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of the Holocaust. On 27 January 1945, the advancing Red Army entered the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp complex, liberating more than 7,000 remaining prisoners, who were for the most part ill or dying. Days earlier, the SS had forced nearly 60,000 prisoners to evacuate the camp and embark on the infamous 'Death Marches,' in which many thousands lost their lives. 2015 marks the 70th anniversary since this liberation and the 15th anniversary since the Stockholm Declaration was signed. To commemorate this important year, IHRA has issued a statement to reaffirm commitment to Holocaust education, research and remembrance. The United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 60/7 on 1 November 2005 to designate 27 January as the International Day of Commemoration in memory of the victims of the Holocaust, the day upon which every year the world would mark and remember the Holocaust and its victims. 70 years on from the liberation of Auschwitz, it is more important than ever to remind ourselves of the universal lessons of the Holocaust and to foster a shared culture of remembrance. In 2015, the International Day of Commemoration will be marked by a number of national and international events. The following overview of commemoration events is based on information and links provided by IHRA member countries, observer countries, and permanent internationa partner organisations, as well as information compiled by the Permanent Office. Member Countries: Argentina - Austria - Belgium - Canada - Croatia - Czech Republic - Denmark - Estonia - Finland - France - Germany - Greece - Hungary -Ireland - Israel - Italy - Latvia - Lithuania - Luxembourg - Netherlands - Norway - Poland - Romania - Serbia - Slovakia - Slovenia - Spain - Sweden - Switzerland - United Kingdom - United States; Observer Countries: Albania- Bulgaria – El Salvador- the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia – Moldova- Portugal - Turkey - Uruguay; Permanent International Partners: Claims Conference – CoE – FRA – ITS- OSCE/ODIHR – UNESCO - United Nations Member Countries Argentina The Holocaust Museum in Buenos Aires have produced the following video to mark the event: The Museum is also holding a commemorative event on 27 January entitled “Voices from Auschwitz”. The programme is available here. Austria The main Holocaust commemoration day in Austria is the 5th of May. On 5th of May 1945 the Mauthausen concentration camp was liberated. Another important day of remembrance in Austria is the 9th of November “Reichskristallnacht” when a number of events are held. 27 January International Holocaust Remembrance Day Events in Vienna: The President of the National Council, Doris Bures, opened the remembrance ceremony marking International Holocaust Remembrance Day 2015 at the Austrian Parliament with contemporary eyewitness Ari Rath. This is now the fourth occasion on which the Austrian Parliament has commemorated the liberation of the National Socialist concentration and extermination camp at Auschwitz-Birkenau in this way . During the ceremony, Ari Rath spoke to Michael Kerbler and the young audience about his experiences and the conclusions he has drawn from them. In her speech opening the ceremony marking International Holocaust Remembrance Day, National Council President Doris Bures stressed the importance of remembering the Holocaust in modern Austria. “The images captured by the liberators have been branded into our European memory”, said Bures. “The crimes, which were brought to an end with the liberation, remain unforgotten in the history of Europe”. Auschwitz was the symbol for the Nazi genocide, the murder of millions within a few years; it has become a place whose liberation seventy years ago today was selected to signify the United Nations’ International Holocaust Remembrance Day. “The road towards finding a responsible way of dealing with Austria’s recent history was a long one,” Bures reflected. The remembrance ceremony was intended to be an expression of respect towards the victims and survivors, and their descendants. For a very long time, those who had been able to save themselves by emigrating had not been afforded the respect they were due. Thankfully, this has now changed, said Bures, and expressed her special delight at being able to welcome to the Parliament Ari Rath, the Vienna-born former Editor-in-Chief of the Jerusalem Post. Ari Rath was born in Vienna on 6 January 1925. Being Jewish, he had had no future in Austria and in 1938 he managed to reach Palestine on a Kindertransport. In 1948, he visited Vienna for the first time since the Nazi era. From 1957, Ari Rath was a reporter at the Jerusalem Post, in 1975 he became an editor and in 1979 he was appointed as the newspaper’s Editor-In-Chief. Since the season 2013/2014, Ari Rath has also been involved in the contemporary eyewitness theatre production “The Last Witnesses” at Vienna’s Burgtheater. On 27th of January 2015, a large commemorative event was held on Heldenplatz in Vienna, organized by the platform “Jetzt Zeichen Setzen!” A large number of different organizations took part in this huge event-among others the Jewish Community of Vienna. The event was attended by around 2000 people, including leading politicians. Speakers included a number of Holocaust survivors and the Mayor of Vienna. Photos: Spielauer/die Grünen Wien The Diplomatische Akademie Wien will hold a presentation on Thursday 29 January at 18:30. ORF III will show the film “Shoah” on 25 January and will also live stream the commemorative events from Auschwitz on 27 January. The full TV programme of programmes related to 27 Janaury is available here. The Austrian Friends of Yad Vashem, together with the city of Linz, will hold a commemorative event to mark International Holocaust Remembrance Day in the Press Centre of the Alten Rathaus on 27 January at 19:30. Belgium The Belgian Federal Authorities are fully engaged in this day of remembrance, which is acknowledged as being an important reminder of the universal lessons of the Holocaust and respect for the human rights of all people, irrespective of race, sex, language or religion. On 27 January Kazerne Dossin opens its doors for a special evening opening and admission is free between 5 and 10 p.m. The programme can be viewed here. Between 28-30 January the Ecoles Fondamentales from the Mons region organised a range of events: An exposé on Januz Korzack and the rights of the child. (Photo left) Update on the documentary research on the Loibl Pass camp Meetings with witnesses and survivors, including Ben Helfgott, a member of the United Kingdom Delegation to IHRA. Canada Canadian governments (federal, provincial, and territorial) acknowledge 27 January as International Holocaust Remembrance Day. Non-governmental organisations across Canada will host events to mark the day and a partial list is included below: In Toronto, the Neuberger Holocaust Education Centre invites you to join them for the sixth-annual International Holocaust Remembrance Day Lecture, generously sponsored by the Esther Bem Memorial Fund, on Sunday, January 25 at the Royal Ontario Museum. On Tuesday, 27 January a special daytime programme will take place, offering visitors the opportunity to hear voices of liberation, 70 years later, presented in partnership with the March of the Living Toronto. On Wednesday, 28 January, the Neuberger is proud to co-present a panel on the Lodz Ghetto photographs of Henryk Ross, the subject of a unique Art Gallery of Ontario exhibition opening on January 31. The full programme of events can be viewed here. On January 27, 2015, visitors will be offered free entry to the Montreal Holocaust Memorial Centre. At 7pm the Centre invites you to the film Amnon's Journey (in French subtitled in English). For over a decade, Israeli master violin maker Amnon Weinstein located and lovingly brought back to life violins that had been played by Europe's Jews during the Shoah. In this moving documentary, featuring soul-stirring performances by Maestro Shlomo Mintz, Amnon leads us from his Tel Aviv workshop and through Europe in search of these remnants of a lost cultural world. This journey ends with a concert in Jerusalem's Old City. The full programme of events is available here. The Museum has also developed a youtube playlist of survivor testimony which deal with the topic of liberation: http://bit.ly/1JX2aER The Vancouver Holocaust Education Centre will mark International Holocaust Remembrance Day and the 70th Anniversary of the Liberation of Auschwitz with a film Screening of Numbered a documentary film by Dana Doran and Uriel Sinai. An estimated 400,000 numbers were tattooed in Auschwitz and its sub-camps; only some several thousand survivors are still alive today. This event will take place on Sunday, January 25, at 7:00 p.m. at the Norman and Annette Rothstein Theatre, 950 West 41st Avenue, Vancouver. The poster for the event can be viewed here. The Freeman Family Holocaust Education Centre of the Jewish Heritage Centre of Western Canada in Winnipeg will be marking International Holocaust Remembrance Day with a major exhibit, The Face of the Ghetto: Pictures by Jewish Photographers from the Litzmannstadt Ghetto 1940-1944. The exhibit is co-sponsored with the Winnipeg Polish community. This will be the first time that any such initiative will have occurred. The exhibit will run from January 27 to February 13 at Ogniwo, the Polish Museum. Docents from both communities will participate. On 25 January, a gala will be held alonside the world premiere at the Berney Theatre (at the Asper Jewish Community Campus) of a Polish film that documents the “Sperre,“ the 1942 roundup and removal of more than 15,000 children, elderly and ill Jews in a one-week period from the Lodz (Litzmannstadt ) Ghetto. The North American premiere of Piotr Weychert’s powerful film, “Wielka Szpera” took place on 26 January at the Berney Theatre in a crowd which counted among it the Polish consul, and a representative of the Polish Canadian Congress, both of whom addressed the audience. The Azrieli Foundation has a number of events planned across Canada. In Toronto there will be a film and talk about the liberation of Auschwitz at the Miles Nadal Jewish Community Centre on Sunday January 25, and at the Village Shul on January 26, 2015, and on January 27 there will be an evening event honouring three survivors from the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp (poster below). Films and memoirs from the Azrieli Foundation will be distributed and discussed on the 27th at The Calgary Jewish Federation, The Jewish Federation of Edmonton, The Nova Scotia Archives, in Cape Breton, NS and other smaller schools and libraries. Memoirs from the Azrieli Foundation will also be distributed as part of the commemorative event to be held at Ottawa at City Hall. In addition, memoires will be distributed to every Member of Parliament and Senator. Croatia The main commemoration of 27 January in Croatia was held in the Croatian Parliament, in the presence of the newly elected President of Republic K. Grabar-Kitarović, diplomatic corps and representatives of the religious communities, and with the participation of other high-ranking officials, among others the Minister of Foreign Affairs V. Pusić, Minister of Social Affairs M. Opačić, and Vice-President of the Parliament, D. Zgrebec. In her speech D. Zgrebec emphasized that commemoration of 27 January should send messages important for the future of humanity: messages of peace, liberty, equality, solidarity, respect of the differences and the right to personal choices. A four-day training course on the Holocaust education was held in Varaždin, from 25 - 28 January, organized by Education and Teacher Training Agency, for Croatian primary and secondary-school teachers, and hosted domestic and foreign lecturers-experts from the field. Representatives of the President of Republic, and Ministry of Science, Education and Sport, attended the opening, together with the Mayor of Varaždin G. Habus, and Z. Kalay Kleitman ,the Ambassador of the State of Israel in the Republic of Croatia. Ceremonies and various other activities were also held in other towns of Croatia, organized by local authorities, antifascist organizations and Jewish communities. Cultural institutions and schools joined with educational programs, film projections or book presentations. Czech Republic From 26 – 28 of January 2015 Museum of Romani Culture will hold educational programmes for elementary and high schools about the Second World War, Nazi genocide of the Roma and its relevance to the present day. Part of the programme will be also the screening of the documentary movie Žít! Ceija Stojka (To Live! Ceija Stojka, director: Anna Juránková-Babjárová, 40 min.), which was made for the exhibition about Ceija Stojka's artwork in the Museum of Romani Culture in 2009. Using the life story and work of famous Austrian Roma artist and writer Ceija Stojka (1933-2013), pupils and students have the opportunity to look at the events of the WWII through the eyes of a little girl who was imprisoned in various concentration camps. The programme was created with financial support of Czech Foundation for Holocaust Victims. On Tuesday, 27 January at 18:30 a screening of the documentary To Live! Ceija Stojka also for the wider public in the Leisure Time Centre Lužánky in Brno. The screening will be followed by a discussion with Michal Schuster, historian of the Museum of Romani Culture. More information. The full programme can be viewed here. Denmark In Denmark 27 January is marked as Auschwitz Day, a day of Holocaust and genocide remembrance. The day is dedicated to commemorating the victims and supporting the survivors, to promoting education and public awareness about the Holocaust and other genocides. FREEDOM is the theme for 2015. The Danish Jewish Museum will mark the day with the showing of the documentary White Busses and Black Powers (Hvide busser og sorte magter, Norden 2014) about the Deputy Secretary-General of the Swedish Red Cross, Folke Bernadotte, who contributed to saving the Scandinavian Jews from the horrors of the concentration camps. The programme also offers a guided tour in our special exhibition HOME about Danish Jews’ experiences of their homecoming after being prisoners in the concentration camp Theresienstadt or refugees in Sweden. The full programme is available here. Public activities A variety of other events are carried out in relation to Auschwitz Day: Speeches, debates, concerts, film screenings, exhibitions at local museums, churches and libraries across Denmark. Main events in Copenhagen on or around 27th of January 2015 The Municipality of Copenhagen hosts the official key event in “The Glass Hall Theatre” in the Tivoli Gardens the 27th of January 2015. The event will be comprised of speeches and music. Concert in “Holmen’s Church” in Copenhagen including readings from Primo Levi and music by Olivier Messiaen and Francis Poulenc. The event takes place on the official Auschwitz-day. Poetry, debate and film screening of “Night and Fog” at the “Cinematheque” –the Danish Film Industry’s filmhouse in Copenhagen on January 27th 2015. Other films about the Holocaust such as Andrzej Munks “Passenger”, André Singers “Night Will Fall” and the documentary “German Concentration Camps Factual Survey” is being shown in relation to Auschwitz-day. Full details. The Nathanaels Church in Copenhagen is screening and debating the film “The boy in the striped pajamas” on January 27th at 7pm. “Kulturværftet”, Elsinore. The Danish photographer, teacher and writer Peter Langwithz Smith speaks at the opening of his photography-exhibition on January 27th depicting life in Auschwitz. Odense, Denmark the official Auschwitz-day is marked with a meeting in “the House of History” (Historiens Hus). Former Auschwitz inmate Arlette Andersen tells the story of how she was deported to and survived Auschwitz. January 27th – “Gilleleje Church” in Gilleleje, Denmark, is hosting an event focusing on the Theresienstadt-families in Auschwitz with a speech by Preist and lecturer Kasper Morville DIIS (Danish Institute for International Studies) is hosting a one day seminar about sexual violence from the Holocaust to the contemporary security agenda on January 29th 2015. Educational activities In addition to the official events related to the commemoration there are a large number of educational activities taking place all over the country in January and throughout the year – all related to Auschwitz Day. Activities consist of the following: Talks in schools (by survivors, professionals in the field, politicians, journalists etc.): Around 5000 students attended these talks in 2014/2015. Museum visits (exhibitions related to remembrance): Around 600 students visited Holocaust-related museums and exhibitions in 2014. Theater: In connection to Auschwitz Day 2015 more than 500 students have seen the theatrical play “Conversation before Death” (“Samtale før døden”) about the trial of Adolf Eichmann. Learn more at www.auschwitz-dag.dk Estonia On January 23, a seminar on Holocaust teaching and learning was held in Tallinn, which was attended by more than 30 history and social studies teachers from across Estonia.The subject of the seminar “Teaching and Learning about the Holocaust in the 21st Century”. Helsinki University professor and University of Tallinn leading researcher Rein Raud spoke about the nature of Holocaust conceptualization today, composer of the opera "Wallenberg" Erkki-Sven Tüür spoke about creating the work and the events which led to its content, Tallinn Jewish School student Mark Stambler explained to teachers how today's young people understand the Holocaust and Yad Vashem Holocaust Research Center scholar Noa Sigal introduced new methods of teaching about the Holocaust. The Estonian Jewish Museum introduced the exhibition dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the founding of the Jewish Studies chair at the University of Tartu, which also features information about the fate of scholars during the Holocaust. The seminar was organized by the Estonian Atlantic Treaty Association in collaboration with the Ministry of Education and Research and is part of the commemoration of worldwide Holocaust Memorial Day in Estonia. In Estonia the victims of the Holocaust were remembered at the Holocaust victims' memorial at Klooga near Tallinn on Tuesday January 27th, the International Holocaust Remembrance Day.The traditional ceremony was attended by members of the diplomatic corps, members of the Jewish community and state officials. The speakers were Minister of Education and Research Jevgeni Ossinovski, Jewish community representative Juzef Luvistsuk, the doyen of the diplomatic corps, Russian Ambassador Yuri Merzlyakov, and Israel's deputy chief of mission Arezoo Hersel. Prayers were said by Shmuel Barzilai, cantor of the synagogue of Vienna, and Estonia's Chief Rabbi Shmuel Kot. On the same day, the Estonian History Museum held an evening of journalist Anna Gavronski's topical films at the Maarjamäe Castle stable building. On the evening of January 27, world renowned cantor Shmuel Barzilai (Vienna) will perform at the Tallinn Brotherhood of the Blackheads House. The concert is supported by the Austrian Embassy and the Kofkin Family Foundation. Finland The Government of Finland, including former Prime minister of Finland Mr Matti Vanhanen, will attend the 70th anniversary event of the liberation of Auschwitz in Poland. Finland also attends the commemoration which takes place in Prague on January 26 and 27, 2015. The speaker of the Parliament Mr Eero Heinäluoma intends to attend the commemoration. Representatives of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs will attend the events of the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust in Helsinki, accompanied by the IHRA Executive Secretary Dr Kathrin Meyer and Advisor to IHRA Professor Steven Katz, as part of the initiative of the IHRA Steering Committee on Holocaust Memorial Days. The Finnish Remembrance Association will hold a remembrance event on 27 January, at the Helsinki Synagogue from 18.00-19.45. The keynote speech will be held the President of the Republic of Finland, Mr. Sauli Niinistö, and other speakers include Mr. Dan Ashbel, the Ambassador of Israel to Finland, Mr. Janusz Niesyto, the Ambassador of Poland to Finland and Ms. Dorothee Janetzke-Wenzel, the Ambassador of Germany to Finland. A speech on behalf of IHRA will be held by IHRA’s Academic Advisor, Professor Steven Katz. The programme can be viewed here. A Symposium on the 70th Anniversary of the Liberation of the Concentration Camp Auschwitz will be held on the topic of the Holocaust and Education from 14.00-16.30 at the Finnish National Museum Auditorium. Speakers will include Dr. Kamila Dabrowska, Museum of the History of Polish Jews, Prof. Steven T. Katz, International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance, Dr. Oula Silvennoinen, Helsinki University Secretary General and Johanna Laaja, Peace Education Institute. France On 27 January, the International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust, the anniversary of liberation of Auschwitz camp, many remembrance events will be organised throughout France. As in previous years, educational and commemorative ceremonies will be held in collaboration with local authorities and memorial sites. On 27 January at 9.30 am, President Hollande will make a speech at the Foundation for the Memory of the Shoah. The Shoah Memorial is also coordinating a number of educational and commemorative events across the country, with support from the Ministry of Defense and the National Office for Veterans and Victims of War, in partnership with the association Œuvre Nationale du Bleuet de France and several memorial sites linked to the persecution, internment, deportation and extermination of French Jews. The full program of events is available on the Shoah Memorial website. Germany The German Bundestag’s Ceremony of Remembrance marking the Day of Remembrance for the Victims of National Socialism will be held on Tuesday, 27 January 2015, beginning at 9am, in the Reichstag Building in Berlin. Since 30 January 2014 the sculpture of the International Auschwitz Committee "to B Remembered" has sat in front of the European Parliament in Bruseels. The sculpture, developed by the French artist Michele Deodat and produced by young Volkswagen trainees, refers to the inscription above the main gate to Auschwitz I "ARBEIT MACHT FREI” and the hidden message of the prisoners who turned the "B" in the word "ARBEIT" secretly upside down. The sculpture was welcomed by the President of the European Parliament Martin Schulz, together with survivors and young people from different European countries. The message of the survivors engraved in the statue reads: "RememBer: when injustices take place, when people are discriminated against and persecuted- never remain indifferent. Indifference kills." On 22 January, the International Auschwitz Committee, in cooperation with the Gedenkstaette Deutscher Widerstand, the State Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau and the International Youth Centre in Osweiecim, will open the exhibition “Vergiss deinen Namen nicht: Die Kinder von Auschwitz” [Don’t Forget their Names: The Children of Auschwitz]. The event will be opened by the Minister of Justice, Heiko Maas. On 27 Janaury, the Komische Oper in Berlin will hold a concert called "Farges Mikh Nit – Jiddische Operettenlieder“, showcasing Jiddisch operetta songs in a programme featuring songs from “Warsaw to Broadway”. The event begins at 11pm. Greece The following events were organized in Greece on the occasion of the International Holocaust Remembrance Day on 27 January: In Athens the Prefecture of Attica and the Jewish Community of Athens, jointly organized a series of events. The central event, entitled “70 Years Later. From Testimony to Education”, was held on 2 February at the “Hellenic World” Cultural Centre and featured the participation of government officials, members of Parliament and the political parties, officials from the Armed Forces, dignitaries of the Church, ambassadors of states, local government officials, representatives of various organizations and, last but not least, survivors and a large audience. Speeches were delivered by the Governor of Attica, Ms Rena Dourou, the Ambassador of Israel in Greece, the Presidents of the Central Jewish Board of Greece and the Jewish Community of Athens, the survivor Mr. Issac Mizan and finally Progessor Chr. Koulouri. The day also included the laying of wreaths at the Holocaust Memorial in Athens by representatives of the government, the Parliament, the political parties, the Armed Forces, various embassies and the Prefecture, the Mayor of Athens, resistance organizations, Holocaust survivors, the Head of the Greek Delegation to IHRA Ambassador, Mrs. Photini Tomai-Constantopoulou, and Jewish Communities and organizations from Greece and abroad. In Thessaloniki, the Region of Central Macedonia and the Jewish Community of the city organized a ceremony on 1 February at the Holocaust Memorial in the presence of representatives of the state and local authorities, of diplomatic missions and many citizens. The ceremony included a memorial service by the Rabbi of the Jewish Community, speeches by the representative of the Greek government, the representative of the Ambassador of Israel, the Governor of Central Macedonia, the Mayor of Thessaloniki, the President of the Jewish Community of the city and the President of the Central Board of Jewish Communities in Greece. The Ambassador of the United Kingdom, representing the British Chairmanship of the IHRA, was the key-note speaker. Moreover, on 24 January the British Embassy co-organized a series of events in memory of the Jews of Thessaloniki victims and survivors of the Holocaust.with the Jewish Community in Thessaloniki Joined by the President of the Jewish Community of Thessaloniki David Saltiel, the British Ambassador John Kittmer laid a wreath on behalf of the members and observers of IHRA at a ceremony that took place at the Holocaust Memorial. Earlier in the day, representatives of the diplomatic corps in Greece received a tour of the Jewish Museum and historic sites in Thessaloniki, such as the ‘Monastiriotes’ Synagogue, the Baron Hirsch neighbourhood near the Railroad Station, where the city’s Jews were deported from to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camps, and the University, the site of the old Jewish Cemetery. In Larisa, on 27 January the Jewish Community of the city organized a ceremony at the Municipal Auditorium of the city in the presence of all local authorities, where candles were lit for the 6 million victims of the Holocaust. Metropolitan Ignatios was the key-note speaker of the ceremony. Wreaths were also laid at the Jewish Martyrs' Square. In Volos, a ceremony which included speeches by government members and local authorities, as well as laying of wreaths, was organized by the Region of Thessalia and the Jewish Community of the city at the Technical Chamber of the city on 1 February in the presence of many officials and citizens. Wreaths were laid at the Holocaust Monument. In Ioannina, the Region of Epirus, the Jewish Community of the city, the Gani Foundation and the Municipal Cultural Centre organized an event on 27 January, which included speeches, a concert and a photo exhibition of the period 1890-1930. Hungary On 18 January 2015 the Government of Hungary marked the 70th anniversary of the liberation fo the Budapest ghetto and paid tribute to the memory of victims and survivors. Minister of Justice László Trócsányi, representing the Hungarian Government, laid a wreath at the Synagogue’s wall, where the Ghetto’s barrier was located, and paid reverence to the memory of all persons unlawfully deprived of their lives and liberty. State Secretary of the Prime Minister’s Office, incoming Chair of IHRA Szabolcs Takács and Deputy State Secretary of the Prime Minister’s Office, Head of the Hungarian IHRA delegation Vince Szalay-Bobrovniczky participated at the commemoration. 