara-México, 30, N.14)
The Cabildo of Guadalajara’s report, rife with bellicose language, reflects the intensity of the conflict between Chichimeca parcialidades and viceregal authorities, a period known as the “guerra a sangre y fuego” (Powell 1977, pp. 112–13). The solution to eliminate the Chichimeca threat, while also fulfilling the obligation to evangelize the pagans in the Indies, consisted of forcibly reducing the most conflictive indigenous groups.34 This solution was proposed in a letter to viceroy Antonio de Mendoza in 1582 by the settlers of Nueva Galicia. Therefore, it was requested that they be punished with penalties of perpetual slavery to control their movements. Captain Francisco de Urdiñola shared the same opinion, proposing a solution that was not only military but also religious: they should be taught not only doctrine but also how to live as “Christians”.35
On an ideological level, it is noteworthy that the more bellicose theologians of New Spain turn to Vitoria and his disciples. However, it should not be forgotten that Vitoria’s argumentation, despite his doubts about how the Spaniards obtained sovereignty over the Indians, recognizes justifications for declaring war against the Indians, such as their violations of ius gentium and ius communicationis, impeding the free movement of travelers and their economic activities36, or preventing the propagation of the Christian faith.37 These violations were good reasons for launching a war of conquest and their enslavement.38 In other words, Vitoria’s writings are used to defend both the temporary and permanent enslavement of the Chichimeca groups.
The recognition of the full humanity of Native Americans by Vitoria did not prevent him from suggesting that they would be better under Spanish guardianship. He argued that the behavior of the Indians towards Spanish rule did not reflect an ontological defect but a failure to adhere to the dictates of natural law. As Pagden (1999, p. 80) has asserted, the society the Indians had created did not fulfill its function of protecting the common good, “because they so obviously failed to perform the function that all true laws must perform”. In other words, if the lives of Native Americans were mismanaged at the domestic level, a society governed by such individuals would not have operated in accordance with natural law. In the case of the Chichimecas, who lived in groups without magistrates or established religion, following the mandates of their desires, without moral capacity to distinguish between good and bad, it was argued that they would be better under the guardianship of a political community, such as the Spaniards, until they learn to live “Christianly” without any tutelage.39
These theses were followed by the Augustinian Guillermo de Santa María in 157540, as well as the legal experts Hernando Ortiz de Hinojosa41 and Fulgencio Vique42, in their opinions for the Third Mexican Provincial Council in 1585. They justified the perpetual enslavement of the Chichimecas as a response to aggressions against the Spaniards and their allies that prevented the circulation on roads, as well as the exploitation of mines and cultivation of the land, and in order to avoid their stirring up of the peaceful Indians.
The most extreme opinions in this context were expressed by the Franciscan clerics Jean Focher in 1570, Juan de Salmerón in 1583, and Hernando de Robles in 1585. Robles recounted the life of the Chichimecas, affirming that they lived barbarically in caves and settlements, diabolically rejecting efforts to become Christians, committing endless crimes against nature like cannibalism.43 All of this, he affirmed, warranted a war of blood and fire, as well as their perpetual enslavement.44 Salmerón, on the other hand, called for the vigorous protection of the roads to safeguard the Spaniards engaged in trade, missionaries, and newly Christianized Indians. He referred to the Chichimecas as “cursed and cruel people”, justifying the title of a just war against them.45 For Focher, the Chichimecas are defined as people who do not cultivate the land and live solely by hunting, making them a formidable enemy, obstructing the free passage of roads, tyrannizing other Indians, and murdering missionaries seeking to evangelize them to steal from them.46 To address this, based on Escoto47, he not only recommended war against these peoples but also taking away their children to be educated as Christians.48
Not all opinions were as extreme as those of Focher, Robles, and Salmerón. Captain Gabriel Ortiz de Fuenmayor in 1603, protector and chief justice of the Chichimecas and Guachichiles, believed that to subdue the most violent factions, more presidios should be built on the northern frontier of New Spain.49 In these fortresses, Hispanic colonists would be protected, pagans would be acculturated, and justice would be administered.50 Ortiz de Fuenmayor prided himself on waging war with great vigor (mucho vigor) against the most rebellious Chichimeca nations, but also on attracting their leaders through gifts and negotiation.51
To achieve peace, the Spaniards had to build spaces ex nihilo to create institutions that would make nomadic Indians live sedentarily. According to Powell (1982, p. 126), these were often built on the sacred sites of the Indians (Hausberger 1997, p. 54). In these areas, negotiations would take place between Hispanic colonists and the Chichimecas, and they would be evangelized, taught Spanish, and encouraged to hide their nudity and engage in agriculture, with the aim of settling the aggressive Chichimeca factions. This would be carried out not only through persuasion but also through gifts and negotiation. For Powell (1982, p. 126), the two institutions created to represent viceregal authority in the northern frontier of New Spain, where there were hardly any worthy cities, were the presidios and missions. In these places, due to their distance from the Audiencia of Guadalajara and the New Spanish court, Spanish captains did not face a vigorous bureaucratic apparatus, and Hispanic colonists lived with much greater personal freedom without the social constructions that defined colonial Spanish society (Ruiz Guadalajara 2010, 31ss).
Finally, for a majority of New Spain’s theologians, nomadic societies like the Chichimecas, lacking the notion of private property, were not only incapable of meeting their physical needs but also of developing the relationships and institutions that would allow individuals as a whole to live as a society and pursue their ends (Pagden 1990, p. 28). In this way, their groupings would not distinguish them from the herds of animals that roamed freely in nature. For the Spanish intelligentsia, regimes of both temporary and permanent slavery would have the following advantages: (1) forcing the Chichimecas to settle and live according to Spanish customs; (2) teaching them the value of labor and utilizing their workforce in mining, agriculture, livestock, and domestic work. As demonstrated in practice by Valdés (2017), Valenzuela (2023), Resendez (2019), and Goicovich (2019), all these provisions had the effect of increasing the slave trade of Native Americans in war-torn lands.
Although Chichimecas were initially recognized as free people in their own legal and theological texts, Spanish colonists resorted to enslaving them from the very outset of their encounters. This practice was justified by accusations that the Chichimeca had initiated hostilities against the Spanish, thereby violating the ius communicationis. Moreover, the enslavement also served more practical purposes, having functioned as a means of paying soldiers, establishing alliances with local leaders, and addressing labor shortages in outlying regions distant from the central Mexican highlands.
4. The Dominican Coherence: The Critiques of the Spanish “unjust” war against the Chichimecas
In the early phase of colonization, Friar Antón de Montesinos’s sermon on December 26, 1511, stands as a pivotal moment in the defense of indigenous rights, exposing the abuses committed by the Spaniards against American indigenous peoples in the Antilles. Montesinos condemned the Spanish colonists, stating that they were “all in mortal sin” for subjecting the natives to “such cruel and horrible servitude” (de Montesinos 1982, p. 150). According to Seed (1993, p. 634), Montesinos’s sermon initiated a serious discussion on the humanity of the indigenous peoples by denouncing the exploitation that the Spaniards subjected them to, in violation of the Alexandrian bulls. In the view of Lewis Hanke (1949, p. 18), this event began the first struggle for justice in the New World. Furthermore, this sermon created unrest among the Spanish colonists and sparked debates on how to govern relations between Native Americans. King Ferdinand was so shocked by Montesino’s discourse that he summoned a Junta in Burgos with theologians, officials, and jurists to draft principles for the proper treatment of the American indigenous people (Gómez Isa 2017, p. 95). Carro (35–36) argues that Montesinos’s expressions bear the mark of Thomism and Dominican thought, significantly influencing the Laws of the Indies in 1512 and subsequently shaping the reflections of Vitoria and De Soto.
It is widely acknowledged that the ongoing discussion on the rights of the indigenous peoples in Spanish universities served to recognize their humanity and rationality (DiSalvo 1993, pp. 89–90). This inspired future legislation aimed at protecting the Native American population from strict enslavement and the worst abuses by the Spaniards, framing “the first comprehensive code of Indian legislation known as the Laws of Burgos, which were promulgated 27 December 1512” (Hanke 1949, p. 24). Within this context, one of the most influential figures was Bartolomé de las Casas. The Dominican, a controversial figure in his time and beyond, garnered both critics and admirers. His ideas were heterogeneous, evolving throughout his fruitful and lengthy life, and his writings lack a consistent theoretical framework. Nevertheless, Las Casas engaged in significant discussions concerning the relationships between Native Americans and Spaniards, including his writings on the initial skirmishes with the Chichimecas.
As noted by Carrillo Cázares (2000, pp. 95–96), Bartolomé de las Casas condemned the Mixtón War in the northern part of New Spain in the pamphlet Sobre el hacer esclabos en la segunda conquista de Jalisco que mandó hacer don Antonio de Mendoza, virrey de la Nueva España, año de 1541, although there is also mention of the lost work De bello Xalisquino. In these works, he maintains argumentative consistency with his Opus, asserting the injustice of wars against the indigenous peoples and, consequently, the slavery imposed upon them. Therefore, he insisted that the king of the Spaniards was obligated to liberate all indigenous slaves (Carrillo Cázares 2000, p. 96). In a similar vein, he wrote the “Petition to His Holiness Pius V on the Affairs of the Indies” (Petición a su Santidad Pío V sobre los negocios de las Indias) (Bellini 1995, p. 569), where the Dominican requests from the Pope “a decree declaring excommunicated and anathematized anyone who says that war waged against the infidels solely because of idolatry is just” (Cfr. Las Casas in Bellini 1995, p. 569).
Within this context, the defense of lost privileges presented by the Cazcan chief Don Francisco Tenamaztle before the Audiencia of Valladolid emerges. Tenamaztle was one of the key leaders who challenged Spanish domination in New Galicia (León Portilla 1995; Altman 2019)52. In “Ciertas peticiones e informaciones hechas a pedimento de Francisco Tenamaztle”, received by the Consejo de Indias in 1555, Tenamaztle vehemently denounced the injustices inflicted upon the Cazcan people at the hands of the Spanish encomenderos (Sánchez Godoy 2022, p. 87). Bartolome de Las Casas’s style is evident in the indigenous leader’s defense of his rights in this text, justifying his rebellion as a result of Spanish abuses, reclaiming their lost privileges as rulers after the Spanish conquest. More significantly, the “peticiones” described the Cazcan peoples as a political community, thereby establishing Tenamaztle’s legitimate political authority under natural law, which was unjustly usurped by the Spaniards. In this text, Tenamaztle denounces the irreparable harm inflicted on his subjects and family by the Spanish conquerors. He stated that, as the king of the Cazcans, he welcomed the Spaniards hospitably, making any allegations of violations of the ius gentium on his part unjustifiable. Instead, it was the Spaniards who, abusing this hospitality, committed extensive robberies and murders in Jalisco.53 Similarly, he accuses the conquistador Nuño de Guzmán of distributing Tenamaztle and his people as slaves with no reason:
… in the customary harsh captivity and servitude that the Spaniards called encomiendas, distributing to each Spaniard the towns and inhabitants thereof, as if we were beasts of the field, those which he and his captains saw fit to distribute.
Tenamaztle also wants to refute the violations of ius communicationis, as he claims to have received in good faith the teachings of Christ, converting himself along with his family and many others.54 Despite this, he accuses the Spaniards of continuing to carry out slave raids among those in his realm. Similarly, he accuses other famous Spanish explorers such as Juan de Oñate (namesake of the conqueror of New Mexico), Cristóbal de Oñate (governor of Nueva Galicia), and Miguel de Ibarra of abuses and thefts. Furthermore, he emphasizes that their servitude went against natural law, as they were free people, an argument presented by Vitoria and de Soto.55
In this way, Tenamaztle’s rebellion, through Las Casas’s pen, is articulated as having two points, both justified by the law of nature: (1) to demonstrate that he was illegitimately deprived of his dominium, and (2) as a legitimate defense against the robberies that the Spaniards committed against him and his people.56 Finally, in his petition, Tenamaztle requests the release of all prisoners and his restoration as the legitimate sovereign, as there was no just cause for him to be stripped of the power of his mandate while remaining a vassal of the Crown of Castile.57 Thus, he rejected the accusations of apostasy used to justify temporary or permanent slavery against the Chichimecas.
The above-mentioned position was consistent with the stance taken by the Dominican Order in theological meetings to discuss the war of ”sangre y fuego” against the Chichimecas. As noted by Carrillo Cázares (2000, p. 352), they considered, before continuing with any costly and bloody war in New Spain frontiers, the complaints of both the Spaniards and the indigenous people. The Dominicans argued that the Spaniards were accused by the indigenous people of being the first to cause them many grievances. While acknowledging the need to use all resources to pacify the northern territories, they disapproved of the reasons for the war. However, this pro-peace stance was not embraced by all members of the Dominican Order, especially during the peak conflict period in the years from 1569 to 1585, giving a hypothetical approval to total war, but only if the reports about the crimes of the Chichimeca are true (Poole 1965, pp. 128–29).
In the opinion presented by the Dominicans at the Third Provincial Council of Mexico in 1585, they considered it essential to understand the rights that the Spaniards held over those nations. This entailed discerning whether the Spaniards entered those lands with authorization or through violence.58 The main accusation revolves around determining whether the Spanish settlers, in their pursuit of the leaders of the rebellions, had taken innocent individuals, such as women and children, as prisoners and sold them as slaves to satisfy their greed.59 To achieve this, they requested to hear from witnesses on the ground who had observed and interacted with the indigenous people of those lands over thirty years. Lastly, recalling the principles of Thomistic political thought, they emphasized that the purpose of governance is the well-being of the population and not the exploitation of their resources solely for the benefit of the Kingdom of Spain.
The Dominican stance on the Chichimeca War focuses on specific cases and does not extensively delve into explicit theological arguments. There is no mention of Vitoria or any of his disciples in this short document. Certainly, the Thomistic theory of the origin of civil power is acknowledged, asserting that the government’s objective should be the preservation of individuals comprising a community (Skinner 2011, 163ss), such as the inhabitants of the region known as Gran Chichimeca. However, the text tacitly acknowledges that the conflict was provoked by the ambition of the Spaniards themselves. Despite recognizing this, the document cannot provide a positive resolution to the conflict, calling for an end to the tyrannical rule exercised against these group of natives. As a result, the following conclusion is drawn:
And thus, until a solution to this matter is found, we are unable to provide a definitive response as directed. Our only assertion and plea is that, for the sake of God’s reverence, it must be acknowledged that the governance of this realm should not be oriented solely towards the utility and profit of the kingdoms of Spain. Instead, it should primarily serve its own welfare. Those in positions of authority, if they fail to seek this and do not have it as the ultimate purpose of their governance, find themselves in a state of eternal condemnation. Consequently, there exists an obligation to allocate all royal revenues, even if they originate from the fifths of the mines, if such expenditure is deemed necessary for pacifying the land. It is imperative to employ the means that, according to God and conscience, are essential for its pacification. This is because the just and legitimate government fundamentally differs from the tyrannical; the tyrannical is primarily pursued for the benefit of the ruler, whereas the legitimate government is principally organized for the welfare of the republic.
The Augustinian Order reached the same conclusion, recognizing that the fierce war against the Chichimecas had produced few results and brought about much harm; thus, they declared their support for continuing the war against the Chichimecas.60 Despite the initial supportive opinions favoring a war of “sangre y fuego” by the Augustinians, Jesuits, and secular clergy, when the final verdict was issued, the belligerent stance of the early years of the war against the Chichimecas was questioned by viceroys such as Manríquez de Zúñiga and Luis de Velasco y Castilla, who initiated a peace-seeking strategy through gifts.61
Ultimately, there was an acknowledgment, even from apologists of the war like Fulgencio Vique, that due to the frequent hostilities, the indigenous people suffered worse treatment from the Spaniards and were less inclined to receive missionaries responsible for their evangelization without resistance.62 It cannot be overlooked that many of the theologians of New Spain, excepting the Dominicans, changed their opinion due to the shift in policy towards the Chichimecas. Thus, the coherence of the Dominican Order should be recognized, because even in the most heated moments of the war against the Chichimecas, they tried to expose the aggressions suffered by these peoples by the Spanish colonizers and their allies, seeking a peaceful solution to the conflict and a voluntary evangelization, through good works.
5. Conclusions
The Chichimeca War constrained the Spanish ability to assert their sovereignty in border regions distant from colonial centers such as Mexico or Lima. Their dominion relied, to a significant extent, not on subjugating local indigenous groups but on cultivating alliances with groups that, reciprocally, perceived advantages in aligning with the Spanish to promote their own interests (Gerhard 1996, p. 19). Theoretical discussions about the rights of irreducible nomadic peoples on their borders were framed by previous debates concerning the rights of American Indians in the aftermath of the appropriation of American lands post 1492.
The justification for enslaving the Chichimecas, beyond practical considerations, closely followed the theses of Vitoria and his followers regarding the just causes for declaring war. Within this rationale, the territories inhabited by these populations were declared depopulated. Ultimately, New Spanish theologians, grounded in an ethnocentric analysis, concluded that only a regime of servitude and disciplinary control could transform these “barbarians” into civilized subjects. This entailed settling them in one location, instructing them in trades that the Spaniards deemed useful, teaching them Spanish, compelling them to wear clothing, and even imposing a concept of time based on segments and schedules (work time, rest time, prayer time) to prevent “idleness”. This disciplinary control would be overseen by one of the religious orders responsible for the education of these peoples.
The challenge of maintaining tight institutional control on the northern borders, coupled with the growing difficulty of restraining increasingly militant indigenous factions, led to a disconnection between the actual sovereignty wielded by viceregal authorities and the legally established jurisdiction. Spanish power was only exerted from enclaves within a territorial expanse over which it nominally held sway over.
The harsh lessons learned in confronting various Chichimeca nations were replicated in negotiations with other indigenous factions as the Spanish sought to expand their empire in North America. With few variations, the Spanish found the theological discussions on the rights of American Indians, primarily conducted by the School of Salamanca, to be instrumental. They provided a theoretical framework for axiological judgment and defined the nature of the relationship with the indigenous factions encountered as they advanced into more remote regions.
Funding
This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Universities in the form of the fellowship María Zambrano.
Data Availability Statement
No new data were created or analyzed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article. All information is available in the bibliography.
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflict of interest.
Notes
1
A poignant example of this discourse is found in the writings of Bartolomé de las Casas, particularly his highly publicized work, Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias (1552), where he establishes a stark connection between the atrocities committed by Spanish colonizers and the near extinction of American indigenous populations in the Americas. Leaving aside the factual accuracy of Las Casas’s most renowned work, we can affirm that the Breve relación presents a compelling narrative that resonated with Spanish officials who opposed the subjugation of Native Americans and the disregard of the instructions enshrined in papal bulls. Las Casas’s vivid portrayal of the suffering and decimation of indigenous communities, often characterized by graphic and disturbing descriptions, fueled public outrage and sparked a debate within Spanish society about the morality of the conquest and the treatment of Native Americans. His work served as a powerful indictment of the Spanish colonial enterprise and resonated among those who sought to uphold the principles of justice and humanity towards indigenous populations.
2
Palacios Rubio inspired the drafting of the legal document known as the requerimiento, in which indigenous people were informed in Spanish of the just titles through which the Crown of Castile took possession of a specific territory or population, drawing upon references from the Alexandrian bulls. This text, recited before a military action, served as a warning, asserting that the military actions undertaken against the indigenous people are a punishment for disobedience to the Spanish monarch and their church. The purpose of this text was effectively nullified due to abuses, as it was read to populations unfamiliar with Spanish or the Spanish legal system, by Spanish colonizers against the indigenous people, serving as a policy of fait accompli in territorial conquest (Méndez Sánchez 2021). On these issues, Matías de Paz published Dominium regum Hispaniae indos in 1512, and López de Palacios Rubio published Libellus de insulis oceanis, in what J. L. Egío (2018, p. 237) has referred to as the “Hispanic Thomism before Vitoria”.
3
According to Getino (1930, 197ss), we can assume that in many expeditions to the New World, there was a circulation of texts from the works of Vitoria, as well as those of several of his prominent students (among them, the friars of San Esteban, and notably, Domingo de Soto).
4
“But to mankind Nature gave ‘only reason and virtue’, leaving him otherwise frail, weak, helpless, and vulnerable, destitute of all defense and lacking in all things, and brought him forth … So it was that, in order to make up for these natural deficiencies, mankind was obliged to give up the solitary nomadic life of animals, and to live life in partnerships (societates), each supporting the other” (Vitoria 2010, p. 7).
5
“To answer this, we must first consider the fact that although man excels the other animals by his possession of reason, wisdom, and speech, guiding Providence has nevertheless denied to ‘eternal, immortal, and wise mankind’ many things which she has bestowed upon the rest of the animals. In the first place, in order to ensure the safety and defense of animals” (Vitoria 2010, p. 6).
6
“For since it is agreed that the soul is composed of two parts, understanding and will … And these cannot be gained by living in isolation from our fellows … Aristotle also declares that language is the messenger of understanding, and was given to man solely for this purpose, so that in this one respect he excels or surpasses all other animals. Now language could not exist outside human partnership” (Vitoria 2010, p. 8).
7
Traditionally, dominium is understood as the right to use a certain thing in accordance with right reason (Brett 2003, p. 119). For example, Gerson saw dominium as a faculty, or power, to take things under one’s control for a lawful and sustained use that is not only supported by a legal framework, but also approved by reason (Tierney 1997, p. 242). In contrast, for Summenhart, dominium is the disposition of an owner to be able to make or not make changes to something; from this faculty, the existence of potestas and facultas is tacitly derived.
8
“… that even if the barbarians refuse to recognize any dominion (dominium) of the pope’s, war cannot on that account be declared on them, nor their goods seized. This is obvious, because the pope has no such dominion. And the proof is quite clear, for, as I shall show below and as our adversaries admit, even if the barbarians refuse to receive Christ as their lord, they cannot for that reason be attacked or harmed in any way” (Vitoria 2010, p. 263).
9
“… the barbarians possessed true public and private dominion. The law of nations, on the other hand, expressly states that goods which belong to no owner pass to the occupier” (Vitoria 2010, p. 264).
10
Like Vitoria, Alonso de la Veracruz did not publish any texts under his own name; however, his ideas are assembled from the lectures he delivered at the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico. These lectures cover a range of topics, including the rights of the Indians, marriage, and logic. Noteworthy among his lectures are titles such as Recognitio summularum, De dominium infidelium et iustum bello, Speculum coniugiorum, De decimis, etc. (Tellkamp 2023, pp. 571–72).
11
“Et secundo negandum quod isti incolae sint tam insensati et fatui ut aliqui existimant; immo, quamvis barbari, suum tamem modum habent gubernandi et suas consuetudines quibus vivunt. Habent et ore tenus a suis maioribus leges per quas iudicant, discurrent, ratiocinantur, inquirunt, consultant: quae sunt non fatuorum aut insanorum sed prudentum … Et sic ante adventum Hispanorum pacifice in sua politia degebant, quod stare non posset si tam essent infantes et imprudentes” (Veracruz 2003, p. 153).
12
“… quod illi qui in isti partibus habent populum, vel totum vel partent, sine alicuius concessione, quod tales iniuste possident, cum constet ese contra voluntatem ipsi populi et contra voluntatem gubernatoris, quem vocam cazique, et per vim et violentiam tales possidere” (Veracruz 2003, p. 8).
13
“Por solutione breviter notandum primo quod dominium populi primo et principaliter est ipso populo; non enim per legem naturalem neque per divinam aliquis est qui sit dominus verus in temporalibus, cui alii teneantur tributa dare … Oportet ergo quod, si qui iustum dominium habeant, hoc sit per voluntatem ipsius communitatis transferentis dominium in alios,, ut est in principatu aristocratico vel democrático” (Veracruz 2003, p. 1).
14
Alonso de la Veracruz goes so far as to demand the restitution of the encomenderos’ dominion to the Native Americans. He argues that anyone who receives or demands something belonging to another against the owner’s will is like a thief and, therefore, must return the unjustly received or enjoyed property: “quia quicumque exigit alienum contra voluntatem domini, iniuste recipit, et restituere tener … Sed hic vel est imperator, ut supponimus, vel est ipsorum gubernator et antiquus dominus, ut existimamus, et non Hispanus qui fustibus et armis occupavit eorum dominium” (Veracruz 2003, p. 4).
15
“filii infidelum invitis parentibus, possunt baptizari, quia contra inferiorem potest quis agere in favorem superiorem” (Veracruz 2003, p. 161).
16
According to Powell (1977), the conflict with Chichimeca groups can be segmented into four distinct stages: (1) a period of genesis (1550–1560), (2) a decade of indecision (1560–1570), (3) the peak of hostilities (1570–1585), and (4) a phase of pacification (1585–1600). Theological debates surrounding the war’s justification and critique emerged during assemblies convened by the viceroys, culminating at the Third Mexican Provincial Council in 1585. However, as early as New Galicia’s colonization efforts, Franciscan friar Juan de Arrellanes in 1554 proposed pacification strategies to the emperor. These included establishing an inquisition to address Spanish misconduct, appointing a resident patriarch in the Indies, selecting upright governors for New Galicia, and founding settlements with Spanish colonists (Carrillo Cázares 2000, pp. 195–96).
17
The reform and strategy around the secular and temporal government of the Indies, as González González (2010, p. 144) has pointed out, was a constant concern since the reign of Philip II. In 1568, in the so-called Junta Magna, secular and ecclesiastical leaders met to reform and give coherence to the política indiana.
18
On the ethnic composition of slaves in Medieval Spain, see L’esclavage dans le monde ibérique médiéval de Verlinden (1934).
19
It is worth noting that the doctrine of just war finds its foundations in significant theologians such as Augustine of Hippo, Isidore of Seville, Yves de Chartres, and Thomas Aquinas, as well as in canon law, such as in the Decretum of Gratian (Brière 1949, pp. 25–36, 39). Just war is intended to punish offenses against the law of nations attributable to an aggressor, although this does not exclude that this activity follows a just cause and requires the observance of moral and theological virtues to punish stubborn violations of justice that are attributable (Brière 1949, pp. 48, 54–55, 84).
20
“El grande daño se hace a la república y la injuria reçebida, y el estoruo a los caminos y comertio, justifica la guerra; y los dichos chichimecas an hecho y hazen grandíssimos danos e incomparables injurias a este reino de la Nueua España, y les uedan el pasaje v prohíben sus comercios, luego la guerra que se le haze es justa” (Parecer del doctor Hernando Ortiz Hinojosa 2000, p. 707).
21
“Pues está claro que no se puede hazer recompensa por las injurias grandes reçebidas, en bienes muebles ni en rraízes de los dichos chichimecas. porque no los tienen, y, aunque los ruuieran son de poco momento. se debe y puede hazer en sus personas haziendolos esclauos perpetuos” (Parecer del doctor Hernando Ortiz Hinojosa 2000, p. 708).
22
See Note 21 above.
23
The foundation of this belief is inspired by a Ciceronian postulate, revived by Humanism, which links idleness with vice. Human perfection is only achieved through the exercise of virtues in the context of activity, understood as officia (Cicero, I, XIX). While virtues are enhanced through industry, idleness is a breeding ground for vices, religious inconstancy, and, subsequently, violence (Méndez Alonzo 2011, p. 368) (Skinner 2011, p. 218).
24
“Even today there are people of this sort in New Spain, who make a living with their bows and arrows, and they are very dangerous because they band together to do evil and launch attacks; and the Spaniards have been unable to reduce them to civilized behavior and obedience either by fair means or foul, by wiles or by force. For, because they have neither towns nor fixed abodes, fighting with them is exactly like hunting beasts, for they scatter and hide in the roughest and most thickly wooded parts of the mountains” (de Acosta 2002, p. 381).
25
“Quoniam quae a Deu sunt, ordinata sunt, hinc est quod post reductionen horum barbarorum, quos Chichimecas vocamus, ne, ut solebant, tyranice vivant, opere pretium erit illis normam vivendi taxare, ut tam domini, quam vasalli sciant quomodo habere debeant circa tributa” (Focher 1960, p. 363).
26
It is important to clarify that the actions of the Chichimecas could have constituted a form of resistance against the dispossession of and pressure on natural resources exerted by the Spaniards in the northern territories of New Spain (Ruiz Guadalajara 2010, p. 28).
27
“Unos indios que acá llaman chichimecos, a los cuales se juntan otros de otras naciones, que todos quedaron por conquistar, y andan alzados y rebelados al servicio de Dios y de S.M. ha sido una plaga que ha dado bien en que entender a este reino, porque estos habitan en la tierra más larga y fragosa que hay en él, por lo cual entiendo que si para castigarlos se juntasen todos los españoles que hay acá, no bastarían; porque como ellos nunca tienen asiento ni lugar cierto donde los puedan hallar, sino que con sus arcos y flechas, que son las armas que usan, andan de una parte a otra, y como venados sustentándose de solo yerbas, raíces y polvos de animales que traen en unas calabazas, saben bien hurtar el cuerpo a los que suelen buscarlos; y cuando los españoles piensan dar sobre ellos, están bien lejos de allí, y ellos tienen mil astucias para buscarlos y hallar los españoles, hasta hallarlos emboscados en pasos forzosos y caminos; y así ban hecho y hacen por ordinario robos y muertes en ellos con crueldades increíbles; y aunque para remediarlo se ha hecho siempre lo que se ha podido por mí y por las Audiencias Reales de aquí y de Guatemala comunicando algunos medios con personas graves y religiosos, y diferenciando diligencias y gastando mucho dinero, así de S.M. como de personas interesadas que tienen por allí haciendas, y aún harto también de la mía, nunca ha sido remedio bastante, ni creo ha de bastar ninguno, si S.M. no se determina a mandar que sean asolados a fuego y a sangre, y no dudo sino que ha de ser de ello servido, cuando se satisfaga de lo que ha pasado; y así V.S. podrá hacer en el entretanto lo que todos hemos hecho. que es ir asegurando los caminos con soldados, para que los desafíos no sean tantos, y castigar los salteadores que pudieren ser habidos, que al orden para todo hallara V.S. entre los demás papeles” (Carta de Fray Juan de Salmerón a Felipe II 2000, p. 648).
28
“The first and ancient inhabitants of the provinces that we call New Spain were very savage forest-dwelling men who lived solely from hunting, and for this reason were called Chichimecas. They did not sow or cultivate the land, nor did they live in groups, for their whole occupation and life was hunting, and in this they were very expert. They dwelt among the crags and the roughest places of the mountains, living like beasts without any form of government, and totally naked” (de Acosta 2002, p. 380).
29
“Cada día llegan a esta ciudad nuevas de daños que hacen los indios chichimecas en la comarca de las minas de Zacatecas, San Martin y Sombrerete y en otras partes de la Nueva Galicia. matando españoles y indios y llevándose bueyes y ovejas y haciendo otros muchos daños que serían largos de contar … hasta entrar en las minas del Sombrerete y del Fresnillo y llevarse las mulas con que traen y muelen los metales de que se siguen grandísimos inconvenientes demás de las muertes y robos que hacen” (Carta del doctor Moya de Contreras 2000, p. 632).
30
“He entendido de personas de aquella tierra que con solo darlos a estos indios por esclavos por los días de su vida los prenderán a todos porque por el interés habrá muchos que se juntaran en camaradas y compañías y lo harán, pero como no quieren que lo sea sino aquel o aquellos que por proceso pareciere culpado, y por tiempo limitado … Podría darse orden en que no se llegase allí ni se hiciesen las entradas ni prisiones, sino en los que ya son conocidos por salteadores y homicidios, prendiendo ansí mismo las mujeres y niños, porque de otra manera sería proceder en infinito, y hasta buena obra se les haría en sacarlos de vida tan inhumana y traerlos al gremio de la Santa Madre Iglesia y a mejor tratamiento que ellos tienen en sus tierras, que, aunque esto no se podrá hacer sin algunas muertes. menos inconveniente es que mueran algunos pocos indios, pues justamente lo merecen” (Carta del doctor Moya de Contreras 2000, p. 633).
31
“Aunque en la que escribió a V.M. la Audiencia decía, entre otras, que la salida de un oidor a la visita era muy necesaria pero que parecía imposible hacerse por las dificultades que en ella se referían, después de escrita y partida la flota, fueron tantas las desventuras de que tuvimos nueva en la Audiencia de daños que hacían chichimecos y tanta la desenvoltura de los indios de paz, en especial de los que residían en Zacatecas y su comarca...y eran las muertes de indios tantas que me certifican padres benditos de San Francisco de estas minas y real de Panuco, y la sospecha que se tenía de indios de paz hacían los saltos y daños” (Carta del oidor Santiago Riego 2000, p. 634).
32
Lo que tenemos dezir para el remedio desto por la ynspiriençia que tenemos delo que emos visto en las conquistas y alçamientos y rebeliones desta tierra en especial en este reyno que an sido las más y mayores que otra parte y siempre que no çesan que vuestra magestad debe mandar proveer que de una vez se echase esto aparte como hiço el buen vicerrey Don Antonio de Mendoça difunto que quando este reyno se rebeló todo y ovo grandes trabaxos y muertes vino y salió dela Nueba España con ochoçientos y más españoles y de beyntemil indios amigos de la Nueba España y entra por todas partes y asuelalo todo (Cartas de Cabildos Seculares de 23 de diciembre de 1572, AGI, Colección Guadalajara-México, 30, N.14).
33
“Ya no ay ombre que quiera ir ni hazer entrada y los males destos creçen cada día que no hay quien ose andar por los caminos y todo anda alvorotado y desasosegado y es en lo más prençipal y que más haze al caso para toda esta tierra y Castilla porque es donde se saca la plata y en el riñón y partido de todas las mynas deste reyno y acude a ellas toda la tierra y el día questas faltaren en esta tierra es todo acabado y a vuestra magestad leva sus reales cuentas” (Carta de los cabildos seculares de 23 de diciembre de 1572, AGI, Colección Guadalajara, 30, N.14).
34
“Lo uno por cuanto la guerra contra los dichos indios chichimecas salteadores está justificada por sus grandes excesos, e por las muchas informaciones que contra ellos se han hecho están convencidos de sus culpas y delitos y haber sido tantas veces reducidos al gremio de la iglesia e justicia traídos de paz poblándolos y congregándolos en las partes e lugares que han elegido e pedido y han sido regalados con ropa y bastimentos y dejándoles vivir en su libertad sin ningún reconocimiento ni sujeción e tenido a su voluntad todos los ganados de las haciendas y de su mala inclinación sin ser incitados ni ocasionados con malos tratamientos ni otras causas tantas cuantas veces han pedido la gracia y se les ha concedido otras tantas se han revelado y alzado e por experiencia se ha visto que nunca la piden e procuran si no es para ejecutar a sobre della sus crueldades sea vuestra excelencia servido que se les haga la guerra a fuego y a sangre. publicándolos por enemigos y haciéndolos esclavos perpetuos” (Carta de los criadores de ganado de las chichimecas acerca de los daños que los indios chichimecas hacen 2000, p. 645).
35
“… ahora falta gran numero que bautizar, y bajar de la sierra muchos huesos secos y desamparados por estos picachos y juntarlos y darles sepultura debida y esto más se hará sin voz ni lengua, pues los bautizados podemos decir que no tienen carne ni aun pies tampoco, sino que están en los puros huesos; y plegue al señor que estén todavía vivos con el sagrado bautismo. Ahora es el enseñarlos a ser cristianos y vestir de piel” (Urdiñola 1987, p. 231).
36
“… if the Spaniards were not allowed to travel amongst them, this would be either by natural, divine, or human law. But they are certainly allowed to do so by divine and natural law. But if there were a human enactment (lex) which barred them without any foundation in divine or natural law, it would be inhumane and unreasonable, and therefore without the force of law” (Vitoria 2010, p. 279).
37
“… if the barbarians, either in the person of their masters or as a multitude, obstruct the Spaniards in their free propagation of the Gospel, the Spaniards, after first reasoning with them to remove any cause of provocation, may preach and work for the conversion of that people even against their will, and may if necessary take up arms and declare war on them, insofar as this provides the safety and opportunity needed to preach the Gospel” (Vitoria 2010, p. 285).
38
“… once the Spaniards have demonstrated diligently both in word and deed that for their own part they have every intention of letting the barbarians carry on in peaceful and undisturbed enjoyment of their property, if the barbarians nevertheless persist in their wickedness and strive to destroy the Spaniards, they may then treat them no longer as innocent enemies, but as treacherous foes against whom all rights of war can be exercised, including plunder, enslavement, deposition of their former masters, and the institution of new ones” (Vitoria 2010, p. 283).
39
“They feed on food no more civilized and little better than that of beasts. On these grounds, they might be handed over to wiser men to govern. And an apparent confirmation of this argument is if some mischance were to carry off all the adult barbarians, leaving alive only the children and adolescents enjoying to some degree the use of reason but still in the age of boyhood and puberty, it is clear that princes could certainly take them into their care and govern them for as long as they remained children” (Vitoria 2010, p. 291).
40
“Las demás causas de guerra ofensiva son: por castigarlos como apóstatas rebeldes … contra sacrílegos, que han muerto frailes, clérigos y herido muchas personas eclesiásticas … contra ladrones salteadores en los caminos … contra abigeos robadores de ganado, que esto ha sido general en todos ellos, y se mantienen y han mantenido de ellos” (Santa María 2003, 41ss).
41
“Y así digo que no ay duda sino que omnia tam mobilia quam inmobilia fiunt capientium y la razon es porque todas, hasta que se satisfaga la injuria de los rrobos hechos, y de matancas y muertes por los enemigos. y aún de los grandes gastos y costas que se hazen en la guerra … Pues está claro que no se puede hazer recompensa por las injurias grandes recebidas, en bienes muebles ni en rraizes de los dichos chichimecas. porque no los tienen, y, aunque los tuuieran son de poco momento. se debe y puede hazer en sus personas haziendolos esclauos perpetuos” (Parecer del doctor Hernando Ortiz Hinojosa 2000, pp. 707–8).
42
“Y llegando a las causas esenciales … la una es para pueda nación española bivir en paz y defenderse y conservarse contra tantas muertes, rrovos y danos, y propulsar esta gente infiel y bárbara que no alteren y levanten a los demas indios de paz, en gran peligro y daño … o lo que trae Fr. Francisco Victoria en este propósito super illud Mathei, docete omnes gentes, el qual aun dize, que si adhuc contenderent ad perditionem hispanorum tanquam cum perfidis hostibus agere possunt et omnia belli jura in illos prosequi, et spoliare illos et in captivitatem ducere pro qualitate rei, et injuriarum” (Parecer del Doctor Fulgencio Vique 2000, p. 714).
43
“… hizieron los más extraños estragos que se an oydo ni visto, porque desde el dicho tiempo hasta el ano de ochenta y uno y dos se averiguo por informaciones auténticas que mataron entre yndios de paz v españoles. negros, mulatos y mestizos, más de mil personas, hombres, mujeres y niños haziendo en ellos las más crueles muertes que se an oydo, leydo ni visto, porque a los hombres les sacauan el coracon viuos y se los comían y les cortavan todos los miembros, y a las mujeres preñadas abrian y con la criatura del vientre les daban por los ojos y luego se la comían” (Relación del doctor Hernando de Robles 2000, p. 692).
44
“Y se rresueluen todos que no abra rremedio en tan desordenada barbarie si no es mandandoles hazer guerra a fuego y a sangre y dando facultad a los que los siguieren y uvieren a las manos viuos que los tengan por sus esclauos perpectuos porque con esto abra muchos que con el interese particular que se les sigue, sin sueldo ni costa de su magestad los infesten, sigan y [88v] y persigan hasta matarlos y prenderlos y arredrarlos de aquellas prouincias” (Relación del doctor Hernando de Robles 2000, p. 696).
45
“… una de las mayores y principales que los emperadores y reyes tienen, amparar y defender sus súbditos de los enemigos, y asegurar los caminos, en especial los que van a tierras de comercio y contratación, de donde se interesa derechos Reales y no en pequeña cantidad, y tales son estos. He entendido que se deja de remediar por no haberse atrevido … contra aquella maldita y cruel gente [que lo son sobremanera] en lugar de destruirlos les añade mayor osadía, mayor coraje y atrevimiento y destreza” (Carta de Fray Juan de Salmerón a Felipe II 2000, p. 670).
46
“A nonnullis dubitatum est, an licitum sit bellum in chichimecas qui non solun viam impediunt publicam et multos occidunt fideles per earn gradientes et ambulantes, et in alios crudelem exercent tyranidem, tum eorum excoriando capita, tum eos sagittis vulnerado, tum denique eorum depredando bona. Ita ut vix tutum sit via ingredi publica et regia” (Focher 2000, p. 585).
47
Filosóficamente, los pensadores franciscanos (como lo era Jean Focher) tenían como referencia principal a Duns Scoto, pero también los cuatro libros de las Sentencias de Pedro Lombardo y la Suma de Alejandro de Hales, así como el estudio de la lógica, física, metafísica y teología. A ello se podría añadir a los grandes maestros de la Orden de San Francisco: Francisco de Mayrone, Ricardo de Mediavilla y San Buenaventura (Lazaro Pulido 2012, pp. 172–74).
48
“Addit Scotus ubi supra quod princeps infidelium fidelis potest, immo debet, auferre a parentibus infidelibus suos infantes: quos volunt educare contra cultum Dei: et eos per baptismum divino applicare cultui. et postea apud fideles educentur” (Tratado de Juan Focher sobre la guerra chichimeca 2000, pp. 589–90).
49
“Sabed: Que por algunas cosas de mucha consideración convenientes y de importancia al servicio de su majestad es necesario saber y averiguar con claridad y distinción la forma y modo en que desde su principio y después que se asentó la paz con los chichimecas se fundaron y han administrado los presidios […] hasta hoy están fundados (los presidios) y que es lo que su majestad gasta en cada uno de ellos y que doctrinas tienen y que cantidad de gente está asentada y reducida y los efectos que se han conseguido en cada presidio en aumento de la dicha paz y conservación y como se distribuye de cada frontera el socorro que su majestad les manda hacer cada año para ayuda del sustento y vestuario” (Ortiz Fuenmayor 1987, pp. 123–24).
50
“Preguntado por la segunda pregunta, dijo que este testigo sabe que desde el tiempo que lo conoce y tiene el dicho cargo, le ha visto acudir con mucho cuidado a la visita y visitas de estas fronteras, acudiendo a las cosas necesarias del servicio de su majestad, asiento y conservación de los dichos indios y al castigo de los que inobedientes han sido, castigándolos conforme sus delitos” (Ortiz Fuenmayor 1987, p. 127).
51
“[…] por su orden se an echo muchas poblaciones y reduciéndolos a que muchos salgan y que hagan sus milpas y sementeras, y desde que murió el capitán Caldera, an estado los dichos indios de dicho capitán Ortiz gobernándolos a satisfacción a todos, y por castigo que hace en ello, le tienen temor, y amor por las buenas que de él reciben … y después se asentaron … an estado muy quietos y pacíficos, y sean excusado, muertes, hurtos y vejaciones que cada día recibían” (Reporte chichimecas capitán Miguel Caldera, AGI, Patronato, 83, N.4, R.2).
52
Francisco Tenamaztle emerged as a prominent leader among the Cazcan people, staunchly resisting Spanish incursions into their territory, now encompassing the present-day Mexican states of Jalisco and Zacatecas. During the Mixtón War (1540–1542), Tenamaztle spearheaded his factions, succumbing to defeat in 1542, following the capture of his strongholds in Noxistlán by viceroy Antonio de Mendoza in 1542. Following his capture and deportation to Spain in 1552, he was received by Bartolome de las Casas in Valladolid who signed his legal defense (Sánchez Godoy 2022, pp. 94–95). Las Casas emphasized that Tenamaztle had originally accepted baptism, and his rebellion was caused by the injustices suffered by his people, portrayed as peaceful, due to the abuses of the encomenderos and conquistadors (Sánchez Godoy 2022, p. 88). He probably died in Spain after 1556.
53
“… no quise sino salir de paz, mandando a mis gentes que rescibiesen a los españoles. benigna y amigablemente y les diesen los bastimentos que oviesen menester en abundancia y les hiziesen todo buen acogimiento, sin deverselo más de por una natural y demasiada piedad, poniéndome en el peligro que me puse de los males y danos muy grandes que después a mí y a todas mis gentes y tierras hizo” (Tenamaztle 2000, p. 514).
54
“En este tiempo yo tui uno de los primeros que, por la predicación y persuasión de los dichos religiosos (franciscanos), me convertí y recibí el santo sacramento del bautismo, con otros muchos señores y gentes populares” (Tenamaztle 2000, p. 515).
55
“… si la dicha servidumbre, contraria a toda natural justicia, como es ser encomendados a españoles, siendo gente libre, como lo somos” (Tenamaztle 2000, p. 515).
56
“Este huir, y esta natural defensa, muy poderosos señores. llaman y an llamado siempre los españoles, usando mal de la propiedad de los vocablos, en todas las Indias, contra el Rey levantarse. Juzgue Vuestra Alteza, como espero que juzgara justa y catholicamente, como jueces rectíssimos de las naciones aunque carezcan de Fe de Christo, ni de otra ley divina ni humana, sino ensenada por sola razón natural” (Tenamaztle 2000, p. 516).
57
“Vuestra Alteza tenga por bien de mandar poner en libertad los vezinos y moradores que ovieren vivos del dicho pueblo de Nuchistlan y Mizquitutla y sus subjectos, mandando que yo sea restituido en el señorío dellos, como cosa propia mía y que me dejaron mis padres del qual e sido despojado; y a mí y a todos ellos Vuestra Alteza encorpore en la Corona Real de Castilla, en cuya devoción y servicio yo quiero siempre vivir” (Tenamaztle 2000, p. 517).
58
“… no basta entender lo que en esta relación se propone, que es alegar el derecho que nuestra nación española dicen que tiene contra ellos. Era y es necesario examinar también el que ellos tienen contra nosotros...y ver si los españoles entraron al principio en sus tierras y las poseen agora con labranzas y minas y estancias de ganado contra su voluntad y por consiguiente con violencia e injusticia” (Parecer de la Orden de Santo Domingo 2000, p. 699).
59
“También se ha de ver y examinar lo que muchos dicen, si los españoles començaron primero a irritar a los indios, y si es así como se dice que les an hecho muchos agravios y desafueros, y que, en lugar de prender culpados, an dado sobre pueblos o rancherías de ynnocentes. captivando los niños y mugeres para tener más ganancia” (Parecer de la Orden de Santo Domingo 2000, p. 700).
60
“… se han hecho muchas entradas y muchas presas de los inocentes. que venidos vna vez a manos de los soldados, de más de los muertos, sabrán dar orden como justificar su hecho y quedarse con los vivos, y visto por otra parte el gran daño que padesce esta república, que pide poderoso remedio, confessamos llanamente que no hallamos modo ni como resoluernos dando nuestro parecer en lo propuesto” (Parecer de la Orden de San Agustín 2000, p. 703).
61
“… provea que la comida que los indios dan en muchas partes al ministro la den generalmente con moderación para reparar el [depravado] estilo que se tiene que es amilanar al ministro no les corrija sus excesos o el que del quiere emularle inducen a los indios pidan la comida y a ello vuestros oidores los copelen y quitan los salaries y los molestan, de que nasce vivir amilanados ni que los ministros osen apretar en su obligación, antes disimulen sus quiebras” (Sobre el poblamiento de los indios 2000, p. 720).
62
“De que somos avisados por memoriales de las órdenes de S. Domingo, S. Francisco. S. Agustín y la Compañía, y algunos clérigos doctos y exemplares, que públicamente dizen que en tiempo de su gentilidad no fueran tan maltratados y vexados como lo son oy dia, que no sin lagrimas sentimos la auaricia, interese, fomente oprobio y aborrecimiento del euangelio, y sea, como es, aviso a todos los infieles cincunvezinos que están por conuertir, huyan de venir al sancto baptismo, por no ser tratados como oyen, veen y sienten los que dellos an viuido en minas, que huidos” (Carta al Rey: Cosas que se avisan y suplican 2000, p. 719).
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http://jesustorres.org/site/en/biografia.php
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en
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JESUS TORRES Composer
|
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[
"contemporary classical music",
"spanish composers"
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[] | null |
Jesus Torres Composer Official Website
| null |
Jesús Torres was born in Saragossa on 15 July 1965 of Andalusian descent, and lives in Madrid since he was ten years old. Born into a family with a long musical tradition, he started learning the violin wiht his uncle José Torres and later entered the Conservatorio Superior de Música of Madrid where he received his academic background. He studied composition privately with Francisco Guerrero from 1986 to 1988.
His catalogue consists of 135 compositions and includes twenty orchestral works and numerous works of chamber music for the most varied types of ensembles. A special interest of his is setting texts to music, above all the poetry of Vicente Aleixandre, alongside that of other literary figures including San Juan de la Cruz, Jorge Manrique, Santa Teresa de Jesús, Góngora, Lope de Vega, Quevedo, Rubén Darío, Juan Ramón Jiménez, Miguel Hernández, Juan Eduardo Cirlot, Leopoldo Panero, Antonio Carvajal, Fermín Cabal and Alejandro Duque Amusco.
His pieces have been performed in numerous countries at festivals and in concert series, including at the Venice Biennale, Wiener Konzerthaus, Musica 99 Strasbourg, Lucerne Festival, Musikfestspiele Saar, Ars Musica Brussels, Prèsences 2000 of Radio France, Gare du Nord Basel, Ultraschall Berlin, Konzert Theater Bern, the Sibelius Academy in Helsinki, the Khumo Festival, Quincena Donostiarra, Festival Transart, Festival de Marvâo, Schwetzinger Festspiele, the SIMC Festival in Copenhagen and Bucharest, Festival de Alicante, the UNESCO International Rostrum of Composers (2001 and 2008), PRIX Italia, Música de Hoy, Time of Music of Vitassari, Festival Spaziomusica in Cagliari, the Mostly Modern Series in Dublin, the Royal Academy in London, Gaudeamus Music Week, Festival Manca in Nice, Ibermúsica, Prague Premieres 2008, Sound Ways Festival St. Petersburg, Festival Puentes de México, Festival Latinoamericano de Caracas, etc. He has received commissions from both private and public institutions including: INAEM (Spanish Ministry of Culture), Teatro Real, Fundación BBVA, Siemens Stiftung, the Gaudeamus Foundation (Amsterdam), the Kaleidoscope Programme (of the EU), the Comunidad of Madrid, the Colegio de España in Paris, The Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music, the Aula de Música in Alcalá de Henares, the Spanish Radio and Television Symphony Orchestra, Fundación Canal, the "Cadaqués Orchestra" Conducting Competition, the Spanish National Orchestra, the Nacional Youth Orchestra of Spain, Institut Valencià de la Música, the Basque Government Department of Culture, Cameralia 2007, O.R.C.A.M., the Teatro de la Zarzuela, FestClásica, Semana de Música Religiosa de Cuenca, Orquestra Simfònica de Barcelona i Nacional de Catalunya, Fundación Hazen Hosseschrueders, Fundación Siglo, Sociedad Estatal de Conmemoraciones Culturales (SEEC), Program for Cultural Cooperation (University of Minnesota), etc. He has also received commissions from numerous performers.
Hes music has been performed by important ensembles as the Ensemble Intercontemporain, Wiener Klaviertrio, Quatour Diotima, Brodsky String Quartet, Notos Quartett, Trío Arbós o Sigma Project, and conductors as Gianandrea Noseda, Gustavo Gimeno, Vasily Petrnko, Clemens Schuldt, Juanjo Mena, Paul Daniel, Ari Rasilainen or Rossen Milanov, among may others, have conducted their works with numerous orchestras.
He has been the recipient of various awards, including that of the SGAE (Madrid, 1992), of Gaudeamus (Amsterdam, 1995), the Valentino Bucchi Award (Rome, 1997), the Reina Sofía Award (Barcelona, 1999), The Millennium Chamber Players (Chicago, 2008), the National Music Award 2012 and the AEOS:BBVA Foundation award 2015.
Composer in Residence:
Joven Orquesta Nacional de España. 1998/1999 Season
Orquesta Sinfónica del Principado de Asturias (OSPA), 2016/2017 Season
Centro Nacional de Difusión Musical (CNDM), Spanish Ministry of Culture. 2017/2018 Season
Orquesta Sinfónica Ciudad de Zaragoza. 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 Seasons
Since 2002, all of his compositions have been published by Editorial Tritó in Barcelona. Many of his works have been recorded for the Naxos, Kairos, IBS Classiccal and Tritó labels.
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https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article%3Fid%3D10.1371/journal.pone.0051058
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en
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A DNA Barcoding Method to Discriminate between the Model Plant Brachypodium distachyon and Its Close Relatives B. stacei and B. hybridum (Poaceae)
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https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0051058.g003&size=inline
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[
"Haplotypes",
"Genomics",
"Cloning",
"Phylogenetic analysis",
"Plastids",
"Polyploidy",
"DNA barcoding",
"Genetic loci"
] | null |
[
"Alexander Betekhtin",
"Pilar Catalán",
"Diana López-Alvarez",
"Maria Luisa López-Herranz"
] | null |
Background Brachypodium distachyon s. l. has been widely investigated across the world as a model plant for temperate cereals and biofuel grasses. However, this annual plant shows three cytotypes that have been recently recognized as three independent species, the diploids B. distachyon (2n = 10) and B. stacei (2n = 20) and their derived allotetraploid B. hybridum (2n = 30). Methodology/Principal Findings We propose a DNA barcoding approach that consists of a rapid, accurate and automatable species identification method using the standard DNA sequences of complementary plastid (trnLF) and nuclear (ITS, GI) loci. The highly homogenous but largely divergent B. distachyon and B. stacei diploids could be easily distinguished (100% identification success) using direct trnLF (2.4%), ITS (5.5%) or GI (3.8%) sequence divergence. By contrast, B. hybridum could only be unambiguously identified through the use of combined trnLF+ITS sequences (90% of identification success) or by cloned GI sequences (96.7%) that showed 5.4% (ITS) and 4% (GI) rate divergence between the two parental sequences found in the allopolyploid. Conclusion/Significance Our data provide an unbiased and effective barcode to differentiate these three closely-related species from one another. This procedure overcomes the taxonomic uncertainty generated from methods based on morphology or flow cytometry identifications that have resulted in some misclassifications of the model plant and its allies. Our study also demonstrates that the allotetraploid B. hybridum has resulted from bi-directional crosses of B. distachyon and B. stacei plants acting either as maternal or paternal parents.
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/resource/img/favicon.ico
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https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0051058
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Introduction
The impact of the new model plant Brachypodium distachyon on grass genomic research has gathered pace since the publication in 2010 of the full genome sequence of the diploid genotype Bd21 (2n = 10) by the International Brachypodium Initiative [1]. This taxon shows one of the smallest genome sizes of the monocots (272 Mb), together with a short life cycle (6 weeks), an inbreeding nature and a close relationship to the temperate cereals and forage crops [2]. These features make it an optimal model for the cultivated temperate cereals, wheats and barley, and other Poaceae. Over the last decade, more than 400 laboratories worldwide have worked on investigating the genomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics of B. distachyon [2], [3], [4]. Lines of research include studies on grain production, pathogen resistance, and tolerance to drought and to other abiotic stresses that could be transferred to cereal breeding programs [2], [3], [5], to those on cell wall analyses focused on the improvement of biofuel grass production [2], [5]. Other studies have highlighted the ecological plasticity of B. distachyon [6], [7], [8], adapted to different environmental conditions, as a suitable plant for ecosystem management and to prevent land erosion [7]. The compact genome of B. distachyon, which shows an extremely low amount of repetitive DNA [1], [2], has facilitated the construction of single-copy BAC libraries for comparative genomics and of derived mutagenized T-DNA and TILLING lines as a further aid to investigate gene expression effects under different natural and induced conditions in the model grass [2]. Additionally, large B. distachyon germplasm collections have been built at USDA (http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs), and in several European and Mediterranean institutions [2], [3], [4], [9], [10], containing accessions with both economically and ecologically relevant traits and showing large phenetic and genotypic variation for on-going mapping projects.
The taxonomic and genomic identity of B. distachyon has been recently challenged by the evolutionary and systematic study of Catalán and coworkers [11]. Three cytotypes of B. distachyon sensu lato (s. l.) are known (2n = 10, 2n = 20 and 2n = 30) which were previously attributed to different ploidy levels of the same taxon B. distachyon s. l. (e. g., an autopolyploid series of individuals with x = 5 and 2n = 10 (2x), 20 (4x), 30 (6x) chromosomes; [12]). Catalan and coworkers demonstrated, through exhaustive phylogenetic, cytogenetic and phenotypic analyses, that the three cytotypes should in fact be treated as three different species: two diploids, each with a different chromosome base number, B. distachyon (x = 5, 2n = 10) and B. stacei (x = 10, 2n = 20), and their derived allotetraploid B. hybridum (x = 5+10, 2n = 30). In-situ GISH and rDNA and single-BAC FISH hybridizations, nucleolar dominance, and Comparative Chromosome Painting (CCP) analyses have conclusively demonstrated that the genomes of the two diploid species participated in the origin of the allopolyploid B. hybridum genome [11], [13], [14], [15], [16]. Genome size analyses provided further evidence that the genome size of B. hybridum (c. 1.265 pg/2C) resulted from the sum of the genomes of the two parental species [11]. Phylogenetic analyses of two plastid (ndhF, trnLF) and four nuclear (ITS, ETS, CAL, GI, DGAT) genes indicated that the more basally-diverged B. stacei and the more recently evolved B. distachyon emerged from two independent lineages, confirming their contribution as genome donors of B. hybridum [11]. Statistical analysis of morphometric traits showed that five characters (stomata leaf guard cell length, pollen grain length, upper glume length, lemma length, and awn length) significantly discriminated among the three species when they were grown under controlled greenhouse conditions [11]. However, although the three species can be differentiated through several phenotypic and cytogenetic traits, their direct identification is not always straightforward as wild populations show overlapping phenotypic variation for some characters and a similar diploid genome size (B. distachyon 0.631 pg/2C, B. stacei 0.564 pg/2C; [11], [17]). This has led to taxonomic uncertainty among, or even to taxonomic misclassifications of, the model species and its close allies when using currently employed identification methods such as morphology or flow cytometry (see Discussion).
The importance of B. distachyon and its recently split congeners, B. stacei and B. hybridum, has been underlined in newly addressed initiatives on re-sequencing 56 new accessions of B. distachyon and the de-novo genome sequencing of B. stacei and B. hybridum, a project undertaken by the Joint Genome Institute and the International Brachypodium Consortium (http://brachypodium.pw.usda.gov/files/resequencing_description_110822.pdf). The genomic features of the three species of this complex, which are characterized by similar, small genomes with low repetitive DNA content, make it an ideal group to investigate the mechanisms of polyploid hybrid speciation, paralleling those of the major cereal (Triticum) crops [2], [5]. The imminent genome sequences of B. stacei and B. hybridum will allow comparative genomic and functional genomic analyses on these diploid and polyploid grasses and their potential transfer to other cereals and forage crops. A large-scale phenomic study of a collection of different B. distachyon accessions, adapted to different selection pressures and currently undergoing re-sequencing (see above), is also under way (EPPN initiative; http://www.plant-phenotyping-network.eu/) and could be extended to B. stacei and B. hybridum (John Doonan, pers. comm). These analyses would be hindered, however, by the lack of a reliable method to differentiate the individuals of the three species. This is particularly problematic in natural admixed populations, where B. hybridum grows in sympatry with one or the other parental species [6], [11] López-Alvarez & Catalán, unpublished data]. Misidentified B. stacei and B. hybridum samples have also been found within the B. distachyon germplasm collections (see Discussion). Therefore, if the model plant is not one but three species, it is imperative to find an accurate and easily performed method to separate them. The DNA barcoding system offers a suitable approach to this problem.
From the several genes proposed as potential DNA barcodes for plants, the combination of the partial sequences of the plastid rbcL and matK coding genes was selected as the preferred core sequence by the CBOL Plant Working Group [18]. These authors also recommended the use of other fragments in combination with the rbcL+matK core to increase resolution within complex taxonomic groups. However, recent studies have proposed other, more variable genes as suitable candidates for the DNA barcoding of closely related plants [19], [20], [21]. Among these, the plastid trnLF region [20], [21], [22] and the nuclear rDNA ITS region [20], [23] have demonstrated their utility to discriminate different angiosperms at the species level in many groups, though they are not effective in all cases [21], [22], [24], [25]. A mini-barcoding fragment within the trnLF region, the P6 loop, has provided useful barcoding species-specific markers in ecological and dietary studies [22], [25]. Analyses of large angiosperm data sets have demonstrated, however, that the inclusion of the nuclear ITS region significantly increased the discriminatory power of the barcoding method beyond that based on the plastid molecules alone [23]. Despite the drawbacks posed by the multicopy ITS region in plants, such as the potential presence of paralogous and recombinant copies, and its predominant concerted evolution towards one of the parental ribotypes in the hybrid species [26], there is overall agreement on the value of its use as a barcoding tool for plants [20], [23]. In contrast, little consensus has been reached on the use of nuclear single-copy genes as barcoding molecules for plants. The problem stems from the inherent difficulty of finding appropriate unlinked and non-duplicated orthologous genes across a wide spectrum of angiosperms, capable of high-resolution species discrimination [20], [27]. Initial progress, however, has been put forward in some plant groups, where the selection of various taxonomically widespread single-copy orthologous genes (COS) has helped to diagnose species [28], [29], [30].
The complexity of the appropriate barcoding method is undoubtedly related to the complexity and nature of the group under study. Thus, taxonomically complex groups where species boundaries are narrowly defined [31], recently radiated species which show incomplete lineage sorting and/or few private mutations [21], and polyploids of hybrid origin (allopolyploids) that inherited a maternal plastid genome but a biparental nuclear genome are among the most problematic plants to be barcoded [20]. The B. distachyon – B. stacei – B. hybridum complex fits these characteristics. However, the short generation time of these annuals likely allowed the accumulation of a high number of mutations in their plastid and nuclear genomes. This probably resulted in significantly higher evolutionary rates among these species than those detected in perennial Brachypodium species [11]. Although Catalán and co-workers conducted phylogenetic analyses using a restricted sampling of representatives of B. distachyon, B. stacei and B. hybridum (including type materials of the three species), they found evidence of low intraspecific variation and of high interspecific divergence in the studied plastid and nuclear DNA sequences of the diploids B. stacei and B. distachyon. Regarding the allotetraploid B. hybridum, the evolutionary analyses indicated that this species apparently inherited its maternal cpDNA genome from B. stacei, the paternal nrDNA ribotypes from B. distachyon, and one copy each of the nDNA single-copy CAL, GI, and DGAT genes from both parents [11]. These findings suggested that the studied fragments could be used as barcodes to discriminate among the three related species.
The first major aim of this study was to test whether two genes that have been previously proposed as barcoding tools for different angiosperms, the plastid trnLF region and the nuclear ITS region (both included in the study of Catalán and co-workers [11]), could be used as barcodes to discriminate the model plant B. distachyon and its close relatives B. stacei and B. hybridum when a large sample of representatives of the three taxa was surveyed. Secondly, we wanted to test whether the use of the two molecules would suffice to identify B. hybridum or if a third nuclear single-copy gene is necessary to unambiguously characterize the allotetraploid. A third goal of our study was to investigate whether B. stacei and B. distachyon were, respectively, the maternal and paternal genome donors of all the studied B. hybridum, in order to test whether this species had a monophyletic or polyphyletic origin.
Results
Almost all the studied B. distachyon, B. stacei and B. hybridum samples (Fig. 1) were successfully amplified and sequenced for trnLF (n = 208; 93%), ITS (n = 210; 97%) and GI (n = 57; 98%) (Tables 1, 2). The total number of sequences obtained for each locus varied, ranging from 204 single-individual sequences for trnLF to 281 single-individual plus cloned sequences for ITS. In total, 342 single-individual plus cloned sequences were obtained for GI. All the new sequences have been deposited in Genbank under accession numbers JX665833-JX665848, JX665854-JX665898, JX665906-JX665998, JX666000-JX666038 (trnLF), JX665532-JX665546, JX665548-JX665550, JX665553-JX66557, JX66559-JX665618, JX66520-JX665623, JX665625-JX665627, JX665630-JX665638, JX665640-JX665761, JX665763-JX665832 (ITS) and JX666039- JX666041, JX666043-JX666095, JX666098-JX666241, JX967124-JX967262 (GI) (Table S1). A small number of incomplete or ambiguous sequences (4 trnLF, 20 ITS) were excluded from the haplotype network analysis but were used in the phylogenetic analyses (see Results below).
Blue, red and purple dots map, respectively, the localities of origin of the B. distachyon, B. stacei and B. hybridum samples.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051058.g001
The aligned trnLF region of B. distachyon – B. stacei – B. hybridum sequences consisted of 782 nucleotide positions of which 38 (4.9%) were variable and 25 (3.2%) were potentially informative (Tables 2, S2, S3). In total, 28 trnLF haplotypes were found (Tables 1, S2); these were classified as B. distachyon-type (h1 - h19) and B. stacei-type (h20 - h28) haplotypes. The B. distachyon-type and B. stacei-type clusters of haplotypes were monophyletic with respect to one another (Figs. 2, 3). Most of the B. hybridum trnLF sequences were shared with or derived from B. stacei-type sequences (n = 102; 96.2%) and only a few of them came or were derived from B. distachyon-type ones (n = 4; 3.8%) (Table 1). The most common haplotype overall (h20) was shared by most of the B. stacei and B. hybridum sequences, whereas the B. distachyon sequences were partitioned into three main haplotypes (h2, h5, h4) and several minor ones (Table S2).
a) trnLF network; b) ITS network; c) GI network (boxes A and B show additional B. distachyon-type and B. stacei-type haplotypes, respectively). Each haplotype is represented by a circle with size proportional to the number of sequences that share the haplotype. Haplotype numbers correspond to those indicated in Tables 1 and S2. Dots indicate missing haplotypes.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051058.g002
a) trnLF tree; b) ITS tree; c) GI tree. B. distachyon-type and B. stacei-type clades are shown as blue and red triangles, respectively, in the small subfigures; potential recombinant parental sequences of B. hybridum (BdisBsta, see Table S2) are indicated in green. ‘i’ and ‘am’ indicate, respectively, incomplete and ambiguous sequences. Numbers below branches correspond to posterior probability support (PPS) values above 0.5. Geographical distributions of sequenced samples are indicated in the large subfigures (CircumMed - circumMediterranean; E Med - eastern Mediterranean; IB - Iberian Peninsula; Mo - Morocco; SW As - southwestern Asia; W Med - western Mediterranean).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051058.g003
The aligned ITS region had a length of 612 nucleotide positions of which 105 (17.2%) were variable and 43 (7.0%) were potentially informative (Tables 2, S3). The complete ITS data matrix of unambiguous direct or cloned sequences distinguished 65 ITS haplotypes (Tables 1, S2). The B. distachyon-type haplotypes (n = 43, 66.2%) outnumbered the B. stacei-type (n = 19, 29.2%) ones. There were 5 (h1-h3, h13-h14) and 3 (h18, h20, h22) main groups of haplotypes in each respective class, in terms of frequency among the total sample set; the remaining haplotypes mostly corresponded to single-individual or single-clone haplotypes. The B. distachyon-type and B. stacei-type clusters of haplotypes were monophyletic with respect to one another (Figs. 2, 3). Though most of the B. distachyon and B. stacei clones sequenced were identical within individuals, some gave different haplotypes (e. g. Bdis8, Bdis36, Bsta1, Bsta5, Bsta7, Bsta24; Tables 1, S2). Most of the B. hybridum ITS sequences were similar to the B. distachyon-like parental ones (n = 78; 83%); however few of them were similar to the B. stacei-like ones (n = 6; 6.4%), and several of them still showed similarities to both parental copies (n = 10; 10.6%) (Tables 1, S2). A very low percentage of the co-inherited ITS sequences showed evidence of inter-parental sequence recombination in B. hybridum (4.6%).
The aligned GI region consisted of 665 nucleotide positions of which 146 (21.9%) were variable and 45 (6.8%) were potentially informative (Tables 2, S3). The GI sequences were more variable than those of either trnLF or ITS, grouping into 200 haplotypes of which approximately the same number were of B. distachyon (n = 90, 45%) and B. stacei-type (n = 106, 53%) (Tables 1, S2). These two groups were monophyletic with respect to one another (Figs. 2,3). The few cloned B. distachyon and B. stacei individuals showed GI haplotypes belonging to their respective groups but with slightly different allelic variants in most cases. These minor variants could represent genuine mutations but could be also a consequence of Taq polymerase errors (Harriet Hunt, pers. comm.). Four haplotypes (h12, h13, h102, h141) showed evidence of inter-parental recombination in B. hybridum (n = 4, 2%) (Tables 1, S2). Most (n = 29, 96.7%) of the studied B. hybridum individuals showed two types of GI sequence, one type of which was inherited from each of the two parental species (Table 2); however the number of clones inherited from one or the other parent was dissimilar in some cases and, in only one instance, all of them were from a single parent (n = 1, 3.3% ) (Tables 2, S2).
K2P pairwise substitution rates, the recommended standard distance model in barcoding studies [32], [33], showed high interspecific sequence divergence values and low intraspecific values between and among the diploids B. distachyon and B. stacei for the three analysed data sets (Table 2). Both the mean intra- and interspecific divergence values were higher for the more variable nuclear ITS (0.029 (2.9%) and 0.055 (5.5%) respectively) and GI loci (0.022 (2.2%) and 0.038 (3.8%) respectively) than for the more conserved plastid trnLF locus (0.011 (1.1%) and 0.024 (2.4%) respectively). Moreover, the percentage of correctly identified specimens of a given species was in all cases above the 50% cut-off threshold suggested as a baseline to discriminate among species [21] (trnLF: 100/100%; ITS: 100/100%; GI: 100/100%; for B. distachyon and B. stacei, respectively). This supported the existence of a typical barcode gap for B. distachyon and B. stacei in all the three loci. Regarding B. hybridum, the K2P “intraspecific” and “interspecific” divergence rate calculations, conducted separately with respect to their two parental-donor sequences, showed sequence divergence values similar to those found in B. distachyon and B. stacei for the three loci (Table 2). The differences between the intra-parental and inter-parental (B. distachyon-like vs B. stacei-like) mean values were equivalent to those found between and within the sequences of the two diploids, and the barcoding gaps were also present in all three loci (Table 2). The percentage of individuals known from cytogenetic data to be B. hybridum, which showed the expected B. hybridum signature in the sequence data, was >50% with the use of either the combined trnLF+ITS core (90%) or the GI (96.7%) sequences (Tables 1, S2). We could therefore equate these values to the respective percentages of correct identification obtained from one and the other data set.
Haplotype networks constructed for each of the separate data sets using statistical parsimony methods (Fig. 2) showed a clear-cut separation between the B. distachyon-type and B. stacei-type classes of sequences in all cases. The plastid trnLF network required a connection of 23 steps between the two main haplogroups (Fig. 2a). The commonest B. stacei-type, h20, included B. stacei and B. hybridum individuals spread across all the SW Asian-Mediterranean and Macaronesian region (and also the respective type specimens of B. stacei (Spain: Formentera; ABR114) and B. hybridum (Portugal: Lisbon; ABR113). Its satellite haplotypes (h22–h28) corresponded to B. stacei and B. hybridum individuals from distinct western and eastern Mediterranean localities; the most isolated, h21 (6 step connection) was shared by individuals from Eastern Spain and the Balearic Islands (Tables 1, S1; Fig. 2a). The B. distachyon-type network was more diverse, with haplotypes separated by several steps and containing almost exclusively B. distachyon individuals (Fig. 2a). The core-group was formed by three main haplotypes, the interconnected h2, h5 and h4, which were found in individuals from disparate Mediterranean localities, plus the B. distachyon type (Iraq, Bd21; h2).
The nuclear ITS network was more complex than the trnLF one; however, it also distinguished two highly divergent B. distachyon- and B. stacei-type clusters that were separated by 33 steps (Fig. 2b). These clusters were linked by two intermediate haplotypes (h35, h42) from B. hybridum individuals from both sides of the Mediterranean that likely corresponded to inter-parental recombinant sequences (Table S2). The B. stacei cluster showed three main haplotypes interconnected by single steps (Fig. 2b). One haplotype (h19) comprised B. stacei and B. hybridum individuals from across the Mediterranean region and the Canary Islands, including most of the clones of the B. stacei type specimen (ABR114). The other two main haplotypes mostly comprised eastern Mediterranean (h20) or exclusively western Mediterranean (h22) samples (Tables 1, S2). Among the satellite haplotypes of the latter group, close phylogeographic connections were also detected between E Spain and the Balearic Islands (h23 and h24). The group showed a pattern of few unresolved loops, likely caused by intraindividual or by intraspecific B. stacei-type sequence recombinations. The more diverse B. distachyon cluster contained five main haplotypes, four of them interconnected by single mutations (h1, h2, h3, h14) and a fifth one (h13) nested within a derived 14-step subcluster (Fig. 2b). Haplotypes h1, h3, and h13 included B. distachyon and B. hybridum individuals from across the Mediterranean region and the first also included the B. distachyon type specimen (Bd21). However, h2 and h14 were more structured geographically, containing only Iberian-Balearic or mostly SW Asian-E Mediterranean individuals, respectively. The B. hybridum type specimen (ABR113) sequences were divided among two haplotypes (h38, h29). The B. distachyon cluster also showed one loop within the h13 subcluster, though the remaining satellite haplotypes were connected linearly, with different numbers of stepwise mutations (Fig. 2b).
The level of diversity and complexity was higher in the GI network (Fig. 2c); nonetheless it also showed a clear-cut split between the B. distachyon- and B. stacei-type clusters that required a connection of 30 steps. Two kinds of potential interspecific recombinant haplotypes, closer to either the B. distachyon (h13) or the B. stacei (h12, h102) clusters, were observed between them (see also Fig. 3c). Within the B. distachyon cluster, the commonest haplotype, h1, included B. distachyon and B. hybridum individuals from across the Mediterranean region (including the B. distachyon (Bd21) and B. hybridum (ABR113; B. distachyon-like copy) type specimens). Most of the h1 satellite haplotypes differed by one or two stepwise mutations; however, a more distantly related subclade was also present, formed exclusively of Iberian haplotypes (h50, h55-h56, h58, h136, h138, h139). Four unresolved loops involving B. hybridum haplotypes indicated the likely occurrence of intraspecific B. distachyon-like sequence recombinations in the hybrids. The B. stacei cluster comprised four main haplotypes. Two of them, h15 (including the B. stacei (ABR114) and the B. hybridum (ABR113; B. stacei-like copy) type specimens) and h19, included individuals of both species from the whole Mediterranean region. A third one, h39, comprised only B. hybridum individuals mostly from the eastern Mediterranean region. In contrast, the more derived h16 comprised only B. stacei individuals from the Iberian Peninsula. An isolated subcluster (separated by 10 steps) was formed by six haplotypes (h49, h51, h57, h137, h140, h141) from southern Spain. The B. stacei group showed a more intricate pattern of loops and divergences among the haplotypes than that of the B. distachyon group (Fig. 2B), likely reflecting a more complex evolutionary history.
The NJ trees based on K2P distances (Fig. S1) reflected the above findings and their topologies were highly congruent with the Bayesian halfcompat consensus trees shown here. In the trnLF tree (Fig. 3a) the B. distachyon and B. stacei sequences fell into two separate fully supported clades (1.00 posterior probability support); these clades collapsed into a polytomy with the core-perennial clade, B. boissieri and B. mexicanum. The nine haplotypes of the B. stacei clade were unresolved; however, the 19 haplotypes of the B. distachyon clade split into two strongly supported clades. One of them included the 5 divergent haplotypes of intermediate placement in the haplotype network (Fig. 2a), which are mostly distributed in the western Mediterranean region, and the other included the majority of the remaining haplotypes (Fig. 3a). Within this second group, some resolution was obtained for three separate Iberian (0.94), Turkish (0.82) and Middle East (0.98) subclades. The ITS tree depicted a strong divergence of the highly supported B. stacei (0.95) and B. distachyon (0.85) clades (Fig. 3b); B. stacei was unresolved in a sub-basal position with B. mexicanum, whereas B. distachyon was resolved as sister to the core perennials clade (0.92). The internal resolution of both clades was poor; however, two separate eastern Spain/Balearic Islands (0.95) and Iranian (0.94) subclades and two Balearic Islands (0.97, 0.95) subclades were recovered within, respectively, the B. stacei and B. distachyon clades. The GI tree also supported the divergent history of the B. distachyon (0.99) and B. stacei (0.99) lineages (Fig. 3c). B. stacei was sister to B. mexicanum p. p. (0.99), whereas B. distachyon was unresolved with respect to the weakly supported B. boissieri-B. retusum/B. mexicanum p.p. clade. The resolution within the B. distachyon clade was low except for a well supported (0.99) Iberian subclade that corresponded to the isolated subcluster of southern Spain B. hybridum (B. distachyon-like) haplotypes (h50, h55, h56, h58) detected in the network (Fig. 2c). Similarly, the B. stacei clade split into two well supported subclades, one of which also corresponded to a subcluster of highly isolated southern Spain B. hybridum (B. stacei- like) haplotypes (h49, h51, h57) recovered in the network (Fig. 2c; Tables 2, S1).
Discussion
DNA Barcodes for B. distachyon, B. stacei and B. hybridum
Under the premise that a successful barcode locus should enable the recovery of monophyletic clusters corresponding to individual species [34], we found that any one of the three assayed loci (trnLF, ITS, GI) could unambiguously differentiate the two monophyletic diploid species from direct sequencing of PCR amplicons. However the identity of the allotetraploid requires combined analysis of direct trnLF and direct or cloned ITS sequences or through analysis of cloned GI sequences.
Our results demonstrate that the widely employed barcoding regions trnLF and ITS [20], [23] clearly discriminate between B. distachyon and B. stacei. Both regions showed: i) high inter- vs intraspecific distance divergences, ii) significant barcoding gaps (Table 2), iii) extremely distant monophyletic clusters in the parsimony networks (Figs. 2a, b); and iv) highly supported divergent monophyletic clades in both the NJ (Results not shown) and the Bayesian trees (Figs. 3a, b). They also comply with the requirements of feasibility and rapid and easy production of the sequences to be considered optimal barcoding molecules [20]. However, the allopolyploid nature of B. hybridum, together with its estimated recent origin (c. 1 Ma; [11]), prevents their direct use as single standard barcodes for this taxon and its two parental taxa. Our study has shown that the maternally-inherited B. hybridum trnLF haplotype sequences could have been acquired from either of the two parents (Table 1; Figs. 2a, 3a) and that the biparentally-inherited B. hybridum ITS copies (B. distachyon-like and B. stacei-like) could either have remained intact in the hybrid genome or could have converged into one or the other parental copy (Table 1, Figs. 2b, 3b). This creates the possibility of misleading results if the B. hybridum trnLF and ITS sequences had been respectively inherited from and (co-inherited but) converted into the same progenitor sequences, causing confusion between the parent and the allotetraploid taxa (e. g. Bhyb26, Bhyb30and Bhyb35 with B. distachyon, and Bhyb28, Bhyb40, Bhyb41, Bhyb 47, Bhyb49 and Bhyb105 with B. stacei; Table 1). Cloning of the ITS sequences can help to solve the uncertainty if both parental copies are detected, as demonstrated in several studied cases (e. g. Bhyb9, Bhyb10, Bhyb14, Bhyb15, Bhyb18, Bhyb19, Bhyb22, Bhyb23 and Bhyb38; Table 1). The use of the combined trnLF+ITS barcode shows high percentages of successful species discrimination among the species in the reticulate triangle using either direct trnLF and ITS sequences (93.3%) or direct trnLF and cloned ITS sequences (94% (Tables 1, S2). The barcoding would remain untractable, however, if the concerted-evolution mechanism that operates in the multicopy nuclear ribosomal genes [26], [35] had converted all the co-inherited copies into the same parental copy.
Because of the drawbacks posed by the use of these classical barcodes, we searched for an alternative nuclear locus that could unambiguously differentiate the three species. This could only be a single-copy nuclear gene that retained both parental copies in the allotetraploid without undergoing convergent evolution towards one of them. Among the several COS proposed as appropriate candidates to differentiate closely related plant species [28], [29], [30] and to discriminate among Brachypodium taxa [11], [17] we selected a 665 bp fragment of the GIGANTEA gene, one of the key regulators of flowering promotion and phase transition [36]. This GI region has proved to be a strong candidate barcode for the B. distachyon s. l. taxa based on: i) its easy amplification, cloning and sequencing; ii) its single-copy orthologous nature: iii) the accumulation of discriminating mutations between the B. distachyon and B. stacei sequences (3.8% of mean inter- vs. intraspecific distance divergence and a significant barcode gap, Table 2); iv) the common presence of the two different co-inherited parental B. distachyon-like and B. stacei-like GI sequences in B. hybridum (Table 1); and v) rarely, the presence of inter-parental recombinant sequences that could be easily detected (Table1). The genetic differences were reflected in the GI parsimony network (Fig. 2c) and in the NJ (Results not shown) and Bayesian GI (Fig. 3c) topologies that recovered, respectively, distant clusters and well supported divergent monophyletic clades for B. distachyon and B. stacei, each of them including their respective derived B. hybridum copies. Although 5 cloned sequences were sufficient to detect both parental copies in most of the studied B. hybridum samples, a few difficult samples required the screening of up to 10–16 clones (e. g. Bhyb13, Bhyb34, Bhyb35 Bhyb50) or even a larger number, like in the case of the Bhyb69 sample (58 clones), to pick up variation from both parental species. Nonetheless, one sample (Bhyb2) showed only one parental copy after a relatively intensive clonal screening (49 clones; Tables 1, S2). This implies that a larger number of GI clones should be sequenced in order to detect co-inherited copies from both parents, providing that they are still maintained in the hybrid genome.
All the above evidence supports the choice of the GI locus as an alternative or as an additional suitable barcode for discriminating among the triangle species of the B. distachyon s. l. complex. This demands the use of cloning procedures but reduces the number of surveyed loci to just one. Moreover, the percentage of successful species discrimination increases to 98.2% (Tables 1, S2), which is above than that of the combined trnLF+ITS barcode. It further complements alternative cytogenetic identifications based on genome size or chromosome counting. The choice of the best method in a given situation would depend on considerations of facilities and costs, the acceptable error rate, and a priori information on the levels of polyploids in the sample. Very likely, other single-copy genes, such as those analysed within Brachypodium that also showed both co-inherited parental copies in the derived hybrid (e. g. CAL, DGAT, SST3; [11], [17]), could also serve as barcodes for this group of taxa. Single-copy nuclear genes are not ideal universal barcodes for plants as their priming sites cannot be easily transferred to non-related groups (e. g. [37]). The GI locus has been successfully amplified and sequenced in different representatives of Pooideae (López-Álvarez & Catalán, unpublished data) and could probably be extended to all the grass family. We propose the use of single-copy genes as a suitable barcoding alternative to circumvent the problem posed by the existence of recently evolved hybrids and polyploids within specific plant groups. In the future, the use of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) data (e. g. [38], [39], [40]), may facilitate the barcoding of problematic plant groups which contain recently evolved hybrids and polyploids. Although the availability of NGS data is still limited both taxonomically and among laboratories, its use for this purpose is rapidly increasing. In the mean time, the use of single-copy genes is the most practicable current solution for barcoding such plant groups.
Utility of the Proposed Barcoding Method
The new DNA barcoding method proposed here has direct applications to many on-going studies of the model plant B. distachyon and its close allies [2], [4]. It has great relevance to the selection of wild germplasm for genomic (http://brachypodium.pw.usda.gov) and plant breeding programs, and for ecological and evolutionary studies of wild populations [6], [11]. For this, the correct identification of the three species is crucial but still troublesome due to uncertainty in identifications based on highly variable morphological traits and on ambiguous genome sizes, which show overlapping sizes for B. distachyon and B. stacei [11], [41]. Our study has revealed several misidentifications of B. distachyon and its close relatives B. stacei and B. hybridum in germplasm collections (e. g. USDA, ABR) and inbred lines (cf. [7], [8], [11], [42]; e. g., Bsta9, Bsta42, Bsta43, Bhyb9, Bhyb10, Bhyb19, Bhyb20, Bhyb21, Bhyb38, Bhyb39, see Table 1) that likely resulted from incorrect orcein-staining chromosome counts or misleading genome size measurements. Alternatively, the misidentifications could also result from the mixed sampling of individuals or seeds of different species from admixed populations. This problem has been manifested in the failure of ‘intraspecific’ B. distachyon crossing programs, which were in fact interspecific (Magda Opanowicz and John Doonan, pers. comm.) and in unexpected results from cell wall analyses of putative B. distachyon lines, which corresponded to B. stacei or B. hybridum lines (Richard Sibout, pers. comm.). Our barcoding method overcomes these problems, providing an efficient and automatable method to discriminate among the three species.
The validity of our proposed barcoding method depends on the large genetic divergences detected between the diploid B. distachyon and B. stacei genomes for the three analysed loci (Tables 1, 2). The high number of synapomorphic mutations separating them (23, 33, and 30, respectively, for the trnLF, ITS and GI loci; Fig. 2), facilitates the immediate classification of the genomes, even from incomplete sequences (Figs. 3a, b, c). Furthermore, the three loci provide informative indels that differentiated B. distachyon and B. stacei, like the two 6-bp gaps in the trnLF locus, the two 3- and 4-nts gaps in the ITS locus, and the one 1-nt gap in the GI locus (see Table S3). Within the ITS region, the ITS2 spacer covers the two diagnostic indels and more than half of the synapomorphic markers detected within the locus (24 out of 43; Table S3), supporting the proposal that the ITS2 subregion could be used alone (Hollingstworth 2011) to barcode case study species. The correct identification of B. hybridum would always require, however, the combined use of, at least, the trnLF+ITS barcoding sequences. Our data indicate that direct PCR sequences from the two genes could discriminate B. hybridum from its two parental species in a high percentage of the cases (88.75%; Table 1). This value increases to 90.0% when the ITS products are cloned. However, as the method might not permit full resolution, due to the potential inheritance of the same parental plastid trnLF and converted nuclear ITS sequences in the hybrid (cf. [25]), the single-copy GI locus was selected as an alternative barcode for the species in the triangle. The random screening of 5 individual GI clones gave a relatively high resolution (80%) that became higher (96.7%) when up to 10–16 (and exceptionally more, e. g. 58) clones were sequenced within our surveyed samples (Table 1).
Recently, Giraldo et al. (2012) [41] proposed a new molecular method to differentiate the three taxa based on the different allelic SSR profiles of B. distachyon and B. stacei at four nuclear microsatellite loci and their additive patterns in B. hybridum. This represents an important step forward for rapid molecular identification of the species, similar to the molecular marker-based barcoding methods proposed for taxonomically complex and highly reticulate plant (e. g. [43]) and animal (e. g. [44]) groups. However, these methods could be less stable and prone to substantial changes than the sequence-based ones as the SSR allelic variation of the barcoded species might be greater than their DNA sequences (and consequently overlap) when a wider range of samples is used [45]. The discriminating SSR markers proposed by Giraldo et al. (2012) [41] were tested across a wide representation of Spanish samples and in the type specimens of the three taxa, but they were not studied in samples from other Mediterranean regions. Thus, our barcoding approach and that of Giraldo et al. (2012) [41] could be used in a complementary way (e. g. [44]) for rapid and accurate molecular identification of the ‘Brachy-complex’ taxa [2], allowing for confident identification even when unusual allelic variation renders one or other method unreliable.
Genetics and Geographical Distributions of the Three Species and the Polyphyletic Origin of B. hybridum
Our current barcoding survey of B. distachyon, B. stacei and B. hybridum samples has encompassed the whole Mediterranean region, the native distribution area of the three species [11]. One of the main findings of the study is the detection of B. stacei populations in both the western and eastern Mediterranean regions (Table 1; Fig. 1). This rare species was until recently only known from the type locality (Spain: Balearic Islands: Formentera) [11]. However, other recent studies have indicated its presence in other localities of SE Spain [7], [41] and in the Canary Islands [41]. Our analyses have confirmed most of these findings and have also revealed its presence in other western Mediterranean localities (Mallorca (Balearic Islands), S Spain, NW Morocco; Table 1, Fig. 1) where it was mislabelled as B. distachyon in the herbaria vouchers. Most notably, we have revealed the presence of B. stacei in the SW Asian-Middle East region (Iran, Israel, Lebanon, Palestine; Table 1), from which it was unknown and also misclassified as B. distachyon. Knowledge of this broader native geographical distribution area of B. stacei will be highly valuable for the selection of new ecotypes and local lines that could be used in the generation of F2 progenies to help the assembly of the newly sequenced B. stacei ABR114 genome (http://brachypodium.pw.usda.gov; John Vogel, pers. comm.). Our study has also contributed to understanding the native distribution areas of the more widely distributed species B. distachyon and B. hybridum (Table 1; Fig. 1). Both taxa are widespread in the Mediterranean region and largely overlap [2], [8], [11]. The new barcoding data confirm their presence on both sides of the Mediterranean basin, from which regions most the germplasm lines have been generated [2], [8], [41], and also report their presence in the central Mediterranean area (Table 1). This would be also a valuable source of information for the selection of new B. hybridum ecotypes and lines for the production of F2 progenies that would complement the assembly of the newly sequenced B. hybridum ABR113 genome (http://brachypodium.pw.usda.gov; John Vogel, pers. comm.), and those of B. distachyon that could be added to the resequencing project of the model plant.
Despite their abundant distributions in the Mediterranean, the intraspecific genetic diversities of the parental B. distachyon (0.5% trnLF and ITS; 0.4%GI) and B. stacei (0.1% trnLF; 0.5% ITS; 0.3% GI) sequences were low (Table 2). This was manifested in the sharing of their respective most common trnLF, ITS and GI haplotypes by individuals from populations located far apart in the circumMediterranean region (Tables 1, S2; Fig. 2). In contrast, individuals from geographically close populations, or even intraindividual clones, showed different haplotypes. Our results agree with those of Vogel and co-workers [8] and Mur and co-workers [2], based on SSR markers, which found close genetic connections between geographically distant B. distachyon populations in Turkey and between Spain and Turkey, respectively. Selfing species are expected to show low within-population and high among-population genetic diversities [46]. However, the autogamous B. distachyon and B. stacei samples show low overall geographical structuring of genetic diversity. This might be a consequence of the long distance dispersal of their seeds (cf. [8]) and the high capability of these annuals to adapt to different environmental conditions (cf. [6]). The genetic diversity of the less abundant B. stacei could be lower than that of the more widespread B. distachyon, as deduced from the proportionally fewer trnLF and ITS haplotypes detected in the former (Table 1). Both taxa show, however, some traces of geographic isolation between the western and eastern Mediterranean regions, evidenced by the detection of regional haplotypic clades (e. g. B. distachyon: western Mediterranean, Iberian, Turkish and Middle East subclades (trnLF, Fig. 3a); B. stacei: E Iberian-Balearic and Turkish subclades (ITS, Fig. 3b). The phylogeographic study of these populations is currently in progress (López-Álvarez and coauthors, unpublished results).
Another striking finding of our study is the demonstration of the existence of different directional crosses that likely gave rise to the new allotetraploid species (Tables 1, S2; Figs. 3a, b, c). In the more restricted study of Catalán and co-workers [11], all the surveyed B. hybridum individuals showed the inheritance of a B. stacei-like plastid genome, resulting from a cross with maternal B. stacei and paternal B. distachyon parents. However, our survey with larger sample sizes shows that, although the above seems to be most common cross direction, in a few cases the B. hybridum individuals are derived from a cross between maternal B. distachyon and paternal B. stacei parents (Table 2; Fig. 3a). The fact that B. hybridum plants derived from the alternate-direction crosses occurred in different Mediterranean localities (Table 1; Fig. 1) supports the multiple and polytopic origins of the allotetraploid B. hybridum. A closer inspection of the more variable ITS and GI networks and phylogenetic trees also reveals distinct relationships of the B. hybridum sequences to different parental haplotypic groups (Table 1; Figs. 2, 3) corroborating the polyphyletic origin of the B. hybridum samples. Complementary or unique parental haplotypic clusters have been found for some Iberian (GI) and eastern Mediterranean and Balearic (ITS) B. hybridum groups (Table 1; Figs. 2, 3). Furthermore, the low mean ‘interspecific’ divergence rates shown by the B. distachyon-like and B. stacei-like sequences of B. hybridum with respect to those of the two progenitors for the three studied loci (Table 2) indicate that the two genomes of the hybrid have kept the same or similar signatures as those of the ancestral genomes, supporting the recent origin of B. hybridum in the Pleistocene (cf. [11]). Additionally, the low mean ‘intraspecific’ divergence rates of the respective B. distachyon-like and B. stacei-like sequences of B. hybridum (Table 2), which are similar to the parental ones, suggests that the original genomes have remained largely intact and that the time elapsed since the hybridizations took part was a brief one. Nonetheless, the detection of some interspecific ITS and GI recombinant sequences in B. hybridum (Table 1; Figs. 2, 3) points towards the occurrence of frequent genomic rearrangements within the hybrid nucleus. This agrees with cytogenetic CCP evidence demonstrating the existence of structural rearrangements in the B. hybridum chromosomes with respect to the B. distachyon and B. stacei ones [16].
The recurrent formation of allopolyploid plant species has been largely documented in the literature [47], [48] and references therein). Their predominance over their parental diploid progenitors has been explained as the result of their higher fitness or their higher capability to colonize new habitats and new lands [49], [50]. The wide distribution of B. hybridum, which exceeds those of B. distachyon and B. stacei in their native Mediterranean region, as the only known species of the complex to have colonized other continents [9], , could be a consequence of its more genetically diverse hybrid genome and the likely recurrent origin of new hybrid variants. This could have resulted in fit and well adapted individuals that have displaced the parental species from their habitats and/or have invaded new niches [50]. Current studies are under way to investigate the recurrent origins of B. hybridum through time (López-Alvarez & Catalán, unpublished results).
Future Perspectives of the Barcoding Method for Other Brachypodium Taxa
The almost exclusively self-fertile breeding system of the cleistogamous B. distachyon [8] and of B. stacei (L. Mur, pers. comm.) resulted in highly homozygous genomes of the two diploid parental species that contributed to the heterozygous allotetraploid B. hybridum genome [41]. In a recent assessment of genetic distances between different parent-pairs of hybrid plants, Paun and co-workers [51] concluded that parental species of allopolyploids were genetically more divergent that those of homoploid hybrids. Within Brachypodium, the differences in the inter- vs. intraspecific divergence values between the B. stacei and B. distachyon sequences were significant (Table 2). Catalán and co-workers [11] also found significant differences in the evolutionary rates of the B. stacei and B. distachyon ITS sequences, the former being significantly higher than the later. The salient features of the two distinct genomes were demonstrated through incompatible cross-GISH hybridizations [13], [14]. Their genomic divergences could have triggered the allopolyploidization process that resulted in the B. hybridum populations, and the long isolation of the two parental taxa has facilitated the detection of the proposed trnLF - ITS - GI barcoding method to distinguish the parents and the hybrid.
The usefulness of our DNA barcoding approach at the generic level could however be less successful among recently evolved taxa, like the core-perennial group of Brachypodium species, due to their close relationships [11], [52]. No significant differences in plastid trnLF and nuclear ITS sequences were detected between pairs of long rhizomatous Brachypodium species, nor between them and B. distachyon [11]. They were found, however, between the ancestral short-rhizomatous B. mexicanum and annual B. stacei taxa. Widespread geographical sampling would be required to test the utility of the trnLF and ITS barcodes within Brachypodium as a whole. Regarding GI, all the six analysed Brachypodium species [17] showed different sequences and copies, with copy numbers related to their ploidy levels. The apparently more-promising GI barcode should also be evaluated within a wide geographical and taxonomical sample of Brachypodium representatives. Brachypodium has been proposed as a model plant genus for temperate grasses [15], based on the overall small genome size of its members, their compact genomes and an extensive reticulate evolutionary and polyploid history [16]. Diverse stable species (e. g. B. phoenicoides, 2n = 4x = 28) and cytotypes (e. g. B. pinnatum 2n = 4x = 28) are of hybrid origin [16], [17] and most of the polyploids (e. g. B. mexicanum, B. retusum) are of suspected hybrid origin. Further research is currently under way to find a universal barcoding system for Brachypodium.
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Rome Community Foundation approves $170K in grants to local organizations
The Rome Community Foundation has awarded $170,130 in grant money to area non-profit and charitable organizations, foundation president David C. Grow announced today.
The funding, which was approved in Sept. and Dec. 2014 by the foundation's board of directors, is one of the largest allocations made by the foundation since its inception in 1999. Board members meet four times a year to review requests made by community groups for projects that benefit Rome-area residents.
Grants totaling $138,380 were derived from the foundation's Stevens-Kingsley Fund, while $28,600 was approved from the General Endowment Fund. The foundation also released another $3,150 from various donor-advised funds.
Grow said that financial contributions made to the foundation by individuals are routinely placed into a General Endowment Fund for investment purposes, the income from which is earmarked for specific grant requests from local organizations. Each grant is subject to approval by the board of directors.
He said donors can request that their contributions be given to a specific organization or for a specific purpose, such as educational, cultural, recreational, or health-related.
Grow thanked area residents for making contributions in 2014 to the Rome Community Foundation, saying he hopes individuals will continue to offer financial support when possible. "There is no question that all donations, whether large or small, make a big difference," he added.
He also praised the foundation's board of directors for their time and dedication in attending meetings, reviewing project applications, and approving grant monies. Noting that directors serve in a volunteer capacity, Grow said they provide an "invaluable public service with the best interests of the community in mind."
Through its grant program, the Rome Community Foundation is committed to supporting local organizations that offer programs and services to Rome-area residents. Additionally, the foundation ensures that donations made by individuals are professionally managed and administered, and that monies are directed to worthy projects and services in the community.
New Hockey Jerseys for Kids
The Rome Youth Hockey Association is purchasing new team jerseys for the more than 200 players who participate in the Rome Grizzlies youth ice hockey program, made possible in part from financial assistance provided by the Rome Community Foundation, as well as from an anonymous donor whose gift was given in honor of the Bartell Family for its longstanding tradition of supporting youth hockey in Rome.
The Rome Grizzlies program is designed to support the skating and development skills of youth between the ages of four and 18 years who are involved in the sport of ice hockey. The Rome Grizzlies practice and play their home games at the Kennedy Arena in Rome.
The Rome Community Foundation approved a grant of $12,000 last December for the purchase of the jerseys, while the anonymous donor provided significant additional funding. With the remaining money for this initial purchase that was raised by the hockey association, jerseys for players between four and 12 years of age already have been obtained; next year hockey shirts will be purchased for players between 13 and 18 years of age.
The mission of the Rome Youth Hockey Association is to provide young people with the opportunity to learn and enjoy the sport of ice hockey, as well as to help players improve their skills through effective practice sessions and competitive games.
Rome Colts Pop Warner Football
As the Rome Colts Pop Warner Football Organization prepares for its 2014 fall season, group president Michael K. East and the Rome Colts Board of Directors are thanking the Rome community for its financial support to purchase a new scoreboard, with a special nod to the Rome Community Foundation and the Bobby Page Foundation.
According to East, the Rome Colts last year received a $4,500 grant from the Rome Community Foundation's Stevens-Kingsley Fund, as well as a $1,000 donation from the Bobby Page Foundation, to help cover the $9,000 cost to purchase and install a new scoreboard at the Kevin M. Simons Pop Warner Football Complex on Bell Road.
He said the Rome Colts staff raised an additional $2,000 for the new scoreboard, while the balance was covered through fundraising activities of the Rome Colts membership. The old scoreboard displayed an illegible score and was beyond repair, he added.
"We are grateful to the Rome Community Foundation, the Bobby Page Foundation, and all the local residents for their active support in helping to finance this project," East noted. "Without their help, we would not have been able to purchase a modern, efficient scoreboard to serve the needs of players and fans."
In preparation for the Rome Colts fall football season, East said a meeting for parents was held July 21 and equipment was handed out July 22-24 for both football and cheerleading participants. Practice sessions will start Aug. 1, while the season's games begin Aug. 31 during the Labor Day weekend.
East said this is the second year that the community, through Facebook and the Colts web site, voted on several proposed slogans for the upcoming season's tee shirts. The winning slogan — "Go hard, or go home!" — will appear on the back of Colts tee shirts that will be available for sale at the July 21 parent meeting and throughout the 2014 football season.
The Pop Warner football organization serves between 180 and 200 area youth ranging in age from five to 13. The organization's mission is to teach young participants the ideals of good sportsmanship, loyalty, and honesty, which eventually help them to become responsible adults.
For further information, visit www.RomeColts.org.
Robert H. Olney
Robert H. Olney, a charter member of The Rome Community Foundation, passed away on Sunday, April 27, 2014 after a short illness. In 1999, he, along with other persons who believe in Rome and its future, committed to the formation of a foundation which would accept donations from the public and offer money grants to charitable organizations in Rome and towns that touch the boundaries of Rome. Over the years, Bob was an active participant in Foundation activities, working with organizations like the Rome Art and Community Center, Rescue Mission of Rome, Salvation Army and many churches in the review of grant requests received by the Foundation. For a number of years he chaired the Publicity Committee of the Foundation so that the citizens of Rome would be able to share in the positive efforts of the many charitable organizations serving Rome that were assisted by the Foundation.
In addition to Foundation activities, Bob was a director and trustee of the Rome Art and Community Center from its inception, an active participant in the leadership of Zion Episcopal Church, an active skier, golfer, boater and traveler searching out distant parts of the world and sharing those adventures with others. He set the bar high for others to follow his example, giving his time, talents and resources for the betterment of his city, his faith and his family.