26 January 2015: Hungarian State Opera. Concert in remembrance of the victims of the Holocaust, paying tribute to those who perished in the concentration camps including several artists of the Hungarian State Opera. Opening speech of Mr. Miklós Szinetár, Honorary Director General of the Operahouse. Programme: Arnold Schönberg: „A survivor from Warsaw” and Henryk Górecki: Third Symphony (soloist singer: Orsolya Hajnalka Rőser) performed by the Budapest Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Ari Rasilainen who directed many symphonic orchestras from Europe and the United States in the last years. Miklós Radnóti (Hungarian poet and Holocaust-victim): "How Others See" (literally: "I cannot know"), poem recited by Gabriella Varga. Side-event: exhibition to the memory of the musician victims of the Holocaust, curator: Katalin Gerő. 27 January: Holocaust Remembrance Centre in Páva street, Budapest. Commemoration and concert on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the liberation of the Auschwitz concentration camp. Keynote speakers: Mr. György Haraszti, Chairman of the Advisory Board of the Holocaust Public Foundation, Ms. Lieselore Cyrus, Ambassador of Germany in Budapest, Ms. Katarzyna Sitko, Director of the Polish Cultural Institute in Budapest presented the letter of the Polish ambassador. Concert given by violinist Zoltán Mága and an orchestra featuring also violinist Miklós Szenthelyi and pianist Béla Szakcsi-Lakatos and candle-lighting at the Wall of Victims. Programme entitled: ”The premier demand upon all education is that Auschwitz not happen again” (Adorno) 12:30 – 14.30 Exhibition-guidance for students and teachers (in six groups – ca. 300 persons) followed by a discussion with Holocaust-survivors 15:00 – 15:05 Opening „Memories from Auschwitz” - speech by Prof. Dr. György Haraszti, Chairman of the Advisory Board of the Holocaust Public Foundation 15:05 – 15:20 Message of the Secretary General of the UNpresented by Prof. Dr. György Haraszti, Chairman of the Advisory Board of the Holocaust Public Foundation 15:20 – 15:30 Music programme violin concert played by András Vavrinecz, student of the St. Stephan Conservatory of Zugló 15:30 – 15:50 Lecture „Women’s Fates” by Edit Linda Németh, member of the Historian experts’ group of the Holocaust Public Foundation 15:50 – 16:00 Certificate handing-over ceremony (the „Saviours” essay competition) 16:00 – 16:25 Lectureby Kolos István Tálas: Mihály Herman Medárd, the saviour 16:25 Candle-lighting by students together with Holocaust-survivors at the Wall of Victims 27 January 2015: Minister of Human Capacities attends Auschwitz commemoration Minister of Human Capacities Zoltán Balog attended the official event organised to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the liberation of the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp in Poland on Tuesday, in representation of President of the Republic János Áder.Other members of the delegation include from the Prime Minister’s Office State Secretary Szabolcs Takács and Deputy State Secretary Vince Szalay-Bobrovniczky and Deputy State Secretary Csaba Latorcai, from the Ministry of Human Capacities’ Deputy State Secretary for Higher Education Zoltán Maruzsa and Deputy State Secretary for International and European Union Affairs Gergely Prőhle.The Hungarian delegation also included representatives of the Federation of Hungarian Jewish Communities (Mazsihisz) and the March of the Living Foundation. On Tuesday the Minister said that the mass killings of Auschwitz must not happen again and any hatred against ethnic groups must be nipped in the bud. Prior to the event, the Minister said that murderous ideologies seem to keep returning to be used as an excuse for killing people based on their ethnic or religious affiliation. He added, "The expressions of hatred against other ethnic groups must always be nipped in the bud because we do not know how many steps are needed before they lead to another historical disaster", he underlined. Ireland Ireland’s national Holocaust Memorial Day commemoration took place on Sunday 25 January 2015 in the Mansion House in Dublin, drawing hundreds of attendees from all walks of society. The event was organised by Holocaust Education Trust Ireland (HETI) in cooperation with the Department of Justice and Equality, Dublin City Council, Dublin Maccabi Charitable Trust, Jewish Representatives Council of Ireland, Sisters of Sion, and Council for Christians and Jews. The event featured addresses from Ireland’s three remaining Holocaust survivors – Tomi Reichental, Suzi Diamond and Jan Kaminski. President Michael D Higgins gave the keynote address, and among those giving readings were Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade Charles Flangan T.D., Chief Justice Susan Denham, Ambassador of Israel H.E. Boaz Modai, Lord Mayor of Dublin Christy Burke, and Minister of State for New Communities, Culture and Equality, Aodhán Ó Ríordáin T.D. The press release from the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and Trade can be viewed here. As well as the six candles traditionally lit for Jewish victims of the Holocaust, members from different ethnic groups and cultural backgrounds were also invited to light candles for other victims groups persecuted during the conflict, including political prisoners, homosexuals, Roma/Sinti, Poles, Slavs and other ethnic minorities, people with disabilities, and Christian victims. A scroll of names was read by teenage schools students from around Ireland. The names on the scroll include those who perished in the Holocaust who were cherished family members of people living in Ireland. HETI and Trinity College Dublin (Herzog Centre and Department of History) organise an annual Holocaust Memorial Lecture. This year it will take place on Tuesday, 10 February at 7.30pm. Professor David Cesarani (Royal Holloway College, University of London) will speak on 'Friendly aliens, enemy aliens, or just aliens? Britain and the Jews of Europe 1939-1945.’ About 450 people usually attend. The Holocaust Memorial Day 2015 booklet will be made available on the HETI website. The event recieved press coverage in the Irish Times, the Independent and on RTE News. Israel A summary of remembrance events taking place around 27 January: 25 January: 13:00 to 10:00 a.m. – Israeli Government Cabinet Meeting to mark International Holocaust Remembrance Day, to be attended by Avner Shalev, Chairman of the Directorate, Yad Vashem 26 January: "Next Generations Association" conference in cooperation with Yad Vashem. Performance of "Our Class", at the Habima Theatre, Tel Aviv. 27 January: The Official Israeli International Holocaust Remembrance Day Ceremony, "Massuah", Tel Yitzchak, Israel. Featured speakers: Prof. Yitzchak Kashti, Chairman; Talya Lador Fresher, Chief of State Protocol, MFA; Elyakim Rubenstein, Supreme Court Justice; Orna Ben-Dor, Director, "Because of That War". Master of Ceremonies: Kobi Meidan. Keynote Address: H.E. Ms. Vivian Bercovici, Canadian Ambassador to Israel 09.30: International Holocaust Remembrance Day Ceremony for French Nationals, Hall of Remembrance, Yad Vashem. 15.00: International Holocaust Remembrance Day Ceremony for Italian Nationals, Hall of Remembrance, Yad Vashem, Claudio Della Seta's film, shot in 1923 with depictions of family life from Italy in that year, will be screened at the event. Chairman of Yad Vashem Avner Shalev will deliver the keynote address at the United Nations event marking International Holocaust Remembrance Day and the 70th Anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau. The event at the UN General Assembly will take place with the participation of UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, Israel's President Reuven Rivlin, survivors and liberators. The event will be streamed live on http://www.yadvashem.org/27th/un_event.asp on Tuesday 27 January at 11:00 AM EST. In Jerusalem, "The Anguish of Liberation as Reflected in Art, 1945-1947" displayed in the Yad Vashem Museum of Holocaust Art, will open on January 27, as part of a special evening marking International Holocaust Remembrance Day at Yad Vashem. The evening will be held in conjunction with UNSCO, in the presence of members of the Diplomatic Corps and Thomas Geve, one of the survivor-artists. The diplomats will tour the new display and participate in a commemoration event at the Yad Vashem Synagogue, during which a live broadcast of Chairman Avner Shalev's keynote address will be screened from the UN. The diplomats will also be addressed by Director of Yad Vashem's International Institute for Holocaust Research, Dr. Iael Nidam Orvieto, and the United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process, Robert Serry. Opening of the travelling exhibit "Deadly Medicine: Creating the Master Race (USHMM)" at the Ghetto Fighter's House. Speakers: Dr. David Netzer, Dr. Leonid Idelman, Mr. Ophir Pines-Paz, Prof. Shaul M. Shasha, Dr. Anat Livne. A Beit Terezin musical commemorative event at the Mishkenot Shaananim in Jerusalem. Students of the Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance will perform pieces on the work of Viktor Ullmann. Artistic director: Prof. Michael Wolpe 28 January: Institute Francais Israel in cooperation with Beit Terezin will hold a piano recital at the Krieger Hall in Haifa. Pianist: Edna Stern, an Israeli living in France, will play various works. Mrs. Stern will focus on work of the composer Gideon Klein. A special online event, the IRemember Wall on Yad Vashem's Facebook page, will provide people across the globe with a unique opportunity to engage in online commemorative activity. Each participant will be "linked" to a name of one of the over 4.3 million men, women and children currently found in the Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names, thus creating an opportunity for personal commemoration. In addition: Multiple film Screenings and Lectures marking the day will be held across the country. Finally, Yad Vashem staff members will participate in conferences, seminars, exhibitions, ceremonies, lectures, and government meetings around the world to mark January 27th- including Rwanda, Latvia, Denmark, Switzerland, South Africa, Singapore, Vietnam, Ghana, Senegal, The Ivory Coast, The Czech Republic, Ukraine, Croatia, Moldova, Austria, Lichtenstein, the UK, Germany, Venezuala and Canada among others. Some of these are arranged in conjunction with the Israeli Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Italy The Museo dello Sbarco di Salerno wil hold a remembrance ceremony around a wagon used for deportations from Rome to Auschwitz. Un Ponte per Anne Frank is launching an online national campaign ceremony to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz, encouraging people to never forget, to prevent another Holocaust and to improve our world learning from the errors of our past. On occasion of the 70th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz, the Regione Toscana in cooperation with Museo della Deportazione and ANED Toscana will organise a train to take 600 people, including students, teachers and the survivors Andra and Tatiana Bucci and Marcello Martini to visit Auschwitz-Birkenau. An overview of some initiatives among the hundreds held all over Italy on occasion of the International Remembrance Day in 2015 can be viewed here. The following initiatives listed are only those related to the Italian Jewish Communities but ceremonies and events took place in almost all institutions (schools, ministries, provinces etc.) across Italy. of the other events which took place in Italy around 27 January can be found here. Latvia No information is available at this time. Lithuania 27 January 2015 marks the 70th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau. The Secretariat of the International Commission for the Evaluation of the Crimes of the Nazi and Soviet Occupation Regimes in Lithuania conduct different commemorative events and incite educational institutions and their Tolerance Education Centres (hereafter TEC) to mark this date. 26 January: Garliava Jonuciai Gymnasium and Progymnasium, Kaunas district, is hosting the commemorative event “NOT FORGOTTEN”. An interactive lecture with video presentations on the tragedy of the Holocaust will be given. Pageant play with live music performances is going to be presented. The event is co-organised by Garliava Jonuciai Gymnasium and Progymnasium TEC, Kaunas Young Tourist Centre TEC, Kaunas Builder Training Centre TEC, and Kaunas Religious Jewish Community. The event is under the patronage of the Mayor of Kaunas County and is going to be attended by teachers and students of different educational institutions both from Kaunas city and Kaunas district. View the event poster here. 27 January: the commemorative event to mark the International Holocaust Remembrance Day is going to be held in Panevezys. The main event is planned at the former territory of Panevezys Ghetto, next to the memorial “The Grieving Jewish Mother”. The event is co-organised by Panevezys Jewish Community, Panevezys Sauletekis Progymnasium TEC, Panevezys Rozynas Progymnasium TEC, and Margarita Rimkevicaite Technological School TEC. 27 January: a national conference for students and teachers at Ariogala Gymnasium, Raseiniai district. The conference participants are going to present their creative works: video films, performances, pageant plays, drawings and posters. The main topics for creative works: History of the Jews in Lithuania and the Holocaust in Lithuania and In Europe. The conference is going to be attended by 100 students and 70 teachers from 20 schools with active TECs. The event will be honoured by the representatives of Kaunas Religious Jewish Community and Panevezys Jewish Community. The conference is co-organised by the Secretariat of the International Commission and Ariogala gymnasium TEC. Different educational institutions across the country are going to have Multi-Disciplinary lessons and introduce their students some films, literary creations, and photos on the topic of the Holocaust. 4 February at Vilnius Theatre “Lele” the artistic musical performance about former Lithuanian Jewish community and its tragedy during WWII will take place. The representatives of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania and the representatives from embassies and other missions residing in Lithuania are expected to attend this event. The event is is co-organised by the Secretariat of the International Commission and Vilnius Sauletekis Secondary School TEC. Luxembourg No information is available at this time. Netherlands In the Netherlands 27 January is marked as Holocaust Memorial Day. On this day, the victims and survivors are commemorated. The annual national commemoration of the Holocaust and Second World War is May 4. On this day there are local memorials as well as the national memorial in Amsterdam which is broadcasted on television. The Holocaust Memorial Day focuses even more on education and the remembrance of other genocides. The activities relating to Holocaust Memorial day fall into two categories: Educational and commemorative events. The educational activities are under the auspices of the Netherlands Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies (NIOD) and their committee Holocaust Memorial Day (HMD). Examples of activities are workshops, lectures, film screenings and excursions for students of the age of 15 to 25. In addition to the activities of HMD, students are encouraged to organize activities related to the Holocaust Memorial Day. The HMD offers promotion materials, tools and tips to support these events. Besides activities and events HMD also provides education materials on the Holocaust and other genocides. This year, we focus on the Holocaust, as well as the Armenian and Srebrenica genocides. NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies (supported by the Dutch Auschwitz Committee, Anne Frank House, Amsterdam Resistance Museum, Hollandsche Schouwburg, Universities, Humanity in Action, Herinneringscentrum kamp Westerbork and Herinneringscentrum Vught) hold events throughout January 2015. On 24 January NIOD also organises a training course for teachers, teacher trainers and teachers-in-training free of charge. On and around 27 January 27 there are several remembrance activities organised by (local) authorities and the Dutch Auschwitz Committee. Annually there is the Auschwitz never again lecture and the memorial at the Auschwitz monument in Amsterdam. Each year 27 January is commemorated in Amsterdam, on the last Sunday in January (January 25, 2015). This commemoration will take place at the ‘Auschwitz Never Again-monument’ in the Wertheimpark in Amsterdam. Participants are kindly requested to assemble in the Amsterdam Town Hall (entrance Amstel River) between 10:00 and 11:00 a.m. A Silent March will depart from the Town Hall to the Wertheimpark for the main commemoration ceremony at 11:10. The ceremony itself will start at 11:30 and last for approximately 45 minutes. Following the ceremony, there will be an opportunity to lay flowers on the Monument. 22-27 January 2015: The reading of the 102.000 names, Memorial Centre Camp Westerbork. The Centre Camp Westerbork is organising the reading of the 102.000 names for the third time. It will take 112 hours, day and night. Starting in the evening of January 22 up to and including January 27 2015 the names of those who do not have their own graves, are read. The reading of their names signifies 102.000 is not merely a number, but it means 102.000 times a father, a mother, a grandmother, a brother, a niece, a friend. Background information on the Reading of the 102.000 names There is a map of the Netherlands on the former roll-call site of Judendurchgangslager Westerbork (Transit Camp Westerbork for Jews), with 102.000 stones with stars of David on them (and flames as symbol for the Roma and Sinti). By this we indicate that the murder of more than 100.000 Dutch Jews in the Holocaust, must not be reduced to a number, but it is a reminder for us, that the murder of one single human being was committed 102.000 times over. Personification is the essence of educational work of Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork: every star and every flame symbolises a human being who really existed. These personal stories are told in combination with the setting, because the 102.000 victims and 5.000 survivors used to live in the same cities and villages as the visitors of today. Their names were read for the first time in 2005 on the former site of camp Westerbork. Once more, in 2015, on the occasion of Holocaust Memorial Day and commemorating the liberation of the camp Auschwitz-Birkenau, the names of all the men, women and children will be readfor whom transit camp Westerbork was their last residence in the Netherlands, until the moment they were deported to their extermination. As long as their names are mentioned, they will be remembered. And mentioning their names in camp Westerbork has a special meaning and gives an emotional edge to this reading. When pronouncing their names, more than a memory is kept alive. It feels, as one of the survivors expressed: ‘like a big sense of solidarity with the people who were present while reading the names. It felt like a big relief when I said the names of my parents and the name of my father’s sister. As if you were allowed to pronounce something, that was not allowed before’. Norway Since 2002 the Holocaust Center has taken the responsibility - upon request from the Government - for organising the official Norwegian Memorial Day every year on 27 January. The Memorial event always takes place at the Memorial to the deported Norwegian Jews. The programme consists of a speech by one of the members of the Parliament, representatives of the Norwegian Jews and other groups who were killed or suffered during the Holocaust. Norwegian Jewish school children light torches in commemoration of all the children who perished, and there are usually one or two artistic performances - either a song, a musical piece or a poem. The memorial event usually ends with the Jewish cantor at the synagogue singing the Kaddish.The ceremony is concluded with a gathering at Akershus Fortress. This year's ceremony will be attended by Minister of Local Government and Modernisation Jan Tore Sanner and Her Royal Highness Crown Princess Mette-Marit. Present at this ceremony and at the event which follows, are survivors, members of the Jewish community and the other participating groups, politicians, many ambassadors, representatives from many organizations, the general public and media - television, radio and newspapers. The coverage has been extraordinary broad and informative - before, during and after the Holocaust Day. Year by year the importance of the International Day has grown. A few years ago it was noted that most Norwegian calendars now mention this day – which really proves to which extent this Memorial Day has become an important part of the Norwegian culture - honoring the Norwegian Jews and the other groups who suffered during the Second World War For many years there have been memorial events in several other towns in Norway as well. Likewise many schools around the country have organised speeches or other ways of informing the children about this day. Recently the new Norwegian government suggested incorporating the International Holocaust Day into all Norwegian schools' curriculum - which will mean that it then will become an even more important national event. Oslo Center for Studies of Holocaust and Religious Minorities: Schoolchildren are invited to aconversation with Samuel Steinmann, the only remaining survivor of the Jews who were deported from Norway during the Holocaust. Many schools around the country will be arranging special events and educational activities. The authorities encourage all Norwegian schools to mark International Holocaust Remembrance Day. Writer Arne Vestbø will be giving a lecture at a lower secondary school on Moritz Rabinowitz, a Jewish businessman who was deported to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp in 1941. The Falstad Centre is a state sponsored institution devoted to historical research, human rights education and commemorative activities. The Centre is located on the grounds of the former Nazi Camp Strafgefangenenlager Falstad, functioning both as a forced laborers camp, internment camp for political prisoners and transit camp to Auschwitz for Norwegian Jews. In conjunction with the 70th WW II Anniversary, the HMD 2015 will focus mainly on memory and the cultural afterlife of the Holocaust. We have invited 200 students from the region to take part in lectures, workshops and a memorial march to the Falstad Forest, the site of execution for SS Camp Falstad. After a ceremony in the forest, we will have an open, public arrangement in the city of Levanger – with speeches, musical performances and screening of the documentary film “The Tram to Auschwitz”, portraying the history of Samuel Steinmann, the last Norwegian Holocaust survivor. Stiftelsen Espeland Fangeleir (Espeland Prison Camp Foundation): The Foundation marks International Holocaust Remembrance Day every year. Adults and young people gather for appeals, speeches and serving of refreshments in Arna, Bergen. Nordsjøfartsmuseet: (North Sea Maritime Museum): A ceremony, including the lighting of candles and a play, will be held for schoolchildren in the museum in Telavåg, Hordaland. Municipality of Trondheim: Opening of Julius Paltiels plass: Appeal and musical performance, speech by Sten Paltiel, and serving of refreshments in the synagogue/Jewish Museum in Trondheim. Julius Paltiel was one of the 34 deported Jews from Norway who survived Auschwitz. Organised by the city of Trondheim, Mosaic Faith Community, and the Jewish Museum, Trondheim. Stiftelsen Arkivet (Archive Foundaton), Municipality of Kristiansand: Vest- Agder Red Cross and United Nations Association of Norway (Southern Norway) will hold a two-day event during which 1,000 pupils will take part in an educational programme with Holocaust survivors, workshops and film screenings. Nordnorsk stiftelse for historieformidling, menneskerettigheter og fredsbygging (Northern Norway Foundation for Historical Education, Human Rights and Peacebuilding): Appeal and laying of flowers on the three sites where Stolpesteine have been laid in Narvik city centre to commemorate the Jewish families from Narvik who died after being deported during World War II. An Appeal and laying of flowers will also take place at the Beisfjord memorial grove (located 10 km from Narvik) commemorating the citizens from other countries who lost their lives as the result of the German occupation force's operation of concentration camps and the work camps on Norwegian soil. Aktive Fredsreiser (Travel for Peace) will participate in the official memorial ceremony and lay a wreath at Auschwitz. Poland 27 January will mark the 70th anniversary of the liberation of the Nazi German concentration and extermination camp Auschwitz-Birkenau. The event will be presided over by President of the Republic of Poland Bronisław Komorowski. The event is organised by the: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum and the International Auschwitz Council. 15.30: Main commemoration in the tent in front of the “gate of death” in Birkenau 17.00 : Paying tribute to the victims in front of the monument in Birkenau For more information click here. See also the Map of World Remembrance which aims to record all the commemorative events taking place around the world on 27 January. The Museum of the History of Polish Jews will hold a number of events around 27 January. The full programme can be viewed here. Romania In cooperation with the Elie Wiesel Institute for the Study of the Holocaust in Romania, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs will organize a commemoration event on 27 January 2015. The event will include speeches delivered by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the President of the Federation of the Jewish Communities in Romania, Aurel Vainer, the president of the Association of Romanian Jews Victims of the Holocaust, Liviu Beris as well as Romania’s IHRA Head of Delegation to IHRA, Ambassador Razvan Rusu, and Romania’s future IHRA Chair, Ambassador Mihnea Constantinescu. A presentation of the volume The Pogrom in Iasi (Curtea Veche Publishing House, 2014) by the director of the Elie Wiesel Institute for the Study of the Holocaust in Romania, as well as a reading from Anne Frank’s “The Diary of a Young Girl”, are also included in the program. A press release will mark both the commemoration day on 27 January, as well as the reaffirmation of the Stockholm Declaration. The Romanian Cultural Institute in Stockholm will hold, on 22 January 2015, 18:30, a lecture by Radu Ioanid, on the Pogrom in Iasi. Radu Ioanid is the director of archives of the United States Holocaust Memorial Musem in Washington and author of several important works on recent history such as The Holocaust in Romania (Ivan R. Dee, 2013) and The Pogrom in Iaşi (Curtea Veche Publishing House, 2014), and co-author of the volume The Ransom of the Jews: The Story of The Extraordinary Secret Bargain Between Romania and Israel (Ivan R. Dee, 2005). The lecture will be on the subject of the Iasi Pogrom in July and June 1941, when thousands of Jews (the exact number varies according to the source) were shot on the streets of the city, on the premises of the Police Prefecture or were deported on two so-called “death” trains, in which they died of dehydration and heat. These events took place a week after Romania joined Germany in war against the Soviet Union. Historians consider that an important role in the pogrom was down to the political landscape in Romania; in the interval 1867-1913, no less than 196 laws with antisemitic content were adopted. The lecture will be followed by a discussion between Radu Ioanid and the Swedish writer and journalist Elisabeth Åsbrink, author of the book Och i Wienerwald står träden kvar ("And in Wienerwald the trees stood tall", Natur & Kultur, 2011), which discussed Nazi tendencies in Swedish society from the Second World War until the present. The book has been translated into 5 languages and has won several prestigious awards such as the August Prize for the best non-fictional book and the Ryszard Kapuściński award for literary reportage. The Elie Wiesel National Institute for the Study of the Holocaust in Romania will organise a series of events dedicated to the International Day of the Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust: In Iasi, on 20-21 January 2015, in partnership with the French Institute in Iasi, the following events will be organised on Tuesday, 20 January 2015, 18:00, in the Museum of Romanian Literature: Projection of the documentary film “The Pogrom in Iasi-70 years later” by Mihnea Chelariu The launch of the photo album “The Pogrom in Iasi” by Radu Ioanid, Curtea Veche Publishing House and the INSHR Publishing House, 2015 On Wednesday, 21 January 2015, 18:00, Fondane Gallery of the French Institute in Iasi: The launch of the poetry book for children “The girl-grandmother and her story” by Suzana Raweh and Dafna Schoenwald, Curtea Veche Publishing House and the INSHR Publishing House, 2014 (Find below poster for these events) In Bucharest, on 27-29 January 2015, the following events will be organised: On Tuesday, 27 January 2015, 17:30 hrs, Muzeul Taranului Roman, Horia Bernea Studio The official opening of the Holocaust Film Festival, organised in cooperation with the US Embassy in Bucharest; Entry to this event is free and the programme of the movies can be consulted on the internet site of the INSHR. The Federation of the Jewish Communities in Romania, in cooperation with the Elie Wiesel National Institute for the Study of the Holocaust in Romania, the Dimitrie Gusti National Village Museum and the Romania-Israel Cultural Center will be organising a two-part commemoration event on 23 January 2015, commemorating the Pogrom in Bucharest (21-23 January 1941): -the Dimitrie Gusti Village Museum will host the symposium “Human Dignity during the Holocaust” (10:30 hrs); -the municipal slaughter house in Bucharest will host the conference “Evocation of the tragic events that unfolded in those days” (15:00 hrs). Wednesday, 28 January 2015, 10:30- Lauder Rent Educational Complex: The launch of the poetry book for children “The girl-grandmother and her story” by Suzana Raweh and Dafna Schoenwald, Curtea Veche Publishing House and the INSHR Publishing House, 2014 and of the theatre play with the same name. Wednesday, 28 January 2015, 14:00- Romanian National Library, 1st floor: The “International Day of the Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust” special session organized by the US Embassy , in partnership with the Elie Wiesel Institute. Students from the “Ion Creanga” college will participate. Presentations will be held by Alexandru Florian, Elie Wiesel Institute General Director and Marjorie Stern, cultural attache of the US Embassy in Bucharest. The session will also include the projection of the Struma movie, directed by Radu Gabrea. The Tikvah Association in Oradea has prepared a number of initiatives all related to the remembrance on 27 January 2015 as it follows: It has prepared educational materials called "Voices of the Liberators" which explain the background of the liberation of three concentration/extermination camps in 1945: Auschwitz, Bergen-Belsen and Mauthausen by Soviet, British and American forces and captures testimonies of the liberators. It has held, with the co-operation of the Education authorities, a workshop with over 50 teachers