The Directors of The Rome Community Foundation share the loss felt by his family and friends, but know that he gave a full lifetime helping others, with caring and tireless humility and passion for the work God gave him to do.
—David C. Grow, President
The Rome Community Foundation awards $116,000 in grants to local organzations
More than $116,000 has been approved for grants to area non-profit and charitable organizations by the Rome Community Foundation, foundation president David C. Grow announced on January 20, 2014.
The funding, which was approved last month by the foundation's board of directors, is the largest allocation made by the foundation during the 2013 calendar year. Board members meet four times a year to review requests made by community groups for projects that benefit Rome-area residents.
The $116,365 in grant money allocated in December was derived from the foundation's Stevens-Kingsley Fund and the General Endowment Fund. The foundation also released another $100 from the Fred Normand Fund in accordance with the donor's wishes.
Grow said that financial contributions made to the foundation by individuals are routinely placed into a general endowment fund for investment purposes, the income from which is earmarked for specific grant requests from local organizations. Each grant is subject to approval by the board of directors.
He said donors can request that their contributions be given to a specific organization or for a specific purpose, such as educational, cultural, recreational, or health-related.
Grow thanked area residents for making contributions in 2013 to the Rome Community Foundation, saying he hopes individuals will continue to offer financial support when possible. "There is no question that all donations, whether large or small, make a big difference," he added.
He also praised the foundation's 25-member board of directors for their time and dedication in attending meetings, reviewing project applications, and approving grant monies. Noting that directors serve in a volunteer capacity, Grow said they provide an "invaluable public service with the best interests of the community in mind."
Through its grant program, the Rome Community Foundation is committed to supporting local organizations that offer programs and services to Rome-area residents. Additionally, the foundation ensures that donations made by individuals are professionally managed and administered, and that monies are directed to worthy projects and services in the community.
Rome for the Holidays
A $4,600 grant from the Rome Community Foundation to the Rome for the Holidays Committee will help brighten the upcoming holiday season, according to David C. Grow, foundation president.
Grow said the grant money will help the Rome for the Holidays Committee refurbish the holiday lights on 100 decorations — including shooting stars, snowflakes, and wreaths — that will adorn power poles in the downtown Rome area. He said the donation will be earmarked for the cleaning of decorations, as well as for the replacement of existing bulbs with energy-efficient LED lights.
Mindy Silipo, chairperson of the Rome for the Holidays Committee, said the grant will enable volunteers to move forward with the refurbishment project in time for the 2013 holiday period. "We are grateful to the Rome Community Foundation's board of directors for their financial support, which will enhance the aesthetics of Rome's business district," she said.
Silipo explained that exposure to the winter elements has led to broken light bulbs, rust, and severe chipping on the decorations. As a result, they have not been on display for the past three holiday seasons, she said.
Under the auspices of the Rome Clean and Green non-profit organization, the Rome for the Holidays Committee is comprised of volunteers working to raise funds to restore and enhance the holiday street pole decorations that line city streets.
In addition to the foundation's financial support, other sources of volunteer help include the city of Rome, which is donating labor costs associated with the rehabilitation and installation of holiday lights; the Rome Area Chamber of Commerce; the Underground Café, a group of teenage students who perform community service; and the Kids Oneida Program, a private youth organization that partners with Oneida County to provide volunteer assistance.
Rome Mayor Joseph R. Fusco, Jr., noted, "Local residents will once again be able to enjoy the many festive decorations that will light up the downtown district this holiday season."
He added he is pleased the city is able to underwrite the cost of lighting the decorations, an expense he says will be significantly reduced as a result of switching the outdated bulbs to LED lights. He also praised employees of the city's Department of Parks and Recreation for their "hard work and efforts" in maintaining and installing the decorations.
Fusco noted that individuals interested in volunteering their time to help refurbish the decorations can contact his office for further details.
The Rome for the Holidays Committee is seeking approximately $1,500 more in donations in order to successfully refurbish all of the street pole decorations for the 2013 holiday season.
Anyone interested in contributing to the decoration refurbishment project can make a check payable to Rome for the Holidays, c/o Rome Clean and Green, 415 N. Madison St., Rome, NY 13440. If interested in earmarking your donation for the former Trinkaus Manor holiday decorations that are displayed in the city's parks on N. James St., you can note it on your check.
The Rome Community Foundation provides financial assistance to non-profit organizations and institutions for specific projects that benefit the Rome area. Organizations with capital improvement needs may be eligible for financial support from the Foundation. To learn more or to download a grant application, visit How to Apply to the Rome Community Foundation.
"Small Donations Make a Big Difference"
More than $130,000 has been approved for grants to area non-profit and charitable organizations by the Rome Community Foundation, foundation president David C. Grow announced today.
The funding, which was approved last month by the foundation's board of directors, represents one of the largest allocations ever made since the foundation was created in 1999. Board members meet four times a year to review requests made by community groups for projects that benefit Rome-area residents.
The $130,657 in grant money allocated in December was derived from the foundation's Stevens-Kingsley Fund and the General Endowment Fund. The foundation also released another $2,200 from the Elizabeth McKinstry Fund in accordance with the donor's wishes.
"Modest donations from individuals to the Rome Community Foundation definitely improve our ability to provide financial assistance to as many local organizations as possible," Grow noted. "Although we have endowment and donor-assisted funds from which we allocate grant monies, we also rely on one-time memorial donations, contributions made in honor of family or friends, and individual bequests."
David Engelbert, vice president of the Rome Community Foundation, explained that financial contributions made to the foundation by individuals are routinely placed into a general endowment fund for investment purposes, the income from which is earmarked for specific grant requests from local organizations. Each grant is subject to approval by the board of directors.
He said donors can request that their contributions be earmarked for a specific organization or for a specific purpose, such as educational, cultural, recreational, or health-related.
"The more individual donations we receive from the general public, the better we are able to serve the needs of our area's service and charitable organizations, which in turn benefits the entire community," Engelbert noted.
Grow thanked area residents for their donations to the Rome Community Foundation, saying he hopes individuals will continue to offer financial support when possible. "There is no question that small donations make a big difference," he said.
He also praised the foundation's 25-member board of directors for their time and dedication in attending meetings, reviewing project applications, and approving grant monies. Noting that directors serve in a volunteer capacity, Grow said they provide an "invaluable public service with the best interests of the community in mind."
Through its grant program, the Rome Community Foundation is committed to supporting local organizations that offer programs and services to Rome-area residents. Additionally, the foundation ensures that donations made by individuals are professionally managed and administered, and that monies are directed to worthy projects and services in the community.
St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Church in Lee Center
The Rome Community Foundation has made a $4200 grant to St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Church in Lee Center to construct a new storage building on its property. The church is a host of the Food Bank of Central New York which serves the local area. To provide fresh produce to food bank patrons, the church maintains a large vegetable garden. The new building will store gardening equipment and items necessary for the Food Bank garden. The space will also have room for lawn equipment, a snow blower, storage of seasonal decorations, and space to care for equipment. The building replaces two deteriorating structures that are beyond repair.
Volunteers have built the new 20 foot by 20 foot storage building. Dennis Gardner was the designer. Helping him build the structure were Paul Mullin, Darwin Piersall, Richard Lemieux, Ken Metz, Peter LaMonica, and Ken Puchalski. Maintenance of the church grounds and taking care of the vegetable garden are also done by volunteers.
The grant was made possible from income generated in the General Fund of the Rome Community Foundation which is the only public foundation exclusively serving the needs of persons in the Rome area. For further information about the Foundation, write to P.O. Box 609, Rome, NY 13442-0609.
MVCC and Rome partners launch Rome Futures Academy
Leaders of the City of Rome, the Rome Community Foundation, Rome City School District, and Mohawk Valley Community College today announced the launch of the new Rome Futures Academy summer program, an initiative to help incoming ninth-graders prepare for success in Rome schools on their way to college readiness.
The Rome Futures Academy is free for participating students, whose skills may have been sufficient to pass middle school but will not meet the requirements of high school, and will give priority to serving students from low-income families. Participating students will attend a four-week summer camp in the mornings, Mondays -Thursdays, July 16 - Aug. 9, at MVCC's Rome campus. Students can choose from two career tracks, health care or information technology, with a special focus on career development and literacy. The hands-on program features fun projects, activities, and field trips that will help students explore their chosen career track.
In making the announcement, Grow praised Bartell for his effective community leadership, noting he is a valuable addition to the foundation's board. "Doug's impressive record of community service demonstrates how committed he is to enhancing the quality of life for our citizens, which is precisely the goal of the Rome Community Foundation."
"The partnerships that support this program will provide students with a meaningful experience that makes learning relevant and fun by showcasing career opportunities here in the Mohawk Valley," says Randall J. VanWagoner, Ph.D., president of Mohawk Valley Community College.
The Rome Futures Academy is designed to help participating students build self-esteem and self-confidence; improve reading, writing, and communications skills; develop problem-solving and critical thinking abilities; enhance their computer learning; find out about jobs and learn more about specific career paths; understand the link between school and future employment; learn more about education, training, employment, and life choices; and work as a team with peers and share responsibilities. Transportation is provided. Students should check with their guidance counselors to see if they are eligible.
The project builds upon Rome's long-standing connections with MVCC as the college's top dual credit partner and the school district that produces more MVCC Presidential Scholars than any other school district in Oneida County.
"The MVCC Rome Futures Academy is a shining example of how schools and community colleges can partner to ensure high school students graduate ready for college or careers," says Rome City School District Superintendent Jeffrey P. Simons.
"The Rome Futures Academy is another outstanding program geared toward providing students with some academic help in literacy, goal-setting, and emergent thinking regarding possible future careers in health care and information technology," says Richard E. Quest, Ed.D, dean of MVCC's Rome campus. "Providing students with an opportunity to explore careers that are available, lucrative, and local is the foundation of creating a knowledgeable, contributing citizenry that fits with the mission and vision of Mohawk Valley Community College and its educational and business community partners."
The Academy is an alliance among MVCC, the Rome schools and other partners. It is made possible by a significant grant from the Rome Community Foundation. The investment in Rome-area students is part of MVCC's $7 million Challenge and Opportunity major gifts campaign.
"The Rome Community Foundation is very pleased to provide financial support for the implementation of MVCC's Rome Futures Academy," says David C. Grow, president of the Rome Community Foundation. "We applaud Mohawk Valley Community College for developing this innovative plan, which not only seeks to address the literacy needs of Rome area youth, but also will help them develop career interests, particularly in the fields of healthcare and information technology."
For more information about the Rome Futures Academy or to register, contact MVCC at 315-792-5300 or visit Rome Futures Academy.
Bartell to serve on the board of directors of the Rome Community Foundation
Douglas W. Bartell, vice president of the Oneida Savings Bank, has been elected to serve on the board of directors of the Rome Community Foundation, foundation president David C. Grow today announced.
Bartell joins 24 other board members who meet periodically to review requests for financial assistance from charitable and non-profit organizations that seek funding for specific projects to benefit the Rome area.
In making the announcement, Grow praised Bartell for his effective community leadership, noting he is a valuable addition to the foundation's board. "Doug's impressive record of community service demonstrates how committed he is to enhancing the quality of life for our citizens, which is precisely the goal of the Rome Community Foundation."
Bartell currently serves as chairman of the Griffiss Utility Service Corporation, treasurer of the Griffiss Park Landowners Association, and a board member of the Griffiss Local Development Corporation.
Additionally, he is president of the Jervis Public Library, a trustee of the Herbert T. Dyett Foundation, a board member of the Teugega Country Club, and an active member of the Rome Community Theater and the Lake Delta Yacht Club.
He previously served as board chairman of the Rome Area Chamber of Commerce and as a vice president of Mohawk Valley EDGE.
"I look forward to serving on the board of directors of the Rome Community Foundation, which has played such an important role in providing financial help to many of Rome's service organizations since its creation in 1999," Bartell said.
Among the institutions and organizations that have received financial assistance from the Rome Community Foundation are the Rome Art and Community Center, Humane Society of Rome, Capitol Theatre, Hospice and Palliative Care, Inc., Jervis Public Library, Rome Sports Hall of Fame, Rome Cemetery Association, Rome Historical Society, Habitat for Humanity, Rome Baseball Association, United Cerebral Palsy, and Rome Main Street Alliance.
Rome Baseball Association Hits Home Run with New Scoreboard
Thanks to an $8,000 grant from the Rome Community Foundation, a new scoreboard has been erected on Legacy Field, the Rome Baseball Association's fourth baseball diamond that is expected to be operational later this summer.
Jeff DeLutis, chairman of the Rome Baseball Association, said the newly constructed field will enable the non-profit organization to serve more youth in the target age group of 13-18 years old. He said the installation of the scoreboard is part of an overall major construction plan that included land preparation, new field fencing, dugouts, a press box, a warning track, and eventual spectator seating.
The new diamond is located on a 20.5-acre parcel of land near the Chestnut Street entrance to Griffiss Business and Technology Park.
"We are very grateful for the continuing support of the Rome Community Foundation, whose financial help enables us to maintain a reputation as one of the top baseball facilities in New York state," DeLutis noted.
DeLutis estimates that Legacy Field will be able to add as many as 50 games to the association's roster each year, as well as host significantly more out-of-state teams from such places as New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Canada. He said the new field also will be used for team practice sessions on days when games are not scheduled.
David C. Grow, president of the Rome Community Foundation, said the grant from the foundation's Stevens-Kingsley Fund recognizes the baseball association for its dedication and commitment to residents of the Rome area.
"The Rome Baseball Association provides a very valuable service to our community by offering high-quality baseball facilities that are enjoyed by youth and adult teams alike," Grow said.
Anyone interested in checking the 2012 schedule of games of the Rome Baseball Association, or in obtaining more information, can visit its web site at www.delutisfield.org
The Rome Community Foundation provides financial assistance to non-profit organizations and institutions for specific projects that benefit the Rome community. It also accepts individual donations, memorial contributions, and bequests from a variety of sources. To learn more about the foundation, visit www.RomeCommunityFoundation.org.
YWCA's Lucy's House
Lucy's House, the YWCA Mohawk Valley's Rome area domestic violence safe dwelling, recently received funding assistance from the Rome Community Foundation. The $6,591 grant will provide Lucy's House with a new heating and central air unit, which will greatly increase energy efficiency and reduce facility gas and electric costs.
"We want to express our deep gratitude to the Rome Community Foundation for their support," said YWCA Mohawk Valley Executive Director Natalie Brown. "This funding directly impacts women and children in western Oneida County who are victims of domestic violence. With the Foundation's help, we are providing a safe, stable, comfortable environment for these individuals as they strive to heal and improve their lives. Thank you to the Foundation for continuing to help us change lives."
Lucy's House is a 6-bed residential dwelling that offers a safe haven to women and children fleeing domestic violence. Residents are allowed to stay for up to 90 days as they seek a safe living alternative and work through related issues. The program is licensed by and adheres to New York State Office of Children and Family Services standards. It is the only domestic violence facility in the Rome area and is one of two operated by the YWCA in Oneida County. Since opening in 2001, Lucy's House has served more than 500 individuals.
In Oneida County, domestic violence, like all communities, is a serious problem. Locally in 2011, Rome City Police responded to 1,651 domestic incidents, 276 Family Offense Orders of Protection were processed in Rome Family Court, and Oneida County Child Protective Services received 4,437 domestic violence-related child abuse reports, 1,560 of which were in Rome. The YWCA provided 133 individuals with domestic violence residential services and the agency's transitional housing program for homeless victims of domestic violence provided services to 54 individuals. The YWCA's 24-hour hotline answered 1,594 domestic violence-related calls.
In addition to its domestic violence crisis services in Oneida County, the YWCA also provides sexual violence crisis services in Oneida and Herkimer counties. Those services include a 24-hour confidential hotline, victim advocacy and accompaniment throughout all medical and legal procedures, individual and group counseling, information and support, and referrals to outside services.
If you or someone you know is in need of assistance, call the YWCA's hotlines: 797-7740 in Oneida County or 866-4120 in Herkimer County.
Reach Out and Read
A literacy program that encourages parents to read to their young children and helps prepare toddlers for school is receiving financial assistance from the Rome Community Foundation for the purchase of books.
Reach Out and Read, a national non-profit organization that promotes early literacy and school readiness, works with pediatric primary care providers to prescribe books and encourage families to read together. The early-reading effort extends to all 50 states, including areas with moderate- to lower-income households.
Locally, the program is partnered with Rome Pediatric and Adolescent Medical Associates, whose doctors and other medical staff confer with children and their parents at each well-child medical checkup about the importance of reading at an early age.
The Rome Community Foundation grant will allow doctors from the Rome practice to continue distributing a free age-appropriate book to every child, regardless of family income level, beginning with the six-month checkup and continuing through age five.
Linnea P. Linderman, M.D., a pediatrician with Rome Pediatric and Adolescent Medical Associates, said the Reach Out and Read program builds upon the special relationship between doctors and the parents of young children. She noted that physicians are often the only source of trusted professional advice that parents receive in the first five years of their children's lives — long before they come in contact with the education system.
"Studies have shown that parents who receive books for their children and literacy counseling from their doctors are more likely to read to their young children on a regular basis," Dr. Linderman noted. "In addition, children served by Reach Out and Read enter kindergarten with a six-month developmental edge, and have larger vocabularies and stronger language skills."
Rome Pediatric and Adolescent Medical Associates joined the Reach Out and Read program in 2006, serving more than 1,300 children between the ages of six months and five years. Nationwide, Reach Out and Read's volunteer doctors and nurse practitioners will have provided over six million new books to nearly four million children at healthcare locations throughout the country by the end of 2011.
For further information about Reach Out and Read and its literacy efforts, visit the program's web site at www.reachoutandread.org.
The Rome Baseball Association
The Rome Baseball Association has completed installation of a sprinkler system for its Little League baseball field, thanks in large measure to a $5,000 grant from the Rome Community Foundation's Stevens-Kingsley Fund.
Jeff DeLutis, chairman of the non-profit baseball association, said the grant money, combined with private donations, enabled the association to complete the project ahead of schedule. He said the new system will make it easier for the association to maintain a healthy grass playing area, and will enable it to water the infield dirt surface prior to and in between games.
The Little League field — known as "Freedom Field" — is one of three baseball diamonds operated by the association. The fields are located on a 20.5-acre parcel of land near the Chestnut St. entrance to Griffiss Business and Technology Park.
"Ever since the Rome Baseball Association was established in 1997, our mission has been to offer high-quality baseball facilities that can be enjoyed by youth and adult league teams alike," DeLutis said. "Today, we are proud of our three premiere fields that continually serve thousands of players young and old, loyal fans, and the community-at-large."
"We are especially grateful to the Rome Community Foundation and to our individual supporters whose financial help makes possible the new sprinkler system for Freedom Field," he added.
According to DeLutis, without the sprinkler system, the infield and outfield grass and dirt playing surfaces would become scorched and rough, especially during hot summer days.
"The new automatic sprinklers at Freedom Field will enhance the quality of the field and make it easier and safer for players to play on," he noted.
He said the Rome Baseball Association oversees hundreds of games each season played by local Little Leagues, high school teams, Babe Ruth teams, and collegiate-level teams. It also has hosted district and regional Little League tournaments, and has been the site of the American Legion county and state district finals.
"The impressive quality of our fields has earned us a reputation as one of the top baseball facilities in the state," DeLutis said. "I invite community residents to attend our games, cheer the players, and have an enjoyable time participating in one of America's favorite pastimes."
Anyone interested in obtaining further information about the Rome Baseball Association can visit its web site at www.delutisfield.org.
The Rome Cemetery
The Rome Cemetery — one of the city's historic and cultural treasures — has gotten a bit of financial help from several area organizations to help preserve the sprawling 140-acre site located on Jervis Ave. in the northwest section of Rome.
The Rome Cemetery Association, which oversees operation of the non-profit cemetery, received sufficient funding to purchase a new one-ton pickup truck that is vital to the upkeep of the property, including grounds maintenance, burial preparation, and snow removal.
The Rome Community Foundation; the Hazen B. Hinman, Sr., Foundation; the Rome Savings Bank Foundation; and the Sears Family Foundation of Rome, New York, awarded grant monies to enable the cemetery association to replace its 22-year-old truck, long in need of repairs that were too costly to make.
Rome Cemetery Association President R. Joseph Jalbert said the funding came at a critical time for the cemetery. "We are extremely grateful for the generous financial assistance offered by these community groups," he noted. "Their contributions mean we will be better equipped to maintain the grounds of the cemetery and preserve its rich cultural heritage."
Jalbert said the association recently purchased, and is now using, a new 2011 vehicle from Lee GMC in Boonville. He said Lee GMC allowed the association to buy the truck at cost.
According to Rome Cemetery Office Manager Malinda Abraham, local as well as out-of-area visitors regularly stroll through the cemetery to enjoy the beautiful grounds in a quiet setting and to see the variety of monuments that reflect the names of the city's earliest families.
"Visitors are especially impressed by the Kingsley Memorial Chapel, the Parker F. Scripture Memorial Carillon, and the gravesites of other famous Romans," Abraham said.
Among the noted individuals buried in the non-denominational cemetery are Jesse Williams, founder of the country's first cheese factory; Francis Bellamy, author of the Pledge of Allegiance; Medal of Honor recipients Wilson Smith and Oscar Burkard; and Henrietta Bowen, a former slave born in the state of Maryland who died a free woman in Rome in 1860.
By the mid-1800s, Rome's first burial ground — located in the area now known as Fort Stanwix Park — was inadequate for the needs of the community. Consequently, the Rome Cemetery Association was established in 1851 to find a new, larger site; two years later the Jervis Ave. location was selected.
Anyone interested in further information about the Rome Cemetery, including details on self-guided tours, can call the cemetery's office at 336-6210.
Zion Episcopal Church
The Rome Community Foundation has made a special grant to Zion Episcopal Church for $5000 to assist the church in making temporary repairs to the Bell Tower. This grant is from the Foundation's Stevens-Kingsley Fund, and is being paid from income generated from investments of the fund's assets.
There has been concern in recent years that the Bell Tower has been leaning toward the church building. The structural engineering firm of Klepper, Hahn, and Hyatt in Syracuse was hired to conduct a condition assessment of the tower and determine if the lean was a concern. Fortunately, they felt that the lean was not an issue, but did find other major problems. There was water seepage in the Bell Tower, loose stonework, and the mortar between the stones throughout the church building and social hall must be repaired. The cost would be well over a half a million dollars. Money will have to be raised to do some or all of the work that is needed to preserve this architectural and historic treasure.
Since that amount of money was not available, it was recommended that temporary repairs to the Bell Tower be made before the winter. With the Rome Community Foundation grant and some church funds, the Lupini Construction Company of New York Mills, who specialize in masonry restoration, was hired. The temporary repairs involve removing the angled capstones that are unstable and putting a rubber membrane over all angled capstones in addition to the flat area under the bells proper.
|
||||||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
3
| 72
|
https://www.hklawllc.us/laura-hazen
|
en
|
Laura Hazen — HK Law, LLC
|
https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52f7c95be4b08200b4e022c4/1391970955382-6W94UPM0B1KUHDSDQ8N5/favicon.ico?format=100w
|
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|
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https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/52f7c95be4b08200b4e022c4/1391970955382-6W94UPM0B1KUHDSDQ8N5/favicon.ico?format=100w
|
HK Law, LLC
|
https://www.hklawllc.us/laura-hazen
|
Laura Hazen
Laura works passionately and thoughtfully with businesses and individuals to maximize the benefit of their legal rights and to understand their legal obligations. She accomplishes this task by providing day-to-day advice, drafting customized policies and procedures and implementing those policies through employee trainings. She believes that clear guidelines—for managers as well as employees—is the best path to a productive workforce and litigation avoidance.
When litigation is necessary, Laura is an undaunted advocate for her clients in the courtroom. Laura litigates employment issues in federal courts and before administrative bodies as well as traditional civil matters in state and federal court, such as breach of contract, non-competition and trade secret litigation, landlord tenant disputes, construction defect cases and other business disputes.
Laura spends a substantial amount of time working with youth serving organizations including early childhood education centers, child care facilities, camps, community organizations and single skill building trainings. As a result of her board service in this area and her extensive experience representing youth serving organizations, Laura provides customized solutions and real world solutions to licensing issues and in response to county investigations.
Laura has received numerous awards for her work.
AWARDS
Laura Hazen was selected by her peers as published in Best Lawyers as "Women in the Law: Top Peer Nominated Lawyer" 2019-2020.
Laura Hazen was selected by her peers for inclusion in The Best Lawyers in America© 2015-2023 in the practice area of Employment Law – Management and Litigation - Labor and Employment.
Laura Hazen was selected by 5280 Magazine as one of the Top Lawyers 2017-2023 in the practice area of Labor and Employment: Defense.
Top Women Lawyers, Law Week Colorado 2012
Recognized as one of 7 Top Women Lawyers in Colorado
Super Lawyers (an honor limited to five percent of the lawyers in Colorado)
Top 50 Women Colorado Super Lawyers (2013-2015, 2017,2020, 2023)
Colorado Super Lawyer (2010, 2012-2022)
Rising Star (2009)
Martindale-Hubbell Rating of AV-Preeminent® and as having “High Ethical Standing”
Awarded the highest possible rating in both legal ability and ethical standards
Colorado Lawyers Committee - Laura Hazen was nominated for Task Force of the Year Award (Public Benefits Investigators Task Force).
Denver Business Journal Forty Under Forty, 2009
Recognizing forty outstanding local professionals under age 40 for their business success and community contributions
YMCA
Volunteer of the Year, 2007
Eagle Club, 2013 (award recognizing her work to raise money for the families served by the Denver Metro YMCA)
Colorado Bar Foundation Fellow (2017 to present)
An honor bestowed upon no more than five percent of Colorado lawyers for “outstanding dedication to the welfare of the community, the traditions of the profession and the maintenance and advancement of the objectives of the Colorado Bar Association.”
Children's Trust Fund Colorado
Appointed by Governor to serve two 3 year terms. The Colorado Children's Trust Fund (CCTF) was established in 1989 by the General Assembly of the state of Colorado through House Bill 1216. The purpose of the Trust Fund is to prevent the abuse and neglect of Colorado’s children. Confirmed by the Colorado Senate in April 2013.
PUBLICATIONS & PRESENTATIONS
Ms. Hazen regularly writes for and speaks to various trade organizations and associations including the Early Childhood Education Association of Colorado. Below is a sampling of Ms. Hazen's published articles and groups to whom she's presented:
The Practitioner's Guide to Colorado Employment Law, review and revise Chapter 20, "Workplace Violence," 2014-Present
Regular column for the Early Childhood Education Association, trade organization newsletter on issues of human resource and talent management and child care/early childhood education administration, October 2007-2015
Denver Business Journal, "Employment Issues Overlooked When Buying A Business," January 2011
"Preventing and Responding to Allegations of Abuse and Neglect Against Early Childhood Educators," Laura J. Hazen, 2012
The Colorado Lawyer, "Dress Codes and Appearance Policies: What Not to Wear at Work," October 2010
The Advisor, (Colorado Human Resource Association), "What is an Employer to Do? Piercing,Blogging and Tattoos 'Oh, My!'," December 2009
Members' Newsletter (Early Childhood Education Association of Colorado). Example: "Keeping Licensing Visits Short and Sweet: Avoidable Mistakes," June 2009
Hospitality News, (Colorado Restaurant Association). "'I Quit!' and Other Reasonable Reactions to Managing Problem Employees," November 2007
presented to the American Bar Association
The Advisor, (Colorado Human Resource Association), "'We're like a Family,' and Other Lies Small Business Owners Tell Themselves about Discrimination and Harassment Claims," October 2006
The Docket, (Colorado Bar Association), "Lookin' for Love in all the Wrong Places," (legal issues surrounding intraoffice dating), December 2004
Laura has lectured before the following organizations on one or more occasions:
Organizations Serving the Legal Community
American Bar Association
Association of Legal Administrators
Colorado Association of Legal Administrators
Colorado Bar Association, Labor & Employment Section
Colorado Women's Bar Association
Faculty of Federal Advocates
Legal Marketing Association’s Rocky Mountain Chapter
Lorman Education Services
Professional Legal Management Week
State Capital Law Firm Group
Sterling Education Services, Inc.
University of Denver, Lawyering Process Program
Youth Serving Organizations
Arapahoe Early Childhood Council
Early Childhood Education Association of Colorado
Head State Association
Rocky Mountain Early Childhood Conference
Sungate Kids Child Abuse Conference
Associations and Entities serving human resources professionals
Colorado Human Resource Association
Colorado Restaurant Association
DOGER (Oil and Gas HR Professionals)
Hospitality Human Resource Association
ISPP Small Business Toolkit
Society for Human Resource Management
University of Denver, Masters program focusing on Human Resources
EDUCATION & TRAINING
University of Colorado at Denver (M.S. Business Management, 2009)
Bard Center for Entrepreneurship (Alumni, 2006)
Northeastern University School of Law (J.D., 1997)
Cornell College (B.S.S. in English, Women's Studies and Art, cum laude, 1994)
National Institute of Trial Advocacy, Building Trial Skills (Boulder, 2007)
Certified to present "Stewards of Children" evidence based training designed to prevent child sexual abuse for Darkness to Light (2013)
Completed Gavin deBecker's Advanced Threat Assessement Academy training, designed to assist professionals in their prediction, assessment and response to potentially violent incidents (2013)
Certified to present the iloveuguys Foundation "Standard Response Protocol" and "Standard Reunification Method" trainings designed to help schools and other organizations respond to emergencies such as first person shooters (2013)
COURT ADMISSIONS
Admitted to practice in Colorado and Massachusetts and before the U.S. District Courts of the Districts of Colorado and Massachusetts. Additionally, she is admitted to practice in the First and Tenth Circuits of the U.S. Court of Appeals and the United States Supreme Court.
AFFILIATIONS
The Alliance of Professional Women, Member (2006-2009), Roundtable Chair (2006-2007)
Bard Center for Entrepreneurship, Alumni, Lecturer.
Child Fatality Review Board (Tri-County), County level multi-disciplinary review team (2015-Present).
Children's Trust Fund, Governor-Appointed Member, two terms (2013-Present).
Colorado Bar Association, Member (2003-Present)
Colorado Early Education Association, Board Member (2008-Present).
Colorado Department Human Services, Child Abuse Prevention Steering Committee, Member (2016-Present).
Colorado Human Resource Association, Member, Speaker for two 3-year terms, Author (2006-2012).
Colorado Lawyers Committee, Board Member (2014-Present), Public Benefit Investigations Task Force, Chair (2009-2010).
Colorado Restaurant Association, Mile High Chapter, Board Member (2008-2009), Speaker, Author, Education Committee (2007-2009).
Colorado Women's Bar Association, Member, Speaker, Membership and Policy Committee Member (Leave Survey).
Denver Metro Chamber of Commerce, Graduate of Chamber 100 (Class 2006-2007).
Diversity in the Legal Profession, (joint committee of the Denver Bar Association and the Colorado Bar Association), Chair (2011-2012).
DU Lawyering Process Program, Judge, Mock Arguments (2007, 2008).
Early Childhood Education Association of Colorado, Board Member (2008-Present), Head of Marketing Committee, Speaker, Author.
Early Head Start Governance Council, Region VIII, Board Member, Co-Chair (2016-Present).
Hospitality Human Resource Association, Speaker (2008-2010).
Ireland Stapleton Community Action Committee, Co-Founder, Member (2004-2006).
Ireland Stapleton Employment Law Series, Co-Founder, Speaker (2008-2013).
Legal Aid Foundation Associates Campaign, Ireland Stapleton Co-Chair (2005-2007).
Legal Aid Foundation Board of Trustees, Young Lawyer Honorary Trustee (2007-2009), LAF Association Campaign Co-Chair (2007-2009), Firm Campaign Committee (2009-Present).
Prevent Child Abuse Colorado, Advisory Board, Member (2013-2015).
Small Business Toolkit© Series, Founder, Facilitator, Speaker (2005-2007).
SunGate Kids, Children’s advocacy center Board Member (2013-2015).
The Society for Human Resource Management, Member, Speaker (2005-Present).
YMCA Metro Denver, Board of Advisors, Chair (2009-Present), Board Member (2006-2009), Member Martin Luther King Event Planning Committee (2008), Volunteer of the Year (2007), Special Events Committee Chair (2008-2009).
SIGNIFICANT PRO BONO SERVICE
|
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correct_foundationPlace_00034
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FactBench
|
3
| 7
|
https://philanthropynewyork.org/news/edward-w-hazen-foundation-fast-tracks-28-million-grants-support-grantees-responding-covid-19
|
en
|
Edward W. Hazen Foundation Fast Tracks $2.8 Million in Grants to Support Grantees Responding to COVID-19 Pandemic in Communities of Color
|
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2020-04-30T14:35:56-04:00
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The foundation is announcing and distributing grants that would have been made in the summer in order to provide organizations with resources as they ramp up programming to respond to the pandemic.
|
en
|
Philanthropy New York
|
https://philanthropynewyork.org/news/edward-w-hazen-foundation-fast-tracks-28-million-grants-support-grantees-responding-covid-19
|
NEW YORK - Today, the Edward W. Hazen Foundation, a private foundation supporting communities of color fighting for educational equity and racial justice, announced grants of more than $2.8 million to 24 organizations. The foundation is announcing and distributing grants that would have been made in the summer in order to provide organizations with resources as they ramp up programming to respond to the pandemic. This early announcement of funding comes at a pivotal moment for many of the organizations who are quickly adapting their programs to respond to on-the-ground conditions, particularly in communities of color hit hardest by the pandemic across the country, and where the Hazen Foundation prioritizes grantmaking.
“Our grantees and their communities are our priority, especially in this moment of crisis,” said Lori Bezahler, President of the Hazen Foundation. “This crisis has made clear the deep inequities throughout our country. We see many organizations scrambling to respond to immediate, critical needs that are the result of unjust policies and systems. Youth Justice Coalition, for example, has been instrumental in getting 1,700 people released from incarceration in LA County, championing alternatives to detention and demanding changes in conditions to protect the health of those still inside. With so much at stake right now, we saw no reason to delay much needed funding.”
This grantmaking comes in the midst of calls for philanthropy to step up spending as the pandemic and concurrent economic downturn hit those most vulnerable. The grants represent a nearly five-fold increase in committed funding compared to its spring 2019 docket. As a foundation in the process of spending down, the Hazen Foundation has already committed to distributing all assets by 2024.
The grants will support parent and youth-led organizing efforts on a range of issues, including equity in funding for public schools, ending police presence and punitive discipline policies in schools, and securing affordable housing for low-income families. The Hazen Foundation is particularly committed to support grantees comprised of and led by people of color: 83% of the executive directors of these organizations are Black, Latinx, Asian American or Pacific Islander, or Native American. Further, 75% of the organizations are led by a female executive director; and 36% of these organizations report having LGBTQ senior staff in a supervisor role or board members. The Foundation is also committed to supporting organizations across a geographical range: twelve of the 24 organizations are based in California (three of which are focused on building youth organizing capacity in the often overlooked Inland Empire and rural Central Valley), while others are distributed across the country in Chicago, Denver, Milwaukee, Seattle, Phoenix and Salem, Oregon (see full list of grantees below).
"General support funding from Hazen will support our parent leaders to continue to push their policy agenda for education justice and funding equity for public schools at the local level and the state level,” said Regina Elmi, Executive Director of the Somali Parents Education Board in Seattle.
“Through the support of the Hazen Foundation, Padres & Jóvenes Unidos will be able to expand our fellowship program, creating a truly distributed organizing approach. Moreover, we will be able to support our members with the digital training and tools that we will all need to build community and power in an increasingly remote world,” said Jake Cousins, Deputy Director at Padres y Jóvenes Unidos, based in Denver. The Hazen Foundation has supported Padres y Jóvenes Unidos since 2003.
“Our hope is that this funding allows our grantees to have more room to maneuver and adapt their programming to suit the needs of this moment,” said Lori Villarosa, chair of the Hazen Foundation’s Board of Trustees. “Strong organizing is going to be critical as this pandemic evolves, to put pressure on governments and society to deploy resources equitably. We’re already seeing the disproportionate impact this crisis is having on communities of color. The early release of this funding is our way of stepping up and ensuring that our grantees have the resources they need to protect their communities.”
The full list of grantees include:
Grassroots Asians Rising, National
Movement Strategy Center, Oakland CA
Youth Justice Coalition, Los Angeles CA
Khmer Girls in Action, Long Beach CA
Youth United for Community Action, East Palo Alto CA
Black Organizing Project, Oakland CA
Community Asset Development Re-Defining Education (CADRE), Los Angeles CA
Communities United, Chicago IL
Innercity Struggle, Los Angeles CA
Kenwood-Oakland Community Organization, Chicago IL
Logan Square Neighborhood Association, Chicago IL
Padres Y Jóvenes Unidos, Denver CO
Gender & Sexualities Alliance Network - California
Gente Organizada, Pomona CA
Leaders Igniting Transformation (LIT), Milwaukee WI
Latinos Unidos Siempre (LUS), Salem OR
Somali Parents Education Board, Seattle WA
California Native Vote Project, Statewide
Poder in Action, Phoenix AZ
Power California 99 Rootz, Atwater CA
Salem/Keizer Coalition for Equality, Salem OR
Todec Legal Center Monarcas Luchadoras, Perris CA
New Mexico Dream Team, Albuquerque NM
Southside Together Organizing for Power, Chicago IL
###
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correct_foundationPlace_00034
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FactBench
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3
| 64
|
https://skivermont.com/fifth-grade-passport
|
en
|
Fifth Grade Passport
|
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The Ski Vermont Fifth Grade Passport lets any 5th grader ski up to 90 days for just $30 at participating Vermont ski areas.
|
en
|
/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png
|
Ski Vermont
|
https://skivermont.com/fifth-grade-passport
|
Fifth Grade passport purchases require submitting an application with documentation that is reviewed prior to passport activation. Approval takes approximately 2-3 business days (processing M-F only). Please plan purchase accordingly. All sales are final, unless passport application is rejected by Ski Vermont.
Ski Vermont Fifth Grade Passports are sold through Ski Vermont’s pass portal, issued digitally and then managed in customer portal.
Regular access to portal is required to use the passport. No physical product will be mailed.
VT/US residency not required.
Purchasing information:
1. Log in or create an account in the portal. Passports must first be on sale to create an account. Complete the account creation and household information page. The account username, password and email address will be utilized to access the Fifth Grade Passport and manage usage. Once created, you will be brought to the pass product page to purchase.
Existing Account: Log In. Any active products will be displayed. Click add product to be brought to the purchase screen as needed.
2. On pass product page, choose the Fifth Grade Passport and follow the steps to complete the online application (you do not need to input anything in the gift code box.) Proof of current grade for the current calendar year and a picture of the fifth grader need to be uploaded during this process. The picture will be used as identification by ski area staff when redeeming vouchers.
If 5th Grader's school is not listed in drop down, or homeschooled, you can just type vs picking from drop down.
Acceptable Proof of grade documents must show your child’s name, grade, and date (school year or actual date supporting document was issued).
A current school year report card/progress report with student name, school portal screen shot, teacher welcome letter, or letter from school administration are all acceptable.
A final 4th grade report card with student name (must contain school year or issue date),
If your child is homeschooled, a transcript of 4th grade completion/ current 5th grade enrollment (if your state provided you with one), a birth certificate, or other state-issued documentation (accepted on a case-by-case basis) may be uploaded as proof.
3. Completing Purchase: Review cart. During the final cart review, click on ‘edit’ to update any information or remove from cart BEFORE payment step.
Payment box set to auto advance once card information provided, if view distorted on mobile, flip phone horizontal to proceed.
Customers must agree to terms and conditions and all sales final before payment will be accepted.
Customers will receive a confirmation of PURCHASE once the application process is complete. Customers can log back in their account to view status, will state pending or will show as approved.
Approval Process:
1. Ski Vermont reviews each application to verify that it meets the approval requirements. This approval takes approximately 2-3 business days (processing M-F only). Please plan your purchase accordingly. If additional information is required to approve, Ski Vermont will send a request email outlining what needs to be supplied and will hold the application as pending until information is received.
2. Upon approval, customers will receive an email with status update. Please check spam (no-reply email address) or log in to your account after 3 business days for a status update. Will state pending if Ski Vermont has yet to approve or will show as active in the portal.
Check out this quick visual only video on how to purchase your Fifth Grade Passport
Ski Vermont 5th Grade Passport is comprised of vouchers, 3 to each participating Alpine/Downhill area and up to 3 trail pass vouchers for each participating cross-country area.
Vouchers are reserved in customer portal and then redeemed as instructed by the ski area the student is visiting on the date chosen at the time of reservation.
Vouchers will not be redeemed if student fails to follow the ski area’s outlined voucher redemption requirements or has reached max capacity for the day. Some ski areas REQUIRE advanced online redemption of the voucher and WILL NOT REDEEM at ski area ticket window.
How to Reserve Voucher at desired area and for desired date:
Vouchers are redeemed for a lift or trail ticket. The process the parent/guardian and/or fifth grader completes—by logging into their portal, selecting a ski area and visit date to generate a single-use barcode—is a voucher reservation.
Reserved vouchers in the Ski Vermont portal do not guarantee the student a lift ticket or lift ticket reservation privileges unless otherwise indicated by the destination ski area in their redemption Information.
Voucher reservations may only be made up to seven days (7) in advance, including day-of.
Voucher reservations are final and can not be changed by customer (procedure to request exception out lined under Unable to Use Voucher section of FAQ).
Students must be accompanied by a ticket or pass-holding adult. An adult may bring up to two passport bearers.
1. Access customer portal: Prior to visiting a ski area log in to your portal account. The active passport will automatically load on the screen displaying passport bearer's name. If you have multiple people on an account, change names as necessary by clicking on the correct name(s) listed under the primary displayed name. The name displayed in the large box at the top indicates the person who the voucher is being reserved and obtained for.
2. Choose ski area: Scroll/move down the page to find the desired ski area and click "More Info" prior to reserving a voucher to review ski area’s restricted dates and redemption requirements. Each alpine/downhill area has 3 vouchers. Please note some alpine areas also have cross country access and are listed separately, you will need to choose the correct ski area option for voucher to work when redeeming.
3. Reserve Voucher: To obtain a voucher, click available for redemption and chose the desired visit date. Click reserve voucher. Once a voucher reservation is completed, it is marked as reserved in the portal and can't be changed.
Dates may not be available for the following reasons:
It is outside the 7- day reservation window and not yet available.
It is one of the dates listed as restricted by the ski area and passport is not valid for use on this day.
It is a date that is outside that ski area's indicated operation schedule.
The ski area has listed this date with limited inventory that applies to 3rd party products like Ski Vermont's, and they have reached that inventory limit for the day. Lift tickets may still be available for purchase, check directly with ski area.
The ski area has reached general max capacity for the day, has indicated that to Ski Vermont in time for us to close out the date to avoid anyone being turned away at the window.
4. Viewing Voucher:
Option 1: View voucher previously reserved via portal. Log in, scroll down to the destination ski area and voucher that states reserved (if multiple reserved make sure to choose the correct date for visit). "Click to view" for voucher will display on screen.
Option 2: View voucher via email. A copy of each reserved voucher is automatically emailed. This email can be forwarded to the accompanying adult as needed or printed to present.
5. Redeeming for lift ticket:
Follow the destination ski areas redemption requirements, review prior to arriving as some areas require advance online lift ticket reservations using the barcoded voucher. Participating Ski Areas, Restricted Dates and Redemption Information for ski area details on this page or the More Info in customer portal.
Check out this quick video on how to reserve your Fifth Grade Passport voucher
All participating ski areas are listed below, along with their restricted dates and voucher redemption information.
Vouchers: Reserved barcoded vouchers are required to redeem for a lift ticket. The process the bearer and/or account manager completes—by logging into their portal, selecting a ski area and visit date to generate a single-use barcode—is a voucher reservation.
Voucher reservations may only be made up to seven days (7) in advance, including day-of
Voucher reservations are final and can not be changed by customer (procedure to request exception outlined under "Unable to Use Voucher" section of FAQ).
Restricted Dates: When vouchers are not valid for use at that area. Ski areas may also have limited inventory dates.
Voucher Redemption: A reserved voucher is used to obtain a lift ticket on chosen date to the ski area chosen and stated on the voucher by following that ski area's redemption process. View details below or under More Info in the customer portal.
Ski areas will not generate a lift ticket if bearer fails to follow the ski area’s outlined voucher redemption requirements or has reached max capacity for the day.
A reserved voucher in the customer portal does not guarantee the bearer any ticket or ticket reservation privileges unless otherwise stated in the destination ski area’s redemption process.
Regular Operating Schedule: Ski area daily operating schedules may vary at the ski area's discretion. Prior to reserving a voucher in the customer portal, we advise that bearers check the destination ski area's website to ensure they are open and operating on the desired visit date. A date may still show as available in the portal for reservation if Ski Vermont has not received the closure information from a ski area.
BOLTON VALLEY RESORT
Restricted Dates: Dec 26, 2023 - Jan 1,2024; Jan 13-15, 2024; Feb 17-25, 2024
Voucher Redemption Location: Online voucher redemption preferred. In Person redeem at Ticket Cube, present digital or printed voucher to be scanned.
Voucher Redemption Requirements: RFID card required for reload or $5 purchase.
Regular Operating Schedule: Tue-Sat 9AM-10PM; Sunday/Monday 9am-4pm
BROMLEY MOUNTAIN RESORT
Restricted Dates: None
Voucher Redemption Location: Guest Services/Ticket Office. Present digital or printed voucher to be scanned.
Regular Operating Schedule: Weekends only until aprox. Dec 15, then daily.
BURKE MOUNTAIN RESORT
Restricted Dates: Dec 23-31, 2023; Jan 13 -15, 2024; Feb 17-25, 2024
Voucher Redemption Location: Guest Services Ticket Window, Sherburne Base Lodge. Present digital or printed voucher to be scanned.
Regular Operating Schedule: Daily 9AM-4PM
COCHRAN’S SKI AREA
Restricted Dates: Valid as of Dec 1, 2023.
Voucher Redemption Location: Ticket Window, present digital or printed voucher to be scanned.
Regular Operating Schedule: Hours of operation vary, https://cochranskiarea.com/.
JAY PEAK RESORT
Restricted Dates: Dec 23-31, 2023; Feb 17-25, 2024
Voucher Redemption Location: Tramside Customer Service, present digital or printed voucher to be scanned.
Regular Operating Schedule: 8:30AM-4PM midweek, non-holiday; 8:00AM-4PM weekends, holidays
KILLINGTON RESORT
Restricted Dates: Dec 23, 2023 - Jan 1,2024; Jan 13 -15, 2024; Feb 17-19, 2024
Voucher Redemption Location: Online Only - NOT VALID AT TICKET WINDOW
Voucher Redemption Requirements: Redeem online at killington.com/redeem. Reload an existing One Pass RFID or add a new one and pickup from any ticket kiosk.
Regular Operating Schedule: Open daily.
LYNDON OUTING CLUB
Restricted Dates: Valid as of Dec 1, 2023.
Voucher Redemption Location: Ticket Window, present digital or printed voucher to be scanned.
Regular Operating Schedule: Hours of operation vary.
MAD RIVER GLEN
Restricted Dates: Dec 26, 2023 - Jan 1,2024; Jan 13 - Jan 15, 2024; Feb 17-25, 2024
Voucher Redemption Location: Ticket Window, present digital or printed voucher to be scanned.
Voucher Redemption Requirements: Subject to daily ticket cap, may sell out at any time. Customers with Ski Vermont reserved voucher will have redemption honored at the ticket window. Voucher availability may be restricted in Ski Vermont customer portal if max day capacity is reached. For busy weekends or anticipated powder days, reserving a Ski Vermont voucher early within the 7-day allowed window is advised to guarantee a lift ticket.
Regular Operating Schedule: Open daily.
MAGIC MOUNTAIN
Restricted Dates: Jan 13-15, 2024; Feb 17-25, 2024
Voucher Redemption Location: Ticket office on first floor of lodge. Present digital or printed voucher to be scanned.
Voucher Redemption Requirements: Daily ticket sales are limited, first come first serve. A Ski VT voucher does not guarantee a lift ticket if sold out. It is recommended to monitor online announcements for availability updates or call 802-824-5645 x109 with questions.
Regular Operating Schedule: Thur-Fri 9AM-4PM; Sat-Sun 8:30AM-4PM
MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE SNOW BOWL
Restricted Dates: Dec 25-Jan 1; Jan 13-16, 2024; Feb 17-25, 2024
Voucher Redemption Location: Ticket Office, present digital or printed voucher to be scanned.
Regular Operating Schedule: Open Wed-Sun, 9AM-4PM
MOUNT SNOW RESORT
Restricted Dates: Dec 25-31, 2023; Jan 13, 2024; Feb 17-18, 2024
Voucher Redemption Location: All ticket locations, present digital or printed voucher to be scanned.
Regular Operating Schedule: 9AM-4PM midweek; 8AM-4PM weekends
NORTHEAST SLOPES
Restricted Dates: Valid as of Dec 1 2023. Hours of operation may vary.
Voucher Redemption Location: Ticket Window, present digital or printed voucher to be scanned.
Regular Operating Schedule: Sat-Sun & Holiday 12:00PM-4:00PM; Wed 12:00PM-4:20PM
OKEMO MOUNTAIN RESORT
Restricted Dates: Dec 25-31, 2023; Jan 13-14, 2024; Feb 17-18, 2024
Voucher Redemption Location: All ticket locations, present digital or printed voucher to be scanned.
Regular Operating Schedule:
PICO MOUNTAIN
Restricted Dates: Dec 23, 2023 - Jan 1,2024; Jan 13 -15, 2024; Feb 17-19, 2024
Voucher Redemption Location: Online Only - NOT VALID AT TICKET WINDOW
Voucher Redemption Requirements: Redeem online at picomountain.com/redeem. Reload an existing One Pass RFID or add a new one and pickup from any ticket kiosk. Regular Operating Schedule: Thur-Mon + 12/30/23,12/31/23, 2/20/24, 2/21/24
SASKADENA SIX SKI AREA/WOODSTOCK INN & RESORT
Restricted Dates: Dec 23, 2023 - Jan 1,2024; Jan 13 -15, 2024; Feb 18-25, 2024
Voucher Redemption Location: Ticket window, present digital or printed voucher to be scanned.
Regular Operating Schedule: 9 AM- 4PM Wed -Sun, except peak 12/23/23-1/1/24, 1/13-15/24, 2/28-2/25/24
SKI QUECHEE
Restricted Dates: Dec 24-28, 2023; Feb 17-19, 2024; Feb 23-25, 2024.
Voucher Redemption Location: Ticket Booth, present PRINTED voucher.
Regular Operating Schedule: Friday-Sundays, Holiday Weeks
SMUGGLERS’ NOTCH RESORT
Restricted Dates: Dec 24-31, 2023; Jan 13-15, 2024; Feb 17-25, 2024.
Voucher Redemption Location: Ticket Booths, present digital or printed voucher to be scanned.
Voucher Redemption Requirements: Subject to daily ticket cap, may sell out at any time. Smugglers' cannot guarantee ticket availability for vouchers not reserved in advanced via the Ski Vermont customer portal. If purchasing additional tickets, pre-purchase at www.smuggs.com/tickets.
Regular Operating Schedule: 8:30AM-4PM, M-F; 8:00AM-4:00PM, Sat-Sun
STOWE MOUNTAIN RESORT
Restricted Dates: Dec 26-31, 2023; Jan 13-14, 2024; Feb 17-18, 2024.
Limited Ticket Inventory for the following dates: Jan 19-21, 26-28; Feb 2-4, 9-11, 23-25; Mar 1-3, 2024.
Voucher Redemption Location: All ticketing locations, present digital or printed voucher to be scanned.
Voucher Redemption Requirements: On limited inventory days only customers with a reserved Ski VT voucher will be honored. If a date is no longer an option in Ski VT Customer portal, inventory for 3rd party products has been reached. Lift tickets to purchase may still be available online via Stowe website.
Regular Operating Schedule: 8:00AM-4PM daily.
STRATTON MOUNTAIN RESORT
Restricted Dates: Dec 26-31, 2023; Jan 13-14, 2024; Feb 17-24, 2024.
Voucher Redemption Location: Guest Services/Tickets, present digital or printed voucher to be scanned.
Regular Operating Schedule: 9AM-4PM, M-F; 8:30AM-4PM, Sat-Sun
SUGARBUSH RESORT
Restricted Dates: Dec 23, 2023- Jan 1, 2024; Jan 13-15, 2024; Feb 17-25, 2024.
Voucher Redemption Location: Online Only- NOT VALID AT TICKET WINDOW.
Voucher Redemption Requirements: https://shop.sugarbush.com/s/special-tickets. Advanced voucher redemption required. Pick up ticket loaded on RFID at Pick Up Box or Ticket Window.
Regular Operating Schedule: 8:00AM-4PM daily.
Cross Country Areas: Valid for use as of December 1.
Bolton Valley Nordic: Contact ski area for redemption information. Website: www.BoltonValley.com
Brattleboro Outing Club Ski Hut: Contact ski area for redemption information. Website: www.brattleborooutingclub.org
Dashney at Burke: Contact ski area for redemption information. Website: www.skiburke.com
Camels Hump Nordic Skiers Association: Contact ski area for redemption information. Website: www.camelshumpskiers.org
Catamount Outdoor Family Center: Contact ski area for redemption information. Website: www.catamountoutdoorfamilycenter.org
Craftsbury Outdoor Center: Contact ski area for redemption information. Website: www.Craftsbury.com
Grafton Trails and Outdoor Center: Contact ski area for redemption information. Website: www.graftontrails.com
Hazen’s Notch Association: Contact ski area for redemption information. Website: www.hazensnotch.org
Jay Peak Cross Country Center: Contact ski area for redemption information. Website: www.jaypeakresort.com
Kingdom Trails Winter Welcome Center: Contact ski area for redemption information. Website: www.kingdomtrails.org
Memphremagog Ski Touring Foundation: Contact ski area for redemption information. Website: www.MSTF.net
Mountain Top Inn & Resort: Contact ski area for redemption information. Website: www.mountaintopinn.com
Prospect Mountain: Contact ski area for redemption information. Website: www.prospectmountain.com
Rikert Nordic Center: Contact ski area for redemption information. Website: www.rikertnordic.com
Ski Quechee: Contact ski area for redemption information. Website: www.quecheeclub.com
Sleepy Hollow Inn: Contact ski area for redemption information. Website: www.skisleepyhollow.com
Smugglers’ Notch: Contact ski area for redemption information. Website: www.smuggs.com
Stowe: Contact ski area for redemption information. Website: www.stowe.com
Stratton Mountain: Contact ski area for redemption information. Website: www.stratton.com
Timber Creek XC: Contact ski area for redemption information. Website: www.TimberCreekXC.Com
Trapp Family Lodge XC: Contact ski area for redemption information. Website: www.Trappfamily.com
Viking Nordic Center: Contact ski area for redemption information. Website: www.vikingnordic.com
Wild Wings Ski Touring Center: Contact ski area for redemption information. Website: www.wildwingsski.com
Woodstock Inn-Mt. Tom Trails: Contact ski area for redemption information. Website: www.woodstockinn.com
|
||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
3
| 33
|
https://romenewyork.com/event/the-project-fibonacci-foundation-inc-esteamed-speakers-series-dr-robert-hazen/
|
en
|
The Project Fibonacci Foundation Inc. ESTEAMed Speakers Series: Dr. Robert Hazen
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Amanda Mills"
] |
2023-07-12T14:57:22+00:00
|
Join the Project Fibonacci Foundation, Inc. for the 2023 ESTEAMed Speakers Series, featuring Dr. Robert Hazen.
|
en
|
City of Rome
|
https://romenewyork.com/event/the-project-fibonacci-foundation-inc-esteamed-speakers-series-dr-robert-hazen/
| ||||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
3
| 38
|
https://www.sdcommunityfoundation.org/local-impact/community-foundations/salem
|
en
|
Salem Area Foundation
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2020-11-09T15:53:00-06:00
|
Learn about the Community Foundation (CSA) initiatives in Salem, SD.
|
en
|
South Dakota Community Foundation
|
https://www.sdcommunityfoundation.org/local-impact/community-foundations/salem
|
The Salem Area Foundation was established in 2007 to provide financial support to charitable and nonprofit purposes in the Salem area at the recommendation of the Salem Area Foundation Board of Directors. Local leaders accepted a challenge in 2007 to raise $75,000 in three years. The board completed the challenge in 2010 and received a $25,000 grant from the South Dakota Community Foundation to help build their fund. Since inception, generous donors have given $145,001.00 to the Salem Area Foundation community savings account allowing grants totaling $52,375 to be given back to nonprofits in and around Salem. In addition, two subfunds were also started to benefit area students - The Scheier Family Scholarship Fund and John Stiefvater Memorial Scholarship Fund have given back to graduates from McCook County.
In 2013, the board partnered with the city to create on opportunity for residents to give toward the construction of a new pool. Over $202,000 has been given by donors toward the development of a new pool facility.
|
|||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
3
| 80
|
https://www.olathepublicschoolsfoundation.org/content/opsf-scholarship-recipients
|
en
|
OPSF Scholarship Recipients
|
[
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
en
|
https://www.olathepublicschoolsfoundation.org/sites/default/files/favicon_0.ico
|
https://www.olathepublicschoolsfoundation.org/content/opsf-scholarship-recipients
|
Spring 2024 OPSF Scholarship Recipients
Brogden Family Debate/Forensics
Maya Greene OE
Andrew Dai ON
Earvin Chen ONW
Eli Dunaway OS
Dominic Hull OW
Brogden Family Student Naturalist
Emma Branstrom ONW
Brogden Family Visual Arts
Micah Douglas ONW
Iris Doering ONW
Buck Kauffman Memorial
Harold Hinson OATC
Cale Miller Memorial
Lillian O'Donnell ONW
Camille Moore-Johnson
Micah Douglas ONW
Conner Taylor Memorial
Alex Wagoner ONW
Craig McLain Memorial
Harold Hinson OATC
Culinary Arts Academic Achievement
Konner Ngyuen OATC
Culinary Arts Service Excellence
Harold Hinson OATC
Ella Hayes OATC
Ernst Strong
Idalia Barbon Morales OW
Gwen and Gary Poss A.V.I.D.
Brooklyn Willis ONW
Home Depot Pro Building a Better Future
Chad Beech
Jada Carpenter
Calista Alphson OATC
Jade Burkhart Memorial
Lauren Dexter OW
Jerad Bickford Memorial
Annabelle Heldt ONW
Jewett Insurance Agency Bowling
Leah Dreitzler OE
Jewett Insurance Agency Cheer Team
Logan Simms OW
Kathleen Macoubrie Smith
Emma Buck-Stewart ON
Cecilia Doyle ONW
Kathy Musgrave Founders Sports Medicine and Exercise Science Academy
Marlee McDonald ON
Kathy Musgrave OATC
Scarlett Shade OATC
Leon and Gretchen Brewer Memorial
Adriana Cazares OE
Matthew M. Murchison Memorial
Jordan Culton OE
Moormeier Family Foundation Debate/Forensics
Earvin Chen ONW
Moormeier Family Foundation FIRST Robotics
Keira Jones ONW
Moormeier Family Foundation Orchestra
Isabella Romero ONW
Munsif and Surriya Khan
Hudson Marmon OS
Mustang Club of Kansas City
Trevor Johnson OATC
Trevor Rogers OATC
OATC
Ruben Barbon De La Paz OATC
Adelynn Johnson OATC
Gabriella Chicas OATC
Trevor Rogers OATC
Ella Hayes OATC
Ashlynn Bible OATC
Patrick Spaulding Character Award
Bailey Dillon ON
Tyjuan Porter ON
Piltz Family
Audrey Rogers OS
Shipley Family Public Safety
Gerald Walker OW
Spencer Duncan Memorial
Peyton Cozart OS
Stowell Family
Lauren Boeshart ONW
Sueña en Grande/Dream Big
Andrea Santamaria OS
Amelia Shears
Malorie McRostie OE
Amy Pierron
Riley Welter OW
Andrew Caraway Memorial
Jacob Priefert OW
Trevor Rogers OW
Azalia Morales OATC CTE
Lizbeth Garcia-Crisanto OATC
Bustillo
Angie Espinal Argueta ONW
Mariela Guerrero OS
Calvin W. Mummert Vocational
Brandon Hamilton ON
Captain Ralph O. Bray, Jr.
Makenzie Crum ON
Catherine L. Smith Memorial
Hudson Marmon OS
Chad Brown Memorial
Julia Gennarelli OE
Nick Fisher OE
Chapter GR P.E.O.
Kaylee Howell ON
Character Council
Kolby Brown OW
Charlie and Amy Wunsch H.O.P.E.
Lizbeth Garcia-Crisanto ON
Solomon Webb
Ainsley Halvorson ON
Creighton Goddard Memorial
Carson Buster OW
Denis Plumly Memorial
Caleb Sramek OW
Joseph Leitch OW
e-Communication
Animation Capstone Area - Camden Hazen ONW
Convergence Journalism Capstone Area - Keely Loney ONW
Entertainment Video Capstone Area - Laura Dunn ONW
Graphic Design Capstone Area - Alexandra Hanton ONW
Sports Information Capstone Area - Adam Donner ONW
Web Design Capstone Area Drake - Morgan ONW
Ervin D. Wright II Memorial
Amanda Perez ON
Ashton Shoemaker ON
Gary Dykman Memorial
Gregory Jackson OE
Hazel Ford
Darrell Strait ON
Inspire the Love of Learning: The Karen Eakin Family
Adriana Cazares OE
Justin J. Galewski Memorial
Madeline Holscher ON
Jyotsna Garg M.U.F.F.I.N. Memorial
Zander Semrau OE
Mary Cochran Classified
Karry Haynes
Michelle Stortz Memorial
Alex Decker OE
Olathe High School Alumni Association (ON)
Deanna Gallegos-Resendiz ON
Olathe Public Schools Alumni Association (All High Schools)
Emma Buck-Stewart ON
Olathe Public Schools Retired Employees Association
Alyssa Harris OE
Aubrey Krapes ON
Ralph Dennis
Andrew Yarnell ON
Ruth Ann Hackler
Carolina Avila ON
Speak Up Foundation
Isaac Smith OE
Gabriella Chicas ON
Noah McCown ONW
Eduardo Alvarez ONW
Audrey Rogers OS
Kaleah McClure OW
Tara Peck Memorial
Jayden Berry OS
Ella Anderson OS
Green Music Education
Luke Ortega ONW
Keith Barnes
Andrew Dai ON
Melanee Chinchilla OS
R.R. Osborne
Courtney Thompson ON
Audrey Rogers OS
Malorie McRostie OE
Alexander Stone OW
Lillian O'Donnell ONW
|
||||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
3
| 96
|
https://nursing.vanderbilt.edu/news/the-lettie-pate-whitehead-foundation-three-decades-of-impact/
|
en
|
The Lettie Pate Whitehead Foundation: Three decades of impact
|
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2019-05-22T00:00:00
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The Lettie Pate Whitehead Foundation: Three decades of impact. On clinic day every week, Vanderbilt University School of Nursing student Brooke Hazen gets to the hospital early. Her 12-hour day starts at 6:30 a.m. with the charge nurse’s report on patients and case review with an instructor before hands-on patient care begins. “We’re taking vital signs, helping patients shower and walk, administering shots and...
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en
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https://www.vanderbilt.edu/favicon.ico
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Vanderbilt University
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https://nursing.vanderbilt.edu/news/the-lettie-pate-whitehead-foundation-three-decades-of-impact/
|
On clinic day every week, Vanderbilt University School of Nursing student Brooke Hazen gets to the hospital early. Her 12-hour day starts at 6:30 a.m. with the charge nurse’s report on patients and case review with an instructor before hands-on patient care begins.
“We’re taking vital signs, helping patients shower and walk, administering shots and IVs and interpreting lab results,” she said. “It’s the best way to solidify what we’re learning. I couldn’t believe the pace at first — it’s very intense. The faculty has high expectations for us, and they give us a lot of support. I love it.
Hazen is in the school’s PreSpecialty program, which provides a two-year path to a master’s degree for students with bachelor’s degrees in fields other than nursing. She’s studying to be an adult-gerontology primary care nurse practitioner. She is also part of the Vanderbilt Program for Interprofessional Learning, in which students in nursing, medicine, pharmacy and social work team up weekly to collaborate on clinical- and classroom-based activities.
One reason that Hazen can dive into her studies headfirst is due to her scholarship from the Lettie Pate Whitehead Foundation, which has provided more than $4.5 million in support to hundreds of Vanderbilt nursing students since 1971.
“The Lettie Pate Whitehead Foundation has been transforming lives for decades,” said VUSN Dean Linda D. Norman, DSN, FAAN, the Valere Potter Menefee Professor of Nursing. “The Foundation understands it is not only supporting nurse leaders but also the patients and families whose lives will be touched by our graduates. We are forever grateful for their long partnership with our school.”
Hazen said she was excited to be accepted to the School of Nursing, but wasn’t sure how she was going to pay for the program. “The day I got the letter about the scholarship, I just cried,” she said. “The cost of higher education prevents a lot of people from pursuing their real passion. Scholarships like these open doors and help people like me make the decision to be the person who can go into the community and make a difference.”
Like many of her fellow students, Hazen’s path to a nursing career wasn’t direct.
She grew up in rural Pelham, Tennessee, halfway between Nashville and Chattanooga, in a home filled with music. She studied music and vocal performance as an undergraduate, focusing on a career as an opera singer.
But alongside the music was always an interest in health care. Hazen’s father, a veteran, had chronic health issues for most of her life, and she was a full participant in his care, attending doctor’s appointments and helping him at home. After her graduation, she began to take health-related classes and worked as a research assistant at Vanderbilt.
She was still committed to pursuing singing as a career, and about five years after earning her undergraduate degree, she applied — and was accepted — to the prestigious Peabody Institute conservatory at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore.
“I thought for the longest time that singing would be all I wanted to do,” Hazen said. “I was very much committed to singing as a life career. But in thinking through the costs associated with earning that advanced degree, I started to reconsider my choices.”
Then her father’s sudden passing put her at a crossroads.
Hazen opted against starting a graduate degree in voice. “I still sing all the time, as much as I can, but music is not the career path for me to pursue,” she said. “I realized there was more I could do with my life.” An overseas medical mission trip reinvigorated her interest in health professions, and she chose to apply to VUSN.
Carrie Davis Conway, senior program officer for the Lettie Pate Whitehead Foundation, isn’t surprised by Hazen’s path to nursing. “So many of the Foundation’s scholarship recipients are pursuing second careers,” she said. “Because they have already earned an undergraduate degree, they have very limited options for financial aid. To stop working and launch a new career is an incredible sacrifice.”
The Foundation was created to honor philanthropist and businesswoman Lettie Pate Whitehead Evans (1872–1953), the wife of Joseph B. Whitehead, one of the original bottlers of Coca-Cola. Widowed in 1906 at the age of 34, Lettie Pate took over her husband’s bottling business and real estate interests, guiding both to great success. She became one of the first female directors of any major American corporation when she was appointed to the board of The Coca-Cola Company in 1934.
“When I visit the institutions we support, I am able to see in very human terms how the Foundation is making a difference in students’ lives,” Conway said. “Nursing is such an incredible, impactful field with so many exciting opportunities.”
After earning her MSN, Hazen plans to enroll in Vanderbilt’s Doctor of Nursing Practice program, with a goal of teaching and influencing public policy.
“The DNP program prepares us to be clinical leaders and administrative leaders,” she said. “Nursing is an important, powerful field that plays a huge role in the changing health care system. I feel very strongly about my place in all that. This career allows me to make an impact for myself, for my family, for my community and for my nation.
“Just one person can make a huge change. The scholarship gives me the chance to be that person.”
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It is an identification and authenticity card for your guitar. It is unique and exclusive for each instrument, it extends the warranty of your guitar to 3 years.
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Guitarras Alhambra
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https://www.alhambraguitarras.com/en/register-your-alhambra-guitar
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In compliance with current regulations on data protection, we inform you that the person responsible for your personal data is Fundación Alhambra Guitarras, which will be processed for the purpose of managing and processing your request, as well as receiving commercial communications about news, products and Manufacturas Alhambra services, based on consent. This treatment is based on the consent of the interested party. The transfer of your data is not planned, except in cases where you expressly authorize, and for the purpose of receiving commercial information through the means provided. You can access, rectify and delete the data, as well as other rights that assist you regarding data protection through rgpd_alh@alhambraguitarras.com, proving your identity. For more information, you can consult the Privacy Policy or request it from our Organization.
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Gut Microbiome and Its Role in Valvular Heart Disease: Not a “Gutted” Relationship
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2024-04-19T00:00:00
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The role of the gut microbiome (GM) and oral microbiome (OM) in cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been increasingly being understood in recent years. It is well known that GM is a risk factor for various CVD phenotypes, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, heart failure and atrial fibrillation. However, its role in valvular heart disease (VHD) is less well understood. Research shows that, direct, microbe-mediated and indirect, metabolite-mediated damage as a result of gut dysbiosis and environmental factors results in a subclinical, chronic, systemic inflammatory state, which promotes inflammatory cell infiltration in heart valves and subsequently, via pro-inflammatory molecules, initiates a cascade of reaction, resulting in valve calcification, fibrosis and dysfunction. This relationship between GM and VHD adds a pathophysiological link to the pathogenesis of VHD, which can be aimed therapeutically, in order to prevent or regress any risk for valvular pathologies. Therapeutic interventions include dietary modifications and lifestyle interventions, in order to influence environmental factors that can promote gut dysbiosis. Furthermore, the combination of probiotics and prebiotics, as well as fecal m transplantation and targeted treatment with inducers or inhibitors of microbial enzymes have showed promising results in animal and/or clinical studies, with the potential to reduce the inflammatory state and restore the normal gut flora in patients. This review, thus, is going to discuss the pathophysiological links behind the relationship of GM, CVD and VHD, as well as explore the recent data regarding the effect of GM-altering treatment in CVD, cardiac function and systemic inflammation.
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en
|
MDPI
|
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/4/527
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by
Gyanaranjan Nayak
1 ,
Kyriakos Dimitriadis
1,* ,
Nikolaos Pyrpyris
Nikolaos Pyrpyris
Dr. Nikolaos Pyrpyris is a Student of Medicine at the National and Kapodistrian University of He the [...]
Dr. Nikolaos Pyrpyris is a Student of Medicine at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. He graduated from the University of Patras School of Medicine. He is a member of the European Society of Cardiology. He is experienced in Cardiovascular Research and Cardiovascular Medicine with a demonstrated history of working in academic-based research teams.
1 ,
Magdalini Manti
2 ,
Nikolaos Kamperidis
2 ,
Vasileios Kamperidis
3 ,
Antonios Ziakas
Antonios Ziakas
Prof. Antonios Ziakas is a Professor of Cardiology and an Interventional Cardiologist at the First a [...]
Prof. Antonios Ziakas is a Professor of Cardiology and an Interventional Cardiologist at the First Department of Cardiology of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki performing both percutaneous coronary and structural heart disease Interventions. He graduated from Aristotle University Medical School in 1993 and was trained for a specialization in Cardiology. He worked for a year as a fellow in the Cardiology Department of Freeman Hospital in Newcastle upon Tyne Great Britain. After that, he was trained at the Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria Heart Institute Foundation.
3 and
Konstantinos Tsioufis
1
1
First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece
2
St Mark’s Hospital, Imperial College London, London HA1 3UJ, UK
3
First Cardiology Department, AHEPA University Hospital, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54453 Thessaloniki, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Life 2024, 14(4), 527; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14040527
Submission received: 18 March 2024 / Revised: 7 April 2024 / Accepted: 14 April 2024 / Published: 19 April 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates in Cardiovascular Medicine: Diagnosis, Treatment and Technical Aspects: 2nd Edition)
Abstract
:
The role of the gut microbiome (GM) and oral microbiome (OM) in cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been increasingly being understood in recent years. It is well known that GM is a risk factor for various CVD phenotypes, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, heart failure and atrial fibrillation. However, its role in valvular heart disease (VHD) is less well understood. Research shows that, direct, microbe-mediated and indirect, metabolite-mediated damage as a result of gut dysbiosis and environmental factors results in a subclinical, chronic, systemic inflammatory state, which promotes inflammatory cell infiltration in heart valves and subsequently, via pro-inflammatory molecules, initiates a cascade of reaction, resulting in valve calcification, fibrosis and dysfunction. This relationship between GM and VHD adds a pathophysiological link to the pathogenesis of VHD, which can be aimed therapeutically, in order to prevent or regress any risk for valvular pathologies. Therapeutic interventions include dietary modifications and lifestyle interventions, in order to influence environmental factors that can promote gut dysbiosis. Furthermore, the combination of probiotics and prebiotics, as well as fecal m transplantation and targeted treatment with inducers or inhibitors of microbial enzymes have showed promising results in animal and/or clinical studies, with the potential to reduce the inflammatory state and restore the normal gut flora in patients. This review, thus, is going to discuss the pathophysiological links behind the relationship of GM, CVD and VHD, as well as explore the recent data regarding the effect of GM-altering treatment in CVD, cardiac function and systemic inflammation.
1. Introduction
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide [1]. While CVD is well associated with traditional risk factors like hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, diabetes and metabolic syndrome, with a plethora of data describing their relationship, recent research and microbial sequencing analysis has shown the significance of the gut microbiome (GM) in affecting cardiovascular physiology and promoting pathogenetic mechanisms, ultimately responsible for the manifestation of cardiovascular pathologies [2,3]. The GM can be defined as the entirety of microbial organisms, ranging from bacteria to eukaryote and archea, populating the gastrointestinal tract, estimated to be around 1014 and possibly overly excessive compared to human cells in both number and genomic content [4]. Along with the GM, oral microbiota (OM) is an increasingly recognized microbiome site, that consists of the normal microbiome present at the oral cavity of each individual and is one of the largest and most complex microbiomes in the human body [5]. The GM seemingly affects the entire spectrum of CVD, and recently, novel research evaluated its role, including OM, in the pathogenesis and progression of valvular heart disease (VHD). Both the GM and OM seem to be related to VHD similarly to other CVD, as a risk factor promoting inflammation and altered host metabolism. This review aims to delve into the role of the GM and OM in the pathophysiology of VHD and describe available and emerging therapeutic options, targeted towards restoring the normal gut flora, including up-to-date animal and clinical evidence.
2. Pathophysiology: The Gut and Heart connection
2.1. Gut Microbiome: From Physiology to Pathogenesis
The GM predominantly inhabits the colon and is mostly anaerobic. Recent genomic analyses indicate that a large number of phyla colonize the human gut, with the majority being Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes [6]. The colon is most probably colonized after birth, despite conflicting evidence regarding the presence of a placental microbiome [7,8], and it rapidly increases and alters in the early stages of life, as a result of environmental factors such as diet, antibiotic use, disease and type of delivery (vaginal or c-section) [9,10]. Its symbiosis with human hosts comes with a number of benefits for human physiology, including integrity of the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier, vitamin and nutrients’ metabolism and protection against pathogens [11]. Of note, the GM can alter cell genomic expression cells via producing short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and limit bacterial translocation [12,13], while also influencing epithelial homeostasis [14] and regulating both intestinal mucosal and systemic immune systems [15]. However, the positive symbiotic effects can be diminished or even reversed in case of dysbiosis development. Dysbiosis, an imbalance between the host and GM, has been already described to contribute to multiple pathologies, including autoimmune disease [16], thyroid disease [17], COVID-19 and CVD [18,19].
Pathophysiologically, GM-mediated CVD implications are complex and can be categorized as either direct, microbe-mediated or indirect, metabolite-related. In respect to the damage caused by microbial dysbiosis, microbe-induced systemic inflammation can promote CVD pathogenesis. This is particularly notable when examining the gut bacteria-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is normally produced by gram-negative intestinal bacteria and can be in increased serum concentrations following loss of intestinal cell integrity, facilitated via either local dysbiosis and LPS-mediated damage to the epithelial barrier [20] or other pathologies leading to disrupted intestinal blood vessel molecule transfer, such as hypertension [21]. The accumulation of LPS in the human body results in low-grade chronic inflammation, which is present in atherosclerotic, but not normal arteries [22]. In particular, a proposed mechanism concerns LPS binding to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and a subsequent systemic inflammatory reaction mediated by the secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules and enhancement of pro-atherogenic receptors, as shown by studies linking receptors and molecules commonly recognized in atherosclerotic plaques and endothelial dysfunction phenotypes [23]. LPS levels and chronic inflammation have been extensively studied, with evidence of its role in atherosclerosis [24], atrial fibrillation [25] and heart failure [26]. It is of note that mutations in TLR4, leading to lack of binding of LPS to the receptor, may be related with a lower atherogenic risk, but not inflammation burden [27]. Furthermore, gut microbe-secreted metabolites such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), bile acids and SCFAs may alter the course of CVD. These molecules are linked to increased inflammatory states via various complex pathways (i.e., mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-related kinase, and the nuclear factor-κB (nf-Κb) pathway) [28], as well as non-inflammation-dependent pathogenetic mechanisms including thrombus formation, atherogenesis, fibrosis and foam cell formation [29,30], and may be also related to increased major adverse cardiovascular events [31]. It is of interest that the adverse effects of such molecules are exacerbated, regarding both cardiac function and fibrosis, when dietary factors promoting the formation of such molecules (TMAO, choline) are given to mice models [32,33], while partial inhibition of these molecules may result in enhanced cardiac [34] and renal [35] function. On the other hand, the role of SCFAs may be more protective, limiting inflammation, metabolic disorders and atherogenesis [36]. Therefore, absence of SCFAs formatting bacteria in a dysbiotic environment, which promotes the secretion of the aforementioned metabolites, may lead to loss of this protective effect and thus to CVD. Finally, other recently recognized metabolites of gut microbiome, such as phenylacetylglutamine, may have an inflammation-independent role in the pathogenesis of CVD. In specific, Liu et al. [37] showed that in patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing computed tomography coronary angiography, patients with increased levels of phenylacetylglutamine had significantly increased rates of obstructive CAD, high-complexity lesion and high-risk plaque phenotype, as well as adrenergic receptor activation and increased platelet activation.
2.2. GM and VHD
Recent studies have highlighted that, along with CAD, GM dysbiosis may also be related to VHD, as the pathobiology of CAD and specific VHD, such as aortic stenosis (AS), has many similarities [38]. As aforementioned, the most probable pathogenetic mechanisms come as a result of pathogen-mediated (dysbiosis) or metabolite-related mechanisms, both resulting in an altered host inflammatory state, which promotes calcification and structural valve dysfunction (Figure 1). In this setting, some researchers evaluated the role of GM in VHD (Table 1). Curini et al., reported the first taxonomical and functional characterization of human calcific aortic stenosis with the associated microbiota [39]. In 20 patients with severe symptomatic calcific AS, infiltration of T cells, and specific T-helper cells, was present in all patients, in response to microbe presence detected by ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing. Furthermore, CD8+ cells were found significantly increased in a proportion of German patients, compared to Italians. The presence of chronic inflammation, in response to microbiota presence, and the ability of T-cells to mediate altered calcium metabolism and valve calcification provide a hint for the potential role of GM in the pathogenesis of AS [40]. Furthermore, the study showed that the most prevalent phylum was Bacteroidota, followed by Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Proteobacteria have also been found in specimen analysis of mitral valves. Thus, these studies are hypothesis-generating regarding the type and role of the microbiome, via initiating an inflammatory response, in VHD and valve calcification.
The relationship of AS and GM has also been explored in terms of evaluating the role of GM-derived metabolites and the presence or severity of AS. Kocyigit et al., showed that choline levels were significantly increased in patients with severe AS; however, they did not find a similar association with TMAO levels. It is of interest that this study revealed that higher choline levels are associated with higher aortic and mitral annular calcification scores, while its levels were significantly more elevated in patients with more dense lymphocyte infiltration, osseous metaplasia and calcification in the aortic valve [41], thus relating choline levels with both AS presence and severity. Similar results for choline levels and VHD have also been showcased by other investigators [42], revealing a significant relationship. TMAO has also been linked to aortic stenosis, with Guo et al. [43], evaluating patients with severe aortic stenosis, reporting significantly higher TMAO levels in patients with versus without aortic stenosis, even after adjusting for confounders. Furthermore, increased TMAO levels were predictive of patient survival, as they were also significantly associated with 2-year all cause and late cumulative mortality, while being an independent mortality predictor in multivariate analysis [43]. Finally, a recent study by Xiong et al., examining the role of TMAO in valvular fibrosis in human aortic valve interstitial cells treated with TMAO, showed that it is significantly related to aortic valve fibrosis, and specifically by initiating endoplasmic reticulum stress mechanisms involving activation of PERK/ATF-4 and IRE-1α/XBP-1s pathways. Treatment with 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol, which inhibits the formation of TMAO, leads to reduced fibrosis. Finally, high-choline and fat diet in treated mice was shown to increase TMAO levels and activation of the aforementioned pathways, thus subsequently leading to increased fibrosis [44].
Lastly, it should be mentioned that, despite the initial link to CAD, studies revealed that it is probable that different bacteria populations have a distinctive role in each pathogenetic process [45]. In more detail, in a recent study, the CAD cohort was predominantly populated by Collinsella aerofaciens, Enterococcus, Megamonas and Megasphaera, while the VHD by Bacteroides plebeius, Enterobacteriaceae, Veillonella dispar and Prevotella copri. Interestingly, Blautia, a bacteria linked with anti-inflammatory response and producing short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) was reduced. The correlation analysis reported that for VHD Prevotela corpi and for CAD Collinsella aerofaciens may be key in the pathogenetic process related to the GM. This study, along with showcasing the different phenotypes of GM in patients with different CVD, also promotes a more inflammation-driven pathophysiological mechanism for VHD, as shown by the properties of their flora, in comparison to multiple different mechanisms, including promotion of dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome in CAD patients. In other words, despite the vast of similarities between the pathophysiology of CAD, CVD in general and VHD, it is more likely that GM, its metabolites and the subsequent inflammation actively act and influence the physiology of the valvular mechanism, and possibly act concomitantly with other CVD risk factors, in order to contribute to each pathology. However, such conclusions could not be definitively drawn from these results.
2.3. OM, CVD and VHD
The role of OM in VHD is also well known, when considering the large number of endocarditis events following dental interventions; however, on top of acute infections, evidence suggest that periodontitis, oral dysbiosis and transient bacteremia with associated low-grade inflammation can modulate host inflammatory response and be linked to CVD [46]. Periodontitis has already been linked to atherosclerosis, with analyses showcasing inflammation as the responsible mediator for promoting atherogenesis [47]. Early studies show that the presence of at least one oral bacterium is frequent (44%) in atherosclerotic plaques [48]. Recently, analyses showed that bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, which are present in periodontitis, can also be identified in atheromas and are associated with the activation of the NF-κB-BMAL1-NF-κB signaling loop [49], while there might be a relation of periodontitis with myocardial infarction and major adverse cardiovascular events [50]. Nevertheless, a consensus document recognizes the increased risk for CVD in patients with periodontitis and the potential pathophysiological relationship between the two pathologies. However, given the common risk factors for periodontitis, chronic subclinical inflammation and atherosclerosis, establishing a causal relation cannot be entirely confirmed until more definitive data are available. Similarly, there are very limited data specifically addressing non-infectious, inflammation-mediated damage to heart valves mediated by OM. Older, specimen studies have identified oral pathogens in cardiac specimens, including cardiac valves, reporting high rates of Streptococcus mutans as well as low rates of periodontitis-related microbes [51,52]. Sia et al., recently showed that the incidence of VHD is significantly more frequent in patients with periodontitis, compared to controls, with periodontitis being independently related to the development of VHD. Interestingly, treatment for periodontitis was associated with a significantly lower incidence of VHD [53]. However, as the study found differences between the commonly identified oral pathogens present at atherosclerotic plaques (Porphyromonas gingivalis) with those populating valves (Group A Streptococci), the investigators mention that a conclusion regarding whether valve damage is mediated by chronic inflammation or subclinical infective endocarditis cannot be made and this topic warrants more research. Such pathophysiological hypotheses have not yet been elaborately studied and thus represent a frontier of research, in order to better understand potential links between VHD and OM beyond infective endocarditis-mediated damage.
2.4. Associations with VHD Management
The role of GM in VHD is not only pathogenetic but can also complicate the course of its management. Antibiotic use can alter the normal GM of a patient undergoing cardiac surgery, with studies showing decreased levels of beneficial bacteria and increased levels of harmful bacteria, such as Enterococcus, in post-operative cardiac patients [54]. The link between such disruptions and adverse events in operated patients is, however, still undetermined. Similarly, Xue et al., also showed that IV antibiotics influence GM composition in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, predominantly those undergoing valve replacement, with 7-day administration being able to entirely disrupt gut–host symbiosis [55]. Mostly, antibiotics with biliary excretion were responsible for such changes. Notably, such differentiations in the GM may also have implications in anticoagulation treatment, especially with vitamin K antagonists (VKA). Vitamin K is predominantly produced by Gram-positive bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract [56], this IV antibiotic excreted via the biliary can negatively influence vitamin K synthesis and consequently treatment with VKAs. More recently, similar investigations were performed regarding the role of gut dysbiosis, VKA and direct oral anticoagulation (DOAC) in rat models. The investigators reported that in antibiotic-treated rats, there are changes in the microbiome that affect oral anticoagulant (OAC) metabolism. In specific, warfarin and rivaroxaban had increased bioavailability, contrary to dabigatran, which showed a decreased bioavailability. Confirming these results, the study also showed altered expression of hepatic enzymes responsible for OAC metabolism, including p-glycoprotein, the nuclear receptor PRX and CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and CYP3A3, in animals treated with antibiotics compared to controls [57]. The aforementioned results highlight the significant, yet understudied, role of GM in the whole spectrum of VHD, from pathophysiology to management, and indicate cautious management of medication in patients with suspected gut dysbiosis, as it could lead to suboptimal patient outcomes and OAC failure.
3. Therapeutic Approaches to Restore the Normal Gut Flora
As elaborately described, the GM and OM have a distinctive pathophysiological relationship with CVD and VHD. Therefore, targeting gut dysbiosis and metabolites of the GM, in order to diminish their harmful impact, could be a novel therapeutic target for CVD. There are, currently, several options aiming to restore normal gut flora, including non-pharmacological, pharmacological and interventional (Figure 1).
3.1. Lifestyle Interventions: Diet and Oral Hygiene
A well-balanced diet is a key pillar to disease prevention, regardless of its association with the GM. However, its benefits may extend to maintaining a normal gut flora or restoring gut dysbiosis. It is of note that diet can play a significant role in the GM phenotype, dysbiosis and VHD risk. Specifically, Curini et al. [39] showed that in patient groups from different countries (Italy and Germany), there are significant differences in the microbes present in their valves, with Germans having more CVD-specific microbial infiltrates. Given the presumable differences in diet between the two populations (typical, meat and high-fat diet for Germans and Mediterranean diet for Italians), it could be possible that such dietary choices, promoting formation of GM-associated metabolites such TMAO, could promote valvular damage mediated by the GM. It is well known that diet has an incremental role in the GM, and a high-fat diet can alter its synthesis and promote dysbiosis even in extremely short periods of time [58], while it can also be related with increased LPS and levels of inflammatory markers [59]. Furthermore, such diets can diminish the production of the protective SCFAs in human organisms, which sustains the vicious cycle of GM dysbiosis, chronic inflammation and disease [60]. On the other hand, a diet with fibers can be beneficial, as fibers are known to promote normal gut flora, maintain GM diversity and promote an optimal GM–host relation [61]. Therefore, following a well-balanced diet, such as the Mediterranean diet, which has a well-documented protective effect in the cardiovascular system, can be of benefit in such individuals, by promoting microbial diversity, enhancement of SCFA-producing species, reduction of harmful metabolite production and decrease gut permeability [62,63]. This has also been shown in large, randomized trials examining the effect of different diets in secondary prevention of CVD, such as the CORDIOPREV study, where the Mediterranean diet was found to be superior to a low-fat diet in the prevention of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with established CAD [64]. Notably, this is particularly significant in special populations, such as athletes, where a well-balanced diet, like the Mediterranean, is not usually followed. The effect of daily dietary intake aimed to optimize athletic outcomes, as opposed to the regular diet followed by the general population, may also have an effect in their cardiovascular health, in a similar manner different exercise modalities has [65]. Future research should examine such parameters of dietary options, specifically focusing on such populations, in order to identify possible links with cardiac function alterations and CVD.
Regarding the role of oral dysbiosis and periodontitis, diet is also a risk factor for its development, with a high-fat and sugar and low-fiber diet being well associated with periodontitis [66]. Therefore, similarly to the GM, diet intervention should be initiated in those patients, with the aim of following dietary plans rich in omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins and fibers and low in fat and carbohydrates, which have been shown to reduce periodontal inflammation [67]. Furthermore, diets including the Mediterranean and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) are also beneficial in reducing the risk of periodontal pathologies, and should be used, especially in accordance with patient phenotype, such as DASH for patients with hypertension [68]. Regarding oral hygiene, it has been shown that its suboptimal implementation in adults can increase the risk of periodontitis by up to five times, while good oral hygiene is associated with low rates of such complications [69]. Therefore, in accordance with advice from dentists, individuals should follow oral hygiene rules, with frequent toothbrushing and flossing, as well as visits to dental experts, in order to prevent the development of oral dysbiosis and periodontal pathologies.
3.2. Probiotics, Prebiotics and Antibiotics
The use of probiotics and prebiotics is continuously increasing for modulating the GM. Probiotics are a conundrum of beneficial microbes, mostly Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Lactococcus and Saccharomyces, which can improve several aspects of human physiology, including the GM, immunological parameters and gastrointestinal physiology [70]. Prebiotics are non-digestible dietary fibers and oligosaccharides that selectively nourish beneficial microorganisms, which in turn produce beneficial molecules, such as SCFAs, that can decrease other metabolite toxicity and improve cardiovascular health [71].
The role of probiotics and prebiotics in CVD has been evaluated in a handful of studies. In specific, Malik et al. [72], evaluating the effect of probiotics (Lactobacillus plantarum 299v) in individuals with CAD, described that in those individuals there were significant changes in brachial flow-mediated dilation, endothelium-dependent vasodilation and interleukin-8 and 12 levels, without any changes in lipid and trimethylamine oxide levels, thus indicating significant improvement in arterial physiology and inflammation. Moreover, Moludi et al., showed that administration of probiotics (Lactobacillus Rhamnosus G) and prebiotics (inulin), in patients with CAD, resulted in significantly decreased levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), LPS and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, in comparison to controls [73]. Another study by the same group, also in patients with CAD using only probiotics (Lactobacillus Rhamnosus G), reported a significant decrease in inflammatory markers and LPS, while they have also shown that in patients with myocardial infarction, administration of probiotics is associated with improved echocardiographic indices, compared to baseline, as a result of a positive cardiac remodelling [74]. Moreover, similar protective effects were found in patients with diabetes, where the use of probiotics lowered blood pressure, without, however, any differences in antioxidant markers [75]. Regarding prebiotics, animal heart failure models show an improvement of gut dysbiosis with their use, as well as reduction of endotoxemia [76]. The combination of prebiotics and probiotics is more common in clinical trials, with results showing decreased levels of CRP, nitric oxide and cholesterol levels in CAD [77,78]. Interestingly, several trials also indicate that the combination of those two treatments results in better outcomes in terms of inflammatory marker reduction and reduction of gut permeability, compared to using only one therapy, either probiotic or prebiotic [73,79]. The aforementioned studies provide significant insight regarding the beneficial role of pre-and probiotics in patients with CVD, especially in regard to inflammation. The anti-inflammatory effects of these regimens, along with the preservation or restoration of normal gut flora, could be of great use in patients with both CVD and VHD. However, subsequent trials further documenting their role in influencing clinical outcomes are needed in order to fully understand their role in VHD management and prevention.
Finally, some studies have assessed the effect of GM alteration with antibiotics in the gut–heart relationship. More specifically, a study by Awoyemi et al., evaluated the effect of rifaximin, probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii and standard of care, in a 1:1:1 randomized fashion, in patients with heart failure. This trial showed that the administration of the antibiotic or probiotic did not have a significant difference from the standard of care on left ventricular ejection fraction, microbiota diversity TMAO or other inflammation indices [80]. Despite these negative results. Other investigators have found an association of antibiotic use with heart failure risk, potentially in a dose-dependent manner [81]. Thus, there is still need for further research in this topic, in order to fully understand the effect of antibiotics, in association with the GM, in patients with CVD and VHD.
3.3. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT)
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an interventional treatment choice for altering an individual’s GM. FMT consists of the administration of a fecal solution from a donor directly into the recipient’s gastrointestinal tract, in order to change their gut microbial composition, which could potentially lead to benefits resulting from an enhanced microbial balance [82]. Most experience with FMT is gained due to its usability in pseudomembranous colitis, with positive results regarding rate of recurrence [83]. Promising results have also been identified in inflammatory bowel disease, with clear short-term benefit but uncertain long-term efficacy and safety [84]. Studies evaluating FMT in CVD are limited; however, it has been shown that FMT with a choline-diet induced TMAO production and an atherosclerosis-prone microbe can transfer atherosclerotic susceptibility in healthy individuals [85], therefore indicating a possible relationship between specific FMT microbes and a higher risk for CVD. However, FMT with atherosclerosis or CVD-resistant microbes, i.e., increasing those microbes with beneficial attributes and reducing those that promote inflammation and CVD, has not been tested yet. The association of FMT with CVD and the positive outcomes in other pathologies is a promising topic of research, where personalized FMT could alter normal gut flora and reduce total CVD risk.
3.4. Targeting Microbial Enzymes
Using directed inhibitors of enzymes that produce the previously discussed harmful molecules, such as TMAO, could be beneficial, as it would reduce their levels irrespective of other factors, such as diet. 3,3,Dimethyl-1-Butanol (DMB) is a structural choline analogue which inhibits the microbial synthesis of TMAO [86]. The use of DMB in rats with HF and MI resulted in suppression of TMAO plasma levels and improvement of cardiac function, possibly by inhibiting intracardiac interaction with inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin-8 [86]. Further studies also showcased that DMB, in overload-induced HF mice, can attenuate the development of cardiac remodelling, potentially through inhibition of the NF-κB pathway [87], as well as renal injury [88], aortic stiffening [89] amelioration and endothelial dysfunction prevention [89]. The use of DMB as a therapeutic intervention still requires human trials, which would show the extent of benefit in patients with or at high risk for both CVD and VHD. Finally, other enzymes, such as those mediating the production of SCFAs, should also be targeted by researchers, as increasing their production could lead to significant anti-inflammatory properties and health benefits.
4. Future Directions
It is well understood that the pathophysiological connection between the GM and VHD is complex and warrants more research; however, there are several links pointing towards inflammation and inflammation-related heart damage. As studies show, especially in regard to calcified valvular disease, the GM may have a causal relationship as a risk factor for its development. However, there are still limited data to support this novel hypothesis, mostly with the limited number of patients enrolled. Thus, future studies should aim to further evaluate the role of the GM and its effect in VHD development and progression, especially in less studied valves, such as the mitral valve and mitral annulus. Even though specimen studies, where an analysis of the microbes present in the calcified valve would be welcome, their increased complexity and the well-known, expected hurdles in study execution, can shift the attention towards identifying markers of microbial activity, such as TMAO and choline, which would not only reveal a pathogenetic relationship, but also serve as prognosticators of disease severity. Research on non-traditional molecules that could delineate the relationship between the gut microbiome and CVD should also be a frontier of more extensive research. In particular, catestatin, which is a neuroendocrine hormone (chromogranin A derivative) also found in enteroendocrine cells, has a close relationship with the regulation of the GM in preclinical models [90] and has been found to correlate with all-cause death and unplanned heart failure hospitalization in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) [91]. Further research regarding the relationship of the GM, enteroendocrine cells, CVD and especially VHD is necessary, as it could lead to the identification of novel biomarkers that could link GM dysbiosis and cardiovascular clinical outcomes. Moreover, more focus on interventions that modulate SCFAs and LPS interference with the host, such as diet interventions that increase SCFAs or pre/probiotic combinations that alter the expression of harmful LPSs could add more therapeutic options, on top of targeting the well-studied TMAO. Novel agents such as phenyacetylglutamine, that are currently being more studied, could also reveal more insights into inflammation-independent mechanistic effects that will improve our pathogenesis understanding and potentially lead the efforts for novel targeted therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, genome analysis and identification of individual patterns of GM flora related to VHD could also assist in recognizing early individuals at risk, using screening programs, and intervening early, either by eliminating concomitant CVD risk factors or treating the GM dysbiosis, as aforementioned. Finally, more research is needed regarding treatment alternatives. Currently, there is no evidence regarding potential treatment options and GM alteration in patients with VHD. Further research should identify if intervening with both non-pharmacological and pharmacological measures could alter the course of VHD. However, it should be noted that altering the gut microbiome is a chronic process, where the valve apparatus has already been exposed in harmful interplays and, consequently, the damage in the valve has already been initiated. Thus, it is important to mention that GM alterations with medical interventions would require time (months or years) to take place, while not only one intervention would be needed, but a synergistic effect of aforementioned interventions (diet and pro/prebiotics) would be required in order to observe any results in improving gut dysbiosis. Finally, it is well understood that, as AS becomes more prevalent, a large number of patients will undergo aortic valve replacement, either transcatheter or surgical [92]. Given that prosthetic valve dysfunction is also an increasingly prevalent problem, it would be interesting to investigate if, similarly to native AS, the GM has a role in leaflet calcification and local chronic inflammation. The identification of a link could help physicians better understand the pathophysiology behind prosthetic valve dysfunction, as well as promote preventive measures in order to diminish its effect on disease progression.
5. Conclusions
Growing evidence establishes the pathogenetic role of the GM in VHD. The subclinical, chronic inflammation promoted by gut dysbiosis and by microbial mediators such as TMAO and LPS predominantly influences cardiovascular physiology and results in local valvular inflammatory cell infiltration, calcification and cardiac remodelling. GM-modulating agents, especially diet and pro/prebiotics and antibiotics, hold promise for use in maintaining a normal gut flora and ameliorating the harmful effects of gut dysbiosis; however, further exploring the interplay between the gut and the heart and identifying novel therapeutic options is necessary, in order to provide effective prevention and potentially alter the course of VHD.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, K.D. and K.T.; methodology, G.N.; investigation, G.N. and N.P.; data curation, G.N. and M.M.; writing—original draft preparation, G.N., K.D. and N.P.; writing—review and editing, G.N., K.D., N.P., M.M., N.K., V.K., A.Z. and K.T.; visualization, K.D. and K.T.; supervision, K.D. and K.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Acknowledgments
Icons used for the figures were downloaded by Flaticon.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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Figure 1. The role of the gut microbiome in the pathophysiology of valvular heart disease and treatment considerations. Abbreviations: LPS: lipopolysaccharides; TMAO: trimethylamine N-oxide; BA: bile acids; SCFAs: short chain fatty acids; CVD: cardiovascular disease; VHD: valvular heart disease.
Table 1. Key studies evaluating the role of gut microbiome in valvular heart disease.
StudyYearStudy TypeParticipants’ Characteristics (n)Main OutcomesCurini et al. [39]2023Clinical studyPatients with severe symptomatic calcific AS (n = 20)T-Cells, and especially T-helper cells, infiltrate calcific AS.
The number of CD8+ cells was greater in German patients.
German AVs had higher levels of several microbes linked with CVD.Kocyigit et al. [41]2020Clinical studyPatients with severe or moderate AS (n = 60) and controls (n = 48)Patients with AS had higher choline levels compared to aortic sclerosis patients and controls.
TMAO and betaine levels were not significantly different.
Choline levels were associated with aortic peak flow velocity and significantly increased in AV with lymphocyte infiltration, osseous metaplasia and calcification.Jing et al. [42]2023Mendelian Randomization studyPatients with exposure to choline, carnitine and PC (114,999; 7997 and 114,999; respectively)Elevated choline level had a causal relationship with VHD and MI.Guo et al. [43]2023Clinical studyPatients with AS (n = 299) and without AS (n = 711)TMAO levels were significantly higher in patients with AS, with sustained significant results after baseline characteristics adjustment.
Higher TMAO level was associated with significantly higher 2-year all-cause mortality and higher late cumulative mortality.Xiong et al. [44]2023In vitro studyHuman AV interstitial cells (AVICs), isolated from AVsPathological valves had greater levels of fibrotic molecules (ATF-4, XBP-1, collagen and TGF-β1).
This activation was enhanced after stimulation of the cells with TMAO.Liu et al. [45]2019Clinical StudyIndividuals with AD, CAD and controls (n = 119)The bacteria groups for CAD and VHD largely differ.
Based on correlation analysis, Prevotella copri and Collinsella aerofaciens may be of key importance in VHD and CAD, respectively.
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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MDPI and ACS Style
Nayak, G.; Dimitriadis, K.; Pyrpyris, N.; Manti, M.; Kamperidis, N.; Kamperidis, V.; Ziakas, A.; Tsioufis, K. Gut Microbiome and Its Role in Valvular Heart Disease: Not a “Gutted” Relationship. Life 2024, 14, 527. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14040527
AMA Style
Nayak G, Dimitriadis K, Pyrpyris N, Manti M, Kamperidis N, Kamperidis V, Ziakas A, Tsioufis K. Gut Microbiome and Its Role in Valvular Heart Disease: Not a “Gutted” Relationship. Life. 2024; 14(4):527. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14040527
Chicago/Turabian Style
Nayak, Gyanaranjan, Kyriakos Dimitriadis, Nikolaos Pyrpyris, Magdalini Manti, Nikolaos Kamperidis, Vasileios Kamperidis, Antonios Ziakas, and Konstantinos Tsioufis. 2024. "Gut Microbiome and Its Role in Valvular Heart Disease: Not a “Gutted” Relationship" Life 14, no. 4: 527. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14040527
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https://newsettlement.org/what-we-do/supporters/
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New Settlement is proud to work in partnership with the following Foundations, Corporations and Government agencies to bring programs and services to our…
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New Settlement
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https://newsettlement.org/what-we-do/supporters/
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New Settlement is proud to work in partnership with the following Foundations, Corporations and Government agencies to bring programs and services to our community:
Foundations
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https://www.edwardsplace.org/donors-to-edwards-place
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Donors to the Edwards Place Restoration
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"Abraham Lincoln",
"IL",
"Springfield",
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A list of donors who contributed to the restoration of the first floor of Edwards Place.
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https://static.parastorage.com/client/pfavico.ico
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https://www.edwardsplace.org/donors-to-edwards-place
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Donors to Edwards Place
The Springfield Art Association has been overwhelmed at the generosity of its friends, members, and neighbors, who have donated their time and resources to the cause of restoring Edwards Place to the grandeur of its heyday. The result is an historic site that is not just a memorial to the people and events of the past, but a living monument to the spirit of generosity and community that made its restoration possible.
Special thanks must be extended to Mr. Tom Jeffris and the JEFFRIS FAMILY FOUNDATION. Headquartered in Janesville, Wisconsin, its mission is to preserve the cultural history and heritage of the Midwest through the preservation of regionally and nationally important historic buildings and decorative arts projects. Without the Foundation’s generous award of a planning grant and two challenge grants, this restoration would not have been possible.
Thanks also to PATRICIA AND DON ALTORFER, whose generous contribution allowed us to reach our fundraising goal two years ahead of schedule. We are deeply grateful to your continued support of and belief in Edwards Place and the Springfield Art Association.
The Art Association is also grateful to the THE SHELBY CULLOM DAVIS CHARITABLE FUND for its support of this project. Benjamin S. Edwards was the law mentor of Shelby Cullom Davis’s distinguished ancestor, Illinois Governor Shelby Cullom.
Finally, the Art Association would like to thank THE COMMUNITY FUND OF THE LAND OF LINCOLN for the award of an historic preservation grant to support the reproduction of historic wallpaper.
THANKS ALSO TO:
Dawn and Jim Abraham
Leslie and Angie Acakpo-Satchivi
Sarah and Bryan Albracht
Ingrid Alexander
Shawn Andrews and Clay Crocker
Anonymous Donors
Judy and Jim Antonacci
Dr. Jane and Steven Arbuthnot
Kathy and Michael Badger
Kate and Joe Baima
Bonnie A. Barber
Judith Barringer and Rich Kerhlikar
In Memory of Winifred Barringer
Jennifer Baur
In Memory of Jim Baur
Sandy Bellatti
Marjorie Berchtold
Mary Lynn Perkins and Jim Bertram
Jennifer and Chad Bettis
Elaine Birtch
In Memory of Dr. Alan Birtch
Mark Birtch and Kim Elliott-Birtch
Beverly Brekke-Bailey
Pam and James Brown
Hillary Bunn
Sarah and Bob Bunn
Mary Beth and Bob Burke
Larry A. Bussard
Frank Butterfield
Ryan Cadagin
Gael Carnes
Joan and Don Casper
In Memory of Aletha Staab
Octavia and Peter Casper, Sr.
Kristin and Peter Cavanagh
Julie and Bill Cellini
Denise Church
Lindsey Arbuthnot Clancey
Community Foundation for the Land of Lincoln
Anna and Timothy Daly
Carolyn Davis
Shelby Cullom Davis Charitable Fund
Megan Davis Flanary
Bonnie and Douglas Dee
Paula and Thomas Denny
Barbara Dickerman
Lori and David Dodwell
Betsy Dollar
Jana Van Fossan Dreyzehner and John Dreyzehner
In Memory of Vickie Van Fossan
Carolyn and Dan Dungan
Myto Duong
R.W. Troxell & Company
Tad Edwards
Joyce and Jim Edwards
In Memory of Julia Edwards
Diane and Jim Edwards
Jennifer and Jeff Egizii
Shelly and Chris Ehrlich
Susan and Bill Enlow
Enos Park Neighborhood Association
Bronwyn and Bill Eves
Phyllis and George Fairchild
Daniel Farmer
Fletcher Farrar and Mary Jessup
Dave, Ruth, and Nora Fickes
Hazen and Roland Folse
Carla Kloppenburg Foreman
Eleanor and Fred Frank
Roy French
Kelsi Frost
Ann and Farrell Gay
Katherine and Randy Germeraad
Jeff and Susan Gibbs
Ed Gonet, Gonet Designs Corporation
Patricia and Donald Graham
Taryn and Sean Grant
Amy and Shane Harris
Barbara Hartman
Lynn and Harris Hatcher
In Memory of Clarice Hickox
Barbara and John Hayes
Margaret Suggs Herath
Nancy Roberts Herndon
In Memory of Florence Grigsby Roberts
Mary Lou Hicks and Cathy Yeaman
Joseph Hills
Erika Holst and Christopher Schnell
In Memory of Jim and Ingeborg Rozinek
Betty and Ralph Hurwitz
Illinois Prairie Pastel Society
Jane and Steve Jackman
Renee and Bradley Johnsen
In Honor of Barbara Brunk Harris
Kerianne and Kyle Johnson
In Honor of Judy Johnson
Cindy Jordan
Julie and Scott Kaiser
Sandra Yeh and Gregory Kane
Jackie and Mike Kelly
Marilyn Schnirring Kennedy
Kirsten and Joe Kienzler
Cinda Schien-Kincade, Courtney, and Christopher Kincade
In Honor of June and Lou Myers
Lynn and George King
Dana and Steve Kinion
Margaret Kirschner
Chris Klaus
Ban Kloppenburg
Margot Kramer
Ann Kramer
Julie and Tom Krehbiel
In Memory of Bruce Ratterree
Cyd and Rob LaBonte
Allison Lacher and Nathan Steele
Bill Lazarus
Rosemary and Bob Leistner
Meaghan Lloyd
Jane, Lucy, and Phil Locascio
Marissa Gibbs Lorance
Elly and Boyd Mackus
Tracey Maras
In Memory of Betsy Carlson
Sally and Russ Martin
Marilyn M. Maurer
Lisa and Chris McDowell
Diane McEvoy
Debbie and Ted Megginson
Kelly and Matt Minder
Janet and Leon Mizeur
Linda and Kriegh Moulton
Elizabeth and Sergio Murer
Mrs. Phillip G. Murray
Gavin Myers
The Louis Shaver Myers Family
Teena and Michael Myers
Terri and Steve Myers
Katherine C. Narmont
Christine Niemann
Gail Noll and John Milhiser
Theresa O'Hare
Lynne and Paul O'Shea
Carl Ostermeier
Rebecca and Richard Owens
Carolyn Oxtoby
Margie Paoletti
Sherry and Jim Park
J'Amy and Bill Payne
Mary and Harold Perkins
In Memory of Dr. and Mrs. Emmet Pearson and Thomas Pearson
Carole and Phillip Peterson
Marci and Nick Petropoulos
Melinda Bunn Pfeffer
Alice Prickett
Sheri and Don Ramsey
Miner Raymond
Sarah Elizabeth Reid
Bitsy and Bill Reisch
Priscilla Reyhan
Rose Marie Roach
Sula and Mark Roberts, Jr.
Elizabeth and Henry Rohs
Alice and David Rolf
Jourdan Rothschild
David Reid and Dr. Beth Strow
Anthony Rubano
Peggy and Tom Ryder
Sue and Steve Scaife
Maureen and Robert Schaaf
Craig Schermerhorn
Lori and Bill Schlosser
Martha C. Schneerman
Lisa Schnell
In Memory of Margit Rogers
Kathy and Milton Sees
Carole and James Shay
Larry Shiner and Catherine Walters
Marsha Shomidie
Jennifer Simons
Dianne O'Keefe Simpson
Elizabeth Small and Stanley Herrin
Mary-Leigh Call Smart
In Memory of Mary B. Call
Michael John Smith
Donna J. Solomon
Polly Spengler
Spoon River Group
Springfield Electric Supply Company
Fund of the Community Foundation for the Land of Lincoln
Mary and David Stjern
Lisa and Stephen Stone
E. Cori Stuart
Guerry Suggs and Jo Alessandrini
Nicky Stratton
Neta and Stephen Tagge
John Terril, Terril & Company
Susan Ostermeier Tesar
Evelyn Brandt Thomas
Rachael and Mike Thomson
Susan Thrasher
In Memory of Drs. Ann and Raymond Pearson
Springfield Tracy Fund of the Community Foundation for the Land of Lincoln
Mary and Bob Trask
Eloise and Don Van Fossan
Barbara Walker
Carole and Don Walton
Kate and Justin Ward
Karen and Bob Westbrook
Diana Widicus and Michael Davis
Martha Clements Wilday
In Memory of Doris Kruse Clements
Linda and Brett Wolters
|
||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
3
| 63
|
https://www.lakemetroparks.com/parks-trails/helen-hazen-wyman-park/
|
en
|
Helen Hazen Wyman Park
|
https://www.lakemetroparks.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/favicon.ico
|
https://www.lakemetroparks.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/favicon.ico
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[] |
2022-09-06T18:45:07+00:00
|
Scenic Big Creek flows past the picnic area, joins Kellogg Creek and empties into the Grand River at this park.
|
/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/favicon.ico
|
Lake Metroparks
|
https://www.lakemetroparks.com/parks-trails/helen-hazen-wyman-park/
|
Helen Hazen Wyman Park was the first park acquired by Lake Metroparks in 1959. At that time, the park system was known as the Lake County Metropolitan Park District. This property was donated by William Wyman in memory of his mother Helen Hazen Wyman.
Park History
More than a century ago, this site was the center of a busy industrial area that included a sawmill, a leather tannery, a carding works for processing wool, an ashery for making lye for soap production and an iron furnace. A few foundation stones are the only remaining evidence of these enterprises.
Within the park boundaries, Big Creek flows past the picnic area and empties into the Grand River. Kellogg Creek flows into Big Creek near the parking lot. Fishermen cross the creek and floodplain to fish the river for steelhead trout and smallmouth bass. Look for bank swallows and cedar waxwings that catch insects above the waters of Big Creek.
|
|||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
3
| 75
|
https://www.gundersonfh.com/obituaries/Susan-Linda-Graham-Bogen%3FobId%3D32336884
|
en
|
Funeral & Cremation Services
|
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[
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We offer dignified funeral, memorial & cremation services in Madison, WI. Our experienced staff accommodates all preferences, budg... Learn More
|
en
|
https://s3.amazonaws.com/fh-content/release/Content/Media/GundersonFuneralHome/favicon.ico
|
https://www.gundersonfh.com:443/
| ||||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
3
| 22
|
https://facommunityfoundation.org/facf-stories/diane-and-charles-hazen/
|
en
|
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en
|
https://facommunityfoundation.org/facf-stories/diane-and-charles-hazen/
|
Remembering a legacy
June 16, 2022
Diane and Charles Hazen
A Hesperia-area cottage has been collecting memories for Diane Hazen’s family since it was built by her father and grandfather in 1935. Diane’s parents saved up gas rations during World War II to travel from their home in Wayne County to close up the cottage for the season. Diane took her first steps on the porch.
“I’ve been coming here all my life,” Diane said. “This place has been my refuge.”
She shared that refuge with her husband Charles, who enjoyed visiting as much as Diane did. They often made the trip from Romulus, where Charles worked as an industrial planner and consultant and Diane was a library director.
The Hazens planned to retire to the cottage and were looking forward to becoming more involved in the community. Local friends suggested organizations they could join, and Charles was particularly interested in helping young people in the area.
Sadly, Charles passed away before the couple could begin the retirement they were planning. Diane worked for several more years before relocating here full-time. Through it all, she remembered Charles’s desire to help local students.
“He wanted to do something for young people,” said Diane. “And when he died, that’s what came back to me.”
Diane created the Charles W. Hazen Memorial Scholarship to support Hesperia graduates, particularly those pursuing a business or art degree. These areas reflect Charles’s own interests. “His degree was in business and his love was art,” said Diane, who keeps several pieces Charles created on display around the cottage. “His career and work were fascinating for him too.” She remembers Charles often bringing home colleagues for dinner and conversation. “We made lots of good friends that way,” Diane said. “It was an interesting life we led.”
Over the last two decades, 17 Hesperia graduates have received the scholarship created in Charles’s
memory. Just as Charles always wanted, he and Diane are playing a part in helping local young people
plan for their futures and achieve their goals.
“Charles wanted to help young people here,” said Diane. “Through the scholarship he is.”
|
||||||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
1
| 17
|
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/15/5/594
|
en
|
Esclavos Indios and the School of Salamanca after the New Laws of 1542
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"Manuel Méndez Alonzo",
"Méndez Alonzo"
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2024-05-11T00:00:00
|
In 1542, with the promulgation of the New Laws, Spanish authorities made a greater effort to eliminate indigenous slavery in America, after the doubts expressed by various missionaries about the treatment given to the indigenous people by Spanish settlers. However, legally sanctioned slavery among indigenous people continued in the border regions of the Spanish Empire. My interest is to demonstrate that the persistence of this practice did not result in a legal contradiction, but rather was a means of sanctioning rebellious indigenous groups, using arguments of Francisco de Vitoria and other School of Salamanca scholars, especially in places where control of sovereignty was in question. Methodologically, I will use original texts from various sources, such as the minutes of the Cabildo of the Audiencia of Guadalajara, as well as reports on the Chichimeca War by various clerics and jurists who witnessed the conflict, such as Guillermo de Santa María, Jean Focher, and Fulgencia Vique. Temporally, I will focus on the discussion of war and slavery against the nomadic peoples of northern New Spain, known as the Chichimecas. The result was that, for many New Spanish clerics, slavery would serve to punish the supposed crimes of these peoples against peace, and also to change their archaic customs and teach them sedentary and civil life. Finally, I argue that the establishment of indigenous slavery in the northern frontier of New Spain demonstrates the limitations of the Spanish Empire in maintaining its most remote borders, especially when faced with peoples who did not have a civil political life with definable centers and hierarchies.
|
en
|
MDPI
|
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/15/5/594
|
Departamento of Historical Sciences, Faculty of History and Geography, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35003 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
Religions 2024, 15(5), 594; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15050594
Submission received: 9 January 2024 / Revised: 27 April 2024 / Accepted: 30 April 2024 / Published: 11 May 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theology and Aesthetics in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires)
Abstract
:
In 1542, with the promulgation of the New Laws, Spanish authorities made a greater effort to eliminate indigenous slavery in America, after the doubts expressed by various missionaries about the treatment given to the indigenous people by Spanish settlers. However, legally sanctioned slavery among indigenous people continued in the border regions of the Spanish Empire. My interest is to demonstrate that the persistence of this practice did not result in a legal contradiction, but rather was a means of sanctioning rebellious indigenous groups, using arguments of Francisco de Vitoria and other School of Salamanca scholars, especially in places where control of sovereignty was in question. Methodologically, I will use original texts from various sources, such as the minutes of the Cabildo of the Audiencia of Guadalajara, as well as reports on the Chichimeca War by various clerics and jurists who witnessed the conflict, such as Guillermo de Santa María, Jean Focher, and Fulgencia Vique. Temporally, I will focus on the discussion of war and slavery against the nomadic peoples of northern New Spain, known as the Chichimecas. The result was that, for many New Spanish clerics, slavery would serve to punish the supposed crimes of these peoples against peace, and also to change their archaic customs and teach them sedentary and civil life. Finally, I argue that the establishment of indigenous slavery in the northern frontier of New Spain demonstrates the limitations of the Spanish Empire in maintaining its most remote borders, especially when faced with peoples who did not have a civil political life with definable centers and hierarchies.
1. Introduction
The enslavement of Native Americans as a result of their encounter with the Spanish ignited a contentious debate between the Catholic clergy and Spanish authorities. These discussions often ran counter to the economic interests of Spanish settlers. Notably, since Christopher Columbus’s colonization of the Caribbean, the trafficking of indigenous slaves emerged as a primary means of exploiting the riches of the Indies. As documented by scholars like Zavala (1991); Mira Caballos (2008); Van Deusen (2015); and Resendez (2019), there are historical records of Native Americans being sold in slave markets in Seville and other Mediterranean ports. Moreover, slave trading was a prevalent practice in local markets in peripheral regions of New Spain and the Kingdom of Peru.
In the early phases of Castile’s colonization, the enslavement of American indigenous people seemed a logical way of providing labor for economic endeavors initiated by the Spanish. In 1494, Christopher Columbus, in his letter to Juanotto Berardi dated April 19, refers to 26 indigenous people of various language groups who he brought back with him on the return voyage. Some of these individuals were enslaved under accusations of cannibalism. A year later, half a thousand natives were transported by caravel from Santo Domingo to Seville, facing accusations of killing ten Spaniards, and sold as slaves (Olachea Labayen 1998, pp. 137–38). While the Catholic Monarchs authorized the sale of slaves in America in 1495, this order was soon challenged. The Crown sought to determine whether “Indian slaves” could be sold “in good conscience”, prompting an examination of the legality of the practice (Olachea Labayen 1998, p. 139). The burgeoning trade between the Antilles and the markets in Seville from 1495 to 1500, coupled with the legal recognition of Native American freedom, sparked theological debate, as Adorno (2007, p. 100) notes. This debate centered on the rights, nature, and subsequent treatment of this population. The enslavement of American indigenous people faced scrutiny from both civil and ecclesiastical Spanish authorities, who blamed the accelerated demographic decline to this practice. At this point, in 1500, Queen Isabel the Catholic ordered the immediate liberation of Indian slaves, an act which marked the beginning of a contentious debate on the legality of these practices (Van Deusen 2015, p. 2). For example, the Dominican friar and polemicist Fray Bartolomé de las Casas vehemently denounced the practice, emphasizing its devastating impact on indigenous communities.1
Isabel the Catholic’s Instruction of 1493 recognized indigenous peoples as free vassals. This recognition was subsequently confirmed in the royal decree of 20 June 1500, which proclaimed the liberation and return of all natives brought to Castile by Columbus (Olachea Labayen 1998, p. 149). However, this policy proved inconsistent, as evidenced by a later royal decree in August of 1503 permitting the capture and enslavement of “cannibals on the Caribbean islands and at Cartagena” (Adorno 2007, p. 101). This decree was confirmed to the governor of Hispaniola, Nicolás de Ovando, in 1505 (Adorno 2007, p. 101). This led to the convening of theologians and jurists by Fernando II of Aragon in 1512 to determine the legal status of Native Americans. In their deliberations, scholars, both in the Iberian Peninsula and later in the Americas, delved into the complexities of Castile’s right of discovery, the legitimacy of conquest wars against indigenous people, the natural rights of non-Christian populations, and, most notably, the arbitrary removal of political power and dominium (ownership) from conquered pagan peoples.
While discussions on the rights and powers of indigenous people in Iberian theological faculties are well documented, disputes over the justice of war, slavery, and the forced relocation of war-affected Indians to the frontiers of Spanish viceroyalties have received less scholarly attention. A notable case is the legal and theological discourse that unfolded in New Spain from 1550 to 1600 during the conquest of what would become the northern territories of New Spain. This paper will focus on three key aspects of this discourse: (1) the legitimization of indigenous slavery; (2) the theological justifications put forward for enslaving indigenous populations, particularly those rooted in the teachings of Francisco de Vitoria and his disciples on bellicose Chichimeca nations in northern New Spain; (3) further critiques of the Spanish conquest of their northern borderlands, particularly those espoused by Dominican friars, who consistently denounced the abuses and injustices perpetrated during the conquest process.
Among the sources, Francisco de Vitoria’s Relectios on the American Indians will be reviewed. However, greater emphasis will be placed on theologians who had direct experience of New Spain’s realities, such as the Augustinian Alonso de la Veracruz and his De dominio infidelium et iusto bello, along with some opinions and judgments from the Third Mexican Provincial Council of 1585. Special attention will be given to Dominican reports, which consistently condemned the abuses of conquest. These reports will be contrasted with the justifications offered by settlers, found in Cabildo letters and reports to the Audiencia de Guadalajara, sourced from the Archivo General de Indias. These petitions were submitted to viceroy Antonio de Mendoza on 23 December 1572, coinciding with the height of the Chichimeca War. Finally, the dissenting theses of prominent Dominicans, such as Bartolomé de las Casas, will be presented, criticizing the enslavement of these populations and advocating for their humane treatment.
2. Francisco de Vitoria and Alonso de la Veracruz: Paganism, Natural Rights, Sovereignty, and Lack of Dominium of American Indigenous Nomadic Peoples
In Tzvetan Todorov’s influential work, The Conquest of America, he highlights the paradoxical nature of the Spanish encounter with indigenous peoples: on the one hand, the Spaniards sought signs of civilization and humanity among the native inhabitants, yet on the other hand, they failed to fully recognize them as legitimate interlocutors (Todorov 2007, p. 143). This contradiction resulted in a complex and often contentious debate over the conquest rights of a Christian superpower and the status of native pagan populations, a debate that unfolded within the confines of the Spanish Empire, affecting its juridical and ideological structures.
The roots of this debate can be traced back to the Spanish conquest of the Canary Islands and the Antilles (Zavala 1991; Pagden 1990; Muldoon 1979; Birr and Egío 2018, p. 11). In the early 16th century, King Fernando II of Aragon convened a council (junta) in Burgos to deliberate on the natural rights of Native Americans, involving theologians Matías de Paz and Juan López de Palacios Rubio.2 As Matsumori (2018) observes, the expansion of the Spanish commonwealth into the Indies was preceded by ongoing debates regarding the proper conduct of relations between Christians and those living beyond the confines of the known Christian world.
This debate centered on the supposed ontological inferiority of Native Americans. While some scholars argued for their inherent humanity, others maintained that their cultural practices, such as human sacrifice and cannibalism, indicated a lack of rationality and moral standing. This perspective, largely confined to academic circles within Spain and its colonies, effectively denied Native Americans political rights and, in extreme cases, questioned their capacity to form a legitimate political society.
As Pastor (2021, pp. 14–15) has noted, the construction of this image of the Amerindian was deeply influenced by the theoretical training of European observers. Based on the reports of chroniclers returning from the Indies, Spanish theologians constructed an image of the American indigenous people, aligning it with the theses of Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas, among other sources (Pastor 2021, p. 15). Armed with this theoretical framework, European missionaries could not only judge indigenous communities from an axiological perspective but also condemn practices they considered sinful or against nature.
Several notable theologians who engaged with the issue of indigenous ontology and slavery, such as Francisco de Vitoria and Bartolomé de Las Casas, were well versed in the realities of the New World, which they combined with their experience with Thomistic political thought (Aspe 2021, p. 297). This suggests that the transmission of knowledge between Europe and the Americas was not a unidirectional process, and that Salamancan theories on the origin of the community found practical application in the context of colonial encounters.3
The Spanish and Portuguese theologians inquired into the ontological nature of American indigenous people in order to test their rationality and, in some cases, their very status as human beings (Tierney 1997, p. 255). This exploration aimed to demonstrate their alleged incapacity to manage their domestic lives independently, due to their perceived inability to follow the mandates of natural law (Méndez Alonzo 2022, p. 97). In their everyday life, the Spaniard theologians held the belief that American indigenous nations have normalized behaviors that would be considered crimes against nature by a rational mind, such as cannibalism and human sacrifice (Tosi 2021, p. 182).
Undoubtedly, the foremost authority on the rights of pagan American indigenous peoples was Francisco de Vitoria (1483–1546), despite his never having set foot in America. Drawing upon the works of Thomas Aquinas, Vitoria explored possible justifications for the Spanish conquest of Native Americans. Vitoria’s Relectiones, a collection of legal opinions and consultations on natural and international law, were primarily composed between 1528 and 1533. To establish a common frame of reference, according to Castilla Urbano (1992, p. 251), Vitoria posited the existence of a set of rules apprehended rationally, enabling humans to discern between good and evil. These rules, identified with the laws of nature, were considered a divine instrument to reveal justice to men, knowledge of which is acquired through rational capacity rather than revelation (Castilla Urbano 2014, p. 42). In cases of transgressions against natural law, such as incest, human sacrifice, and cannibalism, the state, according to Schäfer (2020, 206ss), would be obliged to intervene, even using force.
The doubts raised by these theologians regarding the legitimacy of the Spanish conquest aligned with restrictions on indigenous slavery, from the promulgation of the Laws of Burgos in 1512 to their repeal in 1542 with the New Laws (Mira Caballos 2008, 139ss).
For Spanish theologians, the principles defining the good governance of life were rooted in a presumption of the existence of a moral world outside of Christianity, based on an understanding of the principles of natural law. Vitoria made this explicit, recognizing, following Aristotle, a natural sociability in humans, incapable of recognizing the common good independently of religion or nationality, distinguishing them from animals.4 Here lies the crux of the matter: individual perfection depended on transcending the principles of natural law into a moral realm that shapes social life, distinct from what one would experience in a state of freedom but exposed to nature.5
The underlying principles of sociability are transmitted through language and codified through writing, conditions rarely found among nomadic groups who live at the mercy of nature. As a result, Vitoria acknowledges that moral perfection is only achievable within complex, sedentary societies that possess writing, agriculture, and robust political institutions.6
This conceptualization of society aligned with the advanced urban societies in the Andes and Mesoamerica. For instance, as Vitoria observed, the indigenous peoples within the Inca, Aztec, and Purépecha empires, as well as the Maya city-states, exhibited intricate political structures and social stratification that governed moral life, demonstrating their ability to administer and transfer dominium. Moreover, prior to the arrival of the Spaniards, indigenous peoples appeared to be in peaceful possession of their dominium.7 As Vitoria acknowledged:
The proof of this is that they are not in point of fact madmen, but have judgment like other men. This is self-evident, because they have some order (ordo) in their affairs: they have properly organized cities, proper marriages, magistrates and overlords (domini), laws, industries, and commerce, all of which require the use of reason. They likewise have a form (species) of religion, and they correctly apprehend things which are evident to other men, which indicates the use of reason.
For Vitoria, the principles governing the relationship between indigenous peoples and Spaniards, once their humanity and rationality had been established, were to be based on the principles of ius gentium (law of nations), as neither the Pope nor the Spanish emperor held jurisdiction or dominion over pagans in America.8 However, in the event of discovering that indigenous peoples, despite supposed lifestyle deficiencies, possessed reasoning capabilities, they were considered entitled to enjoy their natural freedom until proven otherwise. Therefore, they were deemed capable of exercising dominion over themselves and their properties.9 This perspective aligned with the advanced civilizations that thrived in Mesoamerica and the Andes. With these populations, it was anticipated that, through persuasion, they could be encouraged to adopt the lifestyle proposed by the Spaniards and convert to Christianity through gentle means.
As the Spaniards expanded their dominions, they encountered human groups that appeared to live in an archaic manner, leading a nomadic life and displaying hostility or indifference to the Christian message. This is exemplified by the indigenous factions of the northern regions of New Spain, collectively known as Chichimecas. The indigenous peoples of the northern regions of New Spain had a non-sedentary lifestyle, many of them being gatherers and hunters, distinct from the indigenous peoples of the Mexican highlands. However, their military resistance capabilities were surprisingly formidable, enabling them to even mount offensive actions against the Spaniards. The resistance to a sedentary life and the Christian religion gave rise to derogatory discourses about the intellectual capacities of these peoples. While their social life was not organized around private property, social lineage hierarchies, or organized religion, they were portrayed as lawless barbarians who failed to utilize their land, existing like beasts and being incapable of peaceful assimilation. The conversion of peoples like the Chichimecas necessarily involved imposing an urban lifestyle as understood by the Spaniards.
In New Spain, one of the most significant theologians was the Augustinian friar Fray Alonso de la Veracruz (1507–1584). Following the footsteps of Vitoria, the Augustinian put forth a theory of natural rights with universal implications, encompassing Native Americans and protecting them from the abuses of Spanish colonists. He regarded them as equals to the Spaniards, capable of distinguishing between right and wrong and managing dominium (Doyle 2014, p. 253). Scholars like Burrus (1963, p. 225) and Aspe (2021, 315ss) argue that his theological and philosophical knowledge, coupled with his direct experience of the issues in the Indies (having been a student of Vitoria), enabled him to make more well-founded condemnations against the abuses of Spanish colonists than his colleagues in Salamanca.
Alonso de la Veracruz (1) believed that communities of Native Americans could be considered authentic political entities that clearly emerged primo et principaliter est in ipso populo. Drawing from Vitoria10, Alonso recognized in American indigenous communities elements that established them as commonwealths capable of political life. Consequently, he affirmed that the communities formed by Native Americans were made up of rational human beings seeking the common good.11 Therefore, according to natural law, their leaders (referred to generically by the Augustinian as caciques) should have had their political rights acknowledged.12
Alonso de la Veracruz followed Vitoria’s tenets in his belief that the association and formation of first communities naturally arise in groups of any rational creature. To govern themselves better and thus preserve themselves, humans in association relinquish their original freedom and transfer potestas to a ruler, choosing the type of government while also having the faculty to change it if it does not fulfill its primary function: preserving the common good.13 Veracruz argued that the Spanish conquest of different realms in Mexico did not align with these principles, as there was never a conscious and free process in which Native Americans, without armed threat, could choose their leaders or be convinced of the virtues of living under the sovereignty of the Spanish emperor. Instead, they were subjected to plundering by Spanish encomenderos, who, following Veracruz’s criteria, should be removed from the governance of the indigenous people, allowing them to choose their own leaders.14
Nevertheless, Veracruz maintained that these principles did not apply to groups leading an itinerant life, as they lacked the rules or institutions that define civil life. In other words, individuals who seemingly had not formed a sedentary community making “rational use” of their lands were not considered legitimate political interlocutors. These groups, explicitly called Chichimecas by Veracruz, were viewed as nomadic people who roamed the lands and survived off them, akin to animals. From a legal standpoint, they had not made a lawful occupation of these lands, making them legally considered terra nullius.
Veracruz drew the following as a corollary: those who possess pastures in the territories they call Chichimecas, as such lands were either unowned or abandoned, and as there are no inhabitants or towns with defined boundaries, rightfully possess them. Especially when apparently these nomadic Chichimecas live in the manner of beasts and do not cultivate the land, no injustice is done to them by allowing the herds and beasts of the Spaniards to graze on their land (Veracruz 2003, p. 33).
Despite Veracruz’s ardent defense of Native Americans, he therefore acknowledged significant distinctions between nomadic groups living in an itinerant manner and the more politically organized sedentary peoples of the highlands. According to Aspe (2021, p. 316), this implied an alignment with the theses of José de Acosta, a Spanish Jesuit missionary who recognized the existence of hierarchies among Native Americans and proposed differentiated rights based on their level of civilization. In specific cases, without explicitly mentioning the Chichimecas, Veracruz accepted the possibility of coercive evangelization, particularly for individuals who had violently resisted the missionary efforts of Spanish priests. Veracruz went so far as to consider separating parents from children to achieve the indoctrination of new generations of Chichimeca groups deemed irreducible to Christian teachings (Aspe 2021, p. 318).15 To justify his position, Veracruz invoked a principle of natural law: one cannot prevent the free preaching of religion in any other way than by punishing the aggressors and disposing of their temporal goods potest eos punire et de bonis temporabilus eorum disponere (Veracruz 2003, p. 121). The Augustinian recommended that homines armatae militae vel praecedant vel comitentur praedicatores evangelii but advised avoiding, as much as possible, that unbelievers be deprived of their lands and fields sine hoc quod priventur suis Terris et agris (Veracruz 2003, pp. 123–24). Alonso de la Veracruz’s opinions can be explained by the context of military conflict and the death of missionaries assigned to the northern frontier.
The war against the Chichimecas can be traced back to the incursions into the regions that would form New Galicia. The first significant encounter was the Mixtón War of 1542, in which viceroy Antonio de Mendoza led a significant military force composed of Spaniards and thousands of allies from central Mexico against the sedentary peoples in what would become the Mexican states of Querétaro, Colima, Jalisco, and Nayarit, and the northern regions of Michoacán and Jalisco (Powell 1977, pp. 20–21). According to Powell (1977, p. 71), the conflict against the Chichimeca factions spanned the period from 1550 to 1600, encompassing the states of Aguascalientes and San Luis Potosí, parts of Coahuila, and Zacatecas. As the conflict became more costly and less favorable for the Spanish, positions against these peoples became more radicalized. Among the viceroys who stood out for their more bellicose positions were Martín Enríquez de Almansa (1568–1580) and Pedro Moya (1584–1585), according to Powell. Positions of negotiation and peace through gifts were proposed by viceroys Álvaro Manrique de Zúñiga (1585–1590), Luis Velasco y Castilla (1590–1595), and Gaspar de Zúñiga y Acevedo (1595–1603).16
Compelled by the existence of legislation protecting indigenous peoples, the viceroys of New Spain had to convene theologians and jurists to discuss the just titles for undertaking a just war, understood as defensive, and forcibly settling the Chichimecas. These debates focused on the alleged crimes and disruptions to peace caused by the Chichimecas (Poole 1965, pp. 119–20). Yet, the abuses of the Spaniards were also recognized, who were often responsible for arousing animosity among the natives. The political authorities of New Spain convened experts in theology and canon law to elucidate the justice of the war against the nomads and justify the colonization policies of the northern region (Poole 1965, pp. 116–17). The decrees17 that emerged from this council reflected the desire to boost evangelization among pagans within the Tridentine reforms (Moutin 2016, pp. 19, 24). The goal was to strengthen the dominion of the king of Spain in “already conquered land”, increase the number of believers by constructing more churches, and provide better training for the secular clergy to missionary work with still pagan Indians (Pérez Puente 2014, pp. 48–49). The cause of this change in perspective was mainly due to a political context that was not favorable to colonization, with peoples capable of resisting the Spanish military advances and even carrying out offensive actions in the territory of New Spain, which resulted in the murder of friars and local native allies.
3. Justifying Chichimeca Slavery Using Francisco de Vitoria’s theology by New Spain Clergy
Van Deusen’s (2015, 2023) research has revealed that the trade and use of indigenous slaves were far more prevalent than previously acknowledged. The author estimates that up to 650,000 indigenous people were enslaved, many of them captured in border wars against hostile nomadic factions. Van Deusen rightly demonstrates that most Hispanic clergy and jurists did not subscribe to the notion of natural servitude for Native Americans, nor did they find any theological basis for it. Instead, the subjugation of these peoples was justified by portraying them as hostile aggressors who violated the law of nations, providing a pretext for waging a just war (Van Deusen 2015, p. 3). As mentioned at the beginning of this work, this practice continued to be in force after the implementation of the New Laws in 1542.18 From a legal perspective, the justification for Indian slavery was through opinions and reports addressed to the Council of the Indies or to the different Audiencias in the Spanish viceroyalties in America (Van Deusen 2023, p. 400). A panel of experts would discuss the relevance of maintaining a state of submission in very specific cases. This, in Van Deusen’s (2023, p. 403) opinion, would only happen in exceptional cases, within specific moments, in compliance with laws that prohibit slavery. The experts would analyze the crimes of these Indians, as aggressors or violators of the law of nations. In these cases, slavery was deemed comparable to a punishment exercised against the crimes of a particular people, under regulated circumstances and within a specific period of time (Van Deusen 2023, p. 420).
From the perspective of canon law, Nicholas V in the bull Romanus pontifex granted the facultas to punish and enslave the enemies of the Christian faith, such as Saracens and other pagans (Muldoon 1979, p. 134; Russell-Wood 1978, p. 27). In the face of the threat of unconquered indigenous groups apparently hostile to the Christian message, such as the Chichimecas, New Spain theologians repeated the accusations of apostasy, rebellion against the king, and attacks on innocent Christian Indians to the point of comparing the Chichimecas with the Moors (Gradie 1994, p. 14). Moreover, accusations of witchcraft and idolatry to the devil were included (Powell 1945, pp. 330–31). The war waged against this enemy was juridically defined as just, as there was an intention to avenge their aggressions against the Spaniards and their Indian allies.19
Nonetheless, the Spanish conquest of the Chichimecas in New Spain remained a complex and controversial issue. To justify this event, the regular and secular clergy had to resort to a variety of theological and legal opinions, including those of Francisco de Vitoria and Domingo de Soto. They attempted to portray these indigenous nations as violators of natural law, akin to highwaymen.20 The Spanish also argued that since the nomadic Indians of their northern border had no property that could serve as just pecuniary reparation, the only option left was to turn them into slaves.21 For this, a formula for permanent servitude was proposed, in which they would be taught useful trades along with the fundamentals of the gospel. For example, the Mexican jurist Hernando Ortiz de Hinojosa in 1585 argued that attempts to reform these nomadic peoples through temporary slavery had proven futile, as they quickly returned to their marauding with even greater fury.22
The decision to use the theology of Vitoria, considered by most scholarship critical of the Spanish conquest, to justify war against the Chichimeca nations and their enslavement might appear peculiar. However, as I have shown in a previous study (Méndez Alonzo 2023), resorting to the School of Salamanca was congruent for three reasons: (1) there is an exegesis of natural law that provides universal ethical criteria for judging the behavior of pagan peoples; (2) these theses are applicable in complex practical situations between pagans and Christians; (3) they defined the rights of the affected populations and possible casus bellum between the Spanish authorities and the Chichimeca nations. Furthermore, in different time periods, chroniclers such as Antonio Herrera y Tordesillas in 1596 and Matías de la Mota Padilla in 1742, as well as sixteenth century ecclesiastical authorities such as Guillermo de Santa María in 1575, and Juan de Torquemada in 1612 ventured to give an ethnographic description of these peoples in their works to justify their armed conquest (Powell 1945, pp. 318–19).
The term Chichimeca was used to generalize the nomadic bands of the deserts of Aridoamerica and later proved useful for stigmatizing some ethnicities as non-political and barbaric (Van Deusen 2023, p. 412). For Powell (1945, pp. 318–19), the term derives from the Nahuatl words chichi (dog) mécatl (noose), literally meaning dog without a leash but also conceivably meaning arrogant dogs. According to the UNAM Gran Diccionario Nahuátl (UNAM 2024), the term chichimecatl has various meanings, ranging from those who “chupan o maman” to rough people, valued for their strength, hunting abilities, and martial prowess. By offering their services as mercenaries in other peoples’ wars, the Chichimeca earned renown, ultimately achieving respect and political influence. This term, once derogatory, transformed into a badge of honor, with various Nahuatl-speaking groups claiming Chichimeca ancestry. Subsequently, this term encompassed all groups, regardless of their customs and language, that still led a nomadic life. Among the most numerous groups were the Zacatecos, Guamares, Guachichiles, and Cazcanes, among others. Their way of life is largely explained by complicated geographical conditions, where an impenetrable terrain and lack of water (and thus the absence of large-scale agriculture) are constants. This also explains the absence of political centers that could accommodate massive populations. Since the livelihood of these peoples depended largely on hunting, the Chichimecas were recognized as accomplished archers, becoming formidable enemies against the military and religious advances of the Spanish. Also, due to their tribal organization, the majority of these peoples were not subject to a central political authority (Powell 1945, p. 322).
For most of the New Spanish chroniclers, the main challenge in evangelizing these peoples was their nomadic lifestyle.23 For instance, Friar Toribio de Benavente Motolinía states about the Chichimecas, “it has not been more than eight hundred years since they have been inhabitants of this land, although it is considered certain that they are much older, but they did not have a way of writing and figuring, as they were barbaric people who lived like savages” (de Benavente 2007, p. 3). According to the Jesuit José de Acosta (2002, p. 381), the Chichimecas “had no chief, nor did they recognize one, nor did they worship any gods or have rites or any religion whatsoever”, making it very difficult for them to submit to the Spaniards.24 According to the Franciscan Juan Focher (1960, p. 348), their so-called barbaric customs are explained by the fact that “they do not work but live off hunting, nor do they worship God or idols”. The wild life (as the Chichimecas seemed to have) implied living under the “cruel tyranny” of nature and the rule of their own desires. “Due to their itinerant lifestyle, nomadic Indians resorted to raiding roads to survive or obtain the goods they desire”.25 To stop this cycle of violence, it was argued that they should be forced to live a sedentary life.26 This was the opinion of the magistrate Juan de Salmerón, who described the Chichimecas as a plague that moves as freely as deer, and argued that military actions should be taken against them to secure the roads.27 This opinion was echoed by Guillermo de Santa María who considered that the irreducibility of these peoples was due to the fact that they did not have cities or political authorities that would make them live civilly.
And thus, since these Chichimecas do not have cities enclosed with walls to level or fortresses to be torn down or new ones to be built for them, so that, with garrisons of people, they may be kept peaceful and secure, which are the means commonly used to punish and keep kingdoms and provinces in peace, there are other means, albeit contrary to these.
The arguments presented above suggest an ethnographic categorization of Native Americans, similar to that made by Alonso de la Veracruz, who distinguishes between peoples who have not exercised dominium over their land, such as the Chichimecas, and apparently political peoples such as the Incas or Aztecs. This categorization arises because, as suggested by Gibson (1978, p. 35), the Spaniards established a hierarchy between what represented a settled community and tribal organizations. They had a set of urbanistic and ideological categories to define a community that lived politically. Peoples that lacked a settled existence and political authority, described by Alonso de la Veracruz (33) as brutos, an argument later repeated by José de Acosta28, were hardly amenable to the authorities of the viceroyalty as a whole.
These accusations were corroborated by the prominent prelate and archbishop Pedro Moya de Contreras (born in 1527 until his death in 1591), who recounted in 1574 the “great damages and thefts caused by these peoples, especially affecting the mining industry”.29 The complaints of the ranchers align with the grievances of the miners, who have been unable to exploit the silver deposits in Zacatecas since 1550 due to Chichimeca attacks (Powell 1977, p. 32). The solution, in this case, would be “to enslave these peoples in order to settle them and compel them to engage in productive activities”.30 Thus, Moya’s arguments align with the reports to the Audiencia by Licenciado Santiago de Riego from the Audiencia de Guadalajara in 1576, detailing the robberies and murders committed by the Chichimecas against Spanish ranchers in Michoacán.31 The foregoing was supported in 1572 by the members of the Cabildo of Guadalajara, who described crimes against peace and the lack of security on the roads caused by Chichimeca raids.32 Before the king, the Cabildo lamented the insecurity on the roads that “hinders the exploitation of the mining wealth of the region due to the conflict with the native nomadic peoples”.33 These reports were commissioned by ranchers, miners, and merchants affected by the disruption of trade between Nueva Galicia and Mexico. These reports were consistent with the arguments of Salamancan theology, portraying the Chichimecas as the initial aggressors, justifying the Spanish response as self-defense against a dangerous and pagan enemy. Despite being dictated by expert theologians, these reports often aligned with the public policy pursued by viceroyal political authorities, while also theoretically supporting the complaints and requests of settlers on the Novohispanic frontiers. Therefore, they recommended the solution implemented by viceroy Antonio de Mendoza in the Mixtón War: enslaving thousands of rebellious Indians.
… and for these Indians and troublemakers, it is necessary to do the same with a large number of allies and from many sides, along with the necessary provisions. In a short span of time, God willing, they would be overcome, given to them as slaves because they deserve it for being so harmful to people, as they showed during the good Viceroy’s time. Your Majesty should know that the soldiers in this land, if they don’t see the interest very clearly, as they don’t receive any other salary, they don’t move, because everyone who comes here is looking for something to eat, with great thirst and greed for silver and gold.
And for a business like this, which has been going on for so long and is getting worse every day, it is necessary to provide what is needed at once because this land is in a critical situation. Every day we cannot report to Your Majesty about what is necessary, and receive the will of these loyal subjects. Our desire is for success, for these bad Indians to be punished, and the land to be secure. The evils they do are great, and if they see that they are not consumed and eradicated, the other Indians of this land and New Spain might decide to join them and rebel together.
(AGI, Cartas de los cabildos seculares de 23 de diciembre de 1572, Colección Guadalajara-México, 30, N.14)
The Cabildo of Guadalajara’s report, rife with bellicose language, reflects the intensity of the conflict between Chichimeca parcialidades and viceregal authorities, a period known as the “guerra a sangre y fuego” (Powell 1977, pp. 112–13). The solution to eliminate the Chichimeca threat, while also fulfilling the obligation to evangelize the pagans in the Indies, consisted of forcibly reducing the most conflictive indigenous groups.34 This solution was proposed in a letter to viceroy Antonio de Mendoza in 1582 by the settlers of Nueva Galicia. Therefore, it was requested that they be punished with penalties of perpetual slavery to control their movements. Captain Francisco de Urdiñola shared the same opinion, proposing a solution that was not only military but also religious: they should be taught not only doctrine but also how to live as “Christians”.35
On an ideological level, it is noteworthy that the more bellicose theologians of New Spain turn to Vitoria and his disciples. However, it should not be forgotten that Vitoria’s argumentation, despite his doubts about how the Spaniards obtained sovereignty over the Indians, recognizes justifications for declaring war against the Indians, such as their violations of ius gentium and ius communicationis, impeding the free movement of travelers and their economic activities36, or preventing the propagation of the Christian faith.37 These violations were good reasons for launching a war of conquest and their enslavement.38 In other words, Vitoria’s writings are used to defend both the temporary and permanent enslavement of the Chichimeca groups.
The recognition of the full humanity of Native Americans by Vitoria did not prevent him from suggesting that they would be better under Spanish guardianship. He argued that the behavior of the Indians towards Spanish rule did not reflect an ontological defect but a failure to adhere to the dictates of natural law. As Pagden (1999, p. 80) has asserted, the society the Indians had created did not fulfill its function of protecting the common good, “because they so obviously failed to perform the function that all true laws must perform”. In other words, if the lives of Native Americans were mismanaged at the domestic level, a society governed by such individuals would not have operated in accordance with natural law. In the case of the Chichimecas, who lived in groups without magistrates or established religion, following the mandates of their desires, without moral capacity to distinguish between good and bad, it was argued that they would be better under the guardianship of a political community, such as the Spaniards, until they learn to live “Christianly” without any tutelage.39
These theses were followed by the Augustinian Guillermo de Santa María in 157540, as well as the legal experts Hernando Ortiz de Hinojosa41 and Fulgencio Vique42, in their opinions for the Third Mexican Provincial Council in 1585. They justified the perpetual enslavement of the Chichimecas as a response to aggressions against the Spaniards and their allies that prevented the circulation on roads, as well as the exploitation of mines and cultivation of the land, and in order to avoid their stirring up of the peaceful Indians.
The most extreme opinions in this context were expressed by the Franciscan clerics Jean Focher in 1570, Juan de Salmerón in 1583, and Hernando de Robles in 1585. Robles recounted the life of the Chichimecas, affirming that they lived barbarically in caves and settlements, diabolically rejecting efforts to become Christians, committing endless crimes against nature like cannibalism.43 All of this, he affirmed, warranted a war of blood and fire, as well as their perpetual enslavement.44 Salmerón, on the other hand, called for the vigorous protection of the roads to safeguard the Spaniards engaged in trade, missionaries, and newly Christianized Indians. He referred to the Chichimecas as “cursed and cruel people”, justifying the title of a just war against them.45 For Focher, the Chichimecas are defined as people who do not cultivate the land and live solely by hunting, making them a formidable enemy, obstructing the free passage of roads, tyrannizing other Indians, and murdering missionaries seeking to evangelize them to steal from them.46 To address this, based on Escoto47, he not only recommended war against these peoples but also taking away their children to be educated as Christians.48
Not all opinions were as extreme as those of Focher, Robles, and Salmerón. Captain Gabriel Ortiz de Fuenmayor in 1603, protector and chief justice of the Chichimecas and Guachichiles, believed that to subdue the most violent factions, more presidios should be built on the northern frontier of New Spain.49 In these fortresses, Hispanic colonists would be protected, pagans would be acculturated, and justice would be administered.50 Ortiz de Fuenmayor prided himself on waging war with great vigor (mucho vigor) against the most rebellious Chichimeca nations, but also on attracting their leaders through gifts and negotiation.51
To achieve peace, the Spaniards had to build spaces ex nihilo to create institutions that would make nomadic Indians live sedentarily. According to Powell (1982, p. 126), these were often built on the sacred sites of the Indians (Hausberger 1997, p. 54). In these areas, negotiations would take place between Hispanic colonists and the Chichimecas, and they would be evangelized, taught Spanish, and encouraged to hide their nudity and engage in agriculture, with the aim of settling the aggressive Chichimeca factions. This would be carried out not only through persuasion but also through gifts and negotiation. For Powell (1982, p. 126), the two institutions created to represent viceregal authority in the northern frontier of New Spain, where there were hardly any worthy cities, were the presidios and missions. In these places, due to their distance from the Audiencia of Guadalajara and the New Spanish court, Spanish captains did not face a vigorous bureaucratic apparatus, and Hispanic colonists lived with much greater personal freedom without the social constructions that defined colonial Spanish society (Ruiz Guadalajara 2010, 31ss).
Finally, for a majority of New Spain’s theologians, nomadic societies like the Chichimecas, lacking the notion of private property, were not only incapable of meeting their physical needs but also of developing the relationships and institutions that would allow individuals as a whole to live as a society and pursue their ends (Pagden 1990, p. 28). In this way, their groupings would not distinguish them from the herds of animals that roamed freely in nature. For the Spanish intelligentsia, regimes of both temporary and permanent slavery would have the following advantages: (1) forcing the Chichimecas to settle and live according to Spanish customs; (2) teaching them the value of labor and utilizing their workforce in mining, agriculture, livestock, and domestic work. As demonstrated in practice by Valdés (2017), Valenzuela (2023), Resendez (2019), and Goicovich (2019), all these provisions had the effect of increasing the slave trade of Native Americans in war-torn lands.
Although Chichimecas were initially recognized as free people in their own legal and theological texts, Spanish colonists resorted to enslaving them from the very outset of their encounters. This practice was justified by accusations that the Chichimeca had initiated hostilities against the Spanish, thereby violating the ius communicationis. Moreover, the enslavement also served more practical purposes, having functioned as a means of paying soldiers, establishing alliances with local leaders, and addressing labor shortages in outlying regions distant from the central Mexican highlands.
4. The Dominican Coherence: The Critiques of the Spanish “unjust” war against the Chichimecas
In the early phase of colonization, Friar Antón de Montesinos’s sermon on December 26, 1511, stands as a pivotal moment in the defense of indigenous rights, exposing the abuses committed by the Spaniards against American indigenous peoples in the Antilles. Montesinos condemned the Spanish colonists, stating that they were “all in mortal sin” for subjecting the natives to “such cruel and horrible servitude” (de Montesinos 1982, p. 150). According to Seed (1993, p. 634), Montesinos’s sermon initiated a serious discussion on the humanity of the indigenous peoples by denouncing the exploitation that the Spaniards subjected them to, in violation of the Alexandrian bulls. In the view of Lewis Hanke (1949, p. 18), this event began the first struggle for justice in the New World. Furthermore, this sermon created unrest among the Spanish colonists and sparked debates on how to govern relations between Native Americans. King Ferdinand was so shocked by Montesino’s discourse that he summoned a Junta in Burgos with theologians, officials, and jurists to draft principles for the proper treatment of the American indigenous people (Gómez Isa 2017, p. 95). Carro (35–36) argues that Montesinos’s expressions bear the mark of Thomism and Dominican thought, significantly influencing the Laws of the Indies in 1512 and subsequently shaping the reflections of Vitoria and De Soto.
It is widely acknowledged that the ongoing discussion on the rights of the indigenous peoples in Spanish universities served to recognize their humanity and rationality (DiSalvo 1993, pp. 89–90). This inspired future legislation aimed at protecting the Native American population from strict enslavement and the worst abuses by the Spaniards, framing “the first comprehensive code of Indian legislation known as the Laws of Burgos, which were promulgated 27 December 1512” (Hanke 1949, p. 24). Within this context, one of the most influential figures was Bartolomé de las Casas. The Dominican, a controversial figure in his time and beyond, garnered both critics and admirers. His ideas were heterogeneous, evolving throughout his fruitful and lengthy life, and his writings lack a consistent theoretical framework. Nevertheless, Las Casas engaged in significant discussions concerning the relationships between Native Americans and Spaniards, including his writings on the initial skirmishes with the Chichimecas.
As noted by Carrillo Cázares (2000, pp. 95–96), Bartolomé de las Casas condemned the Mixtón War in the northern part of New Spain in the pamphlet Sobre el hacer esclabos en la segunda conquista de Jalisco que mandó hacer don Antonio de Mendoza, virrey de la Nueva España, año de 1541, although there is also mention of the lost work De bello Xalisquino. In these works, he maintains argumentative consistency with his Opus, asserting the injustice of wars against the indigenous peoples and, consequently, the slavery imposed upon them. Therefore, he insisted that the king of the Spaniards was obligated to liberate all indigenous slaves (Carrillo Cázares 2000, p. 96). In a similar vein, he wrote the “Petition to His Holiness Pius V on the Affairs of the Indies” (Petición a su Santidad Pío V sobre los negocios de las Indias) (Bellini 1995, p. 569), where the Dominican requests from the Pope “a decree declaring excommunicated and anathematized anyone who says that war waged against the infidels solely because of idolatry is just” (Cfr. Las Casas in Bellini 1995, p. 569).
Within this context, the defense of lost privileges presented by the Cazcan chief Don Francisco Tenamaztle before the Audiencia of Valladolid emerges. Tenamaztle was one of the key leaders who challenged Spanish domination in New Galicia (León Portilla 1995; Altman 2019)52. In “Ciertas peticiones e informaciones hechas a pedimento de Francisco Tenamaztle”, received by the Consejo de Indias in 1555, Tenamaztle vehemently denounced the injustices inflicted upon the Cazcan people at the hands of the Spanish encomenderos (Sánchez Godoy 2022, p. 87). Bartolome de Las Casas’s style is evident in the indigenous leader’s defense of his rights in this text, justifying his rebellion as a result of Spanish abuses, reclaiming their lost privileges as rulers after the Spanish conquest. More significantly, the “peticiones” described the Cazcan peoples as a political community, thereby establishing Tenamaztle’s legitimate political authority under natural law, which was unjustly usurped by the Spaniards. In this text, Tenamaztle denounces the irreparable harm inflicted on his subjects and family by the Spanish conquerors. He stated that, as the king of the Cazcans, he welcomed the Spaniards hospitably, making any allegations of violations of the ius gentium on his part unjustifiable. Instead, it was the Spaniards who, abusing this hospitality, committed extensive robberies and murders in Jalisco.53 Similarly, he accuses the conquistador Nuño de Guzmán of distributing Tenamaztle and his people as slaves with no reason:
… in the customary harsh captivity and servitude that the Spaniards called encomiendas, distributing to each Spaniard the towns and inhabitants thereof, as if we were beasts of the field, those which he and his captains saw fit to distribute.
Tenamaztle also wants to refute the violations of ius communicationis, as he claims to have received in good faith the teachings of Christ, converting himself along with his family and many others.54 Despite this, he accuses the Spaniards of continuing to carry out slave raids among those in his realm. Similarly, he accuses other famous Spanish explorers such as Juan de Oñate (namesake of the conqueror of New Mexico), Cristóbal de Oñate (governor of Nueva Galicia), and Miguel de Ibarra of abuses and thefts. Furthermore, he emphasizes that their servitude went against natural law, as they were free people, an argument presented by Vitoria and de Soto.55
In this way, Tenamaztle’s rebellion, through Las Casas’s pen, is articulated as having two points, both justified by the law of nature: (1) to demonstrate that he was illegitimately deprived of his dominium, and (2) as a legitimate defense against the robberies that the Spaniards committed against him and his people.56 Finally, in his petition, Tenamaztle requests the release of all prisoners and his restoration as the legitimate sovereign, as there was no just cause for him to be stripped of the power of his mandate while remaining a vassal of the Crown of Castile.57 Thus, he rejected the accusations of apostasy used to justify temporary or permanent slavery against the Chichimecas.
The above-mentioned position was consistent with the stance taken by the Dominican Order in theological meetings to discuss the war of ”sangre y fuego” against the Chichimecas. As noted by Carrillo Cázares (2000, p. 352), they considered, before continuing with any costly and bloody war in New Spain frontiers, the complaints of both the Spaniards and the indigenous people. The Dominicans argued that the Spaniards were accused by the indigenous people of being the first to cause them many grievances. While acknowledging the need to use all resources to pacify the northern territories, they disapproved of the reasons for the war. However, this pro-peace stance was not embraced by all members of the Dominican Order, especially during the peak conflict period in the years from 1569 to 1585, giving a hypothetical approval to total war, but only if the reports about the crimes of the Chichimeca are true (Poole 1965, pp. 128–29).
In the opinion presented by the Dominicans at the Third Provincial Council of Mexico in 1585, they considered it essential to understand the rights that the Spaniards held over those nations. This entailed discerning whether the Spaniards entered those lands with authorization or through violence.58 The main accusation revolves around determining whether the Spanish settlers, in their pursuit of the leaders of the rebellions, had taken innocent individuals, such as women and children, as prisoners and sold them as slaves to satisfy their greed.59 To achieve this, they requested to hear from witnesses on the ground who had observed and interacted with the indigenous people of those lands over thirty years. Lastly, recalling the principles of Thomistic political thought, they emphasized that the purpose of governance is the well-being of the population and not the exploitation of their resources solely for the benefit of the Kingdom of Spain.
The Dominican stance on the Chichimeca War focuses on specific cases and does not extensively delve into explicit theological arguments. There is no mention of Vitoria or any of his disciples in this short document. Certainly, the Thomistic theory of the origin of civil power is acknowledged, asserting that the government’s objective should be the preservation of individuals comprising a community (Skinner 2011, 163ss), such as the inhabitants of the region known as Gran Chichimeca. However, the text tacitly acknowledges that the conflict was provoked by the ambition of the Spaniards themselves. Despite recognizing this, the document cannot provide a positive resolution to the conflict, calling for an end to the tyrannical rule exercised against these group of natives. As a result, the following conclusion is drawn:
And thus, until a solution to this matter is found, we are unable to provide a definitive response as directed. Our only assertion and plea is that, for the sake of God’s reverence, it must be acknowledged that the governance of this realm should not be oriented solely towards the utility and profit of the kingdoms of Spain. Instead, it should primarily serve its own welfare. Those in positions of authority, if they fail to seek this and do not have it as the ultimate purpose of their governance, find themselves in a state of eternal condemnation. Consequently, there exists an obligation to allocate all royal revenues, even if they originate from the fifths of the mines, if such expenditure is deemed necessary for pacifying the land. It is imperative to employ the means that, according to God and conscience, are essential for its pacification. This is because the just and legitimate government fundamentally differs from the tyrannical; the tyrannical is primarily pursued for the benefit of the ruler, whereas the legitimate government is principally organized for the welfare of the republic.
The Augustinian Order reached the same conclusion, recognizing that the fierce war against the Chichimecas had produced few results and brought about much harm; thus, they declared their support for continuing the war against the Chichimecas.60 Despite the initial supportive opinions favoring a war of “sangre y fuego” by the Augustinians, Jesuits, and secular clergy, when the final verdict was issued, the belligerent stance of the early years of the war against the Chichimecas was questioned by viceroys such as Manríquez de Zúñiga and Luis de Velasco y Castilla, who initiated a peace-seeking strategy through gifts.61
Ultimately, there was an acknowledgment, even from apologists of the war like Fulgencio Vique, that due to the frequent hostilities, the indigenous people suffered worse treatment from the Spaniards and were less inclined to receive missionaries responsible for their evangelization without resistance.62 It cannot be overlooked that many of the theologians of New Spain, excepting the Dominicans, changed their opinion due to the shift in policy towards the Chichimecas. Thus, the coherence of the Dominican Order should be recognized, because even in the most heated moments of the war against the Chichimecas, they tried to expose the aggressions suffered by these peoples by the Spanish colonizers and their allies, seeking a peaceful solution to the conflict and a voluntary evangelization, through good works.
5. Conclusions
The Chichimeca War constrained the Spanish ability to assert their sovereignty in border regions distant from colonial centers such as Mexico or Lima. Their dominion relied, to a significant extent, not on subjugating local indigenous groups but on cultivating alliances with groups that, reciprocally, perceived advantages in aligning with the Spanish to promote their own interests (Gerhard 1996, p. 19). Theoretical discussions about the rights of irreducible nomadic peoples on their borders were framed by previous debates concerning the rights of American Indians in the aftermath of the appropriation of American lands post 1492.
The justification for enslaving the Chichimecas, beyond practical considerations, closely followed the theses of Vitoria and his followers regarding the just causes for declaring war. Within this rationale, the territories inhabited by these populations were declared depopulated. Ultimately, New Spanish theologians, grounded in an ethnocentric analysis, concluded that only a regime of servitude and disciplinary control could transform these “barbarians” into civilized subjects. This entailed settling them in one location, instructing them in trades that the Spaniards deemed useful, teaching them Spanish, compelling them to wear clothing, and even imposing a concept of time based on segments and schedules (work time, rest time, prayer time) to prevent “idleness”. This disciplinary control would be overseen by one of the religious orders responsible for the education of these peoples.
The challenge of maintaining tight institutional control on the northern borders, coupled with the growing difficulty of restraining increasingly militant indigenous factions, led to a disconnection between the actual sovereignty wielded by viceregal authorities and the legally established jurisdiction. Spanish power was only exerted from enclaves within a territorial expanse over which it nominally held sway over.
The harsh lessons learned in confronting various Chichimeca nations were replicated in negotiations with other indigenous factions as the Spanish sought to expand their empire in North America. With few variations, the Spanish found the theological discussions on the rights of American Indians, primarily conducted by the School of Salamanca, to be instrumental. They provided a theoretical framework for axiological judgment and defined the nature of the relationship with the indigenous factions encountered as they advanced into more remote regions.
Funding
This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Universities in the form of the fellowship María Zambrano.
Data Availability Statement
No new data were created or analyzed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article. All information is available in the bibliography.
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflict of interest.
Notes
1
A poignant example of this discourse is found in the writings of Bartolomé de las Casas, particularly his highly publicized work, Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias (1552), where he establishes a stark connection between the atrocities committed by Spanish colonizers and the near extinction of American indigenous populations in the Americas. Leaving aside the factual accuracy of Las Casas’s most renowned work, we can affirm that the Breve relación presents a compelling narrative that resonated with Spanish officials who opposed the subjugation of Native Americans and the disregard of the instructions enshrined in papal bulls. Las Casas’s vivid portrayal of the suffering and decimation of indigenous communities, often characterized by graphic and disturbing descriptions, fueled public outrage and sparked a debate within Spanish society about the morality of the conquest and the treatment of Native Americans. His work served as a powerful indictment of the Spanish colonial enterprise and resonated among those who sought to uphold the principles of justice and humanity towards indigenous populations.
2
Palacios Rubio inspired the drafting of the legal document known as the requerimiento, in which indigenous people were informed in Spanish of the just titles through which the Crown of Castile took possession of a specific territory or population, drawing upon references from the Alexandrian bulls. This text, recited before a military action, served as a warning, asserting that the military actions undertaken against the indigenous people are a punishment for disobedience to the Spanish monarch and their church. The purpose of this text was effectively nullified due to abuses, as it was read to populations unfamiliar with Spanish or the Spanish legal system, by Spanish colonizers against the indigenous people, serving as a policy of fait accompli in territorial conquest (Méndez Sánchez 2021). On these issues, Matías de Paz published Dominium regum Hispaniae indos in 1512, and López de Palacios Rubio published Libellus de insulis oceanis, in what J. L. Egío (2018, p. 237) has referred to as the “Hispanic Thomism before Vitoria”.
3
According to Getino (1930, 197ss), we can assume that in many expeditions to the New World, there was a circulation of texts from the works of Vitoria, as well as those of several of his prominent students (among them, the friars of San Esteban, and notably, Domingo de Soto).
4
“But to mankind Nature gave ‘only reason and virtue’, leaving him otherwise frail, weak, helpless, and vulnerable, destitute of all defense and lacking in all things, and brought him forth … So it was that, in order to make up for these natural deficiencies, mankind was obliged to give up the solitary nomadic life of animals, and to live life in partnerships (societates), each supporting the other” (Vitoria 2010, p. 7).
5
“To answer this, we must first consider the fact that although man excels the other animals by his possession of reason, wisdom, and speech, guiding Providence has nevertheless denied to ‘eternal, immortal, and wise mankind’ many things which she has bestowed upon the rest of the animals. In the first place, in order to ensure the safety and defense of animals” (Vitoria 2010, p. 6).
6
“For since it is agreed that the soul is composed of two parts, understanding and will … And these cannot be gained by living in isolation from our fellows … Aristotle also declares that language is the messenger of understanding, and was given to man solely for this purpose, so that in this one respect he excels or surpasses all other animals. Now language could not exist outside human partnership” (Vitoria 2010, p. 8).
7
Traditionally, dominium is understood as the right to use a certain thing in accordance with right reason (Brett 2003, p. 119). For example, Gerson saw dominium as a faculty, or power, to take things under one’s control for a lawful and sustained use that is not only supported by a legal framework, but also approved by reason (Tierney 1997, p. 242). In contrast, for Summenhart, dominium is the disposition of an owner to be able to make or not make changes to something; from this faculty, the existence of potestas and facultas is tacitly derived.
8
“… that even if the barbarians refuse to recognize any dominion (dominium) of the pope’s, war cannot on that account be declared on them, nor their goods seized. This is obvious, because the pope has no such dominion. And the proof is quite clear, for, as I shall show below and as our adversaries admit, even if the barbarians refuse to receive Christ as their lord, they cannot for that reason be attacked or harmed in any way” (Vitoria 2010, p. 263).
9
“… the barbarians possessed true public and private dominion. The law of nations, on the other hand, expressly states that goods which belong to no owner pass to the occupier” (Vitoria 2010, p. 264).
10
Like Vitoria, Alonso de la Veracruz did not publish any texts under his own name; however, his ideas are assembled from the lectures he delivered at the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico. These lectures cover a range of topics, including the rights of the Indians, marriage, and logic. Noteworthy among his lectures are titles such as Recognitio summularum, De dominium infidelium et iustum bello, Speculum coniugiorum, De decimis, etc. (Tellkamp 2023, pp. 571–72).
11
“Et secundo negandum quod isti incolae sint tam insensati et fatui ut aliqui existimant; immo, quamvis barbari, suum tamem modum habent gubernandi et suas consuetudines quibus vivunt. Habent et ore tenus a suis maioribus leges per quas iudicant, discurrent, ratiocinantur, inquirunt, consultant: quae sunt non fatuorum aut insanorum sed prudentum … Et sic ante adventum Hispanorum pacifice in sua politia degebant, quod stare non posset si tam essent infantes et imprudentes” (Veracruz 2003, p. 153).
12
“… quod illi qui in isti partibus habent populum, vel totum vel partent, sine alicuius concessione, quod tales iniuste possident, cum constet ese contra voluntatem ipsi populi et contra voluntatem gubernatoris, quem vocam cazique, et per vim et violentiam tales possidere” (Veracruz 2003, p. 8).
13
“Por solutione breviter notandum primo quod dominium populi primo et principaliter est ipso populo; non enim per legem naturalem neque per divinam aliquis est qui sit dominus verus in temporalibus, cui alii teneantur tributa dare … Oportet ergo quod, si qui iustum dominium habeant, hoc sit per voluntatem ipsius communitatis transferentis dominium in alios,, ut est in principatu aristocratico vel democrático” (Veracruz 2003, p. 1).
14
Alonso de la Veracruz goes so far as to demand the restitution of the encomenderos’ dominion to the Native Americans. He argues that anyone who receives or demands something belonging to another against the owner’s will is like a thief and, therefore, must return the unjustly received or enjoyed property: “quia quicumque exigit alienum contra voluntatem domini, iniuste recipit, et restituere tener … Sed hic vel est imperator, ut supponimus, vel est ipsorum gubernator et antiquus dominus, ut existimamus, et non Hispanus qui fustibus et armis occupavit eorum dominium” (Veracruz 2003, p. 4).
15
“filii infidelum invitis parentibus, possunt baptizari, quia contra inferiorem potest quis agere in favorem superiorem” (Veracruz 2003, p. 161).
16
According to Powell (1977), the conflict with Chichimeca groups can be segmented into four distinct stages: (1) a period of genesis (1550–1560), (2) a decade of indecision (1560–1570), (3) the peak of hostilities (1570–1585), and (4) a phase of pacification (1585–1600). Theological debates surrounding the war’s justification and critique emerged during assemblies convened by the viceroys, culminating at the Third Mexican Provincial Council in 1585. However, as early as New Galicia’s colonization efforts, Franciscan friar Juan de Arrellanes in 1554 proposed pacification strategies to the emperor. These included establishing an inquisition to address Spanish misconduct, appointing a resident patriarch in the Indies, selecting upright governors for New Galicia, and founding settlements with Spanish colonists (Carrillo Cázares 2000, pp. 195–96).
17
The reform and strategy around the secular and temporal government of the Indies, as González González (2010, p. 144) has pointed out, was a constant concern since the reign of Philip II. In 1568, in the so-called Junta Magna, secular and ecclesiastical leaders met to reform and give coherence to the política indiana.
18
On the ethnic composition of slaves in Medieval Spain, see L’esclavage dans le monde ibérique médiéval de Verlinden (1934).
19
It is worth noting that the doctrine of just war finds its foundations in significant theologians such as Augustine of Hippo, Isidore of Seville, Yves de Chartres, and Thomas Aquinas, as well as in canon law, such as in the Decretum of Gratian (Brière 1949, pp. 25–36, 39). Just war is intended to punish offenses against the law of nations attributable to an aggressor, although this does not exclude that this activity follows a just cause and requires the observance of moral and theological virtues to punish stubborn violations of justice that are attributable (Brière 1949, pp. 48, 54–55, 84).
20
“El grande daño se hace a la república y la injuria reçebida, y el estoruo a los caminos y comertio, justifica la guerra; y los dichos chichimecas an hecho y hazen grandíssimos danos e incomparables injurias a este reino de la Nueua España, y les uedan el pasaje v prohíben sus comercios, luego la guerra que se le haze es justa” (Parecer del doctor Hernando Ortiz Hinojosa 2000, p. 707).
21
“Pues está claro que no se puede hazer recompensa por las injurias grandes reçebidas, en bienes muebles ni en rraízes de los dichos chichimecas. porque no los tienen, y, aunque los ruuieran son de poco momento. se debe y puede hazer en sus personas haziendolos esclauos perpetuos” (Parecer del doctor Hernando Ortiz Hinojosa 2000, p. 708).
22
See Note 21 above.
23
The foundation of this belief is inspired by a Ciceronian postulate, revived by Humanism, which links idleness with vice. Human perfection is only achieved through the exercise of virtues in the context of activity, understood as officia (Cicero, I, XIX). While virtues are enhanced through industry, idleness is a breeding ground for vices, religious inconstancy, and, subsequently, violence (Méndez Alonzo 2011, p. 368) (Skinner 2011, p. 218).
24
“Even today there are people of this sort in New Spain, who make a living with their bows and arrows, and they are very dangerous because they band together to do evil and launch attacks; and the Spaniards have been unable to reduce them to civilized behavior and obedience either by fair means or foul, by wiles or by force. For, because they have neither towns nor fixed abodes, fighting with them is exactly like hunting beasts, for they scatter and hide in the roughest and most thickly wooded parts of the mountains” (de Acosta 2002, p. 381).
25
“Quoniam quae a Deu sunt, ordinata sunt, hinc est quod post reductionen horum barbarorum, quos Chichimecas vocamus, ne, ut solebant, tyranice vivant, opere pretium erit illis normam vivendi taxare, ut tam domini, quam vasalli sciant quomodo habere debeant circa tributa” (Focher 1960, p. 363).
26
It is important to clarify that the actions of the Chichimecas could have constituted a form of resistance against the dispossession of and pressure on natural resources exerted by the Spaniards in the northern territories of New Spain (Ruiz Guadalajara 2010, p. 28).
27
“Unos indios que acá llaman chichimecos, a los cuales se juntan otros de otras naciones, que todos quedaron por conquistar, y andan alzados y rebelados al servicio de Dios y de S.M. ha sido una plaga que ha dado bien en que entender a este reino, porque estos habitan en la tierra más larga y fragosa que hay en él, por lo cual entiendo que si para castigarlos se juntasen todos los españoles que hay acá, no bastarían; porque como ellos nunca tienen asiento ni lugar cierto donde los puedan hallar, sino que con sus arcos y flechas, que son las armas que usan, andan de una parte a otra, y como venados sustentándose de solo yerbas, raíces y polvos de animales que traen en unas calabazas, saben bien hurtar el cuerpo a los que suelen buscarlos; y cuando los españoles piensan dar sobre ellos, están bien lejos de allí, y ellos tienen mil astucias para buscarlos y hallar los españoles, hasta hallarlos emboscados en pasos forzosos y caminos; y así ban hecho y hacen por ordinario robos y muertes en ellos con crueldades increíbles; y aunque para remediarlo se ha hecho siempre lo que se ha podido por mí y por las Audiencias Reales de aquí y de Guatemala comunicando algunos medios con personas graves y religiosos, y diferenciando diligencias y gastando mucho dinero, así de S.M. como de personas interesadas que tienen por allí haciendas, y aún harto también de la mía, nunca ha sido remedio bastante, ni creo ha de bastar ninguno, si S.M. no se determina a mandar que sean asolados a fuego y a sangre, y no dudo sino que ha de ser de ello servido, cuando se satisfaga de lo que ha pasado; y así V.S. podrá hacer en el entretanto lo que todos hemos hecho. que es ir asegurando los caminos con soldados, para que los desafíos no sean tantos, y castigar los salteadores que pudieren ser habidos, que al orden para todo hallara V.S. entre los demás papeles” (Carta de Fray Juan de Salmerón a Felipe II 2000, p. 648).
28
“The first and ancient inhabitants of the provinces that we call New Spain were very savage forest-dwelling men who lived solely from hunting, and for this reason were called Chichimecas. They did not sow or cultivate the land, nor did they live in groups, for their whole occupation and life was hunting, and in this they were very expert. They dwelt among the crags and the roughest places of the mountains, living like beasts without any form of government, and totally naked” (de Acosta 2002, p. 380).
29
“Cada día llegan a esta ciudad nuevas de daños que hacen los indios chichimecas en la comarca de las minas de Zacatecas, San Martin y Sombrerete y en otras partes de la Nueva Galicia. matando españoles y indios y llevándose bueyes y ovejas y haciendo otros muchos daños que serían largos de contar … hasta entrar en las minas del Sombrerete y del Fresnillo y llevarse las mulas con que traen y muelen los metales de que se siguen grandísimos inconvenientes demás de las muertes y robos que hacen” (Carta del doctor Moya de Contreras 2000, p. 632).
30
“He entendido de personas de aquella tierra que con solo darlos a estos indios por esclavos por los días de su vida los prenderán a todos porque por el interés habrá muchos que se juntaran en camaradas y compañías y lo harán, pero como no quieren que lo sea sino aquel o aquellos que por proceso pareciere culpado, y por tiempo limitado … Podría darse orden en que no se llegase allí ni se hiciesen las entradas ni prisiones, sino en los que ya son conocidos por salteadores y homicidios, prendiendo ansí mismo las mujeres y niños, porque de otra manera sería proceder en infinito, y hasta buena obra se les haría en sacarlos de vida tan inhumana y traerlos al gremio de la Santa Madre Iglesia y a mejor tratamiento que ellos tienen en sus tierras, que, aunque esto no se podrá hacer sin algunas muertes. menos inconveniente es que mueran algunos pocos indios, pues justamente lo merecen” (Carta del doctor Moya de Contreras 2000, p. 633).
31
“Aunque en la que escribió a V.M. la Audiencia decía, entre otras, que la salida de un oidor a la visita era muy necesaria pero que parecía imposible hacerse por las dificultades que en ella se referían, después de escrita y partida la flota, fueron tantas las desventuras de que tuvimos nueva en la Audiencia de daños que hacían chichimecos y tanta la desenvoltura de los indios de paz, en especial de los que residían en Zacatecas y su comarca...y eran las muertes de indios tantas que me certifican padres benditos de San Francisco de estas minas y real de Panuco, y la sospecha que se tenía de indios de paz hacían los saltos y daños” (Carta del oidor Santiago Riego 2000, p. 634).
32
Lo que tenemos dezir para el remedio desto por la ynspiriençia que tenemos delo que emos visto en las conquistas y alçamientos y rebeliones desta tierra en especial en este reyno que an sido las más y mayores que otra parte y siempre que no çesan que vuestra magestad debe mandar proveer que de una vez se echase esto aparte como hiço el buen vicerrey Don Antonio de Mendoça difunto que quando este reyno se rebeló todo y ovo grandes trabaxos y muertes vino y salió dela Nueba España con ochoçientos y más españoles y de beyntemil indios amigos de la Nueba España y entra por todas partes y asuelalo todo (Cartas de Cabildos Seculares de 23 de diciembre de 1572, AGI, Colección Guadalajara-México, 30, N.14).
33
“Ya no ay ombre que quiera ir ni hazer entrada y los males destos creçen cada día que no hay quien ose andar por los caminos y todo anda alvorotado y desasosegado y es en lo más prençipal y que más haze al caso para toda esta tierra y Castilla porque es donde se saca la plata y en el riñón y partido de todas las mynas deste reyno y acude a ellas toda la tierra y el día questas faltaren en esta tierra es todo acabado y a vuestra magestad leva sus reales cuentas” (Carta de los cabildos seculares de 23 de diciembre de 1572, AGI, Colección Guadalajara, 30, N.14).
34
“Lo uno por cuanto la guerra contra los dichos indios chichimecas salteadores está justificada por sus grandes excesos, e por las muchas informaciones que contra ellos se han hecho están convencidos de sus culpas y delitos y haber sido tantas veces reducidos al gremio de la iglesia e justicia traídos de paz poblándolos y congregándolos en las partes e lugares que han elegido e pedido y han sido regalados con ropa y bastimentos y dejándoles vivir en su libertad sin ningún reconocimiento ni sujeción e tenido a su voluntad todos los ganados de las haciendas y de su mala inclinación sin ser incitados ni ocasionados con malos tratamientos ni otras causas tantas cuantas veces han pedido la gracia y se les ha concedido otras tantas se han revelado y alzado e por experiencia se ha visto que nunca la piden e procuran si no es para ejecutar a sobre della sus crueldades sea vuestra excelencia servido que se les haga la guerra a fuego y a sangre. publicándolos por enemigos y haciéndolos esclavos perpetuos” (Carta de los criadores de ganado de las chichimecas acerca de los daños que los indios chichimecas hacen 2000, p. 645).
35
“… ahora falta gran numero que bautizar, y bajar de la sierra muchos huesos secos y desamparados por estos picachos y juntarlos y darles sepultura debida y esto más se hará sin voz ni lengua, pues los bautizados podemos decir que no tienen carne ni aun pies tampoco, sino que están en los puros huesos; y plegue al señor que estén todavía vivos con el sagrado bautismo. Ahora es el enseñarlos a ser cristianos y vestir de piel” (Urdiñola 1987, p. 231).
36
“… if the Spaniards were not allowed to travel amongst them, this would be either by natural, divine, or human law. But they are certainly allowed to do so by divine and natural law. But if there were a human enactment (lex) which barred them without any foundation in divine or natural law, it would be inhumane and unreasonable, and therefore without the force of law” (Vitoria 2010, p. 279).
37
“… if the barbarians, either in the person of their masters or as a multitude, obstruct the Spaniards in their free propagation of the Gospel, the Spaniards, after first reasoning with them to remove any cause of provocation, may preach and work for the conversion of that people even against their will, and may if necessary take up arms and declare war on them, insofar as this provides the safety and opportunity needed to preach the Gospel” (Vitoria 2010, p. 285).
38
“… once the Spaniards have demonstrated diligently both in word and deed that for their own part they have every intention of letting the barbarians carry on in peaceful and undisturbed enjoyment of their property, if the barbarians nevertheless persist in their wickedness and strive to destroy the Spaniards, they may then treat them no longer as innocent enemies, but as treacherous foes against whom all rights of war can be exercised, including plunder, enslavement, deposition of their former masters, and the institution of new ones” (Vitoria 2010, p. 283).
39
“They feed on food no more civilized and little better than that of beasts. On these grounds, they might be handed over to wiser men to govern. And an apparent confirmation of this argument is if some mischance were to carry off all the adult barbarians, leaving alive only the children and adolescents enjoying to some degree the use of reason but still in the age of boyhood and puberty, it is clear that princes could certainly take them into their care and govern them for as long as they remained children” (Vitoria 2010, p. 291).
40
“Las demás causas de guerra ofensiva son: por castigarlos como apóstatas rebeldes … contra sacrílegos, que han muerto frailes, clérigos y herido muchas personas eclesiásticas … contra ladrones salteadores en los caminos … contra abigeos robadores de ganado, que esto ha sido general en todos ellos, y se mantienen y han mantenido de ellos” (Santa María 2003, 41ss).
41
“Y así digo que no ay duda sino que omnia tam mobilia quam inmobilia fiunt capientium y la razon es porque todas, hasta que se satisfaga la injuria de los rrobos hechos, y de matancas y muertes por los enemigos. y aún de los grandes gastos y costas que se hazen en la guerra … Pues está claro que no se puede hazer recompensa por las injurias grandes recebidas, en bienes muebles ni en rraizes de los dichos chichimecas. porque no los tienen, y, aunque los tuuieran son de poco momento. se debe y puede hazer en sus personas haziendolos esclauos perpetuos” (Parecer del doctor Hernando Ortiz Hinojosa 2000, pp. 707–8).
42
“Y llegando a las causas esenciales … la una es para pueda nación española bivir en paz y defenderse y conservarse contra tantas muertes, rrovos y danos, y propulsar esta gente infiel y bárbara que no alteren y levanten a los demas indios de paz, en gran peligro y daño … o lo que trae Fr. Francisco Victoria en este propósito super illud Mathei, docete omnes gentes, el qual aun dize, que si adhuc contenderent ad perditionem hispanorum tanquam cum perfidis hostibus agere possunt et omnia belli jura in illos prosequi, et spoliare illos et in captivitatem ducere pro qualitate rei, et injuriarum” (Parecer del Doctor Fulgencio Vique 2000, p. 714).
43
“… hizieron los más extraños estragos que se an oydo ni visto, porque desde el dicho tiempo hasta el ano de ochenta y uno y dos se averiguo por informaciones auténticas que mataron entre yndios de paz v españoles. negros, mulatos y mestizos, más de mil personas, hombres, mujeres y niños haziendo en ellos las más crueles muertes que se an oydo, leydo ni visto, porque a los hombres les sacauan el coracon viuos y se los comían y les cortavan todos los miembros, y a las mujeres preñadas abrian y con la criatura del vientre les daban por los ojos y luego se la comían” (Relación del doctor Hernando de Robles 2000, p. 692).
44
“Y se rresueluen todos que no abra rremedio en tan desordenada barbarie si no es mandandoles hazer guerra a fuego y a sangre y dando facultad a los que los siguieren y uvieren a las manos viuos que los tengan por sus esclauos perpectuos porque con esto abra muchos que con el interese particular que se les sigue, sin sueldo ni costa de su magestad los infesten, sigan y [88v] y persigan hasta matarlos y prenderlos y arredrarlos de aquellas prouincias” (Relación del doctor Hernando de Robles 2000, p. 696).
45
“… una de las mayores y principales que los emperadores y reyes tienen, amparar y defender sus súbditos de los enemigos, y asegurar los caminos, en especial los que van a tierras de comercio y contratación, de donde se interesa derechos Reales y no en pequeña cantidad, y tales son estos. He entendido que se deja de remediar por no haberse atrevido … contra aquella maldita y cruel gente [que lo son sobremanera] en lugar de destruirlos les añade mayor osadía, mayor coraje y atrevimiento y destreza” (Carta de Fray Juan de Salmerón a Felipe II 2000, p. 670).
46
“A nonnullis dubitatum est, an licitum sit bellum in chichimecas qui non solun viam impediunt publicam et multos occidunt fideles per earn gradientes et ambulantes, et in alios crudelem exercent tyranidem, tum eorum excoriando capita, tum eos sagittis vulnerado, tum denique eorum depredando bona. Ita ut vix tutum sit via ingredi publica et regia” (Focher 2000, p. 585).
47
Filosóficamente, los pensadores franciscanos (como lo era Jean Focher) tenían como referencia principal a Duns Scoto, pero también los cuatro libros de las Sentencias de Pedro Lombardo y la Suma de Alejandro de Hales, así como el estudio de la lógica, física, metafísica y teología. A ello se podría añadir a los grandes maestros de la Orden de San Francisco: Francisco de Mayrone, Ricardo de Mediavilla y San Buenaventura (Lazaro Pulido 2012, pp. 172–74).
48
“Addit Scotus ubi supra quod princeps infidelium fidelis potest, immo debet, auferre a parentibus infidelibus suos infantes: quos volunt educare contra cultum Dei: et eos per baptismum divino applicare cultui. et postea apud fideles educentur” (Tratado de Juan Focher sobre la guerra chichimeca 2000, pp. 589–90).
49
“Sabed: Que por algunas cosas de mucha consideración convenientes y de importancia al servicio de su majestad es necesario saber y averiguar con claridad y distinción la forma y modo en que desde su principio y después que se asentó la paz con los chichimecas se fundaron y han administrado los presidios […] hasta hoy están fundados (los presidios) y que es lo que su majestad gasta en cada uno de ellos y que doctrinas tienen y que cantidad de gente está asentada y reducida y los efectos que se han conseguido en cada presidio en aumento de la dicha paz y conservación y como se distribuye de cada frontera el socorro que su majestad les manda hacer cada año para ayuda del sustento y vestuario” (Ortiz Fuenmayor 1987, pp. 123–24).
50
“Preguntado por la segunda pregunta, dijo que este testigo sabe que desde el tiempo que lo conoce y tiene el dicho cargo, le ha visto acudir con mucho cuidado a la visita y visitas de estas fronteras, acudiendo a las cosas necesarias del servicio de su majestad, asiento y conservación de los dichos indios y al castigo de los que inobedientes han sido, castigándolos conforme sus delitos” (Ortiz Fuenmayor 1987, p. 127).
51
“[…] por su orden se an echo muchas poblaciones y reduciéndolos a que muchos salgan y que hagan sus milpas y sementeras, y desde que murió el capitán Caldera, an estado los dichos indios de dicho capitán Ortiz gobernándolos a satisfacción a todos, y por castigo que hace en ello, le tienen temor, y amor por las buenas que de él reciben … y después se asentaron … an estado muy quietos y pacíficos, y sean excusado, muertes, hurtos y vejaciones que cada día recibían” (Reporte chichimecas capitán Miguel Caldera, AGI, Patronato, 83, N.4, R.2).
52
Francisco Tenamaztle emerged as a prominent leader among the Cazcan people, staunchly resisting Spanish incursions into their territory, now encompassing the present-day Mexican states of Jalisco and Zacatecas. During the Mixtón War (1540–1542), Tenamaztle spearheaded his factions, succumbing to defeat in 1542, following the capture of his strongholds in Noxistlán by viceroy Antonio de Mendoza in 1542. Following his capture and deportation to Spain in 1552, he was received by Bartolome de las Casas in Valladolid who signed his legal defense (Sánchez Godoy 2022, pp. 94–95). Las Casas emphasized that Tenamaztle had originally accepted baptism, and his rebellion was caused by the injustices suffered by his people, portrayed as peaceful, due to the abuses of the encomenderos and conquistadors (Sánchez Godoy 2022, p. 88). He probably died in Spain after 1556.
53
“… no quise sino salir de paz, mandando a mis gentes que rescibiesen a los españoles. benigna y amigablemente y les diesen los bastimentos que oviesen menester en abundancia y les hiziesen todo buen acogimiento, sin deverselo más de por una natural y demasiada piedad, poniéndome en el peligro que me puse de los males y danos muy grandes que después a mí y a todas mis gentes y tierras hizo” (Tenamaztle 2000, p. 514).
54
“En este tiempo yo tui uno de los primeros que, por la predicación y persuasión de los dichos religiosos (franciscanos), me convertí y recibí el santo sacramento del bautismo, con otros muchos señores y gentes populares” (Tenamaztle 2000, p. 515).
55
“… si la dicha servidumbre, contraria a toda natural justicia, como es ser encomendados a españoles, siendo gente libre, como lo somos” (Tenamaztle 2000, p. 515).
56
“Este huir, y esta natural defensa, muy poderosos señores. llaman y an llamado siempre los españoles, usando mal de la propiedad de los vocablos, en todas las Indias, contra el Rey levantarse. Juzgue Vuestra Alteza, como espero que juzgara justa y catholicamente, como jueces rectíssimos de las naciones aunque carezcan de Fe de Christo, ni de otra ley divina ni humana, sino ensenada por sola razón natural” (Tenamaztle 2000, p. 516).
57
“Vuestra Alteza tenga por bien de mandar poner en libertad los vezinos y moradores que ovieren vivos del dicho pueblo de Nuchistlan y Mizquitutla y sus subjectos, mandando que yo sea restituido en el señorío dellos, como cosa propia mía y que me dejaron mis padres del qual e sido despojado; y a mí y a todos ellos Vuestra Alteza encorpore en la Corona Real de Castilla, en cuya devoción y servicio yo quiero siempre vivir” (Tenamaztle 2000, p. 517).
58
“… no basta entender lo que en esta relación se propone, que es alegar el derecho que nuestra nación española dicen que tiene contra ellos. Era y es necesario examinar también el que ellos tienen contra nosotros...y ver si los españoles entraron al principio en sus tierras y las poseen agora con labranzas y minas y estancias de ganado contra su voluntad y por consiguiente con violencia e injusticia” (Parecer de la Orden de Santo Domingo 2000, p. 699).
59
“También se ha de ver y examinar lo que muchos dicen, si los españoles començaron primero a irritar a los indios, y si es así como se dice que les an hecho muchos agravios y desafueros, y que, en lugar de prender culpados, an dado sobre pueblos o rancherías de ynnocentes. captivando los niños y mugeres para tener más ganancia” (Parecer de la Orden de Santo Domingo 2000, p. 700).
60
“… se han hecho muchas entradas y muchas presas de los inocentes. que venidos vna vez a manos de los soldados, de más de los muertos, sabrán dar orden como justificar su hecho y quedarse con los vivos, y visto por otra parte el gran daño que padesce esta república, que pide poderoso remedio, confessamos llanamente que no hallamos modo ni como resoluernos dando nuestro parecer en lo propuesto” (Parecer de la Orden de San Agustín 2000, p. 703).
61
“… provea que la comida que los indios dan en muchas partes al ministro la den generalmente con moderación para reparar el [depravado] estilo que se tiene que es amilanar al ministro no les corrija sus excesos o el que del quiere emularle inducen a los indios pidan la comida y a ello vuestros oidores los copelen y quitan los salaries y los molestan, de que nasce vivir amilanados ni que los ministros osen apretar en su obligación, antes disimulen sus quiebras” (Sobre el poblamiento de los indios 2000, p. 720).
62
“De que somos avisados por memoriales de las órdenes de S. Domingo, S. Francisco. S. Agustín y la Compañía, y algunos clérigos doctos y exemplares, que públicamente dizen que en tiempo de su gentilidad no fueran tan maltratados y vexados como lo son oy dia, que no sin lagrimas sentimos la auaricia, interese, fomente oprobio y aborrecimiento del euangelio, y sea, como es, aviso a todos los infieles cincunvezinos que están por conuertir, huyan de venir al sancto baptismo, por no ser tratados como oyen, veen y sienten los que dellos an viuido en minas, que huidos” (Carta al Rey: Cosas que se avisan y suplican 2000, p. 719).
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High Atlas Foundation — Partnering with Moroccan Communities
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The High Atlas Foundation leads community-driven agriculture, women’s empowerment, clean water, and cultural dialogue and preservation programs.
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https://highatlasfoundation.org/en/home
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We work in communities with shared, self-defined needs. Our unique participatory approach to community development produces measurable results.
We understand the value of sharing our learning and thoughts on sustainable community development for the benefit of organizations and people across the MENA region.
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The general history of Spain from the first peopling of it by Tubal, till the death of King Ferdinand, who united the crowns of Castile and Aragon : with a continuation to the death of King Philip III
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jYnV5GXncRao0Ayccegy78Z5MsaSabLgmwM43bS5cXsYtwxx6RSeGnUgdr2YFrhW8CjDC0x2A0Rs0uIljeijy67H422luUUUcm/I7A6PvJdGHhFGXEdnyQ7JDGswZnfO2Spi4PFCvCMu+BRJl912blpr80+jUM63dgdRV8Wr+L0l8N360+YeVsC4zT4FbwsEZ/yaF8gscjuo8FfTqVYgXoKDYWAbFga3W8NYoR1ooNUvk2pp+124M3oOm+OYmBUNbgZWRIRPpqVHaKjAlODIREuXR4bAjDKEFFhaitVa6A3m7gN9buUV/DfXIx05opc33gwLmOZbwNk7qw5hhKL38RpyAVDNUFEgOPdYg+5r+ImN+Hv0u5962oRKIDZN75k5qs5zy55xZ0HS6FxT8MiB8O/VtNJz+pK2DSgJxhwb94KyaFZRO3IFdhmU7HR8jrNlnF5TUSDxUQMKqhbCSrm3VsNOV1Z3gEQfD3j5DPRc773id2eqTXdwanQkdTNsXpsDBAD+uszx38R6mT/WvWC767OXu8Psl3fH/9kD6uAn8Bv+dYEPuEKQoAAAAASUVORK5CYII=
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[
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en
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CHAP. I. The beginning of the War with Granada; King Albohacen surprizes Zahara; Alhama taken from the Infidels, and in vain besieged by them again.
WE will begin this Book with the famous War of Granada, which was begun and carried on by King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth, for the space of ten Years, and in which happened many things very remarkable, and bloudy Battels were fought. The end of it was fortunate to Spain, and delightful to all Christendom, since it put a period to the Monarchy of the Moors, which had conti∣nued in this Nation above 700 Years, to our great Shame and Reproach The Kingdom of Granada lies between Murcia and Andaluzia, is about 700 Miles in compass, and extends far∣ther in length than breadth. From Ronda to Huesca it is counted 60 Leagues in length, and from Cambil to Almun̄ecar only 25 in breadth. It is bounded on the East with the Kingdom of Murcia, on the South with the Mediterranean Sea, on the West and North with Andaluzia. The Country is pleasant, and as fruitful as any in Spain, the very Mountains being full of Springs, and consequently always green. This occasions the Weather to be temperate both in Summer and Winter, especially in the City of Granada, the Metropolis of the Kingdom, one of the noblest and largest of all Spain, from which all that Province takes Name, and the City it self had it of a Cave which reaches to a Village called Alfahor, where it is reported the Natives formerly studied Art Magick. Gar in Arabick signifies a Cave, and certain Sol∣diers who came over with Tarif to the Conquest in Spain, being Natives of the City Nata in Syria, after that unhappy War was ended, fixed their abode in that Place. Of Gar and Nata was framed the Name Granada, as some Learned Men will have it. Other Etymologies of this Name are to be found, but it is needless to spend time in discussing that point. It is certain, that when this War began, there were in that Kingdom 14 Cities and 97 Towns. The principal Cities next to the Capital were Almeria, Malaga, and Guadix, called by Pliny Acci. They are all three Bishopricks, and well Peopled. The Division of Spain under so many several Monarchs, and the continual Supplies sent out of Africk, maintained this King∣dom of the Moors so many Ages. As soon as the Holy Inquisition was established, and the Authority of the Magistrates restored to its Vigour, Spain gathered Strength to extirpate the Dominion of the Moors: Besides the former Animosities betwixt the Two Nations of Moors and Christians on account of Religion, and Wrongs sustained in an Oppression of so many Years, the Infidels now added a new Motive for declaring War. Which was, That on the 27th of December, 1481. King Albohacen having Intelligence the Town of Zahara was unpro∣vided, he surprized it, that Place having been in the hands of the Christians ever since Prince Ferdinand, Grandfather to King Ferdinand, took it from the Moors. It was taken in a dark stormy Night, all the Townsmen that made resistance being put to the Sword, and the rest carried away Slaves to Granada. This Town the Moors fortified. K. Ferdinand and Q. Elizabeth, who were at Me∣dina del Campo, derstanding what had hapned, sent Orders to the Commanders on the Frontiers, and the Cities, to prepare for War, and be upon their Guard. The Moors excused themselves, pleading it was customary during a Truce to make Incursions on both sides, and even to take Towns, provided above 3 Days were not spent in the Attack, and they did not for∣mally encamp before them. Under this same Pretence, the Infidels, at the beginning of the following Year, 1482. attacked Castellar and Olbera, but could not carry them. These Wrongs moved the Christians to seek Revenge. A good Body gathered at Sevil with all Necessaries. Whilst they consulted on which side to make an Incursion, advice was given them that the Town of Alhama was ill Garisoned, and might easily be surprized. James Merlo, Deputy of Sevil, and the Marquess of Cadiz, with 2500 Horse, and 4000 Foot, marched 3 Days, and came to a Valley encompassed with high Hills. There they informed the Soldiers, who were much fatigued, that Alhama was but half a League from them, and encouraged them to undergo the small Labour that remained chearfully, putting them in mind of the rich Booty that Place would afford. 300 chosen Men advanced, and came late at night to the Walls. Perceiving no noise in the Castle, they applied their Scaling-Ladders, and mounted the Wall. The first that got up was John de Ortega, then another John born at Toledo, and the third Martin Galindo, all three resolute Soldiers. They killed the Sentinels, who were asleep, and some others; then opening the Gate, all the others rushed in. The Townsmen speedily cast up Works to secure themselves against the Castle, and were attacked at break of day by our Men;
but without success. Sancho de Avila, Governor of Carmona, and Martin de Rojas of Arcos, be∣bing too forward, were both killed in the Castle-Gate. Any delay was dangerous, because Granada was but 8 Leagues off. Some were for demolishing the Castle, and retiring: The Bolder sort were against quitting the Enterprize upon any account. This Advice prevailed, and the Town was assaulted on all sides. Some from without scaled the Walls; thither the Moors bent their whole Force, which gave those in the Castle an opportunity of entring the Town on that side. A resolute Fight was maintained in the Streets. The Christians were the better Soldiers, but the Infidels more numerous; yet both Parties stood their ground till night, when such as remained of the Enemy retired to a Mosque, where many were killed, and the rest made Slaves. Thus the loss of Zahara was doubly repaid. This was the beginning of that tedious and bloody War. Alhama was taken on the last Day of February. The taking of this Place struck a Terror into the Moors, and caused the Christians to stand upon their Guard. The Moors finding the Christians gained footing so near Granada, feared the approach∣ing Downfal of that Kingdom: Besides, they were afflicted at some Apparitions seen in the Air, and because an old Fortune-teller, as soon as the Infidels took Zahara, is said to have cried out, The Ruine of that Town (God grant what I say prove false) will fall upon our Heads! My Mind gives me the End of our Dominion in Spain draws near. This caused the King to raise Men throughout his Kingdom, and to march towards Alhama with 3000 Horse, and about 50000 Foot. So great an Army was terrible to our Men, who could not quit the Place without much Dishonour. They sent Messengers to all Parts to hasten Relief, and mean while ceased not Day or Night to repair the Walls and add new Works. The Safety of the Town consist∣ed in that the Enemy for haste brought no Cannon, or other Engines for Battery. There∣fore all their Assaults proved unsuccessful, for our Men bravely made good the Walls. The sharpest Dispute was at the River which runs near the Town, in which there being no Foun∣tains nor Cisterns, the Besieged were obliged to go out for Water: The Moors laboured to turn the River another way, which (tho' with much loss) they performed, cutting a new Channel. D. Alonso de Aguilar marched from Cordova with 1000 Horse and 3000 Foot to the Relief of the Besieged; but all Passes being secured by the Enemy, was forced to return without effect∣ing any thing. All the Hopes that remained was in the Duke of Medina Sidonia, and that not much, because of his ancient Enmity with the Marquess of Cadiz; to which was added, that he resented that Expedition had been undertaken without consulting him. The Love of his Country prevailed with his Generous Spirit above private Animosities, and the Publick Danger reconciled those Opposites. Having resolved to relieve the Besieged, he took the Royal Standard out of Sevil, and joined with other Noblemen, particularly D. Roderick Giron, Master of Calatrava, and D. James Pacheco, Marquess of Villena. They gathered about 5000 Horse and 40000 Foot. King Ferdinand the very Day he received the News of the taking of Al∣hama, and the Danger our Men were in, set forward with speed from Medina del Campo, leaving Orders for the Queen to follow him. He sent Orders to the Noblemen not to enter the Moorish Territories before he came, because it was requisite to carry a greater force. The great want of Water the Besieged endured made all delay dangerous; therefore the Lords notwithstanding that Order marched. The Moors expected not their coming, but raised the Siege, and departed. Then the Besieged marched out to meet those that came to their Re∣lief, and joyfully embraced one another. The Marquess of Cadiz embraced the Duke of Medina Sidonia; they saluted one another courteously, and so ended the Hatred which had been betwixt those two Families for many Years. This Joy was very near being converted into Sorrow, by a Dispute arising among the Soldiers. Those that came to relieve the Be∣sieged, pretended to have share in the Plunder of the Town, and from Words they had come to Blows, but that the Duke pacified his Men with fair Speeches, and promises of leading them to greater Plunder. A fresh Garrison was put into the Town, and the Army marched back. Immediately the Moors returned to the Siege, and several Parties went out to plunder the neighbouring Country. The Infidels observing the highest part of Alhama being difficult of access, was slenderly guarded, scaled it before break of day on the 20th of April. Our Men taking the Alarm, charged the Enemy with such Fury, that several of them were killed, and the rest to save themselves leaped over the Walls. Two Citizens of Sevil signalized them∣selves in this Action, the one called Peter Pineda, the other Alonso Ponce.
great account, it was resolved to besiege Loxa, a very strong City not far from Alhama. Ezija was the Place appointed for the Army to Rendezvous; about 5000 Horse and 8000 Foot gathered there: A small Number for so great an Undertaking. After the Moors were gone, the King marched with part of these Forces to Alhama, on the 29th of April. He put a new Garrison into the Place, and left D. Luis Portocarrero, Lord of Palma, a great Soldier, to Command there. Then having wasted the Plain of Granada without sustaining any loss, he returned to Cordova to make the necessary Preparations for War. Besides, the Queen was near her time, and he was willing to be present at her lying in. On the 29th of July she was delivered of two Children; the one that lived was called Mary, the other was dead. Hence the People took occasion to frame Omens of the Success of the War according to every Man's Fancy. But what most troubled them was to see those who carried the Standards to Church to be Blessed look extraordinarily melancholy. Others laughed at all these Observations as at vain and accidental things. The day following the King went away to Ezija, all Persons of any Note striving to have part in that Undertaking. According as had been resolved they marched to Loxa, where they encamped and entrenched themselves near the Suburbs among Olive Gardens, on that side where the River Xenil is so straightned by high Banks, that it is not sordable. The Ground was streight, and not proper for the Horse, and the Citizens be∣ing Masters of the Bridge, it was hard to pass the River. Near this place is a Hill called Al∣bohacen, which being commodious to hinder the Enemy from sallying, and to command the City, the Master of Calatrava, and Marquesses of Villena and Cadiz, were ordered to possess themselves of it. Within the City were about 3000 Horse, Commanded by Alatar a Brave Captain. They made several Sallies, particularly upon a Saturday, being encouraged by some Recruits they had received, and the Hopes that the King of Granada was marching to relieve them, they attacked our Post upon the Hill, sallying in two Bodies. Our Guards being sur∣prized, fled. Those that encamped next them, came to their Relief, but without any Order, or leaving a Guard in the Camp. The other Body of Moors laying hold of this Opportunity, easily made themselves Masters of our Works, which greatly discouraged those that were en∣gaged. However, they ran to defend their Camp, and behaved themselves with great Bra∣very. The Enemy pressed them in Front and Rear, which was the cause our Men were de∣feated. The Master of Calatrava was killed, with many others; the rest saved themselves by flight. King Ferdinand discouraged by this Misfortune, and perceiving that what his Brother the Duke de Villahermosa had said was true, to wit, That the Army was encamped in a dis∣adventageous Post; as also understanding the Enemy's Army marched towards him, the next day marched away as far as the Lovers Rock, called Pen̄a de los Enamorados, which was seven Leagues distant from Loxa. He retired in good Order, the Marquess of Cadiz facing the Enemy, who continually charged the Rear, but were so bravely received they fled to the City. This was the end of that ill laid Design. The Moors encouraged by this Success, re∣turned to the Siege of Alhama. King Ferdinand, on the 14th of August, in Person relieved the Besieged, laid in Provision for 9 Months, and gave the Lieutenancy of that Place to D. Luis Osorio, who tho' Elect Bishop of Jaen, was a brave and experienced Soldier. Be∣sides, the King plundered and burnt all the Plain of Granada. 600 Moors came out of the City to skirmish, but the Earl of Cabra, and Chief Commendary of Calatrava, killed many of them, and forced the rest back into the Town. These were great Losses to the Moors; but the greatest Mischief was Discord among themselves; for a great number of the Citizens of Granada taking Arms, drove their King Albohaçen out of the City: They accused him of Tyranny, and of beginning that bloody War. In his Place they set up his own Son Mahomet Boabdil, commonly called the Little King; others call him Haley Muley Alcadurbil. Malaga, Baça, and some other Cities, continued Loyal to King Albohaçen. Thus that Nation was di∣vided betwixt Two Factions, which did them no less harm than the Enemies abroad. It is remarkable, that amidst these Confusions neither Party asked Aid of the Christians; but in the heat of the Civil War, made Incursions into their Territories, and took the Town of Can̄ete on the Frontiers of that Kingdom.