to test our materials for use in schools. It has distributed posters widely in Oradea promoting remembrance; it has had co-operation from the churches, local government, the police, libraries, the museums, the cultural locations and the University in Oradea. It is working with the regional Roma organization to train Roma volunteers to present the story of the Roma genocide in Roma communities on 27 January. It is holding the formal remembrance event at Oradea City Hall and the event is co-hosted by Asociatia Tikvah and the British Embassy. There will be: A display of Asociatia Tikvah's "Voices of the Liberators" materials. A video from Sir Andrew Burns welcoming the guests and welcoming the assumption of Romania's leadership of the IHRA in 2016 (and commending the work of Asociatia Tikvah). Extracts from the recently released and acclaimed film "Night Will Fall". A presentation by the Deputy British Ambassador and other local dignitaries. A presentation by Emilia Teszler, President of Asociatia Tikvah. There will also be an art exhibition at the City Hall with a Holocaust theme prepared by the local Art School and prizes will be awarded by Asociatia Tikvah. Serbia On 27 January 2015, at 19:00, the Center for Cultural Decontamination in Belgrade will convene a round table based on Auschwitz survivor Djordje Lebović's (1928-2004) play, Nebeski odred [tr., Himmelkomanda],which is set in Auschwitz. Using questions drawn from the text of the play, the round table will examine the issue of testimony and giving witness. Since its establishment in 1994, the Center works in arts, culture and social engagement against nationalism, xenophobia, hatred and fear. In Belgrade the Serbian President, Mr. Tomislav Nikolic led the central state commemorative ceremony marking 27 January. The ceremony took place at 11.00 am at the monument to the victims of genocide in the Second World War, located within the complex of the former concentration camp at Staro Sajmiste in New Belgrade. The President of the Republic of Serbia, with full military and state honors, laid the wreath and addressed the audience. The central state ceremony was attended by the Holocaust survivors, descendants of the victims, former prisoners of death camps in the Second World War, representatives of the Association of Jewish Communities of Serbia, the National Council of the Roma National Minority, Ministers of the Government of Serbia, Vice-President of the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, Mayor of the City of Belgrade, a large number of representatives of the diplomatic corps, associations and citizens. On 26 January the Jewish Community of Belgrade, Association of Jewish Communities of Serbia and the Holocaust Research and Education Centre the forum on Freedom, Life and Legacy of the Holocaust Survivors held a commemoration to mark the International Holocaust Remembrance Day in the Sukkat Shalom Synagogue in Belgrade, on the occasion of which the documentary on the Auschwitz was screened, and researchers on the Holocaust delivered speeches. In their address, the representatives of the Holocaust Research and Education Centre spoke about the sites where the Holocaust and Porrajmos took place in Belgrade. The students of the Belgrade Railway Vocational School held the presentation How we were taught about the Holocaust in our school and outside it, followed by the documentary How we visited Staro sajmiište, the place of agony and remembrance. Slovakia No information is currently available. Slovenia A large range of commemorative events are taking place in schools, centres and synagogues throughout Slovenia. A full programme can be viewed here. Spain The United Nations, the Casa Sefarad-Israel, Instituto Italiano di Cultura, Polish Institute, Goethe- Institut, Frnch Embassy, Israeli Embassy and the Association of Fine Arts will hold a commemorative concert, composed and directed by Michele Gazich, in memory of the victims of the Holocaust. The programme is available here. Sweden According to the instructions given by the Governmental Authority, one mission of the Living History Forum is to promote remembrance of the Holocaust Memorial Day, 27th of January. Since the main target group is teachers, the Forum publishes ideas on how to work educationally with this Memorial Day according to a special chosen theme for each year. For 2015 the theme is “70 Years since the Liberation” within which testimonies of survivors will be highlighted, telling stories about life before, during and after the Holocaust. An exhibition where these testimonies are displayed can be easily accessed and downloaded in different formats through the web site of the Forum. Every year the Forum invites and encourages schools and other institutions around the country, to publish their programmes for the Memorial Day on the website of the Forum. Several such institutions usually respond to this invitation. Furthermore the website of the Forum offers a range of teaching ideas and educational materials suitable for the Memorial Day, including materials about the Holocaust as well as other genocides. It also includes materials about the UN Genocide Convention. In addition to this, the Forum is in charge of a memorial ceremony in the centre of Stockholm each year on the 27th of January. The ceremony includes candle lighting and representatives of the government and the royal family are normally present. For the 2015 ceremony, the Swedish Prime Minister is listed among the speakers. Sweden is participating with a delegation at the 2015 commemoration in Auschwitz. The delegation is headed by the Crown Princess Victoria and the Speaker of the Parliament who are joined by a number of Holocaust Survivors and a second generation Roma survivor. Switzerland On the occasion of the International Holocaust Remembrance Day, the President of the Swiss Confederation, Minister of Justice Simonetta Sommaruga , delivers a written message. She will also attend the ceremonies commemorating the 70th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau. On 27 January 2015, the President of the Swiss Confederation will meet a small delegation of Holocaust survivors from Switzerland in the Parliament and Government building. She will be offered a series of 15 books of Memoirs of Holocaust Survivors. Headed by Professor Ivan Lefkovits, a Holocaust survivor himself, the Memoirs project was launched in 2008 and it will end with this ceremony. Several activities or ceremonies are also organized in some cantons and schools. Under the given title „Violations of human rights and civil courage in Past and Present" a publication as well as several exhibits and public debates will organized in Lucerne (the entire program can be found under www.27-januar.lu.ch). In Ticino, the activities will focus on the topic "The Origins of Evil" Cinema and History: deportations and extermination in Europe (1933-1945)”. The programme can be viewed here. United Kingdom Holocaust Memorial Day has taken place in the UK since 2001. Since 2005 the Holocaust Memorial Day Trust has coordinated and promoted HMD in the UK. HMDT is a charity set up by the UK Government and funded by its Department for Communities & Local Government. In the UK, Holocaust Memorial Day commemorates the Holocaust, those who suffered under Nazi persecution, and in subsequent genocides in Cambodia, Rwanda, Bosnia and Darfur. The theme for Holocaust Memorial Day 2015 “Keep the Memory Alive”. Stephen Fry joins a diverse group of British artists and Holocaust and genocide survivors in launching a major new arts project in which survivors’ stories will be interpreted and explored through writing, poetry, film, ceramics, illustration and collage. The Memory Makers project is pairing seven artists with survivors of genocide living in the UK. The artists have partnered with survivors to hear their remarkable life stories, before creating a work of art that captures the experience of the meeting, and explores the horrors and consequences of the atrocities. The Holocaust Memorial Day Trust has an event map which shows a very comprehensive overview of commemorative events taking place all over the UK. View the map here. HMDT organises the UK national commemoration event for HMD, as well as promoting and supporting activities and projects in local communities, schools and other educational institutions. HMDT reaches tens of thousands of people. The national commemoration is a formal ceremony, providing a national focus for HMD. HMDT’s role includes providing support to local event organisers in commemorating HMD. HMDT produces an Activity pack for event organisers, and its website contains a wealth of resources and advice. Activities included classroom activities, exhibitions, civic ceremonies, speaker events, readings, performing arts, tree plantings and film screenings. The Anne Frank Trust UK: The Anne Frank Trust has several copies of the exhibition Anne Frank, A History for Today which visits secondary schools and prisons, where students and prisoners are trained to be peer educators. A range of activities and workshops accompany the exhibitions. It also has two touring exhibitions for public viewing, the larger exhibition Anne Frank and You and the photographic exhibition Anne Frank and Family. The annual Anne Frank Trust Lunch to mark Holocaust Memorial Day will take place at the Hilton on Park Lane on Thursday 29 January 2015 at 12.00 pm. News presenter and member of the Prime Minister’s Holocaust Commission Natasha Kaplinsky will be interviewing Dr Eva Schloss, the stepdaughter of Otto Frank, about her time in Auschwitz. Eva will reflect on those terrible times, on the 70 intervening years and will have some pertinent remarks about the future. The Anne Frank Award for Moral Courage will also be presented, this year to the remarkable Mariane Pearl. Mariane’s husband, the Wall Street Journal bureau chief Daniel Pearl, was murdered by Al-Qaeda in Pakistan in 2002. Mariane’s book about her husband’s kidnapping, A Might Heart, was turned into a film in which Mariane was played by Dame Angelina Jolie – who signed our Anne Frank Declaration this summer. An overview of the Anne Frank Trust events which took place all over the UK can be found here. The Association of Jewish Refugees: The AJR, together with the Second Generation Network and the Kindertransport Association, co-organised an historic inter-generational gathering of Holocaust refugees and survivors and their descendants on Sunday 18 January 2015 at the Institute of Education. The one-day Holocaust Generations Conference brought together the families of Shoah victims to hear from speakers addressing a number of post-Holocaust subjects, to meet people with similar backgrounds and to share experiences. The conference covered several subjects of interest including history, psychology, genealogy, as well as highlighting the culture and legacy of the refugees and survivors. United States On January 27, 2015, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum will observe International Holocaust Remembrance Day in the Museum's Hall of Remembrance. The special commemoration marks the 10th Anniversary of the international day of remembrance and the 70th Anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz. The Museum's program will feature remarks from a Holocaust survivor, the lighting of memorial candles in the Museum’s Hall of Remembrance, and a short musical interlude. The memorial prayer will also be led by Holocaust survivors. While the event is open to the public, the Museum invites the diplomatic community to join with Holocaust survivors and US Government officials in marking this day. More than 30 Holocaust survivors will be joined by ambassadors and other diplomats from over 50 nations. January 27 has been established by the United Nations General Assembly as International Holocaust Remembrance Day, an annual commemoration honoring the six million Jews murdered in the Holocaust. The date marks the anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau, the largest Nazi concentration camp, by the Soviet Red Army on January 27, 1945. More information on the Days of Remembrance is available here. This international day of remembrance is being held in addition to the national Days of Remembrance, the official U.S. Holocaust commemoration led by the Museum every year since 1980. During this week of observance (in 2015 April 12-19), communities across the country conduct remembrance observations, and the Museum leads a solemn ceremony in the U.S. Capitol Rotunda. Observer Countries Albania No information is available at this time. Bulgaria President of Bulgaria, Mr. Plevneliev took part in the The Fourth International Forum „Let My People Live!”, 26 – 27 January 2015, Prague / Terezin, Czech Republic President of Bulgaria, Mr. Plevneliev took part in the commemoration events for the 70th Anniversary of Liberation of the Nazi German Concentration and Extermination Camp Auschwitz-Birkenau - January 27, 2015 Foreign Minister Mitov published an statement on International Holocaust Remembrance Day on the website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. On January 27th 2015 the Ministry of Education and Science held a ceremony for commemoration of the International Day of the Victims of the Holocaust and 70th anniversary of liberation of the Nazi German concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau. The Ministry of Education and Science will announce a National contest for schools on the topic: "70th anniversary of liberation of the Nazi German concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau- facing the past to have a future". On January 28th 2015 the National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria and Embassy of the State of Israel together with the State Cultural Institute to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Bulgaria, Organization of the Jews in Bulgaria “Shalom” and Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski” are holding a Ceremony in the Parliament for marking the International Holocaust Remembrance Day with presentation of an Exhibition and laying flowers to the memorial monument next to the building of the Parliament. Image gallery: 27 January Commemorations in Bulgaria Click on one of the images to view the gallery (9 images). El Salvador On 27 January El Salvador will mark International Holocaust Remembrance Day with a ceremony at the Museo de Antropología "David J. Guzmán". The commemoration will take place at 5:00 pm(11:00 pm GMT). This event is sponsored by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the IHRA member countries represented in El Salvador: Argentina, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Israel, Spain, United Kingdom, United States Uruguay and the UN. The program will include: a screnein of two videos, lighting of candles by children from the Jewish community in El Salvador and by the daughter of Colonel Arturo Castellanos (Righteous among the Nations). There will also be a religious ceremony and Hebrew and Spanish testimony from Marianne Granat, an Auschwitz survivor. Speeches will also be held by representatives of the UN, El Salvador and the United Kingdom. Viceminister of Foreign Affairs Carlos Castaneda will be in attendce at the ceremony Moldova On 29 January 2015 an International High Level Remembrance Conference dedicated to the 70 Anniversary of liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau will take place in Chisinau organised by the Government of the Republic of Moldova together with the Jewish Community of Moldova. The purpose of this event is to contribute to the efforts of the Moldovan Government and civil society in its work to mark International Holocaust Remembrance Day, as well as serve as a platform to discuss the contemporary challenges and modern facets of antisemitism. The agenda of the Conference will include subjects related to the issues of Holocaust denial prohibition and victims’ remembrance; modern anti-Semitism appearances; Holocaust education; Mass-media role in human rights promotion. The format of this conference will bring together high ranking officials, diplomats, government and civil society leaders, fostering dialogue, raising awareness, proposing specific recommendations, and inspiring succesful models of society cohesion and tolerance promotion in the Republic of Moldova and participating countries. IHRA Delegate Werner Dreier will be in attendance. The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia The “Memorial Center of the Holocaust of the Jews from Macedonia” held a seminar on 27 January called "Diplomacy and the Deportation of the Jews from Macedonia in 1943". The event was organised along with the Diplomatic Club-Skopje, the Institute of National History, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and is supported by IHRA. More than 100 participants from the Jewish community, different institutions, representatives of the diplomatic community, media, and NGOs were in attendance. The seminar featured academics, govenrment representatives and IHRA delegates. The event will be moderated by Ambassador Tegovski, the IHRA national coordinator. The President Mr. Gjorge Ivanov took part at the commemoration events held on the occasion of the 70 years of the liberation of the concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau on 27 January 2015. The President of the Assembly Mr. Trajko Veljanovski took part at the Fourth International Forum “Let My People Live” held in Prague/Terzin on 26-27 January 2015. A delegation from the Holocaust Memorial Center of the Jews from Macedonia took part at the International Conference “Learning From the Past, Learning for the Future” held in Brussels on 27 January 2015. Portugal Clube Europeu - Escola Básica Adriano Correia de Oliveira, Avintes: Students will organise an exibition about Holocaust. The students will see a film about Irena Sendler. Agrupamento de Escolas de Airães: March of the Living including students, teachers and other employees of the community associated with the education representing the schools from the Felgueiras municipality and other participants. Unveiling of the commemorative stone associated with the event as well as a conference on the Holocaust, in the School Amphitheater, Primary and Secondary School in Airaes. 22 January: a 20 minute webinar is posted on the Ministry of Education and Science’s site addressed at teachers and students of the Portuguese school system containing a presentation by the Head of the Portuguese delegation to IHRA under the title “Keeping the Memory Alive – Portugal and the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance”; 26 January: Teatro S. Carlos (national opera theatre) with the support of the Austrian Embassy - Concert: lieder by Robert Schumann and Viktor Ullman; soprano Julliane Bance; presentation of the movie “Nuit et Brouillard” by Alain Resnais with the musical score played by the Orquestra Sinfónica Portuguesa and reading by Luís Miguel Cintra (actor and theatre director); 27 January: special session at the Parliament – addresses by the Speaker and by the Presidents of the Permanent Parliament Commissions for Liberties and Fundamental Right and for Education, as well by the Head of the Lisbon Jewish Community; presentation of extracts from the opera “Bundibar”; opening of a photo exhibition “Children and the Holocaust; 27 January: Faculty of Letters – University of Lisbon: public discussion of works on the Holocaust and Holocaust related subjects by students in the course of the academic year; 28 January: Parliament – presentation of the play “As mãos de Abraão Zacut” (Luis Stau Monteiro) by students from schools from the city of Portalegre. Turkey On 27 January has been commemorated in Turkey for the last 5 years. This year, for the first time, the Turkish Jewish Community together with Bilkent University also organized a commemoration ceremony for the Holocaust victims in Ankara. The Speaker of the Grand National Assembly, H.E. Cemil Cicek, attended the Holocaust commemoration ceremony in Ankara. The ceremony was also attended by the Minister of Culture and Tourism, Mr. Omer Celik, the Deputy Minister of National Education, Mr. Orhan Erdem, the Deputy Chief of the Republican People’s Party, Mr. Murat Ozcelik, the Turkish Grand National Assembly’s General Secretary, Mr. Dr. İrfan Neziroglu, members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly from different parties, the Undersecretary of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ambassador Feridun Sinirlioglu, the Deputy Undersecretary of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ambassador Levent Murat Burhan, foreign ambassadors, diplomats, academics, teachers, students, high-level civil and military officials. Nearly 600 people were in attendance and the ceremony attracted press and TV channels and was covered quite broadly in the Turkish media. At the beginning of the ceremony, the messages conveyed by Prime Minister Mr. Ahmet Davutoglu and Minister of Youth and Sport Mr. Çagatay Kılıc, included IHRA’s press release published to reaffirm the Stockholm Declaration. President of the Bilkent University Abdullah Atalar, Associate Professor Umut Uzer (a member of Turkish Delegation to IHRA), retired Ambassador Ertan Tezgor (Head of Turkish Delegation to IHRA), President of Turkish Jewish Community Ishak Ibrahimzadeh and Speaker of the Turkish Grand National Assembly Mr. Cemil Çiçek gave speeches in the ceremony. The speeches were mainly focused on the importance of educatingthe broader public about Holocaust, fighting against antisemitism, hatred, racism, Islamophobia and discrimination, and Turkish diplomats’ efforts during the World War II to save Jews by providing them Turkish Passports. All of the speeches can be read here. Bilkent University Trio, Jewish musicians Linet Shaul and Jerfi Aji gave a small concert during the ceremony. The Jewish photographer Alberto Modiano aslo organized an exhibition about the Holocaust images at the foyer of the ceremony hall. On January 26-27 Mr Cicek attended a forum in Prague named “Let My People Live” which was organized together with the European Parliament, the Czech Parliament and the European Jewish Congress. The President of the Turkish Jewish Community, Mr. Ishak Ibrahimzadeh, was also part of the delegation . The Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mevlut Çavuşoglu, attended the commemoration ceremonies in Auschwitz together with the Vice President of the Turkish Jewish Community, Joseph Nassi, and Rabbi Naftali Haleva. This year, the TRT (Turkish public radio and television) aired two Holocaust documentaries. A new documentary which was produced by the Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington named “The Path to Nazi Genocide” was shown on January 27.y Claude Lanzmann’s "Shoah" was televised again in five parts between January 26-30. Uruguay No information is available at this time. Permanent International Partners Claims Conference No information is available at this time. Council of Europe No information is available at this time. EU Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA) No information is available at this time. International Tracing Service 22 January: Uprooted and a New Beginning: Conversations with the Children of Displaced PerGesprächsrunde mit Kindern ehemaliger Displaced Persons. To mark the closing of the exhibition "Where should we go after Liberation?", the ITS invites you to conversations with the children of DPs. Dr. Meron Mendel, director of the Bildungsstätte Anne Frank will moderate the event. More details. 19 January: René Bienert will hold a presentation in the Christian Daniel Rauch-Museum, Bad Arolsen."Survived-Liberated-Homeless: Displaced Persons in Arolsen." For more details please click here. OSCE/ODIHR On 22 January IHRA Chair Sir Andrew Burns will address the OSCE Permanent Council in Vienna. ODIHR provides assistance to governments in raising awareness about the Holocaust and its causes, notably anti-Semitism. Partnering with other intergovernmental organizations, including the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA), ODIHR fosters multilateral co-operation and dialogue among governments and civil society on issues related to Holocaust education and remembrance. ODIHR’s online publication Holocaust Memorial Days in the OSCE region provides both general and country-specific summaries on the days chosen and the activities implemented on the occasion of Holocaust Memorial Days. It also contains information about efforts to commemorate the Roma and Sinti genocide on a special day, in some countries on 2 August. UNESCO All events at UNESCO Headquarters are available on this website. The United Nations The new traveling exhibition "Shoah: How Was It Humanly Possible?" will open on January 26, 2015, at the United Nations Visitors' Lobby in New York City. The exhibition, which uses texts, images, and video clips to recount a comprehensive history of the Holocaust from 1933-1945, will remain on display at the United Nations through February 2015. The full programme of events being organised by the United Nations around27 January can be viewed here. Chairman of Yad Vashem Avner Shalev will deliver the keynote address at the United Nations event marking International Holocaust Remembrance Day and the 70th Anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau. The event at the UN General Assembly will take place with the participation of UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, Israel's President Reuven Rivlin, survivors and liberators. The event will be streamed live on http://www.yadvashem.org/27th/un_event.asp on Tuesday 27 January at 11:00 AM EST.
wrong_mix_domainrange_leader_00015	FactBench	1	7	https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/politics-and-gender/article/letting-down-the-ladder-or-shutting-the-door-female-prime-ministers-party-leaders-and-cabinet-ministers/FF290ED6D0D2D1CE10E0CC12107AD503	en	Letting Down the Ladder or Shutting the Door: Female Prime Ministers, Party Leaders, and Cabinet Ministers	https://static.cambridge…-size-image=true	https://static.cambridge…-size-image=true	[ "https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/icn_circle__btn_close_white.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/logo_core.png", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/logo_core.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/logo_core.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/logo_core.svg", "https://static.cambridge.org/covers/PAG_0_0_0/politics-and-gender.jpg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/page-component/img/save-pdf-icon.080470e.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/page-component/img/pdf-download-icon.c7fb40c.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/page-component/img/pdf-download-icon.c7fb40c.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/page-component/img/dropbox-icon.3d57046.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/page-component/img/google-drive-icon.a50193b.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/page-component/img/close-icon.194b28a.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/page-component/img/share-icon.cbcfad8.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/page-component/img/close-icon.194b28a.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/page-component/img/cite-icon.44eaaa4.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/page-component/img/rights-icon.d4a677c.svg", "https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/?pub-status=live", "https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20160113064958690-0571:S1743923X15000410_tab1.gif", "https://assets.crossref.org/logo/crossref-logo-100.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Google_Scholar_logo_2015.PNG", "https://assets.crossref.org/logo/crossref-logo-100.png", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/cambridge_logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Diana Z. O'Brien", "Matthew Mendez", "Jordan Carr Peterson", "Jihyun Shin" ]	null	Letting Down the Ladder or Shutting the Door: Female Prime Ministers, Party Leaders, and Cabinet Ministers - Volume 11 Issue 4	en	/core/cambridge-core/public/images/favicon.ico	Cambridge Core	https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/politics-and-gender/article/letting-down-the-ladder-or-shutting-the-door-female-prime-ministers-party-leaders-and-cabinet-ministers/FF290ED6D0D2D1CE10E0CC12107AD503	In October 2012 the Danish Socialist People's Party chose Annette Vilhelmsen as its leader. With her ascension to power, women simultaneously headed all three of Denmark's governing parties for the first time. Though an exclusively female-led coalition government remains exceptional, in developed democracies the number of female prime ministers and party leaders has grown in recent years. Since 2000, women have governed in Denmark, Germany, Finland, Iceland, New Zealand, and Australia and have commanded coalition partner parties in Austria, Ireland, and Sweden. Just as there are now more female leaders, governments are also nominating more women to cabinets than ever before. Women recently held half of all ministerial posts in Finland, Iceland, Sweden, and Spain. Female ministers are also serving in high-prestige portfolios from which they were traditionally excluded, including finance and foreign affairs. As women's presence in executive office grows, interest in both women's ascension to leadership positions (Jalalzai Reference Jalalzai2013; Murray Reference Murray2010; O'Neill and Stewart Reference O'Neill and Stewart2009; Wiliarty Reference Wiliarty2008) and nomination to cabinets (Bego Reference Bego2014; Claveria Reference Claveria2014; Davis Reference Davis1997; Escobar-Lemmon and Taylor-Robinson Reference Escobar-Lemmon and Taylor-Robinson2005; Reynolds Reference Reynolds1999) has also increased. At the same time, female leaders and ministers have largely been studied in isolation from one another, and little is known about the relationship between the two. This is a surprising oversight because party leaders play a central role in cabinet appointments and because of the conflicting expectations generated by prior research. While some scholars posit that female leaders increase women's access to top political posts (Davis Reference Davis1997; Jacob, Scherpereel, and Adams Reference Jacob, Scherpereel and Adams2014), others find no support for this claim (Krook and O'Brien Reference Krook and O'Brien2012) or show that it is wholly attributable to self-appointments (Barnes and O'Brien Reference Barnes and O'Brien2015). We provide the first empirical analysis of female leaders’ effects on both the proportion of ministerial posts held by women and women's nomination to high-prestige portfolios. After examining the literature on women's cabinet appointments, we develop two competing sets of hypotheses linking female leaders and ministers in advanced parliamentary and semipresidential democracies. Our letting-down-the-ladder hypotheses posit that female prime ministers and coalition party leaders—particularly in left governments—are associated with women's increased appointment to cabinets and their ascension to high-prestige ministerial posts. In contrast, our shutting-the-door hypotheses suggest that the presence of female leaders—especially in nonleft governments—will result in the nomination of fewer women to (high-prestige) portfolios. We test our competing hypotheses using data on female prime ministers, party leaders, and cabinet members in 15 countries beginning in 1980. Our multilevel models with country-level random effects demonstrate that the presence of either a female prime minister or a female-led coalition party is associated with fewer female-held portfolios, particularly as compared to exclusively male-led left governments. Female leaders are also no more likely than their male counterparts to appoint women to high-prestige posts. In our discussion of these results, we posit that this is likely a consequence of the opportunities and constraints facing male and female leaders in parliamentary and semipresidential regimes. These findings thus offer an important contribution to the growing literature on women in executive politics and lay the groundwork for future research exploring the knock-on effects of women's ascension to leadership posts. Indeed, they highlight the need for additional qualitative and quantitative work assessing the motivations and incentives of male and female leaders across different political systems.
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"https://www.atmospheric-measurement-techniques.net/facebook.png", "https://www.atmospheric-measurement-techniques.net/linkedin.png", "https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/319373/400/ssl", "https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/319376/400/ssl" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "De Menezes", "L.-P", "the CLOUD Team" ]	null		en	https://www.atmospheric-measurement-techniques.net/favicon_copernicus_16x16_.ico		null	Articles \| Volume 7, issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2159-2014 © Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2159-2014 © Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Research article 18 Jul 2014 Research article \| \| 18 Jul 2014 Characterisation of organic contaminants in the CLOUD chamber at CERN R. Schnitzhofer, A. Metzger, M. Breitenlechner, W. Jud, M. Heinritzi, L.-P. De Menezes, J. Duplissy, R. Guida, S. Haider, J. Kirkby, S. Mathot, P. Minginette, A. Onnela, H. Walther, A. Wasem, A. Hansel, and the CLOUD Team R. Schnitzhofer Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria A. Metzger Ionicon Analytik, Innsbruck, Austria M. Breitenlechner Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria M. Heinritzi Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria L.-P. De Menezes CERN, Geneva, Switzerland CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland R. Guida CERN, Geneva, Switzerland S. Haider CERN, Geneva, Switzerland CERN, Geneva, Switzerland S. Mathot CERN, Geneva, Switzerland P. Minginette CERN, Geneva, Switzerland A. Onnela CERN, Geneva, Switzerland H. Walther Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland A. Wasem CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria Ionicon Analytik, Innsbruck, Austria the CLOUD Team CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Related authors Show only first author papers Show all papers Experimental investigation of ionâion recombination under atmospheric conditions A. Franchin, S. Ehrhart, J. LeppÃ¤, T. Nieminen, S. GagnÃ©, S. Schobesberger, D. Wimmer, J. Duplissy, F. Riccobono, E. M. Dunne, L. Rondo, A. Downard, F. Bianchi, A. Kupc, G. Tsagkogeorgas, K. Lehtipalo, H. E. Manninen, J. Almeida, A. Amorim, P. E. Wagner, A. Hansel, J. Kirkby, A. KÃ¼rten, N. M. Donahue, V. Makhmutov, S. Mathot, A. Metzger, T. PetÃ¤jÃ¤, R. Schnitzhofer, M. SipilÃ¤, Y. Stozhkov, A. TomÃ©, V.-M. Kerminen, K. Carslaw, J. Curtius, U. Baltensperger, and M. Kulmala Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7203–7216, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7203-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7203-2015, 2015 Short summary Short summary The ion-ion recombination coefficient was measured at different temperatures, relative humidities and concentrations of ozone and sulfur dioxide. The experiments were carried out using the CLOUD chamber at CERN. We observed a strong dependency on temperature and on relative humidity, which has not been reported previously. No dependency of the ion-ion recombination coefficient on ozone concentration was observed and a weak variation with sulfur dioxide concentration was also observed. On the composition of ammoniaâsulfuric-acid ion clusters during aerosol particle formation S. Schobesberger, A. Franchin, F. Bianchi, L. Rondo, J. Duplissy, A. KÃ¼rten, I. K. Ortega, A. Metzger, R. Schnitzhofer, J. Almeida, A. Amorim, J. Dommen, E. M. Dunne, M. Ehn, S. GagnÃ©, L. Ickes, H. Junninen, A. Hansel, V.-M. Kerminen, J. Kirkby, A. Kupc, A. Laaksonen, K. Lehtipalo, S. Mathot, A. Onnela, T. PetÃ¤jÃ¤, F. Riccobono, F. D. Santos, M. SipilÃ¤, A. TomÃ©, G. Tsagkogeorgas, Y. Viisanen, P. E. Wagner, D. Wimmer, J. Curtius, N. M. Donahue, U. Baltensperger, M. Kulmala, and D. R. Worsnop Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 55–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-55-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-55-2015, 2015 Short summary Short summary We used an ion mass spectrometer at CERN's CLOUD chamber to investigate the detailed composition of ammonia--sulfuric acid ion clusters (of both polarities) as they initially form and then grow into aerosol particles, at atmospherically relevant conditions. We found that these clustersâ composition is mainly determined by the ratio of the precursor vapors and ranges from ammonia-free clusters to clusters containing > 1 ammonia per sulfuric acid. Acid--base bindings are a key formation mechanism. Overview of the Manitou Experimental Forest Observatory: site description and selected science results from 2008 to 2013 J. Ortega, A. Turnipseed, A. B. Guenther, T. G. Karl, D. A. Day, D. Gochis, J. A. Huffman, A. J. Prenni, E. J. T. Levin, S. M. Kreidenweis, P. J. DeMott, Y. Tobo, E. G. Patton, A. Hodzic, Y. Y. Cui, P. C. Harley, R. S. Hornbrook, E. C. Apel, R. K. Monson, A. S. D. Eller, J. P. Greenberg, M. C. Barth, P. Campuzano-Jost, B. B. Palm, J. L. Jimenez, A. C. Aiken, M. K. Dubey, C. Geron, J. Offenberg, M. G. Ryan, P. J. Fornwalt, S. C. Pryor, F. N. Keutsch, J. P. DiGangi, A. W. H. Chan, A. H. Goldstein, G. M. Wolfe, S. Kim, L. Kaser, R. Schnitzhofer, A. Hansel, C. A. Cantrell, R. L. Mauldin, and J. N. Smith Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6345–6367, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6345-2014,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6345-2014, 2014 Acetaldehyde exchange above a managed temperate mountain grassland L. HÃ¶rtnagl, I. Bamberger, M. Graus, T. M. Ruuskanen, R. Schnitzhofer, M. Walser, A. Unterberger, A. Hansel, and G. Wohlfahrt Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5369–5391, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5369-2014,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5369-2014, 2014 Missing peroxy radical sources within a summertime ponderosa pine forest G. M. Wolfe, C. Cantrell, S. Kim, R. L. Mauldin III, T. Karl, P. Harley, A. Turnipseed, W. Zheng, F. Flocke, E. C. Apel, R. S. Hornbrook, S. R. Hall, K. Ullmann, S. B. Henry, J. P. DiGangi, E. S. Boyle, L. Kaser, R. Schnitzhofer, A. Hansel, M. Graus, Y. Nakashima, Y. Kajii, A. Guenther, and F. N. Keutsch Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4715–4732, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4715-2014,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4715-2014, 2014 Undisturbed and disturbed above canopy ponderosa pine emissions: PTR-TOF-MS measurements and MEGAN 2.1 model results L. Kaser, T. Karl, A. Guenther, M. Graus, R. Schnitzhofer, A. Turnipseed, L. Fischer, P. Harley, M. Madronich, D. Gochis, F. N. Keutsch, and A. Hansel Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11935–11947, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11935-2013,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11935-2013, 2013 Comparison of different real time VOC measurement techniques in a ponderosa pine forest L. Kaser, T. Karl, R. Schnitzhofer, M. Graus, I. S. Herdlinger-Blatt, J. P. DiGangi, B. Sive, A. Turnipseed, R. S. Hornbrook, W. Zheng, F. M. Flocke, A. Guenther, F. N. Keutsch, E. Apel, and A. Hansel Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2893–2906, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2893-2013,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2893-2013, 2013 Vertical distribution of ice nucleating particles over the boreal forest of Hyytiälä, Finland ZoÃ© Brasseur, Julia Schneider, Janne Lampilahti, Ville Vakkari, Victoria A. Sinclair, Christina J. Williamson, Carlton Xavier, Dmitri Moisseev, Markus Hartmann, Pyry Poutanen, Markus LampimÃ¤ki, Markku Kulmala, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Erik S. Thomson, Kristina HÃ¶hler, Ottmar MÃ¶hler, and Jonathan Duplissy EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1272,https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1272, 2024 Short summary Short summary Ice nucleating particles (INPs) strongly influence the formation of clouds by initiating the formation of ice crystals. However, very little is known concerning the vertical distribution of INPs in the atmosphere. Here, we present aircraft measurements of INP concentrations above the Finnish boreal forest. Results show that near-surface INPs are efficiently transported and mixed within the boundary layer, and occasionally reach the free troposphere. Ice-nucleating particles active below -24 °C in a Finnish boreal forest and their relationship to bioaerosols Franziska Vogel, Michael P. Adams, Larissa Lacher, Polly Foster, Grace C. E. Porter, Barbara Bertozzi, Kristina HÃ¶hler, Julia Schneider, Tobias Schorr, Nsikanabasi S. Umo, Jens Nadolny, ZoÃ© Brasseur, Paavo HeikkilÃ¤, Erik S. Thomson, Nicole BÃ¼ttner, Martin I. Daily, Romy FÃ¶sig, Alexander D. Harrison, Jorma Keskinen, Ulrike Proske, Jonathan Duplissy, Markku Kulmala, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Ottmar MÃ¶hler, and Benjamin J. Murray EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-853,https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-853, 2024 Short summary Short summary Primary ice formation in clouds strongly influences their properties, hence it is important to understand the sources of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) and their variability. We present 2 months INP measurements in a Finnish boreal forest using a new semi-autonomous INP counting device based on gas expansion. These results show strong variability in INP concentrations, and we present a case that the INP we observe are, at least some of the time, of biological origin. Opinion: The strength of long-term comprehensive observations to meet multiple grand challenges in different environments and in the atmosphere Markku Kulmala, Anna Lintunen, Hanna Lappalainen, Annele Virtanen, Chao Yan, Ekaterina Ezhova, Tuomo Nieminen, Ilona Riipinen, Risto Makkonen, Johanna Tamminen, Anu-Maija SundstrÃ¶m, Antti Arola, Armin Hansel, Kari Lehtinen, Timo Vesala, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Jaana BÃ¤ck, Tom Kokkonen, and Veli-Matti Kerminen Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14949–14971, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14949-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14949-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary To be able to meet global grand challenges, we need comprehensive open data with proper metadata. In this opinion paper, we describe the SMEAR (Station for Measuring Earth surface – Atmosphere Relations) concept and include several examples (cases), such as new particle formation and growth, feedback loops and the effect of COVID-19, and what has been learned from these investigations. The future needs and the potential of comprehensive observations of the environment are summarized. Development and characterization of the Portable Ice Nucleation Chamber 2 (PINCii) Dimitri CastarÃ¨de, ZoÃ© Brasseur, Yusheng Wu, Zamin A. Kanji, Markus Hartmann, Lauri Ahonen, Merete Bilde, Markku Kulmala, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Jan B. C. Pettersson, Berko Sierau, Olaf Stetzer, Frank Stratmann, Birgitta Svenningsson, Erik Swietlicki, Quynh Thu Nguyen, Jonathan Duplissy, and Erik S. Thomson Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 3881–3899, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3881-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3881-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary Clouds play a key role in Earthâs climate by influencing the surface energy budget. Certain types of atmospheric aerosols, called ice-nucleating particles (INPs), induce the formation of ice in clouds and, thus, often initiate precipitation formation. The Portable Ice Nucleation Chamber 2 (PINCii) is a new instrument developed to study ice formation and to conduct ambient measurements of INPs, allowing us to investigate the sources and properties of the atmospheric aerosols that can act as INPs. Ammonium CI-Orbitrap: a tool for characterizing the reactivity of oxygenated organic molecules Dandan Li, Dongyu Wang, Lucia Caudillo, Wiebke Scholz, Mingyi Wang, Sophie Tomaz, Guillaume Marie, Mihnea Surdu, Elias Eccli, Xianda Gong, Loic Gonzalez-Carracedo, Manuel Granzin, Joschka Pfeifer, Birte RÃ¶rup, Benjamin Schulze, Pekka Rantala, SÃ©bastien Perrier, Armin Hansel, Joachim Curtius, Jasper Kirkby, Neil M. Donahue, Christian George, Imad El-Haddad, and Matthieu Riva Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-149,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-149, 2023 Revised manuscript accepted for AMT Short summary Short summary Due to various analytical challenges in measuring organic vapors, it remains challenging to identify and quantify organic molecules present in the atmosphere, Here, we explore the performance of the chemical ionization Orbitrap mass spectrometer (CI-Orbitrap) using ammonium ion chemistry. This study shows that ammonium ion-based chemistry associated with the high mass resolving power of the Orbitrap mass analyzer can measure almost all-inclusive compounds. Measurement of the collision rate coefficients between atmospheric ions and multiply charged aerosol particles in the CERN CLOUD chamber Joschka Pfeifer, Naser G. A. Mahfouz, Benjamin C. Schulze, Serge Mathot, Dominik Stolzenburg, Rima Baalbaki, ZoÃ© Brasseur, Lucia Caudillo, Lubna Dada, Manuel Granzin, Xu-Cheng He, Houssni Lamkaddam, Brandon Lopez, Vladimir Makhmutov, Ruby Marten, Bernhard Mentler, Tatjana MÃ¼ller, Antti Onnela, Maxim Philippov, Ana A. Piedehierro, Birte RÃ¶rup, Meredith Schervish, Ping Tian, Nsikanabasi S. Umo, Dongyu S. Wang, Mingyi Wang, Stefan K. Weber, AndrÃ© Welti, Yusheng Wu, Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek, Antonio Amorim, Imad El Haddad, Markku Kulmala, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, AntÃ³nio TomÃ©, Sander Mirme, Hanna E. Manninen, Neil M. Donahue, Richard C. Flagan, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Joachim Curtius, and Jasper Kirkby Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6703–6718, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6703-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6703-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary Attachment rate coefficients between ions and charged aerosol particles determine their lifetimes and may also influence cloud dynamics and aerosol processing. Here we present novel experiments that measure ion–aerosol attachment rate coefficients for multiply charged aerosol particles under atmospheric conditions in the CERN CLOUD chamber. Our results provide experimental discrimination between various theoretical models. An intercomparison study of four different techniques for measuring the chemical composition of nanoparticles LucÃa Caudillo, Mihnea Surdu, Brandon Lopez, Mingyi Wang, Markus Thoma, Steffen BrÃ¤kling, Angela Buchholz, Mario Simon, Andrea C. Wagner, Tatjana MÃ¼ller, Manuel Granzin, Martin Heinritzi, Antonio Amorim, David M. Bell, ZoÃ© Brasseur, Lubna Dada, Jonathan Duplissy, Henning Finkenzeller, Xu-Cheng He, Houssni Lamkaddam, Naser G. A. Mahfouz, Vladimir Makhmutov, Hanna E. Manninen, Guillaume Marie, Ruby Marten, Roy L. Mauldin, Bernhard Mentler, Antti Onnela, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Joschka Pfeifer, Maxim Philippov, Ana A. Piedehierro, Birte RÃ¶rup, Wiebke Scholz, Jiali Shen, Dominik Stolzenburg, Christian Tauber, Ping Tian, AntÃ³nio TomÃ©, Nsikanabasi Silas Umo, Dongyu S. Wang, Yonghong Wang, Stefan K. Weber, AndrÃ© Welti, Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek, Urs Baltensperger, Richard C. Flagan, Armin Hansel, Jasper Kirkby, Markku Kulmala, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Douglas R. Worsnop, Imad El Haddad, Neil M. Donahue, Alexander L. Vogel, Andreas KÃ¼rten, and Joachim Curtius Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6613–6631, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6613-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6613-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary In this study, we present an intercomparison of four different techniques for measuring the chemical composition of nanoparticles. The intercomparison was performed based on the observed chemical composition, calculated volatility, and analysis of the thermograms. We found that the methods generally agree on the most important compounds that are found in the nanoparticles. However, they do see different parts of the organic spectrum. We suggest potential explanations for these differences. Measurement report: Molecular-level investigation of atmospheric cluster ions at the tropical high-altitude research station Chacaltaya (5240 m a.s.l.) in the Bolivian Andes Qiaozhi Zha, Wei Huang, Diego Aliaga, Otso PerÃ¤kylÃ¤, Liine Heikkinen, Alkuin Maximilian Koenig, Cheng Wu, Joonas Enroth, Yvette Gramlich, Jing Cai, Samara Carbone, Armin Hansel, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Markku Kulmala, Douglas Worsnop, Victoria Sinclair, Radovan Krejci, Marcos Andrade, Claudia Mohr, and Federico Bianchi Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4559–4576, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4559-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4559-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary We investigate the chemical composition of atmospheric cluster ions from January to May 2018 at the high-altitude research station Chacaltaya (5240 m a.s.l.) in the Bolivian Andes. With state-of-the-art mass spectrometers and air mass history analysis, the measured cluster ions exhibited distinct diurnal and seasonal patterns, some of which contributed to new particle formation. Our study will improve the understanding of atmospheric ions and their role in high-altitude new particle formation. Measurement report: Long-range transport and the fate of dimethyl sulfide oxidation products in the free troposphere derived from observations at the high-altitude research station Chacaltaya (5240 m a.s.l.) in the Bolivian Andes Wiebke Scholz, Jiali Shen, Diego Aliaga, Cheng Wu, Samara Carbone, Isabel Moreno, Qiaozhi Zha, Wei Huang, Liine Heikkinen, Jean Luc Jaffrezo, Gaelle Uzu, Eva Partoll, Markus Leiminger, Fernando Velarde, Paolo Laj, Patrick Ginot, Paolo Artaxo, Alfred Wiedensohler, Markku Kulmala, Claudia Mohr, Marcos Andrade, Victoria Sinclair, Federico Bianchi, and Armin Hansel Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 895–920, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-895-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-895-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), emitted from the ocean, is the most abundant biogenic sulfur emission into the atmosphere. OH radicals, among others, can oxidize DMS to sulfuric and methanesulfonic acid, which are relevant for aerosol formation. We quantified DMS and nearly all DMS oxidation products with novel mass spectrometric instruments for gas and particle phase at the high mountain station Chacaltaya (5240 m a.s.l.) in the Bolivian Andes in free tropospheric air after long-range transport. Effects of temperature and salinity on bubble-bursting aerosol formation simulated with a bubble-generating chamber Svetlana Sofieva, Eija Asmi, Nina S. Atanasova, Aino E. Heikkinen, Emeline Vidal, Jonathan Duplissy, Martin Romantschuk, Rostislav Kouznetsov, Jaakko Kukkonen, Dennis H. Bamford, Antti-Pekka HyvÃ¤rinen, and Mikhail Sofiev Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 6201–6219, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6201-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6201-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary A new bubble-generating glass chamber design with an extensive set of aerosol production experiments is presented to re-evaluate bubble-bursting-mediated aerosol production as a function of water parameters: bubbling air flow, water salinity, and temperature. Our main findings suggest modest dependence of aerosol production on the water salinity and a strong dependence on temperature below ~ 10 Â°C. Diurnal evolution of negative atmospheric ions above the boreal forest: from ground level to the free troposphere Lisa J. Beck, Siegfried Schobesberger, Heikki Junninen, Janne Lampilahti, Antti Manninen, Lubna Dada, Katri Leino, Xu-Cheng He, Iida Pullinen, Lauriane L. J. QuÃ©lÃ©ver, Anna Franck, Pyry Poutanen, Daniela Wimmer, Frans Korhonen, Mikko SipilÃ¤, Mikael Ehn, Douglas R. Worsnop, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Markku Kulmala, and Jonathan Duplissy Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8547–8577, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8547-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8547-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary The presented article introduces an overview of atmospheric ions and their composition above the boreal forest. We provide the results of an extensive airborne measurement campaign with an air ion mass spectrometer and particle measurements, showing their diurnal evolution within the boundary layer and free troposphere. In addition, we compare the airborne dataset with the co-located data from the ground at SMEAR II station, Finland. Measurement report: Atmospheric new particle formation in a coastal agricultural site explained with binPMF analysis of nitrate CI-APi-TOF spectra Miska Olin, Magdalena Okuljar, Matti P. Rissanen, Joni Kalliokoski, Jiali Shen, Lubna Dada, Markus LampimÃ¤ki, Yusheng Wu, Annalea Lohila, Jonathan Duplissy, Mikko SipilÃ¤, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Markku Kulmala, and Miikka Dal Maso Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8097–8115, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8097-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8097-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary Atmospheric new particle formation is an important source of the total particle number concentration in the atmosphere. Several parameters for predicting new particle formation events have been suggested before, but the results have been inconclusive. This study proposes an another predicting parameter, related to a specific type of highly oxidized organic molecules, especially for similar locations to the measurement site in this study, which was a coastal agricultural site in Finland. A high-transmission axial ion mobility classifier for massâmobility measurements of atmospheric ions Markus Leiminger, Lukas Fischer, Sophia Brilke, Julian Resch, Paul Martin Winkler, Armin Hansel, and Gerhard Steiner Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 3705–3720, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3705-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3705-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary We developed an axial ion mobility classifier coupled to an atmospheric-pressure interface time-of-flight (APi-TOF) mass spectrometer to measure size-segregated atmospheric ions. We characterize the performance of the novel instrument with bipolar-electrospray-generated ion mobility standards and compare the results with CFD simulations and a simplified numerical particle-tracking model. Ultimately, we report first mass–mobility measurements of atmospheric ions in Innsbruck, Austria. Measurement report: Introduction to the HyICE-2018 campaign for measurements of ice-nucleating particles and instrument inter-comparison in the HyytiÃ¤lÃ¤ boreal forest ZoÃ© Brasseur, Dimitri CastarÃ¨de, Erik S. Thomson, Michael P. Adams, Saskia Drossaart van Dusseldorp, Paavo HeikkilÃ¤, Kimmo Korhonen, Janne Lampilahti, Mikhail Paramonov, Julia Schneider, Franziska Vogel, Yusheng Wu, Jonathan P. D. Abbatt, Nina S. Atanasova, Dennis H. Bamford, Barbara Bertozzi, Matthew Boyer, David Brus, Martin I. Daily, Romy FÃ¶sig, Ellen Gute, Alexander D. Harrison, Paula Hietala, Kristina HÃ¶hler, Zamin A. Kanji, Jorma Keskinen, Larissa Lacher, Markus LampimÃ¤ki, Janne Levula, Antti Manninen, Jens Nadolny, Maija Peltola, Grace C. E. Porter, Pyry Poutanen, Ulrike Proske, Tobias Schorr, Nsikanabasi Silas Umo, JÃ¡nos Stenszky, Annele Virtanen, Dmitri Moisseev, Markku Kulmala, Benjamin J. Murray, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Ottmar MÃ¶hler, and Jonathan Duplissy Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5117–5145, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5117-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5117-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary The present measurement report introduces the ice nucleation campaign organized in HyytiÃ¤lÃ¤, Finland, in 2018 (HyICE-2018). We provide an overview of the campaign settings, and we describe the measurement infrastructure and operating procedures used. In addition, we use results from ice nucleation instrument inter-comparison to show that the suite of these instruments deployed during the campaign reports consistent results. Overview: Recent advances in the understanding of the northern Eurasian environments and of the urban air quality in China â a Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) programme perspective Hanna K. Lappalainen, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Timo Vihma, Jouni RÃ¤isÃ¤nen, Alexander Baklanov, Sergey Chalov, Igor Esau, Ekaterina Ezhova, Matti LeppÃ¤ranta, Dmitry Pozdnyakov, Jukka Pumpanen, Meinrat O. Andreae, Mikhail Arshinov, Eija Asmi, Jianhui Bai, Igor Bashmachnikov, Boris Belan, Federico Bianchi, Boris Biskaborn, Michael Boy, Jaana BÃ¤ck, Bin Cheng, Natalia Chubarova, Jonathan Duplissy, Egor Dyukarev, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Martin Forsius, Martin Heimann, Sirkku Juhola, Vladimir Konovalov, Igor Konovalov, Pavel Konstantinov, Kajar KÃ¶ster, Elena Lapshina, Anna Lintunen, Alexander Mahura, Risto Makkonen, Svetlana Malkhazova, Ivan Mammarella, Stefano Mammola, Stephany Buenrostro Mazon, Outi Meinander, Eugene Mikhailov, Victoria Miles, Stanislav Myslenkov, Dmitry Orlov, Jean-Daniel Paris, Roberta Pirazzini, Olga Popovicheva, Jouni Pulliainen, Kimmo Rautiainen, Torsten Sachs, Vladimir Shevchenko, Andrey Skorokhod, Andreas Stohl, Elli Suhonen, Erik S. Thomson, Marina Tsidilina, Veli-Pekka Tynkkynen, Petteri Uotila, Aki Virkkula, Nadezhda Voropay, Tobias Wolf, Sayaka Yasunaka, Jiahua Zhang, Yubao Qiu, Aijun Ding, Huadong Guo, Valery Bondur, Nikolay Kasimov, Sergej Zilitinkevich, Veli-Matti Kerminen, and Markku Kulmala Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4413–4469, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4413-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4413-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary We summarize results during the last 5 years in the northern Eurasian region, especially from Russia, and introduce recent observations of the air quality in the urban environments in China. Although the scientific knowledge in these regions has increased, there are still gaps in our understanding of large-scale climate–Earth surface interactions and feedbacks. This arises from limitations in research infrastructures and integrative data analyses, hindering a comprehensive system analysis. Modelling the gasâparticle partitioning and water uptake of isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosol at high and low relative humidity Dalrin Ampritta Amaladhasan, Claudia Heyn, Christopher R. Hoyle, Imad El Haddad, Miriam Elser, Simone M. Pieber, Jay