Other Affairs for some time diverted the King and Queen from the War with the Moores, and they returned to the Kingdom of Toledo. The Command of the Frontiers about Ezija was given to D. Peter Manrique, Earl of Trevin̄o, and lately created Duke of Najara. D. A∣lonso de Cardenas, Master of Santiago was to Command about Jaen. The Government of Sevil was given to D. John de Silva Earl of Cifuentes. All things thus settled, the King and Queen came to Madrid about the beginning of Winter. There the Cortes assembled to regu∣late the Association set on Foot some Years before as has been said, that they might not abuse the Power they had. Supplies were also demanded for the Expences of the War, and they offered to furnish 16000 Beasts for Carriage. Pope Sixtus commanded the Clergy to contribute 100000 Ducats for once. He also granted the Croisade to such as served at their own Cost, or at least contributed a certain small Sum of Money. This was again granted 3 Years after, and has continued ever since, being Yearly Collected, which brings a great Sum of Money into the Kings Coffers. Besides all this, much Money was borrowed of Bankers and other private Persons. The Aragonians would not receive D. Raimund Folch Earl of Cardona for their Viceroy, and pleaded it was a breach of their Priviledges to put a Stranger over them. After some debate the King condescended, and constituted his Son
Alonso de Aragon, Archbishop of Zaragoça Viceroy. The designs of the Portugueses and Na∣varrois did not a little perplex King Ferdinand. The King of Portugal proposed to Marry his Neece the Princess Joanna Daughter to King Henry, to Francis Phebus King of Navarre, who was not yet dead. Navarre favoured France. To prevent danger Ambassadors were sent to both. Those who went to Navarre, which was after the death of that King, had orders to propose a Match betwixt Queen Catherine who had Inherited that Crown, and Prince John King Ferdinand's Son. They had also instructions to endeavour to gain all the Men in Power, particularly the Faction of the Biamonteses, that was possessed of Pamplona, and most of the Kingdom, the Queen having little left her but the Name, tho' she had ap∣pointed a Viceroy, who was Monsieur de Abene, a Frenchman, well versed in Affairs of that nature. Magdalen the Queen's Mother seemed pleased at the Match, and said there could be nothing on her side to obstruct so advantageous a proposal. In Galicia the Con∣stable and Earl of Benavente with their followers were in Arms. Each of them strove to seize the Castles of the Bishops, to be in a better Condition to oppose his Adversary. King Ferdinand to prevent mischief, Ordered Ferdinand de Acun̄a Governor of that Country to seize those Places. The Governor besieging the Castle of Lugo, D. Peter Ossorio Earl of Lemos came with Forces to the Assistance of his Brother who was Bishop of that City. This produced a new War, which obliged King Ferdinand to set out from Madrid on the 11th of February 1413, and hasten into Galicia. By the way he received advice that the Earl of Lemos was dead. He appointed his Grandson Roderick, his Heir, tho' a Bastard of his Son Alonso. The Grandfather obtained a dispensation of the Pope to make him Legitimate, and put him into possession of his Estate before his death. This produced a new debate, for Joanna Daughter to the Earl deceased, and Wife to D. Luis the Earl of Benavente's Son, claimed that Earldom. Upon this account both Parties were in Arms. King Ferdinand Com∣manded them to stand to the determination of the Law, threatning to fall upon him that should refuse, yet he favoured the Grandson of the deceased, who was in possession. Whilst he was busie in Galicia, the Moores near Malaga made a great slaughter of our Men, which was the greatest loss we sustained during that War. Peter Enriquez Lieutenant of Andaluzia having with the Assistance of the Earl of Cadiz recovered his Town of Can̄ete and Fortified it, was desirous to be revenged upon the Moores. D. Alonso de Aguilar and the Master of Santiago had also resolved to make an Incursion into the Moorish Territories. The Earl of Cifuentes had attempted to recover Zahara, but failed. All these Commanders agreed to make an Inroad into the Territory of Malaga in three Bodies. That Country is rich by reason of the Silken manufactures, and therefore they hoped to make a considerable Booty. Near Malaga there are certain uncouth Mountains called Axarquia, over those Mountains they Marched, plunder∣ed and burnt all the Country, and some Parties of Horse advanced even in sight of Malaga. This provoked the Citizens, and the People of the Mountains assembled and secured all the Passes. Our Men sought to retire, but could not. There were two Ways, the longest by the Sea, which was plainest, but dangerous, because of the Castle of Malaga, and several Creeks that cross it. The other through which they came was shorter, but very difficult by reason of the Woods and Mountains. Two Mountains particularly close up a deep Vally, through the middle of which runs a River that parts them. Our Men entred this Valley in a Con∣sternation, encumbred with the Booty, when on the one side the Moores attacked them, and on the other they saw the Pass secured by another Party, which added much to their Fear. They were Tyred with Marching two days, Faint for want of Food, and could neither go backwards nor forwards. Many were killed with Arrows and Musket Shot, the Moores being very good Marksmen. Night coming on, the Terror increased with the darkness and the continual shouts of the Enemy. Then the Master of Santiago cryed out, How long shall we suffer our selves Fellow-Soldiers to be Slaughtered like sheep? Our Swords and our Valour must open the Way, or at least let us endeavour to Sell our Lives dear, and not die unrevenged. Having spoke thus, they began to ascend the Hill, and with much difficulty reached to the Top. There the Fight was bloody, and the Slaughter on our side great, ma∣ny Persons of Note were killed. The Marquess of Cadiz found Guides, who led him off through by-ways. The Earl of Cifuentes his Squadron which brought up the Rear sustained most loss, he and his Brother Peter de Silva were taken and carried to Granada. Of 2700 Horse, 800 were killed, and among them 3 Brothers of the Marquess of Cadiz, James, Lope and Bertran, besides others of his Relations. Near twice as many were taken, and of them 400 of the best Gentry in Spain. Some few with the Master of Santiago escaped over the desert part of the Mountain, and got to Antequera. Others as chance led them, made their way to other Places. This Misfortune hapned upon the 21th of March, being the Feast of St. Benedict, usually a day of Joy in Spain, but now converted into Sorrow. Abohardil Brother to King Albohacen, and Governor of Malaga, who Commanded the Moores, gained great Reputation by this extraordinary Success.
CHAP. III. The Moores defeated, and Boabdil their King taken, and afterwards released; The Af∣faires of Navarre; Pope Sixtus dies, Innocent the Eighth succeeds him; Marquess del Gasto, and Pescara, from whom Descended.
THE Sorrow conceived by The Christians for their loss, was soon allayed, by a greater Defeat they gave the Moores. Albohazen and Boabdil the Two Moorish Kings did one another all the harm they could, yet at the same time both endeavoured to gain the Affecti∣on of their People, destroying the Christians. To this purpose Boabdil having gathered a good Body entred the Territory of Ecija, designing to surprize Lucena a Town more large and rich, than strong. Alatar his Father in Law, who from a mean Condition, rose by his Valour to that Honour, gave this Advice. James Fernandez de Cordova who was Lord of that Town, and some others thereabouts, understanding the design of the Moores, gave advice of the danger he was in to his Unckle, the Earl of Cabra. But few Horse remained in those parts, by reason of the late slaughter, and the Inhabitants of Lucena were in a Consternation because their Walls were not Strong to make resistance. The Moores came before the Town on the 21th of April. The Governour coveyed the Townsmen into the upper Town, and gave the guard of the lower, to 200 Horse and 800 Foot he had got together. They de∣fended it so bravely that the Enemy dispairing of Success, and in a rage for some Men they lost in the Attack, vented their Fury upon the Olive Gardens. Besides, Hamet Abencerrage wasted the Lands of Mon̄tilla with 300 Horse. He was samiliarly acquainted with James de Cordova, the Family of the Abencerrages having resided at Cordova, when they were Banished out of Granada. Upon account of this acquaintance, he had an interview with James de Cor∣dova designing to circumvent him. His fraud was disappointed by another policy. The Governor seemed inclinable to surrender the Town, and by that means gained time till the Count de Cabra could come to his Relief. Upon the news of his approach, the Enemy raised the Siege, and began to March off with the Booty which was very great. The besieged Sallyed and Charged their Rear to keep them in Play till the Earl of Cabra came up. It will scarce be believed, that tho' the Moores were Ten times the number of the Christians, they did not stand the first shock. A League and a half from Lucena, and in the Way to Loxa, is a pleasant Brook, which then with the Summer Rains was swelled. The Enemies Foot having passed this. Brook, began to fly, only taking care to drive the Booty. Their Horse tho' in a Consternation made a stand, the King himself, striving to encourage them. All proved ineffectual, for the Christians advancing, they were Charged in Flank by D. Alonso de Aguilar, who came from Antequera with 40 Horse, and some few Foot. The Enemy suddenly gave way and fled. The King alighted off from a white Horse, and endeavoured to hide himself among the Trees and Bushes on the Banks of the River. Three Foot Soldi∣ers found him, and he discovered himself for fear of being killed. He was secured and sent to Lucena. In the pursuit which lasted till Night, above 1000 Horse were killed, and among them Alatar being 90 Years of Age, about 4000 Foot were either slain or taken. All the Booty was recovered. Having received the news of this Victory, Queen Elizabeth went a∣way to the Borders of Navarre, to hasten the Marriage betwixt her Son and that Queen. And King Ferdinand hasted to Andaluzia to prosecute the War. Being come to Cordova, it was resolved to raise greater Forces, because after the taking of Boabdil, the Moores were again united under Albohacen, and he had recovered Granada, notwithstanding many of the Citi∣zens hated him for his Cruelty and Avarice. King Ferdinand at the head of 6000 Horse, and 40000 Foot destroyed the Suburbs of Yiora, and having taken Tajara by Assault, utterly de∣stroyed it. Thence he Marched, and Encamping on the plain of Granada, sent out Parties, who burnt and destroyed all about them. King Albohacen having no confidence in the Citi∣zens, durst not venture out of the City, and onely some small Parties came out to endeavour to pick up Staglers. That King sent to offer the Earl of Cifuentes and Nine more of the principal Prisoners he had taken for his Son Boabdil. He also proposed Conditions of Peace but such as were haughty and violent. King Ferdinand answered, he was not come to receive, but to give Laws, and would not hear of any Peace till they laid down their Arms. The Marquess of Cadiz and others, ceased not to perswade the King to release Boab∣dil, because it was a mean to keep the Enemy divided, which would redound to our ad∣vantage. King Ferdinand having wasted the Country and lest a good Garrison in Albama under the Command of Ynigo Lopez de Mendoca Earl of Tendilla, returned to Cordova. Thi∣ther the Moorish King was brought Prisoner from the Castle of Porcuna. Being come before the King he offered to kiss his Hand, but King Ferdinand Embraced and Entertained him courteously. After some time they concluded a League upon these Conditions. That Bo∣abdil should give his Eldest Son and 12 other Sons of the principal Moores as Hostages, that he would always continue faithful to King Ferdinand. That he should pay the yearly Tribute of 12000 Ducats and come to the Cortes when Summoned. That in Five years time he should Release 400 Christian Slaves. Upon these terms he was dismissed. King Ferdinand having Garrisoned all Towns thereabouts, and given the Government of Ezija, and general
Command of those Frontiers to D. Luis Fernandez Portocarrero, set out towards the Queen. At the same time 1500 Moorish Horse and 4000 Foot under the Command of Bexir Gover∣nor of Malaga broke into the Territory of Utrera, but were overthrown by Portocarrero and the Marquess of Cadiz near Guadalete. In memory of this good Service, it was granted to the Marquesses of Cadiz for ever, that they should have the Suit of Cloaths the King of Spain wore upon every Feast of the Nativity of our Blessed Lady, which is in September. Within the same Month the Marquess recovered Zahara by surprize. King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth went to Vitoria, tho' with small hopes that the Marriage designed would take effect. The Lady Magdalen pleaded the Queen her Daughter was Marriageable, and the Prince but a Child. At Vitoria the Earl of Cabra and James Fernandez de Cordova were received with extraordinary Honour, the Cardinal of Toledo with all the Nobility by the King's Order, going out of Town to meet them. A Pension of 100000 Maravedies was given to the Earl of Cabra for his Life, and to his paternal Coat of Arms was added a Kings Head Crowned, within an Orle of 7 Colours, betokening that number taken from the Enemy in their Retreat from Lucena. The Winter Floods carryed away a great part of the Wall of Alhama, and the Garrison was for abandoning the Place, but the Earl of Tendilla caused a Cloth painted in such man∣ner that the defect could not be perceived, to be spread along that part. By this project they gained time to repair the Damage before the Enemy understood the Cheat. For want of Money to pay the Garrison, he gave them Pastboard Tickets with his name on the one Side, and the value they were to go for on the other, promising to make them good as soon as the danger was over. On the 15th of November, the Pope gave a Cardinal's Cap to D. John de Melguerite Bishop of Girona. He wrote a brief History of the Kings of Spain, called Paralipomena, but enjoyed that Dignity only a few Months. His Body lies at Rome in the Church of our Lady de Populo.
The troubles in Navarre did not cease, and the old Factions grew strong through the ge∣neral Contempt of the Government. To add to all former Misfortunes, a new War broke out. John Viscount Narbonne Unckle to Queen Catherine, pretended to have Right to that Kingdom before his Nephews, and alledged that a Woman could not Inherit the Crown. The truth is, he had no Right, and therefore by force of Arms brought all the Earldom of Faux into Subjection. To put an end to these troubles, it was thought convenient to hasten the Queen's Marriage. The Lady Magdalen her Mother was for Marrying of her in France. The People pleaded she ought not to Marry without advice of the Cortes, and thereupon the Inhabitants of Tudela protested, if she were disposed of otherwise, they would deliver up the Town to King Ferdinand. He at the beginning of the Year 1484 held the Cortes of Aragon at Taraçona, where nothing remarkable was done, only at first the Catalonians plead∣ed they ought not to be summoned out of their own Province, yet at last they submitted. Mean while, Catherine Queen of Navarre was married to John d' Albret, Lord of Perigeux, Limoges, Dreux and many other Places. This Match produced new troubles in Navarre, King Ferdinand designing to make his advantage of those Confusions, stayed there himself, and sent his Queen to provide for the War in Andaluzia. Alboha••en kept up his Authority, and his Son Boahdil had much ado to maintain the Title of King in the City Almeria, that People hating him as a Friend to the Christians, their Preachers employed by his Father never oeasing to rail at him. About 10000 Men from Sevil and Cordova in April wasted all the Lands of Malaga. No relief came to the Moores out of Africk, either because that People was ingaged in other Wars, or because our Fleet Commanding the Sea, gave them no op∣portunity to stir. All our Force being on that side, the Genoeses under the Command of Jordieto Doria ravaged all the coasts of Catalonia, and Valencia. A Fleet was therefore rigged upon that Coast, to Curb the Insolency of those Pyrates. Some troubles in Ecclesiastical Af∣fairs required the presence of King Ferdinand to settle them. Luis Despuch Master of Montesa dying, the Knights chose D. Philip Boyl in his Place, but King Ferdinand pleading that by vir∣tue of a Bull granted him by the Pope, no Master of a Military Order could be Elected without his Consent, the new Elect was Deposed; and Charles late Duke of Viana chosen in his stead. Also Pope Sixtus gave the Archbishoprick of Sevil to Cardinal Roderick Borgia, but the King opposed him, and it was given to James de Mendoça then Bishop of Palencia. Thus the Kings of Spain began to claim the Right of nominating their Bishops. The Nea∣politans and Venetians were now at War about Hercules Duke of Ferrara, whom the former Protected because he was Married to their King's Daughter. On the 12th of August died Pope Sixtus. His Successor was Cardinal John Baptista Cibo, who took the Name of Inno∣cent the 8th. At the same time died In̄igo Davalos, Son to the Constable Ruy Lopez Dava∣los. He was in high favour with the Kings of Naples, and left several Children of whom some Princes in Italy are descended, and particularly the famous Ferdinand, Marquess of Pescara, who filled not only Italy, but all the World with the same of his Exploits. Inigo Davalo was Father to D. Alonso, Marquess del Gasto, who was also renowned for his Valour, and his Cousin dying without Children, he Inherited his Estate, which he left to his Heirs, upon Condition one of them should be called Marquess de Pescara, and the next Marquess del Gasto alternatively, as is practised till this day.
CHAP. IV. Alora and other Places taken from the Moores; Albohardil usurps the Crown of Gra∣nada, and defeats the Earl of Cabra; The Rebellion in Naples; Birth of the Princess Catherine of Castile, afterwards Wife to Henry VIII. King of England.
IN Andaluzia our Forces never ceas'd to harass the Enemies Country. At Cordoua a Coun∣cil was held to agree about undertaking some Enterprize, and tho the Master of Santiago was of another Opinion, the Marquess of Cadiz his Advice prevailed, which was to attack Alora, a Town almost in the mid-way between Antequera and Malaga. It is stronger by Nature than any addition of Art. The Army was ready to march when King Ferdinand came and approved of the Enterprize. The better to amuze the Enemy, he gave out he was going to put new Forces into Alhama, but being come to Antequera turned short, and set down before Alora unexpected. Our Cannon soon beat down part of the Walls, which so terrified the Moores, that they surrendred on the 21th of June, upon Condition to carry their Goods with them. We lost not one Man in this Siege. Several other Places were at∣tacked, and at one called Caçarabonela, where there was a Skirmish with a Body of the Enemy, D. Gutierre de Sotomayor, Earl of Benalcaçar, being too eager, was killed in the prime of his Age. After this 300 Knights of Calatrava were put into Alhama, under the Command of Garzi Lopez de Padilla, chosen Master of that Order, in the place of Roderick Tellez Giron, de∣ceased. The King marched on, and incamped in sight of Granada. His Army consisted of 6000 Horse, and scarce 10000 Foot. In the City there were reported to be 70000 Comba∣tants, a number scarce to be believed. However King Ferdinand ravaged all that place, and having spent 50 days in this Expedition, returned with his Army entire, and loaded with Plunder to the Christian Territories. The Command of Alora he gave to Luis Fernandez Por∣tocarrero. D. Alvaro de Mendoça, Earl of Castro, was made Admiral, that he being a Man of singular Conduct, might hinder any Succours from passing out of Africk. After the heat of the Summer was over the Christians again took the Field. They battered a Castle near Ma∣laga called Septenil, which the Besieged, terrified with the Cannon, surrendred, being payed for the Provisions they left behind them. Thence our Army marched towards Ronda, a strong and almost inaccessible City, being seated betwixt craggy Mountains, the greatest part of it encompassed by a River, the rest covered with Rocks. The Inhabitants of this place were Resolute and Warlike, and well provided with all Necessaries for their Defence. Our Forces being come in sight of the Walls, destroyed all the Orchards and Olive-Trees there∣abouts, but Money growing short to pay the Soldiers, they made but a short stay there. The Army being put into Winter-quarters, the King and Queen went away to Sevil, and came to that City upon the 2d of October. In the month of January, 1485, the King took the Field, thinking to surprize the City Loxa, but desisted by reason of the Rains and bad Wea∣ther, as also because a Soldier of Note, called John de Ortega, said, that design was impracti∣cable. The Nobility came in daily with their Troops, so that in a little time the Army amount∣ed to 9000 Horse, and 20000 Foot. With this Force it was decreed to prosecute the War. At the same time the Citizens of Almeria, as if their King Boabdil were the Cause of all their Misfortunes, assaulted his Palace, killed his Brother, and secured his Mother, who had been the chief Incendiary betwixt the Father and Son. King Boabdil himself being then out of the Town, as soon as he received the News of that Misfortune, fled with a few Followers to Cor∣doua. The Inhabitants of Ronda, whose numbers were much decreased, were in a great Con∣sternation. A Moore called Joseph Xerife, gave notice of it to the Marquess of Cadiz, and it was decreed to undertake that Enterprize. First they attacked a Town called Cohine near Alora, which they took by Assault, and razed because it was too large to be defended. Ano∣ther Town called Cartama, of which all the Valley takes Name, was also taken. The Master of Santiago was made Governor of it at his own Request. This done they marched to Ma∣laga, where Albohardil, the Moorish King's Brother, resided, in whose Valour the Moores chiefly confided, for the Reputation he gained in the Slaughter of the Christians on the Moun∣tains of Malaga. Little was done there, and the Army returned the way it came to Ronda. The Forces were divided into 5 parts, that they might encompass the Town on all sides. The King with the greatest Body encamped before the Castle. All the Avenues were secured that no Succours might get into the Town, which was then much weakned, a great number of the Inhabitants being abroad upon Parties to plunder in Andalusia. For these Reasons, and because the Christians advanced their Works with great Industry, the Besieged surrendred upon Articles the 23d of May. Among the other Conditions it was agreed, that some of the Principal Inhabitants should have Revenues assigned them at Sevil, out of the Estates of Gonçalo Picon, and others condemned by the Inquisition. A good Garrison was put into that City. Several other Towns along the Mountain surrendred, the chief whereof were Caçarabonela, and Marbella, which lies near the Sea. The Moores were in a great Consternation, and had little help in their Kings, the one being fled, the other ancient, sickly, and almost blind. This moved them to choose for their King Muley Albohardil, who resided at Malaga, and was a Man of great Courage and Conduct. He immediately accepted of the Crown they offered
him, went away to Granada; and entred that City in Triumphant manner, being proud that he had killed 90 Christians by the way, who lay very secure upon Sierra Nevada. The Ci∣tizens with great Acclamations proclaimed him King. Albohazen at the beginning of this Mutiny went away to Almun̄ecar, where his Treasure lay. There his cruel Brother caused him to be Murdered, only to secure himself in the Throne he had usurped.
King Ferdinand, tho many were of Opinion the Soldiers who were harassed with the late Expeditions ought to rest, commanded the Army to Rendezvous at Alcala Real, because that Town was upon the Frontiers, and went himself thither from Cordcua upon the first of Sep∣tember, notwithstanding the Heat was excessive, that part of the Country being naturally hotter than the rest of Spain. The Earl of Cabra desiring to signalize himself, begged he might first enter the Moorish Territories, as he did with 700 Horse and 3000 Foot. He was ordered to take with him Martin Alonso de Montemayor, and to sit down before Moclin, a strong Town near Granada, the King promising to back them with the whole Army. The Earl marched day and night to surprize the new King Albohardil, who he understood was quartered near that place with 1500 Horse, and a greater number of Foot. This Design being dis∣covered to the Moore, he removed to a Hill, and at break of day fell upon the Christians in certain Defiles with such fury, that the best Soldiers were killed, and most of the Foot. The Earl lost his Brother Gonçalo, and he with a few Horse fled towards the way where he ex∣pected to meet Garzi Lopez de Padilla, Master of Calatrava, who followed those that had ad∣vanced before. This Loss so troubled King Ferdinand, that he retired for some time. On the Frontier near Jaen, are two Towns and Castles called Cambil, and Albahar. The River Frio runs betwixt them, and tho small, is difficult to be waded, because of its high Banks. Both these Places were besieged, Albahar is beyond the River, and near it is a Hill that commands it, on which the King, tho with much labour, caused the Cannon to be planted. This so terrified the Moores, that they surrendred both Towns and Castles on the 23d of September, being the very day on which they were lost 120 years before. After this the King put the Army into Winter Quarters, and went himself with the Queen to Alcala de Henares. Dur∣ing this Expedition died D. Alonso de Aragon, Duke de Villahermosa, the King's Brother, a brave Commander. His Body was deposited at Baeça, and thence translated to Poplete, the burial-place of his Ancestors. Of him are descended the Dukes of Villahermosa, and Earls of Ribagorça. In Toledo the Inquisition severely punished those who renouncing the Christian Faith became Jews. A great number of those People who were reconciled, and implored Mercy, was pardoned. They are now called De la Gracia, that is, the People of Grace. The Nobility of Naples had now raised a Bloody War against their King Ferdinand, upon the usual Pretences. Pope Innocent favoured them, but it was rather in Words than Effect, for he was ancient, and otherwise employed. The chief of the Conspirators were the Princes of Sa∣lerno, Basigniano, and Altamura, as also the Marquess del Gasto. It was reported that Frederick, the King's Son, under-hand supported the Rebels, but this could never be proved. The Wicked Life of Alonso, Duke of Calabria, the King's Eldest Son, was one great Motive of this Revolt. The King resolved to reduce the Rebels rather by Policy than Force, and there∣fore gave his General Pardon to all the Mutiniers. King Ferdinand of Spain also sent the Earl of Tendilla his Ambassador, to ingage to those Noblemen for their safety, provided they laid down their Arms. But the King of Naples, as soon as the Storm was over, made no account of those Promises, and at several times, as occasion served, seized the Heads of the Rebellion, and put them all to death. King Ferdinand of Castile ceased not to protest against those Proceed∣ings, but he of Naples ceased not to proceed in cutting off his Enemies, which proved fatal to him at last, as we shall see in its place. Let us turn back. On the 16th of December Queen Elizabeth at Aloala de Henares, was delivered of a Daughter, called Catherine, well known in the World as Wife to two Brothers, Sons to the King of England, and for her great Sufferings caused by the inordinate Lust and infidelity of her Husband, which also drew great Calamities upon the whole English Nation. Their Sins and Rebellion drew Judgments upon them. Richard III. having murdered his Two Nephews, Edward and Richard, the rightful Heirs of the Crown, usurped the Kingdom. He Govern'd like a Tyrant, and ended accordingly. Henry Earl of Richmond, who had been a Prisoner in Britany, having obtained his Liberty, overthrew the Tyrant in Battle, and killed him. By that means he secured the Crown to himself. This Henry had a Son called Henry like himself, who was the Eighth of that Name King of England, and famous for his Incontinency, for putting away Catherine his Wife, and for disowning the Supremacy of the Pope, besides many other Crimes which have left an in∣delible stain upon his Name.
CHAP. V. The Tumults in Aragon, and Catalonia; Several Towns taken from the Moores; A Sedition in Galicia; King Albohardil attacks the Castle call'd Albaizin in Granada, and is repulsed; Azamor on the Coast of Africk delivered to the Portugueses.
SOme small Tumults hapned in Aragon, but those in Catalonia were more dangerous, yet the Prudence of King Ferdinand overcame them all. The City Zaragoça is seated in a Plain on the Banks of the River Ebro, and is in Beauty, Riches, and number of Inhabitants, almost equal to the best in Spain. This Place has often Mutinied in defence of its Priviledges, as it hapned at this time. John de Burgos, the King's Alguazil, gave some ill Language to Peter Cerdan, the Chief of the Aldermen, and Head of their Counsel. Others coming in apprehended the Alguazil, Tried, Condemned, and Hanged him, which was a great Affront to the King. He was then upon the point of entring upon the Kingdom of Granada with his Army, and therefore sent Orders to John Hernandez de Heredia, supream Governor of that Kingdom, to punish all that had a Hand in that Affair with the utmost rigor, and at the same time told the Deputies sent by the City, that no harm should be done; for he was ex∣pert in Dissembling. The Head of the Aldermen could not be apprehended, because the Chief Justice of Aragon protected him, but Martin Pertusa, who was the next, and had been very active in the Business of the Alguazil, was suddenly Executed, the King's Letters being carried before him upon a Spear to awe the People, who were ready to Rescue him. This struck a Terror into the others, and so the Sedition was appeased. Soon after another Tu∣mult hapned upon account of a more Hainous Crime than the last. Peter Arbuc was Inquisi∣tor in that City, and punished Offenders according to their Crimes. Certain wicked Mur∣derers, under colour of standing up for their Liberties, attempted to Murder him in his Bed, but not being able to force the Iron Bars of his Window, they Stabbed him in the Church before the High Altar, as he was at Mattins, on the 14th of September. He died not till the night following, which time he spent in Singing Praises to Almighty God. His Body was buried in the same place where they Murdered him, and soon after a Lamp was hung over his Grave, an Honour never allowed to any but Canonized Saints Charles V. the Emperor, obtained of Pope Paul III. that his Feast might be Celebrated on the 15th of September, as is duely now observed. All his Murderers died unfortunately within a year. After this, for the safety of the Inquisitors, they were lodged in the Castle called Del Aljaferia. This in Aragon. In Catalonia, and particularly the Territory of Ampurias, those Vassals who are vulgarly called Pageses, were oppressed by their Landlords, and Treated like Slaves. Those Lords obliged them to pay the heavy Impositions laid on them by the Moores, pleading Prescription to justifie this Proceeding. The Histories of Catalonia do not mention what Impositions these were, they only say they were very heavy, and that none was exempt from them but such as Ran∣somed themselves like Slaves. This moved the People often to take up Arms to deliver them∣selves from that Tyranny, but the Efforts of the Multitude for the most part are weak. They had recourse to their Kings for Redress, and several of them ordered those Impositions to be moderated, yet the Nobility would not part with any thing of what had been left them by their Ancestors. King Ferdinand at last, with his usual. Success, and good Conduct, put an end to all those Debates. From Alcala de Henarez the King and Queen went to Segovia, and thence to Medina del Campo. By the way they visited D. Garzia de Toledo, created by the King Duke of Alva, who now lived retired by reason of his great Age, having left his Son Frede∣rick to serve in his place. This the King did not only to Honour him, but to Reconcile him to the Constable Peter Fernandez de Velasco, to whom with D. Alonso de Fonseca, Archbishop of Sevil, he intended to leave the Government of Castile, whilst he prosecuted the War in Granada. In order to it he went to Guadalupe, where on the 28th of April he decided the Affair of the Pageses, ordaining, that in lieu of the old Imposition every one of those Vassals should pay to his Lord 70 Sueldos, or Shillings of Barcelona yearly, which tho a heavy Burden, was joyfully accepted by those People, and the more for that they were allowed to buy it off at 20 years purchase. Thus after long Disputes that part of Spain was pacified. In Portugal all was quiet since the death of those Nobles we have spoken of, and the King laboured to make his Kingdom renowned. Azamor, a City in Mauritania Tingitana on the Ocean, ha∣ving formerly been Tributary to the King of Portugal, now took an Oath of Fidelity to him, and in acknowledgment of subjection obliged it self to give yearly 10000 Alosas, which is a sort of Fish that abounds there. It was a greater Honour to that Nation and its Princes, that they had not only formerly maintained their Liberty, and Erected a Kingdom to which they had no good Title, but did now subdue remote Cities and Provinces to their great glory and advantage.
The Kingdom of the Moores decayed apace: Civil Discord consumed them no less than the Enemy abroad. In the City of Granada, Boabdil being called in by his Party, possessed him∣self of a Castle called Albaycin, and the Citizens sought and killed one another in the Streets. Yet they joined to oppose the Christians, and the danger being over to War among them∣selves again. An Alsaqui, which is in the Nature of a Priest, esteemed a Holy Man, went
about the Streets proclaiming their Madness, and threatning speedy ruin unless they grew wiser in time. His Words moved the People, and therefore through his Mediation, and of others of his Profession, the Two Kings came to an Agreement upon these Terms. That the Uncle should still keep Granada, Almeria, and Malaga; all the rest should belong to his Nephew Boabdil, who, I guess, resided in the Albaycin before-mentioned, tho our Historians do not mention it. Their chief design was, that Boabdil should have all those Places which they imagined the Christians would first attack, because he was in League with King Ferdinand. The Christians were not ignorant of their Policy, therefore having assembled their Forces they resolved to attempt Loxa. Boabdil advanced with 500 Horse to stop the passage of our Men, who were to march through uncouth and difficult ways. Nevertheless they came to the Suburbs of the City, where they had a Skirmish with the Moores whom they forced back into the Walls. The Army was divided into 3 parts, the better to compass the Town, and the Bridge that led to it broken down. But the Christians built two others, to secure the Commu∣nication for themselves. A breach being made by the Cannon, and all things in readiness to assault it, the City surrendred the 9th day of the Siege, capitulating for liberty to depart with as much of their Goods as they could carry. Boabdil coming to the Camp, fell down on his Knees, protesting it was against his Will he had broke his Faith, and that he was forced to it. His Excuses were allowed, and he pardoned, because it was convenient to wink at his Faults, to keep up the Division that was among the Moores. King Ferdinand fortified the City, and gave the Command of it to Alvaro de Luna, Lord of Fuentiduen̄a, and Grandson to the Constable D. Alvaro de Luna. This done he marched to reduce other Places. Some few made resistance, but in vain, the most surrendred. Among others Illora was taken on the 28th of June, and after it Ban̄os, Zagra, and Moclin. Some of these Places were very strong, and might have held out long, being near Granada, whence they could be relieved. The Com∣mand of Illora was given to Gonçalo Fernandez de Cordova, afterwards the famous General in Italy. The Citizens of Granada used to call Illora the Right Eye, and Moclin the Buckler of that City, for which reason they began to despair of maintaining themselves, besides that the Christians destroyed all the Country about them. Nevertheless Albohardil sent part of his Horse to the Bridge called De los Pinos, a Place well known for the Slaughter of our Men made there formerly. These were to hinder the Christians passing the River Xenil. He him∣self stayed in the City to prevent Disorders. The Moores could not hinder the Christians pas∣sing the River, but charged the Left Squadron that passed, which was commanded by D. In̄igo de Mendoça Duke del Infant ado. Our Men were hard put to it, being beset by 1000 Horse and 10000 Foot, but the other Forces coming to their Rescue the Moores retired. Still our Men pursued close upon their Rear, and the Fight was renewed in the Olive Gardens of the City. D. John de Aragon, Earl of Ribagorça, signalized himself in this Ingagement, and had his Horse killed under him. King Ferdinand, the Summer being near spent, Garrisoned the Towns he had taken, and left D. Frederick, Son to the Duke of Alva, to Command on the Frontiers, by that means ending the Competition betwixt the Nobility of Andaluzia about that Post. At this time Galicia was in an uproar, because the Earl of Lemos had possessed himself of Pon∣ferrada, a very strong Town, and turned out the King's Garrison. The Earl upon his sub∣mission was pardoned, only that Town with some others were taken from him, and annexed to the Crown. The King and Queen having performed their Devotions at Santiago, returned to Salamanca, at the beginning of the year 1487. Here they resolved to erect a new supream Court in Galicia, to curb that Mutinous People. Frederick, Son to the Duke of Alva, was ambitious of signalizing himself. A great number of Christian Captives that were kept in the Dungeons of Malaga gave intelligence, that if the Christians attempted the Town, they would break Prison, and let them into the Town. Six hundred Horse sent by him to this pur∣pose were disappointed, because the Rivers were swelled and impassable. In the City Gra∣nada the Animosities ran as high as ever betwixt the Two Moorish Kings, insomuch that Albo∣hardil having brought Forces from Guadix and Baça, attacked the Castle of Albaicin and en∣tred it. Boabdil coming on with his Guard, soon repulsed his Enemy. They fought despe∣rately in the place before the great Mosque, and many were killed on both sides. King Ferdi∣nand came from Salamanca to Cordova on the 2d of March. Thence, understanding the dan∣ger that King his Confederate was in, he sent him Succours under the Command of Ferdinand Alvarez de Gadea, Commander of Colomera. With this Supply he gained much upon his Ad∣versary, to the great destruction of the Citizens, who like Mad men ran to their Ruin, siding with the Two Kings.
CHAP. VI. King Ferdinand takes Malaga and other Places from the Moores; Albohardil King of Granada having been defeated by the Christians, is expell'd by his Subjects, and Boab∣dil proclaimed King; Mighty Discoveries made by the Portugueses in the East.
IT was debated at Cordova how to carry on the War. Some were for besieging Baça, o∣thers Gu••dix. The King resolved to attempt Malaga, because it lay opportunely for the Moores to receive Succours out of Africk, the passage there being but short. He set out of Cordova on the 7th of April, without communicating his Design to any Body. His Army consisted of 12000 Horse and 40000 Foot. Being come upon the Moorish Territories he dis∣covered his Design, and encouraged his Men to undertake that great and glorious Work, assuring them it would be the Ruin of the Infidels Dominion in Spain. The King's Will being known, all the Soldiers readily promised to undergo any labour or danger, shewing their rea∣diness to follow wheresoever he would lead. In their March the Army attacked Velez, a Town near Malaga. The Garrison sallying, fell upon the Troops of Galicia, which, tho couragious enough, not being well Disciplined, were worsted, till other Forces coming up, the Enemy were drove within the Walls. The Suburbs being taken, the Artillery was planted to batter the Town. All the Country about rose to succour the Besieged, but to no purpose. Albohardil understanding the Design of the Christians, resolved to relieve that City, on which his whole Kingdom depended. To this purpose he sent before Reduan Venegas, Governor of Granada, a brave Soldier, with some Foot, and 300 Horse, promising to follow them very speedily. Reduan designed to surprize our Guards, and nail the Cannon. His Design failed. The Moorish King came, and incamped on a Ground difficult of access near the Town. In his Army were 20000 Horse, and a like number of Foot. Tho weaker than the Christians he thought the advantage of Ground might secure him; it availed him not, for the Christians charged him, forced his Works, and plundered his Baggage. Their Consternation was such that all fled, and what was worst, the poor King being overthrown and forsaken, the People of Granada at his return shut the Gates against him. This done, they all unanimously pro∣claimed his Competitor Boabdil. No hopes of Relief being left, Velez was surrendred on the 27th of April, upon Condition the Inhabitants might depart whither they pleased, carrying their Goods with them. Immediately upon the surrender of Velez, another Town near it called Bentome opened its Gates, and received a Garrison. The Government of this Town was given to Peter Navarro, who being by Birth a Mean Person, and but a Private Sailer, became a most famous Captain. The People of Malaga despairing that they should be able to hold out long, Abenconnixa their Governor, with the assistance of John de Robles, who had been long a Slave in Malaga, came to the Army to Treat of a Surrender. Certain Soldiers of Barbary who were in Garrison there, having notice of this Design, fearing left they should be delivered up to the Enemy, and in a rage because they had not been consulted in that Affair, possessed themselves of the Castle that commands the City, called Alcaçava, turned out the Garrison that was in it, and killed a Brother of Abenconnixa. Then placing Guards on the Walls, and shutting the Gates, they put any of the Townsmen to death that were suspected of holding Correspondence with the Christians. The thoughts of a Surrender fail∣ing, the King caused heavy Cannon to be brought from Antequera, and incamped on the 15th of May before Malaga. The City is seated on a Plain, but on a rising Ground are two Castles, the lowest called Alcaçava, the highest Gebalfaro. It is small in compass, but beau∣tiful, and well Peopled. It is also a Seaport Town, and towards the Land is encompassed with Mountains, on which are many Orchards and Country-Houses. Between the two Castles runs a Line of Communication. The Country is pleasant and fruitful, and was then rich by reason of the Trade of Africk, and the East. In the King's Army was most of the Nobility of Andaluzia and Castile, and many Aragonians. It was resolved to draw a Trench round the City, to terminate at the Sea on both sides, and to keep a Force on the Hill on which the lesser Fort stands. The Marquess of Cadiz commanded on the Hill. The Queen came to the Siege, and with her the Cardinal of Spain, and Bishop of Avila. Many Skirmishes hapned before the Trenches were finished, in one of which John de Ortega, who had done great Service this War, was killed. On the 29th of May 3000 Moores sallied, and attacked the Marquess of Cadiz his Quarters, killing the Out-guards, and entring his Works. The Marquess nothing daunted, having drawn up his Men, charged the Enemy. Many were killed on both sides, and the Marquess wounded, but at last the Infidels were obliged to re∣tire. Some in the Town believing themselves lost, resolved to kill the King. Among these, one who was accounted a Holy Man, to compass his Design; suffered himself to be taken. He desired to be carried before the King, who at that time, as God ordered it, was taking his rest, therefore the Queen commanded him to be carried before the Marquess of Moya. The Moor, by the Riches he saw in the Tent, guess'd it to be the King's, and drawing a Cimiter, which through oversight had not been taken from him, made at D. Alvaro de Portugall, who was accidentally talking with the Lady Marchioness. He bowing his Body, escaped the Blow, and the Moore was killed by those that came in to rescue D. Alvaro. Thus through God's
Mercy that danger was diverted. The Army was increased by the arrival of the Duke of Medina Sidonia. Maximilian Duke of Austria, who was afterwards Emperor, sent two Ships from Flanders laden with all manner of Warlike Stores, under the Command of D. Ladron de Guevara. The number of the Besieged also increased, for that some got into the City through the Works next the Sea. Hunger pinched, and yet the Barbary Soldiers would hear of no Capitulation. The Citizens were for surrendring. One of them called Dordux, a Man of great Note, went out to Capitulate. The King said, there were no Conditions to be al∣lowed, but they must surrender upon Discretion. This was in publick, but under-hand he promised Dordux, that if he managed that Business well, he and all his Kindred should not only be set free, but well Rewarded. The Moore undertook to do it, and accordingly admitted the Christians into the Castle, and set up their Colours on the highest Tower. This terrified both the Citizens and Barbary Soldiers, yet at the same time they hoped the Capitulation made by Dordux would extend to them all. For this reason they packed up their Goods to depart, but they were deceived, for their Goods and Liberty were taken from them. The same hapned to the Soldiers who drew out near the Sea to march away. All the Africans, with their Com∣mander Zegri, were made Prisoners. Many Christians who had fled to the Moores were put to death. The Jews who after being Baptized, had relapsed, were burnt. All the other Jews and Moores, who were Natives of the City, were allowed to Ransom themselves at an easie rate. This Noble City was taken on the 18th of August, for which there was General Rejoycing and Thanksgiving throughout all Spain. It appeared, that in the time of the Goths it had been a Bishoprick, and therefore the Pope granted his Bull to restore that Dignity. The general Joy for this Success was somewhat abated by the News that Bajazet, the Great Turk, provided a mighty Fleet to invade Sicily, by that means to divert the Spaniards from the Conquest of Granada.
Whilst the Moores were running to ruin, the Portugueses sending out Fleets every year, o∣pened themselves a way to the Eastern Countreys. A mighty Undertaking, first commenced, as has been said, by Prince Henry, who first caused the Coast of Africk, along the Ocean, to be discovered. This Work was continued several years after without intermission. But the Profit in those Discoveries not answering the Trouble and Cost, they designed to pass on∣ward to the rich Provinces of India, to bring home to their Country the Riches of those Parts, which Heaven had so largely bestowed upon those People, as all sorts of Spice, Precious Stones, Pearls, Gold, Silver, Ivory, and many other Things which the insatiable Pride of Man rather than Necessity has caused to be highly valued. Things strange and at that great distance are never truly represented, but highly magnified. It was reported there were Woods of great tall Trees, of Cinnamon, Cassiafistula, and Cloves, great store of Pepper and Gin∣ger, Beasts of extraordinary Shapes, and Men of strange Customs and Countenances. The Wiser sort thought it a great Madness for a Kingdom so small, and of so little strength as Portugal, to seek out those Nations, seated in respect to them, in the utmost bounds of the Earth, and parted from them by such a vast Ocean. But all Difficulties yielded to Avarice and Ambition. To this purpose the King of Portugal some years since sent Bartholomew Diaz, an able Pilot, to the Cape of Good Hope, which is the utmost point of Africk to the South, and beyond the Equinoctial. He passed that Cape, and came to a River which he called Del Infante. With Bartholomew Diaz went F. Antony of the Order of S. Francis, who was an Active and Bold Man. He having viewed a great part of Africk and Assia, travelling from that place came at last to Hierusalem. Lastly, he returning by Land, and Bartholomew Diaz by Sea, gave an Account to the King of what they had discovered. This encouraged the Portu∣gueses to proceed in so great an Undertaking. For the better carrying on of their Design, they chose two Men of Courage and Experience, and that were great Masters of the Ara∣bick Language, to proceed in this Discovery, one of them was Peter Covillam, and the other Alonso de Payva. To save the vast Charge of a Fleet they were sent by Land to discover the inferior Parts of Africk and Asia, each of them taking one of those Parts of the World for his Province. With these Instructions they set out of Lisbon on the 15th of May, took Naples and Rome in their way, thence passed to Hierusalem, then to Alexandria, and so to Grand Caire, the principal City of Egypt. Here they parted, Peter Cavillam for Ormuz, an Island at the mouth of the Persian Gulph, and thence to Calicut. Alonso de Payva undertook to exa∣mine the Inland of Ethiopia, where he died. For this Reason, and because he received Letters from the King, ordering him not to return till he had surveyed all those Provinces, Peter Co∣villam went into Ethiopia. Alexander, Nau, and David, successively Emperors of Ethiopia, and vulgarly called Prester John, took an Affection to Covillam, and therefore would not suf∣fer him to return home, but gave him a Wife and Land to live upon. Since he could not re∣turn, he thence sent an Account to the King in Writing of all he had seen. He said Calicut was the Richest and most famous Place of Trade in all the East, the Inhabitants of a Sallow Complexion, not Warlike, and Extravagant in their manner of living: That they went Naked from the Waste upwards, wore much Gold and Silk, their Arms loaded with Pearls, a Cimiter hanging from their Shoulders. That one Woman Married several Husbands, for which reason no body Knowing the Father, the Nephews, being Sons of Sisters, Inherited. That in Ethiopia were many large Provinces of Blacks, that they all profess Christianity, but much corrupted with Jewish and Heretical Customs. That they were all subject to one power∣ful
CHAP. VII. Tumults in Aragon, the Cities Associate there; The War with the Moores renewed, and several Places taken from them, which they with the same facility recover; Maximi∣lian King of the Romans aimes to Marry the Princess Elizabeth of Castile
AFter the taking of Malaga, when King Ferdinand thought to have gone on in his Con∣quest, the troubles in Aragon oblged him to go thither, to put a stop to the Murders and Robberies committed there. At Valencia D. Philip de Aragon Master of the Order of Montesa killed John de Valterra, a noble Youth and his Rival, for both Courted the Lady Ellenor Marchioness of Cotron, and Daughter of Anthony Centellas, which occasioned great Tumults in that City. To obviate these harms, King Ferdinand set out from Cordova, and arrived at Zaragoça on the 19th of November. The manner of choosing Magistrates in that City was altered. The Council and Commons used before to have the Election of them, and now because that produced Disputes and Mutinies, they desired for the Future the No∣mination of them should be in the King. Besides the Towns associated after the manner of Castile, each engaging to contribute to the Maintenance of 150 Horse, who were to Travel about, and punish all Malefactors. It was Ordained that the King should have the choosing of the Captain of this Association, or Brotherhood, out of 3 Citizens of Zaragoça, named by the Council of that City. Laws were also Enacted to prevent their abusing the Power given them. This was concluded at the beginning of the Year 1488. At the same time came Leonard Tocco a Grecian, and of the Family of the Grecian Emperors (whom the Turks had drove out of his Dominions, and obliged to fly into Italy) Ambassador from the King of Naples, to conclude the Match before proposed betwixt the Grandson of that King, and the Princess Elizabeth, Daughter to King Ferdinand. This Affair took not Effect, because the King designed to Marry his Daughter to the King of France, or else to the Prince of Portugal, hoping that would be a secure Band of friendship with either of those Nations. Instead of her, he offered his other Daughter the Princess Mary. From Zaragoça the King and Queen went to Valencia, thither came to them Alan Father to John d' Albret, King of Navarre. He came to ask Succour against the King of France who had Conquered part of that Kingdom, and the Navarrois themselves who were in Rebellion, particularly the Biamonteses were posses∣sed of great part of Navarre, and kept the King out; notwithstanding, but three Years be∣fore all things had been agreed, and the Earl of Lerin with his whole Family and followers had been restored to their Possessions, and others given them that they might rest contented. It was also proposed that the King should Protect Francis Duke of Britany, whose Daughter Ann, many Princes sought to have to Wife, because he had no Heir Male. Charles the 8th, King of France made War on him on this account. Monsieur d' Albret and the Duke of Orleans favoured that Duke. Maximilian then King of the Romans was assaulted by the People of Bruges in Flanders, and kept Prisoner. All these things troubled the King because Maximi∣lian was a friend to Spain, and d' Albret who gave the Intelligence, his Confederate. In fine a League was concluded betwixt the King and Alan, against all Princes, except the King of France, whom it was not convenient for Alan or his Son to disoblige, because their Domi∣nions were either in his Power, or at least lay exposed to him, yet all this was Counterfeit, for the real design was to make use of the Forces of Spain against France. It was agreed a∣mong other things, that a Fleet should be fittedout on the Coast of Biscay, and Men raised to be sent to Britany, under the Command of Michael John de Gralla a Catalonian. All this Affair was Concluded and Signed on the 21th of March.
The Cortes of Valencia were opened in that City, and broke up at Origuela, to settle that Country, which done, King Ferdinand made hast through the Kingdom of Murcia, that bor∣ders on the Moorish Territories. Great preparations were made for carrying on the War, and subduing that Country where Albohardil with much difficulty supported the Title of a King, tho' still stronger than his Nephew, as being possessed of Guadix Almeria, and Baça, with all the Mountain Country of Granada, which was as far as the Sea, whence he gathered a greater Revenue because the Mountain was untouched, besides the great advantage made of the silken Manufacture which is the best of all Spain. The Natives hated Boabdil, looking upon him as a Coward and Friend to the Christians, and Albohardil had gained Reputation by taking a great Booty about Alcalà Real. John de Benavides who Commanded there, soon revenged this Loss, burning all the Territory of Almeria. The Warlike preparations were not carried on with that Vigour the King could have wished, because Andalvzia had suffered this Year and the last by the Plague. The King Ordered the Rendezvouz to be at Murcia, where he was resolving to Attack Vera, a Town upon the Sea-coast. No resistance was made, but it surrendred on the 10th of June. Muxacra, Velez el Blanco and Velez el Rubio
with several other Towns and Castles that were not well Fortified did the same. The King was desirous to lay Siege to Almeria, a City in that Neighbourhood. An impregnable Castle called Taberna stood in the way, and the old Moorish King came in Person with 1000 Horse, and 20000 Foot to put a Garrison into it, resolving to lie in the Woods and cut off our Parties, and avoid coming to a Battle, because his Men were raw and undisciplined. The Enemy refusing to Fight, our Forces had the more liberty to wast the Country. Most harm was done about Almeria and Baça, which is a fruitful Country because watered. The Chan∣nels that convey the Water were the occasion that many of our Men were cut off, and a∣mong them D. Philip de Aragon Master of the Order of Montesa, a forward and brave Youth. King Ferdinand, his Forces being weak, and he called away upon other Affairs, having Gar∣risoned the Frontiers, went away towards Castile. No sooner was he gone, but the Moorish King recovered all the Towns had been taken from him. Mean while the Inhabitants of Guasin a very strong Town near Ronda conspiring, put all the Garrison to the Sword. It was not long before they received the reward of that Action, for the neighbouring Moores to shew they had no hand in that Slaughter, and fearing least they should suffer for it, assembled and laid Siege to Guasin. The Marquess of Cadiz and Earl of Cifuentes came with Forces from Sevil to their Assistance, and having taken the Town, in Revenge either put all the Inhabi∣tants to the Sword, or sold them as Slaves. King Ferdinand came to Valladolid upon the 6th of September. There an opportunity was offered him of recovering the City Placencia, which the late Kings had Alienated, and given to the Family of Zun̄iga. D. Alvaro de Zuniga dy∣ing, a Grandson of his, whose Father was dead before, Inherited his Estate. James de Zu∣niga Unckle to the Heir pretended he had a better Right, as being Son to the deceased. The Kindred was divided between both. Thus the Family of the Caravajales seized the City, but could not make themselves Masters of the Castle which was well defended by the Garrison. King Ferdinand coming to appease that Sedition, seized all, D. Alvaro the new Duke sur∣rendring, and contenting himself with the Town of Bejar and its Dependancies in lieu of that City. This struck a Terror into all the Nobility, fearing they should be forced to re∣store to the King now grown strong, all they had extorted from his Predecessors in times of Consusion. New Tumults broke out in Aragon, upon account that the Nobility were for breaking off the Association not long since formed betwixt the Cities, as a thing that Curb∣ed them. They never gave over till some Years after; at the Cortes held at Barcelona, they obtained the Association should be dissolved for Ten Years. John de Fonseca and Alvaro Ar∣ronio were sent Ambassadors to Flanders, to procure the Liberty of Maximilian King of the Romans, imprisoned by the People of Bruges. They managed their business so well that he was Released and Reconciled to his Subjects. His first Wife the Lady Mary, to whom be∣longed the Dominion of Flanders being dead, he aspired to Marry the Princess Elizabeth of Castile. Her Father and Mother did not consent, because she was promised in Portugal, yet they offered one of that Princess's Sisters for Philip his Son and Heir. Frederick the Emperor, his Grandfather upon this design of Marrying him in Spain gave him the Title of Archduke of Austria, whereas before they were only called Dukes. The Fleet the Lord d' Albret was sitting out on the Coast of Biscay, contributed much towards the obtaining the Liberty of Maximilian, the People of Bruges being jealous it was designed against them. The Fleet Sailed to Britany, where the Duke of Orleans and his Confederates were overthrown by the King, the Duke and John Gralla who Commanded the Spaniards were made Prisoners, as shall be said hereafter.
All this tended towards subduing of the Kingdom of Naples, which some of the Banished Nobility offered to King Ferdinand, and others to the King of France, as the more Powerful and an Enemy to the House of Aragon. At the beginning of the Year 1489, 1000 Horse and 2000 Foot were sent into Britany to succour the Lady Ann, who succeeded her Father in that Dukedom. D. Peter Sarmiento Earl of Salinas Commanded that Body. The War against the Moores of Granada was of more Moment, and greater advantages were expected from it, therefore the King and Queen set out from Medina del Campo towards Andaluzia upon the 27th of March. The Rendezvous was at Jaen, where upon a Muster the King found 12000 Horse, and 50000 Foot, all the choice Men in the Kingdom. A good Body came from Biscay. Baça was resolved upon to begin the Campaigne with. By the Way, that no E∣nemy might be left behind, they took Cajor a small, but strong Town. This done Baça was Invested. This City is Seated on the Side of a Hill, down which, and along the plain below it, runs a small River, on all other sides it is encompassed with other rising Grounds. It was well Garrisoned and furnished with all Necessaries for 15 Months. The Scituation did not allow any Engines to be brought up to the Walls. About 1000 Horse, and 2000 Foot sallied out of the City and did us some harm, our Men being intangled betwixt the Chan∣nels of Water, but others coming to their Relief, the Enemy was repulsed with considerable loss. Several other Skirmishes happened, our Men destroying all the Orchards about the City. Our Men could not deal with the Enemy upon equal Terms, but they overpowred them in number. Thus the Siege was prolonged, and King Ferdinand was dubious whether he had not best raise the Siege, especially because he lost many of his Men by Sickness and other accidents. The Marquess of Cadiz then made a Duke, advised to raise the Siege However the King resolved to continue it, and the more to Curb the Besieged caused a Trench to be drawn quite round the Walls, with Nine Forts at convenient distances, all strongly Guarded, to prevent being surprized by the Enemy Sallying. All the Army was conveniently Posted about the Place, and the Duke of Cadiz with 4000 Horse had charge of the Artillery. Thus no relief could enter the City, but they had plenty of Provisions. In the Camp there was great scarcity of Bread and Money, and yet fresh Troops came in daily. About October came the Dukes of Najara and Alva, in Mourning for their Fa∣ther lately deceased. The Admiral also came, and the Marquis de Astorga. Soon after arrived the Queen, with the Princess Elizabeth, the Cardinal of Toledo and other Prelates. The Queens coming, as I believe altered the resolution of the Besieged, believing now the Siege was fixed. Hazen the Governor having consulted his King, who was at Guadix, tho' he might have held out much longer, surrendred the City, when least the Christians expected it. On the 4th of December the Capitulation was Signed, and the day following the King and Queen entred the City in triumphant manner. James de Mendoza, Lieute∣nant of Caçorla, and Brother to the Cardinal of Spain was made Governor. This struck such a Terror into the Moores that many Towns surrendred, gave Hostages, and furnish∣ed Corn and all other necessaries. Among these the chiefest were Taverna and Seron. What is more wonderful, the Cities Guadix and Almeria, either of which might have en∣dured a long Siege, submitted of their own accord. King Albohardil himself consented to it, and came out of Almeria to meet King Ferdinand in the Camp, by whom he was splen∣didly entertained. Besides, Two strong Castles upon the Sea Coast were taken, the one called Almun̄ecar, in which the Treasures of the Moorish Kings used to be kept. The other was Solobren̄a, where the Brothers and Sons of the Kings used to be kept in the nature or Prisoners. Francis Ramirez General of the Artillery, who had behaved himself bravely up∣on several occasions, was appointed Governor of that Castle. After performing such great Actions, a Review of the Army was taken on the last day of December preceding the Year 1490, and it appeared by the Muster Rolls 20000 Men were lost, 3000 of them killed by the Moores, the rest consumed by Sickness. Many of the meaner sort were frozen to death.
King Ferdinand let slip no Opportunity of pulling down the tottering Kingdom of the Moors. Gutierre de Cardenas, Chief Commendary of Leon, who did great Service during this War, concluded the Treaty with the unfortunate Moorish King. By Virtue of this Capitula∣tion, he had the Town of Fandaraa on the Mountains of Granada, with all its Dependencies, amounting to the Yearly Value of 10000 Ducats, allowed him for his Maintenance. A small Recompence for a Kingdom, but good enough for him who began his Reign with the Murder of his Brother. The new conquered Moors were allowed to keep their Lands and Possessions, but not to live within Cities, lest they should have the Power of Fortifying themselves, and Rebelling, for which cause they were all disarmed. These Conditions were proclaimed at Guadix. This done, the King and Queen went away to Ecija, and thence to Sevil. All Places by the way received them, as if they had dropped from Heaven. Foreign Princes, moved by the Fame of these great Actions, sent to Congratulate with them, and seek their Friendship. The King of Portugal, in Prosecution of what had been before Treated, desired to Marry his Son Alonso to the Princess Elizabeth, as a sure Bond of Friendship between the two Crowns. He sent Ambassadors to this purpose, and the Match was agreed upon at Se∣vil on the 18th of April. There was great Rejoicing on this account in both Kingdoms, but less in Portugal, because the following Month the Princess Joanna, Sister to that King, died at
Aveiro unmarried. Neither was the Joy of Castile lasting, tho' the Princess from Constantina set out for Portugal upon the 11th of November. A great number of Nobility bore her Com∣pany, and she was delivered up on the Banks of the River Caya, which runs between Badajoz and Elvas. The Chief of the Portugueses that came to receive her, was Duke Emanuel, who afterwards married that Princess, and inherited the Crown. The King of Portugal and his Son came to Estremez, and, the more to honour the Bride, seated her between them, the King being on the left hand. There they were married on the 24th of November by the Archbishop of Braga, Primate of all Portugal. The Rejoicing continued for half a year at Ebora and Santarem, whither the Prince and Princess went. All this Joy was turned into Sor∣row by an unthought-of Accident. The King going out to take the Air on the Banks of the River Tagus, Prince Alonso, who was with him, had a mind to run a Race with John de Mene∣ses. In the Course, the Horse stumbled, and falling, so bruised the Prince, that he soon died It is needless to represent the greatness of his Parents and Wife's Grief. His Body was buried with the usual Pomp among his Ancestors. The Princess Elizabeth, no sooner a Wife than a Widow, returned to Castile in a Mourning Litter. Grief cast the King of Portugal into a lin∣gring Disease, of which he died 4 years after. He founded the Royal Hospital at Lisbon, and laid the first Stone of it. He left no Issue Male lawfully begotten; only D. George, whom he had by the Lady Ann de Mendoça, and whom, tho' but a Child, he left Master of Avis and Santiago in Portugal. After his Death, a new Line of Kings began. Emanuel, Cousin German to the deceased King, and Son to Ferdinand Duke of Viseo, inherited the Crown. John III. was Son to this King, and Prince John his Grandson, who dying young, inherited not the Crown: Therefore King Sebastian, Son to the Prince, succeeded. He being killed by the Moors in Africk, left the Kingdom of Portugal, first to Cardinal Henry his Great Uncle, and after him to Philip II. King of Castile, who was also Nephew to the Cardinal, and Grandson to King Emanuel, by his Mother Elizabeth the Empress. Let us leave this, and return to the War of Granada.
King Ferdinand earnestly desired to put an end to the War with the Moors, which was so well advanced. Besides the Strength of the City Granada, and that it was abundantly furnished with all Necessaries, another greater Difficulty perplexed the King, which was, That his Word was engaged to King Boabdil, that neither he nor his should be prejudiced by him. An Op∣portunity offered it self of subduing that City without breach of Faith. The Citizens, without regarding the Danger that threatned them from abroad, besieged their King in the Castle of Albaycin, and pressed him so hard, that scarce any hope was left of saving himself. The fu∣rious Multitude threatned, never to desist till they had his Life. It was not reasonable to for∣sake that unhappy Prince, when he begged Relief. At the same time the Soldan of Egypt threatned, That if King Ferdinand did not give over persecuting the Moors, he would put to Death all the Christians in Egypt and Syria. F. Anthony Millan, Guardian of the Franciscan Convent at Jerusalem, sent by the Soldan with this Message, by the way visited the King of Naples, and coming thence into Spain, delivered his Embassy, bringing also a Letter from the King of Naples, who was supposed to be a greater Friend to the Moors, than became a Chri∣stian Prince. He advised King Ferdinand, since the Moors had done him no Wrong, not to oppress them only upon account of Religion, which might occasion greater Harms. King Fer∣dinand was no way discouraged at the Threats of the Soldan, nor approved of the King of Naples his Advice. Yet after the War was ended, he sent Peter Martyr, his Ambassador, to the Soldan to appease him. He also, before he enter'd upon the War again, sent his Reasons for so doing to the King of Naples. The Guardian, both in regard of his Character as Am∣bassador, and the Opinion of his Sanctity, was nobly Treated, and dismissed with rich Pre∣sents. King Ferdinand offered the Citizens of Granada, if they would submit, they should be treated in the same manner as the others that had done so before. This moved both the Fa∣ctions in that City to join, in order to oppose the Common Enemy; for the Moorish King was convinced, that King Ferdinand, tho' he pretended to be his Friend, would never desist till he was Master of that City. The Alfaquies and others, held in the Opinion of Sanctity, ceased not to advise, that either for obtaining Peace, or supporting the War, it was requisite they should be united. Thus the Moors were brought to agree among themselves. King Ferdinand, leaving the Queen at Moclin, wasted all the Plain of Granada, destroying all the Corn, to the great Grief of the Infidels, who feared lest they should be reduced by Famine. Prince John bore his Father Company in this Expedition, being newly Knighted by him. They returned to Cordova with the Booty. The Command of the Frontiers was given to the Marquess de Vil∣lena, in Requital for a Brother he lost in the War, and that his own right Arm was lame of a Wound he received rescuing one of his Men, Scarce were the Christians departed, when King Boabdil took the Castle Alhendin, where we had a Garrison, and razed it. The King revenged this in September, when he spent 15 days in destroying all the latter Corn on which the Moors hoped to feed the following year. The Moors at Guadix mutinied, and thought to have destroyed the Garrison in the Castle, but failed, and the Marquis de Villena coming with a good Body of Horse and Foot, turned them out of the City, which prevented any Disorders for the future. K. Ferdinand at the end of the year again ravaged all the Territory of Granada. Boabdil besieged Salobreria, which Francis Ramirez defended with much Bravery. The Moors believing King Ferdinand would relieve the Place, raised the Siege, and returned to Granada.
CHAP. IX. The War with the Moors now effectually renewed; The Description of the City Granada; King Ferdinand lays Siege to it, and builds a Town for his Army to Quarter in during the Siege, to shew his Resolution not to depart without being Master of that City.
THE King and Queen spent the Winter at Sevil, and in the Spring renewed the War. The Queen stayed behind at Alcala Reall with her Children, to furnish all things necessary, and soon after to follow and take part of the Honour and Danger of that Enterprize. All the Nobility came in Person, and the Cities sent Troops upon their own cost, with which and the other Forces King Ferdinand in three days appeared in sight of Granada, upon Saturday the 23d of April, 1491. He encamped at Guetar, a Village a League and a half from Granada: Thence he sent the Marquess de Villena with 3000 Horse to scour the neighbouring Moun∣tains, promising to follow him with the whole Army to relieve him, in case the Mountain-Moors, who are bold and daring, should fall upon him, or those of the City offer to cut off his Retreat. Accordingly he advanced to Padul, and repulsed the Moors of the City, who thought to fall upon the Marquess's Rear. By this means the Marquess was left at liberty to execute his Orders, burnt 9 Villages of the Infidels, and returned to the King loaded with Plunder. This beginning was looked upon as a good Omen of future success. They advan∣ced together to ravage the remoter Parts of the Mountain, which they did successfully, plunder∣ing and burning 15 other Villages. Besides, they defeated a Body of Moorish Horse and Foot, who had secured the Passes against our Army. The Booty was very considerable, that Country being very rich, because untouched till that time, being naturally strong and well guarded, as was requisite, the City being supplied there with Provisions. All this being per∣formed without any loss or bloodshed, the Army returned to its first Quarters; there they fortified themselves for the present. They mustered 10000 Horse and 40000 Foot, the very Flower of the Spanish Soldiery, being all Men of tried Valour, and expert Soldiers. In the City was also a great number of Horse and Foot, and all of them good Soldiers, being the Remains of all the late Wars. The multitude of Citizens was not of any moment, they being a sort of People always lavish of their Tongues, but Cowards when they came to Action. The City of Granada, by reason of its Situation, Largness, Forts, Walls, and Bul∣warks, seemed impregnable. On the West-side of it is a large Plain, about 15 Leagues in compass, pleasant and fruitful as well of its own Nature, as by reason of the Blood that had been there shed for many Years, which made it fat: Besides, that 36 Springs running down from the Mountains do render it more beautiful and rich than can easily be imagined. On the East of it is the Mountain Elvira, where formerly stood the City Iliberis, as appears by the Name Elvira. The snowy Mountain called Sierra Nevada lies on the South-side of it, and runs down as far as the Mediterranean Sea: The sides of it are not steep or craggy, and are there∣fore cultivated and well peopled. The City it self is seated partly upon the Plain, and partly upon two Hills; betwixt them runs the River Darro, which as soon as out of the City, mixes with, and loses its Name in the River Xenil, that runs quite a cross the Plain in length. The Walls are very strong, there being upon them 1030 Towers at distances, very beautiful for their Number and good Structure. Formerly it had 7 Gates, now 12. It cannot well be en∣closed all round, because of its great extent, and the unevenness of the Ground. Towards the Plain where the access is easiest, it is fortified with Towers and Bulwarks: In that part stands the Cathedral, then a Moorish Mosque nothing curious, now beautiful. It is held in great Veneration by all the neighbouring People, and famous not so much for its Riches as the Number and Piety of Clergy belonging to it. Near this Church is the great Market∣place called Bavarambla, 200 Foot in breadth, and three times as long. The Buildings about it stand in a streight Line; the Shops and Streets about it beautiful. Of two Castles that belong to the City, the chiefest lies betwixt the East and West, encompassed with a Wall of its own, and standing above the other Buildings. It is called Alhambra, that is Red, of the colour of the Earth about it, and is so big it looks like a City. In it is the Royal Palace and Monastery of S Francis, the burial place of the Marquess de Yn̄igo de Mendoça, the first Go∣vernour of it. King Mahomet Mir laid the Foundation of this Castle; other Kings conti∣nued the Work, and it was finished by King Joseph Bulhagix, as appears by the Arabick In∣scription over the Gate on a Marble Stone, signifying the Work was finished by that King, in the Year of the Moorish Account 747, which according to us is 1346. This same King built the Castle of Albaizin, opposite to this Castle. The expence of this Work was so great, that because 'twas thought his Revenue could not bear it, the People gave out he had found the Philosopher's Stone. Betwixt these two Castles, that is, Alhambra and Albaizin, lies the City. The Suburb called Churra, and the Street Dę los Gomeles, is on the side of Alhambra. On the
other side the Street Elvira, and the Ascent of Zenete most ill contrived, the Streets narrow and crooked, because the Moors were nothing curious in their Houses. Without the City is the Royal Hospital and Monastery of S. Hierome, the sumptuous Burial-place of Gonçalo Fernandez, called the Great Captain. It is reported the City contained 60000 Houses, a number scarce credible. What is most to be admired is what we find the Ambassadors of King Jayme II. of Aragon assured Pope Clement V. at the Council of Vienna, viz. that of 200000 Souls then li∣ving in Granada, scarce 500 were Children and Grandchildren of Moors. In particular they said there were 50000 Renegado's, and 30000 Christian Slaves. At present it is certain there are in that City 23 Parishes and Chapels of Ease. It is hard to tell the number of Inhabitants, and generally People stretch in those cases. It is also certain, that in the time of the Moorish Kings, the Revenue of that Kingdom was 700000 Ducats, a great Sum for those times, but credible because of the heavy Taxes. All Men paid the 7th part of what they were worth. If any Moor died without Children, the King was his Heir: If he left Heirs, the King had as good a share as any of them. This was the Posture of Granada at this time. It was believed the Siege would be tedious, therefore the Queen came to the Camp with her Children, be∣cause King Ferdinand resolved not to desist till he was Master of the City. To this purpose he caused the Country continually to be wasted, and in the place where he encamped, caused a strong Town to be built, which to this day is called Santa Fé. This Work was finished in a very short time. The Quarters, Streets, and Places within the Walls were distributed with great Order. Mean while the Parties that went out to Plunder, skirmished often with the Moors that came out of the Town. In one of these Rencounters our Men pressed so far, that they took some Cannon from the Infidels, and made many Prisoners, and forced the rest into the City. Another time they ventured near to the Walls, and possessed themselves of two Towers where the Enemy kept Garrisons. On the 10th of June at night a Fire broke out in the King's Tent, which caused a great Consternation. Most of the Men lay in Bar∣racks or Huts, and the Boughs being dry, there was danger they should all take fire. A Candle accidentally left by the Queen, set fire to the King's Quarters, and that to the next. The King fearing it might be a Contrivance of the Enemy, came out naked with his Sword and Buckler. The Marquess of Cadiz with a Party of Horse stood all night upon their Guard, in the way the Moors must of necessity come, if they designed to attack the Army The Fright was greater than the Danger or Loss; so the next day they continued to ravage the Country, and some Troops were sent to the Mountain. Nothing was left to the Besieged tho' they, animated by Despair, defended themselves resolutely. These Misfortunes obliged them to offer a Treaty. Bulcazin Muley, Governour of the City, came to the Camp to ca∣pitulate. The King appointed Gonçalo Fernandez de Cordova, afterwards called the Great Cap∣tain, and his Secretary Ferdinand de Zafra, to treat with him. After some days debating, at length they concluded on the following Articles, to which they swore on the 25th of Novem∣ber: That the Moors within 60 Days deliver up to the King the two Castles, the Towers, and Gates of the City: That they do Homage to King Ferdinand, and take the Oath of Allegi∣ance to him: That they set at liberty all Christian Slaves without Ransom: That till these Articles be performed, they deliver up 500 Sons of the Principal Inhabitants, as Hostages: That they be left possessed of their Lands, Arms, and Horses, only delivering up the Ar∣tillery: That they keep their Mosques, and have the free Exercise of their Religion: That they be Governed according to their own Laws, and to this purpose Persons of their own Nation shall be appointed, by whose Advice the King's Officers shall administer Justice to them: That part of the usual Taxes be abated during the term of three Years, and shall never after be greater than they used to pay to their own Kings: That such as will go over into Africk may sell their Goods, and shall be furnished with Ships for their Passage in any Port they shall chuse: That Boabdil's Son, and the other Hostages delivered by him, be re∣stored, since the City being surrendered, there is no more occasion for Hostages. Accor∣dingly they were brought from the Castle of Moclin to be delivered up.
of their Senses. The cause of their Discontent, or what they aimed at, was unknown, and therefore the Remedy harder to be found. Boabdil, called the Little King, fearing they would offer Violence to him, kept close within the Alhambra. The Multitude are furious at first, but soon cool, chiefly they who had no Head, and were consequently weak, and knew not their own Minds Therefore the next day the King went to the Albaizin, where the People were well affected towards him: There he assembled such as he thought fit, with whom he expo∣stulated the Madness of the Mutiniers, shewing how absolute Necessity and not Affection had obliged him to Capitulate with the Enemy, when no other way was left to save the City from perishing by Sword and Famine. His Words made them calm, and the People were pacified. Many times Seditions are as easily suppressed as raised. What became of the Moor who caused the Mutiny is not known; it may be imagined he fled. King Boabdil warned by the Danger past; and fearing that before the expiration of the Days agreed upon for delivering up the City, new Troubles and Tumults might arise, he immediately sent a Letter to King Ferdinand, with a Present of two choice Horses, a Cymiter, and some Furniture. He adver∣tised him of what had hapned in the City, and how the People had Mutinied, therefore in∣viting him to come and take possession speedily, lest Delay might produce some Alteration. In short, he told him since God had so ordained it, he would the next day deliver up the Al∣hambra and Kingdom to him as Conqueror.
This Letter was brought to the Camp upon New-Year's Day: It is easie to imagin how great Satisfaction it gave to King Ferdinand. He ordered all things to be in a readiness the Day following for his Entrance, and that Day is still kept a Festival at Granada, in Memory of the Taking of that City. Having laid aside the Mourning he wore for his Son-in-Law Prince Alonso of Portugal, and put on his Royal Robes, he set out towards the Castle with his Army, in the same Order as if going to engage the Enemy. After him followed the Queen and her Children, then the Nobility clad in Cloth of Gold and rich Silks. When the King came in this pompous manner near to the Alhambra, Boabdil the Little King came out to meet him with 50 Horse. He offered to alight and kiss the Victor's Hand, but King Ferdinand would not permit it. Then fixing his Eyes upon the Ground with a sorrowful Countenance, he said, We are your Slaves, Invincible King; we deliver up this City and Kingdom to you, not doubting you will use us with Clemency and Moderation. This done, he put into his hands the Keys of the Castle; King Ferdinand gave them to the Queen, she to the Prince her Son, and he to D. In̄igo de Mendoça, Earl of Tendilla, whom the King appointed Governor of that City, and Captain General of that Kingdom. D. Peter de Granada was made head Alguazil of the City, and D. Alonso his Son Admiral of that Sea. The King entred the City with a good Party of Horse. A great Number of Noblemen and Prelates followed; among them the Chief were the Prelates of Toledo and Sevil, t
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correct_foundationPlace_00034
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FactBench
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3
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https://www.hs-foundation.org/
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en
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HS Foundation
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HS Foundation
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Symptoms
You might call them boils, spots, or cysts, but those painful lesions that rupture and refill, found in places like underarms and groin and leaving behind scars, are called Hidradenitis Suppurativa. The look and feel of HS can change over time and be a little different for each person.
Causes
Dedicated researchers are hard at work determining what causes HS, but multiple factors such as a malfunctioning immune system, an imbalance of normal skin bacteria, hormonal fluctuations, genetic predisposition and lifestyle are thought to contribute.
Treatments
HS treatments aren’t one-size-fits-all, and that’s a good thing. With the help of a dedicated dermatologist, each of the factors that affect HS can be addressed alone or in combination to help you get relief.
Impact
Hidradenitis Suppurativa may first appear to be a cosmetic issue to the uninformed, but HS is painful and burdensome from the first stage to the most severe. HS was once thought to be rare, but it is now understood that between 1-2% of the population is living with HS.
What is Hidradenitis Suppurativa?
HS is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that causes painful lumps that are often found in particular areas of the body, such as the underarms or in the groin and inner thigh, but can also happen on the chest, back, or butt. It is often mistaken for infected follicles, abscesses, boils, or cysts.
HS is more common than you think, just under diagnosed until now. The HS Foundation is committed to encouraging, supporting and celebrating people living with HS, while leading efforts for advocacy, education, and research.
Education
Our programs directed toward both patients and medical professionals are capped by an annual international conference, the Symposium on Hidradenitis Suppurativa Advances, where the latest breakthroughs in the cause, diagnosis, control, and cure of Hidradenitis Suppurativa are shared in a three-day educational conference. Educational resources on our website include the latest treatment guidelines, online courses addressing the unmet needs of patients, and the research changing the landscape in Hidradenitis Suppurativa.
Annual Symposium on Hidradenitis Suppurativa Advances (SHSA) for researchers interested and involved with HS
HS Spotlight - a virtual education platform for people with HS
HS Academy for dermatology residents interested in providing the best care for people with HS
HS In-Depth for advanced practive providers interested in providing the best care for people with HS
Research
Hidradenitis Suppurativa is one of the most devastating diseases in all of dermatology. Research into the cause, control, and eventual cure of HS is central to our mission. We fund basic, translational, and treatment-based research through multiple funding programs, while guiding and promoting research from relevant stakeholders.
HSF Danby Research Grants
HSF Translational Research Grants
Advocacy
Our advocacy goals strive toward more and better treatment options, easier access to care and better coverage from insurance, and patient-centered outcomes in research and drug development. The HS Foundation actively advocates for people with HS as a member of the Coalition of Skin Diseases (CSD), a coalition that includes over 30 organizations representing over 80 million Americans with dermatological conditions.
Advocate for patients with payers and policy makers
Investigate patient-reported endpoints in clinical trials
History
Since our founding in 2005, the Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation has fostered and encouraged worldwide research by developing and supporting an interdisciplinary family of scientists and physicians devoted to studying Hidradenitis Suppurativa, in order to deliver more effective forms of treatment and preventative measures to those with this common, debilitating, and eminently chronic disease.
In October 2012, it was determined that a European organization representing HS goals was needed. Led by Drs. Christos Zouboulis and Gregor Jemec, the European Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation was formed.
In April 2013, the HSF’s new President, Dr. Paul Hazen, welcomed multiple new members to its Board of Directors, representing experts in clinical care and research from throughout the United States. The Board was joined and supported in this mission by its first pharmaceutical Partner, AbbVie.
In May, 2014, Dr. Danby assumed the presidency and colleagues in Canada were approached, forming the Canadian HS Foundation was formed.
In March, 2016, Dr. Iltefat Hamzavi assumed the Presidency, overseeing a period of renewed HS interest including the HS Foundation’s first Symposium on Hidradenitis Suppurativa Advances and establishing the HSF Danby Research Grant program.
In March, 2022, Dr. Joslyn Kirby became the new president, expanding educational programs and funding for research, fueled by increased funding from partners interested in new therapies for HS.
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correct_foundationPlace_00034
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FactBench
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2
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https://brewminate.com/divine-images-as-beings-in-western-europe-1500-1960-blood-sweat-and-tears/
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en
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Divine Images as Beings in Western Europe, 1500
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"Matthew McIntosh"
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2017-05-26T19:14:16+00:00
|
By Dr. William A. Christian Former Visiting Professor of Religious History, University of California, Santa Barbara Historian of
|
en
|
Brewminate: A Bold Blend of News and Ideas
|
https://brewminate.com/divine-images-as-beings-in-western-europe-1500-1960-blood-sweat-and-tears/
|
By Dr. William A. Christian
Former Visiting Professor of Religious History, University of California, Santa Barbara
Historian of Religion, MacArthur Foundation Fellows Program
Toribia del Valintroduced one of the ways of connecting with the divine: the visit of a supernatural with counsel and instructions for a specific purpose, in her case to end a drought in 1931. Because Toribia saw the visitor and no one else did, we call this a vision, or, from the point of view of a believer, an apparition.[1]
Her vision introduced new information into the constellation of grace in the zone around Casas de Benítez. If all had gone well and rain had fallen as predicted, it would have enhanced local devotion to San Isidro and the Virgen de la Cabeza. For the district it would have added these sources of help, at least for rain, to those in already existing shrines like the Christ of Sisante, Our Lady of the Holy Spring in La Roda, and Our Lady of Riánsares in Tarancón. In an earlier time there might even have been a shrine built to the holy visitor in Toribia’s garden, as there was to the Angel of Ayora.
One can imagine this constellation of grace, slowly changing from late antiquity on, as a bird’s eye view of a nocturnal scene. Laid out on the landscape are lights, some brighter, some blinking, some dying out. Some are new, intense and brightly colored, others steady and constant for centuries. Some are isolated in the mountains like a beacon, other in bright clusters in cities with Rome and Jerusalem shining in the distance. The lights are sources of supernatural help; their intensity varies according to their power to resolve human needs and provide salvation.
This constellation is in constant renewal, as old grace is exhausted or routinized, and new material replaces it in a system that, whatever the mix of lights, provides consolation, divine company, and practical help. The sources of this help have slowly shifted over time, from a predominance of the bodies and relics of saints and the magnetic attraction of living saints, to representations of divine beings, icons, paintings, statues, or prints. These power sources had their tenders. Some were towns, cities, kingdoms for which the images were cherished protectors. Others were religious orders, brotherhoods, or secular shrine keepers for whom this power was the origin of income and prestige and a field for competition. In this constellation there is much dark matter that is not, or not yet, powerful: bones unrecognized as relics, relics that do not heal anybody, strangers unrecognized as angels, children who may be saints, images no one cares about.
As time went on more and more Spaniards ceased to believe in this meta-physics and indeed considered it an obstacle to social and economic justice. The Spanish Civil War unleashed the wholesale destruction of the sources of divine power with a violence unique in European history: the killing of the clergy that maintained them, the systematic burning of images, and the desecration of holy places. But under Franco the lights came on again, and for believers they are still on now.
What does this dynamic system, constantly refreshed, look like on the ground? The expectation of new grace, the very latest in divine presence and help, translates into a general alertness among many believers to people and things that are more than they seem to be: the stranger or pilgrim who may be something else, the priest, nun, monk, or lay volunteer who may have a charisma for healing or prophecy, the image whose potential as a portal to heaven lies unrecognized. The recognition and propagation of new grace gives agency and provides excitement to active believers in Catholicism.
Here we will consider images, meaning any likeness of a divine figure—statue, painting, or engraving. Particular ones, not countless others, became special[2] in many of the same ways that particular relics became special, not others. They could come to stand out by the miracles they performed; by the way they were discovered; by their ritual shifting; by their promotion by saints, preachers, hermits, shrine keepers or lay enthusiasts; and by visions that identified them.[3]
In some images—as in Spain Our Lady of Guadalupe, Our Lady of Montserrat or the Christ of Burgos—this power was generally acknowledged, retroactively endowed with a legendary origin, and carefully managed by guardians, curtains and protocol. But in fact any religious image or cross, however humble, plain, or mass-produced, could at any moment reveal itself to be powerful and have a protective vocation for a person, family, group, or place.[4] David Freedberg’s The Power of Images and Carolyn Bynum’s Wonderful Blood provide a sense of the immanence in some images, and Alfred Gell’s Art and Agency discusses image’s performative capacity. Let us here think of these images as part of a dynamic system in which some images hold onto power, others gradually relinquish it, and new or dormant ones announce it.
One way, people believed, the divine signaled that certain images had power was by those images activating and giving off liquids that seemed like tears, sweat or blood. In this chapter we will compare instances in early modern Spain with others in twentieth-century Italy, Spain and France.[5] The long history of these events stretched back to pre-Christian statues.[6] In Spain they seem to have thrived from about 1590 to 1720, a period in which the Inquisition had throttled lay visions of Mary or saints (like that of Toribia) with messages of instruction and protection for the community. The animation of statues and paintings, in contrast, entailed no revelation and little challenge to community or Church structures of authority, which in fact it ended up strengthening. In their golden age most of the images involved were of Christ or the Sorrowing Mother. It coincided with the apogee of penitential brotherhoods and a series of droughts, epidemics, intercommunal conflict and wars.[7] It was a period in which images were designed, dressed and choreographed in sacred pageants, rituals, dances, and processions as if they were active, lifelike presences that could interact with humans and with each other.[8] The careful documentation of many of these events contrasts with and may well be related to the public debunking of such miracles in northern Europe. For instance, in England, in 1538, there was a demonstration in a marketplace that the eyes and lips of a famous crucifix were moved “by strings of hair.” And a famous relic of blood, supposedly that of Christ, was shown not to be blood at all, “but honey clarified and colored with saffron in the form of a gum.” Similarly, in 1545, a priest was sentenced to wear about his neck a broad stole of linen cloth colored with drops like blood. Theatrically quivering and shaking, he had pricked his finger so that blood dropped on the communion cloth as if from the consecrated host.[9]
A similar vein of skepticism had been expressed by some fifteenth- and early sixteenth-century Spanish commentators. Perhaps the most influential was Alonso Fernandez de Madrigal (c. 1410–1455), whose guide to confession was a standard work well into the sixteenth century. In his commentary on the First Commandment he wrote against idolatry (“when people have more devotion for one image than another, they sin”). And he addressed the notion “living” images in particular. “They say that the images weep and shed very sweet tears. But that is really water and honey that they put on them from behind, something hard to allow even when idols were adored. If only those who do this did nothing else wrong but make money; but what is above all worse is that they turn silly people into idolaters. Those who do this should not only be severely punished; but the earth should not have to suffer them. For an image cannot go and rescue captives, or move from a place unless they move it, or have any more awareness or feeling than a stone.”[10] There were scornful Spanish Protestants as well, like Cipriano de Valera (“Oh ignorant blindness and blind ignorance! How many images have spoken? How many have sweated, even drops of blood? People believe that the Crucifix of Burgos’s beard, hair and even fingernails grow”).[11]
But while in England and the Netherlands the debunking of these miracles led to the destruction of images, in early modern Spain and Italy their punctilious validation with witnesses enhanced the images involved to such an extent that most of them are still highly prized and venerated today in their hometowns. Sculptors and painters were called in to determine whether the manifestation might be a fraud or the natural result of resins, glues, varnishes, oils, and paints. And efforts were made to establish how the image had arrived in the town, to endow it with a story and a pedigree. This kind of judicial “proving” was in keeping with reinvigorated canonization and beatification procedures.[12] While the “pre-Trent” method for recording the water and blood on a crucifix on Mallorca involved civil affidavits with local notaries,[13] the documentation after Trent was more elaborate and diocesan, with an eye, as it were, on the opposition.
In Igualada, a town in the province of Barcelona near Piera, a crucifix bled in 1590 on Holy Thursday night or Good Friday morning. The relatively small, previously unremarked crucifix belonged in the Rosary chapel and had been lent on Holy Thursday to the brotherhood of flagellants for their procession because nobody wanted to carry the big, heavy one in the Augustinian monastery. In the event, a volunteer eventually turned up to carry the heavy crucifix, and the smaller one was left in the monastery during the procession. Three or four hours later the smaller crucifix was retrieved and returned to the Rosary chapel, where it belonged, and placed where it could be “adored.” On Good Friday morning two women adoring it (probably kissing its feet) noticed on it bloodlike drops and waterlike sweat. People who crowded in felt awe and fear and cried out to God for mercy. The clergy and town councilors took the image to the parish church and examined it with experts including a doctor, a painter, and two Augustinian friars. The waterlike sweat evaporated, but the red drops were thick, pliable, and moist inside. Blood from the flagellants was quickly ruled out, for when a painter placed blood from his finger on other images it dried and flaked, and these drops did not. The priests divided their time between the busy round of Good Friday rituals and repeated examinations of the crucifix.[14]
Thursday was the day that Christ was whipped, and clearly the people of the time saw this crucifix’s animation as following the same dramatic script of the Passion that they themselves were acting out in their penitential processions.[15] The doctor later testified that it seemed to him that morning that “the Christ was in great travail and agony, like people when they approach the hour of death and are about to give up their soul to our Lord, and that a change came over the entire body, and then the entire face seemed to shine.”[16] On Friday the Augustinians asked to observe the crucifix at three in the afternoon, “which was the time that Christ died, to see if the figure showed any signs.”[17]
The parish priest wrote to the bishop in Vic for instructions, with the hope that the crucifix “would be venerated and given reverence by all Christian believers, and would serve to increase and edify the Holy Catholic Faith.” In reply the bishop insisted on a careful investigation, because if the miracle turned out to be a fraud, “the enemies of the Holy Catholic faith would make fun and be confirmed in their damnable error.”[18] Among the witnesses was a priest who remembered the crucifix as it used to be. Before, “it was a very dark face, it is white as if just made by a master artist, and very changed from what it used to look like.”[19] As a result of the events and their validation, an unnamed, run– of-the-mill crucifix became the Sant Crist d’Igualada.
Fig. 16. Cover of the Informatión, or notarized testimony, regarding the sweating of the Christ of Castilviejo after a petitionary procession for rain, 1602. Municipal Archive, Medina de Rioseco (Valladolid). Photo: The author.
We have seen that drought processions were the occasions for miracles in general and for the activation of images in particular. The case in Mallorca cited above was during a drought, as was that of the Christ of Burgos in a town in Jaén in 1698.[20] Perhaps the best-known instance was on June 8, 1602, when a crucifix in the town of Medina de Rioseco sweated and seemed to be in anguish after the third of a series of processions. Diocesan and town officials took more than five hundred manuscript pages of testimony from forty-seven men, including two painters, a sculptor, two doctors, fourteen priests, five friars, four licentiates, three town officials, four notaries, four members of the brotherhood that owned the crucifix, and just three women (Fig. 16). A barefoot Carmelite friar testified that when he had prayed in the church before the crucifix, it had the “the same countenance and severity and the same figure as always,” but that when the crucifix went by in the procession, “it seemed not the same one that he had seen in the church an hour and a half before, because it was very upset and the hairs of the beard more disordered and his precious countenance more upturned.” An hour later a woman, one of the three called to testify, was the first to see that the image, resting in a church, was sweating.[21]
The prosecutor assigned by the bishop to argue against a formal enquiry said that the miracle was unnecessary since the people were already convinced Christians; that the testimony was repetitive, which showed it was not secret; that liquid could issue naturally from wood; and that it was first proclaimed by a brotherhood member, an interested party because the brotherhood owned the image. He also made one argument that certainly applies to all these investigations: that it was to the interest of everyone in the town that the miracle be approved because it would draw pilgrims from afar. “The witnesses… are all citizens of the town of Medina de Rioseco and hence impassioned in what they say… thinking to enrich the chapel where the image is kept with the alms and gifts.”[22]
The lawyer who answered him for the town agreed that the result would be a regional shrine but thought this a proper reason for a miracle. His defense of this way of singling out special images points to an underlying dynamic in all the cases in this period, that these miracles were first and foremost emblems for civic pride.
I agree that the faith is firm in these kingdoms, yet our laxity in attending things in God’s service and holy worship is such that sometimes miracles are necessary… And by this means Our Lord is accustomed to attract people from other towns, for in this kind of situation we see that people flock to visit the images by which Our Lord works his miracles not only from the places where they occur, but also from the others in the district and from all the area where the fame of the miracle is made known and spreads. And by these cases and supernatural events, although all images should be esteemed and revered with much respect for what they represent, particularly those [images] by which Our Lord works miracles like these are respected and held in greater devotion and in the chapels where they are kept much penance is done, Masses and sermons are said, and prayers are made, attracting and bringing together towns in these churches and houses of prayer, and giving alms and doing other pious and holy works by which Our Lord is praised and served.[23]
The formal proceeding in Palencia went ahead, and on August 21 the bishop, after consultation with thirteen experts, declared that, “the sweat and drops of water… were seen clearly and patently all over the body of the holy crucifix and that when wiped off by the priests with altar cloths, the places wiped off became moist again and new drops emerged there, and that although people jogged and moved the holy crucifix, the drops of water and sweat did not fall off, but were seen to cling to it, and also the face of the Christ was seen to be afflicted in anguish and transformed, to the wonder and shock of all who saw it, and the face looked different from the way it was before and after.”
Fig. 17. Rev. Gabriel Pellitero with a relic of the altar cloth used in 1602 to wipe sweat from the Christ of Castilviejo, parish church of Santa María Mediavilla, Medina de Rioseco (Valladolid). Photo: The author. October 27, 1981. By permission.
He therefore proclaimed that “this occurrence should be considered a miracle that Our Lord Jesus Christ was served to do and work in his holy image and figure for the good of the Christian faithful” and ordered “all the faithful Christians of our diocese to venerate and hold it a miracle, and that it be written and put on a board on display… for the greater cult and veneration of his holy image.”[24] The miracle testimony is a prized manuscript book in the municipal archive, and the stained altar cloth is kept as a relic in the sacristy of the church where the sweat was first noticed (Fig. 17).
What we are seeing, then, is a process whereby images become more special and shine in the constellation of grace, one way that, in the town lawyer’s words, images “become respected and are held in greater devotion.” He was aware that it happened elsewhere and not only in Spain. Pamphlets and published newsletters brought to public notice other instances in Italy, Mexico, and Goa, along with speculation about what they might mean as omens or portents. It was happening in Hungary as well, with a notable case in Győr in 1697 with a Madonna left in the cathedral by an exiled Irish bishop.[25]
Not only did old images become active, but so did new ones. Around 1607 a priest who was born in Munébrega (Zaragoza) had a painting of Ignatius Loyola hung with those of other founders of religious orders in the church sacristy. In 1623, a year after Loyola’s canonization, the painting “sweated on the right side, under the arm, for four hours, and the sweat was an unusual liquid, that was neither water (though resembling it in color) nor oil, nor any other liquid that runs, but rather it welled out like some thick drops, and when they were wiped off, the same liquid welled out, and two cloths were made wet with it.”[26] This occurred in days after the painting, placed on the altar by a Jesuit giving Lenten sermons, had begun to work miracles. While in the other cases studied miracles followed the image activation, here they preceded it, but in both situations new power streaming through the image was what the activation was all about.
Not everyone thought that a painting on a board could work miracles, and included in the published accounts is what happened to a scoffer in Calatayud, who said when a friend recounted his visit to Munébrega, “‘What miracles can a tabla [painting or board] work?’ and kneeling before a big board, which for many days had been leaning against the wall and could not easily be moved, said in contempt of the saint’s image, ‘Tabla, work miracles!’ And at once, the board fell on his head and a big blow made a big wound; and the wound to his body was the healing for his soul, straightened out by this means by God and Saint Ignatius, although the blasphemer, wary of the Inquisition, decamped from Calatayud. Reputable people from Calatayud who saw this are now in Madrid.”[27]
A Jesuit commentator remarked on the congruence between the tenderness of their founder and the tenderness of the image, the capacity of their founder and the image to provoke tenderness and conversion in others, and the coincidence of the sweating with the martyrdom of Jesuits in Japan, Ethiopia, and the Indies.[28] His book, published forty years after the events, reported a miraculous origin for the painting—that it was suggested and made by a mysterious pilgrim passing through Calatayud, permitting us to catch and date the mysterious pilgrim myth in the act.[29]
It may be useful to think of these events as transformations of potential to kinetic energy. Religious images, all of them, are deposits of potential energy, which here becomes kinetic in two ways, by the physical changes themselves, the liquid emerging or dripping (however or whoever produced them), and by the signal that this change gives to people who thereby learn of the image’s available power and tap into it with supplication, respect, affection, prayer, and vow.
By this time in Spain the notion that images, especially crucifixes, were apt to bleed was so widespread that an activation could become publicly accepted in spite of testimony to the contrary. On July 12, 1633, in Vic, a priest in the chapel of the hospital noticed that drops of blood had appeared on the paten and the corporals while he had said Mass; and when he knelt to pray to know whether it was a divine manifestation or a human fraud, even more drops appeared. He and the few persons present at Mass looked to see where they could have come from. He checked his own nose to make sure he was not bleeding. They noted in particular that the blood could not have come from the large crucifix over the altar, since it was set well away from the cloths and covered with a veil. All this the priest and the others present told the bishop who came to hear their testimony. But already a legend was forming: a woman who had not seen the bleeding said she had heard in the market “that the Christ in the hospital had wept blood and water… and that at night she had heard the bell of the hospital ring twice.” The story of the bleeding Christ became local history, and although the crucifix had up until then received little devotion and almost no mention in the church records, until 1896 it was regularly brought out in petitionary processions for rainfall and against epidemics.[30]
Fig. 18. Miracle of the Christ of El Bonillo, by Vicente López Portaña, a. 1810. Oil on canvas. Parish church of Santa Catalina, El Bonillo (Albacete). Courtesy of Ayuntamiento del Bonillo.
Spain in the 1640s, and especially the year 1640 itself, coinciding with the revolt of the Portuguese and the Catalans, saw an exceptional concentration of this kind of theophany, or at least of news about it. On March 4, Transfiguration Sunday, a wooden cross in El Bonillo underwent its own transfiguration (Fig. 18). According to the witnesses at the subsequent hearings, the cross was brought to the town by a woman who had moved to El Bonillo a decade earlier. She said she had been given the cross by a Franciscan who had brought it from Rome. After she died, the cross belonged to her widowed, remarried, and now separated husband, Antón Díaz. Painted on the front with a crucifix and on the back with Christ’s garments, the crown of thorns, and the instruments of the Passion, the cross by 1640 was considered special, and people asked to hold it when they were dying. Two years before, some recalled, they had seen a bright crucifix on a cloud above the owner’s house.[31]
That Sunday morning, Díaz was sifting flour for bread when he looked up to see the crucifix sweating; he called in a neighbor woman and fetched a learned friar from the nearby Augustinian monastery who took the cross down and carried it into the light of the doorway. He saw that the body was covered with fine sweat, with larger drops on the arms and wounds, and that “the sweat boiled like that when an egg is baked in a fire.”[32] With his index finger, he took a drop from the wound on the left side and put it to his eyes, nose, and tongue, noting a celestial odor and taste and feeling great solace in his heart, then saw another drop emerge in the same place. He was greatly moved and wept profusely, his own reactions convincing him of the authenticity of the miracle. After Mass, five priests checked the back of the image and found it and the cloth and wall behind it dry. They noted the image was too far from the ground for a cat or other animal to urinate on it (“as has happened on many such occasions”).[33] The priests took the cross to the parish church, warning its owner to confess his sins, for this was surely a sign.
After the phase in which the sweat seemed to boil out, lasting about two hours, the liquid remained crystal clear, the fine part “as when a man is hot and tired,”[34] and the larger drop on the side wound “shining like a silver sequin.”[35] The sweat did not dry when the cross was carried to the parish church, where it was placed on the main altar; and the same drops apparently remained for seventeen days. They did not freeze there, despite a severe frost that left the water in the baptismal font frozen solid. The drops seem to have formed a kind of “skin” that held in a “celestial” odor until they were broken or wiped off. The townspeople were unable to identify the odor, so it must have been a substance not normally available there, but they agreed the smell “consoled” and “comforted” them.[36]
Informed by the parish priest, the archdiocesan council of Toledo (the archbishop was away leading the war against the Protestants in the Netherlands) had the parish priest take down testimony, which he did from six women and thirty-seven men, including a panel of painters.
Early on, when the image was unveiled and carried around inside the parish church, one man noted for his devoutness saw seven stars brighter than the sun’s rays around the image.[37] Six weeks after the sweating the image was being invoked in accidents as the Santo Cristo del Milagro. When a young painter from the town testified, he suggested it was more than an ordinary painting: “it is something supernatural and miraculous… every time that this witness has seen it, it has made his hair stand on end and put him in awe, because the head has the greatest beauty and aliveness that there is in all the art of painting.”[38]
The archdiocesan council decreed that the sweat and a man’s remarkable survival from an accident could be publicized as miracles, and the two events could be depicted in paintings. A chapel was built for the image in the church, and eventually a painting by Vicente Lopez commissioned of the moment in which the Augustinian looked at the crucifix in the house.[39]
Holy Week was an appropriate time for an image of Christ to sweat or bleed. In 1644 another activation, this time with a painting of the Veronica, took place in the town of Osa de la Vega (Cuenca), about one hundred kilometers to the north from El Bonillo.[40] On Holy Thursday, while the matins ceremony was in progress (that is, as was later pointed out, at the same month, day, and hour as Christ sweated blood in the Garden of Gethsemane), a woman went to fetch a penitential tunic and cord for a male neighbor to wear in the Vera Cruz brotherhood procession.[41] She saw that the Veronica painting there was lit up and that there were drops of blood and water or sweat on it. The news led to acclamation and tumult. This time it was a Dominican who was called in, and he saw that “the countenance of Our Lord Jesus Christ was fiery and flushed, as when a person is very fatigued and tired, the face changing as with interior anguish.”[42] Like the friar in El Bonillo, the Dominican tasted the liquid and put it in his eyes. Only he actually saw the liquid emerge. After the matins ceremony the parish priest took the image to the parish church and locked it away.
That night the penitential procession was exceptionally tearful and bloody. Fearful that the sweating was a bad omen or divine sorrow for their sins, people called out for divine mercy[43] and reproduced in their bodies the anguish of the image in a multiple mimesis between divine prototype, image taking life, and human penitents.[44] When the priest looked at the Veronica next, on Saturday morning, it again had blood and water on it; it sweated a third and final time that afternoon and the wet altar cloths were saved as relics. The painting was quickly put to work to repel a hailstorm. And a month after the sweating it was attracting a hundred supplicants daily and six hundred on feast days. In the first three months the parish priest recorded twenty miracles among the lame, the sick, and the blind.
As in El Bonillo, the diocese ordered a formal hearing, and on March 23, 1645, the bishop of Cuenca, backed by a synod, declared the event “a miracle with no suspicion of a natural cause within the limits of what the human frailty and discernment is able to understand and judge. And for this reason this painting is worthy of being placed in greater veneration than it is now.”[45]
The next year yet another Christ sweated in New Castile. It too was noted in a Jesuit letter, right after mentions of a Christ that wept blood in Parma, a newborn child that declared “God is very angry,” and an earthquake in Livorno. “The Countess of Puñoenrostro told a Father from this school that in one of her villages named Alcobendas a Christ had sweated, and that several times when the curate wiped it off, it sweated anew. Would that God improve these omens!”[46]
On Thursday, May 10, 1646, Ascension Day, on the occasion of a drought, the people of Alcobendas (like the people of Medina de Rioseco in 1602) went in procession to the shrine of Our Lady of the Peace, a fifteen–minute walk outside the town, to bring the shrine image back with them.[47] At the shrine, people said prayers not only to the main image but also to three Holy Week procession images—Our Lady of Soledad, Christ Carrying the Cross, and Christ at the Column. The Brotherhood of the Blood of Christ had been storing these images there since their own chapel had collapsed several years before. The Christ at the Column was natural size; it had been made about forty years before and was normally taken out on the night of Holy Thursday.
It was about four in the afternoon and the procession with Our Lady of the Peace was just departing. A group of at least four women and some seasonal workers from districts to the south were still in the chapel praying to the remaining images. The women, known for their devoutness and charity, kissed the feet of the Christ at the Column and noticed that the image had taken on a humanness that it had not had before. The face was flushed and the eyes red, as if in anguish. Then they saw that it was sweating. The natural hair was wet, the neck moist, and, in particular, there was a drop of water on the right elbow.
One of them went out and called a former municipal leader. He came and saw the water, wiped it off with his handkerchief, and called the priest, who came in with his assistant and many people. The procession, with priests singing and devotional banners deployed, was by then about a hundred paces away. When it stopped, some people thought it was because of a fight, “as was common.”[48]
Inside the chapel, the priest examined the statue, touched a drop with his right index finger, showed it to those present, and, in a gesture we now recognize, put it in his eye, “as a relic.”[49] Note that by putting the drop of Christ’s liquid into his eye, the priest, like the friars before him, was incorporating Christ’s humors into his own, one more step into the complex mimicry involved (including the statue of the flagellation of Christ, which was normally carried about accompanied by men flagellating themselves). The priest’s assistant also moistened his fingers, showed them to the people, and then moistened his own eye. The former municipal leader again wiped off the statue with his handkerchief, which he touched to his eyes and put inside his shirt. The people cried out, “Miracle! Miracle! The Christ is sweating!” and crowded into the chapel. They touched the image with rosaries and handkerchiefs. Weeping variously (they later testified) out of fear, tenderness, wonder, joy, or devotion, they asked for mercy. The clergy feared people would knock over the papier-mâché statue.[50] A notary, outside, was called in to confirm the sweat.
It was decided to bring the Christ image back to town in the procession. Outside, small drops continued to appear where they had been wiped off and also on the legs as well as on the arms and side. People who before had not been able to get close could confirm the miracle personally. Spontaneously people took off their shirts and flagellated themselves, walking before the image. By the time the procession reached town, it was dark. The image was put in the parish church in the chapel of the Sweet Name of Jesus with many candles lit before it, and there it seemed to regain its composure.
The next day, Friday, May 11, 1646, the town officials petitioned the vicar-general in nearby Madrid for an official investigation, which was ordered at once. On Saturday the assistant vicar-general arrived in Alcobendas and issued a call for witnesses, including a blind woman who had been cured. Over two days he heard twenty-three witnesses, examined the image, and visited the shrine of Our Lady of the Peace.
During the month of May the parish church was filled daily with people from Alcobendas and the surrounding villages making petitions, ordering Masses, and bringing wax arms, legs, heads, and hearts as votive offerings. The brotherhood majordomo furnished people with ribbons as long as the image, and oil from the lamp for healing. People also took roses from in front of the image for sacred keepsakes. Testimony about healing miracles was taken on eight days in May and June from twenty-four men and thirteen women.[51] All said they were convinced of the miraculousness of the sweat and the cures. They believed that the Christ at the Column wanted people to know they had a new protector in him and he would help them out “in calamitous times” and that they in turn should show him devotion.[52] They dismissed the investigator’s queries about possible fraud on the part of the shrine keeper or the devout women (the former out of self-interest, the latter to gain credit as holy) and ruled out other natural causes such as humidity in the shrine, rain, holy water from the shrine entrance, water from the keeper cleaning the shrine, or holy water from a hyssop. According to one witness, those present at the miracle even seven weeks later still wept when remembering it, and no one murmured against it.
The investigator made his report on June 22, and it was evaluated by a Jesuit and a parish priest in Madrid, a Dominican from Salamanca, and a Minim from Alcalá de Henares. They confirmed the miraculous nature of the events and interpreted them as an indication that the image should be turned to for help. On September 13 the decision was read in public in Alcobendas with the vicar-general present. A transcript of the testimony was delivered to the town in November and, when I saw it, was still in the parish archive.
At Alcobendas it was women, who spent more time with images and were more likely to have closer emotional connections with them, who first discovered there was a liquid on the image, as at Osa de la Vega and Medina del Rioseco. But for these very reasons, and many others (ecclesiastical traditions of their supposed foolishness, lack of criteria and emotionality, plus their overall lack of authority in the public sphere) municipal and Church authorities were less likely to believe women and called few as witnesses. When three women were the first to see a crucifix had a bloody sweat in Igualada in 1590, they later testified, they went out to the street “to find a man to see it, because we would not be believed.”[53]
Most of the cases at this time, or at least the ones most publicized, seem to have involved images of Christ. His Passion, including sweating and bleeding, was after all the stuff of the central life story for European Catholics and the daily ritual acted out in their churches. In the shift in this period in Spain toward a greater devotion to Christ, these events served to “fix” devotion to Christ in particular images.[54]
In addition to drought, Holy Week processions and the fervor of new miracles, there was an older, continued occasion for image activation: the imminent presence of external danger in the form of inter-communal strife or warfare. There were spates of image activation in 1520, 1525, and 1526 in towns and villages with high proportions of Moslem converts.[55] In 1631 a concocted story about a crucifix that allegedly cried out when under abuse by Portuguese conversos in Madrid became the pretext for a wholesale persecution.[56] And there were others in 1640 in Catalan villages close to French or Castilian troops,[57] in 1675 and 1677 during the sieges of Oran by the Turks,[58] and during the protracted War of Spanish Succession at the start of the eighteenth century.[59]
People related the sweating of a painting of Saint Francis in the parish priest’s house in the village of Traíd from November 1 to December 10, 1710, for instance, to decisive battles on December 8, 9 and 10 (Fig. 19). Franciscans immediately took notice, and simultaneous investigations were led by a representative of the diocese and a Franciscan from nearby Molina de Aragón, hearing a total of twenty-two witnesses, including three painters.[60]
Fig. 19. Saint Francis receiving the stigmata. Unknown artist, c. 1680. Parish church, Traíd (Guadalajara). Image seen to sweat in 1710 and 1713 Photo: The author.
One account of the Traíd case placed its readers on warning, reviving a trope we have seen before: “Especially one must be careful about the sweating of images; because we know from experience that many are vain artifice, caused either by the blind affection that people have for an image to win it greater devotion, or by the hasty greed of shrine keepers or sextons, who do not want to live by the sweat of their brow, but rather by the sweat of the image.”[61]
Indeed, as time went on, common sense seems to have reasserted itself, perhaps because of a general overload of instances and certainly in keeping with the deemphasis on images among a clergy increasingly influenced by French trends and increasingly scientific procedures for the evaluation of miracles in Rome.[62] This decline of certified activations in the eighteenth century paralleled the decline of flagellation in Holy Week and petitionary processions.[63]
For each “successful” image activation there were many “failed” ones, miracles interrupted.[64] Some of them we can read about in cases brought before the Inquisition: beatas who put liquids on their devotional images to gain followers or be known as holy; shrine keepers who put blood on images to make them popular; and private individuals who did so with private images for pious reasons or to become shrine keepers. One of the latter was Francisco Martinez, the transhumant shepherd who in 1727 made up the story of an angel–like pilgrim that predicted rain. Martínez lived near the village where the St. Francis painting sweated and was himself a prime example of the “hasty greed” that the Traíd pamphlet warned about.
Martinez told people that the pilgrim had announced a miracle for the next Ascension Day and said that Martínez’s crucifix was giving off blood.[65] What actually happened with this crucifix, he later told the Inquisition, is that “I would dip the holy crucifix in water or splash it with water, and put blood drawn from my finger on it.”[66]
Martinez did this four times as he led his sheep on the long return trip northward from winter pastures (once at a town near Casas de Benitez, itself probably on his route). When he did so, he acted out the symptoms of the crucifix and trembled or feigned pain as a sign that the crucifix was bleeding, like the English cleric penanced two hundred years before in London. The last time was in a village not far from the place where he lived; there his companions informed the parish priest, who confiscated the crucifix, saying the bleeding was a fraud, something that Martínez, who seems rather innocent, then freely admitted.
When Martinez reached his home village of Taravilla, the fame of his crucifix had preceded him, and the townspeople demanded to see it. Outraged that it had been taken away, the people and their priest went with Martinez to try and get the crucifix back. But when Martinez was alone with the two priests he again admitted his deception, and they would not return it.
Determined to obtain the miraculous Christ for their town, the people of Taravilla then wanted Martinez to appeal to the bishop of Cuenca, but as the time for his miracle on Ascension Day was nearing, the shepherd came up with an alternative. From a street niche in the town of his birth he stole a stone image of Mary and stashed it on the hillside above Taravilla. On Ascension Day he told the priest the Virgin had appeared to him and revealed where her statue was hidden. By this time the priest knew Martinez was up to no good, but he and the sexton dutifully retrieved the image. When they brought it to the church, the townspeople rang the bells in celebration. They declared Martinez a saint, their own St. Francis, and tried to take snippets from his clothes as relics. People streamed in from the surrounding towns and chipped off stone from the hillside where the image had been found.
Hauled before the Inquisition, Martinez denied he had played these tricks to be treated as a saint or so people would think he had healing powers. He did it, he said, for pious reasons, in order to collect alms to redeem the Christian captives in North Africa, to have Masses said for those in mortal sin, and to move people to pray the Rosary. The Inquisition finally turned him over to the civil authorities, judging him simply lazy and wanting to eat and drink without working.[67]
The skepticism among priests that Martínez encountered in 1728 was in keeping with that of the clergy in general by that time. The next year the learned and hard-headed Benedictine Feijóo wrote, “How many sobs, or mysterious sweats in sacred images became known in various countries which had no more existence than that provided by mistaken eyesight or fanatical imagination! In the first years of this century the sweating of a Crucifix was proclaimed… as a symptom of the illness that Spain was then suffering, and the news spread to other countries as true, when it was just a fable.”[68] He went on to praise the rectitude of the corregidor of Ágreda who in 1665 had the elderly servant of a priest whipped though the streets. The servant had faked the bleeding of a crucifix that had belonged to the mystic Maria de Ágreda and had been willed to the servant’s master, the mystic’s nephew. The fraud had provoked “the wonder of everyone, nobles and plebes. There were rogations, processions, vows, and alms.” The fact that the crucifix had be-longed to a mystic nun, popularly considered a saint, enhanced the plausibility of its animation, as with the pedigree of the crucifix in El Bonillo, said to have been brought from Rome.
As earlier at Ágreda, authorities by the mid-eighteenth century short-circuited many of the public activations, no matter how eager the public. In 1755 in the town of La Guardia in Andalusia when an image of Our Lady of the Rosary in the Dominican convent wept blood, the liquid in question was found to be pomegranate juice.[69] In Palma de Mallorca in 1768, people gathered in front of the Jesuit church convinced that the stone image of Our Lady on the building’s exterior had moved its hands from a joined to a crossed position in protest against the expulsion of the Jesuits. The royal government, backed by the bishop, responded firmly, dispersing the crowd and arresting those who had started the rumor.[70] The last great hurrah for image activation in Southern Europe before its revival in the twentieth century was the weeping and eye movements of multiple statues in the Papal States in 1795-1796 in advance of the Napo-leonic invasion.[71]
Fig. 20. Esperanza Aparicio Buendía wearing the medal presented to her and other women jailed in 1937 for their defense of the image of the Santo Cristo del Milagro of El Bonillo (Albacete). Photo: The author, October 24, 1976.
In any case, most of the images whose cases we have looked at are still important for many inhabitants in their respective towns. People in Osa de la Vega, where the Veronica sweated in 1644, considered that the painting spared them from the great flu epidemic of 1914. When a Republican commission sought to re-move the Christ of the Miracles from El Bonillo for safekeeping in 1937, a group of women defended it, and they were jailed as a result. The Franco regime subsequently awarded them medals (Fig. 20). While in jail, two of them told me forty years later, they saw a cross in the sky, framed against the moon.[72] During the Civil War, as images were burned throughout the Republican zone, revolutionaries in one village took the time to chip away every bit of a mural crucifix that had sweated in 1768 and had come to symbolize a power structure they had replaced. After the Civil War the mural was carefully repainted.[73]
Several aspects of these events, not the least the characteristics of some of the liquids (non-evaporating, often perfumed) and the significance of many of the dates (Thursdays, Fridays, Easter Sunday, Transfiguration Sunday, Maundy Thursday, Ascension Thursday) point to what could be termed “intelligent design” in several of these events. One cannot rule out, for instance, the existence of a kind of pharmaceutical lore, circulating among the dispensaries of certain religious orders. The Augustinians, erstwhile keepers of the Christ of Burgos (reputed to sweat every Friday),[74] had a conspicuous presence in several cases.
But the whodunit question should not distract us from the central cultural fact of the eager receptiveness, the active collaboration in the certification of these events, and the promotion of these images by the authorities and citizens of the towns involved. This receptiveness was rooted in the constant, urgent search for divine helpers on a corporate and personal level, and in the highly-tuned sense in Spain’s city, town, and village states of being God’s chosen place.
The identification of town as Jerusalem, through the erections of Calvaries and Stations of the Cross and the entire intense sequence of Holy Week ceremonies and processions already applied to virtually every nuclear settlement in Spain. These image activations dramatically recharged the metaphor. The images involved became proofs, relics, and trophies, demonstrations of the power of images in the face of local and international religious enemies, but especially demonstrations of God’s vital residence in their particular place, as opposed to, say, the next town over.
Time and again we saw how the laypeople and clergy knew what to do in these situations, what questions to ask, what to look for. While the events were rare enough to provoke great excitement, they were part of the established cultural repertoire of early modern Catholic Europe. Although a few of the images that temporarily came to life may have done so with an initial advantage—because they were reputedly not made by humans, in the case of Veronicas, or were the replica of an image known to be powerful, in the case of the Christ of Burgos in Cabra del Santo Cristo[75]—the vast majority of those that did so were simple, workaday crucifixes or paintings, unremarkable and hitherto unremarked. That indeed was and is an important lesson of most of these events, that every image, in addition to representing the divine, could embody it.[76]
It was not unusual for the devout to have a sense that their private devotional images were responding orally as well as visually to prayer.[77] From this perspective, the display of blood, sweat and tears on images was an extension into the public realm of a private two-way channel of devotional communication that was a free zone beyond the control of confessors and inquisitors. The care with which small crucifixes or Baby Jesuses were willed from one woman to another is an indication of the intensity of these devotions in the home or in the dressing room.[78] In this zone, of which we read quite uninhibited accounts in pious biographies, images may smile, nod, knock, blanch, glower, twist in anguish. But there is no implication or expectation that others may share these private experiences. The presence of divine liquid on a statue is qualitatively different because it is verifiable by others, and in the episodes here that started in the private sphere, the news passed immediately from home to street.
We have seen the rise from the early sixteenth century, the cresting in the 1640s and the surfeit and decline in the eighteenth century of the acceptance of public blood, sweat and tear miracles by Church and civil authorities that became publicly known.
[LEFT]: Fig. 21. Christ at the Column, early sixteenth century. Polychromed wood. Santuario–Monasterio de Nuestra Señora de Monlora, Luna (Zaragoza), seen to sweat in 1629 and 1630. Courtesy of Hermandad de Ntra. Sra. de Monlora.
[RIGHT]: Fig. 22. Miracle board, c. 1630. Santuario-Monasterio de Nuestra Señora de Monlora, Luna (Zaragoza). Photo: The author.
While by the eighteenth century the authorities were wary of new activations, the images certified as having sweated, wept and bled waited patiently, alive and well, for times to change and the clergy to be less rigorous. And along with these images, their approved miracle boards, their paintings, their miracle days on which their activation was recalled in sermons, so too waited the general idea of image animation for new public cycles.[79] (Figs. 21 23.)
[LEFT]: Fig. 23. The Virgin of the Miracle, patroness of Cocentaina (Alicante). Postcard, 1945, on the silver anniversary of the coronation, from a dentist in Cocentaina to student in Santiago de Compostela. “…you cannot imagine the hullabaloo in the town…”
[RIGHT]: Fig. 24. Main altar of the parish church of San Pedro, Limpias (Cantabria), with the image of the Christ of Limpias. Photo: Felipe Pereda, August 2010. By permission.
In Spain one such cycle began in 1919, in the context of a Catholicism experienced as under siege from Republican, Socialist and anarchist unbelievers. The Christ of Agony in the parish church of Limpias in Cantabria first showed signs of life during a Capuchin mission (Fig. 24). On the first day there was a sweat-like condensation on the image, but that only happened once, and the miracle people came to expect was movement in the eyes, mouth, face, and changes in complexion, as though the image was looking at people, responding to them, or, eventually, dying in the throes of agony (Fig. 25). Over the next few years a quarter of a million people went to see it, and about one in fifteen saw it come alive (Fig. 26). The diocese opened an investigation and concluded that the visions were subjective and the fruit of suggestion and artificial lighting, but never made a public pronouncement. Official pilgrimages led by bishops tailed off, and in the mid- to late–1920s pilgrimages were mainly from outside Spain, including biannual pilgrimages by Austrians and Hungarians. Many of the pilgrims stopped to visit the Habsburg imperial family in exile in the Spanish Basque Country. The Hungarians set up shrines to Limpias in Budapest and Lillafüred.[80]
[LEFT]: Fig. 25. Postecard sampler, Limpias, c. 1919, of José Martínez.
[CENTER]: Fig. 26. Pilgrimage group at Limpias, undated. Photo: José Martínez.
[RIGHT]: Fig. 27. The bleeding statues of Templemore, Ireland, 1921. Photo: W.D. Hogan. Courtesy of the National Library of Ireland.
Other similar events preceded it, most immediately, an episode of a crucifix in Gandía in 1918, that seemed to bleed until the blood turned out to be paint, paint apparently applied by a teenage girl. And others followed Limpias: a series of crucifixes that seemed to move in Navarre in 1920, the news quashed by the bishop because they would damage the case for Limpias and open the faith to ridicule.[81] As with the rain processions and apparitions, the tradition of animated statues was the subject of ridicule among Spanish Republicans and anticlericals, who attributed the events to the manipulation of the clergy and the gullibility of believers and considered it part of a system of domination.[82]
In August 1921 in Templemore in Ireland, in the thick of guerrilla warfare against the British troops and just as the news of the Limpias crucifix was becoming known there, some images associated with a young man seemed to bleed (Fig. 27) and tens of thousands of pilgrims went to see them until after a couple of months the youth was discredited.[83]
[LEFT]: Fig. 28. Marie Mesmin and the oratory of the Santissima Bambina, Bordeaux. Postcard.
[RIGHT]: Fig. 29. The Santissima Bambina of Marie Mesmin. “Picture of the Statue that wept frequendy in the presence of about one thousand witnesses in Bordeaux at number 13 July 30th Street from Dec. 19, 1911, to Jan. 20, 1913, when it was moved to the Oratory of Boulevard de Bouscat 26…” Postcard.
There were other episodes associated with small cults[84] like that of the lay mystic Marie Mesmin of Bordeaux (1867-1935). She had a Lourdes image that allegedly wept from 1907 until 1910, when it was confiscated by Church authorities. She replaced it with an Italian Baby Mary that wept from 1911 until 1913.[85] (Figs. 28-29.) Similarly a French parish priest, l’abbé Vachère de Grateloup, from 1911 until his death in 1921 had images that seemed to bleed and weep. These included successive pictures of the Sacred Heart as well as other images and consecrated hosts. These phenomena occurred in Mirebeau-en-Poitou, as well as on a visit in 1920 to Aix-la-Chapelle (Fig. 30). Vachère would also hear Christ speak, and during the war Christ predicted France’s victory. The priest distributed miniature photographs, daubed with the images’ blood, as talismans for soldiers.[86]
[LEFT]: Fig. 30. The bleeding Sacred Heart of Mirebeau-en-Poitou c. 1911. Recopied photo postcard for sale by Joaquín Sicart, Ezquioga, 1932.
[RIGHT]: Fig. 31. Angelo and Antonina Jannuso with the Weeping Madonna of Siracusa, 1953. Photo: Maltese-Siracusa, all rights reserved.
But the only well-publicized and Church–certified episode of an image with liquid on it in twentieth-century Europe was the plaster plaque of the Immaculate Heart of Mary belonging to Antonina and Angelo Jannuso in Siracusa, Sicily (Fig. 31). For four days starting on August 29, 1953, the image gave off what seemed to be human tears,[87] first in the Jannuso bedroom, then in the police station, then again in the house, purportedly convincing Communists, Freemasons and Protestants. An initial commission including a chemist, a medical doctor, priests and police officers examined the image and tasted and tested the tears, which seemed to be human. The image was moved to a niche outside on the street, and on September 19 escorted by the archbishop to the Piazza Euripide, where people continued to touch it with flowers, photographs, or cotton sold at the site, all potential relics for grace and healing.[88] (Figs. 32-33.) Dozens of cures ensued.
[LEFT]: Fig. 32. Franciscans relaying flowers, pictures, handkerchiefs and cotton to be touched to the image, Piazza Euripide. Photo: Walter Carone, Paris Match, Oct. 3, 1953, p. 53, all rights reserved.
[RIGHT]: Fig. 33. Stand selling cotton and photographs to be touched to the Madonna, Piazza Euripide, Siracusa, Photo: Walter Carone, Paris Match, Oct. 3, 1953, p. 53, all rights reserved.
The joint declaration by Sicilian bishops on the “reality at the start of the Marian year, encouraged a host of similar image activations across Europe. The long-distance distribution of blessed cotton was similar to that of Lourdes water. In Spain a shrine to the Siracusa weeping image was set up in Ciudad Real, and the priest there distributed pieces of cotton that that been touched to the Siracusa image (Fig. 34), while a priest in Belgium did so with holy cards with cotton relics that had been touched to cotton with the tears (Fig. 35). Photography better communications, mass market photo journalism, radio and television, sped up and internationalized the news and the model, for which there was a ready and eager audience during the struggle between Catholics and Communist Parties across Europe.
[LEFT]: Fig. 34. Envelope containing Siracusa cotton relic distributed from Ciudad Real, Spain. “Cotton blessed and touched to the miraculous image of the Virgin of the Tears. Sent by the Archdiocesan Curia of Siracusa” [1950s?].
[RIGHT]: Fig. 35. Holy card with color photo taken at Siracusa Aug. 30, 1953 and “cotton that touched cloth soaked in the tears of Our Lady.” Propagande Mariale Ciney, imprimatur Diocese of Namur, July 1, 1955.
In Spain three cases became known: an image of the Miraculous Mary on the main altar of the church of Entrecruces (La Coruña) that appeared to weep on eleven different days from February 11 to April 21, 1954; a similar incident with a Immaculate Heart of Mary in another Galician village in 1954-1955;[89] and a weeping lithograph of Our Lady of Mount Carmel in a village of Cuenca, Villalba de la Sierra, in September 1959 (Fig. 36)[90] of the weeping ceased when the commission of skeptical urns or frames. In the Entrecruces case diocesan commission of skeptical priests sent the tears for chemical analysis and found they were largely water.[91]
[LEFT]: Fig. 36. “The New Virgin of the Tears” detail, cover of Sábado Gráfico (Madrid), Oct. 24, 1959, with the article by Javier Querol, “The Mystery of Some Tears,” about Villalba de la Sierra (Cuenca). All rights reserved.
[RIGHT]: Fig. 37. The bleeding hand of Saint Anne of Entrevaux, signed on back “Jean Salvada, 1957”. Postcard c. 1953-1954, Nice, Photomic, From http://www.delcampe.net.
In France, another Francisco Martinez emerged when the café owner Jean Salvadé read of the Siracusa events and created his own autonomous Siracusa in the medieval tourist town of Entrevaux (Fig. 37). On November 29, 1953, Salvadé purchased an image of St. Anne teaching the child Mary to read. He broke off and reglued one of St. Anne’s fingers, and during a poker game on December 26 put the image next to him for good luck. When he lost the hand he was playing he kicked the image over, snapping off the finger. On December 28, he pricked his own finger, bloodied the broken hand of the image, then pretended to discover the miracle, with the idea that the image was bleeding because of his blasphemy (Fig. 38).
[LEFT]: Fig. 38. “Sainte-Anne d’Entrevaux” Postcard, c. 1953-54, signed on back “Jean Salvade, 1957”. His signature was crossed out and the card used for an entry to a contest of La Vie Catholique Illustrée, Paris. Nice, Photomic.
[RIGHT]: Fig. 39. “Entrevaux, Ste Anne Miraculeuse. Gisèle AUBERT et sa mère, janvier 1954.” Snapshot 6.5×11.3. Photographer unknown.
The chain of events that followed was somewhat similar to that in early modern Spain, except that the French clergy wanted nothing to do with it.[92] As townspeople flocked in (Fig. 39), Salvadé got the local photographer to document the bleeding, the doctor to examine it (he sent a blood sample to the pharmacist in a nearby town who certified it was human) (Fig. 40) and a radiologist from Nice to come and make an X-ray of the statue to show there was no hidden mechanism.[93] Reporters, photographers and newsreel cameramen came from Paris, Dublin, and the United States,[94] and Salvadé cultivated an ascetic persona, modeled on Gandhi, turning his eyes heavenward when faced with hard questions. He left plates out for contributions and sold signed postcards of the image and the hand, and soon miracles began to occur among the pilgrims who came to be healed by Salvadé’s touch. As at Siracusa, a film crew came to document the story (Fig. 41).
[LEFT]: Fig. 40. “The conclusion of Dr. Monner and the pharmacist Laïk was definite: the blood of the Virgin was human blood.” From Salvadé confession series, France-Dimanche, Feb. 16, 1961, p. 8, all rights reserved.
[CENTER]: Fig. 41. “The last pilgrimage of school children before the departure of Saint Anne.” Paris Match, Dec. 25, 1954, p. 65, all rights reserved.
[RIGHT]: Fig 43. “I made the Virgin’s statue bleed.” Headline, France-Dimanche, Feb. 9, 1961, p. 8, all rights reserved.
Also as at Siracusa, Salvade distributed pieces of cotton with the blood, of which of course he had an abundant supply (Fig. 42). When local interest waned, he joined forces with a like-minded Florentine and exhibited the statue in Paris. There Salvadé could escape the obligations of a holy man and could live a life of ease.
The film was shown in 1957 to little success, and the Cardinal-Archbishop of Paris warned people against it. The Florentine absconded with the money of wealthy believers. And in 1958 Salvadé brought the image back to Entrevaux, where his supporters were loyal but few in number. He finally sold the story of how he had invented the whole enterprise (and how he was just as surprised as anybody by the miracles) to the sensationalist newspaper France-Dimanche (Fig. 43), which published it in five full-page episodes in February 1961 (Fig. 44)[95] The police promptly intervened, and in 1962 Salvadé was condemned to thirteen months in prison.[96]
Fig. 42. Envelope and relic. “Two drops of blood from the first bleeding of the statue of Ste. Anne on Dec. 28, 1953 between 10 and 11 o’clock in the morning. Given by M. Jean Salvadé à Entrevaux on Monday, February 22, 1954.” In a celluloid holder with a postcard of the image signed by Jean Salvadé.
When, decades later, a police-inspector-turned journalist interviewed him in an old age home, Salvadé reneged, saying the bleeding was genuine and he had confessed just for the money,[97] leading us to the eternal conundrum, applicable to Francisco Martinez as well, of just when a fibber is telling the truth.
There have continued to be news stories about liquid on images in Spain and Southern Europe, and worldwide in Orthodox and Coptic churches and homes. There was a related spate in Ireland on the heels of Medjugorje enthusiasm, from February 1985 to the fall of 1986 (but without liquid: the statues, mostly those of Mary in outdoor Lourdes grottos erected in 1954, were simply seen to move, as at Limpias) and in the 1990s, in Italy, with the most famous instance in Civitavecchia, where the bleeding Madonna had been purchased at Medjugorje by the parish priest, a Spaniard, and given to the local prayer group.[98]
Fig. 44. “First I pricked my finger.” France-Dimanche, Feb. 9, 1961, p. 8, all rights reserved.
These manifestations no longer serve as sympathetic consolation for towns in times of drought or other travails, in part because towns are no longer sufficiently homogenous arenas for religious interpretation, and in part because travails no longer have credibly local causes. If a manifestation receives publicity the meaning attributed to it quickly transcends the local community drawn out by specialized interpreters into a national or world-wide interpretive etiology often involving the end times.[99] Of course, we are less likely to know about events that have not received or carefully side-stepped publicity and remained local.
A critical change from the early modern episodes is that photography, film and video have become the key means of demonstrating reality, replacing in the popular mind sworn testimony (Fig. 45). The depictions of these miracles in seventeenth-century Spain were highly controlled and permitted only after episcopal approval. In the twentieth century, photographs and films became evidence in the deliberative process both for Church authorities and for public opinion.[100]
Fig. 45. Sign in street stand, Siracusa. “The only photograph included in the Acts of the Ecclesiastical Tribunal.” Detail. Photo: Walter Carone, Paris Match, Oct. 3, 1953, p. 53, detail, all rights reserved.
The nature of the substance has changed along with methods for its analysis. In several early modern cases, the efforts of artists, pharmacists and doctors were to eliminate the possibility that it was a human substance or a known perfume or preparation, with the underlying idea, shared with ancient Greek religion, that it was some kind of ichor, the fluid in the gods’ veins. Perhaps because of refined methods for chemical analysis, and perhaps with a more human and less hieratic idea of the divinity, the nineteenth- and twentieth-century Catholic cases emphasize and accept as positive evidence that the blood, sweat or tears is human (or as negative evidence that the blood is animal). But the advent of DNA forensics by the end of the 1980s has added a serious complication to the likes of Francisco Martinez and Jean Salvadé. In Civitavecchia, when the blood on the Madonna turned out to have male DNA (Mary as Father?) and the image’s owner refused to let his blood be tested, the events lost whatever remained of their credibility.[101]
What has not changed much is the personal use to which the divine liquids are put (Fig. 46). The liquid is tasted, if no longer applied to the eye. The relic on cotton is touched to the wound and carried for protection. This universal, never-ending demand for the divine touch is more than enough to make it likely that images exude in the future, although the possibility of official certification has dramatically declined. The idea of a new beacon for healing and consolation in the constellation of grace remains, however truncated most of the recent attempts have been to achieve it through animated images. Devotees of St. Anne of Entrevaux swear that they saw the image move and embrace them.
Fig. 46. A bottle of cotton soaked in tears, Siracusa. Paris Match, Sept. 26, 1953, p. 26, all rights reserved.
And surely the idea of verisimilitude is so built into the notion of representation that from the dawn of time not just any religious image, but, as with Pygmalion, any image at all of a living being has built into it the idea, the prospect of animation.[102] The demand for animation itself from photograph to animated sequence, to moving pictures, to moving pictures with sound and color, to 3D and holograms exemplifies this principle. The communication of gods through their images, sharing their pain, their wounds, their sorrow and their travails through blood, sweat and tears, takes the process one step farther, crossing the cognitive, emotional, and physiological boundaries between human and supernatural beings.
Notes
1 An earlier version of the first part of this paper appeared as “Images as Beings” in the exhibition catalogue Sacred Spain. Art and Belief in the Spanish World, ed. Ronda Kasl, whose help and that of Suso Mourelo in locating illustrations I most gratefully acknowledge.
2 For this use of “special” I have been influenced by Ann Taves in conversations and her Religious Experience Reconsidered.
3 For general considerations on the miraculousness of images, Trexler, “Being and Non-Being,” Vauchez, “Les images saintes,” Schmitt, Le Corps des images.
4 Christian, Apariciones; for Guadalupe, Crémoux, Pèlerinages et miracles.
5 Freedberg, Power, 283–316; for a late medieval spate of Eucharistic miracles in Germany, see Bynum, Wonderful Blood, and Merback, “Channels of Grace.”
6 García Avilés “Imágenes ‘vivientes’”; for Italy, Jansen, “Miraculous Crucifixes,” and Camille, Gothic Idol, 220–24, 232–36.
7 The concentration in Old and New Castile and Catalonia of most of the examples in this paper should not be taken as an indication of the real geographical distribution of this kind of event, but more likely as an indication of which ones made it into print (hence a bias toward Madrid and Barcelona and their hinterlands) and thus came to my notice. The list in Christian, Religiosidad local, 237, 337–39, is perforce haphazard, and as a general rule the more one looks the more one finds. Events with political implications (here those of Nuévalos, Tobed Llers, Riudarenas, Olot, Orán, Murcia, Traíd) and those involving images or devotions closely associated with religious orders are also more likely to be publicized (here Munébrega for the Jesuits, and Traíd, for the Franciscans).
8 Christian, “Provoked Religious Weeping”; Veratelli, “Les Emotions en images”; Webster, Art and Ritual; Webster, “Shameless Beauty”; Llompart “Procesión del Encuentro”; Español, “Descendimientos hispanos”; and for present-day eye contact between images and people, Pasqualino, “Quand les yeux.” For people as saints and vice versa in contemporary festivals, many of them with early modern roots, see Christian, “Sobrenaturales, humanos, animales.”
9 Wriothesley and Herald, Chronicle, 1: 74, 90, 152; for Hales, see also 76.
10 Alonso Fernández de Madrigal, Confessional, under Primer Mandamiento: “por ende quando toman especial deuocion mas con vna ymagen que con otra pecan”; “y dizen que lloran las ymagines y que echan lagrimas muy dulces y ello es agua y miel que por detras les echan; lo qual seria assaz de consentir en el tíenpo que a los ydolos adorauan. E si estos que esto leuantan no hiziessen en ello otro mal: sino que sacas sen el dinero avnque es cosa de mal exenplo: empero encima del lo que es lo peor fazen a la gente necia ydolatrar: y a los tales: no solamente se deuia de dar gran castigo mas la tierra no los deuia sufrir.” See also Alemán, Antonio de Padua, fol. 78v.
11 Valer a, Los dos tratados, 326: “¡Oh zeguedad ignorante i ignoranzia ziega! ¿Cuántas imájines han hablado? ¿Cuántas han sudado, i aun gotas de sangre? Al cruzifijo de Burgos, cree la jente ignorante, que le creze la barba i los cabellos, i aun las uñas.” For the Christ of Burgos and the important antecedent of the Christ of Beirut, see Pereda, Imágenes de la discordia, 132–38.
12 The Council of Trent is mentioned explicitly in the Medina de Rioseco case below; see also Prieto, Probanza; for the 1617 retrospective hearing on the 1490 apparitions of the Virgin in Escalona (Segovia), see Christian, Apariciones, 142–50; and for the elaborate hearings about the relics of the Sacromonte, 1595–1600, Harris, From Muslim to Christian; for Arjona, 1628–46, see Olds, “The ’False Chronicles’.”
13 The acts of two notaries are reproduced photographically and transcribed in Garcías Palou, El Santo Cristo de Alcudia.
14 “Instrumento Público, que se formó en la averiguación del prodigio que se vio, de sudar sangre y agua, la sagrada Imagen del Santo Cristo de la villa de Igualada,” in Díaz i Carbonell, El Sant Crist, 213–40. See also Colomer, Historia.
15 Muñóz Fernández, “Las cofradías”; and Flynn, “Baroque Piety.”
16 Díaz i Carbonell, El Sant Crist, 233: “que estaba lo Cristo ab gran treball y agonía, com aquellas personas que sels acosta la hora de la mort, y estant pera donar la anima a nostre Senyor, y apuntant ja un mudor per tot lo cos, aprés me aparegué que resplandia y rellentaba per tota la figura.”
17 Ibid., 216: “que era la hora que Cristo espirá, per veurer si la dita Figura faria altres senyals.”
18 Ibid., 214: “tenir ab major veneració y acato del que fins vui es tinguda; y per tots los Feels Cristians ser venerada y reverenciada”; “burlarse han los enemigos de la Santa Fé Católica, y confirmarse han en su damnable error.”
19 Ibid., 223: “y era Figura molt fosca, y tota plena de picaduras de moscas; y ara está blanca com si fos eixida de ma de Mestre y molt trasmudada del que ans apareixia.”
20 Gila Medina, Cabra, 58-59.
21 “Información y processo original hecho por el doctor don Miguel Sanctos de San Pedro Arcidiano del Alcor en la sancta yglesia de Palenda Inquisidor Apostolico de Aragon, con comision del señor Obispo de Palencia, sobre el milagro succedido a 8 de Junio, de 1602 en la villa de Medina de Rioseco en la iglesia de Sancta María en un sancto crucifixo que sudo con grande Admiracion del pueblo y la sentencia difinitiua en que se declara el milagro dado por el señor Obispo don Martin Axpe y Sierra.” MS, Archivo Municipal de Medina de Rioseco, legajo 5. Testimony of Hermano Seuastian de la Conçeçion de la orden de nuestra señora del carmen descaiços extramuros, frayle lego, fols. 269r–v, also fols. 81r–v: “el mismo rrostro e seueridad del y en la misma figura de que antes estaua… le pareçio que no hera el mismo que auia uisto en la yglesia ora y medio auia porque yua muy disfigurado y los cauellos de la uarua muy espeluçados y su precioso rrosttro mas leuantado.”
22 Ibid., fol. 115v, Licenciado Andres Ramos, racionero en la sancta iglesia de Palencia, Jury 18, 1602: “los testigos examinados en esta causa no han de ser admittidos por ser como son todos vezinos de la dicha villa de medina de rioseco y como apasionados an dicho sus dichos por engrandezer su pueblo pensando de enriquezer la hermitta donde esta la imaxen del dicho crucifixo con las limosnas y dadiuas que comunmente offrezen los fieles deuotos que la vesitaren.” However plausible and revealing, these were pro forma objections in what seems to have been a pro forma proceeding, and Ramos immediately dropped his objections after Merino responded.
23 Ibid., fols. 117v–118r, Hernando Merino, procurador en la audiencia episcopal, Jury 20, 1602:” avnque confieso que la fee esta confirmada en estos reynos, es tanta nuestra tiuieza en acudir a las cosas de el seruicio de dios y culto diuino que algunas veces son necessarios milagros y nuestro señor vemos que los obra cada dia para que aya mayor deuoçion y con fervor acudamos todos a venerar y respectar las sanctas ymagines y por estos medios suele nuestro señor atraer los pueblos pues en semejantes casos vemos concurrir a por fia a visitar semejantes ymagenes por quien nuestro señor obra sus milagros, no solo la gente toda de los lugares donde suçeden / 118r / sino de los demas comarcanos y de toda la tierra por donde se publica y dibulga la fama de el tal milagro y con semejantes casos y successos sobrenaturales aunque todas las ymagenes por lo que representan se an de tener estimar y reuerenciar con mucho respecto, pero particularmente por las que nuestro señor semejantes milagros obra se tienen y respectan con mucho mas deuoçion, y en las capillas donde se tienen se hazen muchos sacrifiçios se diçen misas y sermones y se hazen oraçiones convocame y juntanse mui de ordinario los pueblos en tales yglesias y casas de oraçion, danse limosnas y hazense otras obras pias y sanctas con que nuestro señor es alauado y seruido.”
24 Ibid., fols. 248r–v, Bishop Martín de Axpe y Sierra: “el sudor y gotas de agua que… se vieron clara y patentemente por todo el cuerpo del dicho sancto cruciffixo y limpiandolo los saçerdotes con vnos corporales se vmedeçian y bolbian luego a rebenir y naçer alli mismo otras gotas de agua y que aunque menearon y mudaron el sancto cruçifijo, no se cayan las dichas gotas de agua y sudor, que se beian pendientes en el, y ansimismo verse el rostro del dicho cristo como afligido congoxado y demudado con admiraçion y espanto de todos los que lo vieron y differente de lo que antes deste casso se vio y despues se a visto su rostro. El dicho casso deberse tener por milagro que nuestro señor jhesucristo fue seruido de hazer y obrar en su sancta ymagen y figura para bien de los fieles cristianos…. todos fieles cristianos de nuestro obispado que de aqui en adelante lo beneran y tengan por tal milagro, y que se escriba y ponga en vna tabla en parte y lugar que este de manifiesto para que el pueblo se exorta a buen viuir y a seruir y agradar en todas sus acçiones a nuestro buen dios y señor y a mayor culto y beneraçion de su sancta ymagen.”
25 For instance, Spaniards could read of a crucifix in a village in Sardinia, Galtelli, that started sweating and bleeding on the days leading up to its feast on May 3, 1612. The face allegedly looked very tortured, and when curtain was drawn back so people could sing it a Miserere, many drops of blood fell, and “the church was filled with lamenting, copious tears were wept, all fearful of some chastisement well deserved because of sins and offenses to his Divine Majesty” (se llenò la Iglesia de llanto, y se derramaron copiosas lagrimas, temiendose todos de algun castigo, bien merecido por los pecados, y ofensas hechas á su Diuina Magestad). In the subsequent investigation, people said that the crucifix had been noticed in the past to change expressions, whether happy, favorable, sad, afflicted, or angry, and at times the very fabric of the image seemed to be transformed. ’Some priests testify that sometimes they have found one of the thighs soft and tractable, as if it were real flesh and bones, causing in them and those present great wonder,” Devocion y milagros. For the investigation of the sweating/ weeping of an image of the Virgin of Copacabana in Lima, 1591, see Amino, “Las lágrimas.” Christoval delos Santos, Tesoro del Cielo, 1: 138–39, mentions the sweating of a crucifix in 1621 in Minas de Ixmiquilpan, Mexico. The first published news of this sweating in Spain came in 1649. See Taylor, “Two Shrines” and Rubial García, “Imágenes y ermitaños,” 230–35. For Goa, in 1636, Diego de Santa Ana, Milagroso portento. For Győr, Mitchell, “Fiction,” and the pious version in Jordánszky, Magyar Országban, 56–57.
26 Relacion de algunos, 4: “sudò hazia la parte derecha, debaxo del braço, por espacio de 4. horas, y el sudor era un licor extraordinario, que ni bien era agua (aunque lo parecia en el color) ni bien azeyte, ni otro licor que coriesse, sino que se yua hinchando como vnas gotas gruessas, y si lo enxugauan, luego boluia a manar el mismo licor, y se empaparon dos lienços.”
27 Relacion segunda de algunos, 2: “Que milagros puede hazer vna tabla? y arrodillandose delante de vn gran tablon, que auia muchos dias que estaua arrimado a la pared, y no se podia mouer facilmente: díxo en menosprecio de la imagen del Santo. Tabla haz milagros: Al punto se le cayò la tabla en la cabeça, y dandole vn gran golpe, le descalabrò muy bien, y la herida del cuerpo fue la salud de su alma, que este castigo a esso endereçaron Dios y san Ignacio: si bien no teniendose el blasfemo por seguro de la Inquisicion, se huyò de Calatayud, donde personas abonadas son testigos que estan hoy en Madrid.”
28 Andrade, Veneración, 348–66.
29 Ibid., 224–26.
30 Cunill i Fontfreda, El Sant Crist, 40–67, at 52: “que lo Christo del Hospital avia plorat sanch y aygua… y que a nit… avia sentit tocar la campana del hospital dos vegades.”
31 Antón Díaz, age fifty-four, April 9, 1640, fols. 125v–28r, in “Informacion fecha en virtud de comision de los Señores del Consejo de Su Alteza el Señor Cardenal Ynfante, en razon del Sudor de diez y siete dias que hizo en este villa del Bonillo el SANTO CRISTO DE LOS MILAGROS, el año de 1640 el dia quatro del mes de marzo de dicho año = Y asimismo el Milagro que a 21 de Abril de dicho año ejecuto con Christival Chilleron haviendole cogido los novillos.” This is a notarized copy in the Libro de Cofradía made February 19, 1794, from the copy made May 23, 1641, of the document in Toledo. I saw it in the parish archive.
32 The Augustinian friar was Miguel Garcés de la Cañada. Ldo. Juan Baptista Davia, age about seventy, April 14, 1640, ibid., fol. 140v: “la sudor bullia como la de un huebo que ponen asar en la lumbre,” reporting what Garcés told him. This image was used by several observers, including Díaz himself.
33 Davia, April 14, 1640, ibid., fol. 140r: “como ha sucedido en otras ocasiones muchas.”
34 Pedro Morcillo, age sixty-four, April 18, 1640, ibid., fol. 156v: “como cuando un hombre viene caluroso y cansado.”
35 Diego Ortiz, infantry captain, regidor, familiar of the Holy Office, age forty-two, May 6, 1640, ibid., fol. 175r: “como una lentejuela de plata, que resplandecía.”
36 Luis Calvache Pinero, doctor, age seventy, April 15, 1640, ibid., fol. 150r: “that odor was not natural, for it was not water of orange blossom, violets, carnations, angels, amber, musk, civet, calamite storax, lozenges, nor anything that this witness knows about” (y que aquel olor no era de cosa natural, porque ni era de agua de Azar, ni de Violetas, ni de Claveles, ni de Angeles, ni de Ambar, ni de Amizcle, ni de Algalia, ni de Estoraque calamita, ni de pastillas, y por fin dixo, que ni de otra cosa que este testigo alcanza). One witness (fol. 158v) said it was like jasmine flower, but more delicate (suave).
37 Christoval Chilleron, labrador, age forty-four, April 15, 1640, ibid., fols. 148v-149r.
38 Juan de la Plaza, painter, age twenty-seven, April 22, 1640, ibid., fol. 178v: “es cosa sobrenatural y milagrosa, y este testigo lo tiene por tal, y la pintura de ella porque es de las mas primas y superiores, que ha visto su vida, tanto que provoca a rreberencia, y debocion grande aquiel [sic] lo vè, y en todas las ocasiones que este testigo le ha visto se le han escarmenado los cavellos, y dado temor, porque la Caveza es de la mayor primor y vivez [sic], que ay en el arte de pintura.”
39 For sweating, in 1641, of a Veronica in Baños de la Encina (Jaén) and a painting of the Cristo de Cabra in Linares (Jaén) during Jesuit missions, see “Copia de una carta, que el Padre Marcos de Verrio aviendo vuelto de una larga mission escrivio desde Jaen a un religioso amigo residente en Madrid, de 24 de De. de 1641,” BRAH 9.336 folios 200rv, and “Traslado de una relacion que se escribio desde Baños al Señor Cardenal Obispo de Jaen por el doctor Melchor de Blanca Prior de aquella iglesia y el Padre Pedro de Fontiberos del sudor extraordinario de la santa Beronica en la Villa de Baños estando en mission los padres Marcos de Verrio y dicho Padre Fontiberos sacada puntiualmente de la jurídica que para su eminencia se hiço con mas de cien testigos,” ibid., 343r–345v. I am grateful to Katrina Olds for this reference and transcription.
40 Most of what we know of the events comes from a book about it, published fifty years later by a Trinitarian who was a native son, which includes the final judgment and verbatim excerpts from the hearing, see Christoval de los Santos, Tesoro del Cielo.
41 Ibid., 1: 38–39. The main Veronica shrines in Spain were in Jaén and Alicante; two other Veronica images that became active were in Honrubia (Cuenca) sometime in the 1630s (to the beata Ana García Rubio and others, see Panes, Chronica, 430–36) and in Sacedón (Guadalajara), in 1689, where an investigation was held after a Veronica was discovered on a wall and worked miracles; see Corona, Historia de la maravillosa aparición.
42 Christ oval de los Santos, Tesoro del Cielo, 1: 42, the Dominican Miguel Conde: “y que dicho Rostro de nuestro Señor Jesu-Christo estava encendido, y encarnado, como de vna persona que está muy fatigada, y cansada, y que le pareciò, que algunas vezes hazia mudanças el Rostro, como impelido de alguna congoja Interior, y los ojos sumamente tristes, los labios belfos.” See also in De Gayangos, Cartas de Jesuítas, a letter dated April 26, 1644, to Seville, quoting an April 24 letter from the rector of Villarejo de Fuentes to Madrid, Memorial Histórico Español 17, 470–71.
43 Christoval de los Santos, Tesoro del Cielo, 1: 22–23.
44 Public penance that provoked public weeping served as demonstrations to God that the town as a collective being was repentant, see Christian, “Provoked Religious Weeping.”
45 Christoval de los Santos, Tesoro del Cielo, 2: 122: “lo tenían por milagro, y sin sospecha de causa natural, que en ello interviniesse, segun lo que la fragilidad, y juizio humano puede alcançar à entender, y juzgar. Y por este razon, ser digno de ponerse desde luego en mas veneracion de la que aora està en dicho cuadro.” This outcome resembled the outcome of a beatification process, which also allowed a greater degree of veneration of a person considered blessed.
46 Sebastian Gonzalez, Madrid, to Rafael Peyreira, Seville, in De Gayangos, Cartas de Jesuitas, MHE 18, 299, letter May 15, 1646, “Dios está muy enojado”; “A un padre de este Colegio dijo la condesa de Puñoenrostro, que en un pueblo suyo que se llama Alcobendas habia allí sudado un Cristo, y que habiéndole limpiado algunas veces el sudor el cura, habia de nuevo vuelto á sudar. ¡Quiera Dios mejorar estos presagios!”
47 The following account is based on “Infformacion de la milagrossa Imagen del Sto. Christo de la Columna cuya sta efigie esta en esta Iglessia Parrochial de señor san Pedro de esta Villa de Alcouendas año de mili y seiscientos y quarenta y seis,” in the parish archive of San Pedro Apostol, 1646. It consists of 98 folios. There is also another, 243-page transcript, made in 1794, and a record book of the alms to the image with entries for 1646, and the period 1651 to 1709.
48 “Infformacion,” fols. 54v, 57r, Francisco de Moscoso (“ex-alcalde de los nobles”): “como suele secederze.”
49 Ibid., fols. 11v, 33v, 36v, 40r.
50 Ibid., fols. 19r, 26v, 54v, and passim: “temor,” “ternura,” “admiracion,” “contento,” “pura devocion” and “reuerençia.”
51 Several of the male witnesses were town notables (“those paid attention to“), and four were seasonal workers, including two from a town next to Osa de la Vega; the age of the male witnesses ranged from twenty-two to sixty-seven, of the women, from twenty-two to fifty.
52 Ibid., fol. 66v: “en tiempos tan calamitosos.”
53 Díaz i Carbonell, El Sant Crist, 228: “á cercar algun home perque vehes, pera que a nosaltres nons he creurian.”
54 Christian, Religiosidad local, 219–49. As Richard Trexler has pointed out (in “Habiller et déshabiller“), Spain’s Christ images were largely undressed, and most of them did not have detachable clothing. In contrast, Marian images were heavily dressed (Cea Gutiérrez, Religiosidad popular; Albert-Llorca, Vierges miraculeuses) and humors or transformation had to be concentrated on the face or hands.
55 In 1520, in Cocentaina; see text of the original acts by Luis Juan de Alzamora and the retrospective testimony of six witnesses on December 9, 1605, in Arques Jover, Breve Historia, 53–95. For 1525 Nuévalos, Archivo Histórico Nacional, Madrid (hereafter AHN), Códice 829B Colegiata del Sto. Sepulcro de Calatayud, Apeo del archivo, Cajon de las escrituras de la encomienda de Nuebalos no. 4 (fol. 78r) and no. 30 (fol. 89v). For Tobed, see documents in Historia del antiguo, 60–68, and testimony boards in the church; AHN Ordenes Militares Sto Sepulcro Sellos Caja 34, no. 11, February 28, 1400, Martin I of Aragon gives image painted by Saint Luke to Tobed church; and AHN Códice 829B (see above), Cajon de privilegios reales (fol. 25r), for donation of painting; and no. 68 (fol. 242v) for sweat of images. On this kind of image, see Crispí i Cantón, “La verònica,” 1996.
56 Pulido Serrano, Injurias a Cristo, 143–47.
57 For 1640 Llers, see Camós, Jardín de María, 166-68, and Pellicer, Avisos, August 7, 1640. For Riudarenes, see Elliot, Revolt of the Catalans, 426, see also 420, 427, 444–45; and for Olot, see Camós, Jardín de María, 151–53, citing notarial act.
58 In 1675, a painting of Our Lady of the Rosary sweating, and in 1677, exacerbated by famine and plague, images of Mary, Christ, Saint Anthony of Padua, and Saint Joseph sweating in monasteries and private houses. Antonio de Santa María, Hispania Triunfante, chap. 54, 520–22, cited in Christoval de los Santos, Tesoro del Cielo, 163-65.
59 Cardinal Luis Antonio de Belluga’s Carta pastoral of August 18, 1706, printed in Murcia, Granada, Pamplona, Seville, and Naples, the Gazeta de Murcia, August 24, 1706, 87-88, and Belluga’s published correspondence described a plaster bust of the Sorrowful Mother in a house near Murcia whose weeping on August 8-9, 1706, he witnessed, as had been leading troops in battle a short distance away. Belluga had testimony taken from twenty-four witnesses on August 11 and related the weeping to profanations by British troops in Alicante.
60 The battles were at Brihuega and Villaviciosa. Various relaciones, including BNM VE 708–65, 818–106, BNM V 56–40, 121–26; Arbiol, Sudor milagroso, by which he gives the testimony; and Fray Martín Rosillo (the Franciscan from Molina de Aragón who made the enquiry), Del admirable sudor de una imagen de San Francisco en tiempo de guerra (Zaragoza, 1712), which I have not seen, cited in Sanz y Díaz, “Traíd y el cuadro,” Diario de Cuenca, Aug. 31, 1982, 9.
61 Relacion verdadera, 1: “especialmente se deve poner cuydado en sudores de Imagenes; pues se han experimentado muchos de vano artificio, causados, ù de la ciega aficion que tienen à la Imagen por darle mas culto, ù de la precipitada codicia de Santeros, y Sacristanes, que no quieren comer pan de su sudor, como Adan, sino sustentarse à costa de el sudor de la Imagen.”
62 See Vidal, “Miracles, Science, and Testimony,” and its excellent bibliography.
63 As the seventeenth century progressed, brotherhoods in Seville tended to hire their flagellants; see Sánchez Herrero, La Semana Santa, 135, 145, 167–69. Flagellation was forbidden altogether in the Real Cédula [Royal edict] of February 20, 1777.
64 In Ávila, in 1594, the alabaster statue held to be Saint Segundo had a liquid like sweat on its face about the time the image was to be taken from the brotherhood chapel and placed in the cathedral. Some said the sweat appeared because the saint did not want to be moved, others, because the saint was glad to be moved. Still others said the sweat was liquid left over from when the face was washed, which picked up the light from candles on the altar. The diocesan official sent by the bishop to look into the matter decided “there was nothing of substance.” Antonio Cianca, Historia de la vida, invención, milagros y traslación de San Segundo (Madrid: Luys Sanchez, 1595), facsimile ed., 2 vols. (Ávila: Institución Gran Duque de Alba, 1993), 2: 23r–23v, cited in Cátedra, Un santo para una ciudad, 61–62: “no auía cosa de sustancia.”
65 Christian, “Francisco Martínez,” 103: “Y que le dixo que tan cierto seria como lo era que un Santo Christo que llebaba al pecho estaba sudando sangre. Con lo que le commobio y a no arrimarse a la pared del cortijo ubiera caido.”
66 Ibid, 104–105, “metia el santo christo en agua, o se le hechaba, y aciendose sangre en un dedo se la pegaba y de esta calidad lo mostraba a dichos compañeros dandoles a entender sudaba sangre y agua.”
67 Ibid, 107, “tomar el oficio de olgazán, y comer e beuer alegremente”; “poco inclinado al trauajo, y querer sin el, comer, y pasar con conveniencia la vida.”
68 Feijóo, Teatro Crítico, 3: sixth discourse, “Milagros Supuestos”: “¡Quántos llantos, ò sudores mysteriosos de sagradas estatuas corrieron en varios Paises que no tuvieron mas existencia que las que les dio un engañoso viso, ò una imaginacion fanática! En los primeros años de este siglo se proclamó tanto el sudor de un Crucifixo, no como término, sino como symptoma de la enfermedad que entonces padecia España, que pasó à los Reynos estraños la noticia como muy verdadera, siendo fabulosa.”
69 Montuno Morente, Nuestra Señora de la Capilla, 394.
70 Instrumentos auténticos.
71 See the excellent study of Cattaneo, Gli Occhi di Maria.
72 Emérita Lara and Esperanza Aparicio Buendía, interview by author, October 24, 1976, El Bonillo, tape recording, about vision in jail in Hellín.
73 In Miguelturra (Ciudad Real). Other images with certified activations have been eclipsed by competing devotions who worked their own miracles. If the Christ at the Column upstaged Our Lady of the Peace in the drought of 1646, in 1677, Our Lady of the Peace regained her preeminence by multiplying the wine in an Alcobendas house, and today it is her feast, not that of the Christ or its sweating, that is celebrated.
74 Aulnoy, Travels into Spain, 153.
75 Portús, “Holy Depicting the Holy.”
76 I concur with Vauchez, “Introduction,” 10: “N’importe quelle image, religieuse ou non, peut en effet être investie d’un pouvoir inhérent qui, à un certain moment, se révèle au grand jour à l’occasion d’une vision, d’une animation ou de miracles.”
77 Corteguera, “Talking Images.”
78 Nalle, “Private Devotion, Personal Space”; Kasl, “Delightful Adornments”; and for Mexico, Rubial, Profetisas y solitarios, 124–35.
79 For the Christ of the Column of Monlora in the illustrations, Hebrera y Emir, Descripción, and Historia de Monlora.
80 Christian and Krasznai, “Christ of Limpias and the Passion of Hungary.”
81 See Christian, Moving Crucifixes; in Navarra, the Christs of Piedramillera (starting May 11, 1920), Berbinzana (starting May 22, 1920 [Archivo Diocesano de Pamplona, Berbinzana, 1920 no. 9. I thank Santiago Martínez Magdalena for this reference]) and Mañeru (by May 28, 1920).
82 To this day many of the people of the towns of Sant Quirze de Besora and Montesquiu (Barcelona) believe that one of the textile mills nearby had an articulated crucifix in an adjacent chapel, which, when workers asked the owner for an increase in salary, would be made to shake its head or nod (personal conversations, Montesquiu 2009, Anglada, Història del poble de Montesquiu, 120–28).
83 The Templemore events have not been seriously studied. I have consulted, among other newspapers, the Tipperary Star, the Irish Independent, the Nenagh Guardian, the Anglo-Celt, and the Meath Chronicle.
84 Christian, Visionaries, 95, 155, 159, 200, 208, 445.
85 As far as I know, there has been no scholarly work on her sect, which was periodically, and notoriously, in the news. See Gilles Lameire, La Vierge en pleurs.
86 There is an abundant bibliography: apologetic, like Bombenger, Le Sacré-Coeur de Mirebeau-en-Poitou and Association, Témoignages, and Grabinski, Wunder, 140–200; estoteric, like Birven, Abbe Vachère, who believed Vachère was a magician; and enquiring, like Feilding, “The Case of Abbé Vachère,” but no critical study.
87 See Garlaschelli, “Sangue, sudore e lacrime.”
88 Badame, La Virgen de las Lágrimas.
89 Interview with the parish priest, Foz, Aug 12, 1977.
90 Ofensiva (Cuenca) articles by Bort Carbó Oct. 11 to Nov. 10, 1959, Ya Nov. 5 and 7, 1959; Querol in Sábado Gráfico Oct. 24, 1959, and Menéndez-Chacón in Blanco y Negro, Oct. 24, 1958. The weeping was filmed by Agustín Ontalvo Carreño. The lithograph wept daily from Sept 18 to Oct. 9, especially on Fridays, then Nov.4, Nov. 6, Nov. 7 and possibly thereafter. Rvdo. Emilio Hortelano, interview, July 21, 1977.
91 I talked to many of the people involved and three members of the commission in July 1977. They and much of Spain’s clergy were influenced by Carlos María Staehlin’s critical book, Apariciones.
92 For the skeptical clergy, see Lévêque, Mon curé chez les visionnaires, 18.
93 The X-ray, published in Paris Match, Dec. 25, 1954, 64–67, showed the image was fashioned over what was originally a crucifix, and this shadow Christ below Saint Anne was considered a miraculous sign.
94 For example, Pichon, “Miracle ou supercherie?” See also Thomassin, “Le faux miracle.”
95 Salvadé and Bronté, “Le faux miracle,” France-Dimanche, Feb. 2 to March 2, 1961, all on page 8. See also Arnal, Mystères et Merveilles, 136–72, using, somewhat imaginatively, police records.
96 Eparvier and Hérissée, Le Dosssier des miracles, 195.
97 Arnal, Mystères et Merveilles, 169–70.
98 Garlaschelli, “Sangue, sudore e lacrime,” Warner, “Blood and Tears.” For apologetic accounts of the many such events, see the works of Piero Mantero, including his Foto “Soprannaturali” and other publications of Edizioni Segno, Udine, along with the magazine Segno.
99 Vazquez and Marquardt, “Globalizing the Rainbow Madonna.”
100 Wojcik, “Polaroids from Heaven,” and “Spirits, Apparitions and Traditions”; Bitel and Gainer, “Looking the Wrong Way.” At Ezquioga (1931–1934) photographs and films came to be critical evidence for and against the visions. Eventually, the bishop demanded the surrender of all photos of the seers, a testimony to the images’ effectiveness. Christian, Visionaries, 112, 151, 274–75, Christian, “L’Œil de l’esprit.”
101 See the works of the chemist Garlaschelli http://www.luigigarlaschelli.it/Altrepubblicazioni.
102 See Gross, The Dream of the Moving Image.
From Divine Presence in Spain and Western Europe 1500-1960, by William A. Christian (Central European University Press, 2012), 45-96
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Working together as partners to enhance the lives of area residents by providing a neighborhood of patient centered quality healthcare services that promote wellness, prevention, and care coordination.
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About
The Coal Country Community Health Center Foundation was restored in August 2022 after becoming inactive for over 10 years. The board’s focus is to assist with educating and attracting current and future healthcare workers in our area.
Results from the last few Community Health Needs Assessments have shown the provision of healthcare workers as a concern for our area. One way the CCCHC Foundation plans to help meet this need is to attract and retain qualified healthcare workers by “growing our own”. The board began their work by researching and identifying possible programs that can be offered for individuals living in our community to further support their education and training opportunities.
The programs focus on:
Implementing programs that provide continued education and training for current healthcare workers.
Providing scholarships for local students who plan to further their education in the medical field while encouraging them to return to work in the area.
Assisting with education opportunities for local individuals who are interested in pursuing a career in the medical field.
Foundation Scholarship
The Coal Country Community Health Center Foundation Scholarship is awarded each year in May. It is important that local residents gain the skills to be our community’s health care providers of tomorrow. Graduating seniors who are seeking a career in a medical field along with residing in our service area can apply.
2023-2024 Scholarship Recipients
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https://www.ndcf.net/learn/community-endowment-funds/mercercounty.html
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Mercer County Community Foundation
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This foundation was established by a group of residents concerned about the lack of ongoing funding for local organizations. Our Organization provides a method of receiving donations and distributing grants to benefit critical annual projects in the Mercer County Area. The MCCF is a component fund of the North Dakota Community Foundation, which is a nonprofit, tax-exempt corporation under IRS code 501(c)(3) and North Dakota Law.
TWO FUNDS: Committee work is supported by two fund to which donors can give and help in the mission of serving our community.
ENDOWMENT: Is the primary fund, and qualifies those who pay ND income tax, in or out of state, to a 40% ND Tax Credit when making a gift to this qualified fund and after meeting certain size gifts. (click on link for requirements). Roughly 4% of funds are put to work in the community annually as "grants".
NON-ENDOWMENT PROJECT Fund: Used for immediate granting, and for launching marketing awareness events. Qualifies as a IRS charitable deduction if no benefit is given in return, but NOT for 40% ND income tax credit.
NDCF as a qualfied IRS non-profit, is the support system for Mercer County Community Foundation (MCCF) bringing comprehensive charitable services to ND. This includes donor gift planning and bequest planning for individuals, company leaders, families, and non-profits, and fiduciary services such as accounting, audit and money management. This allows local volunteer committees to focus on telling their story of their foundation impact using marketing, granting, and growing the fund.
ADVISORY COMMITTEE: Our local committee is the conduit between our foundation and our community. From diverse geography across the county, with our various backgrounds, and professional expertise we serve those wanting to create a Legacy in our community. Our roles include having a working knowledge of community quality of life project needs, promoting our foundations mission and impact in the community, answering questions of donors of if,when, and how of make a gift. This benefits community social groups, non-profits, donors. All in the spirit of building and sustaining a livable community!
Our Commitee members are:
Christie Obenauer (Interim Chair) (701)870-1409 or christieo@usbhazen.com
Sonya Hansana Secretary
Joe Barbot
Julie Graney
Zach Huber zhuber@microsoft.com
Kathy Kelsch
Dena Kemmet
Bonnie Krause
Todd Meier (701)880-5866 or todd.lignitetire@gmail.com
Kenneth Miller
Jolene Muscha
MAILING ADDRESS:
Mercer CCF C/O Union State Bank
PO Box 468
Hazen, ND 58545
OTHER INFORMATION tab will give you brochures, reports when available you can use or share with family/friends/classmates.
SECURE ONLINE GIVING: (Click Here) Donations can be one time, reoccuring and you can choose more than one fund in the same page.
GENERAL QUESTIONS about NDCF services or anonomous giving contact John Heinen CFRE: NDCF Western ND Director of Development (701) 590-4614 or at john@ndcf.net
REPORTS AND RESOURSE MATERIALS
As materials become available they will be posted here for easy download and emailing to your contacts. Sample materials will be
MARKETING BROCHURE
Community Livability Donation Form
ANNUAL REPORT (Coming in 2020)
DATES WILL BE ANNOUNCED WHEN OPENED
GRANT CRITERIA:
Grants are given yearly, and will fund the most urgent need of that year to the extent funds are available. The quantity of grants and size will be proportional to the size of the fund.
MERCER MCCF is for general needs of the region with equity around the county as possible. Grants will be awarded to any organizations designated by the IRS as 501(c)3 nonprofit tax exempt groups, or government agencies. Contact the committee at the email below if you need a fiscal sponsor.
The committee places emphasis on helping applicants that have limited access to other funding.
Extensions may be granted and additional grant application deadlines may be added at the discretion of the Advisory Committee.
Approved grant requests may be funded in full or partially, at the discretion of the Advisory Committee.
Requests for projects or programs that serve a greater number of county residents will receive higher priority.
Grants can be made to any entity in the MERCER COUNTY.
Grant project Ideas: New playgrounds, Planting trees in parks, School tech needs, Food pantry program, Shelter needs, County projects to improve quality of life, special need in Nursing home or Hospital/Clinic. Ambulance & Fire needs.
LOW PRIORITY:
Grants to national organizations.
Requests for operating funds or day-to-day expenses.
Grants to religious organizations shall be limited to those activities which are non-sectarian and serve the entire community. ie. food pantry
NOT FUNDED:
Requests for grants or scholarships for individuals will NOT be considered.
Multi-year "pledges"
Grants submitted by organizations who seek to influence legislation, carry on propaganda, participate in political campaigns, or which threaten to cause significant controversy or divisiveness.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
USING THE GRANT SYSTEM: We made it easy for you to apply online for a grant!
Step 1 - Review
Review the grant guidelines above to make sure your organization qualifies.
Step 2 - Register
Create an account on our Grant Portal. You will need your organization’s name, EIN, and executive officer's name. Be sure to write down your user name (email address) and password.
Step 3 – Complete Your Application
After registering or logging in, you will arrive at the application section. Click “Apply” to the right of the grant program to which you wish to apply. If you do not see your desired grant program on the list, contact our office. You will be able to save your application and return later to complete it.
CLICK HERE FOR MORE DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS
Plan Your Legacy
Making a lasting difference in our community or for future generations may be easier than you realize. With very simple language in your will or trust, you can help the Mercer County Community Foundation (MCCF) continue to support important projects and programs in our area forever.
Gifts to MCCF are carefully invested by our partner foundation - the North Dakota Community Foundation - to generate a permanent source of charitable income.
If you have children or other relatives, you can leave a portion of your estate to them and a percentage to MCCF. Doing so provides for your heirs while honoring your charitable values.
Getting Started
1. Download our free Estate Planning Guide - it contains helpful information and things to consider as you develop your own unique plan.
2. Reach out to an Mercer County Community Foundation committee member to learn more about the charities and needs in our area.
3. Consider discussing (confidentially) your vision with our NDCF gift planner John Heinen. He has many years of experience helping donors create their charitable vision and better prepare for their discussions with financial planners. John's cell is 701-590-4614 or you can email him at John@NDCF.net.
4. Contact your professional advisors (financial planner, attorney and/or accountant) and ask for help in establishing a charitable gift to our foundation.
5. Make sure your will or living trust is up-to-date and reflects your charitable goals.
6. Consider notifying the charitable organizations about the gift you plan to leave them. They will appreciate your generosity and will want to know what you’d like them to do with your eventual gift if it isn't clear.
Language for Your Will or Living Trust
If you would like to include the Mercer County Community Foundation in your will, here is some sample language to consider:
“I give and bequeath to the North Dakota Community Foundation (Tax ID Number 45-0336015), a qualified charitable organization under IRS 501(c)(3), located in Bismarck, North Dakota, ___________ (a percentage of the estate, specific dollar amount, or remainder of estate) for the Mercer County Community Foundation, a permanent component of the North Dakota Community Foundation.”
* Be sure to contact your legal advisor.
There are many other ways to make a deferred gift to your community, including
Making NDCF (and your specific community fund) the beneficiary of your life insurance policy, IRA, 401K, or commercial annuity
Establishing a Charitable Gift Annuity with NDCF
Other more sophisticated tools, depending on your unique situation
To investigate options and learn more about how other North Dakotans have given back, visit our planned giving website at www.NDCF.net/Plan.
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correct_foundationPlace_00034
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FactBench
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3
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https://www.insidephilanthropy.com/h-grants/edward-w-hazen-foundation
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en
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Edward W. Hazen Foundation
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2023-01-05T17:22:00-08:00
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The Edward W. Hazen Foundation makes grants for racial justice as a framework in education reform and youth development policies, immigration, juvenile justice, and LGBTQ rights. Learn more with Inside Philanthropy.
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Inside Philanthropy
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https://www.insidephilanthropy.com/h-grants/edward-w-hazen-foundation
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OVERVIEW: The Edward W. Hazen Foundation’s criminal justice and anti-violence grants focus on structural oppression and its impact on young people.
IP TAKE: This committed social justice funder supports grassroots and community-based organizations working within its areas of funding interest. While smaller and less accessible in contrast with other funders in the same giving spaces, Hazen works to rise to meet the pressing needs of communities of color. This funder is approachable and accepts inquiries by email at hazen@hazenfoundation.org, but it may be slow to respond. In order to be chosen for a grant here, your work must be able to show a history of conducting it through a racial equity lens.
The Hazen Foundation is particularly committed to support organizations that are “comprised of and led by people of color,” as well as those led by women and LGBTQ persons. The foundation also geographically prioritizes grantmaking in California (several focused on building youth organizing capacity in the often overlooked Inland Empire and rural Central Valley), while other grants are distributed nationally in Chicago, Denver, Milwaukee, Seattle, Phoenix and Salem, and Oregon, among others.
In addition to direct financial support, Hazen has “created a capacity building initiative to increase the effectiveness of grantees’ racial justice analysis, internal training, and organizing campaigns.”
A supportive funder, Hazen’s staff works to play an active role in “legitimizing racial justice as a framework for grantees and philanthropic partners.” You can call the foundation to learn more about how it’s staff does this, especially if you’d like to partner or strengthen your work with a similar approach. The foundation also works beyond it’s own giving to “expand support inside and outside of philanthropy for youth organizing and education reform.” Grantees’ feedback suggest that Hazen an informed funder in the racial equity space, but needs to develop “its communications capacity.”
This is a competitive funder that awards multi-year grants in order to help grantees scale or improve the impact of it’s work.
Note that this funder is spending down it’s assets by 2024.
PROFILE: Established in 1925, the private Edward W. Hazen Foundation is “committed to supporting organization and leadership of young people and communities of color in dismantling structural inequity based on race and class.” Areas of grantmaking focus include public education, youth development, and youth organizing. Specific funding interests include legitimizing racial justice as a framework in education reform and youth development policies, immigration, juvenile justice, and LGBTQ rights. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the foundation’s grants represent a nearly five-fold increase in committed funding compared to its spring 2019 docket.
Grants for Criminal Justice and Racial Justice
This funder conducts all of its grantmaking through a racial justice and equity lens. It’s giving for racial justice focuses on helping youth and families, particularly in the education space. This funder supports organizations that work towards organizing for “educational justice and those that engage young people in middle and high school to organize for racial and social equity.” Hazen envisions overlap between these two groups, but groups serving either or both may be eligible for funding. According to Hazen, in order to receive funding, prospective grantees must “ground their action in the leadership and experiences of those closest to the issues, young people of color, their families and communities. They will articulate an understanding of structural oppression based on race and class and engage in campaigns that have the potential to fundamentally shift policy and discourse on racial and social equity.”
That said, nearly all of this funder’s grantmaking in the racial justice space focuses on public education and youth development. Some grantees receive grants for projects that address some aspect of youth incarceration and juvenile justice, but work must have an education component. Hazen has very distinct ideas about racial justice and equity, which it outlines more thoroughly here. Make sure to read grantmaking directions closely to see if you qualify.
This funding area benefits BIPOC youth, LGBTQ youth, undocumented and immigrant youth, and those in the juvenile system.
Grants for LGBTQ
While the foundation does not have a separate program dedicated to LGBTQ youth, tax filings show an interest in LGBTQ youth and education. Past LGBTQ grantees include FIERCE, which received support for its work addressing issues that affect LGBTQ youth of color; and Youth Organizing Institute, which received a grant to support multiple programs, including creating positive school environments for LGBTQ youth.
Important Grant Details:
Hazen Foundation grants are modest, often ranging in amount from $500 to $3,000. Past grantees in the criminal justice and violence prevention space include the Partnership for Safety and Justice, which received funding for its work helping those affected by crime, violence and the criminal justice system; and the Youth Justice Coalition, which received a grant for its work organization young people in or affected by the juvenile and criminal justice systems. To learn more about the types of organizations Hazen supports and at what level, explore its searchable grants database.
Hazen awards one, two and three year grants. The foundation does not accept unsolicited grant applications or requests for funding.
PEOPLE:
Search for staff contact info and bios in PeopleFinder (paid subscribers only).
LINKS:
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Reframing the link between metabolism and NLRP3 inflammasome: therapeutic opportunities
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[
"Miguel A",
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Inflammasomes are multiprotein signaling platforms in the cytosol that senses exogenous and endogenous danger signals and respond with the maturation and sec...
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en
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Frontiers
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https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1232629/full
|
1 Introduction
The innate immune system plays a crucial role in protecting the body against various pathogens and maintaining tissue homeostasis. In recent years, the relationship between the innate immune system, inflammation, metabolism, and metabolic diseases has gained significant attention (1–4). It is now recognized that dysregulation of metabolic processes can profoundly impact immune responses and contribute to the development of metabolic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders (5–7).
In this context, inflammasomes, multiprotein signaling platforms, have emerged as critical players linking metabolism and inflammation (8, 9). Inflammasomes are multiprotein signaling platforms that detect exogenous and endogenous danger signals in the cytosol and respond activating caspase-1 which leads to production and release of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 (10). Likewise, inflammasome is capable of inducing pyroptosis (also known as inflammatory cell necrosis), a specialized form of programmed cell death that is triggered by inflammatory signaling pathways characterized by the rapid and lytic cell death accompanied by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cellular contents (11). Therefore, inflammasomes are an important component of innate immunity that ensure protective responses against pathogens and tissue homeostasis (12–14). In addition to their role in detecting danger signals, inflammasomes have been implicated in metabolic dysfunction, insulin resistance, and the development of metabolic diseases. The activation of inflammasomes can disrupt insulin signaling, promote chronic low-grade inflammation, and contribute to metabolic imbalances (15–18). Moreover, inflammasomes have recently been linked to others programmed cell deaths (PCD), besides pyroptosis, including apoptosis, necroptosis, PANoptosis and ferroptosis (19–23). PCD is an essential process that preserve tissue homeostasis, eliminate damaged cells and regulate immunological responses (24, 25). Apoptosis, necroptosis, PANoptosis and ferroptosis have drawn the most interest because of their consequences in both physiological and medical conditions. Recent studies have shown the complex interaction between the inflammasome and these programmed cellular deaths, highlighting how this interaction affects inflammatory reactions and disease progression (19).
There exist different types of inflammasomes. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD), leucine-rich repeat-containing (LRR) (NLR) family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is the most studied. NLRP3 mutation have been associated with cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS), a group of autoinflammatory disorders characterized by recurrent fevers and systemic inflammation (26).
This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the interplay between metabolism and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. We will delve into the molecular mechanisms through which metabolic factors influence NLRP3 inflammasome signaling, emphasizing the role of mitochondrial dysfunction-mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production, metabolites and metabolic pathways in this process. Furthermore, we will explore the therapeutic opportunities that arise from targeting metabolic pathways to modulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation, offering potential strategies for the development of novel anti-inflammatory therapies.
2 Structure and assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasomes
Inflammasomes are composed of the sensors/receptors of the danger signals, the adaptor and the effector. There are a variety of sensors/receptors that classify the distinct inflammasomes which are activated by different stimuli: NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, AIM2 or pyrin (27). The adaptor protein is the apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) that recruits and activates pro-caspase-1 (28). Finally, the effector is the pro-caspase-1 which is activated by cleavage into caspase-1 (29). NLRP3 is a 1036 amino acid protein that contains three domains, an amino (N)-terminal pyrin domain (PYD), a central NACHT domain and a carboxy (C)-terminal LRR. PYD (3–91) consists of six antiparallel α-helix, is a member of the death domain-fold superfamily and mediates the supramolecular complex formation, probably due to its ability of dimerization (30). The NACHT (NAIP, CIITA, HET-E, TP1) domain (131–649) is responsible for the oligomerization and presents ATPase activity. Is subdivided into FISNA (131–218), NBD (219–372), HD1 (373–434), WHD (435–541) and HD2 (542–649) domains (31). The LRR domain (650-1036) at C-terminal is involved in the activation and ligand sensing of the NLRP3 inflammasome (32, 33) and binds a NIMA-related kinase 7 (NEK7), an essential mediator of NLRP3 activation (34). ASC presents an N-terminal PYD and a C-terminal CARD which allow the interaction with NLRP3 and pro-caspase-1, respectively (35) (see Figure 1). Indeed, ASC oligomerization, by assembling into filaments, leads to a supramolecular complex formation, ASC speck, that generates numerous potential sites for caspase-1 activation and serves as an amplification signal (36–38). Caspase-1 is synthesized as an inactive zymogen called pro-caspase-1, which presents an N-terminal CARD, a central p20 catalytic subunit and a C-terminal p10 subunit (39). Pro-caspase-1 is recruited through homotypic interactions of their CARDs with CARDs of ASC. The clustering of individual pro-caspase-1 monomers within the inflammasome triggers proximity-induced dimerization, which leads to the formation of protease active sites, with two active sites per dimer. Then, pro-caspases-1 are autoprocessed by cleavage of interdomain linker, between p20 and p10, to become fully active (40).
FIGURE 1
3 Functions of NLRP3 inflammasome
NLRP3 canonical function consists in the sensing of danger signals, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), in the cytoplasm of cells as a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) of the innate immune system and respond with the activation and assembly of NLRP3 inflammasome (41). NLRP3 inflammasome activates caspase-1 which drives the cell death by pyroptosis and maturation and release of IL-1β and IL-18 (42). Non canonical functions of NLRP3 are independent of NLRP3 inflammasome and will not be discussed in this review, including TGF-β signaling and R-Smad activation in epithelial cells (43), transcriptional regulator of driving T helper type 2 (TH2) polarization in CD4+ T cells (44) and regulation of apoptosis in epithelial cells trough a conserved non-canonical platform for caspase-8 activation (45, 46).
3.1 Pyroptosis
Pyroptosis is a form of programmed cell death that is characterized by a highly inflammatory response. It is mediated by inflammatory caspases, which are caspase-1 in human and mice, caspases-4 and -5 in human and the ortholog caspase-11 in mice (47). NLRP3 inflammasome participates in the canonical and noncanonical inflammasome pyroptotic pathways. The former is driven by the recognition of dangerous signals by the NLRP3 inflammasome and the subsequent activation of caspase-1, which cleaves gasdermin D (GSDMD) at D275 and pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 (48, 49). The N-terminal fragment of GSDMD forms a transmembrane pore that disrupts ion and water equilibrium and secretes IL-1β and IL-18, resulting in cell death and inflammatory response (50). The latter is initiated by the recognition and binding of caspases 4/5/11 with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria, and their oligomerization and activation (51). Next, GSDMD is cleaved by caspases 4/5/11 and the impairment in ion equilibrium, probably potassium efflux, activates the canonical NLRP3 inflammasome (52). GSDMD transmembrane pores are the mediators of pyroptosis and result in the release of cytosolic content, including PAMPS, DAMPS, IL-1β, IL-18, alarmins, to the extracellular space, alteration of water and ion equilibrium, cell swelling and in some cases the lysis of the cell (50). The major established physiological functions of pyroptosis cell death are host defense against microbial infections (53) and regulation of inflammation (54), and exhibits close associations with a range of conditions, including diseases of the nervous system, infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular conditions, and tumorigenesis (55).
3.2 Maturation and secretion of IL-1β and IL-18
The activated form of caspase-1 cleaves pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 at D116 and D36, respectively (56). IL-1β and IL-18 are two members of the IL-1 family. They act through binding with their respective receptors. The secretory mechanism described are through GSDMD transmembrane pores and through membrane rupture and lysis (57). IL-1β and IL-18 play important roles in inflammation (58–60), innate and adaptive immunity (61), bone metabolism (62), central nervous system (CNS) function (63, 64) and metabolism (65–67). Due to their pleiotropic effects, both ILs are involved in several diseases (68, 69).
Despite the mechanism is less well understood, NLRP3 inflammasome is also involved in the secretion of IL-1α (70, 71), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) (72, 73), M1 macrophage polarization (74) and modulation of glycolysis (75).
4 Activation and regulation of inflammasome
The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome is well regulated because it is activated in a two-step process, the priming and the activation steps (76) (see Figure 2). Likewise, post-translational modifications (PTMs) and multiple NLRP3-interacting protein partners also modulate NLRP3 inflammasome activity at both phases (77). The priming step leads to the transcription of NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18, despite IL-18 is constitutively expressed, and it is believed that licenses the cell to rapidly responds to activity stimuli. The priming signals are PAMPs/DAMPs detected by PRRs, such as LPS/TLR4 or muramyl dipeptide (MDP)/NOD2, and cytokines that bind to their receptors, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)/TNFR or IL-1β/IL-1R. These signals activate nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcription, which upregulates NLRP3, pro-IL-1β and pro-caspase-1 (41, 78).
FIGURE 2
Following priming step, recognition of NLRP3 activators leads to oligomerization, assembly and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. While most PRRs detect one or two PAMPs or DAMPs, the NLRP3 inflammasome stands out for the wide variety of stimuli of different nature it recognizes, including PAMPs such as pore-forming toxins, LPS, viral RNA, fungal β-glucans or DAMPs such as ATP, cholesterol/monosodium urate crystals, alum or silica (79). Due to the diverse nature of these stimuli is unlikely that NLRP3 interacts with all of them. It is currently accepted that cellular stress induced by these stimuli trigger the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome through K+ or Cl- efflux, Ca2+ flux, lysosomal disruption, mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, metabolic signals and trans-Golgi disassembly (79–81), and it seems that K+ efflux is the convergence point for the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome (82–84). However, other levels of regulation have been described such as epigenetic regulation by microRNAs (85, 86), subcellular localization (87), crosstalk between the gut microbiota and NLRP3 is involved in signaling in the gut-brain axis (88), exosomes (89), acute-phase proteins (90) or neuropeptide Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) (91).
PTMs of NLRP3 inflammasome affect mainly the NLRP3, but also ASC and caspase-1 and promotes or inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activity depending on the specific modified amino acid residue (77). PTMs include ubiquitination/deubiquitination, phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, acetylation/deacetylation, SUMOylation and nitrosylation (92, 93). The research of these PTMs and the signaling pathways are of great interest in the search for drugs that modulate NLRP3 inflammasome activity in different diseases in which it is deregulated.
Several NLPR3 protein binding partners modulate both priming and activation via domain-domain interactions with NLRP3, ASC or caspase-1. Positive modulators are GBP5, MARK4, HSP90, TXNIP, NEK7, DDX3X, MAVS, MFN2, PKR and MIF, while negative modulators include COPs, POPs, GNB1, SHP, PPARγ, HSP70 and RACK1 (81, 94–96).
It is worth to mention a less-understood alternative NLRP3 activation pathway in human and porcine monocytes and murine dendritic cells (DCs) that only requires signal 1 to activate NLRP3 inflammasome via TLR4-TRIF-RIPK1-FADD-CASP8 signaling upstream of NLRP3, leading to IL-1β secretion but no to pyroptosis (97, 98).
Lastly, pathogenic pollutants and cigarette smoke activate NLRP3 inflammasome via ROS and mtROS generation, contributing to chronic inflammation and fibrosis in the respiratory system, which plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung fibrosis (99). Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a major component of air pollution. Exposure to PM2.5 resulted in lung injury in mice, characterized by the infiltration of inflammatory cells and structural abnormalities in the alveoli and upregulation of NRP3 inflammasome (100). ROS production induced by PM2.5 is linked to ATP alteration (101). NLRP3 inflammasome is activated by PM2.5 trough lysosomal damage and cathepsin B release and induce fibrosis in mouse lung (102). Asbestos and crystalline silica also induce NLRP3 inflammasome activation through ROS production (99). BV-2 and HMC-3 microglial cell lines subjected to oxygen–glucose deprivation and reoxygenation with PM2.5 exposure show decreased cell viability, increased NLRP3 inflammasome activation and ROS production (103). Similarly, ozone-induced lung inflammation in murine model activates NLRP3 trough mtROS production (104, 105).
The role of cigarette smoke (CS) in the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome remains controversial. On the one hand, constituents of CS are involved in the activation of NLRP3 through oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction MyD88/NF-κB, HMGB1, endoplasmic reticulum stress, lysosomal destabilization and TLR/NF-κB signaling pathway (106–108). On the other hand, Buscetta et al. found that CS inhibited the expression of NLRP3 at the transcriptional level, but activated caspase-1 in an NLRP3-independent manner (109). Moreover, CS increases NLRP3 ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal processing (110).
Because the aim of this review is to connect the inflammasome activity and metabolism, we will take a closer look at the regulation by mitochondrial dysfunction-ROS generation and metabolic signaling.
4.1 NLRP3 inflammasome in mitochondrial dysfunction-mtROS production
The mitochondria are the organelles in charge of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation. However, it also regulates cellular processes, including the cell death by apoptosis, through the intrinsic pathway (111). It is considered the connection between the innate immunity and metabolism (112). Moreover, mitochondrion is an important mediator of NLRP3 inflammasome activation as shown in the multiple regulatory mechanisms where it is involved and inhibition of electron transport chain prevents NLRP3 inflammasome activation (113). The best-recognized mechanisms are the increased generation of mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) during cellular stress (114), the release of oxidized mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) into the cytosol (115) and the recruitment of NLRP3 through cardiolipin (116). Furthermore, multiple NLRP3 signaling activators lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, which is associated with the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases (99, 117, 118).
mtROS are increased during cellular stress and mediated through voltage dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC) (100). Inhibition of mitochondrial Complexes I and III induce mtROS and NLRP3 activation, independent of K+ efflux (101, 102, 114). However, Muñoz-Planillo et al. showed that ROS production is dispensable for NLRP3 activation (82) and the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), a regulator of redox homeostasis, has been described as both activator (103) and inhibitor (119) of NLRP3 inflammasome.
Likewise, mtDNA binds to and activates NLRP3 inflammasome (115, 120). According to Nakahira et al, mtDNA is released into the cytoplasm through mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pores in a mtROS-dependent manner (101). Moreover, TLR2, TLR3 or TLR4 agonists increase mtDNA synthesis through upregulation of IRF1-CMPK2, allowing activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome (121). In line with the above mentioned, mitophagy reduces mtROS and mtDNA and thus, activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, and inhibitors of mitophagy achieve the opposite effect (114).
Lastly, when mitochondrial cardiolipin (mtCL), a unique phospholipid of the inner membrane (IMM), translocate to the outer membrane (OMM) binds the LRR domain of NLRP3 (122). Recently discovered, mtCL recruits IL-1α through a similar CL binding domain present in LC3b, a CL binding protein that triggers mitophagy (123). Both lead to NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The mitochondrial antiviral signalling protein (MAVS), in complex with mitofusin 2, recruits NLRP3 to the mitochondria during RNA viral infections. Subramanian et al. identify an N-terminus sequence in NLRP3 that associates with MAVS. Park et al. suggest that putting close NLRP3 to mtROS may promote its oligomerization and activation. However, MAVS does not seem essential for NLRP3 inflammasome activation (124, 125). Lastly, to demonstrate the importance of subcellular localization, NLRP3 associates to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in inactivated cells. Then, activators of NLRP3 inhibit Sirtuin2, and through acetylated α-tubulin via dynein-dependent mitochondrial transport, ASC on mitochondria is apposed to NLRP3 (126). Its assembly takes place in mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs) in the perinuclear space (87, 126).
4.2 NLRP3 in metabolic regulation: metabolites and metabolic pathways
Metabolic reprogramming refers to the alterations in cellular metabolic pathways that occur in immune cells, enabling them to adapt their energy production and biosynthetic processes to support immune responses effectively (127). Indeed, Traba et al. demonstrated that nutrient levels in human subjects modulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation (128). For instance, activated macrophages undergo a metabolic switch to aerobic glycolysis (129, 130). Not only glucose metabolism, but also lipid and purine metabolism and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle can regulate the activation/inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Table 1 presents a detailed view of the principal mechanisms of activation of NLRP3 inflammasome through metabolites and metabolic pathways.
TABLE 1
4.2.1 Glucose metabolism and NLRP3 inflammasome activation
First, glucose has been shown to regulate the NLRP3 inflammasome. High glucose (HG) in endothelial cells increases expression of E74 like ETS transcription factor 3 (ELF3) and decreases SET8, a methyltransferase, leading to up-regulation of microtubule affinity regulatory kinase 4 (MARK4) (131). MARK4 activates the NLRP3 inflammasome through a microtubule-dependent mechanism (158). In addition, human renal proximal tubular cells under HG conditions increase CD36 levels, leading to a metabolic shift from fatty acid oxidation to glycolysis, which promotes mtROS production and NLRP3 inflammasome activation (132). However, Watanabe et al. proposed a model of macrophages subjected to hypoxia, in which, under HG conditions, hypoxia induces glycolysis, resulting in intracellular ATP generation and subsequent closure of KATP channels, with the NLRP3 inflammasome remaining inactive (133). On the other hand, hypoxia and glucose deprivation cause a decrease in ATP levels, the opening of KATP and, therefore, the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. In this model, mtROS played no significant role in NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Thus, it appears that the NLRP3 inflammasome can recognize the energetic state of the cell and respond.
Pyruvate is a key intermediary metabolite, the end product of glycolysis that can be transformed into acetyl-CoA, lactate or alanine. In experiments, ethyl pyruvate prevents NLRP3 inflammasome activation while preserving mitochondrial integrity. Pyruvate inhibits ATP- and nigericin-induced accumulation of electron-dense mitochondria, maintains mitochondrial membrane potential, and prevents ATP- or nigericin-triggered release of mtDNA into the cytoplasm (134). In microglial cells, ethyl pyruvate demonstrates strong efficacy in suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation via regulation of miR-223 and the NF-κB/HMGB1 axis (135).
Hexokinase 1 (HK1) catalyzes glucose entry into glycolysis in the cytosol. In macrophages, NLRP3 inflammasome activation is regulated by mTORC1-induced up-regulation of HK1-dependent glycolysis (136). Furthermore, Wolf et al. propose that hexokinase is an innate immune receptor that when inhibited by N-acetylglucosamine dissociates from the outer mitochondrial membrane and activates the NLRP3 inflammasome (137).
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) catalyzes the entry of glucose into the pentose phosphate pathway. One of its main functions is to control the redox state of the cell (159). Yen et al. found that in G6PD-deficient individuals, increased susceptibility to pathogens is attributed in part to altered NOX/p38 MAPK/AP-1 redox signaling, leading to negative effects on both inflammasome activation and bactericidal response (138). Inhibition of the glycolytic enzymes GAPDH and α-enolase by the small molecule GB111-NH2, which disrupts glycolytic flux, leads to NLRP3 inflammasome activation (139). Finally, the catalytic enzymes aldolase A, pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and the peptide hormone amylin (secreted by pancreatic β-cells) participate in the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages (140–144).
4.2.2 The tricarboxylic acid cycle and NLRP3 inflammasome activation
Regarding TCA, there are two intermediates that lead to opposite effects in terms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. On the one hand, hypoxic induction of TGF-β1 in the synovium of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) rats resulted in elevated succinate accumulation. This was caused by inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activation and led to NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which was dependent on HIF-1α induction. Moreover, citrate-derived itaconate has gained attention as an anti-inflammatory modulator in macrophages (160). Hooftman et al. found that itaconate modifies a specific cysteine (C548) in NLRP3 and inhibits its activation by interfering with the binding partner of NEK7 (147). Taken together, dysregulations in the TCA cycle, the central metabolic pathway for carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, are potential activators of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
4.2.3 Lipid metabolism and NLRP3 inflammasome activation
Lipid metabolism plays a crucial role in a variety of cellular processes, such as energy production, membrane synthesis and signaling pathways. New research has revealed a significant connection between lipid metabolism and NLRP3 inflammasome activation/inhibition. First, the accumulation of fatty acids palmitate and ceramide activate the NLRP3 inflammasome through the AMPK-autophagy-mtROS signaling pathway (148, 149). In contrast, the ketone metabolite β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) serves as an alternative source of ATP, favoring mammalian survival during periods of energy deficit. BHB blocks the NLRP3 inflammasome by inhibiting K+ efflux (150). In addition, a recent study indicates that butyrate and propionate have inhibitory effects on the priming and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by palmitate (151). This inhibition leads to a significant reduction in pro-IL-1β levels, whereas the effect on inflammasome activation itself is relatively modest.
Cholesterol crystals are a common feature of atherosclerotic plaques (161). Cholesterol crystals are phagocytosed by macrophages and stimulate NLRP3 inflammasome activity, probably through lysosomal destabilization (152). Regarding fatty acid oxidation (FAO), deficiency of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) leads to lower expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), a key mitochondrial fatty acid transporter. The result is lower FAO and reduced activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome (153). Finally, serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute-phase protein that increases in serum during inflammation and has a pathogenic role in amyloid A amyloidosis. SAA induces activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages through the P2X7 receptor, dependent on cathepsin B activity, but not through lysosomal destabilization, and by generating ROS (154, 155).
5 Therapeutic approaches
The recognition of the pivotal role of inflammasomes in the development and progression of metabolic diseases opens up exciting possibilities for therapeutic interventions (9, 162, 163). Targeting inflammasome pathways and modulating their activity holds promise for mitigating inflammation, improving metabolic function, and potentially treating metabolic diseases.
Developing small-molecule inhibitors that specifically target NLRP3 inflammasome components, such as NLRP3 or caspase-1, represents a promising avenue (41). Inhibitors block the activation of the inflammasome complex, thereby reducing the release of proinflammatory cytokines and alleviating inflammation associated with metabolic diseases (164–166). It is important to note that many therapeutic approaches targeting inflammasomes are still in the preclinical or early clinical stages of development. Further research is needed to elucidate the safety, efficacy, and long-term effects of these interventions in human populations. Additionally, considering the complex network of inflammasome-related pathways, combination therapies targeting multiple components may hold even greater potential for effectively managing inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. In the search for potential inhibitors, a broad range of targets can be tested due to the complex signaling cascade that governs NLRP3 inflammasome activation and its functions. For example, TLR4, TNFR and NF-κB signaling of the priming step, activators such as K+/Cl- efflux, P2X7 and mtROS, effectors such as GSDMD, interaction binding partners such as NEK7 and, obviously, the NLRP3 inflammasome components NLRP3 receptor, ASC and caspase-1. Currently, the ATPase activity of the NACHT domain in NLRP3 is the target of the majority of NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors under clinical and preclinical research (see Table 2). Despite the existence of drugs targeting IL-1, i.e., canakinumab and anakinra, there is a need in the search of specific inhibitors that target specifically members of the NLRP3 inflammasome. These may intervene at an upstream point in the inflammatory cascade, potentially providing more comprehensive control over the inflammatory response. Moreover, directly inhibiting IL-1β signaling may affect the immune system more broadly and may have side effects. A more focused strategy, however, may be to specifically block the NLRP3 inflammasome, which lowers the chance of systemic immunosuppression while still producing the desired anti-inflammatory benefits.