G. Slowik, Antonio Amorim, Jonathan Duplissy, Sebastian Ehrhart, Vladimir Makhmutov, Ugo Molteni, Matti Rissanen, Yuri Stozhkov, Robert Wagner, Armin Hansel, Jasper Kirkby, Neil M. Donahue, Rainer Volkamer, Urs Baltensperger, Martin Gysel-Beer, and Andreas Zuend Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 215–244, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-215-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-215-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary We use a combination of models for gas-phase chemical reactions and equilibrium gas–particle partitioning of isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) informed by dark ozonolysis experiments conducted in the CLOUD chamber. Our predictions cover high to low relative humidities (RHs) and quantify how SOA mass yields are enhanced at high RH as well as the impact of inorganic seeds of distinct hygroscopicities and acidities on the coupled partitioning of water and semi-volatile organics. First eddy covariance flux measurements of semi-volatile organic compounds with the PTR3-TOF-MS Lukas Fischer, Martin Breitenlechner, Eva Canaval, Wiebke Scholz, Marcus Striednig, Martin Graus, Thomas G. Karl, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Markku Kulmala, and Armin Hansel Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 8019–8039, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-8019-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-8019-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary Ecosystems emit biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), which are then oxidized in the atmosphere, contributing to ozone and secondary aerosol formation. While flux measurements of BVOCs are state of the art, flux measurements of the less volatile oxidation products are difficult to achieve due to inlet losses. Here we present first flux measurements, utilizing a novel PTR3 instrument in combination with a specially designed wall-less inlet we put on top of the Hyytiälä tower in Finland. Chemical composition of nanoparticles from Î±-pinene nucleation and the influence of isoprene and relative humidity at low temperature LucÃa Caudillo, Birte RÃ¶rup, Martin Heinritzi, Guillaume Marie, Mario Simon, Andrea C. Wagner, Tatjana MÃ¼ller, Manuel Granzin, Antonio Amorim, Farnoush Ataei, Rima Baalbaki, Barbara Bertozzi, ZoÃ© Brasseur, Randall Chiu, Biwu Chu, Lubna Dada, Jonathan Duplissy, Henning Finkenzeller, LoÃ¯c Gonzalez Carracedo, Xu-Cheng He, Victoria Hofbauer, Weimeng Kong, Houssni Lamkaddam, Chuan P. Lee, Brandon Lopez, Naser G. A. Mahfouz, Vladimir Makhmutov, Hanna E. Manninen, Ruby Marten, Dario MassabÃ², Roy L. Mauldin, Bernhard Mentler, Ugo Molteni, Antti Onnela, Joschka Pfeifer, Maxim Philippov, Ana A. Piedehierro, Meredith Schervish, Wiebke Scholz, Benjamin Schulze, Jiali Shen, Dominik Stolzenburg, Yuri Stozhkov, Mihnea Surdu, Christian Tauber, Yee Jun Tham, Ping Tian, AntÃ³nio TomÃ©, Steffen Vogt, Mingyi Wang, Dongyu S. Wang, Stefan K. Weber, AndrÃ© Welti, Wang Yonghong, Wu Yusheng, Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek, Urs Baltensperger, Imad El Haddad, Richard C. Flagan, Armin Hansel, Kristina HÃ¶hler, Jasper Kirkby, Markku Kulmala, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Ottmar MÃ¶hler, Harald Saathoff, Rainer Volkamer, Paul M. Winkler, Neil M. Donahue, Andreas KÃ¼rten, and Joachim Curtius Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17099–17114, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17099-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17099-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary We performed experiments in the CLOUD chamber at CERN at low temperatures to simulate new particle formation in the upper free troposphere (at −30 ÂºC and −50 ÂºC). We measured the particle and gas phase and found that most of the compounds present in the gas phase are detected as well in the particle phase. The major compounds in the particles are C8–10 and C18–20. Specifically, we showed that C5 and C15 compounds are detected in a mixed system with isoprene and Î±-pinene at −30 ÂºC, 20 % RH. The driving factors of new particle formation and growth in the polluted boundary layer Mao Xiao, Christopher R. Hoyle, Lubna Dada, Dominik Stolzenburg, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Mingyi Wang, Houssni Lamkaddam, Olga Garmash, Bernhard Mentler, Ugo Molteni, Andrea Baccarini, Mario Simon, Xu-Cheng He, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Lauri R. Ahonen, Rima Baalbaki, Paulus S. Bauer, Lisa Beck, David Bell, Federico Bianchi, Sophia Brilke, Dexian Chen, Randall Chiu, AntÃ³nio Dias, Jonathan Duplissy, Henning Finkenzeller, Hamish Gordon, Victoria Hofbauer, Changhyuk Kim, Theodore K. Koenig, Janne Lampilahti, Chuan Ping Lee, Zijun Li, Huajun Mai, Vladimir Makhmutov, Hanna E. Manninen, Ruby Marten, Serge Mathot, Roy L. Mauldin, Wei Nie, Antti Onnela, Eva Partoll, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Joschka Pfeifer, Veronika Pospisilova, Lauriane L. J. QuÃ©lÃ©ver, Matti Rissanen, Siegfried Schobesberger, Simone Schuchmann, Yuri Stozhkov, Christian Tauber, Yee Jun Tham, AntÃ³nio TomÃ©, Miguel Vazquez-Pufleau, Andrea C. Wagner, Robert Wagner, Yonghong Wang, Lena Weitz, Daniela Wimmer, Yusheng Wu, Chao Yan, Penglin Ye, Qing Ye, Qiaozhi Zha, Xueqin Zhou, Antonio Amorim, Ken Carslaw, Joachim Curtius, Armin Hansel, Rainer Volkamer, Paul M. Winkler, Richard C. Flagan, Markku Kulmala, Douglas R. Worsnop, Jasper Kirkby, Neil M. Donahue, Urs Baltensperger, Imad El Haddad, and Josef Dommen Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14275–14291, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14275-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14275-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary Experiments at CLOUD show that in polluted environments new particle formation (NPF) is largely driven by the formation of sulfuric acid–base clusters, stabilized by amines, high ammonia concentrations or lower temperatures. While oxidation products of aromatics can nucleate, they play a minor role in urban NPF. Our experiments span 4 orders of magnitude variation of observed NPF rates in ambient conditions. We provide a framework based on NPF and growth rates to interpret ambient observations. Ice nucleation by viruses and their potential for cloud glaciation Michael P. Adams, Nina S. Atanasova, Svetlana Sofieva, Janne Ravantti, Aino Heikkinen, ZoÃ© Brasseur, Jonathan Duplissy, Dennis H. Bamford, and Benjamin J. Murray Biogeosciences, 18, 4431–4444, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4431-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4431-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary The formation of ice in clouds is critically important for the planet's climate. Hence, we need to know which aerosol types nucleate ice and how effectively they do so. Here we show that virus particles, with a range of architectures, nucleate ice when immersed in supercooled water. However, we also show that they only make a minor contribution to the ice-nucleating particle population in the terrestrial atmosphere, but we cannot rule them out as being important in the marine environment. Measurement of iodine species and sulfuric acid using bromide chemical ionization mass spectrometers Mingyi Wang, Xu-Cheng He, Henning Finkenzeller, Siddharth Iyer, Dexian Chen, Jiali Shen, Mario Simon, Victoria Hofbauer, Jasper Kirkby, Joachim Curtius, Norbert Maier, Theo KurtÃ©n, Douglas R. Worsnop, Markku Kulmala, Matti Rissanen, Rainer Volkamer, Yee Jun Tham, Neil M. Donahue, and Mikko SipilÃ¤ Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4187–4202, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4187-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4187-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary Atmospheric iodine species are often short-lived with low abundance and have thus been challenging to measure. We show that the bromide chemical ionization mass spectrometry, compatible with both the atmospheric pressure and reduced pressure interfaces, can simultaneously detect various gas-phase iodine species. Combining calibration experiments and quantum chemical calculations, we quantify detection sensitivities to HOI, HIO3, I2, and H2SO4, giving detection limits down to < 106 molec. cm-3. Investigation of several proxies to estimate sulfuric acid concentration under volcanic plume conditions ClÃ©mence Rose, Matti P. Rissanen, Siddharth Iyer, Jonathan Duplissy, Chao Yan, John B. Nowak, AurÃ©lie Colomb, RÃ©gis Dupuy, Xu-Cheng He, Janne Lampilahti, Yee Jun Tham, Daniela Wimmer, Jean-Marc Metzger, Pierre Tulet, JÃ©rÃ´me Brioude, CÃ©line Planche, Markku Kulmala, and Karine Sellegri Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4541–4560, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4541-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4541-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is commonly accepted as a key precursor for atmospheric new particle formation. However, direct measurements of [H2SO4] remain challenging, motivating the development of proxies. Using data collected in two different volcanic plumes, we show, under these specific conditions, the good performance of a proxy from the literature and also highlight the benefit of the newly developed proxies for the prediction of the highest [H2SO4] values. The seasonal cycle of ice-nucleating particles linked to the abundance of biogenic aerosol in boreal forests Julia Schneider, Kristina HÃ¶hler, Paavo HeikkilÃ¤, Jorma Keskinen, Barbara Bertozzi, Pia Bogert, Tobias Schorr, Nsikanabasi Silas Umo, Franziska Vogel, ZoÃ© Brasseur, Yusheng Wu, Simo Hakala, Jonathan Duplissy, Dmitri Moisseev, Markku Kulmala, Michael P. Adams, Benjamin J. Murray, Kimmo Korhonen, Liqing Hao, Erik S. Thomson, Dimitri CastarÃ¨de, Thomas Leisner, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, and Ottmar MÃ¶hler Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3899–3918, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3899-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3899-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary By triggering the formation of ice crystals, ice-nucleating particles (INP) strongly influence cloud formation. Continuous, long-term measurements are needed to characterize the atmospheric INP variability. Here, a first long-term time series of INP spectra measured in the boreal forest for more than 1 year is presented, showing a clear seasonal cycle. It is shown that the seasonal dependency of INP concentrations and prevalent INP types is driven by the abundance of biogenic aerosol. Molecular understanding of the suppression of new-particle formation by isoprene Martin Heinritzi, Lubna Dada, Mario Simon, Dominik Stolzenburg, Andrea C. Wagner, Lukas Fischer, Lauri R. Ahonen, Stavros Amanatidis, Rima Baalbaki, Andrea Baccarini, Paulus S. Bauer, Bernhard Baumgartner, Federico Bianchi, Sophia Brilke, Dexian Chen, Randall Chiu, Antonio Dias, Josef Dommen, Jonathan Duplissy, Henning Finkenzeller, Carla Frege, Claudia Fuchs, Olga Garmash, Hamish Gordon, Manuel Granzin, Imad El Haddad, Xucheng He, Johanna Helm, Victoria Hofbauer, Christopher R. Hoyle, Juha Kangasluoma, Timo Keber, Changhyuk Kim, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Houssni Lamkaddam, Tiia M. Laurila, Janne Lampilahti, Chuan Ping Lee, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Markus Leiminger, Huajun Mai, Vladimir Makhmutov, Hanna Elina Manninen, Ruby Marten, Serge Mathot, Roy Lee Mauldin, Bernhard Mentler, Ugo Molteni, Tatjana MÃ¼ller, Wei Nie, Tuomo Nieminen, Antti Onnela, Eva Partoll, Monica Passananti, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Joschka Pfeifer, Veronika Pospisilova, Lauriane L. J. QuÃ©lÃ©ver, Matti P. Rissanen, ClÃ©mence Rose, Siegfried Schobesberger, Wiebke Scholz, Kay Scholze, Mikko SipilÃ¤, Gerhard Steiner, Yuri Stozhkov, Christian Tauber, Yee Jun Tham, Miguel Vazquez-Pufleau, Annele Virtanen, Alexander L. Vogel, Rainer Volkamer, Robert Wagner, Mingyi Wang, Lena Weitz, Daniela Wimmer, Mao Xiao, Chao Yan, Penglin Ye, Qiaozhi Zha, Xueqin Zhou, Antonio Amorim, Urs Baltensperger, Armin Hansel, Markku Kulmala, AntÃ³nio TomÃ©, Paul M. Winkler, Douglas R. Worsnop, Neil M. Donahue, Jasper Kirkby, and Joachim Curtius Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11809–11821, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11809-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11809-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary With experiments performed at CLOUD, we show how isoprene interferes in monoterpene oxidation via RO2 termination at atmospherically relevant concentrations. This interference shifts the distribution of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) away from C20 class dimers towards C15 class dimers, which subsequently reduces both biogenic nucleation and early growth rates. Our results may help to understand the absence of new-particle formation in isoprene-rich environments. Molecular understanding of new-particle formation from Î±-pinene between â50 and +25 Â°C Mario Simon, Lubna Dada, Martin Heinritzi, Wiebke Scholz, Dominik Stolzenburg, Lukas Fischer, Andrea C. Wagner, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Birte RÃ¶rup, Xu-Cheng He, JoÃ£o Almeida, Rima Baalbaki, Andrea Baccarini, Paulus S. Bauer, Lisa Beck, Anton Bergen, Federico Bianchi, Steffen BrÃ¤kling, Sophia Brilke, Lucia Caudillo, Dexian Chen, Biwu Chu, AntÃ³nio Dias, Danielle C. Draper, Jonathan Duplissy, Imad El-Haddad, Henning Finkenzeller, Carla Frege, Loic Gonzalez-Carracedo, Hamish Gordon, Manuel Granzin, Jani Hakala, Victoria Hofbauer, Christopher R. Hoyle, Changhyuk Kim, Weimeng Kong, Houssni Lamkaddam, Chuan P. Lee, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Markus Leiminger, Huajun Mai, Hanna E. Manninen, Guillaume Marie, Ruby Marten, Bernhard Mentler, Ugo Molteni, Leonid Nichman, Wei Nie, Andrea Ojdanic, Antti Onnela, Eva Partoll, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Joschka Pfeifer, Maxim Philippov, Lauriane L. J. QuÃ©lÃ©ver, Ananth Ranjithkumar, Matti P. Rissanen, Simon Schallhart, Siegfried Schobesberger, Simone Schuchmann, Jiali Shen, Mikko SipilÃ¤, Gerhard Steiner, Yuri Stozhkov, Christian Tauber, Yee J. Tham, AntÃ³nio R. TomÃ©, Miguel Vazquez-Pufleau, Alexander L. Vogel, Robert Wagner, Mingyi Wang, Dongyu S. Wang, Yonghong Wang, Stefan K. Weber, Yusheng Wu, Mao Xiao, Chao Yan, Penglin Ye, Qing Ye, Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek, Xueqin Zhou, Urs Baltensperger, Josef Dommen, Richard C. Flagan, Armin Hansel, Markku Kulmala, Rainer Volkamer, Paul M. Winkler, Douglas R. Worsnop, Neil M. Donahue, Jasper Kirkby, and Joachim Curtius Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9183–9207, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9183-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9183-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary Highly oxygenated organic compounds (HOMs) have been identified as key vapors involved in atmospheric new-particle formation (NPF). The molecular distribution, HOM yield, and NPF from Î±-pinene oxidation experiments were measured at the CLOUD chamber over a wide tropospheric-temperature range. This study shows on a molecular scale that despite the sharp reduction in HOM yield at lower temperatures, the reduced volatility counteracts this effect and leads to an overall increase in the NPF rate. Enhanced growth rate of atmospheric particles from sulfuric acid Dominik Stolzenburg, Mario Simon, Ananth Ranjithkumar, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Hamish Gordon, Sebastian Ehrhart, Henning Finkenzeller, Lukas Pichelstorfer, Tuomo Nieminen, Xu-Cheng He, Sophia Brilke, Mao Xiao, AntÃ³nio Amorim, Rima Baalbaki, Andrea Baccarini, Lisa Beck, Steffen BrÃ¤kling, LucÃa Caudillo Murillo, Dexian Chen, Biwu Chu, Lubna Dada, AntÃ³nio Dias, Josef Dommen, Jonathan Duplissy, Imad El Haddad, Lukas Fischer, Loic Gonzalez Carracedo, Martin Heinritzi, Changhyuk Kim, Theodore K. Koenig, Weimeng Kong, Houssni Lamkaddam, Chuan Ping Lee, Markus Leiminger, Zijun Li, Vladimir Makhmutov, Hanna E. Manninen, Guillaume Marie, Ruby Marten, Tatjana MÃ¼ller, Wei Nie, Eva Partoll, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Joschka Pfeifer, Maxim Philippov, Matti P. Rissanen, Birte RÃ¶rup, Siegfried Schobesberger, Simone Schuchmann, Jiali Shen, Mikko SipilÃ¤, Gerhard Steiner, Yuri Stozhkov, Christian Tauber, Yee Jun Tham, AntÃ³nio TomÃ©, Miguel Vazquez-Pufleau, Andrea C. Wagner, Mingyi Wang, Yonghong Wang, Stefan K. Weber, Daniela Wimmer, Peter J. Wlasits, Yusheng Wu, Qing Ye, Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek, Urs Baltensperger, Kenneth S. Carslaw, Joachim Curtius, Neil M. Donahue, Richard C. Flagan, Armin Hansel, Markku Kulmala, Jos Lelieveld, Rainer Volkamer, Jasper Kirkby, and Paul M. Winkler Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7359–7372, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7359-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7359-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary Sulfuric acid is a major atmospheric vapour for aerosol formation. If new particles grow fast enough, they can act as cloud droplet seeds or affect air quality. In a controlled laboratory set-up, we demonstrate that van der Waals forces enhance growth from sulfuric acid. We disentangle the effects of ammonia, ions and particle hydration, presenting a complete picture of sulfuric acid growth from molecular clusters onwards. In a climate model, we show its influence on the global aerosol budget. Measurement of ammonia, amines and iodine compounds using protonated water cluster chemical ionization mass spectrometry Joschka Pfeifer, Mario Simon, Martin Heinritzi, Felix Piel, Lena Weitz, Dongyu Wang, Manuel Granzin, Tatjana MÃ¼ller, Steffen BrÃ¤kling, Jasper Kirkby, Joachim Curtius, and Andreas KÃ¼rten Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 2501–2522, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2501-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2501-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary Ammonia is an important atmospheric trace gas that affects secondary aerosol formation and, together with sulfuric acid, the formation of new particles. A measurement technique is presented that uses high-resolution mass spectrometry and protonated water clusters for the ultrasensitive detection of ammonia at single-digit parts per trillion by volume levels. The instrument is further capable of measuring amines and a suite of iodine compounds at sub-parts per trillion by volume levels. Dimensionality-reduction techniques for complex mass spectrometric datasets: application to laboratory atmospheric organic oxidation experiments Abigail R. Koss, Manjula R. Canagaratna, Alexander Zaytsev, Jordan E. Krechmer, Martin Breitenlechner, Kevin J. Nihill, Christopher Y. Lim, James C. Rowe, Joseph R. Roscioli, Frank N. Keutsch, and Jesse H. Kroll Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1021–1041, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1021-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1021-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary Oxidation chemistry of organic compounds in the atmosphere produces a diverse spectrum of products. This diversity is difficult to represent in air quality and climate models, and in laboratory experiments it results in large and complex datasets. This work evaluates several methods to simplify the chemistry of oxidation systems in environmental chambers, including positive matrix factorization, hierarchical clustering analysis, and gamma kinetics parameterization. Mechanistic study of the formation of ring-retaining and ring-opening products from the oxidation of aromatic compounds under urban atmospheric conditions Alexander Zaytsev, Abigail R. Koss, Martin Breitenlechner, Jordan E. Krechmer, Kevin J. Nihill, Christopher Y. Lim, James C. Rowe, Joshua L. Cox, Joshua Moss, Joseph R. Roscioli, Manjula R. Canagaratna, Douglas R. Worsnop, Jesse H. Kroll, and Frank N. Keutsch Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 15117–15129, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15117-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15117-2019, 2019 Short summary Short summary Aromatic hydrocarbons contribute significantly to the production of tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Here later-generation low-volatility oxygenated products from toluene and 1,2,4-TMB oxidation by OH are detected in the gas and particle phases. We show that these products, previously identified as highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs), are formed in more than one pathway with differing numbers of reaction steps with OH. They also make up a significant fraction of SOA. Validity and limitations of simple reaction kinetics to calculate concentrations of organic compounds from ion counts in PTR-MS Rupert Holzinger, W. Joe F. Acton, William J. Bloss, Martin Breitenlechner, Leigh R. Crilley, SÃ©bastien Dusanter, Marc Gonin, Valerie Gros, Frank N. Keutsch, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, Louisa J. Kramer, Jordan E. Krechmer, Baptiste Languille, Nadine Locoge, Felipe Lopez-Hilfiker, DuÅ¡an MateriÄ, Sergi Moreno, Eiko Nemitz, Lauriane L. J. QuÃ©lÃ©ver, Roland Sarda Esteve, StÃ©phane Sauvage, Simon Schallhart, Roberto Sommariva, Ralf Tillmann, Sergej Wedel, David R. Worton, Kangming Xu, and Alexander Zaytsev Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 6193–6208, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-6193-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-6193-2019, 2019 Characterisation of the transfer of cluster ions through an atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer with hexapole ion guides Markus Leiminger, Stefan Feil, Paul Mutschlechner, Arttu YlisirniÃ¶, Daniel Gunsch, Lukas Fischer, Alfons Jordan, Siegfried Schobesberger, Armin Hansel, and Gerhard Steiner Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 5231–5246, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5231-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5231-2019, 2019 Short summary Short summary We introduce an alternative type of atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer (APi-TOF) with the main difference of using hexapole instead of quadrupole ion guides. The transfer of cluster ions through the hexapoles was characterised with focus on transmission efficiency, mass range and fragmentation of cluster ions. At the CERN CLOUD experiment we compared the performance of the ioniAPi-TOF with a standard quadrupole APi-TOF under controlled conditions. Using collision-induced dissociation to constrain sensitivity of ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometry (NH4+ CIMS) to oxygenated volatile organic compounds Alexander Zaytsev, Martin Breitenlechner, Abigail R. Koss, Christopher Y. Lim, James C. Rowe, Jesse H. Kroll, and Frank N. Keutsch Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 1861–1870, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-1861-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-1861-2019, 2019 Short summary Short summary We present the development of a chemical ionization mass spectrometer which can be operated with either ammonium (NH4+) or hydronium (H3O+) as the reagent ion. We describe a mass spectrometric voltage scanning procedure based on collision-induced dissociation that allows us to determine the stability of detected ammonium–organic ions and hence constrain the sensitivity of the instrument to a wide range of organic compounds that cannot be calibrated directly. Interactions between the atmosphere, cryosphere, and ecosystems at northern high latitudes Michael Boy, Erik S. Thomson, Juan-C. Acosta Navarro, Olafur Arnalds, Ekaterina Batchvarova, Jaana BÃ¤ck, Frank Berninger, Merete Bilde, ZoÃ© Brasseur, Pavla Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Dimitri CastarÃ¨de, Maryam Dalirian, Gerrit de Leeuw, Monika Dragosics, Ella-Maria Duplissy, Jonathan Duplissy, Annica M. L. Ekman, Keyan Fang, Jean-Charles Gallet, Marianne Glasius, Sven-Erik Gryning, Henrik Grythe, Hans-Christen Hansson, Margareta Hansson, Elisabeth Isaksson, Trond Iversen, Ingibjorg Jonsdottir, Ville Kasurinen, Alf KirkevÃ¥g, Atte Korhola, Radovan Krejci, Jon Egill Kristjansson, Hanna K. Lappalainen, Antti Lauri, Matti LeppÃ¤ranta, Heikki Lihavainen, Risto Makkonen, Andreas Massling, Outi Meinander, E. Douglas Nilsson, Haraldur Olafsson, Jan B. C. Pettersson, NÃ¸nne L. Prisle, Ilona Riipinen, Pontus Roldin, Meri Ruppel, Matthew Salter, Maria Sand, Ãyvind Seland, Heikki SeppÃ¤, Henrik Skov, Joana Soares, Andreas Stohl, Johan StrÃ¶m, Jonas Svensson, Erik Swietlicki, Ksenia Tabakova, Throstur Thorsteinsson, Aki Virkkula, Gesa A. Weyhenmeyer, Yusheng Wu, Paul Zieger, and Markku Kulmala Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 2015–2061, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2015-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2015-2019, 2019 Short summary Short summary The Nordic Centre of Excellence CRAICC (Cryosphere–Atmosphere Interactions in a Changing Arctic Climate), funded by NordForsk in the years 2011–2016, is the largest joint Nordic research and innovation initiative to date and aimed to strengthen research and innovation regarding climate change issues in the Nordic region. The paper presents an overview of the main scientific topics investigated and provides a state-of-the-art comprehensive summary of what has been achieved in CRAICC. Constraining nucleation, condensation, and chemistry in oxidation flow reactors using size-distribution measurements and aerosol microphysical modeling Anna L. Hodshire, Brett B. Palm, M. Lizabeth Alexander, Qijing Bian, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Eben S. Cross, Douglas A. Day, Suzane S. de SÃ¡, Alex B. Guenther, Armin Hansel, James F. Hunter, Werner Jud, Thomas Karl, Saewung Kim, Jesse H. Kroll, Jeong-Hoo Park, Zhe Peng, Roger Seco, James N. Smith, Jose L. Jimenez, and Jeffrey R. Pierce Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 12433–12460, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12433-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12433-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary We investigate the nucleation and growth processes that shape the aerosol size distribution inside oxidation flow reactors (OFRs) that sampled ambient air from Colorado and the Amazon rainforest. Results indicate that organics are important for both nucleation and growth, vapor uptake was limited to accumulation-mode particles, fragmentation reactions were important to limit particle growth at higher OH exposures, and an H2SO4-organics nucleation mechanism captured new particle formation well. Aerosol distribution in the northern Gulf of Guinea: local anthropogenic sources, long-range transport, and the role of coastal shallow circulations Cyrille Flamant, Adrien Deroubaix, Patrick Chazette, Joel Brito, Marco Gaetani, Peter Knippertz, Andreas H. Fink, GaÃ«lle de Coetlogon, Laurent Menut, AurÃ©lie Colomb, Cyrielle Denjean, RÃ©mi Meynadier, Philip Rosenberg, Regis Dupuy, Pamela Dominutti, Jonathan Duplissy, Thierry Bourrianne, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Michel Ramonet, and Julien Totems Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 12363–12389, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12363-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12363-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary This work sheds light on the complex mechanisms by which coastal shallow circulations distribute atmospheric pollutants over the densely populated southern West African region. Pollutants of concern are anthropogenic emissions from coastal cities, as well as biomass burning aerosol and dust associated with long-range transport. The complex vertical distribution of aerosols over coastal southern West Africa is investigated using airborne observations and numerical simulations. Production of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) from trace contaminants during isoprene oxidation Anne-Kathrin Bernhammer, Lukas Fischer, Bernhard Mentler, Martin Heinritzi, Mario Simon, and Armin Hansel Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 4763–4773, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4763-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4763-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary During new particle formation (NPF) studies from pure isoprene oxidation in the CLOUD chamber at CERN we observed unexpected ion signals. We identified two origins of these signals: first secondary association reactions of protonated isoprene with isoprene within the PTR3 reaction chamber and, second, polymerization of isoprene inside the gas bottle. In order to study NPF from pure isoprene oxidation we had to install a cryogenic trap in the isoprene inlet line to remove polymerized isoprene. Investigation of the oxidation of methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) by OH radicals in the atmospheric simulation chamber SAPHIR Hendrik Fuchs, Sascha Albrecht, IsmailâHakki Acir, Birger Bohn, Martin Breitenlechner, Hans-Peter Dorn, Georgios I. Gkatzelis, Andreas Hofzumahaus, Frank Holland, Martin Kaminski, Frank N. Keutsch, Anna Novelli, David Reimer, Franz Rohrer, Ralf Tillmann, Luc Vereecken, Robert Wegener, Alexander Zaytsev, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, and Andreas Wahner Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 8001–8016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8001-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8001-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary The photooxidation of methyl vinyl ketone MVK, one of the most important products of isoprene that is emitted by plants, was investigated in the atmospheric simulation chamber SAPHIR