TABLE 2
6 Conclusions
The interplay between the innate immune system, inflammation, metabolism, and metabolic diseases has revealed a complex and intertwined relationship. Inflammasomes, particularly the NLRP3 inflammasome, have emerged as critical mediators linking these processes together. The activation of inflammasomes triggers the release of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 and the cell death by pyroptosis. The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome is under complex regulation involving multiple signaling networks. Mitochondrial dysfunction-mtROS production as well as metabolic signaling link the bioenergetics and metabolism status of the cell with cell death by pyroptosis, inflammation and innate immune functions through NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
Future studies should focus on elucidating the specific mechanisms by which inflammasomes contribute to metabolic dysfunction, identifying potential therapeutic targets within the inflammasome pathway, and developing interventions to modulate inflammasome activation and subsequent inflammation in metabolic diseases, and ultimately, improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
Author contributions
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.
Funding
The study (FIS-PI21/01244) was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (grant no. Estatal de I + D + I 2020–2027) and co-financed by the European Development Regional Fund “A way to achieve Europe”, as well as P2022/BMD-7321 (Comunidad de Madrid) and ProACapital, Halekulani S.L. and MJR. The funders were not involved in the study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, the writing of this article, or the decision to submit it for publication.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Sleep_Foundation
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National Sleep Foundation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Sleep_Foundation
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Industry-funded nonprofit
The National Sleep Foundation (NSF) is an American non-profit, charitable organization. Founded in 1990, its stated goal is to provide expert information on health-related issues concerning sleep.[1] It is largely funded by pharmaceutical and medical device companies.[2]
In 2015 NSF released the results of a research study on sleep duration recommendations.[4] The paper titled "National Sleep Foundation's sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary" was published in the peer-reviewed Sleep Health Journal.[5] NSF convened an expert panel of 18 leading scientists and researchers tasked with updating the official sleep duration recommendations. The panelists included sleep specialists and representatives from leading organizations including the American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Anatomy, American College of Chest Physicians, American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Geriatrics Society, American Neurological Association, American Physiological Society, American Psychiatric Association, American Thoracic Society, Gerontological Society of America, Human Anatomy and Physiology Society, and Society for Research in Human Development. The panelists participated in a rigorous scientific process that included reviewing over 300 current scientific publications and voting on how much sleep is appropriate throughout the lifespan.
NSF developed Sleep Health Index to measure sleep health at a global group or at an individual level. It was created with the help of sleep experts and public opinion research experts. It is composed of three sub-component scales: sleep duration, sleep quality, and sleep disorders. The Index is fielded quarterly and results are publicly available.
NSF has conducted a national poll called Sleep in America Poll to catalog the state of sleep in America since 1991. This poll provides valuable information to the public, sleep community and the media on specific topics of interest. Past Sleep In America poll data and results are available on the NSF's website.[6]
The NSF Sleep in America poll began providing evidence of the size and scope of the American sleep problem in 1991. The 2002 Sleep in America poll (1,010 people surveyed) first suggested that as many as 47 million Americans were risking injury and health problems because they were not sleeping enough.[7] Media coverage of 2002 Sleep in America poll suggested a sleep "crisis" and an "epidemic," and included headlines suacha as "Epidemic of daytime sleepiness linked to increased feelings of anger, stress and pessimism."[7] Again, in NSF's 2005 Sleep in America poll, it reported that half of adults report frequent sleep problems and 77 percent reported a partner with a sleep problem, with snoring being the most common complaint.[8]
The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) declared insufficient sleep a "public health epidemic" in 2014.[9]
Sleep Health is NSF's official, peer-reviewed academic journal.[10] It was launched in 2015. The Journal's aims are to explore sleep's role in population health and bring the social science perspective on sleep and health. Its scope extends across diverse sleep-related fields, including anthropology, education, health services research, human development, international health, law, mental health, nursing, nutrition, psychology, public health, public policy, fatigue management, transportation, social work, and sociology.
The Journal was 2016 winner of the Association of American Publishers' PROSE Award for Best New Journal in Science, Technology and Medicine.[11] The PROSE Awards annually recognize the very best in professional and scholarly publishing by bringing attention to distinguished books, journals, and electronic content.
The 2021 Journal Citation Reports published a 2020 Impact Factor of 4.450 for Sleep Health.[12]
In 2014 NSF encouraged the Consumer Technology Association (CTA) and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to develop standards for sleep technology. As a result, the R6.4 WG1 Sleep Monitors Group was established, composed of sleep experts and technology manufacturers. In September 2017, CEA and NSF announced a new standard for measuring sleep cycles with wearables and other applications.[13] The new standard expands on 2016's work that defined terms and functionality required for sleep measuring devices.[14]
NSF educates the public about sleep health in content that appears through online, print and broadcast media. NSF's official website is thensf.org which is the primary sleep health website for sleep education content. NSF operates three public education websites: thensf.org, drowsydriving.org (supporting NSF's annual Drowsy Driving Prevention Week campaign), and sleephealthjournal.org (supporting NSF's peer-reviewed research journal Sleep Health). NSF also licenses its educational content at times for distribution by other entities. NSF-branded sleep health content appears on sleepfoundation.org, which was acquired by OneCare Media in 2019.[15] OneCare is a marketing business based on digital content, with a portfolio of consumer-oriented websites, primarily focused on health topics, and derives revenues from commissions on products sold by its affiliate partners.[16] The website continues to be titled "Sleep Foundation" and uses the .org domain.[15]
The National Sleep Foundation is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) to provide continuing medical education for physicians.[17] In March 2017, NSF was awarded Accreditation with Commendation by the ACCME.[17] Accreditation with Commendation is ACCME's mechanism for celebrating organizations that excel.[18] Many of NSF's physician education courses are found in the Sleep Learning Zone, an online learning platform.[19]
Sleep Awareness Week is NSF's annual public awareness event celebrating sleep health. It usually occurs during the week leading up to the beginning of daylight-saving time in the spring. During this week, NSF releases the results from its annual Sleep in America Poll or from the Sleep Health Index.[20] NSF provides valuable information about the benefits of optimal sleep and how sleep affects health, well-being, and safety. The week-long campaign provides the public and the media with shareable messages including an infographic, sleep health messaging, and social media posts.
NSF conducts an annual Drowsy Driving Prevention Week during the week leading up to the end of daylight-saving time in the fall.[21] The campaign goal is to reduce the number of drivers who choose to drive while sleep deprived. Drowsy driving is responsible for more than 6,400 U.S. deaths annually. These fall-asleep crashes are often caused by voluntarily not getting the sleep one needs. Millions of Americans also experience excessive sleepiness as a result of sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea and narcolepsy. The campaign encompasses dissemination of educational messages via social media.
Since 2001 NSF has been recognizing and celebrating the achievements of individuals who have contributed to advancing the sleep field. The following individuals received an award from the National Sleep Foundation:
As part of addressing one of NSF's goals – that sleep science is rapidly incorporated into products and services – NSF launched the SleepTech program to advance innovations in sleep technology.[22] Each year the National Sleep Foundation recognizes innovative sleep products by giving out the SleepTech Awards, the world's first innovation awards targeted specifically at sleep technology.[23] Recent winners are:
2020 - SleepTech Award Winner: Itamar Medical - WatchPAT ONE
2019 - SleepTech Award Winner: The ReST Bed
2019 - SleepTech App Award Winner: Timeshifter - The Jet Lag App
2018 - SleepTech Award Winner: Happiest Baby - SNOO Smart Sleeper
NSF is a 501(c)(3) charitable organization, and contributions are tax-deductible.[24] The foundation's programs are funded by corporate and individual contributions, and through its partnerships with corporations and government entities. Its recent revenues are in the $3.5 million range.[24] According to then-CEO Richard Gelula, "The largest single source of National Sleep Foundation funding is pharmaceutical and medical device companies."[2] In particular, nearly $1 million (≈28%) of its $3.6 million budget at the time came from manufacturers of sleeping medications.[25]
The National Sleep Foundation is sometimes criticised on the grounds that its work is unduly influenced by funding from sleeping pill manufacturers. The NSF has been criticized by the American Institute of Philanthropy,[2] Dr. Sidney M. Wolfe of Public Citizen's Health Research Group,[8] Jerry Avorn (head of the Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics at Harvard Medical School),[25] and other consumer and medical ethics groups for its reliance on industry funding, and the possible influence of such funding on its work.[2]
In 2005, for instance, they released a survey purporting to find extremely high rates of insomnia, declared insomnia to be a "crisis" and an "epidemic,"[8] announced an "Insomnia Awareness Day" and a "National Sleep Awareness Week," but the poll, the declaration of a dedicated day and week, and the widely distributed press kits were paid for by manufacturers of sleeping medications, and the public relations firm assigned to contact medical reporters about the poll took the opportunity to mention the shortly-approaching release of Lunesta (eszopiclone), the first sleeping medication approved in the United States for extended use.[2] Simultaneously, the drug's manufacturer assigned 1,250 pharmaceutical sales representatives to educate physicians about Lunesta, as part of a $60 million advertising push.[25] A Sacramento Bee report on these connections also noted that 10 of NSF's 23-member Board of Directors had current or past financial ties to manufacturers of sleeping medications.[2]
These reports led to criticism from Public Citizen's Wolfe, who theorized that "Although they're not saying you should be on a sleeping pill, they're saying go to the doctor and that doctor will sell you a sleeping pill in a large proportion of instances."[8] Wolfe also criticized American doctors for "selling" sleeping pills, "even if it's not what (the patient) really need(s)."[8] A previous 2002 "Sleep in America" poll from NSF, which similarly characterized the results as revealing an "epidemic" of daytime sleepiness in its press release, was similarly characterized in a report by The Seattle Times as industry "astroturfing" due to sponsorship from the makers of the sleeping medications Unisom, Sonata, and Ambien.[7]
A 2016 NSF public education program highlighting "personal stories about sleep for four individuals"[26] received grant support from Merck.[27] A report in the Huffington Post described this effort as part of a multi-pronged "unbranded" marketing effort for Belsomra (suvorexant), Merck's then-forthcoming new sleeping drug.[27]
Some merchants and products have claimed to be "endorsed by the National Sleep Foundation" or have implied such endorsement in their literature. My Pillow made such claims in its television ads.[28] At the time, the NSF was selling MyPillow on its own website.[28] When asked by the Truth in Advertising consumer rights organization, an NSF spokesman declined to say whether MyPillow had made payments to the organization for its claimed “official pillow” status, but said in an email that the organization receives approaches “from many different manufacturers” and “works to select products that are a good fit for our organization.”[28] In 2016, My Pillow agreed to stop claiming an NSF endorsement and paid a fine.[28]
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https://www.hs-foundation.org/hs-specialty-clinics
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Hidradenitis Suppurativa Specialty Clinics
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The clinics below have medical providers with a special interest in caring for people with HS, and commit to regular continuing education specifically about HS. The HS Foundation is not affiliated with any of these clinics, nor do we provide any endorsement.
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https://ias.indiana.edu/about/previous-fellows.html
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Michelle Ann Abate, Associate Professor of Literature at the Ohio State University (Summer Repository Research Fellow in 2016)
Daniel Aaron, Victor S. Thomas Professor Emeritus of American Studies and of English and American Literature, Harvard University. Ralph Emerson, Edmund Wilson, George Santayana. (Fellow in September of 1992)
Ernest Kofi Abotsi, prominent lawyer and a faculty member at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology (KNUST) in Ghana and the Ghana Institute of Management & Public Administration (GIMPA). (Fellow in March of 2011)
Aderonke Adesanya, Research Fellow/Lecturer in African Art History, Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan. (Fellow in November of 2007)
Simi Afonja, Professor of Sociology and former Director of the Centre for Gender and Social Policy Studies at Obafemi Awolowo University in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. (Fellow in October of 2005)
Girish Saran Agarwal, Professor of Physics, School of Physics, University of Hyderabad, India. Atomic, molecular, optical physics. (Fellow in March of 1995)
Klaus E. Aghte, Director of the international manufacturing investments firm VIAG. International business. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in April of 1994)
Alexandre Alexakis, Director of First Class Research, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Chimie des Organo-Elements of the Universite Pierrre et Marie Curie, Paris, France. Organic chemistry. (Fellow in February of 1996)
Ndalu de Almeida (Ondjaki), acclaimed Angolan writer and filmmaker who has published numerous novels, shorts stories, poems, and children's books. (Fellow in October 2009)
George Alter, Professor of History, Director of Population Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington. Historical demographics. (Internal Fellow in the Fall of 1995)
PatrÍcia Amaral, Associate Professor of Spanish and Portuguese, College of Arts and Sciences, Residential Fellow in Spring 2020
Gerhard Arminger, Professor of Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Wuppertal, Federal Republic of Germany. Applied social statistics. (Fellow in September of 1985)
David Armstrong, Challis Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, University of Sydney, Australia. Philosophy of the mind. (Fellow in September of 1992)
Rabbi Arik Ascherman, President and Senior Rabbi of Rabbis for Human Rights (RHR), (Branigin Lecturer, November 2014) Watch Rabbi Arik Ascherman's lecture
Marc Asnin, Photojournalist of national and international reputation, has been an astute chronicler of contemporary social issues, including migrant labor in the United States, civil war in Eastern Europe, and Jewish culture in Cuba. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in October, 2002)
Taik Sup Auh, Professor and Chair of the Department of Mass Communication at Korea University, Seoul. (Visiting Scholar in 1991)
Fekade Azeze, Associate Professor of Ethiopian Literature and Folklore at the Addis Ababa University, From Blood Feuds to Peace: Traditional Dispute Resolution Mechanisms in Ethiopia (Branigin Lecturer in October 2011) Watch Fekade Azeze's lecture
Ariella Azoulay, Academic Director of the Camera Obscura School of Art in Tel Aviv and teaches visual culture and contemporary philosophy at the Program for Cultural Interpretation, Bar-Ilan University, Israel. (Branigin Lecturer in April of 2010)
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Wallace Baker, international partner in the Baker & McKenzie Law firm, The Nature and Importance of Business Ethics: How Can a Research University Help Improve Ethics? (Branigin Lecturer in April 2007)
Anna Balakian, Professor and former Chair of the Department of Comparative Literature at New York University. Symbolism, dadaism, surrealism, comparative literature methodology, literary theory. (Fellow in October/November of 1991)
Gerald Baldasty, Professor of Journalism, University of Washington, Seattle. History of communication; business practices in the newspaper industry in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. (Visiting Scholar in spring & summer of 1995, summer of 1996, summer of 1999, fall of 2001, spring of 2002, and summer of 2005)
Jeanne Bamberger, Professor of Education at the University of California at Berkeley and Professor Emerita of Education at MIT. (Visiting Fellow in fall of 2010)
Martha Banta, Professor of English, University of California, Los Angeles. Literary criticism and American culture. (Fellow in 1982/83)
Kathleen Bardovi-Harlig, Professor of Second Language Studies at Indiana University (Residential Fellow)
Sarah Evans Barker, chief judge of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Indiana. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in February of 2000, and October, 2001)
Geremie R. Barmé, Director of Australian Centre on China in the World and professor in the School of Culture, History, and Language at the Australian National University, Canberra, China's 1911 Xinhai Revolution: After the Future of the Past (Branigin Lecturer in October 2011)
Benjamin J. Barnes, Second Chief of the Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma. (Summer Repository Research Fellow in July/August of 2015)
John Barrell, Head of the Department of English and Related Literatures, University of York. Theory, criticism, and historical scholarship of English Romantic Literature and culture. Exhibition Extraordinary! Mock-Advertisements as Radical Propaganda in 1790s Britain. (Fellow in February of 2002) Watch John Barrell's lecture
David J. Bartholomew, Professor of Statistics, London School of Economics and Political Science. Applied and theoretical statistics. (Fellow in March of 1987)
Hillel Barzel, Professor of Literature of Jewish People, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel. Tradition and modern Hebrew Literature. (Fellow in October of 1989)
Paul Patrick G. Bateson, Provost of King's College, Cambridge, U.K. Zoology, neuro-psychology, ethology, behavioral biology, developmental psychology. (Fellow in April of 1991)
Birch E. Bayh, former U.S. senator from Indiana, lawyer. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in 1990/91)\
Nancy Bazin, Professor of English & Women's Studies, Old Dominion University, Norfolk. Nadine Gordimer and other South African novelists. (Visiting Scholar in January/May/July of 1994)
Christian Beck, Professor of Educational Research at the University of Oslo, Norway, Home Education: A Mirror for Differences in Educational Politics (Branigin Lecturer in April 2012) Watch Christian Beck's lecture
Jean-Pierre Begot, poet, editor, Paris. Expert in dadaism and the literary works of George Ribemont-Dessaignes. (Visiting Fellow in October of 1984)
Ruth Behar, Anthropology Professor from the University of Michigan, The Last Time Tere Danced a Rumba... (Branigin Lecturer in 2001) Watch Ruth Behar's lecture
Eshel Ben Jacob, Professor of Physics at Tel Aviv University and president of the Israeli Physics Society. Tel Aviv, Israel. The interaction of microorganisms that lead to complex multicellular behavior. (Fellow in May of 2004)
Ivan Berend, Professor of Economics, University of Economics, Budapest, and President of Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Economic history of Eastern Europe. (Fellow in February of 1990)
Harry Berger, Professor of Literature and of Art History, Cowell College, University of California in Santa Cruz. English literature and literary criticism. Authority on Shakespeare, Spencer, and the Renaissance period. (Fellow in September/October of 1993)
Irving N. Berlin, M.D., Professor of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, University of New Mexico. Child psychiatry. (Visiting Fellow in April of 1983)
Leonard Bernstein, Composer and conductor. Universal contributions to the art of music. (Fellow in January of 1982)
Andres Betancor, Professor of Public Law at the Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona, Spain. (Fellow in May of 2005, Visiting Scholar in June-August 2005)\
Claudio Bianchini, Director of the National Research Council (CNR) in Florence and Professor of Chemistry at the University of Siena, Italy. Conversions of molecules. (Fellow in October of 1991 and in March of 1993)
Hall Bjørnstad, Associate Professor of French and Italian, College of Arts and Sciences, Residential Fellow in Fall 2019
Eric A. Blackall, Jacob Gould Schurman Professor of German Literature at Cornell University. German literature of the 18th and 19th centuries. (Fellow in October of 1987)
Heather Blair, Associate Professor of Religious Studies (Residential Fellow in Spring 2019)
Robert Blank, Professor of Political Science, Northern Illinois University. Genetic technology and social aspects of reproductive technologies. (Fellow in November of 1986)
Lisa Block De Behar, Professor of Literary Theory, Department of Literature, Instituto de Professores Artigas, Montevideo, Uruguay. Literary theory, criticism, comparative literature. (Fellow in February of 1992)
Donald Bloxham, Professor of Modern History, U. of Edinburgh. The Final Solution in European Perspective (Branigin Lecturer in October 2009). Watch Donald Bloxham's lecture
Baruch Blumberg, M.D., Nobel Laureate, Fox Chase Cancer Center, University Professor of Medicine and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania. The foundation for the eradication of hepatitis B. (Fellow in October of 1984 and in March of 1985)
John E. Bodnar, Professor of History, Indiana University. Work and family in industrial America. (Internal Fellow in 1983/84)
Edward Boehne, former President of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia and an active member of the Federal Market Committee. Political Science, Economics, Business, and government interest in monetary policies. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in January 2001) Watch Edward Boehne's lecture
Mary Catherine Boewe, Independent scholar of English literature. Mark Twain and James Whitcomb Riley. (Visiting Scholar in May of 1994)
Landrum R. Bolling, Former President of Earlham College, the Lilly Endowment, and the Ecumenical Institute at Tantur (Jerusalem); educator, writer, administrator. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in April of 1991)
Tiziano Bonazzi, Faculty of Political Science at the University of Bologna, Italy (Visiting Fellow in 2013)
Mihai Botez, Mathematician, sociologist, dissident thinker, Romania. Fellow of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in the Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. Analysis of communist states. (Fellow in September/October of 1988)
Dame Hilary Boulding, DBE, President of Trinity College, Oxford University, Branigin Lecturer, Fall 2019
Otis R. Bowen, former U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services and Indiana Governor. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow several times from 1989 through 1993
Nina V. Braginskaya, classics scholar in the Institute of the Human Sciences and Senior Instructor of the History and Theory of Culture, Department of Philosophy, Russian State University in Moscow, Russia. Theory of myths, literary theory, Archaic and Ancient theater, history of ideas. (Fellow in March/April of 1993)
Reinhard Brandt, Professor of Philosophy, University of Marburg, Federal Republic of Germany. History of philosophy. Expert on Kant. (Fellow in January of 1984)
Susanna Braund, Chair of Latin Department, Royal Holloway College, University of London. Classical studies and art history. (Fellow in April/May of 2000)
Fritz Breithaupt, Perspectives on Moral Judgment. (Remak Lecture/Seminar March 2014)
Fritz Breithaupt, Assistant Professor of Germanic Studies, IUB. During his stay at the Institute, he worked on his project, a book entitled “The Ego Effect of Money: The Expansion of Economy in German Literature and Culture, 1740-1918.” (Internal Academic Scholar in the Spring of 2003)
Shirley Brice-Heath, Professor of English and Linguistics at Stanford University. Sociolinguistics, anthropology, education. (Fellow in September/November of 1991)
Charles Briggs, Professor of Ethnic Studies, University of California, San Diego. Linguistic anthropology, study of artistic verbal performance. (Fellow in March of 1996)
Birgit Brock-Utne, Professor of Education at the Institute for Educational Research, University of Olso, Norway. Peace studies, globalization, feminist pedagogy, conflict resolution, and language and education policies in Africa. (Fellow in February/March of 2005)
Donald J. Brown, Professor of Mathematical Economics, Stanford University. General economic equilibrium theory. (Fellow in September of 1988 and in March of 1989)
Peter L. Brown, Rollins Professor of History, Princeton University. Late antique/early medieval periods of Western Europe, Asia Minor and the Near East. (Fellow in October/November of 1994)
Marilyn Brownstein, Professor of English, University of Georgia. Modern and postmodern theory and literature. (Visiting Scholar in the Fall of 1993)
Jane Bryce, Professor of African Literature and Cinema, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill (Visiting Fellow in 2017)
Rainer Budde, Director of Walraf-Richartz Museum, Cologne, West Germany. Art history. Authority on Stefan Lochner. (Fellow in February of 1987)
Lawrence Buell, Powell M. Cabot Professor of American Literature, Harvard University. (Branigin Lecturer in April of 2010) Watch Lawrence Buell's lecture
Beth Buggenhagen, Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, IUB. (Residential Fellow in fall 2015)
Jerome R. Busemeyer, Professor of Psychology, Purdue University, Lafayette. Quantitative methods, judgment and decision making, concept learning. (Fellow in April of 1996)
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John C. Caldwell, Professor of Demography, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. Anthropology and demography. Studies on developing countries of Africa, Southeast Asia, and on India. (Fellow in October of 1986)
Lynton K. Caldwell, Bentley Professor Emeritus of Political Science, Indiana University. Genetic technology and biopolitics. (Internal Fellow in November of 1986)
David Campbell, Scholar and multimedia producer; From Robert Capa to the iPhone: How the Photojournalism of War Has (and Has Not) Changed (Branigin Lecturer in February 2012) Watch David Campbell's lecture
Elof A. Carlson, Distinguished Teaching Professor of Biochemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York. Human genetics and its social aspects. Authority on H.J. Muller. (Fellow in the fall of 1986)
Marvin Carlson, Sidney Cohn Professor of Theater Studies, City University of New York. Theater history, performance theory, dramatic theory, theater semiotics. (Fellow in October of 1992 and in March of 1993)
Pack Carnes, Professor of Japanese Studies and Folklore, Lake Forest College. Folklore, Germanic and Japanese studies. (Fellow in March of 1992)
Judge Robert L. Carter, lawyer, civil rights activist, and United States District Judge (Branigin Lecturer in November 2004)
Damian Catani, Lecturer in the French Department, University of Cambridge, U.K. (Visiting Scholar October 2006)
Stanley Cavell, Walter M. Cabot Professor of Aesthetics and the General Theory of Value, Harvard University. Philosophy and film. (Fellow in March of 1988)
Mary Ann Caws, Professor of English, French, and Comparative Literature, Graduate school, City University of New York. Correspondence between Virginia Woolf and Vita Sackville-West in the Harold Nicolson archives. (Visiting Scholar in April of 1998, and February of 2004)
Remo Ceserani, Professor of Literature and Comparative Literary Theory, University of Pisa. History of Italian and other related European Literatures from the Renaissance to the Modern Ages; theory and criticism. (Fellow in January of 1994)
Wallace Chafe, Professor of Linguistics, University of California, Santa Barbara. American Indian languages in the Caddoan family. (Fellow in June/July of 1993)
Michel Chaouli, Associate Professor of Germanic Studies at Indiana University (New Knowledge Seminar Convener 2010–2011)
Roger Chartier, Director of Studies at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, and Andrew D. White Professor-at-Large, Cornell University, The Stage and the Page (Branigin Lecturer in 1999)
Robert Chaudenson, Professor Emeritus at the University of Provence (Aix-Marseille I) and a leading specialist in French-based Creole languages throughout in the world. (Visiting Fellow in November 2009)
George Chauncy, Professor of American History, University of Chicago. History of gay men in modern America. (Fellow in September of 1998)
Lingling Chen, Associate Professor of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in Spring 2016)
Yii-Der Ida Chen, Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (Visiting Fellow in July 2008)
Dorothy Cheney, Professor of Biology, University of Pennsylvania. The Evolution of Social Cognition. (Branigin Lecturer in November 2009) Watch Dorothy Cheney's lecture
Zhanna Chernova, Professor of Sociology, Higher School of Economics, National Research University, Saint Petersburg, Russia (Visiting Fellow in February 2016)
Graham Chesters, Assistant Professor of French and Senior Pro-Vice-Chancellor, University of Hull, England. 19th- and 20th-century French poetry (Baudelaire), utilization of computers in humanistic studies. (Fellow in February of 1995)
David Chidester, Professor of Religious Studies and Director of the Institute for Comparative Religion in Southern Africa (ICRSA) at the University of Cape Town, South Africa. Wild Religion: Sacrifice, Sports, and Sovereignty in South Africa, (Branigin Lecturer Wednesday, April 3, 2013) Watch David Chidester's lecture
Jamsheed Choksy, Professor of Near Eastern Languages &;Cultures, Indiana University, Bloomington. Near Eastern &;Inner Asian religions and history; numismatics. (Resident Scholar in 1997)
Pierre Citron, Professor Emeritus at the Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle and Director of the Center for the Study of Jean Giono. Relationship between literature and music. (Visiting Scholar in April of 1992)
Norma Clarke, Senior Lecturer in English, Kingston University, U.K. The culture of British writing women in the early 18th century: women's relationships with each other, with male writers and with publishers. The Rise and Fall of the Woman of Letters (Fellow in September of 2002) Watch Norma Clarke's lecture
Robert Graham Clark, Professor of Physics, University of New South Wales; Director of the Australian National Pulsed Magnet Laboratory. Experimental condensed matter physics. (Fellow in February/March of 1994)
Robin J.H. Clark, Professor Chemistry, University College, London, UK. Vibrational spectroscopy of molecules and materials. (Fellow in May of 1998)
Lawrence Clopper, Professor of English, Indiana University, Bloomington. The Ludic Element in Medieval Drama. (Internal Fellow in 1994/95)
Deborah Cohen, Associate Professor of History at University of Missouri-St. Louis (Summer Repository Research Fellow in 2016)
Judah Cohen, Associate Professor of Musicology at Indiana University Jacobs School of Music (Residential Fellow in Spring 2016)
Ralph Cohen, William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor of English, University of Virginia. Literary theory and literary history. (Fellow in October of 1984)
Janie Cole, Founder/Executive of Music Beyond Borders (MBB) and Visiting Professor at the University of Cape Town’s Centre for African Studies and the South African College of Music, “Soiled by Black Lips”: Music, Resistance, Race, and Incarceration in Apartheid South Africa (Branigin Lecturer in February 2017)
Esteve Corbera, Distinguished Researcher, Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Visiting Fellow in 2017)
Jean-François Cottier, Professor of Latin at University of Paris Diderot (Visiting Fellow in March and April 2016)
Jill Craigie, Historian of women's movement, journalist, screenwriter. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in September of 1991)
Yvonne Cripps, University Lecturer in Law and Director of Legal Studies, Emmanuel College, Cambridge, U.K. Law of biotechnology, constitutional and administrative law. (Fellow in August of 1992)
Dionne Cross Francis, Associate Professor of Mathematics Education in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in Fall 2016)
John Crowley, novelist and documentary film writer and producer, Practicing the Arts of Peace (Branigin Lecturer in December 2005)
Eduardo Cuenca, Faculty of Economics & Business at the University of Grenada, Spain (Visiting Fellow in 2013)
Tracy Cullen, Associate Editor of American Journal of Archaeology. Franchthi excavations in Greece. (Fellow in October of 1993)
Jonathan Culler, Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Cornell University and an internationally recognized scholar of literature and literary theory. (Branigin Lecturer in February of 2010) Watch Jonathan Culler's lecture
Franz Josef Czernin, Austrian poet. Concrete poetry, semiotics, music, and literature. (Fellow in September/October, 1988)
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Richard Henry Dalitz, Research Professor of Physics, Oxford University, Fellow of All Souls College. Physics of fundamental particles. (Visiting Fellow in November of 1982)
Robert Dallek, Historian, former Professor of History at Boston University, Columbia, UCLA, Oxford, Dartmouth, and Stanford, The Making and Unmaking of American Presidents (Branigin Lecture, September 2008) Watch Robert Dallek's lecture
Vincenzo D’Andrea, Professor of Informatics, University of Trento, Italy (Visiting Fellow in Spring 2009)
Marcel Danesi, Professor of Italian Linguistics and Director of Semiotics Research Unit, Victoria College, University of Toronto, Canada. Vico studies and related subjects; language and cultural studies; pedagogy; theory, design and practice of puzzles; language origins; and comportment of adolescents. (Fellow in February and September of 1998)
Robert Darnton, Professor of History, Princeton University. Eighteenth century France. Poetry and Violence in Eighteenth-Century Paris. (Fellow in November of 1983) Watch Robert Darnton's lecture
Krassimira Daskalova, Professor of Philosophy and Social Sciences at St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, Bulgaria. The history of the book, gender, feminism, reading, and censorship under communism. (Fellow in November of 2003)
Colin J. Davis, Professor of French at the School of Modern Languages, Literatures, and Cultures, Royal Holloway, University of London, U.K., In Praise of Overreading (Branigin Lecturer in November 2008) Watch Colin J. Davis' lecture
Deborah Davis, Professor of Sociology, Yale University (Visiting Fellow in March 2012)
Warren D'Azevedo, Professor Emeritus of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno. African aesthetics (Liberia). Native American ethnography. (Fellow in March/April of 1993)
Anthony DeCurtis, Senior Editor, Rolling Stone magazine. Popular music and culture. (Fellow in April of 1991)
Francois B. Delachaux, President and Chairman of the Board of the Delachaux Group in Gennevilliers, France. International business, French education. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in November of 1993 and of 1995)
Jost Delbrück, Professor of Law and former President of the University of Kiel, West Germany. Internation Law. (Fellow in April/ May of 1990)
Miguel A. Delgado, Professor of Economics in the Department of Econometrics at Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (Visiting Fellow in January and February 2011)
Sergei Denisov, Professor of Physics, Moscow State University and leader of the Neutrino Department, Institute of High Energy Physics, Serpukhov, Russia. Particle physics. (Fellow in April of 1994)
Barbara Dennis, Associate Professor of Counseling and Educational Psychology (Promotion Cohort 2018)
Devin Deweese, Assistant Professor of Uralic & Altaic Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington. Narratives in Islamic Inner Asia. (Internal Fellow in the spring of 1993)
Yves Dezalay, Professor of Sociology and charge de recherches, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire (C.N.R.S.), Vaucresson, France. Legal and accounting professions. (Fellow in December of 1989)
Bruce Dierenfield, Professor of History, Canisius College, Buffalo, New York. Senator Birch Bayh and the School Prayer Issue. (Visiting Scholar in July/August of 1993)
Constance Dinapoli, Assistant Professor at George Mason University, Fairfax, VA and a former member of the Paul Taylor Dance Company. (Visiting Fellow in January of 2010)
Omar Victor Diop, photographer (Visiting Fellow in September 2016)
John Dixon, Professor of Education, University of Leeds, England. Writing assessment. (Fellow in March of 1992)
Mary Elizabeth Dixon, classical scholar, London, England. Julius Caesar, Cicero, Livy, and Tacitus. (Visiting Scholar in March of 1992)
Carrie Docherty Steele, Associate Professor of Kinesiology at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2017)
Elizabeth Dodd, Associate Professor of English, Kansas State University. American poetry. (Visiting Scholar in January/February of 1997)
Hartmut Doehl, Professor of Classical Archaeology, University of Gottingen, Federal Republic of Germany. History of classical sculpture. (Fellow in February/March of 1986)
Antal Dorati, Conductor/composer. The art of music. (Visiting Fellow in October of 1982)
Patrick Dougherty, sculptor, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. (Fellow in October of 1995)
Slavenka Drakulić (Swartz), prominent Croatian journalist, essayist, novelist and contributing editor to The Nation. (Visiting fellow in April 2011)
Elizabeth Dunn, Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Indiana University. (Residential Fellow in fall 2015)
J. Michael Dunn, Professor of Philosophy, Indiana University. Mathematical logic. (Internal Fellow in the fall of 1984)
Stephen Dyson, Professor of Classics, Wesleyan University. Classical archaeology and social history. (Fellow in February/March of 1986)
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Ralph Earle II, Washington D.C. lawyer and former Chief U.S. Negotiator of the SALT II Treaty and Director of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency; Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Lawyers Alliance for World Security (LAWS). (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in February/March of 1993)
John Eaton, Professor of Music Composition and Artistic Director of the Electronic and Computer Center at Indiana University, Bloomington. (Internal Fellow in 1990/91 and Visiting Scholar in the summer of 1994)
Dieter Ebert, Professor and Chair of Zoology and Evolutionary Biology in the Zoological Institute, Basel University, Switzerland (Visiting Fellow in September 2009).
Umberto Eco, Semiotician, Historian, Philosopher and Writer of Fiction, University of Bologna, Italy. (Fellow in July of 1989)
Murray Edelman, George Mead Professor of Political Science, University of Wisconsin. Political symbolism and language. (Visiting Fellow in October of 1983)
Thomas B. Edsall, Political editor of the Huffington Post and Joseph Pulitzer II and Edith Pulitzer Moore Professor at the Columbia Graduate School of Journalism, The Media and American Politics (Branigin Lecturer in April 2009) Watch Thomas B. Edsall's lecture
Odile Eisenstein, Professor of Chemistry at the Universite de Paris-Sud; Head of the Laboratory for Theoretical Chemistry. Fragment molecular orbital analysis. (Fellow in October-December of 1988 and in November of 1992)
Stanley Elkin, Professor of English, Washington University, St. Louis. Author, Contemporary Literature. (Fellow in June of 1983)
Jonathan Elmer, Assistant Professor of English, Indiana University, Bloomington. Antebellum American literature. (Internal Fellow in the spring and summer of 1992)
Guy T. Emery, Professor Emeritus of Physics, Bowdoin College. History of the physical sciences. (Fellow in September/October/November of 1998)
Nils Erik Enkvist, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Stylistics and Text Research, Abo Academy, Finland. Text linguistics. (Fellow in April of 1993)
Cynthia Enloe, Research Professor in the Department of International Development, Community, and Environment at Clark University, The Geopolitics of Your Bathtub: Why Who Does Your Housework Matters (Branigin Lecturer in October 2016)
Loan Epstein, Hilldale Professor Emeritus of Political Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison. British politics and American political parties. (Fellow in November of 1989)
Richard Evans, Distinguished Professor of Psychology, University of Houston. Social psychology, behavioral medicine, and child and adolescent health psychology. (Fellow in April/September of 2000)
Wendy Everett, President of the New England Healthcare Institute (NEHI) and one of the leading experts in the US on health care policy. Health and Health Care 2020: Back to the Future (Branigin Lecturer in Fall of 2010) Watch Wendy Everett's lecture
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Emil Fackenheim, Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, University of Toronto, and Hebrew University, Jerusalem. Modern Philosophy and contemporary Jewish thought. (Fellow in September/October of 1985)
William R. Farrand, Professor of Geology and Curator of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan. Integration of geology and archaeology. (Fellow in the fall of 1985)
Christine Farris, Associate Professor of English, Indiana University, Bloomington. Curricular, pedagogical, and political consequences of various reforms of college writing and general education. (Visiting Scholar in the fall of 2001 and the spring of 2002)
Mary Favret, Associate Professor of English, IUB. While on leave with a President's Arts & Humanities Fellowship, she worked at the Institute on the project tentatively titled: "Reading and Writing in Wartime: The Literature of British Romanticism." (Internal Academic Fellow in Spring of 2003)
Sarah Fee, of the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, Canada. Curator Fee, (Visiting Fellow in May, 2015)
J. César Félix-Brasdefer, Professor of Spanish at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in 2011)
Charles Ferguson, Professor of Linguistics and Semiotics, Stanford University. Socio-linguistics, language learning, the acquisition of first-language phonology. (Visiting Scholar in September of 1991)
Robert Ferguson, Professor of English, Comparative Literature, and Law, Columbia University, New York. (Patten Lecturer and Visiting Scholar in March of 1998)
Maurizio Ferraris, Professor of Philosophy at University of Turin (Visiting Fellow in March 2017)
Pnina Fichman, Professor of Information Science at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2016)
Olga Filippova, Associate Professor of Sociology at Kharkiv National University and a pioneer of socio-cultural anthropology in the Ukraine. (Fellow in November 2009)
John Findling, Professor of History, Indiana University Southeast (New Albany). The Century of Progress Exposition. (Visiting Scholar in February/March of 1993)
Bernd Fischer, Assistant Professor of History, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne. History of Albania and the Balkans. (Intercampus Scholar in June/July of 1996)
Robert Fischman, Professor of Law at IUB. How law constructs ideas of nature. (Spring 2007)
Raymond C. Fletcher, Adjunct Professor of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder. Rheology and tectonophysics. (Fellow in April of 1998)
Jennifer Fleissner, Associate Professor of English, College of Arts and Sciences, Residential Fellow in Fall 2019
Philip Ford, Associate Professor of Music (Musicology), Jacobs School of Music, Indiana University. (Residential Fellow in fall 2015)
Michael Foot, Labor Member (from Wales) of the British Parliament, author, journalist and British romanticism scholar. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in September of 1991)
Allen Forte, Professor of Music Theory, Yale University. Music scholarship. (Visiting Fellow in March of 1984)
Charles H. Franklin, Professor of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, The Shape of the Campaign: Composition and Dynamics in the 2008 Election (Branigin Lecturer in September 2008) Watch Charles H. Franklin's lecture
Lessie Jo Frazier, Associate Professor of Gender Studies at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2018)
Anne Freadman, Professor of French and Chair of the Department of Romance Languages, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. French culture, structuralism, feminist criticism. (Fellow in November/December of 1995)
Saul Friedlander, Professor of European History, Tel Aviv University. Study of the fate of the Jews under Hitler. (Fellow in September/October of 1984)
Sara Friedman, Professor of Anthropology and Gender Studies at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2016)
William A. Friedman, Professor of Physics, University of Wisconsin. Many-body nuclear reaction dynamics and hot nuclear matter. (Fellow in August of 1997 and in April/May of 1998)
Robert H. Frowick, Visiting Scholar at the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace; head of the Commission on Macedonia. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in November of 1993)
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Kostas Gallis, Archaeologist and Director of Antiquities for Thessaly, Greece. Prehistoric archaeology and Hellenistic period. (Fellow in March/April of 1991)
Enrique Galvez-Ruano, Professor of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain. Neuropharmacology. (Fellow in September of 1995)
Victor Gama, Composer and Instrument Designer (Visiting Fellow 2018)
Dolores Lewis Garcia, Artist, Pueblo, New Mexico. American Indian pottery. (Fellow in April of 1990)
Pablo Garcia Loaeza, Associate Professor and Associate Chair of Spanish, West Virginia University (Visiting Fellow 2018)
Sir Timothy Garden, Visiting Professor at the Center for Defence Studies, Kings College, London. International affairs and international security. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in February/March of 2001)
Jean-Claude Gardin, Archaeologist of Central Asia, Cognitive Scientist, Semiotician, Computer Scientist, Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques (C.N.R.S.), Paris, France. (Fellow in March/April of 1991)
Elda Garetto, Lecturer in Russian Language and Literature, University of Milan, Italy. Russian émigré writer Alexander Amfiteatrov and other Russian émigrés in Italy in the 1920s. (Visiting Scholar in July/August of 1992)
Susan Garland Mann, Assistant Professor, English department, Indiana University Southeast, New Albany. English women playwrights, 1660-1823. (Visiting Scholar in May/June of 1993)
Dominique Gauthier, Professor Emeritus of English, Universities of Nantes and Bordeaux, France. European-American literary relations. Poetry of Robert Muldoon. (Visiting Scholar in September of 1995)
Shannon Gayk, Associate Professor of English and Director of the Medieval Studies Institute (Residential Fellow in Fall 2017)
Walter Geist, Research Director at the Institute of Subatomic Research in Strasbourg, France. High energy particle physicist with expertise in colliding beam physics. (Fellow in April of 2005)
Guliz Ger, Professor of Marketing, Faculty of Business Administration, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey. The parallels between the modern material expressions of Islam & Christianity. Consumer's Romance and Weaver's Dilemmas: Oriental Carpets. (Fellow in September of 2002) Watch Guliz Ger's lecture
Ilana Gershon, Associate Professor of Anthropology at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2017)
Julius (Jack) Getman, Professor of Law, University of Texas, Austin. Labor law. (Fellow in March of 1994)
Eleanor Gibson, Susan Linn Sage Professor of Psychology, Emerita, Cornell University. Developmental psychology. (Fellow in October of 1990)
Ronald Giere, Professor of History and Philosophy of Science, Indiana University. Theory of Science. (Internal Fellow in 1985/86)
Todd Gitlin, Professor of Sociology and Journalism at Columbia University, The Media Torrent and the Erosion of Democracy (Branigin Lecturer in November 2002)
Pearl Gluck, is a professional filmmaker and scholar of Jewish ethnography. Palinsky Pictures. (Fellow in February 2007)
Deborah Goldberg, Institute of Fine Arts, New York University. Edward A. Rumely papers, a study of the sculptor Isamo Noguchi. (Visiting Scholar in April/May of 1998)
Alice Goldstein, Senior Researcher, Brown University Population Studies and Training Center. Historical demography of Europe and the United States, migration in Southeast Asia and China. (Fellow in April of 1995)
Sidney Goldstein, George Hazard Crooker University Professor, Brown University. Migration and urbanization in Southeast Asia and China. (Fellow in April of 1995)
Michael P. Gonella, Research Associate, Myaamia Research Center, Miami University (Summer Repository Research Fellow in 2016)
Yasmine Gooneratne, Associate Professor of English, Macquarie University, Australia. Post-colonial literature. (Fellow in July of 1984)
Oleg Grabar, Aga Khan Professor of Islamic Art, Harvard University. Islamic art and culture. (Fellow in April of 1985 and in April of 1999)
Michael Graetz, Avraham Harman Professor of Modern Jewish History, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. French and German Jewry. (Fellow in February of 1991)
Agnieszka Graff, Assistant Professor at the American Studies Center, Warsaw University, Poland. Narrative and feminist theories, gender studies, history of the American Women’s Movement, and modern novel. (Fellow in April of 2003)
Herman Gray, Professor of Sociology at the University of California, Santa Cruz. (Branigin lecturer Spring 2013) Watch Herman Gray's lecture
Marion W. Gray, Professor of History, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas. Women in European history, gender norms in German-speaking Europe from 1780 to 1840. (Visiting Scholar in the Fall of 1993)
Sir Timothy Green, International Security in the New Century. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in 2001) Watch Sir Thomas Green's lecture
Mark Greengrass, Professor of Early-Modern History and Executive Director of the Humanities Research Institute at the University of Sheffield, U.K. (Fellow in September, 2005)
Carol Greenhouse, Professor of Anthropology, Princeton University. Anthropologists working in the U.S. in the 1990's. (Visiting Scholar Fall 2006 Spring 2007, and Spring 2018)
James Greeno, Margaret Jacks Professor Emeritus of Education, Stanford University, and Visiting Professor of Education at the University of Pittsburgh. (Branigin Lecturer Spring 2011) Watch James Greeno's lecture
Susan Gubar, Professor of English, Indiana University. Literature and women's studies. (Internal Fellow in 1983/84)
Richard B. Gunderman, Professor of Radiology, Pediatrics, Medical Education, Philosophy, Liberal Arts, and Philanthropy at IUPUI (Vising Fellow in October 2009).
Harriet Guest, Senior Lecturer, Department of English and Related Literatures, Co-Director of the Centre for Eighteenth-Century Studies, University of York. Eighteenth-century studies. Bluestocking Feminism. (Fellow in February of 2002) Watch Harriet Guest's lecture
Victoria Gunn, Lecturer at the Teaching and Learning Service, University of Glasgow, Scotland. Student learning and group work facilitation with training in both humanistic and psycho-dynamic approaches to groups. (Fellow in the Spring of 2004, and again in the Fall of 2004)
Irwin C. Gunsalus, Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry, University of Illinois. Biology, chemistry, and physics. (Fellow in November of 1985)
Werner Guth, Professor of Economics, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Game theory. (Fellow in March of 1992)
Louis Guttman, Professor of Social and Psychological Assessment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, and Scientific Director of the Israel Institute of Applied Social Research. Measurement. (Fellow in September of 1987)
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Toru Haga, Professor and Chairman of the Dept. of Comparative Literature and Culture, University of Tokyo, Japan. Comparative literature, fine arts and history. (Fellow in March/April of 1991)
Jerald Hage, Professor of Sociology, University of Maryland. Understanding of complex organizations. (Fellow in November/December of 1984 and in May and September of 1992)
Eva Hajicova, Professor of Applied Mathematics, Charles University, Prague, Czechoslovakia. Computational linguistics. (Fellow in June of 1984)
C.R.D. Halisi, Professor of Political Science, Indiana University, Bloomington. Black politics in South Africa. (Internal Fellow in the fall of 1989)
Tim Hallett, Associate Professor of Sociology (Residential Fellow in Fall 2017)
Marc Hallin, Professor of Statistic, School of Economics, Political and Social Sciences, Free University of Brussels, Belgium. Statistical inference in time series, operation research, game theory, and risk analysis. (Fellow in September of 1991)
Vivian Halloran, Professor of English and American Studies at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2016)
Lee Hamilton, Representative of Indiana's 9th Congressional District, Former Chair of the House Foreign Affairs Committee and a member of the Joint Economic Committee. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in April of 1995 and in April of 2005).
Stanley S. Hanna, Professor of Physics, Stanford University. Nuclear physics. (Fellow in the fall of 1983)
William Hansen, Professor of Classical Studies, IU Bloomington. Origins of international folktales. (Internal Fellow in 1992/93)
Noriko Hara, Associate Professor of Information Science at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2017)
Miklos Haraszti, Public intellectual, writer, human rights activist, member of parliament, and university professor, Budapest, Hungary. How global patterns--the American and European norms of media democratization--have collided with the post-communist precondition. The Seven "Days" of Creation of a Free Press: Post-Communist Media Democratization in Hungary. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in March/April of 2001) Watch Miklos Haraszti's lecture
Lee Haring, Professor of Folklore and English, Department of English, Brooklyn College, New York. Theory of oral literary genre, African and Malagasy traditions. (Fellow in February of 1999)
J. Albert Harrill, Assistant Professor of Religious Studies, DePaul University, Chicago. Project entitled Slavery and the New Testament. (Visiting Scholar in 1999/2000)
Geoffrey H. Hartman, Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Yale University. European and American romantic and modern poetry, history of criticism. (Fellow in March of 1988)
Thomas Hartquist, Professor of Astrophysics in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Leeds, UK, and a world-renowned researcher studying the physics of the Interstellar Medium. (Visiting Fellow in April 2011)
Paul Haupt, Program Director at the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation in Cape Town, South Africa. (Fellow in February of 2004)
David Harvey, Distinguished Professor of Anthropology, The Graduate Center, CUNY; Senior Research Fellow, St. Peter's College, Oxford; Miliband Visiting Fellow, London School of Economics, Geographical Knowledges/Political Powers (Branigin Lecturer in 2001) Watch David Harvey's lecture
William Hay, Professor and Co-Chair of the Paleoceanology Division, GEOMAR, at Christian-Albrechts Universitat, Kiel, Germany. Global modeling and model variation for ancient climates, oceans, and plate tectonic positions. Geological mass balance for the global sedimentation system. (Fellow in November of 1999)
Marie-Christine Hazaël-Massieux, Professor of Linguistics and Director of the Institut d'Etudes Créoles et Francophones at the University of Provence (Aix-Marseille I). French Creole languages of the French West Indian islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique. (Fellow in October of 1999)
Allen Hazen, Reader in Philosophy, University of Melbourne, Australia. Metaphysics, philosophy of mathematics, modal and non-modal logic. (Visiting Scholar in the fall of 1991)
David Headon, Senior Lecturer in Australian and American Literature, University College, University of South Wales (Australian Defense Academy). Aboriginal literature. (Visiting Scholar in December of 1991)
Lars Skov Henriksen, Associate Professor of Social Studies and Organization at Aalborg University, Denmark. (Visiting Scholar during Fall Semester, 2005)
Debra Herbenick, Professor of Applied Health Science at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2018)
John Heritage, Professor of Sociology, University of California in Los Angeles. Ethnomethodology and conversation analysis. (Fellow in October/November of 1995)
Fred Hersch, world renowned jazz pianist, composer, and educator, Leaves of Grass (Branigin Lecturer in April 2004) Watch Fred Hersch's performance
Gail Hickey, Associate Professor of Education, IUPU Fort Wayne. Oral history of women immigrants. (Visiting Scholar in July of 1994 and May of 2001)
Benjamin Higgins, Development Studies Center, Australian National University. Expert in regional economic development. (Fellow in March of 1986)
Richard Hogg, Smith Professor of English Language and Medieval Literature, University of Manchester. Old English Language. Negative Contraction and Dialects (Fellow in April of 2002) Watch Richard Hogg's lecture
John Hollander, Professor of English, Yale University. Poet, scholar. (Fellow in March of 1986)
Beth Holmgren, Professor and Chair of Slavic Languages, University of North Carolina. Interpretation of Russian and Polish Literature. (Fellow in March/April of 2000)
Hou Hong-Fei, Professor of Paleontology, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing. Devonian age brachipods. (Fellow in November of 1992)
Pervez Hoodbhoy, Professor of Psychics, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Expert on the interface between nuclear and high energy psychics as well as a major intellectual force behind the study of the relationship between Islamic fundamentalism and science. (Fellow in February/October of 2000)
Jeremy Horder, is Professor of Criminal Law at Worcester College, University of Oxford, and Law Commissioner for England and Wales. (Branigin Lecturer in September 2009) Watch Jeremy Horder's lecture
Naana Banyiwa Horne, Assistant Professor of English, African and African/American Studies, Indiana University, Kokomo. Western Imperialism and Indegenous Ghanian Systems of Empowerment. (Intercampus Scholar in July/August of 1996)
Kenneth Howell, Associate Professor at Reformed Theological Seminary, Jackson, Mississippi. Interpretation of nature and the bible in early modern science. (Visiting Scholar in June of 1992)
Ping-Chen Hsiung, Senior Researcher in the Modern History Institute of the Academia Sinica, Taipei. The history of childhood and gynecology; the treatment of male sexual dysfunction, and sexuality in premodern China. (Fellow in November of 2003) Watch Ping-Chen Hsiung's lecture
Xu Hua, Professor of Public Health of the Chinese Foundation for the Prevention and Control of STD and AIDS. Social behaviors related to HIV transmission in China and China's public health issues. (Fellow in September/October of 1997 and April 2001)
Edward Hughes, Reader in Modern French Literature, Royal Holloway, University of London. Cultural marginality in a variety of French writers. The Betrayal of the Occident? Cultural Difference, Illusion, and Self-Definition in Modern French Literature. (Fellow in April 2001) Watch Edward Hughes lecture
Linda Hutcheon, Professor of English and Comparative Literature at the University of Toronto (Branigin Lecturer in November 2004) Watch Linda Hutcheon's lecture
Michael Hutcheon, Professor of Medicine at the University of Toronto (Branigin Lecturer in November 2004) Watch Michael Hutcheon's lecture
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Elena Iarskaia-Smirnova, Professor of Social Anthropology and Social Work at Saratov State University as well as Professor of General Sociology at the Moscow Higher School of Economics in Moscow, Russia. (Visiting Fellow in spring 2011)
Saad Eddin Ibrahim, Professor of Sociology, American University in Cairo; Founder of the Ibn Khaldun Center and the Arab Organization for Human Rights (Visiting Fellow in Spring 2009)
Ivo Ibri, Professor of Philosophy, Pontifical Catholic University of Saõ Paulo, Brazil. The philosophy of Charles S. Peirce, as well as pragmatism and semiotics. (Fellow in April of 2004, January/February, 2005)
David Ignatius, journalist and novelist. Imagining a Lee Hamilton Foreign Policy for 2013 (Hamilton Lecturer) Watch David Ignatius' lecture
Ken'ichi Ikeda, Professor of Social Psychology, University of Tokyo, Japan. Comparison of social politics in Japan and the United States. (Visiting Scholar in 1997/98)
Edgar Illas, Associate Professor of Spanish and Portuguese, Director of the Catalan Program (Residential Fellow, Fall 2018)
Michael Ing, Associate Professor of Religious Studies, College of Arts and Sciences, Residential Fellow in Fall 2020
Patricia Ingham, Department of English at Indiana University (Residential Fellow 2008–2009)
Vyacheslav V. Ivanov, member of the Soviet Parliament; Director of the USSR State Library of Foreign Literature, Moscow University. Semiotics & comparative literature. (Fellow in March of 1991)
William Ivey, Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts, former Director of the Country Music Foundation in Nashville, Tennessee. American history, folklore, and ethnomusicology. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in January of 2000)
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Michael Derek Jackson, Professor of Anthropology. Poet and fiction writer, New Zealand/Australia. Studies in West Africa. The Kuranko people of Sierra Leone. (Visiting Scholar in 1988/89)
Gary C. Jacobson, Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego, The Bush Legacy and the 2008 Elections (October 2008) Watch Gary C. Jacobson's lecture
Robert Jaffe, Professor of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge. Elementary particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics. (Fellow in October of 1992)
S. Japhet, Professor of Law at the National Law School of India University. Bangalore, India. Creating identities for Dalits in India and advancing their struggle for social, religious, economic, and political status in India. (Fellow in September of 2004)
Jeremy Jennings, Professor of Political Theory at the University of Birmingham, U.K. Nineteenth- and twentieth-century intellectual French history and European political philosophy. Professor at Queen Mary University of London, U.K. (Fellow in March/April of 2005 and April of 2006)
Biodun Jeyifo, Professor of English, Cornell University (currently teaching at Harvard). Scholar in the areas of theater, Marxist and postcolonial theory, with a particular interest on Africa. (Fellow in January of 2000)
Hans Joas, Professor of Sociology, Free University of Berlin, Chair of Sociology, John F. Kennedy Institute for North American Studies, Free University of Berlin. Communitarianism. (Fellow in September/October of 1994)
Jorgen Dines Johansen, Professor of General and Comparative Literature and Director of the North European Regional Center for Semiotics, Odense University, Denmark. Semiotics, and Peircean thought. (Fellow in May of 1993)
Barry Johnston, Professor of Sociology and Chair of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Indiana University Northwest, Gary. History of American sociology, theory, and race relations. (Internal Fellow in 1990/91)
Sumie Jones, Associate Professor of East Asian Studies, Comparative Literature and Film Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington. Edo period in Japan. (Internal Fellow in the spring of 1996; Fall of 2008; 2009; Spring of 2010; Residential Fellow of the Institute Spring 2015)
Robert Tony Judt, Remarque Professor of European Studies, New York University. European intellectual history and history of political ideas. (Fellow in February of 1999)
Robert Juepner, Professor of Hydraulic Engineering at the Department of Water Management at the Magdeburg University of Applied Sciences, Germany, and Director of Institute for Water Management and Ecotechnology. Watershed management and ecological restoration of rivers. (Fellow in September of 2004 and September of 2005)
Eileen Julien, Professor of Comparative Literature at Indiana University (Residential Fellow)
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Jaakko Kaprio, Professor in the Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki. Behavioral medicine, genetics, and epidemiology. (Fellow in April and May of 1990)
Sabrina Karpa-Wilson, Assistant Professor and Director of Portuguese Studies in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese, Indiana University. Politics of memory and identity in twentieth-century Brazilian autobiography. (Internal Scholar in spring of 2000)
Dirk Käsler, Professor of Sociology, University of Hamburg. Theory and history of sociology. (Visiting Scholar from October of 1994 to January of 1995)
Peter Katzenstein, Walter S. Carpenter, Jr. Professor of International Studies at Cornell University, Anti-Americanisms in World Politics (Branigin Lecturer in April 2007) Watch Peter Katzenstein's lecture
Ani Kavafian, Professor of Violin at Yale University (Visiting Fellow in November 2016)
Toshie Kawamoto, Grand mistress of the Bando School of kabuki, a traditional Japanese dance. (Visiting Scholar in September/October of 1992)
Oscar Kenshur, Professor of Comparative Literature, Indiana University, Bloomington. (Resident Scholar in 1997/98)
Adam Kern, Professor of Japanese Literature & Visual Culture, University of Wisconsin-Madison (Visiting Fellow in 2017)
Giovanni Kessler, constitutional lawyer and a member of the Italian Parliament. The evolution of the concept of judicial independence in Italy, its role in Italian society and politics, and the challenges and conflicts the judiciary faced in the years before and after President Berlusconi took office in 1994. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow of the Institute in September of 2004)
Imrat Khan, Leading classical music performer (sitar) and musicologist. (Fellow in the spring of 1997)
Richard Kielbowicz, Associate Professor of Communications, University of Washington, Seattle. Relationship between telegraph and the policy-making process in the 19th-century American business and government. (Visiting Scholar in 1992/93)
Marianne Kielian-Gilbert, Professor of Music, Indiana University, Bloomington (Visiting Scholar, Spring, 2004)
De Witt Douglas Kilgore, Associate Professor of English at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in Spring 2017)
Uchang Kim, Professor of English, Korea University, South Korea. Two-week fellowship at the Institute combined with a week as a Patten Lecturer in April of 2003. The understanding of the current phenomena and discourse of globalization in East Asia.(Fellow in March & April of 2003)
Justice Michael Kirby, Justice of the High Court of Australia, Terrorism: Global Response of the Courts and Alfred Kinsey and His Continuing Impact on the Human Rights of Sexual Minorities, (Branigin Lecturer in 2004, October 2006; Distinguished Citizen Fellow) Watch lecture, "Terrorism: Global Response of the Courts"; Watch lecture "Alfred Kinsey and His Continuing Impact on the Human Rights of Sexual Minorities"
Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Professor Emerita, NYU, Chief Curator of the Core Exhibition and Advisor to the Director at POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews
Sarah Knott, Associate Professor of History at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in 2009)
George Knox, Leading scholar of XVIII-century Venetian painting and culture and an expert on the greatest Venetian masters Giambattista and Domenico Tiepolo. Domenico Tiepolo, A New Testament. (Fellow in September of 2002) Watch George Knox's lecture
Robert Koons, Associate Professor of Philosophy, University of Texas, Austin. Logic and cognitive science. (Visiting Scholar in January and April 1997, and spring of 2002)
Boris Z. Kopeliovich, Physicist, the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia. High energy hard scattering processes off nuclei; polarization effects and color screening phenomena in hadron-nucleus interactions. (Fellow in December of 1991)
Joachim Krause, Professor of International Relations, Christian-Albrechts University in Kiel, Germany and Director of the Institute for Security Policy. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in February of 2006)
John Richard Krebs, Royal Society Research Professor, Oxford University; President of the International Society of Behavioral Ecology and of the Association for the Study of Animal Behavior. Bird behavior and behavioral ecology. (Fellow in April of 1993)
Victor Krebs, Assistant Professor of English, Indiana University, Kokomo. Dante and his critics. (Visiting Scholar in May/June of 1995)
Ivan Kreilkamp, Associate Professor of English, Victorian Studies, Indiana University (Residential Fellow of the Institute Spring 2015)
John Kruschke, Professor of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Adjunct Professor of Statistics, Core Faculty of the Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University (Remak Lecturer, March 2014)
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Mauricio Lasansky, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Fine Arts (Printmaking), Iowa City. (Fellow in September of 1989)
Sir Edmund Leach, Professor Emeritus of Social Anthropology, Cambridge University. Social anthropology and semiotics. (Fellow in October of 1984)
Jennifer C. Lee, Associate Professor of Sociology, College of Arts and Sciences, Residential Fellow in Spring 2020
Ursula Le Guin, Author, writer of speculative fiction, criticism, and poetry from Portland, Oregon. (Visiting Fellow in June of 1983)
Laurent Legendre, Professor of Biology at the Universite Jean Monnet de Saint Etienne, France and Director of the Institute of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants. (Fellow in July/August of 2005)
Colin Legum, former Associate Editor of The Observer (London), writer and editor, South Africa and UK. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in September of 1997 and October of 1999)
Margaret Legum, Economist and writer, South Africa and UK. Race relations and gender planning in South Africa. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in September of 1997 and October of 1999)
Jim Lehrer, journalist (Hamilton Lecturer)
Jerome P. Levine, Professor of Mathematics, Brandeis University. Knot theory. (Fellow in April of 1996)
Lord Lewis of Newnham, Professor Emeritus of Chemistry and Master of Robinson College at the University of Cambridge. Chemistry and highest education. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in April of 1999)
Ursula Link-Heer, Professor and Chair of Comparative Literature, Bayreuth University, Germany. Pastiche and multiple personality. (Visiting Scholar in October of 2002)
Margarita Lliteras, Assistant Professor of Spanish, Indiana University, Southeast. Symbolism of the Cantigas de Santa Maria. (Intercampus Scholar in July of 1996)
Mirta Zaida Lobato, Professor of History, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina. She is a leading scholar of Argentine social, labor, and gender history. (Fellow in November of 2002) Watch Mirta Zaida Lobato's lecture
M. Logan, Head of English Department, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. Thomas More's Utopia and History of King Richard III, Sidney's Defense of Poesie. (Visiting Scholar in 1994/95)
Dominic Lopes, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, IU Kokomo. Understanding pictures. (Visiting Scholar in May of 1994)
John Lucaites, Professor of Communication and Culture at Indiana University (Remak Convener, 2011–2012)
Niklas Luhmann, Professor of Sociology, University of Bielefeld, Germany. General theory of social systems. (Fellow in September of 1994)
Michael Lützeler, Rosa May Professor in the Humanities, German and Comparative Literature, Washington University in Saint Louis; Director of the European Studies Program and of the Center for Contemporary German Literature. Postmodernism, multiculturalism and cultural theory in the U.S. and in Germany. (Fellow in February/March of 1997)
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Diane Mackie, Social Psychologist, University of California in Santa Barbara. Motivational and cognitive consequences of mood. (Fellow in August/September of 1990)
Robert Malina, Professor of Kinesiology and Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin. Growth, maturation, and physical performance. (Fellow in January of 1992)
Robert Mandell, Professor of Physiological Optics and Optometry, University of California at Berkeley. Topography and physiology of the cornea. (Fellow in October of 1991)
Teresa Mangum, Assistant Professor of English, University of Iowa. Ageing and old age in Victorian England. (Visiting Scholar in April of 1994)
Rebecca Manring, Associate Professor of Religious Studies and Dhar India Studies Program at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2018)
Salomon Marcus, Professor Emeritus, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Bucuresti, Romania. Interrelations of mathematics, linguistics, semiotics, and poetics. (Fellow in August/September of 1993)
Phyllis Martin, Associate Professor of History, Indiana University. Central African history. (Internal Fellow in the spring of 1987)
Terence J. Martin, Distinguished Professor of English, Indiana University. Nineteenth-century American literature. (Fellow in December of 1983 and in May-August of 1984)
Manual (Suzanne Bloom and Ed Hill), fine arts. Digital imaging, a computer-based art. (Fellows in October of 1999)
Martin E. Marty, Fairfax M. Cone Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus of Religious History at the University of Chicago (Branigin Lecturer in February 2006) Watch Martin E. Marty's lecture
Ulrich Marzolph, Professor of Islamic Studies at the University of Gottingen, Germany. Expansion and updating of Antii Arne and Stith Thompson's The Types of the Folktale: A Classification and Bibliography. The Thousand and One Nights and Other Anthologies of its Narrative Strategies in Medieval Arabic Popular Literature (Fellow in October of 2002) Watch Ulrich Marzolph's lecture
Adrian Matejka, Ruth Lilly Associate Professor of English (Residential Fellow in Fall 2018)
Angelo Mazzocco, Professor of Spanish and Italian at Mount Holyoke College. Latin and vernacular literature of Renaissance Studies. (Fellow in March of 1998)
Audrey McCluskey, Associate Professor of Afro-American Studies and Director of Black Film Center/Archive, IUB. A recipient of a President's Arts & Humanities Fellowship in the Spring of 2003, she worked at the Institute on her research project, "Lucy Craft Laney and the Discourse of Black Women Educators, 1880-1940." (Internal Academic Fellow in Spring of 2003 and Visiting Scholar Fall 2006 Spring 2007)
Maxwell McCombs, Professor of Communication, University of Texas, Austin. Agenda-setting theory in mass communication. (Fellow in June of 1990)
Jason McGraw, Associate Professor of History, College of Arts and Sciences, Residential Fellow in Spring 2020
Ewen McDonald, performance artist, painter, art and literary critic, Sydney, Australia. Art criticism and critical essays. (Visiting Scholar at the Institute in April - June of 1992)
John W. McGreevey, distinguished writer for television, Laguna Beach, California. (Fellow in March/April of 1988)
M. Ruth Megaw, Australian Scholar in American Studies, American and Australian History, Bedford Park, Australia. (Visiting Scholar in November/December of 1988)
John Vincent Megaw, Professor of Archaeology and Anthropology; Head of the Visual Arts Discipline at Flinders University of South Australia. Anthropology, archaeology, fine arts, and visual arts. (Fellow in November/December of 1988)
Ajay Mehrotra, Professor of Law at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in Fall 2010)
Pratap Bhanu Mehta, President of the Centre for Policy Research in New Delhi, India, Constitutionalism and Judicial Review in Divided Societies (Branigin Lecturer in September 2008)
Deborah Meier, New York University, Founder of the Mission Hill School (Visiting Fellow in September 2011)
Christopher Melchert, is University Lecturer in Arabic and Islam at the Oriental Institute and a Fellow of Pembrook College at the University of Oxford, England. (Branigin Lecturer February 2011) Watch Christopher Melchert's lecture
Allan H. Meltzer, John M. Olin Professor of Political Economy and Public Policy, Carnegie-Mellon University. Monetary policy and theory. (Visiting Fellow in October of 1984)
Xiangdong Meng, Senior Physician and Director of the Institute of STD/AIDS Prevention and Control in the Jilin Province Center for Disease Prevention and Control in Changchun, P.R. China. (Visiting Fellow in February of 2005 and September of 2005)
Carolyn Merchant, Chancellor’s Professor of Environmental History, Philosophy, and Ethics in the Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management at University of California, Berkeley, Partnership with Nature: Women and the Environment (Branigin Lecturer in March 2009) Watch Carolyn Merchant's lecture
Walter J. Meserve, Professor of Theater and Drama, Indiana University. American drama. (Internal Fellow in 1984/85)
Lutgard Mutsaers, Seeking to Sound Black: Popular Music in the Netherlands in the 20th Century and Beyond March 21, 2002 (Visiting Fellow in March 2002) Watch Lutgard Mutsaers' lecture
Tiya Miles, Professor in the Program in American Culture, Center for Afro-American and African Studies, Department of History, and Native American Studies Program at the University of Michigan. (Branigin Lecturer in fall 2012) Watch Tiya Miles' lecture
Andrew H. Miller, Associate Professor IUB and Editor of Victorian Studies. While on leave with a College of Arts and Sciences Arts and Humanities Fellowship, he worked on his book concerning narratives of ethical and political self-improvement in nineteenth-century Britain, titled Perfect Examples.(Internal Academic Fellow in Spring of 2003)
J. Irwin Miller, Former Chairman of the Executive and Finance Committee of the Cummins Engine Company, Columbus, Indiana. One of the country's leading industrialists. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in October of 1989 and in April of 1992)
Mihaela Miroiu, Professor and Dean of the Political Science Faculty at the National School for Political Studies and Public Administration, Bucharest, Romania. Changes in Romania and Eastern European political culture, especially pertaining to gender relations. The Uneasy Way through Autonomy: The Peverse Effects of Transition for Women in Romania. (Fellow in April 2001 and April 2007) Watch Mihaela Miroiu lecture
Boris Mironov, Research Fellow in Russian History at the Academy of Sciences and Professor of History at the University of St. Petersburg. Soviet totaliarism, family and village structures. (Fellow in October of 1992)
Emma Lewis Mitchell, Artist, Acoma Pueblo, New Mexico. American Indian pottery. (Fellow in April of 1990)
Greg Mitman, Vilas Research and William Coleman Professor of History of Science, Medical History, and Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison (Visiting Fellow in 2018)
Chandra Mohan, Professor of Comparative Literature at the University of Delhi, India. Interdisciplinary tendencies in western comparative literature. (Visiting Scholar in March - May of 1991)
Raymond Monelle, Reader in Music, University of Edinbourg, Scotland. Music theory and semiotics. (Visiting Scholar in February/March of 1996)
Robert Ian Moore, Professor of Medieval History, University of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, U.K. Dissent and persecution in the European Central Middle Ages. (Fellow in September of 1995)
Marissa J. Moorman, Associate Professor of History at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in Spring 2017)
Emilio Moran, Professor of Anthropology and in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington. Social anthropology, economics, ecology and tropical agriculture. (Internal Fellow in 1989/90)
Gregor E. Morfill, Director of Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany. Physical and chemical processes in the early solar system, chaos theory, star formation theory, effects of charged dust grains on space plasma. (Fellow in October/November of 1994)
Chantal Mouffe, Quintin Hogg Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Democracy, School of Social and Policy Sciences, University of Westminster (London), Politics and Passions: The Stakes of Democracy (Branigin Lecturer in 2000)
Alex Moumouras, Chief of the European Division at the International Monetary Fund Institute (Visiting Fellow in Fall 2008)
Suzuko Murata, Professor of Education at Ryukoku University, Kyoto, Japan. The Future of Public Universities in the 21st Century. (Visiting Scholar in August/September of 1996)
Lutgard Mutsaers, Professor of Musicology at Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. Black American music in Dutch culture. (Fellow in March of 2002)
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C.V. Devan Nair, former President of Singapore. One of the "founders" of modern Singapore. Educator and statesman. (Fellow in 1986/87)
Daniel Nahon, Professor of Geology and head of Laboratoire de Petrologie de la Surface, University of Aix-Marseille III, France. Weathering alterations and geochemical geomorphology. (Fellow in May/June and in October of 1990)
Rhoda Nathan, Professor of American Literature, Hofstra University, New York. Archives of Poetry magazine and the papers of Henry Rago. (Visiting Scholar in November of 1997)
Homer A. Neal, Professor and Chair of the Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Superconductors; higher education administration. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in November of 1992)
Diane Negra, Professor of Film Studies and Screen Culture in the School of English, Drama and Film Studies at University College Dublin, Ireland, Failing Women: Hollywood and Its Chick Flick Audience (Branigin Lecturer in April 2009) Watch Diane Negra's lecture
Brian Nelson, Professor of French and Chair of Romance Languages, Monash University, Clayton, Australia. 19th- and 20th-century French literature and culture, Zola and Naturalism. (Fellow in October of 1993)
Robert Netting, Regents Professor of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson. Cultural ecology. (Fellow in February of 1994 and Visiting Scholar in 1994)
Nikolai K. Nikolskii, Professor of Mathematics and Head of the Laboratory of Mathematical Analysis at the Steklov Mathematical Institute in Leningrad, USSR. Applied mathematics. (Fellow in May/June of 1988)
Cornelia Nixon, Associate Professor of English, IU Bloomington. Creative writing and fiction writer. (Internal Fellow in the Fall of 1992)
Cassio Nobre, Director, Couraça Criações Cultrais: musican, musicologist, producer, Branigin Lecturer in Fall of 2020
James Nohrnberg, Professor of English, University of Virginia, Charlottesville. Biblical narrative. (Fellow in October of 1991)
Per Nordahl, Director of the Swedish Emigrant Institute in Växjo, Sweden. The study of diversity in the membership of labor unions and other workplace organizations: analyzing the impact of immigration on women, work place, and unions in America. (Fellow in November and December of 2004)
Susan Norrie, Artist, painter and contemporary art observer, Sydney, Australia. (Visiting Scholar in April-June of 1992)
Philip M. Novack-Gottshall, Associate Professor of Biology at Benedictine University (Summer Repository Research Fellow in 2016)
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Tim O’Brien, author, The Things They Carried (Branigin Lecturer in October 2011) Watch Tim O'Brien's lecture
Richard Ohmann, Professor of English, Wesleyan University. The social value of mass culture. (Fellow in January of 1985)
Brenda Marie Osbey, Poet & Essayist, Louisiana Poet Laureate, Wells Distinguished Lecturer Fall 2020
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Joseph Palacio, Scholar in Education, University of the West Indies in Belize. Ethnicity, educational, and economic development of the Caribbean region. (Fellow in October of 1998)
Franz Urban Pappi, Professor of Political Science and Sociology, University of Mannheim; Director of the Mannheim Center for European Social Research. Social networks, comparative politics, European politics, electoral behavior, and public policy. (Fellow in September of 1996)
David Parker, Senior Lecturer and Director of Graduate Studies, English Department, Australian National University, Canberra. Modern British Literature, novel, autobiography. (Visiting Scholar in the fall of 1991)
Priscilla Parkhurst Ferguson, Professor of French and Sociology, Columbia University, New York. (Visiting Scholar in March of 1998)
Daphne Patai, Associate Professor of Spanish and Portuguese and Women's Studies Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Studies in Brazilian women. Feminist criticism of Orwell. (Fellow and Visiting Scholar in 1986/87 and Visiting Scholar in 1989/90)
John Pearce, Professor of Psychology, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, UK. Modern learning theory and theorizing on attribute learning, categorization, and connectionist modeling in Cognitive Science. (Fellow in July/August of 1999)
Michael R. Pennington, Reader in Mathematical Sciences and Physics, Department of Physics, University of Durham, U.K. Particle physics. (Fellow in March of 1995)
Robert T. Pennock, Associate Professor of Philosophy and of Science and Technology Studies at Lyman Briggs School at Michigan State University, Darwin and Design: From Natural Theology to Applied Biology (Branigin Lecturer in March 2002) Watch Robert T. Pennock's lecture
Sibele Pereira de Oliveira, School of Dentistry at UnicenP in Curitiba, Brazil (Visiting Fellow in September 2008)
Katharine Perera, Pro-Vice-Chancellor for teaching, learning, and academic quality and Senior Lecturer in Linguistics, University of Manchester, UK. Language diversity and writing competence. (Fellow in September of 1997)
Christabelle Peters, University of Warwick, United Kingdom. (Visiting Fellow in Spring 2015)
Catherine Perles, University of Paris and Musee de l'Homme. Old World prehistory. (Fellow in January of 1985)
Marjorie Perloff, Professor of Humanities, Stanford University. (Patten Lecturer and Visiting Scholar in November of 1997)
Lewis Curtis Perry, Andrew Jackson Professor of History, Vanderbilt University. American intellectual and social history. (Fellow in 1982/83)
Lord Walter Perry, Professor of Pharmacology, University of Edinburgh, U.K. Founder and developer of the Open University in Great Britain. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in September of 1989 and in 1990)
Bernice Pescosolido, Associate Professor of Sociology, Indiana University, Bloomington. Program for Services on the Severely Mentally Ill. (Resident Scholar in 1995/96)
Christabelle Peters, Professor of Hispanic Studies, Leverhulme Early Career Fellow, University of Warwick, United Kingdom (Visiting Fellow in April 2015)
M. Jeanne Peterson, Professor of History, Indiana University. Victorian England. (Internal Fellow in 1984/85)
Jan Nederveen Pieterse, Professor of Sociology at the University of Illinois (Urbana) and Editor of the Review of International Political Economy. Internationally acclaimed expert on such issues as empire, race, economic development, and globalization who has held numerous positions in the Netherlands, Ghana, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Thailand. (Fellow in October of 2004)
Helen E. Phillips, Lecturer of English, University of Nottingham, (U.K.). Chaucer; medieval dream visions; amatory poetry; hermeneutics. (Fellow in September of 1990)
Angelo Pizzo, screenwriter and film producer, Running the Gauntlet: From the Movie in My Mind to the Movie on the Screen (Branigin Lecture in October 2006) Watch Angelo Pizzo's lecture
Carol Polsgrove, Associate Professor of Journalism, Indiana University, Bloomington. Intellectuals' roles in the civil rights movement. (Resident Scholar in the Fall of 1996)
Carmen Popescu, Historian at the Laboratory for the French Heritage, Paris. Romanian art and architecture of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries; the use of ‘total art’ in various countries as means of defining national identity and constructing of a national ideology. (Fellow in November of 2003) Watch Carmen Popescu's lecture
Bouwe Pieter Postmus, Senior Lecturer in the English Department, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Annotated edition of the Victorian poet George Gissing's Scrapbook. (Visiting Scholar in February/March of 1993)
Martin Potschka, Biophysical Chemist, Vienna, Austria. Physical basis of aqueous size exclusion chromatography. (Visiting Scholar in October-December of 1992)
Robert Potter, Professor of Human Geography and Director of The Research School of Human and Environmental Sciences, University of Reading, U.K. (Fellow in April of 2006 and November 2006)
Enrico Predazzi, Professor of Theoretical Physics and Head of the Department of Theoretical Physics, Torino, Italy. Mathematics, experimental and theoretical physics, University of Torino, Italy. (Fellow in November/December of 1989 and in September/October of 1993)
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Zheng Qingsi, Director of Department of Social Medicine, Chinese Academy of Preventative Medicine, Beijing. China's public health arena and HIV-risk behaviors in the Chinese migrant population. (Fellow in April of 2000)
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Elena Rabinovich, Professor of Ancient History and Classical Literature, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Archetypal plots in the works of Gogol, Dostoevsky, and Tolstoy. (Fellow in September/October of 2001)
N. Ramanathan, Reader in the Department of Indian Music, University of Madras, India. Study, translation and interpretation of early Sanskrit musical texts. (Fellow in April/May of 1991)
Kenneth Ramchand, Reader in West-Indian Literature, University of the West Indies. Literature of the West Indies. (Fellow in the fall of 1984 and in the summer of 1985)
William Rasch, Associate Professor of Germanic Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington. Political and social theory. (Visiting Scholar in the fall of 2001 and the spring of 2002)
Toivo Raun, Professor of Central Eurasian Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington. History of Baltic States and Peoples. (Internal Fellow in 1993/94)
Steve Rayner, Professor of Science and Civilization and Director of the James Institute at Oxford University Saïd Business School. (Visiting Fellow in March/April of 2010)
Diane Ravitch, Research Professor of Education at New York University, Will Today's Education Reforms Improve Our Public Schools? (Branigin Lecturer in April 2011) Watch Diane Ravitch's lecture
William J. Reese, Carl Kaestle WARF Professor of Educational Policy Studies, History, and European Studies at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. (Visiting Fellow in March/April of 2010)
Jörn Reinhardt, Law Faculty at the University of Hamburg, Germany (Visiting Fellow, March 2014)
Darius Rejali, Professor of Political Science at Reed College, Torture, Democracy, and Our Future (Branigin Lecturer in October 2008) Watch Darius Rejali's lecture
Heather Reynolds, Associate Professor of Biology at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort)
Reneé Riese Hubert, Professor Emerita of Comparative Literature and French, University of California, Irvine. Relationship between literature and the arts. (Visiting Scholar in May/June of 1993)
James Riley, Professor of History, Indiana University. European financing in the Seven Year War. Death and sickness in selected historical societies. (Internal Fellow in the fall of 1986)
Alice Rivlin, Economist, the Brookings Institute, former Director of Congressional Budget Office; Director of the Office of Management and Budget; Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve Board. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in March and October of 1992, and September of 1998)
Benjamin Robinson, Associate Professor of Germanic Studies at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2018)
Gabrielle Robinson, Professor of English, IU South Bend. Theater and drama. (Intercampus Scholar in the summer of 1991)
David S. Rood, Professor of Linguistics, University of Colorado, Boulder. American Indian languages. (Fellow in June/July of 1993)
Lord John Roper, Chairman of the European Union Sub-Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Development Staff and an active member of the House of Lords, where he heads the Committee on the European Union. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in April of 2010)
Sir Martin Roth, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry at the University of Cambridge, U.K. Neurology and affective disorders. (Fellow in July of 1990)
Jerome Rotter, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and UCLA (Visiting Fellow in July 2008)
Rhiman Rotz, Associate Professor of History, Indiana University in Gary, Law and Imperialism in Colonial Zimbabwe. (Intercampus Scholar in June/July of 1992)
Louis H. Rowen, Professor of Mathematics, University of Bar-Ilan, Jerusalem. Mathematics; abstract algebra. (Fellow in June/July of 1991)
Daniel Ruberman, Chair of the Mathematics Department of Brandeis University. (Visiting fellow in Spring 2015)
Andrzej Rychard, Director of the Center of Social Studies, Graduate School for Social Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland (Visiting Fellow in September 2009)
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Benjamin D. Sachs, Professor of Psychology, University of Connecticut. Neurobiology of sexual response and reproductive behavior in the rodent. (Fellow in October of 1995)
Arthur M. Sackler, Psychiatrist, philanthropist, art collector from New York City. (Laureate Award in March of 1985)
Alla Salnikova, Professor of History in the Department of Historiography and Historical Sources at Kazan State University of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. (Visiting Fellow in April 2011)
Ranu Samantrai, Associate Professor of English at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in Fall 2016)
Scott R. Sanders, Professor of English and author, Indiana University, Bloomington. Creative and essay writing. (Internal Fellow in 1992/93)
Bengt Sandin, Professor and Chair in the Department of Child Studies, University of Linköping, Sweden, State Building, Surveillance of Children, and the Rise of Early Modern Education (Visiting Fellow in October 2012)
Agnar Sandmo, Professor of Economics at the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration in Bergen, Norway. Choice under uncertainty, taxation, tax evasion, effects of taxes on risk-taking. (Fellow in April/May of 1993)
Eric Sandweiss, Associate Professor of History, Indiana University, Bloomington (Visiting Scholar, Fall 2004)
David Sanger, journalist, author (Lee H. Hamilton Fellow in March 2013)
Michael Sauder, Professor of Sociology at University of Iowa (Visiting Fellow in August 2016)
Susan Seizer, Associate Professor of Anthropology at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2017)
Robert Seyfarth, Professor of Psychology at University of Pennsylvania (Branigin Lecturer in November 2009)
Jon Simons, Professor of Communication and Culture at Indiana University (Remak Convener, 2011–2012)
Ayana Okeeva Smith, Associate Professor of Musicology at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in Spring 2017)
Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Professor of Sociology in the School of Economics at the University of Coimbra, Portugal and Distinguished Legal Scholar at the University of Wisconsin, Madison and the University of Warwick, England. (Branigin Lecturer November 2010) Watch Boaventura de Sousa Santos' lecture
Steven Sarratore, Professor and Chair of the Theater Department at IUPU Fort Wayne. Postmodern scenography. (Intercampus Scholar in the summer of 1991)
Roger Schofield, Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge University, U.K., Director of the ESRC Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, Cambridge. (Fellow in March/April of 1992)
William Schuerman, Professor of Political Science, IUB (Residential Fellow in Fall 2009 and Spring 2010)
Reinhard Selten, Professor of Economics, University of Bielefeld, Federal Republic of Germany. Game theory, social sciences. (Fellow in March of 1984)
Charles Thurstan Shaw, former Director of Studies in Archaeology at Magdalene College, Cambridge University. African archaeology. (Fellow in February of 1984)
Robert Shaw, Musical Director and Conductor of the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra. The art of music. (Fellow in November of 1983)
Harold Silver, Visiting Professor of History of Education, Oxford Polytechnic, U.K. History of education in Great Britain. (Fellow in February of 1991)
Jacques Simonet, Director of Research in the Laboratory of Electrochemistry, University of Rennes I, France. Molecular electrochemistry. (Fellow in April/May/June of 1995)
H. Gordon Skilling, Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of Toronto. Expert on Czechoslovakia and other socialist states. (Fellow in April of 1988)
Barbara Skinner, Assistant Professor of History at Indiana State University Terre Haute, Indiana (formerly at Adelphi University in New York. NEH Fellowship recipient for 2005/2006. (Visiting Scholar summer and fall of 2005)
William Slamyaker, Professor of English, Wayne State College, Nebraska. Postcolonial Liberation Aesthetics and the Afrocanon: Postmodern Pressures in Post-Cold War African Narratives. (Visiting Scholar in the spring of 1997)
Denis Mack Smith, Senior Research Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford University. The history of modern Italy. (Fellow in April of 1984)
George P. Smith, II, Professor of Law, Catholic University of America. Law and ethics. (Fellow in June/July of 1984, Fall 2016, and Spring 2019)
Michael J. Smithson, Reader in Sociology, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia. Sociological analysis of ignorance. (Visiting Scholar in May/June of 1996)
Joel Smoller, Professor and Chair of Mathematics, University of Michigan. Relativity, to the existence and nature of solutions to Einstein's equations in a vacuum and to alternatives to big bang solutions arising from various constituent gas laws. (Fellow in April 2001)
Raymond M. Smullyan, Oscar R. Ewing Professor Emeritus of Philosophy. Logic and game theory. (Fellow in April of 1996)
Paul M. Sniderman, Professor of Political Science, Stanford University; Professor of Criminology, University of Toronto, Canada; Research Scientist, University of California, Berkeley. Political tolerance, democratic values, attitudes toward race. (Visiting Fellow in October/November of 1993 and September 2009)
Charles Sonett, Professor of Planetary Sciences, University of Arizona at Tuscon. Planetary and lunar magnetic fields. (Fellow in October/November of 1990)
Janet Sorensen, Associate Professor of English, Indiana University, Bloomington (Visiting Scholar, Spring 2004, Spring 2006 and Fall 2006)
Meir Sternberg, Chair and Professor of Comparative Literature and English at Tel-Aviv University, Israel. Biblical studies. (Fellow in November of 1991)
Tamar Yacobi Sternberg, Lecturer in English and Comparative Literature, Tel-Aviv University, Israel. Time in poetry, dimensions of space in literature, fictional reliability, narrative and normative patterns. (Visiting Scholar in the fall of 1991)
Peter Stone, Professor of Heritage Studies and Head of the School of Arts and Culture at the University of Newcastle, UK, and a prominent scholar of ethics and political preservation. (Visiting Fellow in fall of 2010)
Robert Strikwerda, Professor of Philosohpy, Indiana University, Kokomo. Emile Durkheim and dispute over work of Margaret Mead. (Intercampus Scholar in May/June/July of 1998)
Mary Stylidi, Special Education Personnel, Institute for Studies and Research in Mainstream and Special Education of the Greek Ministry of Education, Research, and Religion Affairs (Visiting Fellow in 2018)
Lynn Struve, Associate Professor of History at Indiana University, Bloomington. History of China in the imperial period. (Internal Fellow in 1988/89)
Jens Südekum, Assistant Professor of Economics, University of Konstanz, Germany. (Fellow in September/October of 2006 and in September of 2007)
Chuck Sudetic, political analyst, journalist, author, former reporter for The New York Times in Belgrade and Bosnia. Blood and Vengeance: One Family's Story of the War in Bosnia. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in January/February of 1999)
Frederick Suppe, Professor of Philosophy and of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Maryland. Modeling nature. (Visiting Scholar in the spring of 1995 and 1996)
Helen Suzman, Former Member of South African Parliament, human rights activist. (Distinguished Citizen Fellow in April/May of 1992)
Andrzej Swiatkowski, Professor of Law, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland. Labor law. (Fellow in January/February of 1996)
Kirsten Sword, Assistant Professor of History at Indiana University (Residential Fellow 2008–2009)
Janos Szabad, Associate Professor of Developmental Genetics, Josef Attila University, Szeged, Hungary. Development and function of the reproductive systems of fruit flies. (Fellow in October of 1992)
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Francisco Tandioy Jansasoy, retired Professor of Inga at the University of Nariño in Pasto, Colombia. Mythic narratives of the Inganos. Folklore and Ethnomusicology, History, Linguistics, Education, and Anthropology. (Fellow in March of 2003)
Yasunori Tan-o, Professor of Art History in the Graduate School of Letters, Waseda University, Tokyo. Modern art, French and Japanese. War and art, sexuality and art. (Fellow in March of 1997)
Eero Tarasti, Professor of Musicology and Semiotics, University of Helsinki, Finland. Semiotics and music theory. (Fellow in November/December of 1992)
Barbara Taylor, Senior Lecturer, Dept. of Cultural Studies, University of East London, U.K. History, Gender Studies and English. Mary Wollstonecraft and Civic Womanhood. (Fellow in September of 2002) Watch Barbara Taylor's lecture
John W. Terborgh, James B. Duke Professor of Biology and Co-Director of the Center for Tropical Conservation at Duke University, as well as a member of the National Academy of Sciences. (Braningin Lecturer October 2011) Watch John W. Terborgh's lecture
To Ngoc Thanh, Professor of Ethnomusicology and Folklore. Vietnamese traditional music, dance (Thai in particular), and other performing arts. (Fellow in November of 1997)
Ngo Duc Thinh, Professor of Ethnology and Folklore. Minorities in Laos and along the Lao-Vietnamese border; linguistics; archeology; folk costumes; Taoism and other religious practices in Vietnam; traditional customary law of highland minorities. (Fellow in November of 1997)
Jacques-Francois Thisse, Professor of Economics at the Center for Operations Research and Econometrics, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. Locational analysis. (Fellow in March of 1988 and in November of 1992)
Rosemarie Garland Thomson, Professor of English at Emory University, Seeing the Disabled: Visual Rhetorics of Disability in Popular Photography (Branigin Lecturer in 2002) Watch Rosemarie Garland Thomson's lecture
Samuel Edmund Thorne, Fairchild Professor Emeritus of Law and Professor Emeritus of Legal History, Harvard University. The origins and evolution of the English common law. (Fellow in the spring of 1985)
Baolin Tian, Professor Coal Geology, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing. Paleobotany, geology. (Fellow in July/August of 1998)
Jean-Pierre Tignol, Professor of Mathematics at Université Catholique de Louvain (Visiting Fellow in 2012)
Roman Timenchik, Professor of Russian and Slavic Studies, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem. Modern Russian literature, theater, and cinema.(Fellow in October/December of 2003) Watch Roman Timenchik's lecture
Vladimir Tismaneanu, Professor of Government and Politics and Director of the Center for the Study of Post-Communist Societies, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland. Twentieth-century anti-liberal intellectuals and the Cold War and the relationship between liberalism, the West and the East. (Fellow at the Institute in January 2003)
Hiroshi Toki, Professor of Physics, Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka, Japan. Nuclear physics. (Fellow in October of 1996)
Alan Trachtenberg, Gray Professor of English and American Studies at Yale University. American studies, anthropology, art history, literary theory, social history and other fields of cultural interpretation. (Fellow in May of 1996)
Neil S. Trudinger, Professor of Mathematics, Australian National University. Elliptic partial differential equations. (Fellow in the fall of 1983)
Robert Tucker, IBM Professor Emeritus in International Studies and Professor Emeritus of Politics, Princeton University. Soviet politics and foreign policy. (Fellow in March/April of 1986)
Doris Turner, Associate Professor of Romance Languages and Literatures and Director of Latin American Studies, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio. Black experimental theater in Brazil. (Visiting Scholar in 1987/88)
John Turner, Jr., Professor of English, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California. Family, sex, and marriage in Shakespeare's plays and in the English Renaissance. (Visiting Scholar in the fall of 1999)
Peter Turnley, prominent photojournalist ("Moments of the Human Condition: A Visual Tour of World Affairs and the Family of Man during the Past Twenty Five Years," Branigin Lecturer in March 2005; Distinguished Citizen Fellow in November of 2005; Branigin Lecturer in November 2007) Watch 2005 lecture "Moments of the Human Condition: A Visual Tour of World Affairs and the Family of Man during the Past Twenty Five Years,"; Watch 2007 Branigin Lecture, "McClellan Street"
Paul Tyler, Old Town School of Folk Music, Chicago City Colleges (Summer Repository Research Fellow in 2016)
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Xavier Vatin, Associate Professor, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Centra de Artes, Humanidades e Letras, Branigin Lecturer in Fall of 2020
Steven Vanderputten, Professor of History at Ghent University (Visiting Fellow in 2012)
Herman Van der Wee, Professor of Social and Economic History, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium. Economic history. (Fellow in September of 1986)
Timothy van Gelder, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Indiana University, Bloomington and Professor of Philosophy in the Research School of Social Sciences at the Australian National University in Canberra. (Internal Fellow in the Fall of 1993)
Helen Vendler, A. Kingsley Porter University Professor at Harvard University. Literary criticism in the field of modern poetry (Wallace Stevens in particular). (Fellow in January of 1998)
Katherine Verdery, Eric R. Wolf Professor of Anthropology, the University of Michigan. Social science, Eastern Europe today, history, law, women's studies, public administration, and cultural studies. (Fellow in October of 1998 and April of 1999)
José Vida, Associate Professor of Administrative Law, Department of Public Law, University Carlos III of Madrid (Visiting Fellow in Spring 2012)
Eric Vogt, Professor Emeritus of Physics, the University of British Columbia; Director Emeritus of the TRIUMF, Canada's National Meson Sciences Research Facility. Fundamental nucleon-nucleon interactions. (Fellow in the spring of 1997)
Jack Vowles, Professor of Comparative Politics, Victoria University of Wellington (Visiting Fellow in September 2015)
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Dror Wahrman, Professor of History at Indiana University (Convener of Remak New Knowledge Seminar in 2010–2011)
John Walbridge, Professor of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures at Indiana University (Residential Fellow, 2011–2012)
Mary Waldron, Associate Professor of Human Development at Indiana University (Residential Fellow in Spring 2017)
Elizabeth Wallfisch, Royal Academy of Music (Visiting Fellow in February 2016)
Isidor Wallimann, Professor of Sociology, Economics, and Social Policy, University of Applied Sciences of Northwest Switzerland. Expert in international social policy. (Visiting Fellow in April of 2008) Watch Isidor Wallimann's lecture
Margaret Walsh, Professor of American Economic and Social History in the School of American & Canadian Studies, University of Nottingham, U.K. Revision of her book The American Frontier Revisited. (Visiting Scholar in fall of 2002)
Michael Walzer, Professor of Sociology, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey. Social criticism. (Fellow in February of 1984)
Jeffrey Wasserstrom, Professor of History, Indiana University, Bloomington. East Asian History (Visiting Scholar in fall of 2001)
Kenji Watanabe, Professor Emeritus of Japanese Literature, Rikkyo University. Academic Dean, Jiyugakuen College, Tokyo, Japan. Early Edo period texts; transcription and annotation of kanozoshi. (Visiting Fellow in 1996, 2008, and in 2018)
Kenneth Watson, retired Senior Lecturer in Education, Sydney University, and an international leader in English/language arts instruction. International perspectives on the teaching and learning of reading. (Fellow in November of 2002)
Ian Watt, Jackson Eli Reynolds Professor of Humanities at Stanford University. English literature from the 16th through the 19th century. (Fellow in October of 1987)
Joanne Webster, Royal Society University Research Fellow, University of Oxford. Epidemiology and parasitology. Co-Evolution and Compatibility in the Snail-Schistosome (Fellow in March/April/May of 2002) Watch Joanne Webster's lecture
Zhu Weizheng, Professor of Chinese History, Fudan University, Shanghai. Late imperial period. (Visiting Scholar and Fellow in the fall of 1989 and in October of 1990)
Nancy Welsh, Professor of Law and William Trickett Faculty Scholar at Penn State Dickinson School of Law (Visiting Fellow in March 2016)
John (Jack) H. Werren, Professor of Biology, University of Rochester. Evolutionary biology of parasitic DNA, intracellular bacteria, and the genetics of parasitic wasps. (Visiting Fellow in April of 2008)
Albert Wertheim, Professor of English, Indiana University, Bloomington. Athol Fugard and his plays. (Internal Fellow in the spring and summer of 1996)
James V. Wertsch, Professor and Chair, Department of Psychology, Clark University. The work of the Russian psychologist Vygotsky. (Fellow in October of 1993 and in April of 1994)
Meg Wesling, Assistant Professor of Literature, University of California San Diego. Educated Subjects: The Pedagogy of Empire in U.S. Literature. (Visiting Scholar Fall 2006/Spring 2007)
Richard Samuel Westfall, Distinguished Professor of History and Philosophy of Science, Indiana University. Scholarship on Isaac Newton and seventeenth century science. (Internal Fellow in 1984/85 and Henry H.H. Remak Distinguished Scholar in 1995/96)
Thomas Wiegele, Professor of Political Science, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb. Social, political and life sciences. (Fellow in November of 1986)
Sir Denys Wilkinson, Professor of Physics, University of Sussex, U.K. Weak nuclear force. (Fellow in March/April of 1991)
Brenda Wineapple, Professor of English, Union College, Schenectady, New York. Gertrude and Leo Stein. (Visiting Scholar in July of 1994)
Joel Wong, Associate Professor of Counseling Psychology at Indiana University (Promotion Cohort 2018)
Peter R. Wood, Astronomer, Senior Research Fellow at Mount Stromlo and Siding Spring Observatories in Canberra, Australia. Stellar evolution theory. (Fellow in July of 1988)
Peter Woodruff, Associate Professor of Philosophy, University of California at Irvine. Studies in logic and semantics. (Visiting Scholar in the fall of 1990)
Claire Ann Woods, Professor of Communication and Writing, School of Communication and Information Studies, University of South Australia at Magill. Teaching of writing; ethnography of writing and literacies in professional and community contexts; issues in writing research; language and literacy policy and development; and English Education. (Fellow in October of 1999)
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Yanping Xue, Researcher at the Institute of West European Studies, Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China. Structural changes in Europe and their impact on American-European relations. (Visiting Scholar in 1992/93)
Y
Naoko Yamada, visiting researcher at the Department of Tourism, Conventions, and Event Management in the School of Physical Education and Tourism Management (SPETM), IUPUI (Visiting Fellow in September 2009).
Hiroya Yamaguchi, Chairman of the Department of Otola
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correct_foundationPlace_00034
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FactBench
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3
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https://www.nimh.nih.gov/research/research-conducted-at-nimh/asq-toolkit-materials
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en
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Ask Suicide-Screening Questions (ASQ) Toolkit
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https://www.nimh.nih.gov/themes/nimhtheme/favicon.ico
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https://www.nimh.nih.gov/themes/nimhtheme/favicon.ico
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Ask Suicide-Screening Questions (ASQ) Toolkit
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en
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/themes/nimhtheme/favicon.ico
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
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https://www.nimh.nih.gov/research/research-conducted-at-nimh/asq-toolkit-materials
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Overview
The Ask Suicide-Screening Questions (ASQ) tool is a brief validated tool for use among both youth and adults. The Joint Commission approves the use of the ASQ for all ages. Additional materials to help with suicide risk screening implementation are available in The Ask Suicide-Screening Questions (ASQ) Toolkit, a free resource for use in medical settings (emergency department, inpatient medical/surgical units, outpatient clinics/primary care) that can help providers successfully identify individuals at risk for suicide . The ASQ toolkit consists of youth and adult versions as some of the materials take into account developmental considerations.
The ASQ is a set of four screening questions that takes 20 seconds to administer. In an NIMH study , a “yes” response to one or more of the four questions identified 97% of youth (aged 10 to 21 years) at risk for suicide. Led by the NIMH, a multisite research study has now demonstrated that the ASQ is also a valid screening tool for adult medical patients. By enabling early identification and assessment of medical patients at high risk for suicide, the ASQ toolkit can play a key role in suicide prevention.
Background
Suicide is a global public health problem and a leading cause of death across age groups worldwide. Suicide is also a major public health concern in the United States, with suicide ranking as the second leading cause of death among young people ages 10-24. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than 47,000 individuals killed themselves in 2019 . Even more common than death by suicide are suicide attempts and suicidal thoughts.
Screening for Suicide Risk
Early detection is a critical prevention strategy. The majority of people who die by suicide visit a healthcare provider within months before their death. This represents a tremendous opportunity to identify those at risk and connect them with mental health resources. Yet, most healthcare settings do not screen for suicide risk. In February 2016, the Joint Commission, the accrediting organization for health care programs in hospitals throughout the United States, issued a Sentinel Event Alert recommending that all medical patients in all medical settings (inpatient hospital units, outpatient practices, emergency departments) be screened for suicide risk. Using valid suicide risk screening tools that have been tested in the medical setting and with youth, will help clinicians accurately detect who is at risk and who needs further intervention.