for conditions found in forested areas. The comparison of measured trace gas time series with model calculations shows a gap in the understanding of radical chemistry in the MVK oxidation scheme. The possibility of unimolecular isomerization reactions were investigated by means of quantum-chemical calculations. Measurementâmodel comparison of stabilized Criegee intermediateÂ and highly oxygenated molecule productionÂ inÂ theÂ CLOUDÂ chamber Nina Sarnela, Tuija Jokinen, Jonathan Duplissy, Chao Yan, Tuomo Nieminen, Mikael Ehn, Siegfried Schobesberger, Martin Heinritzi, Sebastian Ehrhart, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Jasmin TrÃ¶stl, Mario Simon, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Markus Leiminger, Michael J. Lawler, Matti P. Rissanen, Federico Bianchi, Arnaud P. Praplan, Jani Hakala, Antonio Amorim, Marc Gonin, Armin Hansel, Jasper Kirkby, Josef Dommen, Joachim Curtius, James N. Smith, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Douglas R. Worsnop, Markku Kulmala, Neil M. Donahue, and Mikko SipilÃ¤ Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 2363–2380, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2363-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2363-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary Atmospheric trace gases can form small molecular clusters, which can grow to larger sizes through the condensation of vapours. This process is called new particle formation. In this paper we studied the formation of sulfuric acid and highly oxygenated molecules, the key compounds in atmospheric new particle formation, in chamber experiments and introduced a way to simulate these ozonolysis products of Î±-pinene in a simple manner. New particle formation in the sulfuric acidâdimethylamineâwater system: reevaluation of CLOUD chamber measurements and comparison to an aerosol nucleation and growth model Andreas KÃ¼rten, Chenxi Li, Federico Bianchi, Joachim Curtius, AntÃ³nio Dias, Neil M. Donahue, Jonathan Duplissy, Richard C. Flagan, Jani Hakala, Tuija Jokinen, Jasper Kirkby, Markku Kulmala, Ari Laaksonen, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Vladimir Makhmutov, Antti Onnela, Matti P. Rissanen, Mario Simon, Mikko SipilÃ¤, Yuri Stozhkov, Jasmin TrÃ¶stl, Penglin Ye, and Peter H. McMurry Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 845–863, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-845-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-845-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary A recent laboratory study (CLOUD) showed that new particles nucleate efficiently from sulfuric acid and dimethylamine (DMA). The reanalysis of previously published data reveals that the nucleation rates are even faster than previously assumed, i.e., nucleation can proceed at rates that are compatible with collision-controlled new particle formation for atmospheric conditions. This indicates that sulfuric acid–DMA nucleation is likely an important source of particles in the boundary layer. Influence of temperature on the molecular composition of ions and charged clusters during pure biogenic nucleation Carla Frege, Ismael K. Ortega, Matti P. Rissanen, Arnaud P. Praplan, Gerhard Steiner, Martin Heinritzi, Lauri Ahonen, AntÃ³nio Amorim, Anne-Kathrin Bernhammer, Federico Bianchi, Sophia Brilke, Martin Breitenlechner, Lubna Dada, AntÃ³nio Dias, Jonathan Duplissy, Sebastian Ehrhart, Imad El-Haddad, Lukas Fischer, Claudia Fuchs, Olga Garmash, Marc Gonin, Armin Hansel, Christopher R. Hoyle, Tuija Jokinen, Heikki Junninen, Jasper Kirkby, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Markus Leiminger, Roy Lee Mauldin, Ugo Molteni, Leonid Nichman, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Nina Sarnela, Siegfried Schobesberger, Mario Simon, Mikko SipilÃ¤, Dominik Stolzenburg, AntÃ³nio TomÃ©, Alexander L. Vogel, Andrea C. Wagner, Robert Wagner, Mao Xiao, Chao Yan, Penglin Ye, Joachim Curtius, Neil M. Donahue, Richard C. Flagan, Markku Kulmala, Douglas R. Worsnop, Paul M. Winkler, Josef Dommen, and Urs Baltensperger Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 65–79, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-65-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-65-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary It was recently shown that biogenic highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) form particles in the absence of sulfuric acid and ions enhance the nucleation rate. Here we compare the molecular composition of positive and negative HOM clusters at 25, 5 and −25 °C. At lower temperatures the HOM average oxygen-to-carbon ratio decreases indicating a reduction in the rate of autoxidation due to rather high activation energy. The experimental findings are supported by quantum chemical calculations. Temperature uniformity in the CERN CLOUD chamber AntÃ³nio Dias, Sebastian Ehrhart, Alexander Vogel, Christina Williamson, JoÃ£o Almeida, Jasper Kirkby, Serge Mathot, Samuel Mumford, and Antti Onnela Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 5075–5088, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-5075-2017,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-5075-2017, 2017 Short summary Short summary The CERN CLOUD chamber is used to understand different processes of particle formation in the atmosphere. This information can be used by global climate models to update the influence of cloud formation. To provide the most accurate information on these processes, a thorough understanding of the chamber is necessary. Temperature measurements were performed inside the entire volume of the CLOUD chamber to ensure temperature stability and more accurate estimations of particle formation parameters. The role of ions in new particle formation in the CLOUD chamber Robert Wagner, Chao Yan, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Jonathan Duplissy, Tuomo Nieminen, Juha Kangasluoma, Lauri R. Ahonen, Lubna Dada, Jenni Kontkanen, Hanna E. Manninen, Antonio Dias, Antonio Amorim, Paulus S. Bauer, Anton Bergen, Anne-Kathrin Bernhammer, Federico Bianchi, Sophia Brilke, Stephany Buenrostro Mazon, Xuemeng Chen, Danielle C. Draper, Lukas Fischer, Carla Frege, Claudia Fuchs, Olga Garmash, Hamish Gordon, Jani Hakala, Liine Heikkinen, Martin Heinritzi, Victoria Hofbauer, Christopher R. Hoyle, Jasper Kirkby, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Alexander N. Kvashnin, Tiia Laurila, Michael J. Lawler, Huajun Mai, Vladimir Makhmutov, Roy L. Mauldin III, Ugo Molteni, Leonid Nichman, Wei Nie, Andrea Ojdanic, Antti Onnela, Felix Piel, Lauriane L. J. QuÃ©lÃ©ver, Matti P. Rissanen, Nina Sarnela, Simon Schallhart, Kamalika Sengupta, Mario Simon, Dominik Stolzenburg, Yuri Stozhkov, Jasmin TrÃ¶stl, YrjÃ¶ Viisanen, Alexander L. Vogel, Andrea C. Wagner, Mao Xiao, Penglin Ye, Urs Baltensperger, Joachim Curtius, Neil M. Donahue, Richard C. Flagan, Martin Gallagher, Armin Hansel, James N. Smith, AntÃ³nio TomÃ©, Paul M. Winkler, Douglas Worsnop, Mikael Ehn, Mikko SipilÃ¤, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, and Markku Kulmala Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 15181–15197, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-15181-2017,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-15181-2017, 2017 Intercomparison study and optical asphericity measurements of small ice particles in the CERN CLOUD experiment Leonid Nichman, Emma JÃ¤rvinen, James Dorsey, Paul Connolly, Jonathan Duplissy, Claudia Fuchs, Karoliina Ignatius, Kamalika Sengupta, Frank Stratmann, Ottmar MÃ¶hler, Martin Schnaiter, and Martin Gallagher Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 3231–3248, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3231-2017,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3231-2017, 2017 Short summary Short summary Optical probes are frequently used for the detection of cloud particles. The detected microphysical properties may affect particle growth and accretion mechanisms and the light scattering properties of cirrus clouds. In the CLOUD chamber study at CERN, we compared four optical measurement techniques. We show that shape derivation alone is not sufficient to determine the phase of the small cloud particles. None of the instruments were able to unambiguously determine the phase of small particles. Evaporation of sulfate aerosols at low relative humidity Georgios Tsagkogeorgas, Pontus Roldin, Jonathan Duplissy, Linda Rondo, Jasmin TrÃ¶stl, Jay G. Slowik, Sebastian Ehrhart, Alessandro Franchin, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Antonio Amorim, Federico Bianchi, Jasper Kirkby, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Urs Baltensperger, Michael Boy, Joachim Curtius, Richard C. Flagan, Markku Kulmala, Neil M. Donahue, and Frank Stratmann Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 8923–8938, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8923-2017,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8923-2017, 2017 Short summary Short summary The H2SO4 vapour pressure plays key role in Earth's and Venus' atmospheres. In regions where RH is low and stabilising bases are scarce, H2SO4 can evaporate from particles; however the H2SO4 vapour pressure at low RH is uncertain. To address this, we measured H2SO4 evaporation versus T and RH in the CLOUD chamber and constrained the equilibrium constants for dissociation and dehydration of H2SO4. This study is important for nucleation, particle growth and H2SO4 formation occurring in atmosphere. Secondary organic aerosol formation from in situ OH, O3, and NO3 oxidation of ambient forest air in an oxidation flow reactor Brett B. Palm, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Douglas A. Day, Amber M. Ortega, Juliane L. Fry, Steven S. Brown, Kyle J. Zarzana, William Dube, Nicholas L. Wagner, Danielle C. Draper, Lisa Kaser, Werner Jud, Thomas Karl, Armin Hansel, CÃ¡ndido GutiÃ©rrez-Montes, and Jose L. Jimenez Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 5331–5354, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5331-2017,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5331-2017, 2017 Short summary Short summary Ambient forest air was oxidized by OH, O3, or NO3 inside an oxidation flow reactor, leading to formation of particulate matter from any gaseous precursors found in the air. Closure was achieved between the amount of particulate mass formed from O3 and NO3 oxidation and the amount predicted from speciated gaseous precursors, which was in contrast to previous results for OH oxidation (Palm et al., 2016). Elemental analysis of the particulate mass formed in the reactor is presented. Estimates of the organic aerosol volatility in a boreal forest using two independent methods Juan Hong, Mikko ÃijÃ¤lÃ¤, Silja A. K. HÃ¤me, Liqing Hao, Jonathan Duplissy, Liine M. Heikkinen, Wei Nie, Jyri MikkilÃ¤, Markku Kulmala, NÃ¸nne L. Prisle, Annele Virtanen, Mikael Ehn, Pauli Paasonen, Douglas R. Worsnop, Ilona Riipinen, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, and Veli-Matti Kerminen Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 4387–4399, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4387-2017,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4387-2017, 2017 Short summary Short summary Estimates of volatility of secondary organic aerosols was characterized in a boreal forest environment of HyytiÃ¤lÃ¤, southern Finland. This was done by interpreting field measurements using a volatility tandem differential mobility analyzer (VTDMA) with a kinetic evaporation model and by applying positive matrix factorization (PMF) to high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer data. About 16 % of the variation can be explained by the linear regression between the results from these two methods. Technical note: Conversion of isoprene hydroxy hydroperoxides (ISOPOOHs) on metal environmental simulation chamber walls Anne-Kathrin Bernhammer, Martin Breitenlechner, Frank N. Keutsch, and Armin Hansel Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 4053–4062, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4053-2017,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4053-2017, 2017 Short summary Short summary Isoprene is the predominant non-methane compound emitted by the biosphere. In the atmosphere oxidation by OH under low NOx produces isoprene hydroxy hydroperoxides (ISOPOOHs). This work has found an effective conversion of ISOPOOHs to volatile carbonyls on metal environmental simulation chamber walls. Likely catalyzed decomposition reactions also occur for other hydroxyl hydroperoxides on metal surfaces. Unexpectedly acidic nanoparticles formed in dimethylamineâammoniaâsulfuric-acid nucleation experiments at CLOUD Michael J. Lawler, Paul M. Winkler, Jaeseok Kim, Lars Ahlm, Jasmin TrÃ¶stl, Arnaud P. Praplan, Siegfried Schobesberger, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Jasper Kirkby, Federico Bianchi, Jonathan Duplissy, Armin Hansel, Tuija Jokinen, Helmi Keskinen, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Markus Leiminger, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Matti Rissanen, Linda Rondo, Mario Simon, Mikko SipilÃ¤, Christina Williamson, Daniela Wimmer, Ilona Riipinen, Annele Virtanen, and James N. Smith Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13601–13618, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13601-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13601-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary We present chemical observations of newly formed particles as small as ~ 10 nm from new particle formation experiments using sulfuric acid, dimethylamine, ammonia, and water vapor as gas phase reactants. The nanoparticles were more acidic than expected based on thermodynamic expectations, particularly at the smallest measured sizes. The results suggest rapid surface conversion of SO2 to sulfate and show a marked composition change between 10 and 15 nm, possibly indicating a phase change. Operation of the Airmodus A11 nano Condensation Nucleus Counter at various inlet pressures and various operation temperatures, and design of a new inlet system Juha Kangasluoma, Alessandro Franchin, Jonahtan Duplissy, Lauri Ahonen, Frans Korhonen, Michel Attoui, Jyri MikkilÃ¤, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Joonas Vanhanen, Markku Kulmala, and Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤ Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 2977–2988, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2977-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2977-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary The paper describes technical aspects of using the Airmodus A11 nCNC at various inlet pressures and how temperature selection affects the performance of the instrument. We also present a sampling box to minimize the inlet losses and make use of the instrument more convenient. Heterogeneous ice nucleation of viscous secondary organic aerosol produced from ozonolysis of Î±-pinene Karoliina Ignatius, Thomas B. Kristensen, Emma JÃ¤rvinen, Leonid Nichman, Claudia Fuchs, Hamish Gordon, Paul Herenz, Christopher R. Hoyle, Jonathan Duplissy, Sarvesh Garimella, Antonio Dias, Carla Frege, Niko HÃ¶ppel, Jasmin TrÃ¶stl, Robert Wagner, Chao Yan, Antonio Amorim, Urs Baltensperger, Joachim Curtius, Neil M. Donahue, Martin W. Gallagher, Jasper Kirkby, Markku Kulmala, Ottmar MÃ¶hler, Harald Saathoff, Martin Schnaiter, Antonio TomÃ©, Annele Virtanen, Douglas Worsnop, and Frank Stratmann Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 6495–6509, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6495-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6495-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary Viscous solid or semi-solid secondary organic aerosol (SOA) may influence cloud properties through ice nucleation in the atmosphere. Here, we observed heterogeneous ice nucleation of viscous Î±-pinene SOA at temperatures between −39 Â°C and −37.2 Â°C with ice saturation ratios significantly below the homogeneous freezing limit. Global modelling suggests that viscous biogenic SOA are present in regions where cirrus formation takes place and could contribute to the global ice nuclei budget. Observation of viscosity transition in Î±-pinene secondary organic aerosol Emma JÃ¤rvinen, Karoliina Ignatius, Leonid Nichman, Thomas B. Kristensen, Claudia Fuchs, Christopher R. Hoyle, Niko HÃ¶ppel, Joel C. Corbin, Jill Craven, Jonathan Duplissy, Sebastian Ehrhart, Imad ElÂ Haddad, Carla Frege, Hamish Gordon, Tuija Jokinen, Peter Kallinger, Jasper Kirkby, Alexei Kiselev, Karl-Heinz Naumann, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Tamara Pinterich, Andre S. H. Prevot, Harald Saathoff, Thea Schiebel, Kamalika Sengupta, Mario Simon, Jay G. Slowik, Jasmin TrÃ¶stl, Annele Virtanen, Paul Vochezer, Steffen Vogt, Andrea C. Wagner, Robert Wagner, Christina Williamson, Paul M. Winkler, Chao Yan, Urs Baltensperger, Neil M. Donahue, Rick C. Flagan, Martin Gallagher, Armin Hansel, Markku Kulmala, Frank Stratmann, Douglas R. Worsnop, Ottmar MÃ¶hler, Thomas Leisner, and Martin Schnaiter Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 4423–4438, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4423-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4423-2016, 2016 Characterization of the mass-dependent transmission efficiency of a CIMS Martin Heinritzi, Mario Simon, Gerhard Steiner, Andrea C. Wagner, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Armin Hansel, and Joachim Curtius Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 1449–1460, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1449-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1449-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary An easy-to-use method of estimating the mass-dependent transmission efficiency of a CIMS is presented. It makes use of depleting nitrate primary ions by different perfluorinated acids to obtain the transmission efficiency of these acids relative to the primary ion. Knowledge about the transmission efficiency is crucial for, e.g., quantification of extremely low volatile organic compounds. Phase transition observations and discrimination of small cloud particles by light polarization in expansion chamber experiments Leonid Nichman, Claudia Fuchs, Emma JÃ¤rvinen, Karoliina Ignatius, Niko Florian HÃ¶ppel, Antonio Dias, Martin Heinritzi, Mario Simon, Jasmin TrÃ¶stl, Andrea Christine Wagner, Robert Wagner, Christina Williamson, Chao Yan, Paul James Connolly, James Robert Dorsey, Jonathan Duplissy, Sebastian Ehrhart, Carla Frege, Hamish Gordon, Christopher Robert Hoyle, Thomas Bjerring Kristensen, Gerhard Steiner, Neil McPhersonÂ Donahue, Richard Flagan, Martin William Gallagher, Jasper Kirkby, Ottmar MÃ¶hler, Harald Saathoff, Martin Schnaiter, Frank Stratmann, and AntÃ³nio TomÃ© Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3651–3664, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3651-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3651-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary Processes in the atmosphere are often governed by the physical and chemical properties of small cloud particles. Ice, water, and mixed clouds, as well as viscous aerosols, were formed under controlled conditions at the CLOUD-CERN facility. The experimental results show a link between cloud particle properties and their unique optical fingerprints. The classification map presented here allows easier discrimination between various particles such as viscous organic aerosol, salt, ice, and liquid. In situ secondary organic aerosol formation from ambient pine forest air using an oxidation flow reactor Brett B. Palm, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Amber M. Ortega, Douglas A. Day, Lisa Kaser, Werner Jud, Thomas Karl, Armin Hansel, James F. Hunter, Eben S. Cross, Jesse H. Kroll, Zhe Peng, William H. Brune, and Jose L. Jimenez Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2943–2970, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2943-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2943-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary Ambient pine forest air was oxidized by OH radicals in a PAM oxidation flow reactor during the BEACHON-RoMBAS campaign to study secondary organic aerosol formation. Approximately 4.4 times more secondary organic aerosol was formed in the reactor than could be explained by the volatile organic gases (VOCs) measured in ambient air. The organic aerosol formation can be explained by including an SOA yield from typically unmeasured semivolatile and intermediate-volatility organic gases (S/IVOCs). Aqueous phase oxidation of sulphur dioxide by ozone in cloud droplets C. R. Hoyle, C. Fuchs, E. JÃ¤rvinen, H. Saathoff, A. Dias, I. El Haddad, M. Gysel, S. C. Coburn, J. TrÃ¶stl, A.-K. Bernhammer, F. Bianchi, M. Breitenlechner, J. C. Corbin, J. Craven, N. M. Donahue, J. Duplissy, S. Ehrhart, C. Frege, H. Gordon, N. HÃ¶ppel, M. Heinritzi, T. B. Kristensen, U. Molteni, L. Nichman, T. Pinterich, A. S. H. PrÃ©vÃ´t, M. Simon, J. G. Slowik, G. Steiner, A. TomÃ©, A. L. Vogel, R. Volkamer, A. C. Wagner, R. Wagner, A. S. Wexler, C. Williamson, P. M. Winkler, C. Yan, A. Amorim, J. Dommen, J. Curtius, M. W. Gallagher, R. C. Flagan, A. Hansel, J. Kirkby, M. Kulmala, O. MÃ¶hler, F. Stratmann, D. R. Worsnop, and U. Baltensperger Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 1693–1712, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1693-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1693-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary A significant portion of sulphate, an important constituent of atmospheric aerosols, is formed via the aqueous phase oxidation of sulphur dioxide by ozone. The rate of this reaction has previously only been measured over a relatively small temperature range. Here, we use the state of the art CLOUD chamber at CERN to perform the first measurements of this reaction rate in super-cooled droplets, confirming that the existing extrapolation of the reaction rate to sub-zero temperatures is accurate. Speciated measurements of semivolatile and intermediate volatility organic compounds (S/IVOCs) in a pine forest during BEACHON-RoMBAS 2011 A. W. H. Chan, N. M. Kreisberg, T. Hohaus, P. Campuzano-Jost, Y. Zhao, D. A. Day, L. Kaser, T. Karl, A. Hansel, A. P. Teng, C. R. Ruehl, D. T. Sueper, J. T. Jayne, D. R. Worsnop, J. L. Jimenez, S. V. Hering, and A. H. Goldstein Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 1187–1205, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1187-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1187-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary Using a novel instrument, we have made measurements of organic compounds that can exist as a gas or particle in the rural atmosphere. Through hourly measurements, we have identified the sources and atmospheric processes of these compounds, which are important for modeling the climate and health impact of these emissions. Plant surface reactions: an opportunistic ozone defence mechanism impacting atmospheric chemistry W. Jud, L. Fischer, E. Canaval, G. Wohlfahrt, A. Tissier, and A. Hansel Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 277–292, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-277-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-277-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary âBreathingâ ozone can have harmful effects on sensitive vegetation when sufficient ozone enters the plant leaves through the stomatal pores. Here we show that cis-abienol, a semi-volatile organic compound secreted by the leaf hairs (trichomes) of various tobacco varieties, protects the leaves from breathing ozone. Ozone is efficiently removed by chemical reactions with cis-abienol at the plant surface, forming oxygenated VOC (formaldehyde and methyl vinyl ketone) that are released into the air. Hygroscopicity of nanoparticles produced from homogeneous nucleation in the CLOUD experiments J. Kim, L. Ahlm, T. Yli-Juuti, M. Lawler, H. Keskinen, J. TrÃ¶stl, S. Schobesberger, J. Duplissy, A. Amorim, F. Bianchi, N. M. Donahue, R. C. Flagan, J. Hakala, M. Heinritzi, T. Jokinen, A. KÃ¼rten, A. Laaksonen, K. Lehtipalo, P. Miettinen, T. PetÃ¤jÃ¤, M. P. Rissanen, L. Rondo, K. Sengupta, M. Simon, A. TomÃ©, C. Williamson, D. Wimmer, P. M. Winkler, S. Ehrhart, P. Ye, J. Kirkby, J. Curtius, U. Baltensperger, M. Kulmala, K. E. J. Lehtinen, J. N. Smith, I. Riipinen, and A. Virtanen Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 293–304, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-293-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-293-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary The hygroscopicity of nucleated nanoparticles was measured in the presence of sulfuric acid, sulfuric acid-dimethylamine, and sulfuric acid-organics derived from α-pinene oxidation during CLOUD7 at CERN in 2012. The hygroscopicity parameter κ decreased with increasing particle size, indicating decreasing acidity of particles. Relating the hygroscopic properties of submicron aerosol to both gas- and particle-phase chemical composition in a boreal forest environment J. Hong, J. Kim, T. Nieminen, J. Duplissy, M. Ehn, M. ÃijÃ¤lÃ¤, L. Q. Hao, W. Nie, N. Sarnela, N. L. Prisle, M. Kulmala, A. Virtanen, T. PetÃ¤jÃ¤, and V.-M. Kerminen Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11999–12009, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11999-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11999-2015, 2015 Characterization of a real-time tracer for isoprene epoxydiols-derived secondary organic aerosol (IEPOX-SOA) from aerosol mass spectrometer measurements W. W. Hu, P. Campuzano-Jost, B. B. Palm, D. A. Day, A. M. Ortega, P. L. Hayes, J. E. Krechmer, Q. Chen, M. Kuwata, Y. J. Liu, S. S. de SÃ¡, K. McKinney, S. T. Martin, M. Hu, S. H. Budisulistiorini, M. Riva, J. D. Surratt, J. M. St. Clair, G. Isaacman-Van Wertz, L. D. Yee, A. H. Goldstein, S. Carbone, J. Brito, P. Artaxo, J. A. de Gouw, A. Koss, A. Wisthaler, T. Mikoviny, T. Karl, L. Kaser, W. Jud, A. Hansel, K. S. Docherty, M. L. Alexander, N. H. Robinson, H. Coe, J. D. Allan, M. R. Canagaratna, F. Paulot, and J. L. Jimenez Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11807–11833, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11807-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11807-2015, 2015 Short summary Short summary This work summarized all the studies reporting isoprene epoxydiols-derived secondary organic aerosol (IEPOX-SOA) measured globally by aerosol mass spectrometer and compare them with modeled gas-phase IEPOX, with results suggestive of the importance of IEPOX-SOA for regional and global OA budgets. A real-time tracer of IEPOX-SOA is thoroughly evaluated for the first time by combing multiple field and chamber studies. A quick and easy empirical method on IEPOX-SOA estimation is also presented. Thermodynamics of the formation of sulfuric acid dimers in the binary (H2SO4âH2O) and ternary (H2SO4âH2OâNH3) system A. KÃ¼rten, S. MÃ¼nch, L. Rondo, F. Bianchi, J. Duplissy, T. Jokinen, H. Junninen, N. Sarnela, S. Schobesberger, M. Simon, M. SipilÃ¤, J. Almeida, A. Amorim, J. Dommen, N. M. Donahue, E. M. Dunne, R. C. Flagan, A. Franchin, J. Kirkby, A. Kupc, V. Makhmutov, T. PetÃ¤jÃ¤, A. P. Praplan, F. Riccobono, G. Steiner, A. TomÃ©, G. Tsagkogeorgas, P. E. Wagner, D. Wimmer, U. Baltensperger, M. Kulmala, D. R. Worsnop, and J. Curtius Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10701–10721, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10701-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10701-2015, 2015 Short summary Short summary New particle formation (NPF) is an important atmospheric process. At cold temperatures in the upper troposphere the binary (H2SO4-H2O) and ternary (H2SO4-H2O-NH3) system are thought to be important for NPF. Sulfuric acid monomer (H2SO4) and sulfuric acid dimer ((H2SO4)2) concentrations were measured between 208 and 248K for these systems and dimer evaporation rates were derived. These data will help to better understand and predict binary and ternary nucleation at low temperatures. Technical Note: Using DEG-CPCs at upper tropospheric temperatures D. Wimmer, K. Lehtipalo, T. Nieminen, J. Duplissy, S. Ehrhart, J. Almeida, L. Rondo, A. Franchin, F. Kreissl, F. Bianchi, H. E. Manninen, M. Kulmala, J. Curtius, and T. PetÃ¤jÃ¤ Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7547–7555, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7547-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7547-2015, 2015 An ecosystem-scale perspective of the net land methanol flux: synthesis of micrometeorological flux measurements G. Wohlfahrt, C. Amelynck, C. Ammann, A. Arneth, I. Bamberger, A. H. Goldstein, L. Gu, A. Guenther, A. Hansel, B. Heinesch, T. Holst, L. HÃ¶rtnagl, T. Karl, Q. Laffineur, A. Neftel, K. McKinney, J. W. Munger, S. G. Pallardy, G. W. Schade, R. Seco, and N. Schoon Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7413–7427, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7413-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7413-2015, 2015 Short summary Short summary Methanol is the second most abundant volatile organic compound in the troposphere and plays a significant role in atmospheric chemistry. While there is consensus about the dominant role of plants as the major source and the reaction with OH as the major sink, global methanol budgets diverge considerably in terms of source/sink estimates. Here we present micrometeorological methanol flux data from eight sites in order to provide a first cross-site synthesis of the terrestrial methanol exchange. Experimental investigation of ionâion recombination under atmospheric conditions A. Franchin, S. Ehrhart, J. LeppÃ¤, T. Nieminen, S. GagnÃ©, S. Schobesberger, D. Wimmer, J. Duplissy, F. Riccobono, E. M. Dunne, L. Rondo, A. Downard, F. Bianchi, A. Kupc, G. Tsagkogeorgas, K. Lehtipalo, H. E. Manninen, J. Almeida, A. Amorim, P. E. Wagner, A. Hansel, J. Kirkby, A. KÃ¼rten, N. M. Donahue, V. Makhmutov, S. Mathot, A. Metzger, T. PetÃ¤jÃ¤, R. Schnitzhofer, M. SipilÃ¤, Y. Stozhkov, A. TomÃ©, V.-M. Kerminen, K. Carslaw, J. Curtius, U. Baltensperger, and M. Kulmala Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7203–7216, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7203-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7203-2015, 2015 Short summary Short summary The ion-ion recombination coefficient was measured at different temperatures, relative humidities and concentrations of ozone and sulfur dioxide. The experiments were carried out using the CLOUD chamber at CERN. We observed a strong dependency on temperature and on relative humidity, which has not been reported previously. No dependency of the ion-ion recombination coefficient on ozone concentration was observed and a weak variation with sulfur dioxide concentration was also observed. Elemental composition and clustering behaviour of Î±-pinene oxidation products for different oxidation conditions A. P. Praplan, S. Schobesberger, F. Bianchi, M. P. Rissanen, M. Ehn, T. Jokinen, H. Junninen, A. Adamov, A. Amorim, J. Dommen, J. Duplissy, J. Hakala, A. Hansel, M. Heinritzi, J. Kangasluoma, J. Kirkby, M. Krapf, A. KÃ¼rten, K. Lehtipalo, F. Riccobono, L. Rondo, N. Sarnela, M. Simon, A. TomÃ©, J. TrÃ¶stl, P. M. Winkler, C. Williamson, P. Ye, J. Curtius, U. Baltensperger, N. M. Donahue, M. Kulmala, and D. R. Worsnop Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 4145–4159, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4145-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4145-2015, 2015 Short summary Short summary Our study shows, based on data from three atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometers measuring in parallel charged and neutral molecules and molecular clusters, how oxidised organic compounds bind to inorganic ions (e.g. bisulfate, nitrate, ammonium). This ionisation is selective for compounds with lower molar mass due to their limited amount and variety of functional groups. We also found that extremely low volatile organic compounds (ELVOCs) can be formed immediately. On the derivation of particle nucleation rates from experimental formation rates A. KÃ¼rten, C. Williamson, J. Almeida, J. Kirkby, and J. Curtius Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 4063–4075, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4063-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4063-2015, 2015 Short summary Short summary The manuscript provides insights into the calculation of new particle formation rates. Generally, formation rates are measured at a diameter which can be substantially larger than the critical size of the newly formed particles. In order to transform the formation rate to a smaller size, a correction needs to be applied. We present a new method to apply this correction which takes into account the effect of self-coagulation. Major contribution of neutral clusters to new particle formation at the interface between the boundary layer and the free troposphere C. Rose, K. Sellegri, E. Asmi, M. Hervo, E. Freney, A. Colomb, H. Junninen, J. Duplissy, M. SipilÃ¤, J. Kontkanen, K. Lehtipalo, and M. Kulmala Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 3413–3428, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3413-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3413-2015, 2015 Estimates of global dew collection potential on artificial surfaces H. Vuollekoski, M. Vogt, V. A. Sinclair, J. Duplissy, H. JÃ¤rvinen, E.-M. KyrÃ¶, R. Makkonen, T. PetÃ¤jÃ¤, N. L. Prisle, P. RÃ¤isÃ¤nen, M. SipilÃ¤, J. YlhÃ¤isi, and M. Kulmala Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 601–613, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-601-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-601-2015, 2015 Short summary Short summary The global potential for collecting usable water from dew on an artificial collector sheet was investigated by utilising 34 years of meteorological reanalysis data as input to a dew formation model. Continental dew formation was found to be frequent and common, but daily yields were mostly below 0.1mm. On the composition of ammoniaâsulfuric-acid ion clusters during aerosol particle formation S. Schobesberger, A. Franchin, F. Bianchi, L. Rondo, J. Duplissy, A. KÃ¼rten, I. K. Ortega, A. Metzger, R. Schnitzhofer, J. Almeida, A. Amorim, J. Dommen, E. M. Dunne, M. Ehn, S. GagnÃ©, L. Ickes, H. Junninen, A. Hansel, V.-M. Kerminen, J. Kirkby, A. Kupc, A. Laaksonen, K. Lehtipalo, S. Mathot, A. Onnela, T. PetÃ¤jÃ¤, F. Riccobono, F. D. Santos, M. SipilÃ¤, A. TomÃ©, G. Tsagkogeorgas, Y. Viisanen, P. E. Wagner, D. Wimmer, J. Curtius, N. M. Donahue, U. Baltensperger, M. Kulmala, and D. R. Worsnop Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 55–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-55-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-55-2015, 2015 Short summary Short summary We used an ion mass spectrometer at CERN's CLOUD chamber to investigate the detailed composition of ammonia--sulfuric acid ion clusters (of both polarities) as they initially form and then grow into aerosol particles, at atmospherically relevant conditions. We found that these clustersâ composition is mainly determined by the ratio of the precursor vapors and ranges from ammonia-free clusters to clusters containing > 1 ammonia per sulfuric acid. Acid--base bindings are a key formation mechanism. Overview of the Manitou Experimental Forest Observatory: site description and selected science results from 2008 to 2013 J. Ortega, A. Turnipseed, A. B. Guenther, T. G. Karl, D. A. Day, D. Gochis, J. A. Huffman, A. J. Prenni, E. J. T. Levin, S. M. Kreidenweis, P. J. DeMott, Y. Tobo, E. G. Patton, A. Hodzic, Y. Y. Cui, P. C. Harley, R. S. Hornbrook, E. C. Apel, R. K. Monson, A. S. D. Eller, J. P. Greenberg, M. C. Barth, P. Campuzano-Jost, B. B. Palm, J. L. Jimenez, A. C. Aiken, M. K. Dubey, C. Geron, J. Offenberg, M. G. Ryan, P. J. Fornwalt, S. C. Pryor, F. N. Keutsch, J. P. DiGangi, A. W. H. Chan, A. H. Goldstein, G. M. Wolfe, S. Kim, L. Kaser, R. Schnitzhofer, A. Hansel, C. A. Cantrell, R. L. Mauldin, and J. N. Smith Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6345–6367, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6345-2014,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6345-2014, 2014 Acetaldehyde exchange above a managed temperate mountain grassland L. HÃ¶rtnagl, I. Bamberger, M. Graus, T. M. Ruuskanen, R. Schnitzhofer, M. Walser, A. Unterberger, A. Hansel, and G. Wohlfahrt Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5369–5391, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5369-2014,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5369-2014, 2014 Missing peroxy radical sources within a summertime ponderosa pine forest G. M. Wolfe, C. Cantrell, S. Kim, R. L. Mauldin III, T. Karl, P. Harley, A. Turnipseed, W. Zheng, F. Flocke, E. C. Apel, R. S. Hornbrook, S. R. Hall, K. Ullmann, S. B. Henry, J. P. DiGangi, E. S. Boyle, L. Kaser, R. Schnitzhofer, A. Hansel, M. Graus, Y. Nakashima, Y. Kajii, A. Guenther, and F. N. Keutsch Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4715–4732, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4715-2014,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4715-2014, 2014 Gap-filling strategies for annual VOC flux data sets I. Bamberger, L. HÃ¶rtnagl, M. Walser, A. Hansel, and G. Wohlfahrt Biogeosciences, 11, 2429–2442, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2429-2014,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2429-2014, 2014 The Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study (ASCOS): overview and experimental design M. TjernstrÃ¶m, C. Leck, C. E. Birch, J. W. Bottenheim, B. J. Brooks, I. M. Brooks, L. BÃ¤cklin, R. Y.-W. Chang, G. de Leeuw, L. Di Liberto, S. de la Rosa, E. Granath, M. Graus, A. Hansel, J. Heintzenberg, A. Held, A. Hind, P. Johnston, J. Knulst, M. Martin, P. A. Matrai, T. Mauritsen, M. MÃ¼ller, S. J. Norris, M. V. Orellana, D. A. Orsini, J. Paatero, P. O. G. Persson, Q. Gao, C. Rauschenberg, Z. Ristovski, J. Sedlar, M. D. Shupe, B. Sierau, A. Sirevaag, S. Sjogren, O. Stetzer, E. Swietlicki, M. Szczodrak, P. Vaattovaara, N. Wahlberg, M. Westberg, and C. R. Wheeler Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2823–2869, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2823-2014,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2823-2014, 2014 Vertical profiling of aerosol particles and trace gases over the central Arctic Ocean during summer P. Kupiszewski, C. Leck, M. TjernstrÃ¶m, S. Sjogren, J. Sedlar, M. Graus, M. MÃ¼ller, B. Brooks, E. Swietlicki, S. Norris, and A. Hansel Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 12405–12431, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-12405-2013,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-12405-2013, 2013 Undisturbed and disturbed above canopy ponderosa pine emissions: PTR-TOF-MS measurements and MEGAN 2.1 model results L. Kaser, T. Karl, A. Guenther, M. Graus, R. Schnitzhofer, A. Turnipseed, L. Fischer, P. Harley, M. Madronich, D. Gochis, F. N. Keutsch, and A. Hansel Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11935–11947, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11935-2013,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11935-2013, 2013 Observations of gas- and aerosol-phase organic nitrates at BEACHON-RoMBAS 2011 J. L. Fry, D. C. Draper, K. J. Zarzana, P. Campuzano-Jost, D. A. Day, J. L. Jimenez, S. S. Brown, R. C. Cohen, L. Kaser, A. Hansel, L. Cappellin, T. Karl, A. Hodzic Roux, A. Turnipseed, C. Cantrell, B. L. Lefer, and N. Grossberg Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8585–8605, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8585-2013,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8585-2013, 2013 Evolution of particle composition in CLOUD nucleation experiments H. Keskinen, A. Virtanen, J. Joutsensaari, G. Tsagkogeorgas, J. Duplissy, S. Schobesberger, M. Gysel, F. Riccobono, J. G. Slowik, F. Bianchi, T. Yli-Juuti, K. Lehtipalo, L. Rondo, M. Breitenlechner, A. Kupc, J. Almeida, A. Amorim, E. M. Dunne, A. J. Downard, S. Ehrhart, A. Franchin, M.K. Kajos, J. Kirkby, A. KÃ¼rten, T. Nieminen, V. Makhmutov, S. Mathot, P. Miettinen, A. Onnela, T. PetÃ¤jÃ¤, A. Praplan, F. D. Santos, S. Schallhart, M. SipilÃ¤, Y. Stozhkov, A. TomÃ©, P. Vaattovaara, D. Wimmer, A. Prevot, J. Dommen, N. M. Donahue, R.C. Flagan, E. Weingartner, Y. Viisanen, I. Riipinen, A. Hansel, J. Curtius, M. Kulmala, D. R. Worsnop, U. Baltensperger, H. Wex, F. Stratmann, and A. Laaksonen Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5587–5600, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5587-2013,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5587-2013, 2013 Volatile organic compounds in the western Mediterranean basin: urban and rural winter measurements during the DAURE campaign R. Seco, J. PeÃ±uelas, I. Filella, J. Llusia, S. Schallhart, A. Metzger, M. MÃ¼ller, and A. Hansel Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4291–4306, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4291-2013,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4291-2013, 2013 Comparison of different real time VOC measurement techniques in a ponderosa pine forest L. Kaser, T. Karl, R. Schnitzhofer, M. Graus, I. S. Herdlinger-Blatt, J. P. DiGangi, B. Sive, A. Turnipseed, R. S. Hornbrook, W. Zheng, F. M. Flocke, A. Guenther, F. N. Keutsch, E. Apel, and A. Hansel Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2893–2906, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2893-2013,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2893-2013, 2013 Selective measurements of isoprene and 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol based on NO+ ionization mass spectrometry T. Karl, A. Hansel, L. Cappellin, L. Kaser, I. Herdlinger-Blatt, and W. Jud Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11877–11884, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11877-2012,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11877-2012, 2012 Related subject area Subject: Gases \| Technique: In Situ Measurement \| Topic: Instruments and Platforms Toward on-demand measurements of greenhouse gas emissions using an uncrewed aircraft AirCore system Zihan Zhu, Javier GonzÃ¡lez-Rocha, Yifan Ding, Isis Frausto-Vicencio, Sajjan Heerah, Akula Venkatram, Manvendra Dubey, Don Collins, and Francesca M. Hopkins Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3883–3895, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3883-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3883-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary Increases in agriculture, oil and gas, and waste management activities have contributed to the increase in atmospheric methane levels and resultant climate warming. In this paper, we explore the use of small uncrewed aircraft systems (sUASs) and AirCore technology to detect and quantify methane emissions. Results from field experiments demonstrate that sUASs and AirCore technology can be effective for detecting and quantifying methane emissions in near real time. Long-term evaluation of commercial air quality sensors: an overview from the QUANT (Quantification of Utility of Atmospheric Network Technologies) study Sebastian Diez, Stuart Lacy, Hugh Coe, Josefina Urquiza, Max Priestman, Michael Flynn, Nicholas Marsden, Nicholas A. Martin, Stefan Gillott, Thomas Bannan, and Pete M. Edwards Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3809–3827, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3809-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3809-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary In this paper we present an overview of the QUANT project, which to our knowledge is one of the largest evaluations of commercial sensors to date. The objective was to evaluate the performance of a range of commercial products and also to nourish the different applications in which these technologies can offer relevant information. In-flight characterization of a compact airborne quantum cascade laser absorption spectrometer Linda Ort, Lenard Lukas RÃ¶der, Uwe Parchatka, Rainer KÃ¶nigstedt, Daniel Crowley, Frank Kunz, Ralf Wittkowski, Jos Lelieveld, and Horst Fischer Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3553–3565, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3553-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3553-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary Airborne in situ measurements are of great importance to collect valuable data to improve our knowledge of the atmosphere but also present challenges which demand specific designs. This study presents an IR spectrometer for airborne trace-gas measurements with high data efficiency and a simple, compact design. Its in-flight performance is characterized with the help of a test flight and a comparison with another spectrometer. Moreover, results from its first campaign highlight its benefits. Full characterization and calibration of a transfer standard monitor for atmospheric radon measurements Roger Curcoll, Claudia Grossi, Stefan RÃ¶ttger, and Arturo Vargas Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3047–3065, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3047-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3047-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary This paper presents a new user-friendly version of the Atmospheric Radon MONitor (ARMON). The efficiency of the instrument is of 0.0057 s-1, obtained using different techniques at Spanish and German chambers. The total calculated uncertainty of the ARMON for hourly radon concentrations above 5 Bq m-3 is lower than 10 % (k = 1). Results confirm that the ARMON is suitable to measure low-level radon activity concentrations and to be used as a transfer standard to calibrate in situ radon monitors. Observing low-altitude features in ozone concentrations in a shoreline environment via uncrewed aerial systems Josie K. Radtke, Benjamin N. Kies, Whitney A. Mottishaw, Sydney M. Zeuli, Aidan T. H. Voon, Kelly L. Koerber, Grant W. Petty, Michael P. Vermeuel, Timothy H. Bertram, Ankur R. Desai, Joseph P. Hupy, R. Bradley Pierce, Timothy J. Wagner, and Patricia A. Cleary Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2833–2847, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2833-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2833-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary The use of uncrewed aircraft systems (UASs) to conduct a vertical profiling of ozone and meteorological variables was evaluated using comparisons between tower or ground observations and UAS-based measurements. Changes to the UAS profiler showed an improvement in performance. The profiler was used to see the impact of Chicago pollution plumes on a shoreline area near Lake Michigan. An integrated uncrewed aerial vehicle platform with sensing and sampling systems for the measurement of air pollutant concentrations Chen-Wei Liang and Chang-Hung Shen Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2671–2686, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2671-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2671-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary In the present study, a UAV platform with sensing and sampling systems was developed for 3D air pollutant concentration measurements. The sensing system of this platform contains multiple microsensors and IoT technologies for obtaining the real-time 3D distributions of critical air pollutants. The sampling system contains gas sampling sets and a 1 L Tedlar bag instead of a canister for the 3D measurement of VOC concentrations in accordance with the TO-15 method of the US EPA. Design and evaluation of a low-cost sensor node for near-background methane measurement Daniel Furuta, Bruce Wilson, Albert A. Presto, and Jiayu Li Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2103–2121, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2103-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2103-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary Methane is an important driver of climate change and is challenging to inexpensively sense in low atmospheric concentrations. We developed a low-cost sensor to monitor methane and tested it in indoor and outdoor settings. Our device shows promise for monitoring low levels of methane. We characterize its limitations and suggest future research directions for further development. Development of a Multichannel Organics In situ enviRonmental Analyzer (MOIRA) for mobile measurements of volatile organic compounds Audrey J. Dang, Nathan M. Kreisberg, Tyler L. Cargill, Jhao-Hong Chen, Sydney Hornitschek, Remy Hutheesing, Jay R. Turner, and Brent J. Williams Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2067–2087, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2067-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2067-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary The Multichannel Organics In situ enviRonmental Analyzer (MOIRA) is a new instrument for measuring speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air and has been developed for mapping concentrations from a hybrid car. MOIRA is characterized in the lab and pilot field studies of indoor air in a single-family residence and outdoor air during a mobile deployment. Future applications include indoor, outdoor, and lab measurements to grasp the impact of VOCs on air quality, health, and climate. Evaluation of Aeris mid-infrared absorption (MIRA), Picarro CRDS (cavity ring-down spectroscopy) G2307, and dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-based sampling for long-term formaldehyde monitoring efforts Asher P. Mouat, Zelda A. Siegel, and Jennifer Kaiser Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1979–1994, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1979-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1979-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary Three fast-measurement formaldehyde monitors were deployed at two field sites in Atlanta, GA, over 1 year. Four different zeroing methods were tested to develop an optimal field setup as well as procedures for instrument calibration. Observations agreed well after calibration but were much higher compared to the TO-11A monitoring method, which is the golden standard. Historical HCHO concentrations were compared with measurements in this work, showing a 22 % reduction in midday HCHO since 1999. Multi-decadal atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements in Central Europe, Hungary LÃ¡szlÃ³ Haszpra Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-29,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-29, 2024 Revised manuscript accepted for AMT Short
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"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/464fc70a-5090-490b-b47e-0759e89c263f", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f7bb9d33-4f9a-4faa-88fe-2a0bd8138668" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Alternative History" ]	null	The Concert of Democracies (also known as the League of Democracies) is an international organization whose stated aims are to strengthen security cooperation among the world’s liberal democracies and to provide a framework in which they can work together to effectively tackle common challenges...	en	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/althistory/images/4/4a/Site-favicon.ico/revision/latest?cb=20210916203836	Alternative History	https://althistory.fandom.com/wiki/Concert_of_Democracies_(President_McCain)	Concert of Democracies Ligue des démocraties Liga de las democracias 2005 – Geographical location: The member states of the Concert of Democracies. Headquarters: Palais des Nations, Geneva, Switzerland Main languages: English, French, Spanish ¹ Membership: 56 member states Secretary-General: - 2005–2009: - 2009–2013: Sérgio Vieira de Mello John S. McCain Establishment: - Treaty of Geneva: March 30, 2005 ¹ Among the many languages and dialects used by the member states, English, French and Spanish is used as working languages. Important documents are translated into all of the organisation's official languages. The Concert of Democracies (also known as the League of Democracies) is an international organization whose stated aims are to strengthen security cooperation among the world’s liberal democracies and to provide a framework in which they can work together to effectively tackle common challenges - ideally within existing regional and global institutions, but if those institutions fail, then independently, functioning as a focal point for efforts to strengthen liberty under law around the world. It would serve as the institutional embodiment and ratification of the “democratic peace”. History[] The United Nations, the most important international organisation in the world, has been criticized numerous times as being too bureaucratic, too slow and too incompetent in solving urgent humanitarian or political crisis situations, examples being Rwanda, Darfur, solving the conflict between Israel and Palestine, Kosovo, Iraq. The first steps towards the Concert of Democracies was the failure of the UN Security Council resolution authorizing the use of military force against Iraq on August 5, 2002, mainly due to the opposition from Russia, France and China. As a result, U.S. President John McCain, a critic of the handicap of the UN and a supporter of a "League of Democracies", met with the heads of government from several NATO countries, where a vote to intervene in Iraq succeeded. This allowed the inclusion of United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Poland, Denmark, Germany, Canada, Turkey, Norway, Belgium, The Netherlands, Romania and other non-NATO allies of the United States to assist in an invasion of Iraq. On December 16, he said that the coalition of nations that agreed at the NATO summit was part of a new "League of Democracies". In 2004, McCain negotiated with democratic countries around the world, trying to get democratically elected governments to participate in an organisation in which only democracies could join, and which would be free from the problems that dictatorships has in the United Nations. On June 11-13, 2004, just after the G8 summit in Sea Island, Georgia, McCain and the heads of government of France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Brazil, Japan, Italy, Canada, Spain, Denmark, Norway and Sweden. At this summit, the participating countries agreed that they would continue negotiations for a organisation for Democracies, with a conference planned to take place within a year. On February 15, 2005, the Conference on International Organization began in Geneva, Switzerland, attended by democratic governments involved in drafting the Charter of a Concert of Democracies. The League of Democracies officially came into existence on March 30, 2005 upon the ratification of the Treaty of Geneva by the attending governments, including three permanent members of the UN Security Council — France, the United Kingdom and the United States. The first meetings of the Concert of Democracies, with 49 nations represented, took place in Geneva between February 10-12, 2006. The Charter for a Concert of Democracies[] As a charter, it is a constituent treaty, and all members are bound by its articles. Furthermore, the Charter states that the obligations to the League of Democracies are to exist within regional and global institutions like the United Nations. However, should the UN of other organizations fail, the Concert of Democracies should function independently as a focal point for efforts to strengthen liberty under law around the world. 1. The Parties pledge never to use military force, and never to plan to use military force, against one other except in the event of a coup or revolution within a specified member nation. 2. The Parties commit to hold multiparty, free, and fair elections at regular intervals. 3. The Parties commit to uphold internationally recognized civil and political rights for all their citizens and to make these rights enforceable by an independent judiciary. 4. The Parties recognize that sovereign states have a responsibility to protect their own citizens from avoidable catastrophe - mass murder and rape, ethnic cleansing by forcible expulsion and terror, and deliberative starvation and exposure to disease - but that when they are unwilling or unable to do so, that responsibility must be borne by the international community. 5. The Parties undertake to contribute to the further development of peaceful and friendly international relations by promoting liberal democracy as a model of government and by bringing about a better understanding throughout the world of the principles upon which democratic institutions are founded. 6. The Treaty does not affect, and shall not be interpreted as affecting in any way, the rights and obligations under the U.N. Charter of the Parties which are members of the United Nations, or the primary responsibility of the Security Council for the maintenance of international peace and security. 7. Action pursuant to article four and consistent with the purposes of the United Nations, including the use of military force, may be approved by a two-thirds majority of the parties. 