Using an evidence-based clinical pathway can guide the process of identifying patients at risk and managing those who screen positive. Having a pathway to follow will save time and resources when responding to a positive screen. The ASQ Toolkit has several suicide risk clinical pathways that are built on the following foundation:
About the Tool
Beginning in 2008, NIMH led a multisite study to develop and validate a suicide risk screening tool for youth in the medical setting called the Ask Suicide-Screening Questions (ASQ). In 2014 another multisite research study was launched to validate the ASQ among adults. The ASQ consists of four yes/no questions and takes only 20 seconds to administer. Screening identifies individuals that require further mental health/suicide safety assessment.
For medical settings, one of the biggest barriers to screening is how to effectively and efficiently manage the patients that screen positive. Prior to screening for suicide risk, each setting will need to have a plan in place to manage patients that screen positive. The ASQ Toolkit was developed to assist with this management plan and to aid implementation of suicide risk screening and provide tools for the management of patients who are found to be at risk.
Using the Toolkit
The Ask Suicide-Screening Questions (ASQ) toolkit is designed to screen medical patients ages 8 years and above for risk of suicide. As there are no tools validated for use in kids under the age of 8 years, if suicide risk is suspected in younger children a full mental health evaluation is recommended instead of screening. The ASQ is free of charge and available in multiple languages.
For screening youth, it is recommended that screening be conducted without the parent/guardian present. Refer to the nursing script for guidance on requesting that the parent/guardian leave the room during screening. If the parent/guardian refuses to leave or the child insists that they stay, conduct the screening with the parent/guardian present. For all patients, any other visitors in the room should be asked to leave the room during screening.
What happens if patients screen positive?
Patients who screen positive for suicide risk on the ASQ should receive a brief suicide safety assessment (BSSA) conducted by a trained clinician (e.g., social worker, nurse practitioner, physician assistant, physician, or other mental health clinicians) to determine if a more comprehensive mental health evaluation is needed. The BSSA should be brief and guides what happens next in each setting. Any patient that screens positive, regardless of disposition, should be given the Patient Resource List.
The ASQ toolkit is organized by the medical setting in which it will be used: emergency department, inpatient medical/surgical unit, and outpatient primary care and specialty clinics. For questions regarding toolkit materials or implementing suicide risk screening, please contact: Lisa Horowitz, PhD, MPH at horowitzl@mail.nih.gov or Debbie Snyder, MSW at DeborahSnyder@mail.nih.gov.
Youth
Emergency Department (ED/ER)
Inpatient Medical/Surgical Unit
Outpatient Primary Care/Specialty Clinics
Adults
Emergency Department (ED/ER)
Inpatient Medical/Surgical Unit
Outpatient Primary Care/Specialty Clinics
*Note: The following materials remain the same across all medical settings. These materials can be used in other settings with youth (e.g. school nursing office, juvenile detention centers).
ASQ Information Sheet (PDF | HTML)
ASQ Tool (PDF | HTML)
ASQ in other languages
Patient Resource List (PDF | HTML)
Educational Videos (PDF | HTML)
PHQ-A+ASQ (PDF | HTML)
PHQ-9+ASQ (PDF | HTML)
Amharic (PDF)
Arabic (PDF)
Catalan (PDF)
Chinese (PDF)
Dutch (PDF)
Estonian (PDF)
Filipino (PDF)
French (PDF)
Hebrew (PDF)
Hindi (PDF)
Hungarian (PDF)
Italian (PDF)
Japanese (PDF)
Korean (PDF)
Nepali (PDF)
Portuguese (PDF)
European Portuguese (PDF)
Russian (PDF)
Somali (PDF)
Spanish (PDF)
Turkish (PDF)
Urdu (PDF)
Vietnamese (PDF)
Suicide Prevention Resources
National Suicide Prevention Lifeline
1-800-273-TALK (8255)
Spanish/español: 1-888-628-9454
Crisis Text Line
Text HOME to 741-741
Suicide Prevention Resource Center
National Institute of Mental Health
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
References
Horowitz, L. M., Bridge, J. A., Teach, S. J., Ballard, E., Klima, J., Rosenstein, D. L., ... & Pao, M. (2012). Ask Suicide-Screening Questions (ASQ): a brief instrument for the pediatric emergency department . Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 166(12), 1170-1176.
Horowitz, L. M., Snyder, D. J., Boudreaux, E. D., He, J. P., Harrington, C. J., Cai, J., Claassen, C. A., Salhany, J. E., Dao, T., Chaves, J. F., Jobes, D. A., Merikangas, K. R., Bridge, J. A., Pao, M. (2020). Validation of the Ask Suicide-Screening Questions (ASQ) for adult medical inpatients: A brief tool for all ages. Psychosomatics, 61(6), 713-722.
Horowitz, L. M., Wharff, E. A., Mournet, A. M., Ross, A. M., McBee-Strayer, S., He, J., Lanzillo, E., White, E., Bergdoll, E., Powell, D. S., Merikangas, K. R., Pao, M., & Bridge, J. A. (2020). Validation and feasibility of the Ask Suicide-Screening Questions (ASQ) among pediatric medical/surgical inpatients. Hospital Pediatrics, 10(9), 750-757
Aguinaldo, L. D., Sullivant, S., Lanzillo, E. C., Ross, A., He, J. P., Bradley-Ewing, A., Bridge, J. A., Horowitz, L. M., & Wharff, E. A. (2021). Validation of the Ask Suicide-Screening Questions (ASQ) with youth in outpatient specialty and primary care clinics . General Hospital Psychiatry, 68, 52–58.
Brahmbhatt, K., Kurtz, B. P., Afzal, K. I., Giles, L. L., Kowal, E. D., Johnson, K. P., ... & Workgroup, P. (2019). Suicide risk screening in pediatric hospitals: Clinical pathways to address a global health crisis . Psychosomatics, 60(1), 1-9.
Roaten, K., Horowitz, L. M., Bridge, J. A., Goans, C. R. R., McKintosh, C., Genzel, R., Johnson, C., & North, C. S. (2021). Universal pediatric suicide risk screening in a health care system: 90,000 patient encounters. Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry.
Horowitz, L. M., Mournet, A. M., Lanzillo, E., He, J. P., Powell, D. S., Ross, A. M., Wharff, E. A., Bridge, J. A., & Pao, M. (2021). Screening pediatric medical patients for suicide risk: Is depression screening enough? Journal of Adolescent Health, S1054-139X(21)00060-4.
Mournet, A. M., Smith, J. T., Bridge, J. A., Boudreaux, E. D., Snyder, D. J., Claassen, C. A., Jobes, D. A, Pao, M., & Horowitz, L. M. (2021). Limitations of screening for depression as a proxy for suicide risk in adult medical inpatients. Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry.
Thom, R., Hogan, C., & Hazen, E. (2020). Suicide Risk Screening in the Hospital Setting: A Review of Brief Validated Tools. Psychosomatics, 61(1), 1–7.
Lanzillo, E. C., Horowitz, L. M., Wharff, E. A., Sheftall, A. H., Pao, M., & Bridge, J. A. (2019). The importance of screening preteens for suicide risk in the emergency department. Hospital Pediatrics, 9(4), 305–307.
DeVylder, J. E., Ryan, T. C., Cwik, M., Wilson, M. E., Jay, S., Nestadt, P. S., Goldstein, M., & Wilcox, H. C. (2019). Assessment of selective and universal screening for suicide risk in a pediatric emergency department. JAMA Network Open, 2(10), e1914070.
Ballard, E. D., Cwik, M., Van Eck, K., Goldstein, M., Alfes, C., Wilson, M. E., ... & Wilcox, H. C. (2017). Identification of at-risk youth by suicide screening in a pediatric emergency department . Prevention Science, 18(2), 174-182.
Newton, A. S., Soleimani, A., Kirkland, S. W., & Gokiert, R. J. (2017). A systematic review of instruments to identify mental health and substance use problems among children in the emergency department . Academic Emergency Medicine, 24(5), 552-568.
Ross, A. M., White, E., Powell, D., Nelson, S., Horowitz, L., & Wharff, E. (2016). To ask or not to ask? Opinions of pediatric medical inpatients about suicide risk screening in the hospital . The Journal of Pediatrics, 170, 295-300.
Horowitz, L. M., Bridge, J. A., Pao, M., & Boudreaux, E. D. (2014). Screening youth for suicide risk in medical settings: time to ask questions . American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 47(3), S170-S175.
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Molecular epidemiology of parasitic protozoa and Ehrlichia canis in wildlife in Madrid (central Spain).
Science.gov (United States)
Criado-Fornelio, Angel; MartÃn-Pérez, T; Verdú-Expósito, C; Reinoso-Ortiz, S A; Pérez-Serrano, J
2018-07-01
Wildlife species are involved in the transmission of diverse pathogens. This study aimed to monitor raccoons (Procyon lotor), American minks (Neovison vison), and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) as potential reservoirs in central Spain. Specifically, 200 spleen and fecal samples (from 194 raccoons, 3 minks, and 3 foxes) were analyzed molecularly by PCR/qPCR and sequencing for the presence of piroplasmids, Hepatozoon spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Ehrlichia canis infections in the Community of Madrid (Spain). Biological samples were obtained in the years 2014, 2015, and 2016. No pathogen DNA was found in fecal samples. In contrast, analysis of raccoon spleen samples revealed that Toxoplasma was the most prevalent pathogen (prevalence 3.6â±â2.6%), followed by Hepatozoon canis and E. canis (each with a prevalence of 2.57â±â2.2%). Hepatozoon canis was also diagnosed in all three of the analyzed foxes. Analysis of yearly prevalence showed that tick-borne pathogens were less frequent in raccoon in 2015, a dry and warm year compared both to 2014 and 2016. These data suggest that fecal PCR assays are unsuitable for detection of DNA of non-erythrocytic pathogens. Furthermore, they demonstrate that the raccoon (an invasive species often living in proximity to domestic areas) and the red fox are putative reservoirs for pathogenic organisms in the Community of Madrid.
Mapping groundwater level and aquifer storage variations from InSAR measurements in the Madrid aquifer, Central Spain
Science.gov (United States)
Béjar-Pizarro, Marta; Ezquerro, Pablo; Herrera, Gerardo; Tomás, Roberto; Guardiola-Albert, Carolina; Ruiz Hernández, José M.; Fernández Merodo, José A.; Marchamalo, Miguel; MartÃnez, Rubén
2017-04-01
Groundwater resources are under stress in many regions of the world and the future water supply for many populations, particularly in the driest places on Earth, is threatened. Future climatic conditions and population growth are expected to intensify the problem. Understanding the factors that control groundwater storage variation is crucial to mitigate its adverse consequences. In this work, we apply satellite-based measurements of ground deformation over the Tertiary detritic aquifer of Madrid (TDAM), Central Spain, to infer the spatio-temporal evolution of water levels and estimate groundwater storage variations. Specifically, we use Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) data during the period 1992-2010 and piezometric time series on 19 well sites covering the period 1997-2010 to build groundwater level maps and quantify groundwater storage variations. Our results reveal that groundwater storage loss occurred in two different periods, 1992-1999 and 2005-2010 and was mainly concentrated in a region of â¼200 km2. The presence of more compressible materials in that region combined with a long continuous water extraction can explain this volumetric deficit. This study illustrates how the combination of PSI and piezometric data can be used to detect small aquifers affected by groundwater storage loss helping to improve their sustainable management.
Cultural Diversity in Compulsory Education: An Overview of the Context of Madrid (Spain)
Science.gov (United States)
Jaurena, Ines Gil
2010-01-01
This paper examines educational practices in Spain and in particular Madrid. With this contextual frame as the starting point the following issues are discussed: the "official" conceptualization of cultural diversity, educational policies and resolutions related to cultural diversity, and school programs and resources facilitated byâ¦
Phenomenology of summer ozone episodes over the Madrid Metropolitan Area, central Spain
Science.gov (United States)
Querol, Xavier; Alastuey, Andrés; Gangoiti, Gotzon; Perez, NoemÃ; Lee, Hong K.; Eun, Heeram R.; Park, Yonghee; Mantilla, Enrique; Escudero, Miguel; Titos, Gloria; Alonso, Lucio; Temime-Roussel, Brice; Marchand, Nicolas; Moreta, Juan R.; Arantxa Revuelta, M.; Salvador, Pedro; ArtÃñano, Begoña; GarcÃa dos Santos, Saúl; Anguas, Mónica; Notario, Alberto; Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso; Harrison, Roy M.; Millán, Millán; Ahn, Kang-Ho
2018-05-01
Various studies have reported that the photochemical nucleation of new ultrafine particles (UFPs) in urban environments within high insolation regions occurs simultaneously with high ground ozone (O3) levels. In this work, we evaluate the atmospheric dynamics leading to summer O3 episodes in the Madrid air basin (central Iberia) by means of measuring a 3-D distribution of concentrations for both pollutants. To this end, we obtained vertical profiles (up to 1200 m above ground level) using tethered balloons and miniaturised instrumentation at a suburban site located to the SW of the Madrid Metropolitan Area (MMA), the Majadahonda site (MJDH), in July 2016. Simultaneously, measurements of an extensive number of air quality and meteorological parameters were carried out at three supersites across the MMA. Furthermore, data from O3 soundings and daily radio soundings were also used to interpret atmospheric dynamics.The results demonstrate the concatenation of venting and accumulation episodes, with relative lows (venting) and peaks (accumulation) in O3 surface levels. Regardless of the episode type, the fumigation of high-altitude O3 (arising from a variety of origins) contributes the major proportion of surface O3 concentrations. Accumulation episodes are characterised by a relatively thinner planetary boundary layer ( 2400 m a.s.l.). This orographic-meteorological setting causes the vertical recirculation of air masses and enrichment of O3 in the lower tropospheric layers. When the highly polluted urban plume from Madrid is affected by these dynamics, the highest Ox (O3+ NO2) concentrations are recorded in the MMA.Vertical O3 profiles during venting episodes, with strong synoptic winds and a deepening of the planetary boundary layer reaching > 2000 m a.s.l., were characterised by an upward gradient in O3 levels, whereas a reverse situation with O3 concentration maxima at lower levels was found during the accumulation episodes due to local and/or regional production
Molecular detection of Hepatozoon spp. and Cytauxzoon sp. in domestic and stray cats from Madrid, Spain.
Science.gov (United States)
DÃaz-Regañón, David; Villaescusa, Alejandra; Ayllón, Tania; RodrÃguez-Franco, Fernando; Baneth, Gad; Calleja-Bueno, Lydia; GarcÃa-Sancho, Mercedes; Agulla, Beatriz; Sainz, Ãngel
2017-03-13
-borne pathogens, such as Ehrlichia canis and Bartonella henselae. Our results indicate that cats from Madrid, central Spain, are infected with Hepatozoon spp. and Cytauxzoon sp., although with a low prevalence. Further studies are needed to determine the virulence of these agents in Spanish cats.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Educational Data Mining (EDM) (8th, Madrid, Spain, June 26-29, 2015)
Science.gov (United States)
Santos, Olga Cristina, Ed.; Boticario, Jesus Gonzalez, Ed.; Romero, Cristobal, Ed.; Pechenizkiy, Mykola, Ed.; Merceron, Agathe, Ed.; Mitros, Piotr, Ed.; Luna, Jose Maria, Ed.; Mihaescu, Cristian, Ed.; Moreno, Pablo, Ed.; Hershkovitz, Arnon, Ed.; Ventura, Sebastian, Ed.; Desmarais, Michel, Ed.
2015-01-01
The 8th International Conference on Educational Data Mining (EDM 2015) is held under auspices of the International Educational Data Mining Society at UNED, the National University for Distance Education in Spain. The conference held in Madrid, Spain, July 26-29, 2015, follows the seven previous editions (London 2014, Memphis 2013, Chania 2012,â¦
Prevalence of heartworm in dogs and cats of Madrid, Spain.
Science.gov (United States)
Montoya-Alonso, José Alberto; Morchón, Rodrigo; Falcón-Cordón, Yaiza; Falcón-Cordón, Soraya; Simón, Fernando; Carretón, Elena
2017-07-26
Dirofilaria immitis causes heartworm disease, a chronic and potentially fatal cardiopulmonary disease which mainly affects dogs and cats. It is present in most of Spain, due to favourable climatic factors. Madrid, located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula, is the most highly populated city in the country. There is a lack of current data on canine heartworm and there are no published epidemiological data regarding feline heartworm in this region, therefore the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and current distribution of canine and feline dirofilariosis in the province of Madrid. Serum samples from 1716 dogs and 531 cats, from animals living in the metropolitan area of Madrid and adjacent areas, were studied. All the samples, either from cats and dogs, were tested for circulating D. immitis antigens using a commercial immunochromatographic test kit. Furthermore, to establish the seroprevalence of heartworm infection in cats, serological techniques for anti-D. immitis and anti-Wolbachia antibody detection were used. Prevalence of D. immitis in the canine population of Madrid was 3%, showing an increase in comparison to previous data. The presence of heartworm in the city centre could be influenced by the presence of Urban Heat Islands, while the positive dogs from metropolitan and adjacent areas were mainly located under the influence of rivers. Regarding cats, 0.2% were positive to the antigens test and 7.3% were seropositive to both anti-D. immitis and Wolbachia surface protein antibodies, which demonstrate the presence of feline heartworm in Madrid. Seropositive cats were present in the same areas where positive dogs were found. Indoor/outdoor cats showed the highest seroprevalence whereas the lowest corresponded to indoor cats, demonstrating that prophylactic treatments should be carried out regardless of lifestyle. Infection was found in 2.2% of dogs and 6.7% of the cats <Â 1Â year-old, which indicates that early preventive campaigns in puppies
Shaded Relief and Radar Image with Color as Height, Madrid, Spain
Science.gov (United States)
2002-01-01
The white, mottled area in the right-center of this image from NASA's Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) is Madrid, the capital of Spain. Located on the Meseta Central, a vast plateau covering about 40 percent of the country, this city of 3 million is very near the exact geographic center of the Iberian Peninsula. The Meseta is rimmed by mountains and slopes gently to the west and to the series of rivers that form the boundary with Portugal. The plateau is mostly covered with dry grasslands, olive groves and forested hills.Madrid is situated in the middle of the Meseta, and at an elevation of 646 meters (2,119 feet) above sea level is the highest capital city in Europe. To the northwest of Madrid, and visible in the upper left of the image, is the Sistema Central mountain chain that forms the 'dorsal spine' of the Meseta and divides it into northern and southern subregions. Rising to about 2,500 meters (8,200 feet), these mountains display some glacial features and are snow-capped for most of the year. Offering almost year-round winter sports, the mountains are also important to the climate of Madrid.Three visualization methods were combined to produce this image: shading and color coding of topographic height and radar image intensity. The shade image was derived by computing topographic slope in the northwest-southeast direction. North-facing slopes appear bright and south-facing slopes appear dark. Color coding is directly related to topographic height, with green at the lower elevations, rising through yellow and brown to white at the highest elevations. The shade image was combined with the radar intensity image in the flat areas.Elevation data used in this image was acquired by the SRTM aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour, launched on Feb. 11, 2000. SRTM used the same radar instrument that comprised the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) that flew twice on the Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1994. SRTM was designed to
Happiness on the street: Overall happiness among homeless people in Madrid (Spain).
Science.gov (United States)
Panadero, Sonia; Guillén, Ana Isabel; Vázquez, José Juan
2015-07-01
This article tests a hypothesized model of overall happiness among homeless people in Spain. The research was conducted based on a representative sample of homeless people in Madrid (n = 235), all adults, who had spent the night before the interview in a shelter for homeless people, on the street or in other places not initially designed for sleeping, or who were in supervised accommodation for homeless people at the time of the interview. Information was gathered using a structured interview. The results obtained show that around half of the homeless people in Madrid said that they were happy. A positive meta-stereotype and a better perceived general health were associated with a higher overall happiness, while feelings of loneliness were associated with a lower overall happiness. Happiness also showed a significant effect on future expectations. Disabilities and handicaps had a significant effect on perceived general health, which was in turn associated with overall happiness among homeless people. (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).
[Typologies of Madrid's citizens (Spain) at the end-of-life: cluster analysis].
Science.gov (United States)
Ortiz-Gonçalves, Belén; Perea-Pérez, Bernardo; Labajo González, Elena; Albarrán Juan, Elena; Santiago-Sáez, Andrés
2018-03-06
To establish typologies within Madrid's citizens (Spain) with regard to end-of-life by cluster analysis. The SPAD 8 programme was implemented in a sample from a health care centre in the autonomous region of Madrid (Spain). A multiple correspondence analysis technique was used, followed by a cluster analysis to create a dendrogram. A cross-sectional study was made beforehand with the results of the questionnaire. Five clusters stand out. Cluster 1: a group who preferred not to answer numerous questions (5%). Cluster 2: in favour of receiving palliative care and euthanasia (40%). Cluster 3: would oppose assisted suicide and would not ask for spiritual assistance (15%). Cluster 4: would like to receive palliative care and assisted suicide (16%). Cluster 5: would oppose assisted suicide and would ask for spiritual assistance (24%). The following four clusters stood out. Clusters 2 and 4 would like to receive palliative care, euthanasia (2) and assisted suicide (4). Clusters 4 and 5 regularly practiced their faith and their family members did not receive palliative care. Clusters 3 and 5 would be opposed to euthanasia and assisted suicide in particular. Clusters 2, 4 and 5 had not completed an advance directive document (2, 4 and 5). Clusters 2 and 3 seldom practiced their faith. This study could be taken into consideration to improve the quality of end-of-life care choices. Copyright © 2017 SESPAS. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.
Intrinsic and specific vulnerability of groundwater in central Spain: the risk of nitrate pollution
Science.gov (United States)
MartÃnez-Bastida, Juan J.; Arauzo, Mercedes; Valladolid, Maria
2010-05-01
The intrinsic vulnerability of groundwater in the Comunidad de Madrid (central Spain) was evaluated using the DRASTIC and GOD indexes. Groundwater vulnerability to nitrate pollution was also assessed using the composite DRASTIC (CD) and nitrate vulnerability (NV) indexes. The utility of these methods was tested by analyzing the spatial distribution of nitrate concentrations in the different aquifers located in the study area: the Tertiary Detrital Aquifer, the Moor Limestone Aquifer, the Cretaceous Limestone Aquifer and the Quaternary Aquifer. Vulnerability maps based on these four indexes showed very similar results, identifying the Quaternary Aquifer and the lower sub-unit of the Moor Limestone Aquifer as deposits subjected to a high risk of nitrate pollution due to intensive agriculture. As far as the spatial distribution of groundwater nitrate concentrations is concerned, the NV index showed the greatest statistical significance ( p Comunidad de Madrid, in line with European Union Directive 91/676/EEC.
Madrid
Science.gov (United States)
2001-01-01
This ASTER image was acquired on July 5, 2000 and covers an area of 25 by 24 km over Madrid, Spain. A historic capital city, Madrid is renowned for its unique charm and its exhilarating cultural life. In the 10th century, a Moorish fortress called Magerit was first built on the site, a plateau 656 meters (2,150 feet) above sea level. Spanish Christians seized the city a century later, although Madrid remained relatively unimportant until 1561. It was then that the Spanish king Philip II chose it as the national capital, largely because of its geographic location in the very heart of the country. Some historic structures from this and later periods still grace the narrow streets of the old section of Madrid, although the Spanish Civil War exacted a heavy toll on the city. The image is located at 40.4 degrees north latitude and 3.7 degrees west longitude. The U.S. science team is located at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. The Terra mission is part of NASA's Science Mission Directorate.
END 2014: International Conference on Education and New Developments. Conference Proceedings (Madrid, Spain, June 28-30, 2014)
Science.gov (United States)
Carmo, Mafalda, Ed.
2014-01-01
We welcome you to the International Conference on Education and New Developments 2014, taking place in Madrid, Spain, from 28 to 30 of June, 2014. Education, as an important right in our contemporary world, began since we exist. Knowledge and skills were passed by adults to the young, and cultures began to extend their experiences through variousâ¦
International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends (InPACT) Book of Proceedings (Madrid, Spain, April 26-28, 2013)
Science.gov (United States)
Pracana, Clara, Ed.; Silva, Liliana, Ed.
2013-01-01
We are delighted to welcome you to the International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends 2013, taking place in Madrid, Spain, from 26 to 28 of April. Our efforts and active engagement can now be rewarded with these three days of exciting new developments about what we are passionate about: Psychology and its connections. We take prideâ¦
Serosurvey Reveals Exposure to West Nile Virus in Asymptomatic Horse Populations in Central Spain Prior to Recent Disease Foci.
Science.gov (United States)
Abad-Cobo, A; Llorente, F; Barbero, M Del Carmen; Cruz-López, F; Forés, P; Jiménez-Clavero, M Ã
2017-10-01
West Nile fever/encephalitis (WNF) is an infectious disease affecting horses, birds and humans, with a cycle involving birds as natural reservoirs and mosquitoes as transmission vectors. It is a notifiable disease, re-emerging in Europe. In Spain, it first appeared in horses in the south (Andalusia) in 2010, where outbreaks occur every year since. However, in 2014, an outbreak was declared in horses in central Spain, approximately 200 km away from the closest foci in Andalusia. Before that, evidence of West Nile virus (WNV) circulation in central Spain had been obtained only from wildlife, but never in horses. The purpose of this work was to perform a serosurvey to retrospectively detect West Nile virus infections in asymptomatic horses in central Spain from 2011 to 2013, that is before the occurrence of the first outbreaks in the area. For that, serum samples from 369 horses, collected between September 2011 and November 2013 in central Spain, were analysed by ELISA (blocking and IgM) and confirmed by virus neutralization, proving its specificity using parallel titration with another flavivirus (Usutu virus). As a result, 10 of 369 horse serum samples analysed gave positive results by competitive ELISA, 5 of which were confirmed as positive to WNV by virus neutralization (seropositivity rate: 1.35%). One of these WNV seropositive samples was IgM-positive. Chronologically, the first positive samples, including the IgM-positive, corresponded to sera collected in 2012 in Madrid province. From these results, we concluded that WNV circulated in asymptomatic equine populations of central Spain at least since 2012, before the first disease outbreak reported in this area. © 2016 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.
El sistema de yacimientos de mamÃferos miocenos del Cerro de los Batallones, Cuenca de Madrid: estado actual y perspectivas
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Morales, J.; Pozo, M.; Silva, P.G.; Domingo, M.S.; López-Antoñanzas, R.; Ãlvarez Sierra, A.; Antón, M.; MartÃn Escorza, C.; Quiralte, V.; Salesa, M.J.; Sánchez, I.M.; Azanza, B.; Calvo, J.P.; Carrasco, P.; GarcÃa-Paredes, I.; Knoll, F.; Hernández Fernández, M.; Hoek Ostende, van den L.W.; Merino, L.; Meulen, van der A.J.; Montoya, P.; Peigné, S.; Peláez-Campomanes, P.; Sánchez-Marco, A.; Turner, A.; Abella, J.; Alcalde, G.M.; Andrés, M.; DeMiguel, D.; Cantalapiedra, J.L.; Fraile, S.; GarcÃa Yelo, B.A.; Gómez Cano, A.R.; López Guerrero, P.; Oliver Pérez, A.; Siliceo, G.
2008-01-01
The Cerro de los Batallones (Los Batallones Butte) is located in the central-northern area of the Madrid Basin, central Spain. Nine vertebrates localities containing a large variety of mammals of Upper Vallesian Age (Late Miocene) have been found associated with the sediments forming the butte. From
Modelling the influence of peri-urban trees in the air quality of Madrid region (Spain)
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Alonso, Rocio; Vivanco, Marta G.; Gonzalez-Fernandez, Ignacio; Bermejo, Victoria; Palomino, Inmaculada; Garrido, Juan Luis; Elvira, Susana; Salvador, Pedro; Artinano, Begona
2011-01-01
Tropospheric ozone (O 3 ) is considered one of the most important air pollutants affecting human health. The role of peri-urban vegetation in modifying O 3 concentrations has been analyzed in the Madrid region (Spain) using the V200603par-rc1 version of the CHIMERE air quality model. The 3.7 version of the MM5 meteorological model was used to provide meteorological input data to the CHIMERE. The emissions were derived from the EMEP database for 2003. Land use data and the stomatal conductance model included in CHIMERE were modified according to the latest information available for the study area. Two cases were considered for the period April-September 2003: (1) actual land use and (2) a fictitious scenario where El Pardo peri-urban forest was converted to bare-soil. The results show that El Pardo forest constitutes a sink of O 3 since removing this green area increased O 3 levels over the modified area and over down-wind surrounding areas. - Highlights: â Role of peri-urban vegetation in modifying O 3 pollution in Madrid (Spain). â The CHIMERE air quality model was adapted to Mediterranean conditions. â Preserving the peri-urban forest lowers O 3 concentrations over the surrounding areas. â Evergreen broadleaf and deciduous forests removed more atmospheric O 3 than conifers. - Peri-urban forests contribute to ameliorate ozone air pollution.
El barrio de la Chueca of Madrid, Spain: an emerging epicenter of the global LGBT civil rights movement.
Science.gov (United States)
Martinez, Omar; Dodge, Brian
2010-01-01
The purpose of this article is to examine and deconstruct the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) barrio (community) of Chueca in Madrid, Spain, from political and sociological perspectives. First, we develop a critical framework for understanding the historical, political, social, cultural, and economic changes that took place in Spain after Franco's death in relation to LGBT issues. Ethnographic research was conducted from May to July 2007 in the Spanish cities of Madrid, Barcelona, and Ibiza, and focused primarily on the community of Chueca. A social constructionist perspective was used to examine sociocultural issues in this ethnosexual community through an in-depth study of the dynamics of this barrio. The theoretical framework of intersectionality and the constitutive relations among social identities is exemplified in Chueca. Hence, individuals in Chueca and their intersectionality perspective reveal that their identities influence and shape their beliefs about gender and symbols. We describe how Chueca reflects recent progressive changes in LGBT-related laws and statutes drafted by the federal government and how these have influenced the high level of societal acceptance toward intimate same-sex relationships in Spain. Additionally, we exemplify and present Chueca as an enclave that has been affected by the globalization of the private market, "gay" identity, and enterprise, having a direct effect on cultural norms and social behaviors. Last, we examine the current state of the Chueca community relative to other developing LGBT Latino/a communities in the United States.
Population cardiovascular health and urban environments: the Heart Healthy Hoods exploratory study in Madrid, Spain
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Usama Bilal
2016-08-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Our aim is to conduct an exploratory study to provide an in-depth characterization of a neighborhoodâs social and physical environment in relation to cardiovascular health. A mixed-methods approach was used to better understand the food, alcohol, tobacco and physical activity domains of the urban environment. Methods We conducted this study in an area of 16,000 residents in Madrid (Spain. We obtained cardiovascular health and risk factors data from all residents aged 45 and above using Electronic Health Records from the Madrid Primary Health Care System. We used several quantitative audit tools to assess: the type and location of food outlets and healthy food availability; tobacco and alcohol points of sale; walkability of all streets and use of parks and public spaces. We also conducted 11 qualitative interviews with key informants to help understanding the relationships between urban environment and cardiovascular behaviors. We integrated quantitative and qualitative data following a mixed-methods merging approach. Results Electronic Health Records of the entire population of the area showed similar prevalence of risk factors compared to the rest of Madrid/Spain (prevalence of diabetes: 12Â %, hypertension: 34Â %, dyslipidemia: 32Â %, smoking: 10Â %, obesity: 20Â %. The food environment was very dense, with many small stores (nâ=â44 and a large food market with 112 stalls. Residents highlighted the importance of these small stores for buying healthy foods. Alcohol and tobacco environments were also very dense (nâ=â91 and 64, respectively, dominated by bars and restaurants (nâ=â53 that also acted as food services. Neighbors emphasized the importance of drinking as a socialization mechanism. Public open spaces were mostly used by seniors that remarked the importance of accessibility to these spaces and the availability of destinations to walk to. Conclusion This experience allowed testing and refining
Chemical quality of tap water in Madrid: multicase control cancer study in Spain (MCC-Spain).
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Fernández-Navarro, Pablo; Villanueva, Cristina M; GarcÃa-Pérez, Javier; Boldo, Elena; Goñi-Irigoyen, Fernando; Ulibarrena, Enrique; Rantakokko, Panu; GarcÃa-Esquinas, Esther; Pérez-Gómez, Beatriz; Pollán, Marina; Aragonés, Nuria
2017-02-01
Chronic consumption of water, which contains contaminants, may give rise to adverse health effects. The Madrid region, covered by the population-based multicase-control (MCC-Spain) study, includes two drinking water supply areas. The different sources of the water, coupled together with the possible differences in water management, mean that there may be differences in drinking water quality. In the context of the MCC study, our aims were to describe contaminant concentrations in tap water drawn from various sampling points distributed around the region, assess these concentrations by reference to guideline values and study possible differences between the two supply areas. Tap water samples were collected from 34 sampling points in 7 towns in the Madrid region (19-29 April 2010), and 23 contaminants (metals, nitrates, disinfection by-product and Mutagen X levels) were quantified. We undertook a descriptive analysis of the contaminant concentrations in the water and compared them between the two water supply areas (Wilcoxon test). We created maps representing the distribution of the concentrations observed at water sampling points and assessed the correlations (Spearman's coefficient) between the different parameters measured. The concentrations of the contaminants were below guideline values. There were differences between the two supply areas in concentration of nitrates (p value = 0.0051) and certain disinfection by-products. While there were positive correlations (rho >0.70) among some disinfection by-products, no correlations were found in metals or nitrates. The differences in nitrate levels could be linked to differences in farming/industrial activities in the catchment areas and in disinfection by-products might be related to the existence of different treatment systems or bromine content in source waters.
Las noticias de Madrid (News from Madrid
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Wahrle Suzanne
2006-09-01
Full Text Available Abstract Over 5,000 participants attended the 10th International Conference on Alzheimer's Disease (ICAD and Related Disorders in Madrid, Spain from July 15â20, 2006. Highlights of the conference included reports on brain imaging, the discovery of mutations in the progranulin gene that cause frontotemporal dementia, the finding that neuregulin-1 is a substrate for BACE1 and new interest in the connection between Alzheimer's disease and metabolic syndromes.
Traffic light â nutrition labelling: knowledge, perception and use in consumers of Madrid, Spain
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Karimen Andrea León-Flández
2015-07-01
Full Text Available Introduction: Describe knowledge, comprehension level, perception and use of traffic light labelling in consumers of Madrid.Material and Methods: A two phases, cross-sectional study design, carried out in Madrid, in 2012. Our sample was recruited randomly, and interviewed using a questionnaire designed for this purpose. Consumers of 7 stores of main supermarket chains in Madrid were questioned. Information about knowledge, comprehension, perception and use of traffic light labelling (TLL was collected. Analyses examined the frequency of the variables of interest. Differences were tested using the Ï2 test.Results: The response rate was 80.6% (first phase and 97.8% (second phase. Consumers that knew the TLL and understood its color-coding system were 41.4% and 18.6% respectively. From the participants that knew the TLL system, 61.5% thought it was very useful (80% among those >65 years and 90% among those with primary studies; p>0.05. Just 31.4% of consumers habitually used TLL to buy their products (70% among those with primary studies; p=0.04. This percentage was higher in consumers that understood the color-coding system (second phase (66.6%; p<0.01.Conclusions: The level of TLLâs knowledge and comprehension was low. Consumers that know TLL, consider it a useful nutrition instrument. Those who understand, use it habitually to buy their products, especially consumers older than 65 years old and with primary studies. A widespread introduction of this system in Spain might contribute to improve food and eating habits, especially elderly people and less educated.
Historical Quarries, Decay and Petrophysical Properties of Carbonate Stones Used in the Historical Center of Madrid (Spain
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David M. Freire-Lista
2017-06-01
Full Text Available The carbonate stones that make up the four fountains of the 18th century located in the Paseo del Prado of Madrid (Spain are studied. The documentary search in historical archives, together with the petrographic, cartographic and paleontological studies permitted to determine that the fountains have been built with dolostone of the Castrojimeno Formation, with gastropods of the Trochactaeon Lamarcki specie of the Santonian (Upper Cretaceous. The historical quarries from which the ashlars have been extracted is located in Redueña Village. The petrophysical properties of this dolostone (effective porosity, bulk density, mercury intrusion porosity, ultrasound wave propagation velocity, micro-roughness and color have been calculated and compared with Colmenar de Oreja limestone. Each of the four fountains has a circular pylon at the base, a central column that holds a smaller pylon and is topped by a sculpture that serves as a spout. A bomb destroyed three ashlars of the basal pylon, column, small pylon and the sculpture of the SE fountain, during the Spanish Civil War, in 1936. These damaged elements were replaced by other carved limestones from Colmenar de Oreja in 1944. The four sculptures had been replaced in 1996 with resin replicas and the originals are preserved in the San Isidro. Los orÃgenes de Madrid museum. The study of the petrophysical properties of the sculptures located in the museum allowed us to determine the decay of different stone types. The analysis of micro-roughness was employed to define that the dissolution effect on the sculptures is different between dolostone and limestone. Redueña dolostone is more resistant to dissolution effect than Colmenar de Oreja limestome.
Adherence to nutritional recommendations in vending machines at secondary schools in Madrid (Spain), 2014-2015.
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Monroy-Parada, Doris Xiomara; Jácome-González, MarÃa Luisa; Moya-Geromini, MarÃa Ãngeles; RodrÃguez-Artalejo, Fernando; Royo-Bordonada, Miguel Ãngel
2017-07-13
To describe the nutritional content of products offered in food and drink vending machines at secondary schools in the Madrid Autonomous Community (Spain), and to evaluate these items' adherence to the nutritional recommendations of the National Health System Consensus Document on School Food. Cross-sectional study of a sample of 330 secondary schools in Madrid across the period 2014-2015. Secondary school vending machines were identified by telephone interview. The products offered in a representative sample of six machines were identified by inspection in situ, and their nutritional composition was obtained from the labelling. A total of 94.5% of the 55 products on offer failed to comply with at least one nutritional criterion of the Consensus Document on School Food. The recommendation relating to sugar content registered the highest level of non-compliance, with 52.7% of products, followed by the recommendations relating to energy (47.3%) and fats (45.5%). The mean number of unmet criteria was 2.2, with this figure being higher in foods than in drinks (2.8 versus 1; p <0.01). Almost all the products on display in secondary school vending machines in Madrid were in breach of the Consensus Document on School Food, mainly due to an excess of calories, sugars and fats. Compulsory nutritional criteria and a procedure for monitoring adherence should be established, specifying those responsible for performing this task and the corrective measures to be applied in the event of non-compliance. Copyright © 2017 SESPAS. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.
Use of dendrochronological method in Pinus halepensis to estimate the soil erosion in the South East of Madrid (Spain).
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Pérez-RodrÃguez, Raquel; Marques, Maria Jose; Bienes, Ramón
2007-05-25
The rate of soil erosion in pine forests (Pinus halepensis) located in the Southeast of Madrid has been estimated using dendrochronological analysis based on the change in ring-growth pattern from concentric to eccentric when the root is exposed. Using 49 roots spread across five inclined areas, it has been found that the length and direction of the hillsides, as well as their vegetation cover affect the rate of erosion, while the slope itself does not. The erosion rates found for the different areas studied vary between 3.5 and 8.8 mm year(-1), that is between 40 and 101 t ha(-1) year(-1) respectively. These values are between 2 and 3 times greater than those predicted by USLE, for which this equation underestimates soil loss for Central Spain's Mediterranean conditions. Nonetheless, both methods (using dendrochronology to determine actual soil loss and theoretical prediction with USLE) are able to establish the same significant differences among the areas studied, allowing for the comparative estimate of the severity of the area's erosion problem.
Vending Machines of Food and Beverages and Nutritional Profile of their Products at Schools in Madrid, Spain, 2014-2015.
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Monroy-Parada, Doris Xiomara; Ãngeles Moya, MarÃa; José Bosqued, MarÃa; López, Lázaro; RodrÃguez-Artalejo, Fernando; Royo-Bordonada, Miguel Ãngel
2016-06-09
Policies restricting access to sugary drinks and unhealthy foods in the school environment are associated with healthier consumption patterns. In 2010, Spain approved a Consensus Document regarding Food at Schools with nutritional criteria to improve the nutritional profile of foods and drinks served at schools. The objective of this study was to describe the frequency of food and drink vending machines at secondary schools in Madrid, the products offered at them and their nutritional profile. Cross-sectional study of a random sample of 330 secondary schools in Madrid in 2014-2015. The characteristics of the schools and the existence of vending machines were recorded through the internet and by telephone interview. The products offered in a representative sample of 6 vending machines were identified by in situ inspection, and its nutritional composition was taken from its labeling. Finally, the nutritional profile of each product was analyzed with the United Kingdom profile model, which classifies products as healthy and less healthy. The prevalence of vending machines was 17.3%. Among the products offered, 80.5% were less healthy food and drinks (high in energy, fat or sugar and poor in nutrients) and 10.5% were healthy products. Vending machines are common at secondary schools in Madrid. Most products are vending machines are still less healthy.
Evidences of Paleoearthquakes in Palaeolithic settlements within fluvial sequences of the Tagus Basin (Madrid, Central Spain).
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Silva, Pablo G.; RodrÃguez Pascua, M. A.; Pérez López, R.; Giner Robles, J. L.; Roquero, E.; Tapias, F.; López Recio, M.; Rus, I.; Morin, J.
2010-05-01
Multiple evidences of soft-sediment to brittle deformation within the Pleistocene fluvial terraces of the Tagus, Jarama, Tajuña and Manzanares river valleys have been described since the middle 20th Century. Cryoturbation, hydroplastic deformations due to underlying karstic collapses or halokinesis on the substratum of neogene gypsums, and seismic shaking have been proposed to interpret these structures. These deformations are typically concentrated in the +18-20 m terrace levels, and closely linked to well-known Palaeolithic sites, in some cases overlaying and/or affecting true prehistoric settlements (i.e. Arganda, Arriaga and Tafesa sites) within the Jarama and Manzanares valleys. The affected settlements typically display acheulian lithic industry linked to the scavenging of large Pleistocene mammals (i.e. Elephas antiquus). Commonly, deformational structures are concentrated in relatively thin horizons (10-50 cm thick) bracketed by undeformed fluvial sands and gravels. The soft-sediment deformations usually consist on medium to fine sized sands injected and protruded in overlaying flood-plain clayey silts, showing a wide variety of convolutes, injections, sand-dikes, dish and pillar structures, mud volcanoes, faults and folds, some times it is possible to undertake their 3D geometrical analysis due to the exceptional conservation of the structures (Tafesa). Recent geo-archaeological prospecting on the for the Palaeolithic Site of Arriaga (South Madrid City) conducted during the year 2009, let to find out an exceptional horizon of deformation of about 1.20 m thick. It consisted on highly disturbed and pervasively liquefacted sands, which hardly can be attributed to no-seismic processes. The acheulian lithic industry of the Madrid Region have been classically attributed the Late Middle Pleistocene (Comunidad de Madrid, AUDEMA S.A. (Proyecto Arriaga-2009). This is a contribution of GQM-AEQUA.
Variability and changes in selected climate elements in Madrid and Alicante in the period 2000-2014
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Cielecka Katarzyna
2015-10-01
Full Text Available The aim of this study is to compare climatic conditions between the interior of the Iberian Peninsula and the southeastern coast of Spain. The article analyzes selected elements of climate over the last 15 years (2000-2014. Synoptic data from airport meteorological stations in Madrid Barajas and Alicante Elche were used. Attention was focused on annual air temperature, relative humidity and precipitation. The mean climatic conditions over the period 2000-2014 were compared with those over the 1961-1990 period which is recommended by WMO as climate normal and with data for the 1971-2000 coming from âClimate Atlasâ of Spanish meteorologists group AEMET. Two of climate elements discussed were characterized by significant changes. The annual air temperature was higher by about 0.2°C in Alicante and 0.9°C in Madrid in the period 2000-2014 compared to the 1961-1990. The current winters were colder than in years 1961-1990 at both stations. Gradual decrease in annual precipitation totals was observed at both stations. In 1961-1990 the annual average precipitation in Madrid amounted to 414 mm, while in Alicante it was 356 mm. However, in the recent years of 2000-2014 these totals were lower compared to 1961-1990 reaching 364.1 mm in the central part of Spain and 245.7 mm on the south-western coast.
Central de producción de calor - Madrid â España
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Laorden Jiménez, J.
1973-10-01
Full Text Available The Heat Production Station of the University City Hospital in Madrid is described, after several years operation. The Station is equipped for an output of 13,000,000 kcal/hr, for heating; 1,000,000 kcal/hr, for hospital hot water, and 3,200,000 kcal/hr, for steam at 5 kp/cm2. The different alternatives are presented and the general outline of the solution chosen, as well as a comprehensive list of the materials used.Se describe la Central de Producción de Calor del Hospital ClÃnico de la Ciudad Universitaria de Madrid, después de algunos años de funcionamiento. La Central está preparada para una producción de 13.000.000 de kcal/h, para calefacción; 1.000.000 de kilocalorÃas/h, para agua caliente sanitaria, y 3.200.000 kcal/h, para vapor a 5 kp/cm2. Se presentan las diversas alternativas y el esquema general de la solución elegida, asà como una extensa relación de ios materiales empleados.
Imported malaria in children in Madrid, Spain, 2007-2013.
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Sánchez, Beatriz Soto; Tato, L M Prieto; MartÃn, S Guillén; Pérez, E; Grasa, C; Valderrama, S; Augusto, I de; Sierra, M; Ros, M GarcÃa; Aguado, I; Hortelano, M GarcÃa López
The majority of malaria cases diagnosed in Europe in the last few years have occurred in people living in non-endemic areas travelling back to their home country to visit friends and relatives (VFRs). Children account for 15-20% of imported malaria, with known higher risk of severe disease. A retrospective multicentre study was conducted in 24 hospitals in Madrid (Spain) including patients under 16 years diagnosed with malaria (2007-2013). A total of 149 episodes in 147 children were reported. Plasmodium falciparum was the species most commonly isolated. Twenty-five patients developed severe malaria and there was one death related to malaria. VFR accounted for 45.8% of our children. Only 17 VFRs had received prophylaxis, and 4 of them taken appropriately. They presented more frequently with fever (98% vs. 69%), a longer time with fever (55 vs. 26%), delay in diagnosis of more than three days (62 vs. 37%), and more thrombocytopenia (65 vs. 33%) than non-VFRs, and with significant differences (pmalaria cases in our study. They seldom took adequate prophylaxis, and delayed the visit to the physician, increasing the length of fever and subsequent delaying in diagnosis. Appropriate preventive measures, such as education and pre-travel advices should be taken in this population. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y MicrobiologÃa ClÃnica. All rights reserved.
GuMNet - Guadarrama Monitoring Network initiative (Madrid,Spain)
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Santolaria-Canales, Edmundo
2017-04-01
The Guadarrama Monitoring Network initiative (GuMNet) is an observational infrastructure focused on monitoring the state of the atmosphere, surface and subsurface in the Sierra de Guadarrama, 50 km NW of the city of Madrid. The network is composed of 10 automatic real time weather stations ranging from low altitude (ca. 900 m.a.s.l) to high mountain areas (ca. 2400 m.a.s.l). The GuMNet infrastructure consists in 10 real time automatic weather stations with instrumentation for observing the state of the atmosphere, surface and the subsurface at the Sierra de Guadarrama, just 50 km north-northwest of the city of Madrid. GuMNet lays the foundations of a research network on weather, soil thermodynamics, boundary layer physics, climate and ecosystem oriented impacts, air pollutions, etc. in the Sierra de Guadarrama. GuMNet represents a first step to provide a unique observational network in an environment of high protection to be used as a laboratory serving a wide range of scientific and educational interests. High altitude sites are focused on periglacial areas and lower altitude sites have emphasis on pastures. One of the low altitude sites is equipped with a 10 m high anemometric tower with a 3D sonic anemometer at the top jointly with a CO2/H2O analyzer that will allow sampling of wind profiles and H2O and CO2 eddy covariance fluxes, important for soil respiration and CO2 and water vapor exchange. A portable station has also a 3D sonic anemometer with CO2/H2O analyzer, this 4 meters-high portable tower is designed for comparison with other soil terrain fluxes. The network is connected via general packet radio service (GPRS) to the central lab in the Campus of Excellence of Moncloa and a management software has been developed to handle the operation of the infrastructure. The deployment of instrumentation and connection of sites to the network was finished in 2016. GuMNet is currently in the process of becoming operational. Conceptually, GuMNet intends to convert a
The Madrid School of Neurology (1885-1939).
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Giménez-Roldán, S
2015-01-01
The emergence of neurology in Madrid between 1885 and 1939 had well-defined characteristics. On foundations laid by Cajal and RÃo-Hortega, pioneers combined clinical practice with cutting-edge neurohistology and neuropathology research. Luis Simarro, trained in Paris, taught many talented students including Gayarre, Achúcarro and Lafora. The untimely death of Nicolás Achúcarro curtailed his promising career, but he still completed the clinicopathological study of the first American case of Alzheimer's disease. On returning to Spain, he studied glial cells, including rod cells. RodrÃguez Lafora described progressive myoclonus epilepsy and completed experimental studies of corpus callosum lesions and clinical and neuropathology studies of senile dementia. He fled to Mexico at the end of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). SanchÃs Banús, a sterling clinical neurologist, described the first cluster of Huntington's disease in Spain, and he and RÃo-Hortega joined efforts to determine that pallidal degeneration underlies rigidity in advanced stages of the disease. Just after the war, Alberca Llorente eruditely described inflammatory diseases of the neuraxis. Manuel Peraita studied "the neurology of hunger" with data collected during the siege of Madrid. Dionisio Nieto, like many exiled intellectuals, settled in Mexico DF, where he taught neurohistological methods and neuropsychiatry in the tradition of the Madrid School of Neurology. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Genotype distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) in histological sections of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cervical carcinoma in Madrid, Spain
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
GarcÃa-Espinosa, BenjamÃn; Moro-RodrÃguez, Ernesto; Ãlvarez-Fernández, Emilio
2012-01-01
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) genotype distribution and co-infection occurrence was studied in cervical specimens from the city of Madrid (Spain), as a contribution to the knowledge of Human Papillomavirus genotype distribution and prevalence of carcinogenic HPV types in cervical lesions in Spain. A total of 533 abnormal specimens, from the Hospital General Universitario âGregorio Marañónâ of Madrid, were studied. These included 19 benign lesions, 349 cervical intraepithelial neoplasias 1 (CIN1), 158 CIN2-3 and 7 invasive cervical carcinomas (ICC). HPV genotyping was performed using PCR and tube array hybridization. We detected 20 different HPV types: 13 carcinogenic high-risk HPV types (HR-HPVs), 2 probably carcinogenic high-risk HPV types (PHR-HPVs) and 5 carcinogenic low-risk HPV types (LR-HPVs). The most frequent HPV genotypes found in all specimens were HPV16 (26.0%), 31 (10.7%) and 58 (8.0%). HPV 18 was only detected in 5.0%. Co-infections were found in 30.7% of CIN 1 and 18.4% cases of CIN2-3. The highest percentage of HR HPVs was found in those specimens with a CIN2-3 lesion (93.7%). As our study shows the current tetravalent vaccine could be effective in our geographical area for preventing all the invasive cervical carcinomas. In addition, upon the estimates of the important presence of other HR-HPV types â such as 31, 58, 33 and 52 â in different preneoplasic lesions the effectiveness of HPV vaccination in our geographical area, and others with similar genotype distribution, should be limited
Efficacies of prevention and control measures applied during an outbreak in Southwest Madrid, Spain.
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Anaiá da Paixão Sevá
in this and in other similar outbreaks. The present mathematical model was able to reproduce the leishmaniasis dynamics in the Madrid outbreak, providing theoretical support based on successful experiences, such as the reduction of human cases in Southwest Madrid, Spain.
Enhancement of archaeological heritage. El Risco de las Cuevas at Perales de Tajuña, Madrid (Spain)
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Freire-Lista, David Martin; Alvarez de Buergo, Mónica; Fort, Rafael
2016-04-01
Heritage conservation has a great impact on the economy of a country. The enhancement of archaeological sites is an investment that promotes tourism and culture. The interdisciplinary knowledge of heritage should be the basis of its management. Preventive actions, non-destructive analytical techniques and monitoring for the conservation of these assets should be promoted. "El Risco de las Cuevas" is a highly decayed and nearly vertical gypsum escarpment which contains a series of dwellings excavated during the Chalcolithic and much more recent times. It is located at Perales de Tajuña, 40 km southeast of Madrid, Spain. This monument is approximately 70 metres high and 500 metres wide. It was listed as a cultural and monumental heritage site by the regional government of Madrid in 1998. The gypsum escarpment housing the dwellings forms part of a lower Miocene unit (Madrid Basin). Debris cones with a mixture of debris from the lower, medium and upper units are found at the bottom of the rockwall. The vulnerability of this monument to atmospheric agents has been studied using "in situ" monitoring techniques of humidity, temperature and rate of rockfalls. Drones have been used for aerial photography in the highest areas of the escarpment and have provided an information network of fractures likely to cause rockfall. Gypsum artificial accelerated ageing has been carried out in the laboratory, including freeze/thaw, wet/dry, thermal shock and dissolution tests. To determine the response of these accelerated ageing processes, density, micro-roughness, ultrasound velocities (Vp and Vs), air permeability and microscopy measurements were made before, during and after ageing tests. Geomorphological studies, rates of decay, material characteristics and durability tests indicate that the decay is controlled by the mineralogy, clay content and porosity of the gypsum rock, as well as microclimate, temperature changes and rock fractures. Rockfalls are particularly relevant in the
ANOTACIONES AL BALONMANO EN EL CONTEXTO HISTÃRICO DEL DEPORTE EN ESPAÃA (1900-1939[Annotations to handball in the historical context of sport in Spain (1900-1939
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Xavier Torrebadella-Flix
2013-07-01
Full Text Available Para abordar los orÃgenes del balonmano en España, el estudio de nuevas fuentes documentales históricas, nos permiten tratar el estado de la cuestión y describir o reinterpretar los acontecimientos hasta la fecha conocidos. El balonmano fue introducido a través de los Exploradores de España, la Escuela Central de Gimnasia y, principalmente, por el deporte femenino en la universidad de Madrid durante la II República. Las noticias que aquà se presentan contribuyen a construir la historia del balonmano en la coyuntura social del deporte en España entre 1900 a 1939.AbstractTo address the origins of handball in Spain, studying new historical documentary sources allows us to state the question and describe or reinterpret events so far known. The handball was introduced through the Explorers from Spain, Central School of Gymnastics and mainly by women's sports at the University of Madrid during the Second Republic. The news presented here helps build the history of handball in the social situation of sport in Spain from 1900 to 1939.Keywords: history of handball, sport and feminism, Second Republic in Spain, school sports, Central School of Gymnastics, Boy-Scouts
The Social ecology of Madrid: Stratification in comparative perspective.
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Abrahamson, M; Johnson, P
1974-08-01
This paper examines the characteristics of residential zones in Madrid, Spain. The primary difference between zones is found to lie in a new bourgeoisie life-style dimension. Working women are found to be the best indicator of this dimension, which also involves servants, natives of Madrid and high degrees of literacy. Fertility-related considerations, however, are unrelated to working women, and this is explained as due to the availability of domestic help and "women-oriented" working arrangements. Fertility and socioeconomic status are found to be interrelated and constitute a second dimension of residential segregation. In conclusion, Madrid is examined in relation to both more and less industrialized cities, leading to a further modification of social area theory contentions concerning the ecology of stratification in developing cities.
A Comparative Assessment of Epidemiologically Different Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Outbreaks in Madrid, Spain and Tolima, Colombia: An Estimation of the Reproduction Number via a Mathematical Model
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Anuj Mubayi
2018-04-01
Full Text Available Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the Leishmania parasite and transmitted by the Phlebotominae subfamily of sandflies, which infects humans and other mammals. Clinical manifestations of the disease include cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL and visceral leishmaniasis (VL with a majority (more than three-quarters of worldwide cases being CL. There are a number of risk factors for CL, such as the presence of multiple reservoirs, the movement of individuals, inequality, and social determinants of health. However, studies related to the role of these factors in the dynamics of CL have been limited. In this work, we (i develop and analyze a vector-borne epidemic model to study the dynamics of CL in two ecologically distinct CL-affected regionsâMadrid, Spain and Tolima, Colombia; (ii derived three different methods for the estimation of model parameters by reducing the dimension of the systems; (iii estimated reproduction numbers for the 2010 outbreak in Madrid and the 2016 outbreak in Tolima; and (iv compared the transmission potential of the two economically-different regions and provided different epidemiological metrics that can be derived (and used for evaluating an outbreak, once R0 is known and additional data are available. On average, Spain has reported only a few hundred CL cases annually, but in the course of the outbreak during 2009â2012, a much higher number of cases than expected were reported and that too in the single city of Madrid. Cases in humans were accompanied by sharp increase in infections among domestic dogs, the natural reservoir of CL. On the other hand, CL has reemerged in Colombia primarily during the last decade, because of the frequent movement of military personnel to domestic regions from forested areas, where they have increased exposure to vectors. In 2016, Tolima saw an unexpectedly high number of cases leading to two successive outbreaks. On comparing, we
Thallium occurrence and partitioning in soils and sediments affected by mining activities in Madrid province (Spain)
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Gomez-Gonzalez, M.A.; Garcia-Guinea, J.; Laborda, F.; Garrido, F.
2015-01-01
Thallium (Tl) and its compounds are toxic to biota even at low concentrations but little is known about Tl concentration and speciation in soils. An understanding of the source, mobility, and dispersion of Tl is necessary to evaluate the environmental impact of Tl pollution cases. In this paper, we examine the Tl source and dispersion in two areas affected by abandoned mine facilities whose residues remain dumped on-site affecting to soils and sediments of natural water courses near Madrid city (Spain). Total Tl contents and partitioning in soil solid phases as determined by means of a sequential extraction procedure were also examined in soils along the riverbeds of an ephemeral and a permanent streams collecting water runoff and drainage from the mines wastes. Lastly, electronic microscopy and cathodoluminescence probe are used as a suitable technique for Tl elemental detection on thallium-bearing phases. Tl was found mainly bound to quartz and alumino-phyllosilicates in both rocks and examined soils. Besides, Tl was also frequently found associated to organic particles and diatom frustules in all samples from both mine scenarios. These biogenic silicates may regulate the transfer of Tl into the soil-water system. - Highlights: ⢠Abandoned mine residues are Tl sources in soils of Madrid catchment area. ⢠Tl was associated to quartz and aluminosilicates in both rocks and soils. ⢠Tl was frequently found associated to organic particles and diatom frustules. ⢠Cathodoluminescence is a suitable technique for Tl detection on soils and rocks
Thallium occurrence and partitioning in soils and sediments affected by mining activities in Madrid province (Spain)
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Gomez-Gonzalez, M.A.; Garcia-Guinea, J. [National Museum of Natural Sciences, CSIC, Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid (Spain); Laborda, F. [Group of Analytical Spectroscopy and Sensors Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza (Spain); Garrido, F., E-mail: fernando.garrido@mncn.csic.es [National Museum of Natural Sciences, CSIC, Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid (Spain)
2015-12-01
Thallium (Tl) and its compounds are toxic to biota even at low concentrations but little is known about Tl concentration and speciation in soils. An understanding of the source, mobility, and dispersion of Tl is necessary to evaluate the environmental impact of Tl pollution cases. In this paper, we examine the Tl source and dispersion in two areas affected by abandoned mine facilities whose residues remain dumped on-site affecting to soils and sediments of natural water courses near Madrid city (Spain). Total Tl contents and partitioning in soil solid phases as determined by means of a sequential extraction procedure were also examined in soils along the riverbeds of an ephemeral and a permanent streams collecting water runoff and drainage from the mines wastes. Lastly, electronic microscopy and cathodoluminescence probe are used as a suitable technique for Tl elemental detection on thallium-bearing phases. Tl was found mainly bound to quartz and alumino-phyllosilicates in both rocks and examined soils. Besides, Tl was also frequently found associated to organic particles and diatom frustules in all samples from both mine scenarios. These biogenic silicates may regulate the transfer of Tl into the soil-water system. - Highlights: ⢠Abandoned mine residues are Tl sources in soils of Madrid catchment area. ⢠Tl was associated to quartz and aluminosilicates in both rocks and soils. ⢠Tl was frequently found associated to organic particles and diatom frustules. ⢠Cathodoluminescence is a suitable technique for Tl detection on soils and rocks.
Consumption trends for specific drugs used to treat dementia in the region of Madrid (Spain) from 2002 to 2012.
Science.gov (United States)
de Hoyos-Alonso, M C; Tapias-Merino, E; Meseguer Barros, C M; Sánchez-MartÃnez, M; Otero, A
2015-09-01
Analysing drug consumption in large population groups lets us observe consumption trends and compare them between different settings. to analyse the time trends for consumption and costs of specific drugs used to treat dementia in the region of Madrid (Spain) and compare trends by sex and age cohort. Descriptive study of cholinesterase inhibitors (N06DA) and memantine (N06DX01) dispensed in Madrid between 2002 and 2012 and covered by the Spain's national health system. Consumption was calculated by analysing changes in DDD (defined daily doses) to find total and yearly increases. The cost was estimated based on DDD price. To compare consumption rates by age and sex, we calculated DDD per 100 inhabitants/day. Between 2002 and 2012, consumption of drugs used to treat dementia increased sixfold. During this period, cholinesterase inhibitors accounted for 76.70% of the drugs consumed and memantine, 23.30%. The estimated cost rose by a by a factor of 5.7 over 11 years (or by a factor of 4 taking into account the use of generic drugs). In 2012, 2.42% of the patients aged 65 or over consumed cholinesterase inhibitors (women 2.82%, men 1.83%) and 0.90% consumed memantine (women 1.10%, men 0.61%). Consumption increased in age cohorts up to 86 to 90 (5.84% for cholinesterase inhibitors and 2.33% for memantine) and declined thereafter. Consumption of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine gradually increased, but consumption in 2012 did not reach levels equivalent to dementia prevalence figures. Pharmaceutical expenditure restraint measures may temporarily slow the cost increase temporarily but if the same trend of consumption persists, costs will rise. Copyright © 2013 Sociedad Española de NeurologÃa. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.
Assembly of Drift Tubes (DT) Chambers at CIEMAT (Madrid)
CERN Multimedia
Jesus Puerta-Pelayo
2003-01-01
The construction of muon drift tube chambers (DT) has been carried out in four different european institutes: Aachen (Germany), CIEMAT-Madrid (Spain), Legnaro and Turin (Italy), all of them following similar procedures and quality tests. Each chamber is composed by three or two independent units called superlayers, with four layers of staggered drift cells each. The assembly of a superlayer is a succesive glueing of aluminium plates and I-beams with electrodes previously attached, forming a rectangular and gas-tight volume. These pictures illustrate the various processes of material preparation, construction, equipment and assembly of full chambers at CIEMAT (Madrid).
Phleboviruses detection in Phlebotomus perniciosus from a human leishmaniasis focus in South-West Madrid region, Spain.
Science.gov (United States)
Remoli, Maria Elena; Jiménez, Maribel; Fortuna, Claudia; Benedetti, Eleonora; Marchi, Antonella; Genovese, Domenico; Gramiccia, Marina; Molina, Ricardo; Ciufolini, Maria Grazia
2016-04-13
Phlebotomus-borne (PhB-) viruses are distributed in large areas of the Old World and are widespread throughout the Mediterranean basin, where recent investigations have indicated that virus diversity is higher than initially suspected. Some of these viruses are causes of meningitis, encephalitis and febrile illnesses. In order to monitor the viral presence and the infection rate of PhB-viruses in a recently identified and well characterized human zoonotic leishmaniasis focus in southwestern Madrid, Spain, a sand fly collection was carried out. Sand fly insects were collected in four stations using CDC light traps during 2012-2013 summer seasons. Screening for Phlebovirus presence both via isolation on Vero cells and via polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using degenerated primers targeting a portion of the L segment, was performed. The serological identity and phylogenetic relationships on the three genomic segments of the viral isolates were carried out. Six viral isolates belonging to different serological complexes of the genus Phlebovirus were obtained from fifty pools on a total of 963 P. perniciosus (202 females). Phylogenetic analysis and serological assays allowed the identification of two isolates of Toscana virus (TOSV) B genotype, three isolates strongly related to Italian Arbia virus (ARBV), and one isolate of a novel putative Phlebovirus related to the recently characterized Arrabida virus in South Portugal, tentatively named Arrabida-like virus. Positive male sand fly pools suggested that transovarial or venereal transmission could occur under natural conditions. Our findings highlighted the presence of different Phlebovirus species in the South-West area of the Madrid Autonomous Community where an outbreak of cutaneous and visceral human leishmaniasis has been recently described. The evidence of viral species never identified before in Spain, as ARBV and Arrabida-like virus, and TOSV B genotype focus stability was demonstrated. Environmental aspects
Urban Insecurity as a Language of Political Contention in Madrid (Spain
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Montserrat Cañedo RodrÃguez
2013-07-01
Full Text Available Public policies for urban planning developed since the 1980s in Spanish city centres have been marked by the idea of ârefurbishingâ areas that are âin crisis.â The discourse of citizensâ insecurity has become the framework of shared meaning for diagnosing problems, as well as for legitimizing policies. Using an ethnographic analysis carried out in a central Madrid neighbourhood, I will analyze how the experience of insecurity of one sector of the residents, which is shaped in the framework of the general discourse of citizen insecurity, is, however, rooted in a specific life trajectory that indicates socio-cultural and economic keys that have little to do with the causes of insecurity that the hegemonic discourse continually indicates. More generally, I hope to show, with this case study, how anthropological analyses can contribute to the evaluation of public urban policies.
Climate and environments during Marine Isotope Stage 11 in the central Iberian Peninsula: the herpetofaunal assemblage from the Acheulean site of Ãridos-1, Madrid
Science.gov (United States)
Blain, Hugues-Alexandre; Santonja, Manuel; Pérez-González, Alfredo; Panera, Joaquin; Rubio-Jara, Susana
2014-06-01
The interglacial episodes of the Quaternary Period are currently the focus of a great deal of attention within the scientific community, primarily because they can help us to understand how the climate of the current interglacial may have evolved without human intervention and to assess the impact of these climate changes on ecological systems. In the central Iberian Peninsula, the archaeological site of Ãridos-1 (Arganda, Madrid), with numeric dates of 379.7 ± 45 ka obtained by AAR for the upper part of the sedimentological unit of Arganda I, in combination with the evolved state of the small mammals, has been chronologically attributed to Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11. Given the diversified faunal assemblages delivered by the 1976 excavations, Ãridos-1 is probably one of the best terrestrial candidates for an understanding of the climatic and environmental conditions that prevailed in central Spain during the MIS 11 interglacial. In consequence, the fossil amphibians and squamate reptiles stored in the collections of the Museo Arqueológico Nacional of Madrid have been newly described and quantified in order to apply the mutual climatic range and habitat weighting methods for estimating quantitative data. The Mediterranean climate is shown to have been warmer and wetter than today in central Spain during MIS 11, with the mean annual temperature 1.7 °C higher and mean annual precipitation 223.9 mm higher than at present. The monthly climatic reconstruction shows differences in the distribution of precipitation over the course of the year, with more abundant precipitation during the winter months, at the beginning of spring and at the end of fall (from October to March) and less precipitation than today during the summer months and at the end of spring (from May to August), suggesting stronger rainfall seasonality between winter and summer than currently occurs. Such climate reconstruction is consistent with other European MIS 11 paleoclimatic records. The
Regional water footprint and water management: the case of Madrid region (Spain)
OpenAIRE
Soler Rovira, José; Arroyo Sanz, Juan Manuel; Conde Marcos, Hugo; Sanz Zudaire, Carlos; Mesa Moreno, Alfredo; Gil Pascual, Sergio
2010-01-01
Water resources and water footprint of the production and consumption in Madrid region were estimated, considering blue water (water resources), green water (soil moisture), grey water (polluted water) and virtual water (water trade in products imported and exported in the region). Water resources in Madrid relay mainly in surface waters and rainfall, so the periodic occurrence of meteorological droughts implies the scarcity of water supply. The main users of blue water are households, munici...
Datos para la historia de una iniciativa fallida: la escuela central de gimnástica Data for the history of a unsuccessful enterprise: the Central School of Gimnastics
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Anastasio MARTÃNEZ NAVARRO
2013-09-01
Full Text Available El objetivo de este artÃculo es plantear algunos fenómenos de fondo que explican la historia de la Escuela Central de Gimnástica de Madrid (1883-1892, primer centro oficial establecido en España para la formación de los profesores de educación fÃsica, cuya corta vida en realidad sólo se extiende de 1887 a 1892. En el momento de su clausura, todos los documentos fueron almacenados en los archivos de la Universidad Central (hoy Universidad Complutense de Madrid. La revisión de esta documentación fundamenta este trabajo que esperamos ofrezca nuevas informaciones sobre las condiciones de la Escuela, funcionamiento y razones explicativas de su efÃmera vida.The aim of this article has been to put forward some badknown facts dealing with the history of the Central School of Gymnastics of Madrid (1883-1892, the former physical education teachers' training Centre stablished in Spain, which short life only spread realy from 1887 to 1892. At the time of its closing, all its documents were stored in the archives of Central University (Complutense University of Madrid, at present; the review of these papers is the documentary basis underlaying this work which offers, we hope, some new information about the School conditions and operation and about the reasons explaining its ephemeral life.
Influence of the ozone profile above Madrid (Spain) on Brewer estimation of ozone air mass factor
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Anton, M. [Univ. de Extremadura, Badajoz (Spain). Dept. de Fisica; Evora Univ. (PT). Goephysics Centre of Evora (CGE); Lopez, M.; Banon, M. [Agenica Estatal de Meteorologia (AEMET), Madrid (Spain); Costa, M.J.; Silva, A.M. [Evora Univ. (PT). Goephysics Centre of Evora (CGE); Evora Univ. (Portugal). Dept. of Physics; Serrano, A. [Univ. de Extremadura, Badajoz (Spain). Dept. de Fisica; Bortoli, D. [Evora Univ. (PT). Goephysics Centre of Evora (CGE); Vilaplana, J.M. [Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Huelva (Spain). Estacion de Sondeos Atmosferico ' ' El Arenosillo' '
2009-07-01
The methodology used by Brewer spectroradiometers to estimate the ozone column is based on differential absorption spectroscopy. This methodology employs the ozone air mass factor (AMF) to derive the total ozone column from the slant path ozone amount. For the calculating the ozone AMF, the Brewer algorithm assumes that the ozone layer is located at a fixed height of 22 km. However, for a real specific site the ozone presents a certain profile, which varies spatially and temporally depending on the latitude, altitude and dynamical conditions of the atmosphere above the site of measurements. In this sense, this work address the reliability of the mentioned assumption and analyses the influence of the ozone profiles measured above Madrid (Spain) in the ozone AMF calculations. The approximated ozone AMF used by the Brewer algorithm is compared with simulations obtained using the libRadtran radiative transfer model code. The results show an excellent agreement between the simulated and the approximated AMF values for solar zenith angle lower than 75 . In addition, the relative differences remain lower than 2% at 85 . These good results are mainly due to the fact that the altitude of the ozone layer assumed constant by the Brewer algorithm for all latitudes notably can be considered representative of the real profile of ozone above Madrid (average value of 21.7{+-}1.8 km). The operational ozone AMF calculations for Brewer instruments are limited, in general, to SZA below 80 . Extending the usable SZA range is especially relevant for Brewer instruments located at high mid-latitudes. (orig.)
Defining products for a new health technology assessment agency in Madrid, Spain: a survey of decision makers.
Science.gov (United States)
Andradas, Elena; Blasco, Juan-Antonio; ValentÃn, Beatriz; López-Pedraza, MarÃa-José; Gracia, Francisco-Javier
2008-01-01
The aim of this study was to explore the needs and requirements of decision makers in our regional healthcare system for health technology assessment (HTA) products to support portfolio development planning for a new HTA agency in Madrid, Spain. A Delphi study was conducted during 2003. Questionnaires were developed based on a review of products and services offered by other agency members of the International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment, and included preference and prioritization questions to evaluate twenty-two different products and services. The initial Delphi panel involved eighty-seven experts from twenty-one public hospitals, eleven primary healthcare centers, six private hospitals, and eight departments of the Regional Ministry of Health of the Community of Madrid. The global participation rate was 83.9 percent. Ten of the twenty-two possible products were rated of high interest by more than 80 percent of respondents. Important differences in preferences and priorities were detected across different settings. Public hospitals and primary healthcare centers shared a more "micro" perspective, preferring classic technology-centered HTA products, whereas private hospitals and Ministry representatives demanded more "macro" products and services such as organizational model and information system assessments. The high participation rate supports the representativeness of the results for our regional context. The strategic development of an HTA portfolio based on decision makers' needs and requirements as identified in this type of exercise should help achieve a better impact on policy development and decision making.
Evaluation of compliance with the self-regulation agreement of the food and drink vending machine sector in primary schools in Madrid, Spain, in 2008.
Science.gov (United States)
Royo-Bordonada, Miguel A; MartÃnez-Huedo, MarÃa A
2014-01-01
To evaluate compliance with the self-regulation agreement of the food and drink vending machine sector in primary schools in Madrid, Spain. Cross-sectional study of the prevalence of vending machines in 558 primary schools in 2008. Using the directory of all registered primary schools in Madrid, we identified the presence of machines by telephone interviews and evaluated compliance with the agreement by visiting the schools and assessing accessibility, type of publicity, the products offered and knowledge of the agreement. The prevalence of schools with vending machines was 5.8%. None of the schools reported knowledge of the agreement or of its nutritional guidelines, and most machines were accessible to primary school pupils (79.3%) and packed with high-calorie, low-nutrient-dense foods (58.6%). Compliance with the self-regulation agreement of the vending machines sector was low. Stricter regulation should receive priority in the battle against the obesity epidemic. Copyright © 2013 SESPAS. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.
Deep Geothermal energy potential in Madrid basin; Potencial de la Geotermia profunda en la Cuenca de Madrid
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Hidalgo, R.; Sanchez, J.; Ungemach, P.
2009-07-01
The Madrid Basin geothermal potential was evidenced in 1980 thanks to an oil exploration well drilled by Shell-Campsa which showed temperatures of 88 degree centigrade and 150 degree centigrade at 1,700 mts and 3,400 mts depth respectively. The low enthalpy geothermal reservoir could be further assessed by four exploratory wells the first one, Pradillo (originals Shell-Campsa oil well), two drilled by ADARO and IGME (Geological survey of Spain) in San Sebastian de los Reyes and Tres Cantos respectively. The latest well, Geomadrid 1, was drilled in 1990 by the Madrid Regional government. The afore mentioned wells have identified a dependable geothermal resource, hosted in a tertiary, clastic, consolidated sandstone reservoir consisting of a thick multilayered sequence (200-800m), with temperatures ranging from 70 degree centigrade to 90 degree centigrade and depths of 1,500 to 2,150 m., overlying a Mesozoic sequence, suitable to be exploited for thermal uses in several district heating grids around Madrid in areas displaying adequate heat loads. A medium temperature reservoir was also identified at the contact between Mesozoic Cretaceous limestones and fractured basement granites at 3,400mts depth, with measured temperatures of 156 degree centigrade, that could be developed and exploited in view of a combined power and heat production (CPH) within the Madrid suburban areas. (Author) 7 refs.
ART-GUMENTACIÃN EN UN DISCURSO TURÃSTICO VIRTUAL. MADRID EN LA PÃGINA WEB DE TURESPAÃA: SPAIN.INFO
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Laurence Chapuis
2016-01-01
Full Text Available Turespaña es un organismo creado con el propósito de acometer acciones en el exterior para la promoción de España como destino turÃstico, por lo que era fundamental que tuviera una persuasiva presencia en Internet. Basándonos en el análisis argumentativo de Amossy, estudiamos la estrategia discursiva desarrollada en la página de Madrid del portal de Spain.info para convencer al visitante vir - tual de viajar a la capital. AsÃ, en ese contexto digital, mostramos cómo el locutor construye su imagen (ethos y la de su destinatario, y maneja las relaciones entre ambos para cumplir con sus objetivos.
Hepatitis B virus infection and vaccine-induced immunity in Madrid (Spain).
Science.gov (United States)
Pedraza-Flechas, Ana MarÃa; GarcÃa-Comas, Luis; Ordobás-GavÃn, MarÃa; Sanz-Moreno, Juan Carlos; Ramos-Blázquez, Belén; Astray-Mochales, Jenaro; Moreno-Guillén, Santiago
2014-01-01
To estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and vaccine-induced immunity in the region of Madrid, and to analyze their evolution over time. An observational, analytical, cross-sectional study was carried out in the population aged 16-80 years between 2008 and 2009. This was the last of four seroprevalence surveys in the region of Madrid. The prevalence of HBV infection and vaccine-induced immunity was estimated using multivariate logistic models and were compared with the prevalences in the 1989, 1993 and 1999 surveys. In the population aged 16-80 years, the prevalence of HBV infection was 11.0% (95% CI: 9.8-12.3) and that of chronic infection was 0.7% (95% CI: 0.5-1.1). The prevalence of vaccine-induced immunity in the population aged 16-20 years was 73.0% (95% CI: 70.0-76.0). Compared with previous surveys, there was a decrease in the prevalence of HBV infection. Based on the prevalence of chronic infection (<1%), Madrid is a region with low HBV endemicity. Preventive strategies against HBV should especially target the immigrant population. Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Espana.
A multi-methodological approach to study the temporal and spatial distribution of air quality related to road transport emissions in Madrid, Spain
Science.gov (United States)
Perez, Pedro; Miranda, Regina
2013-04-01
The traffic-related atmospheric emissions, composition and transport of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and air toxic pollutants (ATPs), are an important environmental problem that affect climate change and air pollution in Madrid, Spain. Carbon dioxide (CO2) affects the regional weather and particularly fine particle matter (PM) translocate to the people resulting in local health problems. As the main source of emissions comes from road transport, and subsequent combustion of fossil fuels, air quality deterioration may be elevated during weekdays and peak hours. We postulate that traffic-related air quality (CO2, methane CH4, PM, volatile organic compounds VOCs, nitrogen oxides NOx and carbon monoxide CO contents) impairs epidemiology in part via effects on health and disease development, likely increasing the external costs of transport in terms of climate change and air pollution. First, the paper intends to estimate the local air quality related to the road transport emissions of weeks over a domain covering Madrid (used as a case study). The local air quality model (LAQM) is based on gridded and shaped emission fields. The European Environmental Agency (EEA) COPERT modeling system will provide GHGs and ATPs gridded and shaped emission data and mobile source parameters, available for Madrid from preliminary emission inventory records of the Municipality of Madrid and from disaggregated traffic counts of the Traffic Engineering Company and the Metropolitan Company of Metro (METRO-Madrid). The paper intends to obtain estimates of GHGs and ATPs concentrations commensurate with available ground measurements, 24-hour average values, from the Municipality of Madrid. The comparison between estimated concentrations and measurements must show small errors (e.g. fractional error, fractional bias and coefficient of determination). The paper's expected results must determine spatial and temporal patterns in Madrid. The estimates will be used to cross check the primary local
Hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions and quality of primary care: their relation with socioeconomic and health care variables in the Madrid regional health service (Spain).
Science.gov (United States)
Magán, Purificación; Alberquilla, Angel; Otero, Angel; Ribera, José Manuel
2011-01-01
Hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSH) have been proposed as an indirect indicator of the effectiveness and quality of care provided by primary health care. To investigate the association of ACSH rates with population socioeconomic factors and with characteristics of primary health care. Cross-sectional, ecologic study. Using hospital discharge data, ACSH were selected from the list of conditions validated for Spain. All 34 health districts in the Region of Madrid, Spain. Individuals aged 65 years or older residing in the region of Madrid between 2001 and 2003, inclusive. Age- and gender-adjusted ACSH rates in each health district. The adjusted ACSH rate per 1000 population was 35.37 in men and 20.45 in women. In the Poisson regression analysis, an inverse relation was seen between ACSH rates and the socioeconomic variables. Physician workload was the only health care variable with a statistically significant relation (rate ratio of 1.066 [95% CI; 1.041-1.091]). These results were similar in the analyses disaggregated by gender. In the multivariate analyses that included health care variables, none of the health care variables were statistically significant. ACSH may be more closely related with socioeconomic variables than with characteristics of primary care activity. Therefore, other factors outside the health system must be considered to improve health outcomes in the population.
Actors, observers, and causal attributions of homelessness: Differences in attribution for the causes of homelessness among domiciled and homeless people in Madrid (Spain).
Science.gov (United States)
Vázquez, José Juan; Panadero, Sonia; Zúñiga, Claudia
2017-01-01
The study analyzes the differences in causal attributions of homelessness and attributions of responsibility among the members of 3 groups: homeless group, consisting of a representative sample of homeless people in Madrid, Spain (n = 188); domiciled service-users group, consisting of people at risk of homelessness (n = 164); and domiciled nonservice-users group, consisting of people at no imminent risk of homelessness (n = 180). The domiciled service-users group and domiciled nonservice-users group were matched to the homeless group or sex, age, and nationality. The article also analyzes homeless people's causal attributions as regards their own situation. The results show that compared with the domiciled nonservice-users group, a higher percentage of members of the homeless group and domiciled service-users group attributed homelessness to individualistic causes and they blamed homeless people for their situation to a greater extent. The results also show that there was no "actor-observer bias" in causal attributions for homelessness in Madrid. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).
Contributions of palynology in the reconstruction of livestock impact on the surroundings of Rascafria (Madrid) during the recent Holocene; Aportaciones de la palinologia en la reconstruccion del impacto ganadero, en los alrededores de Rascafria (Madrid), durante el Holoceno reciente
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Gomez-Gonzalez, C.; Ruiz Zapata, M. B.; Lopez-Saez, J. A.; Gil Garcia, M. J.
2009-07-01
We present the results obtained from the palaeocological studies about human impact on the vegetal landscape of a peat bog located in Resurface (Lozoya Valley, Madrid, Central Spain). Palynomorph analysis allows to identify the kind and intensity of human activity and its relation to the trophic changes in the peat bog during the late Holocene (2455{+-}35 BP). Pollen record reveals an anthropic Mediterranean landscape mainly composed by pastures used for grazing. Non Pollen Palynomorphs (NPP) and pH and conductivity sediment have revealed as useful tools for detection of trophic conditions and land use changes. (Author)
Molecular Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis Isolates from Symptomatic Individuals Attending Two Major Public Hospitals in Madrid, Spain.
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Aida de Lucio
Full Text Available The flagellate protozoan Giardia duodenalis is an enteric parasite causing human giardiasis, a major gastrointestinal disease of global distribution affecting both developing and industrialised countries. In Spain, sporadic cases of giardiasis have been regularly identified, particularly in pediatric and immigrant populations. However, there is limited information on the genetic variability of circulating G. duodenalis isolates in the country.In this longitudinal molecular epidemiological study we report the diversity and frequency of the G. duodenalis assemblages and sub-assemblages identified in 199 stool samples collected from 184 individual with symptoms compatible with giardiasis presenting to two major public hospitals in Madrid for the period December 2013-January 2015. G. duodenalis cysts were initially detected by conventional microscopy and/or immunochomatography on stool samples. Confirmation of the infection was performed by direct immunofluorescence and real-time PCR methods. G. duodenalis assemblages and sub-assemblages were determined by multi-locus genotyping of the glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH and β-giardin (BG genes of the parasite. Sociodemographic and clinical features of patients infected with G. duodenalis were also analysed.Of 188 confirmed positive samples from 178 giardiasis cases a total of 124 G. duodenalis isolates were successfully typed at the GDH and/or the BG loci, revealing the presence of sub-assemblages BIV (62.1%, AII (15.3%, BIII (4.0%, AI (0.8%, and AIII (0.8%. Additionally, 6.5% of the isolates were only characterised at the assemblage level, being all of them assigned to assemblage B. Discordant genotype results AII/AIII or BIII/BIV were also observed in 10.5% of DNA isolates. A large number of multi-locus genotypes were identified in G. duodenalis assemblage B, but not assemblage A, isolates at both the GDH and BG loci, confirming the high degree of genetic variability observed in other molecular surveys
Mercury in air and plant specimens in herbaria: A pilot study at the MAF Herbarium in Madrid (Spain)
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Oyarzun, R.; Higueras, P.; Esbri, J.M.; Pizarro, J.
2007-01-01
We present data from a study of mercury concentrations in air and plant specimens from the MAF Herbarium in Madrid (Spain). Hg (gas) emissions from old plant collections treated with mercuric chloride (HgCl 2 ) in herbaria may pose a health risk for staff working in installations of this type. This is an issue not yet properly addressed. Plants that underwent insecticide treatment with HgCl 2 at the MAF Herbarium until the mid 1970s have persistent high concentrations of Hg in the range 1093-11,967 μg g -1 , whereas untreated specimens are in the range of 1.2-4.3 μg g -1 . The first group induces high concentrations of Hg (gas) in the main herbarium room, with seasonal variations of 404-727 ng m -3 (late winter) and 748-7797 ng m -3 (early summer) (baseline for Hg: 8 ng m -3 ). A test survey at another herbarium in Madrid showed even higher concentrations of Hg (gas) above 40,000 ng m -3 . The World Health Organization guidelines for chronic exposure to Hg (gas) are estimated at a maximum of 1000 ng m -3 . While staff was aware of the existence of HgCl 2 treated plants (the plant specimen sheets are labelled as 'poisoned'), they had no knowledge of the presence of high Hg (gas) concentrations in the buildings, a situation that may be relatively common in herbaria
Mercury in air and plant specimens in herbaria: A pilot study at the MAF Herbarium in Madrid (Spain)
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Oyarzun, R. [Departamento de Cristalografia y Mineralogia, Facultad de Ciencias Geologicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid (Spain)], E-mail: oyarzun@geo.ucm.es; Higueras, P.; Esbri, J.M. [Departamento de Ingenieria Geologica y Minera, Escuela Universitaria Politecnica de Almaden, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Plaza M. Meca 1, 13400 Almaden (Spain); Pizarro, J. [Departamento de Biologia Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid (Spain)
2007-11-15
We present data from a study of mercury concentrations in air and plant specimens from the MAF Herbarium in Madrid (Spain). Hg (gas) emissions from old plant collections treated with mercuric chloride (HgCl{sub 2}) in herbaria may pose a health risk for staff working in installations of this type. This is an issue not yet properly addressed. Plants that underwent insecticide treatment with HgCl{sub 2} at the MAF Herbarium until the mid 1970s have persistent high concentrations of Hg in the range 1093-11,967 {mu}g g{sup -1}, whereas untreated specimens are in the range of 1.2-4.3 {mu}g g{sup -1}. The first group induces high concentrations of Hg (gas) in the main herbarium room, with seasonal variations of 404-727 ng m{sup -3} (late winter) and 748-7797 ng m{sup -3} (early summer) (baseline for Hg: 8 ng m{sup -3}). A test survey at another herbarium in Madrid showed even higher concentrations of Hg (gas) above 40,000 ng m{sup -3}. The World Health Organization guidelines for chronic exposure to Hg (gas) are estimated at a maximum of 1000 ng m{sup -3}. While staff was aware of the existence of HgCl{sub 2} treated plants (the plant specimen sheets are labelled as 'poisoned'), they had no knowledge of the presence of high Hg (gas) concentrations in the buildings, a situation that may be relatively common in herbaria.
Caresoil: A multidisciplinar Project to characterize, remediate, monitor and evaluate the risk of contaminated soils in Madrid (Spain)
Science.gov (United States)
Muñoz-MartÃn, Alfonso; Antón, Loreto; Granja, Jose Luis; Villarroya, FermÃn; Montero, Esperanza; RodrÃguez, Vanesa
2016-04-01
Soil contamination can come from diffuse sources (air deposition, agriculture, etc.) or local sources, these last being related to anthropogenic activities that are potentially soil contaminating activities. According to data from the EU, in Spain, and particularly for the Autonomous Community of Madrid, it can be considered that heavy metals, toxic organic compounds (including Non Aqueous Phases Liquids, NAPLs) and combinations of both are the main problem of point sources of soil contamination in our community. The five aspects that will be applied in Caresoil Program (S2013/MAE-2739) in the analysis and remediation of a local soil contamination are: 1) the location of the source of contamination and characterization of soil and aquifer concerned, 2) evaluation of the dispersion of the plume, 3) application of effective remediation techniques, 4) monitoring the evolution of the contaminated soil and 5) risk analysis throughout this process. These aspects involve advanced technologies (hydrogeology, geophysics, geochemistry,...) that require new developing of knowledge, being necessary the contribution of several researching groups specialized in the fields previously cited, as they are those integrating CARESOIL Program. Actually two cases concerning hydrocarbon spills, as representative examples of soil local contamination in Madrid area, are being studied. The first is being remediated and we are monitoring this process to evaluate its effectiveness. In the second location we are defining the extent of contamination in soil and aquifer to define the most effective remediation technique.
[Spatial analysis of mortality from cardiovascular diseases in Madrid City, Spain].
Science.gov (United States)
Gómez-Barroso, Diana; Prieto-Flores, MarÃa-Eugenia; Mellado San Gabino, Ana; Moreno Jiménez, Antonio
2015-01-01
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, but its spatial distribution is not homogeneous. The objective of this study is to analyze the spatial pattern of mortality from these diseases for men and women, in the populated urban area (AUP) of the municipality of Madrid, and to identify spatial aggregations. An ecological study was carried out by census tract, for men and women in 2010. Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR), Relative Risk Smoothing (RRS) and Posterior Probability (PP) were calculated to consider the spatial pattern of the disease. To identify spatial clusters the Moran index (Moran I) and the Local Index of Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA) were used. The results were mapped. SMR higher than 1.1 was observed mainly in central areas among men and in peripheral areas among women. The PP that RRS was higher than 1 surpassed 0.8 in the center and in the periphery, in both men and women. Moran's I was 0.04 for men and 0.03 for women (p AUP. The LISA method showed similar patterns to those previously observed.
El Madrid inquisitorial en la España del Siglo de Oro
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Rose, Constance H.
2001-06-01
Full Text Available The Madrid of Lope de Vega, Calderón de la Barca and other figures of Spain's Golden Age is also the Madrid of the fearsome Inquisition directed against the influx of Portuguese Jews and against native New Christians of Jewish background, often merchants whose work allowed them to circulate throughout Europe and North Africa. Eradication or true conversion were the only solutions proposed by the Holy Office. Since those conversos who fled Spain left no record dealing with their daily lives in Inquisitorial Madrid, the best source for obtaining such Information and for recreating the atmosphere of the era is the Holy Office itself. Accordingly, the author examines the reports written to the king by the civil servants and/or church officials charged with creating three spectacular autos de fe carried out in the Plaza Mayor: one in 1632 and two in 1680.
El Madrid de Lope de Vega, Calderón de la Barca y otras figuras del Siglo de Oro español es también el Madrid del terror inquisitorial, dirigido contra los recién llegados judÃos portugueses y los cristianos nuevos madrileños, de origen judÃo, muchos de ellos mercaderes cuyo trabajo les llevaba a viajar por toda Europa y el norte de Ãfrica. El Santo Oficio no les permitÃa más opciones que la desaparición fÃsica o la conversión sincera. Como aquellos que huyeron del paÃs no dejaron nada escrito sobre su vida cotidiana en este Madrid inquisitorial, la mejor fuente para obtener esta información y recrear el ambiente de la época es el Santo Oficio mismo. Por ello, la autora examina los informes dirigidos al Rey por los oficiales reales y/o inquisidores, encargados de la organización de tres espectaculares autos de fe que tuvieron lugar en la Plaza Mayor, uno en 1632 y dos en 1680.
Prevalencia de diabetes mellitus y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en la población adulta de la Comunidad de Madrid: estudio PREDIMERC Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk factors in
|
|||||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
3
| 78
|
https://www.acacamps.org/research/special-projects/leadership-pathways-project
|
en
|
2024–2027 Leadership Pathways Project
|
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] | null |
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2024-05-20T12:45:00-04:00
|
This three-year grant program is designed to foster evidence-informed planning, testing, and improving initiatives to increase access to and engagement in counselor-in-training (CIT) programs and other qualified leadership programs among young people with diverse backgrounds, abilities, and identities.
|
en
|
/themes/custom/acacamps/favicon.ico
|
American Camp Association
|
https://www.acacamps.org/research/special-projects/leadership-pathways-project
|
Up to 20 grant recipients will receive up to $18,000 per year for three years to support creating, improving, or expanding counselor-in-training or similar leadership development programs at camp. Grantees will work with a peer cohort to design, implement, and improve a counselor-in-training (CIT)-related initiative to increase access to camp leadership pathways for young people of diverse backgrounds, abilities, and identities.
All nonprofit camps and government agency organizations (i.e. parks & rec) that run camps were invited to apply during the application window that closed on April 11. They did not need to have a grant writer to submit, nor did the camp need to be ACA accredited. Applying to (or receiving) this grant does not disqualify camps from future grant opportunities through ACA.
The application deadline was April 11, 2024.
Phase 2 Awarded Grantees
We are pleased to announce our awarded grantees for Phase 2 (2024-2027)!
Acta Non Verba: Youth Urban Farm Project - Camp ANV (California)
B'nai B'rith Camp, LLC / B'nai B'rith Men's Camp Association - BB Camp (Oregon)
Boys & Girls Club of San Francisco - Camp Mendocino (California)
Butler Community Arts School - Butler Community Arts School (Indiana)
Camp Fire Alaska - Camp K on Kenai Lake (Alaska)
Camp for All Kids - Four Star Fellowship Program (Wisconsin)
Camp Hazen YMCA (Connecticut)
Easterseals Central Illinois - Timber Pointe Outdoor Center (Illinois)
Girl Scouts of Greater Atlanta - Camp Meriwether and Camp Misty Mountain (Georgia)
Happiness Is Camping (New Jersey)
Live Oak Wilderness Camp (Mississippi, serving New Orleans youth)
Maven Youth - LGBT+ Youth Summer Tech Camp (Texas)
No Limits Foundation - Camp No Limits (Maine)
Piers Park Sailing Center - Future Leaders Summer Camp (Massachusetts)
The Barbara C. Harris Camp and Conference Center (New Hampshire)
The Fresh Air Fund (New York)
The H.E.A.R.T. Center (Arizona)
The TVRC Education Foundation, Inc - Teton Valley Ranch Camp (Wyoming)
University of Montana spectrUM Discovery Area - spectrUM Science Camps (Montana)
Wa-Ya Outdoor Institute - Camp Wa-Ya (Washington)
YWCA VT Camp Hochelaga (Vermont)
Read the press release.
Previous Phase 1 Awarded Grantees
Here are the awarded grantees from Phase 1 (2021-2024)
Camp Common Ground
Big Sur Land Trust Youth Outdoor Programs
Tampa YMCA
Camp Blodgett
Aspire
Trail Blazers
Camp Santa Maria
Montgomery County Recreation
NatureBridge
YMCA of Greater Seattle
Camp Bovey
Camp Mendocino
Easterseals Colorado
4-H Primitive Pursuits
Sherwood Forest
Timber Pointe Outdoor Center
Camp Kaufmann
Camp Mokule’ia
Lexington Recreation and Community Programs
Acta Non Verba
PARI Summer Space Camps
This project is made possible through the generous support of Margaret A. Cargill Philanthropies.
|
||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
3
| 81
|
https://www.jasperhillfarm.com/support-vermont
|
en
|
Support Vermont Farmers — Jasper Hill Farm
|
https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6238b4b2e81e4c23efbf71fb/90a3961a-37d0-421e-9d90-8ea34d577fe4/favicon.ico?format=100w
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https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6238b4b2e81e4c23efbf71fb/90a3961a-37d0-421e-9d90-8ea34d577fe4/favicon.ico?format=100w
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
en
|
https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6238b4b2e81e4c23efbf71fb/90a3961a-37d0-421e-9d90-8ea34d577fe4/favicon.ico?format=100w
|
Jasper Hill Farm
|
https://www.jasperhillfarm.com/support-vermont
|
After last week's historic flooding, Vermont has begun trekking down the long road to recovery. Communities from the top of the state to the bottom were impacted. Houses fell off of their foundations, businesses flooded, and roadways were swept away in the surging floodwaters.
In the Northeast Kingdom, we experienced rainfall that surpassed the levels seen during Hurricane Irene. In the valley town of Hardwick where our cold storage warehouse and fulfillment center are located, the banks of the Lamoille River were breached. Water spilled across the town’s main thoroughfare, swept away crucial bridges, and left the town temporarily stranded. Atkins Field, the town common where our weekly farmers market takes place, was underwater. The fire station flooded. A local inn crumbled into the surge as the riverbank behind it collapsed. As the waters subside, strips of roofing, building frames, and refuse were laid in the silt.
We’ve received so many positive thoughts and heartfelt wishes in the wake of this climate change-driven catastrophe. We appreciate every caring message. Jasper Hill Farm got lucky. We only saw minor damage, some temporary power failures, and—all things considered—minor delays in shipping.
The same can’t be said for everyone in our community. We’ve taken stock of the damage and have decided the best place to direct people’s desire to contribute is toward one of our core values: preserving Vermont’s working landscape. Vermont farms are most often situated in fertile river valleys and were devastated by the flood. Farming is hard work done for slim margins. A poor crop can set a farm back years in deferred maintenance and equipment upgrades. The flooding did them one worse: because of high levels of runoff and pollutants in the water, many crops were entirely wiped out.
Such a loss could spell the end of many farms—agriculture operated at our Vermont scale means staying small and working sustainably. Hardwick is known as the “Town That Food Saved” because of its renaissance of low-intervention, regenerative agriculture economy that grew in the early 2000s. It’s an identity that we are proud to be a part of.
We’re lucky to be a strong community; local and statewide funds emerged almost to lend financial assistance to the farms in need. We’re lucky to be recognized far and wide for our dedication to producing and growing outrageously delicious food. It gives us a spotlight that many other parts of the country and the world don’t have when they experience climate catastrophes. Our community is privileged to receive that attention and we want to receive it humbly and acknowledge the many on this planet who persist in climate crises without this kind of support.
Thank you for your generous spirit. Here are the organizations we recommend you contribute to for Vermont’s recovery:
|
|||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
3
| 39
|
https://www.saginawfoundation.org/lawrence-c-hazen-d-o-scholarship-fund/
|
en
|
Lawrence C. Hazen, D.O. Scholarship Fund
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Saginaw Community Foundation"
] |
2017-07-31T14:05:21+00:00
|
en
|
Saginaw Community Foundation | For Good. For Ever.
|
https://www.saginawfoundation.org/lawrence-c-hazen-d-o-scholarship-fund/
|
Larry graduated from Arthur Hill High School, Class of 1961 and Central Michigan University in 1965 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Biology. In 1969, he graduated from Kirksville College of Osteopathy and Surgery. Larry served a one-year internship at Saginaw Osteopathic Hospital and a three-year residency in Ophthalmology in Florida. Larry returned to Saginaw in 1973 and began his practice of 40 years. In 1995, he opened Andersen Eye Associates and in 2006 he opened the Andersen Surgery Center.
He was a past President and Fellow of the American College of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology. He was a member of Saginaw County Osteopathic Association and practiced on the staff of Saginaw Osteopathic, Saginaw General, St. Mary’s and Covenant HealthCare Hospitals.
In 1998, he created Saginaw Area Foundation for Eye Care, which provides eye exams, glasses, and necessary surgical procedures, for the underinsured. It was a great passion of his life to provide access to quality eye care for those who could not otherwise afford it. Throughout his life, Larry was an avid hunter and fisherman, traveling to Africa, Mexico, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Alaska, British Columbia, Quebec, Newfoundland, and the Western United States in pursuit of his hobby.
|
||||||
correct_foundationPlace_00034
|
FactBench
|
0
| 83
|
https://www.permafrost.org/publications/country-report/countryreport2008/
|
en
|
2008 IPA Country Report
|
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[
"activelayer"
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2008-01-01T00:00:00+00:00
|
2008 IPA Country Report
|
en
|
International Permafrost Association
|
https://www.permafrost.org/publications/country-report/countryreport2008/
|
Table of Contents
Argentina (and South American Partners)
Austria
Belgium
Canada
China
Finland
France
Germany
Italy
Japan
Mongolia
The Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States of America
Argentina (and South American Partners)
A. L. Ahumada, G. Ibánez Palacios and S. Verónica Páez of the Institute of Quaternary Geology (Miguel Lillo Foundation, San Miguel de Tucumán) pursued their exploration and research of the cryogenic environment of Sierra de Aconquija with a special emphasis on fields of thufurs at 4200 m a.s.l. The same working group was the fi rst to document talus rock glaciers of glacigenic origin for Cumbres Calchaquíes (Province of Tucumán), which display active fronts from 4270 m a.s.l. on upwards. Their spatial extent is constrained by the climatic characteristics of the region.
On the western edge of the Puna, at the Nevados de Catreal, in the Province of Catamarca, a preliminary inventory of talus and glaciogenic rock glaciers has been elaborated. Rock glaciers in this region are found at elevations of 4254 – 4898 m a.s.l. Th ese newly discovered areas of rock glacier occurrence increase the knowledge about permafrost distribution of the intracontinental cryosphere in the northwest of Argentina.
During 2008, a joint research project focussing on Andean cryogenic environments was carried out in Argentina by the University of Salzburg (L. Schrott, Austria) and the Geocryology Research Unit of the IANIGLA (D. Trombotto, Mendoza). Th is research includes geophysical soundings with a variety of modern techniques (geoelectrics, ground penetrating radar) and were already carried out by a team of younger researchers (J. Götz, I. Hartmeyer and M. Keuschnig). In the framework of this project, research has begun at the Morenas Coloradas rock glacier and at Paso de Agua Negra (in the Province of San Juan) and students (from the National University of Cuyo, Mariano Castro and from the University of Bonn, Germany, J. H. Bloethe) have received research and professional training at the Geocryology Research Unit in Mendoza. These young researchers are working on periglacial environments in diff erent areas of the Central Andes and are concerned with mapping new areas aff ected by permafrost occurrence. This mapping task was extended to the Cordillera del Tigre in the north of the Province of Mendoza. Mapping permafrost there is particularly interesting because it displays an important rock glacier pattern similar to that mentioned for the Cordón del Plata.
Areas with palaeopermafrost in the northwest of the Province of Chubut, Patagonia, are being investigated by L. Ruiz (IANIGLA, Mendoza) in order to help reconstruct the palaeoclimate of the area. This research will be part of his doctoral thesis to be presented at the University of Buenos Aires.
As part of a new cooperation, the International Center of Earth Sciences (Malargüe, Mendoza), the IANIGLA (D. Trombotto) have been monitoring the volcano-cryogenic contact zone on the active volcano Peteroa, where glaciers retreated considerably due to the high geothermal gradient detected at the rims of the caldera. Permafrost occurrence is indicated by the presence of buried ice in numerous sites where deglaciation has taken place.
A new joint research project (J. Ruzzante ICES and IANIGLA) about the geocryology of the Peteroa Volcano has been initiated to continue studying the area, mapping permafrost and linking the local cryospheric environment to present water supplies. The project includes the characterization of specific areas according to their vulnerability to volcanic risks and the infl uence of volcanic activity on periglacial environment with high-ice content. The latter is the subject of a master degree at the Unviersity of Cuyo (A. Ramires) in cooperation with the IANIGLA. Future joint research projects together with Germany (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) and Brazil (National Observatory of Rio de Janeiro) have been presented this year. They focus on this study area in order to better understand the evolution of periglacial processes in the context of global warming and to measure permafrost or ice thickness using radar equipment.
Active layer monitoring of new sites underlain by permafrost (D. Trombotto) has been initiated in Morenas Coloradas (Balcón I Superior) where the permafrost table lies at approximately the 5.5 m depth (corroborated by GPR) and in the south of the Province of San Juan, in the valley of the river Pachón, at 31° 44´S, close to the border between Chile and the Province of Mendoza. The nearby Cerro Mercedario with a height of 6770 m a.s.l. is glaciated. The valleys that are monitored do not exhibit glaciers, but have a great variety of subterranean types of ice associated with landforms such as rock glaciers and cryogenic sedimentary slopes with the occurrence of supersaturated gelifl uction in ice.
A. Brenning (University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada) and visiting student G. Azócar from Universidad de Chile are currently investigating the distribution and signifi cance of rock glaciers in the dry Andes of northcentral Chile between 27° and 33°S in collaboration with F. Escobar from the Dirección General de Aguas, Santiago, Chile. Th e water equivalent of rock glaciers exceeds the amount of water stored in glaciers across great parts of the study area. The impact of mining on rock glaciers in the Los Pelambres mine is another issue that is being addressed. First results have been presented at the 4th Alexander von Humboldt Conference in Santiago (November 2008). The Argentine Subcommission of Cryospheric Sciences (ASCS) was founded during the year 2008 and D. Trombotto was nominated president. J. C. Leiva (Glaciology, IANIGLA, Mendoza) and S. Barreira (Antarctic Sea Ice, Servicio Meteorológico de la Armada Argentina, Buenos Aires) are members of the Executive Committee.
Dario Trombotto (dtrombot@lab.cricyt.edu.ar)
Austria
Comprehensive research on permafrost issues in Austria is currently carried out by nine institutions and by a increasing number of scientists: University of Innsbruck (with two research groups: K. Krainer and J. Stötter), Vienna University of Technology, University of Graz, Graz University of Technology, Joanneum Research (Graz), University of Salzburg, Geological Survey of Austria (Vienna) and by two branches of the Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics (Vienna and Salzburg).
The Innsbruck group around K. Krainer in cooperation with the University of Vienna (E. Brückl, H. Hausmann, G. Blöschl), the Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics in Salzburg (M. Staudinger) and the Geological Survey of Austria (A. Römer) continued working on their existing project Permafrost in Austria. The project consists of two diff erent parts carried out at two diff erent study sites as reported in the previous issue of Frozen Ground. At the 5 km² study area in the Kaunertal (Ötztal Alps), it is planned to study the present distribution, thickness and ice content of alpine permafrost by applying a combination of methods including mapping, study of aerial photographs, geophysical surveying, ground temperatures etc. In summer 2008 geophysical mapping (seismic refraction) were started at this study area. Profiles were selected by (a) probable and improbable areas of permafrost based on geomorphology and the previously modelled PERMAKART map and by (b) geomorphological classes for near surface materials (talus, rock glacier, moraine, etc.) and their variation in altitude. The analyses of P- and S-waves are used to detect the presence of permafrost. The geophysical indicator together with the corresponding behaviour of BTS should prove (or disprove) the existence of permafrost. At the second study area, Sonnblick, an initial seismic tomography was applied to test the functionality of the pre-installed 15 geophones deployed in three 20 m boreholes in June 2008. Further measurements are planned for September 2008 and in summer 2009 to observe variations of the seismic signals (travel time, amplitude). The comparison of a computed velocity model (P- and S-waves) using the time-lapse inversion will be used to interpret spatial and temporal variations of the permafrost.
The University of Graz (G.K. Lieb, A. Kellerer-Pirklbauer), Graz University of Technology (M. Avian, V. Kaufmann), and Joanneum Research (A. Bauer, H. Proske) continued to work on objectives defi ned within the project ALPCHANGE (for details and published results see www.alpchange.at) in the Hohe Tauern and Niedere Tauern Ranges in central Austria. Most of the measurement devices installed in summer and autumn 2006 worked properly thereby collecting a whole suite of data related to permafrost and rock glacier occurrence and activity. For example, near-ground surface temperature recordings (in total more than 100 sensors) were carried out in diff erent substrates (bedrock, coarse debris, fi ne debris), in diff erent aspects as well as in diff erent altitudes in alpine cirques in order to understand in more detail the ground temperature situation of cirques with permafrost and active rock glaciers. By combining these numeric results with remotely sensed data it is planned to model the thermal situation in the entire cirques. Other local scale activities were for example continuation of the annual geodetic measurements on the Dösen, Hinteres Langtalkar and Weissenkar rock glaciers, resurveying of the rock glacier in the Äusseres Hochebenkar (Tirol) by terrestrial photogrammetry, resurveying of the front of the highly active Hinteres Langtalkar rock glacier by terrestrial laser scanning, geomorphic fi eld mapping, geoelectric measurements (in cooperation with E. Niesner and B. Kühnast, Leoben) and BTS measurements at various study locations in the Hohe Tauern and Niedere Tauern Ranges. At a regional scale, airborne laser scanning was carried out in summer 2008 at three ALPCHANGE study areas thereby focusing on rock glaciers, glaciers and larger-scale solifl uction features in the Hohe Tauern Range. Furthermore, permafrost modelling was carried out for the Carinthian part of the Hohe Tauern Range. Model results were used as one input layer for constructing a geomorphological hazard map of the Großglockner area and will be combined with regional climate scenario models developed by the Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz (A. Gobiet) in Graz. Th e Geological Survey of Austria (A. Römer and R. Supper) launched an automatic geoelectric monitoring system in the summit area of Sonnblick, an activity which was initiated by ALPCHANGE.
The Central Institute of Meteorology and Geodynamics in Vienna (W. Schöner, Ch. Kroisleitner) continued permafrost monitoring in the Sonnblick region (project PERSON; see previous report) at two test fi elds (one with Southern and one with Northern aspect) of ground surface temperature measurements with miniature data loggers and additional BTS measurements in March/April each year. The monitoring was extended by a digital snow cover and snow depletion mapping activities which started in spring 2008. Additionally, monitoring of the ice dammed Pilatus Lake north of Mt. Sonnblick was started in summer 2007 thereby including measurement of shape, discharge and ice thickness.
At the University of Salzburg the research group Geomorphology and Environmental Systems (L. Schrott, J.- Ch. Otto, B. Ebohon; cf. www.geomorphology.at) initiated a research project (permalp.at) about permafrost distribution in the Austrian Alps in cooperation with the national government. A major interest is to explore the permafrost distribution in the Austrian Alps, particularly with regard to potential future development and natural hazards in the densely populated mountain ranges. Th us, the fi rst objective of permalp.at is to create a high resolution map of permafrost distribution of the Austrian Central Alps. This knowledge will signifi cantly help to improve planning of infrastructure in high mountain regions. In the research area (Hohe Tauern) several methods will be applied. Apart from geomorphological mapping and the analysis of aerial photographs it is intended to carry out geophysical soundings, to enlarge BTS-measurement sites and to measure ground- and rockwall-temperatures at several test sites. The results will be used to create a new topoclimatic key for the Eastern Alps which can be used to simulate permafrost distribution. The project combines the knowledge of Salzburg’s research group with experiences of several Austrian colleagues (e.g. research group of G. K. Lieb and A. Kellerer-Pirklbauer) and is supported by M. Phillips (SLF, Davos) and F. Keller (ETI, Academia Engiadina, Samedan) from Switzerland.
Finally we want to report briefl y on a new project funded by the European Union through the Alpine Space Program of the European Territorial Cooperation named PermaNET – Permafrost long-term monitoring network launched in mid- July 2008. The project consortium consists of 14 participating institutions. The function of the so-called “lead partner” is carried out by the Autonomous Province of Bolzano – South Tyrol, Office for Geology and Building Materials Testing, Italy (V. Mair). Th e four Austrian project participants are: the Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics in Salzburg (M. Staudinger, C. Riedl, M. Ungersböck, G. Schauer) and Vienna (W. Schöner, Ch. Kroisleitner), the University of Innsbruck (both Innsbruck permafrost research groups: J. Stötter, M. Monreal, M. Maukisch, F. Petrini-Monteferri and K. Krainer), the University of Graz (A. Kellerer-Pirklbauer, G.K. Lieb) and the Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management, Forest Department (H. Siegel). A fi rst PermaNET-Austria meeting was held in August 2008 in Salzburg. For more details on this new project read the respective paragraph at the national report of Italy or visit www. permanet-alpinespace.eu.
Andreas Kellerer-Pirklbauer and Gerhard Karl Lieb (andreas.kellerer@uni-graz.at)
Belgium
Activities related to cold environment in Belgium can be divided in three parts:
The building of a Polar Research station on Antarctica The Princess Elisabeth Antarctica“
The research of paleoenvironmental remnants of ice wedge casts and sand wedge casts
The continuation of the archaeological research of the frozen Scythian tombs in the Altai Mountains (Siberia)
Belgium has a long history of scientific activity in Antarctica, dating back to the fi rst over-wintering in 1897, from which the Belgian Antarctic Expedition returned with an important scientifi c harvest: bathymetrical and hydrological soundings, numerous botanical and zoological samples, a large amount of oceanographical, meteorological, geomagnetic, glaciological and geological observation data. Belgium next returned to the Antarctic sixty years later to build the Baudoin Station which operated until 1967. This was part of Belgium‘s celebrating the 1957-58 International Geophysical Year (IGY). In 2004, the Belgian government commissioned the International Polar Foundation (IPF) to design and construct a new research station in Antarctica. The result was a resarch station called „The Princess Elisabeth Antarctica“, which exact coordinates are 71°57‘ S – 23°20‘ E. The base will be maintained and operated by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Offi ce (BELSPO). The IPF will be involved as a privileged partner taking the lead on related public outreach and educational activities.
In 2008 Gunther Ghysels obtained his PhD (supervisor I. Heyse) with a detailed study of relict wedge phenomena in northern Belgium. Air photos revealed ephemeral network systems comparable with ice wedge casts and sand wedge casts in the present-day periglacial regions. Detailed field work and numerous excavations in combination with OSL dating proved the existence of two periglacial complex network systems that were active during the Last Glacial Maximum at about 20.000 BP and later at about 15.000 BP.
Gent University and in particular the Department of Archaelogy (J. Bourgeois, W. Gheyle), the Department of Geography ( R. Goossens, A. De Wulf ) in collaboration with S. Marchenko (University of Alaska Fairbanks) continued to work on the frozen Scythian tombs in the Altai Mountains. A field campaign was organised in the summer of 2008. More information on this project is available in the Belgium report in Frozen Ground #30.
Irénée Heyse (irenee.heyse@ugent.be)
Canada
This Canadian year’s report focuses on IPY permafrost projects. It also includes reports from select other research activities at the Geological Survey of Canada, University of Ottawa, and McGill University. Finally a special item is provided on Don Hayley, in recognition of his 40 years of service to the Canadian and broader permafrost community.
Canadian IPY Activities:
Thermal State of Permafrost (TSP-Canada) – A Canadian Contribution to the International Polar Year – S. Smith, A. Lewkowicz and C. Burn: A collaborative project led by S. Smith (Geological Survey of Canada -GSC), A. Lewkowicz (University of Ottawa) and C. Burn (Carleton University) was one of 44 science and research projects that were selected for funding under the Canadian Government’s IPY program in March 2007. Th is project represents the main Canadian contribution to the International IPY project led by the IPA, Th ermal State of Permafrost (TSP). A primary objective was to develop new sites to address gaps in the existing long-term permafrost monitoring network. Over 80 new boreholes were established bringing the total number to 159. Funding acquired by Canadian government departments under the Northern Energy Development Memorandum to Cabinet (between 2005 and 2007) supported the drilling and instrumentation of about 70 boreholes in the Mackenzie Valley. The IPY program, other funding sources and a number of partnerships facilitated the establishment of new monitoring sites in other regions including the Yukon Territory, northern Manitoba and communities in the Baffin region of Nunavut. Collaboration with communities, mineral exploration companies and the Yukon Geological Survey resulted in the installation of temperature cables to depths of up to 40 m in an altitudinal transect of boreholes to better understand spatial variation in mountain permafrost in the Yukon. Collaboration with the Nunavut government and communities has resulted in an enhanced monitoring network in the Baffin region. Th ere are also plans to establish 4 to 8 sites over the next 1 to 2 years in additional Nunavut communities. Collaboration with Parks Canada resulted in establishment of monitoring sites in northern Manitoba including seven boreholes at the York Factory Heritage site.
Progress was also made on another primary objective to measure permafrost temperatures in new and existing boreholes in Canada during the IPY to provide a ‘snapshot’ of ground thermal conditions, and provide an improved baseline against which to measure change. Data were collected from most of the existing and many new monitoring sites during the fi rst portion of the Polar Year. Baseline information was collected in regions for which little recent information was available, and existing time series were extended, enabling quantifi cation of recent changes in permafrost conditions across the Canadian north. Analyses are underway and are expected to lead to a better understanding of permafrost-climate linkages and to explain variability and change in permafrost conditions. Preliminary project results were presented through posters at NICOP, including some by graduate students involved in the project. Data collection for the entire IPY period was completed in Fall 2008 and snapshot data will be disseminated in Canadian and IPA data products at the IPY early science conference in June 2010 and through a special IPY issue of Permafrost and Periglacial Processes.
Tundra Ecosystems and Perennially Frozen Peatlands – C. Tarnocai: Two major collaborative IPY projects were initiated to study the impact of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems in the permafrost region of Canada. Th e fi rst study, led by G. Henry (UBC), deals with Arctic tundra ecosystems and the second, led by J. Bhatti (Northern Forest Research Centre, NRCAN), deals with forest and peatland ecosystems in the Mackenzie Valley. Th e information obtained during the course of these projects will be published in posters and scientifi c journals. The fi rst study, entitled “Climate Impacts on Canadian Arctic Tundra Ecosystems” (CiCAT), includes a number of subprojects (approximately 32). The subproject led by C. Tarnocai (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada) in cooperation with P. Achuff (Parks Canada), G. Broll (University of Vechta, Germany) and J. Gould (Government of Alberta) involves a long-term study of changes in the soils, permafrost, vegetation and thermal regime of High Arctic ecosystems and the eff ect of climate change on the carbon stored in the soils. Data collected during the July 2008 fi eld work in the Lake Hazen and Tanquary Fiord areas of Ellesmere Island revealed the development of an unexpectedly deep thaw never before observed during the past 18 years of this study. This rapid increase in thaw depth is supported by the soil temperature data collected at the Lake Hazen soil climate site. This unprecedented deep thaw triggered retrogressive fl ow slides, detachment slides, and severe landscape changes resulting from the thawing of ice wedges. The second study, entitled “Carbon source–sink and greenhouse gas emissions in forest and peatland ecosystems along the Mackenzie Valley,” includes approximately fi ve subprojects. The subproject led by C. Tarnocai (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada) involves carbon dynamics and carbon cycles of perennially frozen peatlands. Coring of these peat deposits was carried out during the 2007 and 2008 fi eld work at the Inuvik, Norman Wells and Fort Simpson research sites. The samples collected at these sites are being radiocarbon dated, analysed and evaluated.
Permafrost Studies on Herschel Island Linked to IPY Project 90 – W. Pollard: Activities undertaken by McGill University’s project “An integrated study of permafrost conditions on Herschel Island, Yukon” are linked to the IPY Project 90: Arctic Circumpolar Coastal Observatory Network (ACCO-Net) and stem from the regional component of a larger endeavour originally planned as an IPY activity (Vulnerability of Ice-Cored Environments (VICE) – #376).
W. Pollard and Ph.D. candidate N. Couture brought a group of four undergraduate students to the Yukon coast to undertake fi eldwork that related to establishing the extent of ground ice on Herschel Island and the impact of its thaw. Each student specialized in one topic. The first is characterizing the permafrost stratigraphy of the Pauline Cove area of Herschel Island to help determine the thaw susceptibility of this area and gain insight into paleoenvironmental conditions. The second project uses ground penetrating radar (GPR) to assess the extent of massive ground ice deposits on Herschel Island and generate a fi rst approximation of ice volume to provide the basis for a prediction of thermokarst. The third examines the re-vegetation and succession patterns of retrogressive thaw slumps, and the fi nal component of the 2008 research is the development of a geographical information system (GIS) that will provide the basis for monitoring the extent and progressive changes in thermokarst and the impact of those changes. All projects make use of baseline data collected from earlier studies on the island.
The research team also included Dr. H. Lantuit and Ph.D. student M. Fritz from the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in Potsdam, Germany. The undergraduate projects complement M. Fritz‘s doctoral work which uses a joint approach based on sedimentary, palynological, and stable isotope records to gain insight into the island’s postglacial permafrost history.
Other Activities:
GSC –Atlantic and its Collaborative NearshorePprojects in the Mackenzie Delta – S. Solomon: Work on nearshore permafrost within the bottom fast ice (BFI) zone of the Mackenzie Delta continued with the successful recovery of temperature loggers from beneath the BFI for the third year. This provides an unprecedented time series illustrating extreme interannual variability due to small variations in ice thickness and the rate of ice growth. Funding for these activities is provided by the Natural Resources Canada Program for Energy Development (PERD) and by the Northern Energy Development Program. BFI development through the 2007-08 freeze-up season was monitored using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from a variety of sensors. The availability of fully polarized SAR data in several diff erence frequency bands (C, L, and X-band) is enabling new methods for BFI mapping. This work is being undertaken in collaboration with the Centre for Cold Oceans Resource Engineering. We are also investigating applications of interferometric SAR for mapping BFI and for monitoring subsidence in the Mackenzie Delta. This work is funded by the Canadian Space Agency.
Although not directly permafrost-related, new PERDfunded projects have been initiated to improve our understanding of sediment transport in the coastal regions of the southern Beaufort Sea region and the role that sea-ice may play. Observations during spring break-up indicate that BFI plays a signifi cant role in controlling overfl ow over the sea ice surface during initial stages of the spring freshet. Vigorous upwelling at the edges of BFI mark the locations of overfl ow and small whirlpools (“strudel drains”) concentrated at the seaward edges of BFI and indicate locations of drainage. Strudel scours more than 1 m deep occur in the seabed. Th e strudel drainage process is being modeled by an M.Eng student at the University of Alberta (M. Belanger, under the supervision of F. Hicks and M. Loewen). Dr. M. A. Hoque has joined the GSCA Arctic coastal group as a visiting post-doctoral fellow to help develop models of waves, sediment transport and coastal erosion.
D. Forbes with colleagues from the Geodetic Survey of Canada (J.C. Lavergne and M. Craymer) continued their investigation of vertical ground motion in the Mackenzie Delta region using GPS measurements. Working with B. Moorman and his students, they further examined the applications of ground penetrating radar (GPR) for examining coastal permafrost. C. Stevens (Ph.D. candidate) extended his work on the identifi cation of thermal interfaces in the shallow nearshore region where the ground temperature data was collected. J. Bode (M.Sc. candidate) worked with D. Forbes to examine the role that ground ice may play controlling ground elevation and flooding extent. Nearshore ground temperatures and GPR results were presented at the NICOP in Fairbanks.
University of Ottawa – A. Lewkowicz: A. Lewkowicz and several graduate students undertook additional investigations of the spatial distribution and characteristics of permafrost in the Yukon. In collaboration with B. Etzelmüller (University of Oslo) and as a contribution to the IPY, DC resistivity profi ling was carried out at several thin permafrost sites along the Alaska Highway where permafrost has persisted over the past 44 years. Mt McIntyre, a possible borehole site close to Whitehorse, was also surveyed using this method. To enable predictive spatial modelling, the team completed two years of BTS measurements and latesummer observations of permafrost presence in five study areas across the southern half of the Yukon. Th ese data are currently being analysed and ways to incorporate vegetation and air temperature inversions into the models are being explored. In order to assess the impact of the inversions, air and ground surface temperatures, temperatures near the top of permafrost and snow depths are being recorded at almost 100 sites through the Territory. The potential infl uence is suggested by ground temperatures measured at three new IPY sites that are about 4°C warmer than would be predicted by adjusting nearby weather station data for the elevational diff erence. This is probably because they are unaff ected by the air temperature inversions that impact the weather stations, all of which are located in valley bottoms. A database of almost 1500 rock glaciers is also under construction and will be used to calibrate the spatial model between the study areas. The project, to produce detailed predictions of permafrost probability throughout the discontinuous permafrost areas of the Yukon, is planned for completion by the end of 2009.
McGill University – W. Pollard: There were four different but complementary themes to the permafrost research activities at McGill University led by W. Pollard.
(1) An integrated study of permafrost conditions on Herschel Island, Yukon, is reported above under the Canadian IPY activities.
(2) PERD Project NP 1.2.2: Massive ground ice nature and distribution. In collaboration with R. Gowan (Federal Department of Indian and Northern Aff airs) and funded by the Federal Panel on Energy Research and Development (PERD), the McGill team is also engaged in a project involving the detection and assessment of massive ground ice conditions for a range of environmentally sensitive sites related to hydrocarbon development activities in the Mackenzie Delta region. This project builds on previous PERD funded research on massive ground ice in granular deposits. As in previous PERD work, the team is conducting geophysical surveys using ground penetrating radar (GPR) and capacitive coupled resistivity (CCR). However, this project expands the scope of the earlier work by combining these techniques with frequency domain electromagnetic sounding (FEM), by using diff erent frequency GPR antennae to provide a more detailed view of near-surface ground ice stratigraphy, and by increasing the density of the surveys. In subsequent years, this data will be then be used to model terrain response for hydrocarbon production activities and potential long-term problems related to climate change.
(3) Nature and significance of perennial springs in cold permafrost. In 2008 fieldwork was undertaken at several groups of saline springs on Axel Heiberg Island, three periods of fi eldwork (March, July and September) were undertaken to characterize the response of spring discharge phenomena to seasonal changes. This is an ongoing NSERC funded project focusing on the permafrost hydrology, surface geomorphology and geochemistry of these unique spring systems. This year a series of geophysical surveys were conducted to define the subsurface extent of flow systems. Geochemical research focused on eutectic freezing processes and the formation of hydrated minerals. Th is research is related to the creation of a Mars analogue site funded by the Canadian Space Agency Canadian Analogue Research Network (CARN) Program.
(4) The response of ice-rich permafrost to climate change in the high Arctic. The main focus of this research is the assessment of ground ice distribution and thaw sensitivity of massive ground ice and ice wedge systems. In July 2008 fieldwork was conducted on Axel Heiberg, Ellesmere and Devon Islands. Included were (a) Ph.D. research by T. Haltigin on ice-wedge polygon geometry and detection and (b) M.Sc. research by J. Grom on the microclimate of a retrogressive thaw slump. Haltigin’s research has shown a strong predictive relationship between polygon geometry and the age, geology and ice content. Grom’s research has shown that there is a positive feedback between slump shape and rate of headwall retreat. W. Pollard continued the collection of microclimate data for several sites on Axel Heiberg and Ellesmere Island as well as the annual survey of retrogressive thaw slumps in the Eureka sound Lowlands. This is an ongoing project funded by NSERC and ArcticNet.
GSC-Northern Landslide Hazard Activities in the Mackenzie Valley – R. Couture: In the last three years, the Geological Survey of Canada, through the Natural Resources Canada’s Earth Science Sector Secure Canadian Energy Supply Program, has been providing new geoscience information on regional landslide hazards along a new proposed pipeline corridor in the Mackenzie Valley. A series of publications has been prepared and published in 2008 through traditional Geological Survey of Canada’s publications and scientifi c journal papers and international conferences. A GSC Open File (#5740) contains over 1800 landslides and other natural terrain hazard features (e.g. karstic sink holes, rock glacier) mapped along a proposed gas pipeline route, between Norman Wells and Inuvik, and integrated into a GIS spatial database. A second GSC Open File (#5738) includes high-resolution orthophotos and digital elevation models for three landslide-prone areas along this corridor. These Open Files are available through the following hyperlink http://gsc. nrcan.gc.ca/bookstore/index_e.php. Since 2006, InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) techniques have been used to monitor and better understand landslides and slope behaviour in permafrost that are otherwise difficult to analyse with usual geotechnical tools. D-InSAR (Differential Interferometry) analysis has led to preparation of guidelines for processing InSAR in permafrost environment. Two publications are in preparation for publication in early 2009. Also in 2006, the first ever a set of corner refl ectors (artificial permanent scatters) was installed in Canada at various landslide sites in a permafrost environment with the objectives of monitoring active landslides and slopes using a Point Target InSAR technique, (PT-InSAR). Preparation of guidelines for PT-InSAR in permafrost environment is underway with anticipated publication in 2009.
Recognizing Don Hayley’s 40 years of arctic engineering – EBA Engineering Consultants Ltd.: The staff and Board of Directors of EBA Engineering Consultants Ltd. are pleased to congratulate Mr. Don Hayley P.Eng., Director of Arctic Resource Projects for EBA’s Arctic Practice, for 40 years of consulting focused on arctic engineering, primarily related to northern resource development. During this time Don has led numerous feasibility and design studies for projects such as transportation facilities over permafrost terrain, arctic pipelines, northern mining developments, and exploratory oil and gas drilling and production structures. Don is one of Canada’s premiere proponents for responsible northern development. Don founded the Cold Regions Division of the Canadian Geotechnical Society and was its first Director. He is a past Chairman of the Canadian National Committee for the International Permafrost Association, and served on the CNC-IPA from 1988 to 2008. Don was a member of IPA Executive Committee from 2003 to 2008. He was named a Fellow of the Engineering Institute of Canada (EIC) in 2002 and more recently received the prestigious Julian B. Smith Medal from EIC for “Achievement in the Development of Canada”. Don graduated with a Bachelor’s degree from Carleton University and an M.Sc. from the University of Alberta. He has worked with EBA, a consulting engineering and sciences company practicing in western and northern Canada since 1966, in Edmonton and Peachland throughout his 40 year career. EBA, and indeed members of the Canadian permafrost community, are proud to have Don as a colleague and mentor.
Margo Burgess (mburgess@nrcan.gc.ca)
China
The majority of the 2008 permafrost and cold regions engineering studies in China were associated with the construction and maintenance of high-elevation highways and railways in Southwestern China (Qinghai-Tibet Plateau) and the construction of a 1,030-km, 813mm-diameter, ambienttemperature crude oil pipeline in Northeastern China. Additional research in permafrost science was focused on augmenting and developing basic long-term data collection at established stations in both areas.
Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Qinghai-Tibet Highway (QTH): The QTH was upgraded during 2003-2007 for hauling the large tonnages of fi ll and construction materials for building the Qinghai-Tibet Railway (QTR). Although the traffi cability has been greatly improved, however, the thaw subsidence resulting from asphaltic pavement continues, the thaw depths have reached more than 10 m beneath the road in some segments. Permafrost temperatures were monitored at more than 100 cross-sections along the QTH. Proposed Qinghai-Tibet Express Highway (QTEH): An express highway (QTEH) has been proposed paralleling the QTH and utilizing the relatively lower relief, but high elevation, naturally occurring engineering corridor from Golmud to Lhasa. A thawed belt has been proposed, however, some designers also are considering alternative routes to avoid congestion and extensive and asymmetrical (old and new lanes) thawing of the permafrost in this relatively narrow engineering corridor.
Qinghai-Kang (Western Sichuan) Highway (QKH): The QKH on the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has required major maintenance each year because the permafrost subgrade has been thawing. Several stations, with boreholes and automatic data recording, along the route, were established at Huashixia, Zuimatan and Qingshuihe.
Xinjiang-Tibet Highway (XTH): The Tianshuihai Permafrost Station established in 2007, functioned well during the 2008. More than one-year of data on ground temperatures and weather conditions were obtained and some initial analysis has been done by German and Chinese scientists both in Lanzhou, China, and Heidelberg, Germany.
Qingshuihe-Budongquan Highway (QBH): The QBH is a connecting road between the QTH and the QKH. It traverses a signifi cant amount of permafrost. Th e Sino-German Research Team from Heidelberg and Lanzhou worked together on surveys and investigations using geophysical methods. Two more permafrost stations were established at Quma’he and Chumar’he. Field data have been collected for two years. Th ese data generally include ground temperatures and weather data from automatic stations.
Qinghai-Tibet Railway (QTR): The research continued on the verifications of permafrost railbed cooling confi gurations both along the railway and at the experimental stations. To date, the foundation soils have been performing as designed. At some segments, the cooling eff ects have been better than expected, and the permafrost table beneath the railbed has risen into the base of the fi ll.
Muli Coal Mine Railway: During 2007, large-scale development of the Muli Coal Mine in Qinghai was approved, necessitating the building of an 140-km-long coal-transport railway from Reshui to Muli. About 60% of the route is underlain by Drilling permafrost. The permafrost sections are largely located in wetlands on gentle slopes, with high-ice content and warm temperatures of about -1.5 to -0.5 °C. Some mitigative measures such as block-embankments, sometimes strengthened with thermosyphons, and revegetated side protection slopes were adopted for protecting permafrost and ensuring the stability of the railway foundations. The thermal stability of permafrost foundations was monitored, studied and evaluated at six crosssections along the railway. The railway is to be in operation in 2009.
The Qilian Mountains are located on the northeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The area is rich in mineral resources, and water resources vital for the downstream economy and social development. The evaluation and exploitation for these resources have advanced the research on permafrost in the mountains. During the 1960s, some major surveys were conducted for the development of the Muli coal mine, with some permafrost data. Surveys on permafrost along the highways during the 2004-2005 period and local railway construction during 2007 also accumulated valuable data on permafrost distribution.
Since 2007, the permafrost studies on the southern slopes in the Qilian Mountains has been revived. The presence of permafrost here is closely related to wetlands, and permafrost is ice-rich. Permafrost conditions along the upper tributaries of the Shu’le River on the northern slopes at the western section of the Qilian Mountains were investigated in 2008. The climate is dry, the surface vegetation is sparse and unlike on the southern slopes, the permafrost is generally ice-poor. Permafrost is warmer compared to that at similar elevations on the southern slopes. Three monitoring sites for ground temperatures and two automatic weather stations were installed to study the permafrost.
Northeastern China
Chinese-Russian Unheated Crude Oil Pipeline (CRUCOP): The construction of the 1030-km, 813mm-diameter, unheated (ambient-temperature) crude oil pipeline (CRUCOP) is scheduled to begin in March 2009, and to require about 18 months for completion. The section in China, 953 km, is from Mo’he to Daqing and traverses about 441 km of warm (>-1°C) permafrost. The assessment of the engineering geological conditions, and predictions of frozen foundation soils around the pipeline have been completed. The design of the pipeline construction mode, basically all conventional burial, is closely elaborated with the research results at all phases of survey and design. Environmental concerns and mitigation measures for frost hazards during the construction and operation periods were carefully identifi ed and studied to minimize unnecessary costs to the environments and for construction, maintenance and operational safety. Some results of these studies will be published in a special issue “Pipelines in Permafrost Regions” of the journal Cold Regions Science and Technology.
Mo’he Airport: The other studies include a permafrost survey related to the construction of Mo’he Airport and monitoring of permafrost foundations beneath the runway. This is the fi rst airport in the permafrost regions of China. Although the mean annual air temperature was about -5°C during the past 50 years, the permafrost is warm (>-1°C) and ice-rich. Some excavations for ice-rich permafrost and refilling with coarse blocks were used to ensure the stability of the runway foundation. Several cross-sectional measurements of ground temperatures and deformations of foundation soils were installed in 2007. Some good data have been collected.
Gen’he-Yituli’he Permafrost Station: Eight boreholes were drilled in the Gen’he-Yituli’he area in the middle section of the Da Xing’anling (Hinggan) Mountains in June to July 2008 for measurements on the ground temperatures of various surface coverage conditions in the subarctic taiga forests and wetlands. Two automatic weather stations and soil moisture measurement fi elds were also established for the forested wetlands and shrubcovered wetlands in the Gen’he area. These establishments include the present permafrost station at Gen’he-Yituli’he.
The single borehole about 8 m in depth drilled in the Yituli’he town is only a few meters distance from a former borehole of about 14 m in depth. This damaged and abandoned borehole had a data series from 1981 to 2005. Inactive ice wedges groups were fi rst identified in 1987 and they were re-excavated in 2007 for detailed analysis.
Five boreholes in the Gen’he area are located inside the China Forest Ecological Research Network Station in the Da Xing’anling Mountains, 16 km north of the Gen’he city with a pollution of about 180,000. One borehole was established inside the to-be-abandoned meteorological station in the center of the city. The meteorological station had to be abandoned because of increasing urbanization and its impacts on the representativeness of the collected data. Another borehole was established about 3 km north of the meteorological station, which is in the outskirts of the city. The eight boreholes in the Gen’he areas, two automatic weather stations, and many other setups for forestry studies are aimed at the understanding of the interactions among the boreal ecosystem, permafrost, snow cover, and human activities. In particular, the rapid urbanization has been greatly impacting the permafrost and vegetation in this area.
Other Permafrost Projects Large-scale synchronous of satellite- and airborne and ground measurements of permafrost, vegetation and snow cover were also planned and conducted along the upper and middle tributaries of the Hei’he Watershed in the middle section of the Qilian Mountains. A transect study profi le from the mountain top at elevations of 4,400 m a.s.l. to the control hydrological section at 3,200 m a.s.l. was established for the long-term study at Binggou Creek. The results will be published in a special issue “WATER” on the Hydrological Processes.
Huijun Jin (huijunjin2003@yahoo.com)
Finland
There are about ten IPY coordinated projects in Finland. The leading projects are Interhemispheric Conjugacy in Geospace Phenomena and their Heliospheric Drivers (ICESTAR/IHY) and Change and variability of Arctic Systems Nordaustlandet, Svalbard (“Kinnvika”). The key participants in Finnish IPY research are the Arctic Centre, Finnish Meteorological Institute, University of Oulu, University of Lapland and Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK).
There are also about 20 institutions acting as partners in international IPY projects/consortiums, e.g. University of Helsinki, Finnish Environmental Institute, Finnish Institute of Marine Research and Geological Survey of Finland. In general, Finnish researchers are engaged with about 100 international IPY projects. More information about the projects, development of research station network and education can be found from the Finnish IPY website (www. ipy-fi nland.fi ). Related to the IPY topics, an international congress was held at the Geological Survey of Finland in Espoo, November 12-13, 2008.
In addition to the above IPY activities, several research projects and groups are working in Finland. Some of these projects started before 2008 but they have not been reported in Frozen Ground previously. The project Spatial modelling of periglacial processes under environmental change (2008–2010) (J. Hjort from the University of Helsinki, Department of Geography, and M. Luoto and M. Marmion both from the University of Oulu, Department of Geography) aims to develop and test novel approaches to model the occurrences and distributional alterations of periglacial processes in response to climate change. The ultimate goal is to make a signifi cant step forward in combining empirical, geographic information (GI) and remote sensing (RS) data to predict and analyze complex geomorphological processes at various spatial scales. The Nordic Permafrost Young Researchers Network’s contribution to the Thermal State of Permafrost project in the Nordic countries (PYRN – TSP, 2008–) (J. Hjort) project addresses the burning issue of impacts of increasing global temperatures on terrestrial permafrost. The project will provide young Nordic researchers with the means to conduct simple yet powerful measurements of permafrost conditions either in areas where records of prior observation exist (to establish recent trends) or in new undisturbed areas.
The project Global change impacts on sub-arctic palsa mires and greenhouse gas feedbacks to the climate system (PALSALARM, 2007–2008) (T.R. Carter and S. Fronzek from the Finnish Environment Institute; co-ordinating institute, and M. Luoto and M. Parviainen from the University of Oulu, Thule Institute/ Department of Geography) continued. PALSALARM brings together research groups from four institutions in the Nordic region who have hitherto worked largely independently on diff erent aspects of palsa mires. The central aim of the study is to estimate future changes in the distribution of palsa mires in Fennoscandia, and the implications of these changes for greenhouse gas budgets and nature conservation.
Biogeochemistry research group (P. Martikainen, C. Biasi and M. Repo) of the University of Kuopio continued the greenhouse gas flux measurements initiated in 2007 in discontinuous permafrost zone in Northeast European Russia. Fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O at the microsite level were measured from a peat plateau complex and adjacent shrub tundra areas. The studied ecosystem types include thermokarst lakes and soils aff ected by cryoturbation. The aim of the study is to improve our understanding of the flux dynamics and processes behind them in heterogenous Arctic landscape, characterized by the presence of permafrost and freezing and thawing processes. The flux campaigns were part of the EUfunded CARBO-North project, which aims at quantifying the carbon budget in northern Russia in past, present and future conditions (see http://www.carbonorth.net).
At the Geological Survey of Finland, the projects Development of applied geophysical techniques for mapping and monitoring permafrost (H. Vanhala, P. Lintinen, A.E.K. Ojala, H. Hirvas and I. Suppala) and Mapping and monitoring permafrost with geophysical techniques in the Komi Republic, Russia (H. Vanhala, P. Lintinen and I. Suppala) continued. Th ese projects aim to apply and develop geophysical techniques for mapping discontinuous and sporadic permafrost in Northern Finland and Vorkuta, Northwest Russia. An additional objective is the longer-term monitoring of the state of permafrost in the study regions. The first project started in 2004 with a series of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) measurements at the Ridnitsohkka fell in Northern Finland. ERT measurements have repeated 2005 and 2008. In addition to ERT, OhmMapper, GPR and gravity measurements have been used. The second project started in 2007 with a series geophysical measurements (electrical resistivity tomography, ERT and multi-frequency MaxMin Slingram).
Jan Hjort (jan.hjort@helsinki.fi )
France
Started in 2006, the objective of the Hydro-sensor-FLOWS project (2006-2010, IPY#16) is to investigate the hydrology of the Loven-East Glacier basin (10 km2, Brøgger peninsula, Svalbard) by continuous monitoring of the dynamics of the runoff , the snow cover, the ablation/accumulation limit of the glacier and the glacier itself. The project is coordinated by M. Griselin (UMR Th ema, Besançon) and C. Marlin (UMR IDES, Orsay) in association with SET (Pau), FEMTO (Besançon) and AWI (Potsdam).
During the 2008 field work, we gathered hydroglacio- climatological data for a second complete hydrological year, that allows a comparison with the past year (2006-2007). Th e hydrological year 2007-2008 is different than last year: the winter 2007-2008 was much more snowy and the summer was colder, with less direct radiation. This provides a glaciological balance more favourable for the glacier than in 2006-2007. The volume variation of snow and ice of the glacier is known by the set-up of 30 ice stakes and the 30 snow drill holes. The data obtained by the recorders (multi-parameters probes) set up on the catchment (outlet and two tributaries), as well as those obtained by chemical and isotopic analysis on water samples, allowed us to address the cause-effect relationships between the various parameters involved (climate, geological, hydrological) on the runoff at a daily and hourly time-scale. The data show that the runoff is more dependent on thermal conditions on the glacier than on the amount of precipitation. The flood peaks are controlled both by the amount of heat accumulated on the glaciers of the period 24 hours or 48 hours before the flood and the amount of precipitation if any. The isotopic measurements (O-18 and H-2) have been used to study the origin of water at the outlet: the separation of flows between supra-glacial meltwater at various altitudes and subglacial water is possible.
Since 2007, the CLIMAFLU ANR project is dedicated to the study of the impact of the recent global warming on the erosional process of the largest arctic fluvial system, the Lena River in Yakutia, by means of hydro-climatic data and spatial analysis of fluvial forms mobility. Th is project is coordinated by F. Costard (IDES laboratory, Orsay) and E. Gautier and D. Brunstein (Laboratoire de Géographie Physique, Meudon) in cooperation with Prof. F. Fedorov and P. Konstantinov from the Permafrost Institute in Yakutsk, Russia. The flood plain at the latitude of Yakutsk is dominated by outburst floods within a continuous and deep permafrost zone. On the basis of the satellite image analysis, different sites have been selected, where precise topographic and bathymetric surveys have been conducted in May and August 2008. The use of a laser theodolite on dewatered areas, will allow the elaboration of annual Digital Elevation Models. The comparison of these DEM before and after the annual flood will give precise information about the efficiency of the discharge on the spatial distribution of erosion and sedimentation. The precise topographic and bathymetric surveys are completed by sediment trapping systems. By this way, we will evaluate the annual bank retreat of channels and islands and to quantify the annual deposition. Different data loggers have been used to evaluate the evolution of the permafrost thermal regime with time for the next few years.
Dr. Decaulne (CNRS UMR 6042 Geolab and GDR 3062 Mutations Polaires) develops the Holocene slope activity research in subpolar areas from stratigraphical profi les analysis in Northern Iceland. Results show an increasing activity of mass movements during the last 1000 years, without pronounced climatic signals, but with probable implication from human activity. Also, in a natural hazard and risk mitigation perspective, she pursues her work on geomorphic evidence of past- and present-day snow avalanches and debris fl ows, both in the direct surrounding of inhabited areas and in remote areas to recognise extreme events occurrence and magnitude. This research is carried out in partnership with Dr. Þ. Sæmundsson, director of the Natural Research Center of Northwestern Iceland, Sauðárkrókur, Iceland. Collaboration with S. Conway, Open University, UK, took a step further with the second field season carried in Northwest Iceland on the comparison of terrestrial and Martian debris flows. Dr. Decaulne is also the Geosciences Coordinator within the group of Association of Polar Early Career Scientists.
The periglacial group of the University of Caen (UMR CNRS 6143) carried out laboratory experiments to address the genesis of Martian gullies observed on sand dunes (collaborator F. Costard, UMR CNRS 8148). Preliminary results suggest that the typical morphology of gullies observed on Mars can best be reproduced by the formation of linear debris flows related to the melting of a near-surface ground ice within silty materials. This physical modelling highlights the role of the periglacial conditions, especially the active-layer thickness during debrisflow formation.
François Costard (fcostard@geol.u-psud.fr)
Germany
The German National Science Foundation (DFG) has funded a coordinated group of projects with the title “Sensitivity of Mountain Permafrost to Climate Change – SPCC”, consisting of fi ve collaborating individual projects. The aim is to bridge the gap between climate simulations and the analysis of surface and subsurface characteristics for an assessment of the sensitivity of mountain permafrost dynamics.
The projects include: “Ground-atmosphere modelling: Strategies to combine RCM and subsurface simulations” (C. Hauck, G. Schädler, Ch. Kottmeier – University Karlsruhe); “Quantitative assessment of permafrost degradation using coupled geophysical and thermal monitoring systems” (R. Mäusbacher, C. Hilbich – University Jena); “Spatial assessment of permafrost characteristics and dynamics in alpine periglacial environments” (C. Kneisel – University Würzburg); “Sensitivity of rock permafrost to regional climate change scenarios and implications for rock wall instability” (R. Dikau, M. Krautblatter – University. Bonn) and “Monitoring and process analysis of permafrost creep and failure in changing temperature regimes” (I. Roer – University Bonn). Main field sites include the Zugspitze (Bavarian Alps) and several stations within the PACE and PERMOS networks in Switzerland (e.g. Murtèl/Corvatsch).
At the University of Bonn, the permafrost research group currently monitors three field sites in permafrost rock walls in Germany, Austria and Switzerland to detect permafrost fluctuations and resulting rock wall instabilities. Rock creep and rockfall are investigated with geodesy, extensometers, and laser scanning. Distribution and changes of rock permafrost are assessed at a stability-relevant scale with ERT (electrical resistivity tomography), P and S-wave refraction seismics and IP (induced polarization), and are referenced by temperature measurements (Krautblatter and Hauck 2007, JGR). At the Zugspitze, seasonal permafrost thaw in a steep north face was monitored monthly over the summer 2007 (M. Krautblatter and S. Verleysdonk). The subproject SORP (Sensitivity Of Rock Permafrost to regional climate change scenarios and implications for rock wall instability) based at the University of Bonn, will be supported by M. Moser and J. Rohn from the Engineering Geology Section at the University of Erlangen and by A. Kemna from the Applied Geophysics Section at the University of Bonn.
At the Department of Physical Geography, University of Würzburg, C. Kneisel is continuing surface temperature monitoring in northern Sweden along an altitudinal transect. In the Swiss Alps subsurface temperatures are monitored in the Bever Valley. Here, D. Schwindt has started his Ph.D. thesis on geophysical mapping of the extent of small permafrost lenses and evaluation of the interaction of temperature regime with surface and subsurface factors. Geoelectrical monitoring of permafrost characteristics and active layer thickness is continued in the Muragl glacier forefi eld.
At the University of Giessen, the permafrost research group (led by L. King) continued studies in the Matter and Saas Valleys (Swiss Alps). O. Wild specialized on a new permafrost modelling approach, C. C. Maag studied the impact of global warming and building measurements on rock and ice temperatures at Kleinmatterhorn (3820 m a.s.l.), and L. Bödger-Mayrink focused on glacier hazards due to climate change. The Departments of Geography of Giessen and Zurich are continuing the monitoring and analysis of the PACE-data at the Stockhorn (3410 m a.s.l.).
A Chinese-German joint project investigating the Late- Quaternary landscape development on the northern Tibetan Plateau, China, is in progress at the University of Berlin (B. Wünnemann) , the RWTH Aachen (F. Lehmkuhl, G. Stauch), and the AWI Potsdam (B. Diekmann), in cooperation with the University of Lanzhou, and the CAS in Lanzhou and Nanjing. Research topics comprise lake and permafrost dynamics, glacial and periglacial landforms and processes, and the reconstruction of regional climatic change, inferred from terrestrial and lacustrine sedimentary records. The studies are part of the DFG program “Tibetan Plateau: Formation, Climate, Ecosystems – TiP”.
Polar Activities:
The 11th Russian-German Expedition to the research station Samoylov, Lena Delta, took place from July to October 2008. Long-term methane emission measurements of wet polygonal tundra were continued along with the study of the functional microbial ecology of methane-cycling microorganisms using stable-isotope techniques. The ongoing project is a collaboration between scientists from the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) (D. Wagner), the Sukachev’s Institute of Forest, Krasnoyarsk, the Permafrost Institute in Yakutsk, the ETH Zurich, and Hamburg University. The Hamburg University team also performed studies of the N-fluxes in permafrost soils and sediments (E. M. Pfeiff er). Field work on Kurungnakh Island, central Lena Delta, is aimed at understanding the interaction between ice-rich sediments (Yedoma) and morphometry and evolution of lake basins and the related landscape dynamics (A. Morgenstern, M. Ulrich).
An expedition to Seward Peninsula (“East Beringia 2008”) by scientists from the AWI Potsdam, the Senckenberg Research Institute, Weimar, and the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) followed the NICOP in Fairbanks. Modern tundra vegetation, ostracod associations, sedimentary permafrost sequences including ground ice and electrical resistivity profiling were undertaken near the mouth of the Kitluk River. A second team from the AWI and the UAF (P. P. Overduin, S. Westermann, K. Yoshikawa) studied the near-shore submarine permafrost distribution in the Barrow region by means of Electrical Resistivity Tomography.
In the frame of INTAS-Project “Permafrost dating by cosmogenic 36Cl and 10Be” and IPY Project “Past Permafrost”, the AWI Potsdam (S. Wetterich, L. Schirrmeister) joined the Russian expedition “Beringia” of the IPBPSS Pushchino to the Kolyma River in August 2008. The main aims were to study permafrost sequences along riverbanks and to extract palaeoenvironmental archives and modern ostracod associations and their physico-chemical living conditions. ICDP deep drillings into permafrost and lake sediments of Elgygytgyn Impact Crater, Chukotka, started in autumn 2008 (icdp-online. org). The AWI Potsdam group participated in this drilling project by studying the permafrost history reflected in frozen ground and lake sediments through a multi-proxy approach (sedimentology, mineralogy, ground ice chemical properties, bio-indicators, permafrost borehole geophysical data) (G. Schwamborn, L. Schirrmeister) and with the help of the stable oxygen isotope record from lacustrine diatoms (H. Meyer, B. Chapligin). A new 141.5m deep borehole was drilled in the vicinity of the lake and instrumented with a permanent high temporal resolution temperature logger, which will contribute to the GTN-P network.
AWI continued its collaboration with McGill University, Canada (W. Pollard, N. Couture) with the objective to better understand coastal erosion dynamics of the northern Yukon and associated geochemical fl uxes. AWI also conducted an expedition in August 2008 (H. Lantuit, M. Fritz) to study the palaeoenvironmental history of the Yukon coast and to establish a time frame of the Wisconsin glaciation and ground ice history around Herschel Island.
Within the scope of the Helmholtz Research Alliance “Planetary Evolution and Life”, two new projects started in spring 2008: (1) Physics and Biology of Interfacial Water (D. Wagner), which estimates the role of under-cooled water for the off spring of life in Martian environments. Methanogenic archaea isolated from Siberian permafrost will be used as model organisms in laboratory-based studies. (2) Comparisons of Martian and terrestrial permafrost features (L. Schirrmeister) using morphometric analyses of periglacial structures in key regions on Mars and Earth. The outcome will be based on results from the field campaigns to the Lena Delta in 2008 and to Svalbard in 2009.
The AWI young investigator group SPARC (“Sensitivity of Permafrost in the ARCtic”, J. Boike) focused on field expeditions to maintain ongoing monitoring efforts. It included expeditions to sites in Siberia (Lena Delta) Spitsbergen (Ny-Ålesund), Alaska (Barrow) and Canada (Polar Bear Pass). Measurements comprise meteorological, soil and eddy covariance data, highresolution air photography using balloons, IR thermography imagery, and ERT profiles. Next to these evaporation rates, snow properties and thickness distribution, stream flow, and spatially distributed surface properties were assessed. DEMs and hydrological models of the investigated regions on Spitsbergen and in Siberia are in development.
A new study group on permafrost (Arbeitskreis Permafrost) has been formed within the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Polarforschung (German Society for Polar Research), aimed at scientists from German speaking countries (Germany, Switzerland, Austria). At its first annual meeting at AWI Potsdam in October 2008, a large number of ongoing studies relating to polar and mountain permafrost were presented. Follow-up meetings are planned on an annual basis.
Lorenz King and Clemens C. Maag (lorenz.king@geogr.uni-giessen.de)
Italy
In 2008, the IPA Italian community was focused on the participation in the NICOP where several Italians were present. The Italian representatives produced three papers as fi rst author (Guglielmin et al., Cannone and Guglielmin, Pogliotti et al.) and another three papers as co-authors on topics ranging from alpine permafrost to Antarctic and Martian permafrost. In addition four extended abstracts were also presented as posters.
Antarctic research was severely hindered by national funding issues but the download of the data and the maintenance of the automatic permafrost monitoring stations at Boulder Clay and Oasi (M. Guglielmin) and of the ice-wedges monitoring thermal regime (R. Raffi ) were assured. The results of previous Antarctic campaigns (in cooperation with Canadian, German and British colleagues) were nonetheless published in various international journals.
Another focal point for the Italian community has been the preparation of a new European project in the framework of the EU Alpine Space Programme 2007 – 2013: PermaNET (Permafrost Long-term Monitoring Network) that was approved and will be funded. The project aims at establishing a common strategy for dealing with permafrost analyses though the creation of an Alpine-wide monitoring network and of guidelines for the consideration of permafrost in risk and water resources management. The kick-off meeting of the project was held in Bolzano/Bozen on September 4-5. The Project includes five Italian partners: Bolzano Province, lead partner; Arpa Piemonte, Regione Valle d’Aosta (with Arpa VDA and FMS involved), Trento Province and Regione Veneto.
In the Western Alps a first project to map permafrost and correlated landforms was carried out in the framework of cooperation between Arpa Piemonte and Insubria University (M. Guglielmin). A new inventory of the rock glaciers and the protalus rampart of the whole Piemonte was fi nalized and a provisional permafrost map (obtained by empirical models) was obtained and used as first step to the research that Arpa Piemonte and Insubria University (as subcontractor) will continue in the framework of the PermaNET.
A. Ribolini, with his group of Pisa University, pursues the research focused on three diff erent topics (permafrost and ground ice distribution, relationships between rock glaciers and glaciers, freeze-thaw cycles eff ects on alpine geomorphology) in a marginal Mediterranean sector of the Alps as the Maritime Alps. In particular, the Vei del Bouc rock glacier in the Argentera Massif (Maritime Alps) was surveyed using a new highly transportable georadar device, equipped with a 25 MHz antenna and produced by the I.D.S. company (www.ids-spa.it). Preliminary results show a high signal penetration (about 25 m depth) and well visible refl ections at various depths. Shallow ice presence seems to occur in the lodgement till above the apical part of the rock glacier.
In the Cothian Alps, Italy, the DC resistivity tomography surveys carried out on the Col de l’Agnel rock glacier represent the fi rst step of a research program that the Universities of Pisa (A. Ribolini) and Insubria (M. Guglielmin) intend to develop in the Monviso area. Preliminary results report on a near-surface (0-10 m depth) concentration of sediments that are highly to extremely highly resistive (> 2-6 MOm), resting onto slightly frozen and unfrozen debris. An interaction with a glacier potentially present during the Little Ice Age is under examination. The temperature monitoring of Rocca dell’Abisso block field has continued hourly and at diff erent depths, reaching the second year of measurements.
In June 2008 the European project ‘PERMAdataROC’ (INTERREG IIIA – ALCOTRA) was concluded. The Italian partners ARPA Valle d’Aosta (Arpa VDA), CNR-IRPI of Turin and Fondazione Montagna Sicura (FMS – project leader) have been involved. The project led to the development of an integrated strategy for the study and monitoring of rockwall instabilities in high-mountain areas (Mont Blanc Massif and Matterhorn) aff ected by permafrost degradation. The research directions were:
(1) CNR-IRPI, FMS – creation of a database of rockfalls occurred in the Mont Blanc Massif area (at elevation greater than 2000 m a.s.l.) from the past until now. The database will be updated on the basis of reports provided by Alpine Guides and huts owners specifi cally trained to fi ll a survey form describing future events.
(2) ARPA VdA – development and test of strategy for thermal monitoring of near vertical rockwalls in high-mountain environments. A total of seven sites with more than 30 temperature loggers installed have been equipped for the hourly record of: (i) rock temperature at depths of 3, 30 and 55 cm, (ii) air temperature and humidity, (iii) wind speed and direction, and (iv) incoming and outgoing shortwave and longwave radiation. Collected data series are actually used for the validation and calibrations of physical based models in collaboration with the Glaciology, Geomorphodynamics & Geocronology Group of the University of Zurich.
(3) CNRS-EDYTEM (France) FMS – development of a monitoring methodology for rockwalls morphological activities in high-mountain environments using frequently repeated LIDAR surveys and terrestrial photogrammetry (see France‘s report). All details about this project are available on the web. (http://www.fondazionemontagnasicura.org/multimedia/ permadataroc/).
During the 2007 and 2008 in the Valle d‘Aosta Region, Northwest Italy, a monitoring site (Cime Bianche, 3100 m a.s.l.), initiated in 2005 through collaboration between ARPA VdA and Insubria University, has been progressively implemented with new instrumentation. The set-up includes: (i) one borehole of 41 m depth equipped with 25 temperature nodes, (ii) one borehole of 6 m depth equipped with 15 temperature nodes, (iii) one CALM grid of 40×10 meters area for soil temperature measurement at 2 and 30 cm depths, (iv) one automatic weather station (MAWS) for the measurements of standard meteorological parameters including snow depth, and (v) one system for the measurement at different depths of the temperature, heat flux and permittivity into the snow pack. Currently more than two years of continuous data series are available.
On the eastern side of Rosa Massif, Insubria University finalized a geophysical and geomorphological investigation in the area of Lago delle Locce to understand the evolution of permafrost and buried ice distribution in the last 30 years comparing the new results with what W. Haeberli and F. Epifani carried out in the 1970’s. In Upper Valtellina, Central Alps, N. Cannone continues the research on the relationship between vegetation and permafrost degradation in the Stelvio area. A new program for monitoring CO2 emissions in permafrost and permafrostfree areas characterized by different vegetation types has been started. M. Guglielmin continues to maintain the monitoring of the Stelvio PACE borehole and two other shallower boreholes on Foscagno rock glacier where the program of monitoring relationships between snow, permafrost and vegetation is being pursued.
The monitoring activity of several rock glaciers located in the Adamello Presanella and Ortles Cevedale mountain groups (Central Italian Alps) continued also in 2008, leaded by R. Seppi (Pavia University) and A. Carton (University of Padova). In particular, the fourth consecutive year of data on the ground near-surface thermal regime were retrieved from ten sites located on rock glaciers. In addition, ten ground surface temperature monitoring sites were set up in the framework of a Ph.D. thesis (L. Carturan, University of Padova). The monitoring activity on the thermal characteristics of several springs discharging from rock glaciers also continued in the two mountain groups.
In collaboration with the local Geological Survey, Autonomous Province of Trento, topographic surveys on two rock glacier were repeated for the sixth year, continuing an activity started in 2001. The thermal and topographic data series were partially processed by M. Zumiani and included in his Master thesis at the University of Padova (tutors: M. Meneghel and R. Seppi).
A study on a rock glacier originating from a Little Ice Age moraine of the now vanished glacier of Cima dell‘Uomo, Bocche Range, Dolomites, has just started. Monitoring of climate, ground surface temperature and geophysical investigation along with survey and mapping are planned (A. Carton, M. Meneghel and R. Seppi). The research group leaded by R. Rigon of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Trento, started to deal with alpine cryosphere since 2004. Part of the research aims at analyzing the hydrological balance and the energy and mass exchange on glaciers (S. Endrizzi). The other branch of the research, mainly conducted through the Ph.D. of M. Dall‘Amico in cooperation with S. Gruber, University of Zürich, is directed to alpine permafrost modelling and aims at simulating the thermal state of soil in high mountain environments. This will be accomplished by the coupled thermal-hydrological model GEOtop customized for permafrost environments.
Mauro Guglielmin (mauro.guglielmin@uninsubria.it)
Japan
In the Daisetsu Mountains, Hokkaido, northern Japan, surface energy balance observations have started during the summer 2008, aiming at physically-based understanding of mosaic-like distribution of permafrost (T. Maeda, G. Iwahana, M. Ishikawa, H. Arai and N. Matsuoka).
The automatic weather systems provide concurrent data on radiation components, air temperature, rainfall, humidity and wind components (by sonic anemometer-thermometer) at permafrost and immediately adjacent topermafrost-free sites. Stable isotope analysis was also introduced to evaluate the origin of surface water on summit areas underlain by permafrost (H. Arai, M. Ishikawa, A. Sugimoto, G. Iwahana and T. Maeda). Water was sampled from seasonally and permanently frozen ground, rainfalls, snowmelts and small tributaries.
In the northern Japanese Alps, rockfall activity and supranival debris sliding were investigated (Y. Kariya, Y. Matsunaga, Y. Miyazawa, J. Komori, M. Ishii, G. Sato, K. Tomita and S. Iwata). During the ablation period in 2007, the position, size and lithology of all fallen debris on perennial snow patches in the valley floor were measured every month, and these data were used to estimate the mode and rate of debris production. Supranival block sliding was monitored with an automatic camera. Snow ablation and bedrock thermal regimes were also monitored. In the alpine and subalpine zones of the northern Japanese Alps, geology and geomorphology of landslides were studied (Y. Kariya, G. Sato, J. Komori and K. Tomita). Sedimentological and Quaternary chronological information was newly obtained from the Mt. Shiroumadake and Mt. Chogatake areas. Collected data show that non-sorted chaotic sediments, which have previously been considered to be a glacial origin, are more likely to have originated from a large landslide and/or a debris avalanche.
Intensive field campaigns have been undertaken in the southern Japanese Alps from 2007 to 2008. One group, composed of scientists from Meiji University and other institutions (T. Koyama, A. Amaizawa, N. Takahashi, S. Sawaguchi, M. Aoyama and Y. Sugawara), studied periglacial geomorphology of the Mt. Akaishi-dake area during the summers of 2007 and 2008. Th e topics include mapping of patterned ground, structural analysis and thermal monitoring of solifl uction lobes, as well as thermal and chronological characteristics of rock glaciers. Another group (R. Nishii, N. Matsuoka and A. Ikeda, University of Tsukuba) continued monitoring of rock and soil slope dynamics in the Mt. Ainodake area. Newly introduced techniques are visual recording of stone movement with an automatic camera and diff erential GPS for monitoring annual movement of rock glaciers. Detailed monitoring of rock creep and sliding has also been undertaken on the top of a rockslide by both automatic and periodical manual observations. The data show seasonal variation in rock movement associated mainly with thawing of snow and seasonal frost, as well as with large rainfalls in summer.
A synthetic study on the permafrost of the Fuji volcano, the highest peak in Japan (3776 m asl), was started by postdocs (A. Ikeda, G.. Iwahana, K. Fukui, T. Sueyoshi and Y. Sawada) with the help of senior researchers (T. Tamura, K. Harada and K. Saito), a visiting researcher (A. Kellerer-Pirklbauer) and graduate students (T. Watanabe and R. Nishii). In 2008, a 3-m deep borehole and a 2-m automatic weather station were constructed on the summit area. A monitoring network of shallow ground temperature was also set on the north- and south-facing slopes. In addition, hydrological conditions in the pyroclastic rock and lava were examined by applied geophysical methods to estimate permafrost distribution. The project is planned to be enlarged and continued for long-term monitoring of the environmental changes and studying interaction between permafrost and volcanic activity.
Several overseas projects are also on going. Model experimental sites established in Svalbard have provided data on thermal contraction cracking in ice- and soil-wedge polygons, rock weathering and movement of a polar rock glacier, as well as their controlling parameters, with a variety of methods (N. Matsuoka). The project is a collaboration with UNIS (H.H. Christiansen) and University of Oslo (O. Humlum) as part of the IPA periglacial group activity aiming at standardizing monitoring techniques and extending the monitoring network. Detailed geophysical sounding was applied to detect subsurface frost wedge structures under non-sorted polygons with a wide range of diameter and composed of diff erent materials at two locations in Svalbard (T. Watanabe). In August 2008, an educational project related to IPY Project No. 50 (TSP) was conducted in Svalbard, as a part of ‘International University Course on High Arctic Permafrost Landscape Dynamics in Svalbard and Greenland’. Three Japanese graduate students attended the lectures, fi eldwork and laboratory analysis in UNIS, Adventdalen and Kapp Linne, guided by H.H. Christiansen, B. Elberling (Univ. Copenhagen) and N. Matsuoka.
In Alaska, the project ‘2004 Forest Fire Impacts to Hydrological Cycles, Permafrost and Eco Systems in Central Alaska’ has continued since 2005 in order to monitor permafrost conditions after severe wildfire (K. Harada and K. Saito). In August 2008, observations including manual measurements of thaw depth were carried out at the Kougarok site near Nome. Measurements of surface roughness were also conducted to compare with the satellite data. Since 2007 ground temperatures have been monitored with data loggers to obtain continuous data of thaw depth and ground temperature and to understand the effect of the wildfire on the permafrost condition and vegetation recovery. The study area of rock glacier research in Alaska by A. Ikeda was shifted from the Brooks Range in the Arctic to the Alaska Range in the central Alaska after the NICOP. The focus of the study was also changed from distribution characteristics of rock glaciers to the direct monitoring of processes related to debris and ice accumulation on rock glaciers.
Long-term monitoring campaigns still continue in the Swiss Alps. The monitoring focused on frost weathering, heave, creep, solifluction and permafrost creep (N. Matsuoka and A. Ikeda). Differential GPS was newly introduced to monitor annual movement of rock glaciers and solifl uction lobes. K. Fukui, National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR) undertook a permafrost research expedition in the South Chuyskiy Range, Russia Altai Mountains, in the summer of 2008. The expedition is joint research between NIPR and Altai State University (Prof. Mikhailov, Dr. Ostanin and Dr. Troshkin). They installed ground temperature sensors in ice wedge polygons in the Akkol Valley, and found a large pingo originated from the Little Ice Age moraine in the Tardura Valley (2100 m a.s.l.) and many rock glaciers in the Yelanzash Valley (2400 m a.s.l.).
Finally, ISOP (Informal Seminar on Permafrost) hosted meetings several times in Sapporo at the Hokkaido University, aiming at exchanging information on permafrost monitoring and planning joint fi eld campaigns.
Norikazu Matsuoka (matsuoka@geoenv.tsukuba.ac.jp)
Mongolia
Over the past 12 years N.Sharkhuu (retired from Institute of Geography, MAS) individually prepared most of permafrost monitoring boreholes in Mongolia, expanding from year to year and conducting permafrost monitoring of Mongolia within the framework of international CALM and GTN-P programs in close collaboration with F. Nelson and N. Shiklomanov from University of Delaware (with its fi nancial and data logger support) and with V. Romanovsky and K. Yoshikawa from University of Alaska Fairbanks (who recently supplied nine HOBO U12 dataloggers). At present, there are 44 CALM and GTN-P boreholes in Mongolia. 23 boreholes are equipped with temperature data loggers.
The Mongolian IPY Expression of Intent # 1129 is the main component of CALM and GTN-P programs in Mongolia, and is part of the IPA contribution to the Thermal State of Permafrost IPY Project 50.. This year’s investigations were the continuation of the activities described in Frozen Ground Number 31.
During three weeks in September Romanovsky, Yoshikawa, and N. Sharkhuu, conducted field investigations at almost all borehole sites in the Hovsgol, Hangai and Hentei mountainous regions, In the Hovsgol region we measured permafrost temperatures in 24 boreholes, including precise temperature measurements in three deep boreholes down to depths of 130- 200 m containing 50-150 m thick permafrost. In late May Sharkhuu drilled a 16 m deep borehole on Nalayh pingo top near Ulaanbaatar and collected 100 samples of pingo ice for Yoshikawa’s isotope analysis. We also plan to drill the 20 m high pingo top in the Hovsgol region, where artesian waters under 28 m thick massive ice (or at 32 m depth) was detected during borehole drilling in 1968.
In September, Y. Jambaljav, Institute of Geography, MAS, drilled nine, 10 m deep boreholes for permafrost monitoring in the Mongolian Altai and southern Hangai mountain regions. Based on N.Sharkhuu’s recommendation and old data, most of the drilled boreholes were located at locations where old boreholes were drilled and investigated 24-34 years ago. Ground temperature measurements in the boreholes are planned to start in August 2009. Soil temperature measurements in a series of mainly 2-3 m deep holes at Terelj and Nalayh observation sites near Ulaanbaatar have been running for the last six years within the cooperation framework between Japanese IORGC and Mongolian Institute of Geography.
N.Sharkhuu attended the NICOP in Fairbanks and represented Mongolia at the IPA Council meetings. The main results on TSP and CALM in Mongolia were presented at NICOP sessions and the CALM workshop. N. Sharkhuu wishes to express many thanks to Professor Larry D. Hinzman, director of IARC for sponsorship to attend the NICOP.
Natsagdorj Sharkhuu (sharkhuu_n@yahoo.com)
The Netherlands
In the framework of the study of the ecology of breeding and moulting geese and wader birds using the Northwest-European migration routes, expeditions focusing on permafrost have continued in 2008.
In the delta of the Pyasina River investigations focused on permafrost dynamics and the understanding of the permafrost at Cape East on the Pyasina Delta, Taimyr, northern Siberia (74° 06‘ N, 86° 44‘ E). The research is carried out by Alterra Wageningen UR (B.S. Ebbinge, contact person GBM Pedroli) and the Netherlands Institute of Ecological Research (NIOO, B. Nolet) in collaboration with Russian partners (Heritage Institute, Moscow). In 2008 the percentage of tundra covered by snow was surveyed daily on a 2-km line transect, until snow was completely melted. The thaw depth over the permafrost was measured on the same transect at three dates during the second part of the field season. The vegetation on the transect was surveyed by recording the presence-absence of six indicative plant species.
Active layer thawing was observed to be considerably shallower in 2008 than in 2006 when it was especially intensive. This is mainly due to late spring and late snowmelt in 2008. Spatial variation in active layer thawing is correlated with the type of vegetation. Thawing is shallower where Sphagnum, Eriophorum polystachum and Salix reptans are present, and deeper where Salix polaris and Dupontia fisheri are present.
Research on carbon and water exchange of taiga and tundra ecosystems in eastern Siberia was performed in cooperative projects with the Institute for Biological Problems Cryolithozone (IBPC) of the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Yakutsk and the Vrije Universiteit (VU) in Amsterdam, Department of Hydrology and Geo- Environmental Sciences. Recently, the University of Utrecht (paleoecology) and Wageningen University (vegetation Ecology) have been involved. This project is partly funded by the Dutch Organization of Scientifi c Research (NWO), the Darwin Centre for Biogeology and the NWO Dutch-Russian Scientific Cooperation Fund .
In a larch/birch forest near Yakutsk (Spasskaya Pad Field Station) and on a tundra site near Chokhurdakh in the Indigirka lowlands (Kytalyk Reserve) flux measurements have been made with eddy correlation towers. From 2004 onwards, this research has been extended with flux chamber measurements of methane fluxes and a survey of active layer thickness and temperature. The aim is to estimate the annual exchange rates and their interannual variability, and to determine the sensitivity to environmental factors of the fluxes.
Apart from a methane flux measurement campaign on tundra and floodplain environments and on thermokarst lakes, vegetation ecological experiments were set up and lake bottom sediments were sampled for paleoecological research. Also a site was established for long-term monitoring of active layer thickness. In the summer of 2008, for the first time eddy covariance measurements using a cavity ringdown laser system were successfully set up and operated at the tundra site.
Jef Vandenberghe (jef.vandenberghe@falw.vu.nl)
New Zealand
At least five New Zealanders attended the NICOP in Alaska, a highlight being the presentation of the fi rst TransAntarctic Mountain region soil and permafrost maps as a contribution to ANTPAS (the Antarctic Permafrost and Soil Group) (Balks et al., Bockheim et al., McLeod et al., in the NICOP proceedings).
New Zealand has two Ph.D. students leading and commencing Antarctic soil and permafrost related fi eld projects this summer. T. O‘Neill, from the University of Waikato is investigating impacts of human activities on Antarctic soils and permafrost and will be travelling to the Ross Sea Region, with M. Balks. F. Shanhun, from Lincoln University, will be studying carbonates in the soils with P. Almond, S. Smith and J. Bockheim.
Two researchers at Canterbury University, S. Allen and I. Owens, have been undertaking permafrost research in the Southern Alps, in collaboration with C. Huggel of Switzerland. They are investigating the distribution of mountain permafrost, a relatively unresearched area in New Zealand.
M. Balks was invited to give the prestigious „Norm Taylor Memorial Lecture“ at the joint New Zealand and Australian Soil Science Society‘s conference in December this year. She will be highlighting the Antarctic and Arctic permafrost work in her lecture entitled „Footprints at the ends of the Earth; impacts and management of human activities on frozen soils“. This will be an opportunity to raise the profile of frozen ground research to the wider Australasian soils community.
Megan Balks (m.balks@waikato.ac.nz)
Norway
TSP Norway IPY project activities: The Permafrost Observatory project: A contribution to the thermal state of permafrost in Norway and Svalbard (TSP Norway) was introduced in the last issue.
In the 2007-2008 winter we had a drilling campaign in Svalbard from February to May, and established 12 new boreholes, with a total of 173 m. The deepest borehole is 39 m. Eight boreholes in different landforms are located in the Longyearbyen area in central Svalbard, and three on the strandfl at in the Kapp Linne area, western Svalbard and one in Ny Ålesund, NW Svalbard. All boreholes are now instrumented with thermistor strings, and two are online in the Longyearbyen area.
In the 2008 summer, fieldwork focused on downloading data from the boreholes and from periglacial landformmonitoring both in northern Norway and in Svalbard. In northern Norway geophysical investigations were carried out to delimit permafrost in collaboration with international TSP partners from Universities of Karlsruhe (C. Hauck) and Jena (C. Hilbich), Germany, and the University of Ottawa, Canada (A. Lewkowicz). Year round observations of diff erent periglacial landforms are running intensively in the Longyearbyen area involving several students doing fieldwork, study of active layer thawing, water/ice content from resistivity measurements, icewedge activity, solifluction activity and rock glacier thermal processes.
The ‘International University Course on High Arctic Permafrost Landscape Dynamics’ was run very successfully as a UNIS course with support from TSP Norway and the Nordic Council of Ministers, with 10 students obtaining more than 20m of sediment cores from the permafrost in Svalbard and Zackenberg, NE Greenland. Lecturers were H.H. Christiansen and B. Elberling (both UNIS). Japanese students participated in the Svalbard part of the course led by N. Matsuoka.
The NORPERM, the first Norwegian permafrost database, has reached its version 1.0, and is ready for the first full year of permafrost and active layer temperature data to be entered into the database during autumn 2008. Th e project made several presentations at AGU in December 2007, and at EGU and at NICOP in 2008 in addition to having many visitors especially in Svalbard and at our website: www.tspnorway.com. TSP Norway partners will play a strong role in organizing the Third European Conference on Permafrost (EUCOP) in Svalbard in June 2010.
Geology Department, UNIS: Permafrost and periglacial studies were carried out by a group (H.H. Christiansen, H. Juliussen, L. Kristensen, U. Neumann and M. Eckersdorfer) partly under the TSP Norway project, but also under the CRYOSLOPE Svalbard project (www. skred-svalbard.no). Th e CRYOSLOPE Svalbard project started data analyses after observing 332 avalanches in 1.5 years in the 40-km, most-used snow mobile tracks around Longyearbyen. Permafrost and periglacial studies at the Geology Department at UNIS (H.H. Christiansen, O. Humlum, L. Kristensen, H. Juliussen and J. Ellehauge) continued (see previous issues of Frozen Ground for project description).
Collaboration with N. Matsuoka, University of Tsukuba, Japan, C. Harris, University of Cardiff and A. Lewkowicz, University of Ottawa, continued on ice-wedge dynamics and solifluction in Svalbard.
The intensive graduate course AG-330 Permafrost and Periglacial Environments was presented for the second time in April 2008 with 22 students. The PYRN, coordinated in Norway by H. Juliussen, arranged several talks and events for students at UNIS to raise the awareness of permafrost studies and research possibilities. On August 1, and after aproximately one year, H. Farbrot f nished working part time for the IPA Secretariat. The Secretariat moved to the Alfred Wegener Institute starting in autumn 2008.
Technology Department UNIS, NTNU and SINTEF research collaboration: The collaboration on the use of ground penetrating radar (GPR) to eff ectively survey permafrost areas and locate pure ice structures within the subsoil continued (see previous issue of Frozen Ground). In 2007 and 2008 the Efficient Soil Investigative Methods on Permafrost (ESIMP) included several fi eld surveys in Adventsdalen, Svalbard. This year a 3D ground penetrating radar was used to investigate potential benefi ts over normal 2D GPR. SINTEFs geotechnical drilling rig was used to verify the results from the GPR. The work is carried out partly by students at UNIS and SINTEF personnel.
The work connected to the Ph.D. study of F. Caline (supervised by L. Grande UNIS/NTNU) continued in 2008 mainly with registration of behaviour of the geotextile bags of diff erent material exposed to the development of sea ice and the ice break up. This work is sponsored by a group of Norwegian and French companies and institutions and aims at developing environmental friendly coastal protection in areas with ice, waves and water currents.
Master thesis in Road Building on Permafrost in Arctic climate exposed to snow avalanches and snow drift: In 2008 two students took their Masters degrees in Arcticrelated topics at The University Centre in Svalbard. M. Bratt Pedersen studied the principles of building roads on permafrost on steep terrain, and as a practical subject she focused on a new road to Mine No. 7 in Advent Valley, 15 km southeast of Longyearbyen. Ø. Skeie Hellum studied the principles of building roads on snow-drifted and avalanche exposed areas, and as a practical subject he focused on location and design of the new road to Mine No. 7. Their work has been of high interest to the mining company “Store Norske Spitsbergen Kullkompani” as their access road currently has problems with frequent avalanches, winter maintenance winter, and slope stability. Their supervisor at UNIS was Associate Professor Dr. J. O. Larsen.
Physical Geography, Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo: In 2008 B. Etzelmüller, H. Farbrot and K. Lilleøren gathered the first year’s data series from the various TSP-sites in Northern Norway within the TSP Norway IPY project. Some shallow boreholes were also drilled and instrumented at the Nordnes site, Troms. Th e new CRYOLINK-project (B. Etzelmüller, O. Humlum) funded by the Norwegian Research Council started August 1,2008, and 15 shallow boreholes were drilled along altitudinal transects in southern Norway. At five of the new sites, automatic cameras and soil moisture logging equipment were installed.
In addition, the University of Oslo in collaboration with UNIS received substantial funding for student and faculty member exchange with the University of Ottawa (A. Lewkowicz) and Carleton University (C. Burn) from SIU (Norwegian Centre for International Cooperation on Higher Education). The project covers the terrestrial cryosphere including permafrost, and was launched during a meeting in Ottawa in October 2008.
Within the EU-funded project BRAHMATWINN the mountain permafrost distribution of the Brahmaputra River basin was modelled. A rock glacier inventory was compiled using high-resolution satellite imagery over a test area in the Himalayas and compared to the modelled permafrost distribution. Roughly, the lower permafrost limit was found to be at an elevation of about 5000-5500 m a.s.l., depending on aspect. (R. Frauenfelder, A. Kääb, University of Oslo; M. Hoelzle, University of Zurich).
A new project (CORRIA) was started to develop and apply improved image processing algorithms for cross-correlation of repeat images in order to measure displacements on, among others, rock glaciers. (A. Kääb and two Ph.D. students with funding by the Norwegian Research Council).
Research since 2004 on mountain meteorology, snow cover, vegetation, ground temperatures and the interaction between permafrost and glaciers continues (O. Humlum, H. Juliussen, K.S. Lilleøren, M. Ferbarlein); see previous issues of Frozen Ground for project description.
Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Norwegian Geological Survey and other research Institutions: In the Troms and Møre and Romsdal areas of northern and southern Norway, respectively, temperature data are collected as part of a permafrost and climate monitoring project on the instability of rock slopes in Norway. The project was established in 2001. A series of temperature data loggers were installed to monitor the temperature of the ground, the surface and the air. Exposed sites with minimal winter-snow accumulation are preferred to optimise comparability and to ensure that the thermal properties are not extensively complex (K. Isaksen, L.H. Blikra, H. Farbrot, T. Eiken and J.L. Sollid).
On Dovrefjell, southern Norway, temperature data was collected from 11 boreholes (9 m deep) along an altitudinal transect across the mountain permafrost transition zone. These boreholes were drilled and instrumented in October 2001. The objective of the study is to model the trend and variability of mean annual ground temperature (MAGT) and to evaluate the influence of the snow cover on mean annual ground surface temperature (MAGST) in a high mountain terrain. The trend and variability of MAGT and MAGST are of particular relevance in the interpretation of ground temperature measurements from just a few seasons. This work is also relevant to understand the climate/cryosphere interactions in general. An additional deep (100 m) borehole is planned to be drilled on Dovrefj ell (R.S. Ødegård, K. Isaksen, T. Eiken and J.L. Sollid).
In the same field area data from temperature data loggers was collected as part of a Norwegian monitoring programme for palsa peatlands, co-ordinated by the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (A. Hofgaard, K. Isaksen, R.S. Ødegård, T. Eiken, J.L. Sollid).
In Jotunheimen, southern Norway, temperature data from the Juvvasshøe PACE borehole (established in 1999) was collected and in Svalbard data from the Janssonhaugen PACE borehole (established in 1998) was collected. Collection of the temperature data from the PACE boreholes is organized in a long-term monitoring programme for climatic research. The programme is run by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute (K. Isaksen) and the national databases are linked to the GTNP database.
Permafrost Young Researchers Network<. In September 2008, the Permafrost Young Researchers Network’s Contribution to the Thermal State of Permafrost Project in the Nordic Countries (PYRN-TSP) established two, 30m deep boreholes in debris and bedrock at Iškoras (572 m a.s.l.), in Finnmark, northern Norway. A thermistors chain connected to datalogger were installed (K. Isaksen, M. Johansson, H. Farbrot, B. Etzelmüller, H. H. Christiansen). The inner part of Finnmark (Finnmarksvidda) is a plain with strong continentally and has the lowest mean annual air temperature (MAAT) when reduced to sea level in Norway. Finnmarsvidda has strong temperature inversions, and the permafrost and climate at elevated locations are poorly known. These activities are in close cooperation with the Norwegian funded TSP NORWAY IPY project.
Arctic Council‘s Cryosphere Project SWIPA (Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic): H. Christiansen and A. Instanes are Norwegian representatives in the Arctic Council‘s cryosphere project SWIPA (Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic). The project is in many ways a continuation of the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) project. The main objective of the section related to permafrost is twofold: (i) Evaluation of the impacts o
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https://www.academia.edu/5112965/3_4_The_Translator_Translated_Inca_Garcilaso_and_English_Imperial_Expansion
|
en
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3.4. The Translator Translated: Inca Garcilaso and English Imperial Expansion
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2013-11-15T00:00:00
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3.4. The Translator Translated: Inca Garcilaso and English Imperial Expansion
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https://www.academia.edu/5112965/3_4_The_Translator_Translated_Inca_Garcilaso_and_English_Imperial_Expansion
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A common misconception about the Spanish conquest of America is that it was a lightning-bolt enterprise that quickly converted the region’s inhabitants to Christianity and to the Spanish way of life. But in fact the conquest was uneven, and the Spanish needed to use local leaders to control the large masses of indigenous peoples who ever so slowly and inconsistently moved toward adopting a Mediterranean-style cultural and religious ideal. Based on his archival research in Mexico, James Lockhart concludes that «many basic features of pre-Conquest culture survived indefinitely» (1999, p. 98). The same could be argued for Tahuantinsuyo, the Andean region that had been conquered by the Incas. Even a century after what could be called the Forty Years War (1532-1572) in which the Spanish eventually defeated the Inca royal house, legislation promulgated in Lima suggests that colonial officials were still looking for ways to siphon off political power from hereditary elites known as curacas by mandating democratic elections for non-hereditary alcaldes thereby undercutting transmissible power among the nobles (Ballesteros, 1685)
This article provides comparative texts and contexts between Brazil and Canada in the Atlantic world, not simply an Inter-American comparison, but a trans-Atlantic and global typology. It focuses on the translation of empire through translation, particularly of part of Jacques Cartier’s narratives about Canada by John Florio in 1580 and of Jean de Léry’s account of the voyage to Brazil in Samuel Purchas’ collection in 1625. English travel or encounter literature is in the service of contact, exploration, encounter and possible possession and settlement. The Spanish, through Columbus, and the Portuguese as well as the French are part of this comparative literature and these cultural texts, which are intertextual and translational, among themselves and with English culture and literature. The encounter between the Indigenous peoples and Europeans in the New World, in Brazil and Canada is central to changing the literature and cultures of the Americas, Europe, Africa, and of the world ...
This paper explores the ideological transformations which have been carried out in producing Tears of the Indies, one of the first English translations of Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias by the Dominican Bartolomé de las Casas, a tract which he addressed to the future King Philip II, and in which he denounced the actions of the conquistadors in the New World. The translator, John Phillips, appropriated the text to create an anti-Spanish narrative with a view to promoting English nationalism as well as encouraging the construction of an English empire in the Americas. The article examines the changes to the title, the replacement of the original preface by one addressed to Oliver Cromwell and the translation strategies adopted, which were intended to portray the Spaniards as a nation of Catholic butchers. Evidence is also provided of the long-lasting influence of this version, which, five centuries later, continues to be used in Anglophone schools and academia (particularly in the United States), in spite of its serious flaws and the existence of more recent and accurate retranslations. 49 free e-prints available from the publisher here: http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/gqyC7A8Bf8WVDhs2v9Uj/full
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Yul Edochie Biography, Education, Career, Awards, Marriages and Net Worth
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Yul Edochie is a Nigerian actor and business man who was born in January 1982 in Lagos, into the Edochie family of Anambra State. He is the youngest of six siblings.
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en
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Punditsuite
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https://punditsuite.com/yul-edochie/
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Yul Chibuike Daniel Edochie, popularly known as Yul Edochie, was born on January 7, 1982, in Lagos, Nigeria, into the renowned Edochie family of Anambra State. He is the youngest of six siblings, named after the iconic Russian actor Yul Brynner. He is one of the sons of the popular Nollywood actor and former broadcaster, Pete Edochie.
Education
Yul’s educational journey began at Lillian’s Day Nursery School and Robinson Street Primary School in Enugu, spanning from 1984 to 1992. His secondary education took him through Marist Brothers’ Juniorate, Uturu University Secondary School, Ecumenical Community Secondary School, and New Haven Boys Secondary School, all located in Enugu. After-secondary school, Yul pursued a Bachelor of Arts degree in Dramatic Arts at the University of Port Harcourt.
Career
In 2005, Yul Edochie made his Nollywood debut in “The Exquires.” His breakthrough came in 2007 with the movie “Wind of Glory,” starring alongside Genevieve Nnaji and Desmond Elliot. Recognizing the need for grooming the next generation of actors, Yul established the Yul Edochie Academy in 2015.
Filmography
Yul’s filmography shows his diverse acting prowess, featuring in notable films like the following:
Battle of Lions (2020)
My New Wife (2020)
Prince Charming (2020)
True Royal Blood (2020)
Click Me (2020)
Big Paper Boys (2020)
Painfull Will (2020)
Run (2020)
The Single Lady Next Door (2020)
Moms at War (2018)
The Billionaire That Ran Mad (2018)
The Cruel Hand of Justice (2018)
Enemies Must Bow (2018)
Rich But No Rest of Mind (2017)
Love Do Cost A Thing (2017)
Punishment of the Gods (2017)
Not an Ordinary Battle (2017)
The God that Answereth by Fire (2017)
My Sons Jealous Friends (2017)
My Bad Criminal Sister (2017)
The True Heir to the Throne (2017)
Tears of Royal Blood (2017)
Mysterious Family (2017)
What I Fear Most (2017)
Vanity of Life (2017)
Tears of Victory (2017)
The Prince and His Betrothed (2017)
Rain of Hope (2016)
The Secret of Riches (2016)
The Chosen Wife (2016)
Wicked Hand (2016)
Cry of a Maid (2016)
Mysterious Mistress (2016)
Royal Maid (2015)
Compound Fools (2015)
Dowry Man (2015)
Spirit of Battle (2014)
The Mirror (2014)
Innocent Couple (2016)
Apostles of Lucifer (2014)
Python Queen (2014)
Eye of the Eagle (2013)
Blind Choice (2013)
Death Certificate (2013)
Money Kingdom (2013)
Restless Soul (2013)
Bridge of Contract (2012)
The End is Near (2012)
Against the Law (2012)
Sarafina (2011)
Pleasure and Crime (2011)
Unstoppable (2010)
Tears of Hope (2009)
My Loving Heart (2009)
Kiss My Pain (2008)
Wind of Glory (2007)
Sleek Ladies (2007)
The Exquires (2005)
TV Shows
The Palace (Soap Opera).
Royal Castle (Soap Opera).
Tinsel (TV series) (Soap Opera)
Personal Life
At 22, Yul tied the knot with his first wife, May Yul-Edochie, in 2004. Their union brought forth four beautiful children: Kambi, Dani, Karl, and Victory Zane Chukwubuike Yul-Edochie. In 2022, he embraced fatherhood again with his second wife, Judy Austin, welcoming a new member into their family.
Recognition and Awards
Over the course of his career as an actor, Yul has received several awards. He received the Best New Actor of the Year (English) Award in 2009 during the City People Entertainment Awards. Also, he won the Best Actor Award during the Pamsaa Awards in 2013. During the City People Entertainment Awards, he won the Best Actor of the Year (English) award.
READ ALSO:
Zubby Michael: Net Worth, Career, Awards and Biography
Ruth Kadiri: Age, Career, Awards, Family and Net Worth.
Marriage to May
Yul Edochie got married to May (her first wife) in 2004. Their union is blessed with four children. They have lived together since their marriage and even Yul has occasionally showered her with public praises while telling the stories of their marriage. How they met, how good she is and all that, until he suddenly announced his second wife.
Second Wife
In 2023, Yul caught everyone by surprise when he announced his marriage with Judy Austin, who is also an actress in Nollywood. They already had a child, son, together without her first wife, May, knowing about it. It was a big challenge for the family as it caused a lot of disagreement with May maintaining that she can not be numbered as a wife.
Political Journey
In 2017, Yul Edochie ventured into politics, running for Governor of Anambra State. He later declared his intention to contest for the Nigerian presidency in 2023 under the All Progressive Grand Alliance (APGA) in 2022. He, however, did not proceed with contesting for any of the said positions.
Yul Edochie’s Net Worth
The net worth of the actor, Yul Edochie is estimated to be at $3 million. His finances was primarily due to his movie roles and scriptwriting. Nowadays, he has diversified to property sales and real estate. He also, doing well in his social media content creation and YouTubing, with his second wife.
In conclusion, Yul Edochie is not just a reputable actor but has also shown interest in politics. He is a proud father and now publicly identifies as a “proud polygamist.” Coupled with his acting career success, he is also a business man.
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Yul Edochie Biography, Age, Wifes, Children, Movies, Net Worth, and Career
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Yul Chibuike Daniel Edochie, also known as Yul Edochie, is a Nigerian actor inspired by Russian actor Yul Brynner. He is the son of Nigerian actor Pete
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en
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CreebHills
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https://creebhills.com/2022/12/yul-edochie-biography-age-net-worth
|
Yul Chibuike Daniel Edochie, also known as Yul Edochie, is a Nigerian actor inspired by Russian actor Yul Brynner. He is the son of Nigerian actor Pete Edochie and is from Anambra state. He grew up in both Lagos and Enugu. He is the sixth and final child. He married when he was 22 years old. His name was inspired by the well-known Russian actor Yul Brynner. The University of Port Harcourt awarded him a Bachelor of Arts in Dramatic Arts.
Yul Edochie Biography
Early Life
Yul Edochie was (born January 7, 1982), in Lagos, Nigeria. He is currently 32 years old. His parents chose the name Yul Brynner after the well-known Russian actor of the same name. He is a native of the Anambra State of Nigeria.
His biological father’s name is Pete Edochie. Pete Edochie is a well-known performer and one of the founding members of the Nollywood film industry. Yul Edochie’s mother is Josephine Edochie. Although from Anambra, he has spent most of his life in Lagos and Enugu.
He is the last child of a family of six. Yul Edochie has five brothers and sisters. His brothers go by Leo Edochie, Uche Edochie, Linc Edochie, and Gene Edochie. In addition, he has a sister who is the family’s fifth child.
Education
Yul Edochie attended Lillian’s Day Nursery School and Robinson Street Primary School in Enugu between 1984 and 1992. In addition, he attended secondary school at four different Enugu-based institutions between 1992 and 1998.
He signed up for lessons at New Haven Boys Secondary School, Uturu University Secondary School, Ecumenical Community Secondary School, and the Juniorate of the Marist Brothers. After completing his secondary education, Yul Edochie applied to the University of Port Harcourt to pursue a Bachelor of Arts in Dramatic Arts.
Career
At 23, Yul Edochie made his Nollywood debut when he was selected to play Justus Esiri’s son in The Acquires, starring Chidi Mokeme. After that, he made several more Nollywood appearances.
He received his most significant break when he co-starred in the 2007 movie Wind of Glory alongside Genevieve Nnaji and Desmond Elliot. Since that time, he has gone on to land several roles in recently released Nigerian movies. Yul Edochie thought that more needed to be done to nurture the country’s up-and-coming performers and actresses. So he established the Yul Edochie Academy in 2015 to train the rising cast of actors and actresses.
Filmography
The Acquires (2005)
Wind of Glory (2007)
Sleek Ladies (2007)
Kiss My Pain (2008)
Tears of Hope (2009)
My Loving Heart (2009)
Unstoppable (2010)
Sarafina (2011)
Pleasure and Crime (2011)
Bridge of Contract (2012)
The End is Near (2012)
Against the Law (2012)
Eye of the Eagle (2013)
Blind Choice (2013)
Death Certificate (2013)
Money Kingdom (2013)
Restless Soul (2013)
Apostles of Lucifer (2014)
Python Queen (2014)
Spirit of Battle (2014)
The Mirror (2014)
Royal Maid (2015)
Compound Fools (2015)
Dowry Man (2015)
Rain of Hope (2016)
The Secret of Riches (2016)
The Chosen Wife (2016)
Wicked Hand (2016)
Cry of a Maid (2016)
Mysterious Mistress (2016)
Innocent Couple (2016)
Rich But No Rest of Mind (2017)
Love Do Cost A Thing (2017)
Punishment of the Gods (2017)
Not an Ordinary Battle (2017)
The God that Answereth by Fire (2017)
My Sons Jealous Friends (2017)
My Bad Criminal Sister (2017)
The True Heir to the Throne (2017)
Tears of Royal Blood (2017)
Mysterious Family (2017)
What I Fear Most (2017)
Vanity of Life (2017)
Tears of Victory (2017)
The Prince and His Betrothed (2017)
Moms at War (2018)
The Billionaire That Ran Mad (2018)
The Cruel Hand of Justice (2018)
Enemies Must Bow (2018)
Battle of Lions (2020)
My New Wife (2020)
Prince Charming (2020)
True Royal Blood (2020)
Click Me (2020)
Big Paper Boys (2020)
Painful Will (2020)
Run (2020)
TV Shows
The Palace (Soap Opera).
Royal Castle (Soap Opera).
Tinsel (TV series) (Soap Opera)
Awards
Yul Edochie has received many honours during his acting career.
He received the Best New Actor of the Year (English) Award at the 2009 City People Entertainment Awards.
At the 2013 Pamsaa Awards, Yul Edochie also won the Best Actor Award. At the City People Entertainment Awards, he won Best Actor of the Year (English).
Personal Life, Marriage, Wive, Scandal, and Affair
Yul Edochie married May Yul-Edochie, his true love, when he was 22. They tied the knot in 2004. Victory Zane Chukwubuike, Dani Edochie, Karl Edochie, and Kambi Edochie. Their four gorgeous children are Yul-Edochie.
In April 2022, May Edochie’s marriage suffered a huge setback as news of her popular Nollywood actor-husband, Yul Edochie, impregnating a Nollywood actress went viral.
Yul Edochie months after committing adultery in his 17 years of marriage, took to social media to drop a bombshell on his fans as he declared the actress (Judy Austin) was his 2nd wife, sharing photos of his son and wife telling them how much he loves them.
According to him, it’s time for the world to meet his son, Star Dike Muchachimso Yul-Edochie, and his second wife, Judy Austin, as he shares photos of them, telling them how much he loves them just as he loves his other 4 kids.
May Edochie reacted to the news, by first of all unfollowing her promiscuous husband on social media and later posting on her Instagram page that “May God judge you both.”
House and Cars
He does not hesitate to acquire luxury cars as one of Nollywood’s finest. His car collection includes the following vehicles:
Lexus GX 460 SUV
His Lexus GX 460 is a full-size luxury SUV with powerful off-road capability and luxury features. On Wednesday, the 39-year-old actor took to Instagram to share a photo of himself posing with his Lexus GX 460 SUV. While thanking God for the ride after 16 years, he prayed for the next 16 years to be more fruitful.
Honda Crosstour
This 5-seater automobile runs on a 3.5 Litre V-6 engine with a horsepower 271. It also has a 5-speed automatic transmission system and a top speed of 0-60 minutes per hour in 7 seconds. The car is valued at N12.3 million.
2012 Mercedes Benz GL450 4matic
This 7-seater SUV is powered by a 4.6 Litre V-8 engine with 335 horsepower. It also has a 7-speed automatic transmission that accelerates from 0 to 60 mph in 6.2 seconds. It is worth N25.3 million.
Yul Edochie, who lives in Lekki, Lagos, with his family, owns the duplex where they live. He also owns a mansion in Anambra State, where he was born.
Social Media
Instagram: @yuledochie
Twitter: @YulEdochie
Facebook: Yul Edochie
Net Worth
Yul Edochie is currently one of the richest and most influential actors in Nigeria, with an estimated net worth of $300,000 dollars.
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Yul Chibuike Daniel Edochie populary known as Yul Edochie// (born 7 January 1982) is a Nigerian actor, named after Russian actor Yul Brynner. He is from Anambra state Nigeria, the son of Nigerian actor Pete Edochie. He was raised both in Lagos and Enugu. He is the last of six children. He got married at the age of 22. He attended the University of Port Harcourt, where he received a Bachelor of Arts in Dramatic Arts.
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/Yul_Edochie
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dbo:abstract
يول تشيبويكي دانيال إدوتشي (من مواليد 7 يناير 1982) هو ممثل نيجيري، سمي على اسم الممثل الروسي الشهير يول براينر. هو من ولاية أنامبرا بنيجيريا، ونجل الممثل النيجيري بيت إدوتشي، وقد نشأ في لاغوس وإنوغو. هو الأخير من بين 6 أطفال، وتزوج في سن 22، والتحق بجامعة بورت هاركورت، حيث حصل على بكالوريوس الآداب في الفنون المسرحية. (ar)
Yul Edochie es un actor nigeriano, llamado así por el popular actor ruso Yul Brynner. (es)
Yul Chibuike Daniel Edochie populary known as Yul Edochie// (born 7 January 1982) is a Nigerian actor, named after Russian actor Yul Brynner. He is from Anambra state Nigeria, the son of Nigerian actor Pete Edochie. He was raised both in Lagos and Enugu. He is the last of six children. He got married at the age of 22. He attended the University of Port Harcourt, where he received a Bachelor of Arts in Dramatic Arts. (en)
Юл Чибуке Даниэль Эдочи (род. 7 января 1982) — нигерийский актёр, названный в честь американского актёра Юла Бриннера. Родом из штата Анамбра, сын нигерийского актёра Пита Эдочи. Провел детство в Лагосе и Энугу, был младшим из шести детей в семье. Учился в Университете Порт-Харкорта, где получил степень бакалавра искусств (ru)
rdfs:comment
يول تشيبويكي دانيال إدوتشي (من مواليد 7 يناير 1982) هو ممثل نيجيري، سمي على اسم الممثل الروسي الشهير يول براينر. هو من ولاية أنامبرا بنيجيريا، ونجل الممثل النيجيري بيت إدوتشي، وقد نشأ في لاغوس وإنوغو. هو الأخير من بين 6 أطفال، وتزوج في سن 22، والتحق بجامعة بورت هاركورت، حيث حصل على بكالوريوس الآداب في الفنون المسرحية. (ar)
Yul Edochie es un actor nigeriano, llamado así por el popular actor ruso Yul Brynner. (es)
Yul Chibuike Daniel Edochie populary known as Yul Edochie// (born 7 January 1982) is a Nigerian actor, named after Russian actor Yul Brynner. He is from Anambra state Nigeria, the son of Nigerian actor Pete Edochie. He was raised both in Lagos and Enugu. He is the last of six children. He got married at the age of 22. He attended the University of Port Harcourt, where he received a Bachelor of Arts in Dramatic Arts. (en)
Юл Чибуке Даниэль Эдочи (род. 7 января 1982) — нигерийский актёр, названный в честь американского актёра Юла Бриннера. Родом из штата Анамбра, сын нигерийского актёра Пита Эдочи. Провел детство в Лагосе и Энугу, был младшим из шести детей в семье. Учился в Университете Порт-Харкорта, где получил степень бакалавра искусств (ru)
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Nollywood actor Yul Edochie shares pictures of his family Shared with caption... Me and my kids. Danielle, Kambi, Karl and Victory Yul-Edo...
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