8. Action to enforce the purposes of the United Nations in the wake of a threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression, may be approved by a two-third majority of the parties. Organisation[] The Concert of Democracies is ultimately governed by its 56 member states. However, the Charter of the Concert of Democracies, and other agreements, outline how decisions are to be made within COD. The senior permanent member of each delegation is known as the Permanent Representative and is generally a senior civil servant or an experienced ambassador (and holding that diplomatic rank). The Concert of Democracies made during the signing of the Treaty of Geneva an agreement made with the United Nations, which allows them to use the Palais des Nations in Geneva, Switzerland as the organisation's headquarters. Three official languages of the Concert of Democracies, used in intergovernmental meetings and documents, are English, French and Spanish, while the Secretariat uses two working languages, English and French. Democratic Council[] The Democratic Council is the main deliberative assembly of the United Nations. It is composed of all 56 members, which sends delegations which participates in regular yearly sessions headed by the Secretary-General. All members have the opportunity to address the council. Traditionally, the Secretary-General makes the first statement. Together the Permanent Members form the Democratic Council (DC), a body which meets together at least once a week and has effective political authority and powers of decision in the Concert. From time to time the Council also meets at higher levels involving Foreign Ministers, Defence Ministers or Heads of State or Government (HOSG) and it is at these meetings that major decisions regarding the Concert’s policies are generally taken. However, it is worth noting that the Council has the same authority and powers of decision-making, and its decisions have the same status and validity, at whatever level it meets. Summits also form a further venue for decisions on complex issues, such as enlargement. When the Council votes on important questions, a two-thirds majority of those present and voting is required. Each nation represented at the Council table or on any of its subordinate committees retains complete sovereignty and responsibility for its own decisions. Examples of important questions include: recommendations on peace and security; admission, suspension, and expulsion of members; decisions on whether to intervene politically or militarily, impose sanctions; and budgetary matters. All other questions are decided by majority vote. The Council may make recommendations on matters regarding freedom, human rights and democracy to the UN, as the Charter specifies. Secretariat[] The COD Secretariat is headed by the Secretary-General, assisted by a staff of international civil servants worldwide. It provides studies, information, and facilities needed by the Democratic Council for their meetings, and as well the United Nations, to which most of the time it is subordinated. It also carries out tasks as directed by the Democratic Council. The Charter for a Concert of Democracies provides that the staff be chosen by application of the "highest standards of efficiency, competence, and integrity," with due regard for the importance of recruiting on a wide geographical basis. The Charter provides that the staff shall not seek or receive instructions from any authority other than the COD unless other specified. Each COD member country is enjoined to respect the character of the Secretariat and not seek to influence its staff. The Secretary-General alone is responsible for staff selection. The Secretary-General's duties include promoting the values of freedom and democracy worldwide, organizing international conferences, administering military/peacekeeping operations and political decisions by the Democratic Council should the UN of other organizations fail, gathering information on the implementation of Democratic Council (and UN Security Council) decisions, and consulting with member governments regarding various initiatives. The Secretary-General may bring to the attention of the Democratic Council any matter that, in his or her opinion, may threaten international peace, security and strengthen liberty under law around the world. Secretary-General[] The Secretariat is headed by the Secretary-General, who acts as the de facto spokesman and leader of the COD. The Secretary-General is appointed for a four-year term, with a two term limit. The current Secretary-General is Sérgio Vieira de Mello of Brazil. Former President of the United States John McCain will take over as Secretary-General on March 30, 2009. The position is defined in the COD Charter as the organization's "chief administrative officer", but the Charter also states that the Secretary-General can bring to the Democratic Council's attention "any matter which in his opinion may threaten the international peace, security, freedom and democracy". The position has a dual role of an administrator of the COD organization, and a diplomat and mediator addressing disputes between nations and to global issues when the United Nations is unable to act or unaware of an situation. The Secretary-General is appointed by the Democratic Council, after being nominated by one of the member states. All nations can name their candidate for the post. There are no specific criteria for the post, but it is generally accepted that the post shall be appointed based on geographical rotation. Role of NATO[] As the COD is obligated to exist within regional and global institutions like the United Nations under normal circumstances, this also applies to NATO within the COD. Since the establishment of the Concert of Democracies the NATO alliance has had an important role, due to the fact that all members of NATO also are members or applying for membership in the Concert of Democracies. However, the North Atlantic Charter only applies for NATO member states, and thus does not apply for those nations who are members of the COD, but not NATO. For example, while NATO members are obliged to assist the United States in the War on Terrorism due to the invocation of Article V of the North Atlantic Charter, non-NATO members like Brazil, Sweden or Japan are obliged to support NATO due to their membership in the COD, unless an agreement between the two parties has been made. As a result, NATO has operated under a COD mandate in several international operations. In 2006, the operation to stop the genocide by the Sudanese government in Darfur (Operation Infinite Justice) was led by troops of NATO members, commanded by NATO under a mandate of the Concert of Democracies. Membership[] With the addition of Albania, Afghanistan and Iraq on April 5, 2009, there are currently 55 member states of the Concert of Democracies. Note: Member states with background color and bold font are original members. Member state Date of admission Head of government at admission Current Head of government Notes Argentina 2005-03-30 Néstor Kirchner Cristina Fernández de Kirchner Australia 2005-03-30 John Howard John Howard Austria 2005-03-30 Wolfgang Schüssel Werner Faymann Belgium 2005-03-30 Guy Verhofstadt Herman Van Rompuy Brazil 2005-03-30 Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Bulgaria 2005-03-30 Simeon Sakskoburggotski Sergei Stanishev Canada 2005-03-30 Paul Martin Stephen Harper Chile 2005-03-30 Ricardo Lagos Michelle Bachelet (2006 - 2010) Colombia 2005-03-30 Álvaro Uribe Vélez Álvaro Uribe Vélez Costa Rica 2005-03-30 Abel Pacheco Óscar Arias Croatia 2005-03-30 Ivo Sanader Ivo Sanader Czech Republic 2005-03-30 Stanislav Gross Mirek Topolánek Denmark 2005-03-30 Anders Fogh Rasmussen Lars Løkke Rasmussen Estonia 2005-03-30 Juhan Parts Andrus Ansip Germany 2005-03-30 Gerhard Schröder Angela Merkel Greece 2005-03-30 Kóstas Alexándrou Karamanlís Kóstas Alexándrou Karamanlís Finland 2005-03-30 Matti Vanhanen Matti Vanhanen France 2005-03-30 Jacques Chirac Nicolas Sarkozy Hungary 2005-03-30 Ferenc Gyurcsány Ferenc Gyurcsány Iceland 2005-03-30 Halldór Ásgrímsson Geir Haarde India 2005-03-30 Manmohan Singh Manmohan Singh Indonesia 2005-03-30 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Ireland 2005-03-30 Patrick Bartholomew Ahern Brian Cowen Italy 2005-03-30 Silvio Berlusconi Silvio Berlusconi Israel 2005-03-30 Ariel Sharon Benjamin Netanyahu Japan 2005-03-30 Jun'ichirō Koizumi Taro Aso Latvia 2005-03-30 Aigars Kalvītis Ivars Godmanis Lithuania 2005-03-30 Algirdas Brazauskas Andrius Kubilius Liechtenstein 2005-03-30 Otmar Hasler Otmar Hasler Luxembourg 2005-03-30 Jean-Claude Juncker Jean-Claude Juncker Mexico 2005-03-30 Vicente Fox Quesada Felipe de Jesus Calderón Hinojosa Mongolia 2005-03-30 Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj Sanjaagiin Bayar Netherlands 2005-03-30 Jan Peter Balkenende Jan Peter Balkenende New Zealand 2005-03-30 Helen Clark John Key Norway 2005-03-30 Kjell Magne Bondevik Jens Stoltenberg Panama 2005-03-30 Martín Torrijos Martín Torrijos Peru 2005-03-30 Alejandro Toledo Alejandro Toledo Poland 2005-03-30 Marek Belka Donald Tusk Republic of Korea 2005-03-30 Roh Moo-hyun Lee Myung-bak Romania 2005-03-30 Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu Emil Boc South Africa 2005-03-30 Thabo Mbeki Kgalema Motlanthe Sweden 2005-03-30 Göran Persson Fredrik Reinfeldt Switzerland 2005-03-30 Samuel Schmid Hans-Rudolf Merz Slovenia 2005-03-30 Janez Janša Borut Pahor Slovakia 2005-03-30 Mikuláš Dzurinda Robert Fico Turkey 2005-03-30 Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Recep Tayyip Erdoğan United Kingdom 2005-03-30 Tony Blair Tony Blair United States 2005-03-30 John McCain same Uruguay 2005-03-30 Tabaré Vázquez Tabaré Vázquez Ghana 2007-04-10 John Kofi Agyekum Kufuor John Atta-Mills First expansion Georgia 2007-04-10 Zurab Noghaideli Grigol Mgaloblishvili First expansion Montenegro 2007-04-10 Milo Đukanović Milo Đukanović First expansion Ukraine 2007-04-10 Viktor Yushchenko Viktor Yushchenko First expansion Afghanistan 2009-04-05 Hamid Karzai Hamid Karzai Second expansion Albania 2009-04-05 Sali Berisha Sali Berisha Second expansion Iraq 2009-04-05 Nouri al-Maliki Nouri al-Maliki Second expansion Future expansion[] Future expansion is currently a topic of debate in many countries that has introduced democratic reforms, freedom of speech and free and open elections. Bosnia and Herzegovina and Thailand has applied for membership, pending decision at the COD summit in Zurich, Switzerland in 2009. Other countries which have a stated goal of eventually joining include Cuba, Kenya, Liberia, Lebanon, F.Y.R.O.M., Kosovo and Greenland. List of officials[] Secretaries General # Name Country Duration 1 Sérgio Vieira de Mello File:Flag of Brazil (1960-present).png Brazil March 30, 2005 — March 30, 2009 2 John S. McCain United States March 30, 2009 — Present Deputy Secretaries General # Name Country Duration 1 Alessandro Minuto Rizzo Italy March 30, 2005 — August 11, 2007 2 Dominique de Villepin France August 12, 2007 — Present See also[]
wrong_mix_domainrange_leader_00015	FactBench	1	11	https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/2021/field/executive-branch	en	The World Factbook	https://www.cia.gov/the-…1f66c6c2685054a1	https://www.cia.gov/the-…1f66c6c2685054a1	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/the-world-factbook/about/archives/2021/favicon-32x32.png?v=c3853bf09f084a8b1f66c6c2685054a1		null	Afghanistan chief of state: president (vacant); President Ashraf GHANI departed the country on 15 August 2021; CEO Abdullah ABDULLAH, Dr. (since 29 September 2014); First Vice President Abdul Rashid DOSTAM (since 29 September 2014); Second Vice President Sarwar DANESH (since 29 September 2014); First Deputy CEO Khyal Mohammad KHAN; Second Deputy CEO Mohammad MOHAQQEQ; note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: president (vacant); President Ashraf GHANI departed the country on 15 August 2021; CEO Abdullah ABDULLAH, Dr. (since 29 September 2014); First Vice President Abdul Rashid DOSTAM (since 29 September 2014); Second Vice President Sarwar DANESH (since 29 September 2014); First Deputy CEO Khyal Mohammad KHAN; Second Deputy CEO Mohammad MOHAQQEQ cabinet: Cabinet consists of 25 ministers appointed by the president, approved by the National Assembly elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 28 September 2019 election results: Ashraf GHANI declared winner by the Independent Election Commission on 18 February 2020; Ashraf GHANI 50.6%, Abdullah ABDULLAH, Dr. 39.5%, other 0.9% note: Ashraf GHANI left the country on 15 August 2021; on 7 September 2021, Mullah Mohammad HASSAN was announced as the head of an interim government Akrotiri chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) head of government: Administrator Major General Robert J. THOMSON (since 25 September 2019); note - administrator reports to the British Ministry of Defense; the chief officer is responsible for the day-to-day running of the civil government of the Sovereign Bases elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; administrator appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Ministry of Defense Albania chief of state: President of the Republic Ilir META (since 24 July 2017) head of government: Prime Minister Edi RAMA (since 10 September 2013); Deputy Prime Minister Arben AHMETAJ (since 18 September 2021) cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, nominated by the president, and approved by the Assembly elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by the Assembly for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); a candidate needs three-fifths majority vote of the Assembly in 1 of 3 rounds or a simple majority in 2 additional rounds to become president; election last held in 4 rounds on 19, 20, 27, and 28 April 2017 (next election to be held in 2022); prime minister appointed by the president on the proposal of the majority party or coalition of parties in the Assembly election results: Ilir META elected president; Assembly vote - 87 - 2 in fourth round Algeria chief of state: President Abdelmadjid TEBBOUNE (since 12 December 2019) head of government: Prime Minister Ayman BENABDERRAHMANE (since 7 July 2021); note - President TEBBOUNE appointed BENABDERRAHMANE as prime minister following the resignation of Prime Minister Abdelaziz DJERAD on 24 June Abdelaziz DJERAD (since 28 December 2019) cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in two rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 12 December 2019 (next to be held in 2024); prime minister nominated by the president after consultation with the majority party in Parliament election results: 2019: Abdelmadjid TEBBOUNE (NLF) 58.1%, Abdelkader BENGRINA (Movement of National Construction) 17.4%, Ali BENFLIS (Vanguard of Freedoms) 10.6%, Azzedine MIHOUBI (RND) 7.3%, Abdelaziz BELAID (Future Front) 6.7% 2014: Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA reelected president for a fourth term; percent of vote - Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (FLN) 81.5%, Ali BENFLIS (FLN) 12.2%, Abdelaziz BELAID (Future Front) 3.4%, other 2.9% American Samoa chief of state: President Joseph R. BIDEN Jr. (since 20 January 2021); Vice President Kamala D. HARRIS (since 20 January 2021) head of government: Governor Lemanu Peleti MAUGA (since 3 January 2021) cabinet: Cabinet consists of 12 department directors appointed by the governor with the consent of the Legislature or Fono elections/appointments: president and vice president indirectly elected on the same ballot by an Electoral College of 'electors' chosen from each state to serve a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); under the US Constitution, residents of unincorporated territories, such as American Samoa, do not vote in elections for US president and vice president; however, they may vote in Democratic and Republican presidential primary elections; governor and lieutenant governor directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 3 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2024) election results: Lemanu Peleti MAUGA elected governor in first round; percent of vote - Lemanu Peleti MAUGA (independent) 60.3%, Gaoteote Palaie TOFAU (independent) 21.9%, I'aulualo Fa'afetai TALIA (independent) 12.3% Andorra chief of state: Co-prince Emmanuel MACRON (since 14 May 2017); represented by Patrick STROZDA (since 14 May 2017); and Co-prince Archbishop Joan-Enric VIVES i Sicilia (since 12 May 2003); represented by Josep Maria MAURI (since 20 July 2012) head of government: Head of Government (or Cap de Govern) Xaviar Espot ZAMORA (since 16 May 2019) cabinet: Executive Council of 12 ministers designated by the head of government elections/appointments: head of government indirectly elected by the General Council (Andorran parliament), formally appointed by the coprinces for a 4-year term; election last held on 7 April 2019 (next to be held in April 2023); the leader of the majority party in the General Council is usually elected head of government election results: Xaviar Espot ZAMORA (DA) elected head of government; percent of General Council vote - 60.7% Angola chief of state: President Joao Manuel Goncalves LOURENCO (since 26 September 2017); Vice President Bornito De Sousa Baltazar DIOGO (since 26 September 2017); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Joao Manuel Goncalves LOURENCO (since 26 September 2017); Vice President Bornito De Sousa Baltazar DIOGO (since 26 September 2017) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections/appointments: the candidate of the winning party or coalition in the last legislative election becomes the president; president serves a 5-year term (eligible for a second consecutive or discontinuous term); last held on 23 August 2017 (next to be held in 2022) election results: Joao Manuel Goncalves LOURENCO (MPLA) elected president by the winning party following the 23 August 2017 general election Anguilla chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Dileeni DANIEL-SELVARATNAM (since 18 January 2021) head of government: Premier Dr. Ellis WEBSTER (since 30 June 2020); note - starting in 2019, the title of head of government was changed to premier from chief minister of Anguilla cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from among elected members of the House of Assembly elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed premier by the governor Antigua and Barbuda chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Rodney WILLIAMS (since 14 August 2014) head of government: Prime Minister Gaston BROWNE (since 13 June 2014) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the governor general Argentina chief of state: President Alberto Angel FERNANDEZ (since 10 December 2019); Vice President Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER (since 10 December 2019); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government (2019) head of government: President Alberto Angel FERNANDEZ (since 10 December 2019); Vice President Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER (since 10 December 2019) (2018) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president (2017) elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by qualified majority vote (to win, a candidate must receive at least 45% of votes or 40% of votes and a 10-point lead over the second place candidate; if neither occurs, a second round is held ); the president serves a 4-year term (eligible for a second consecutive term); election last held on 27 October 2019 (next to be held in October 2023) election results: 2019: Alberto Angel FERNANDEZ elected president; percent of vote - Alberto Angel FERNANDEZ (TODOS) 48.1%, Mauricio MACRI (PRO) 40.4%, Roberto LAVAGNA (independent) 6.2%, other 5.3% 2015: Mauricio MACRI elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Daniel SCIOLI (PJ) 37.1%, Mauricio MACRI (PRO) 34.2%, Sergio MASSA (FR/PJ) 21.4%, other 7.3%; percent of vote in second round - Mauricio MACRI (PRO) 51.4%, Daniel SCIOLI (PJ) 48.6% Armenia chief of state: President Armen SARKISSIAN (since 9 April 2018) head of government: Prime Minister Nikol PASHINYAN (since 10 September 2021); Deputy Prime Ministers Mher GRIGORYAN (since 3 August 2021) and Hambardzum MATEVOSYAN (since 25 November 2021); note - Prime Minister Nikol PASHINYAN resigned on 25 April 2021; he was reappointed by the president on 2 August 2021 and sworn in on 10 September 2021 cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by the National Assembly in 3 rounds if needed for a single 7-year term; election last held on 2 March 2018; prime minister elected by majority vote in 2 rounds if needed by the National Assembly; election last held 2 August 2021 election results: Armen SARKISSIAN elected president in first round; note - Armen SARKISSIAN ran unopposed and won the Assembly vote 90-10 note: Nikol PASHINYAN was first elected prime minister on 8 May 2018 and reelected on January 2019; in response to a political crisis that followed Armenia's defeat in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War in late 2020, PASHINYAN called an early legislative election for June 2021; his party won the election and PASHINYAN was elected to the prime ministership for a third time; his election was confirmed by the president on 2 August 2021, and he was sworn in on 10 September 2021 Aruba chief of state: King WILLEM-ALEXANDER of the Netherlands (since 30 April 2013); represented by Governor General Alfonso BOEKHOUDT (since 1 January 2017) head of government: Prime Minister Evelyn WEVER-CROES (since 17 November 2017) cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the Legislature (Staten) elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch for a 6-year term; prime minister and deputy prime minister indirectly elected by the Staten for 4-year term; election last held on 25 June 2021 (next to be held by June 2026) election results: as leader of the majority party of the ruling coalition, Evelyn WEVER-CROES (MEP) elected prime minister; percent of legislative vote - NA Australia chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General David HURLEY (since 1 July 2019) head of government: Prime Minister Scott MORRISON (since 24 August 2018) cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the prime minister from among members of Parliament and sworn in by the governor general elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is sworn in as prime minister by the governor general Austria chief of state: President Alexander VAN DER BELLEN (since 26 January 2017) head of government: Chancellor Karl NEHAMMER (since 6 December 2021); note - Chancellor Alexander SCHALLENBERG (since 9 October 2021) resigned on 12/2/21 cabinet: Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the advice of the chancellor elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); elections last held on 24 April 2016 (first round), 22 May 2016 (second round, which was annulled), and 4 December 2016 (second round re-vote) (next election to be held in April 2022); chancellor appointed by the president but determined by the majority coalition parties in the Federal Assembly; vice chancellor appointed by the president on the advice of the chancellor election results: Alexander VAN DER BELLEN elected in second round; percent of vote in first round - Norbert HOFER (FPOe) 35.1%, Alexander VAN DER BELLEN (independent, allied with the Greens) 21.3%, Irmgard GRISS (independent) 18.9%, Rudolf HUNDSTORFER (SPOe) 11.3%, Andreas KHOL (OeVP) 11.1%, Richard LUGNER (independent) 2.3%; percent of vote in second round - Alexander VAN DER BELLEN 53.8%, Norbert HOFER 46.2% Azerbaijan chief of state: President Ilham ALIYEV (since 31 October 2003); First Vice President Mehriban ALIYEVA (since 21 February 2017) head of government: Prime Minister Ali ASADOV (since 8 October 2019); First Deputy Prime Minister Yaqub EYYUBOV (since June 2006) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds (if needed) for a 7-year term; a single individual is eligible for unlimited terms; election last held on 11 April 2018 (next to be held in 2025); prime minister and first deputy prime minister appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly; note - a constitutional amendment approved in a September 2016 referendum expanded the presidential term from 5 to 7 years; a separate constitutional amendment approved in the same referendum also introduced the post of first vice-president and additional vice-presidents, who are directly appointed by the president election results: Ilham ALIYEV reelected president in first round; percent of vote - Ilham ALIYEV (YAP) 86%, Zahid ORUJ (independent) 3.1%, other 10.9% note: OSCE observers noted shortcomings in the election, including a restrictive political environment, limits on fundamental freedoms, a lack of genuine competition, and ballot box stuffing Bahamas, The chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Cornelius A. SMITH (since 28 June 2019) head of government: Prime Minister Philip DAVIS (since 17 September 2021) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by governor general on recommendation of prime minister elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; the prime minister recommends the deputy prime minister Bahrain chief of state: King HAMAD bin Isa Al-Khalifa (since 6 March 1999) head of government: Prime minister SALMAN bin Hamad Al-Khalifa (since 11 November 2020); first deputy prime minister (vacant); Deputy Prime Ministers MUHAMMAD bin Mubarak Al-Khalifa (since September 2005), Jawad bin Salim al-ARAIDH, ALI bin Khalifa bin Salman Al-Khalifa (since 11 December 2006), KHALID bin Abdallah Al-Khalifa (since November 2010); note - KHALIFA ibn Salman Al Khalifa, who served as prime minister since Bahrain's independence in 1971, died on 11 November 2020 cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch Bangladesh chief of state: President Abdul HAMID (since 24 April 2013); note - Abdul HAMID served as acting president following the death of Zillur RAHMAN in March 2013; HAMID was subsequently indirectly elected by the National Parliament and sworn in 24 April 2013 head of government: Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA Wazed (since 6 January 2009) cabinet: Cabinet selected by the prime minister, appointed by the president elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by the National Parliament for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 7 February 2018 (next to be held by 2023); the president appoints as prime minister the majority party leader in the National Parliament election results: President Abdul HAMID (AL) reelected by the National Parliament unopposed for a second term; Sheikh HASINA reappointed prime minister as leader of the majority AL party following parliamentary elections in 2018 Barbados chief of state: President Sandra MASON (since 30 November 2021) head of government: Prime Minister Mia MOTTLEY (since 25 May 2018) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister elections/appointments: the president is elected by an electoral college of both Houses of Parliament for a four year renewable term; election last held 20 October 2021; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of the majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the president; the prime minister recommends the deputy prime minister election results: Sandra MASON elected as first president on 20 October 2021 to take office on 30 November 2021 Belarus chief of state: President Alyaksandr LUKASHENKA (since 20 July 1994) head of government: Prime Minister Raman HALOWCHENKA (since 4 June 2020); First Deputy Prime Minister Mikalay SNAPKOW (since 4 June 2020); Deputy Prime Ministers Uladzimir KUKHARAW, Ihar PETRYSHENKA (since 18 August 2018), Yuryy NAZARAW (since 3 March 2020), Alyaksandr SUBOTSIN (since 4 June 2020) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (no term limits); first election took place on 23 June and 10 July 1994; according to the 1994 constitution, the next election should have been held in 1999; however, Alyaksandr LUKASHENKA extended his term to 2001 via a November 1996 referendum; subsequent election held on 9 September 2001; an October 2004 referendum ended presidential term limits and allowed the president to run and win in a third (19 March 2006), fourth (19 December 2010), fifth (11 October 2015), and sixth (9 August 2020); next election in 2025; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president and approved by the National Assembly election results: Alyaksandr LUKASHENKA reelected president; percent of vote - Alyaksandr LUKASHENKA (independent) 80.2%, Svyatlana TSIKHANOWSKAYA (independent) 9.9%, other 9.9%; note - widespread street protests erupted following announcement of the election results amid allegations of voter fraud Belgium chief of state: King PHILIPPE (since 21 July 2013); Heir Apparent Princess ELISABETH (daughter of the monarch, born 25 October 2001) head of government: Prime Minister Alexander DE CROO (since 1 October 2020); Deputy Prime Ministers Vincent Van Quickenborne (since 1 October 2020), Sophie Wilmes (since 1 October 2020), Vincent Van Peteghem (since 1 October 2020), Frank Vandenbroucke (since 1 October 2020), Pierre-Yves Dermagne (since 1 October 2020), Petra De Sutter (since 1 October 2020), Georges Gilkinet (since 1 October 2020) cabinet: Council of Ministers formally appointed by the monarch elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary and constitutional; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the monarch and approved by Parliament Belize chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Froyla TZALAM (since 27 May 2021) head of government: Prime Minister Juan Antonio BRICENO (since 12 November 2020); Deputy Prime Minister Cordel HYDE (since 16 November 2020) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister from among members of the National Assembly elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; prime minister recommends the deputy prime minister Benin chief of state: President Patrice TALON (since 6 April 2016); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Patrice TALON (since 6 April 2016); prime minister position abolished cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); last held on 11 April 2021 (next to be held in April 2026) election results: Patrice TALON elected to a second term; percent of vote - Patrice TALON (independent) 86.4%, Alassane SOUMANOU (FCBE) 11.3%, other 2.3% Bermuda chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Rena LALGIE (since 14 December 2020) head of government: Premier David BURT (since 19 July 2017) cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the premier, appointed by the governor elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed premier by the governor Bhutan chief of state: King Jigme Khesar Namgyel WANGCHUCK (since 14 December 2006); note - King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK abdicated the throne on 14 December 2006 to his son head of government: Prime Minister Lotay TSHERING (since 7 November 2018) cabinet: Council of Ministers or Lhengye Zhungtshog members nominated by the monarch in consultation with the prime minister and approved by the National Assembly; members serve 5-year terms elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary but can be removed by a two-thirds vote of Parliament; leader of the majority party in Parliament is nominated as the prime minister, appointed by the monarch Bolivia chief of state: President Luis Alberto ARCE Catacora (since 8 November 2020); Vice President David CHOQUEHUANCA Cespedes (since 8 November 2020); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Luis Alberto ARCE Catacora (since 8 November 2020); Vice President David CHOQUEHUANCA Cespedes (since 8 November 2020) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot one of 3 ways: candidate wins at least 50% of the vote, or at least 40% of the vote and 10% more than the next highest candidate; otherwise a second round is held and the winner determined by simple majority vote; president and vice president are elected by majority vote to serve a 5-year term; no term limits (changed from two consecutive term limit by Constitutional Court in late 2017); election last held on 18 October 2020 (next to be held in October 2025) election results: 2020: Luis Alberto ARCE Catacora elected president; percent of vote - Luis Alberto ARCE Catacora (MAS) 55.1%; Carlos Diego MESA Gisbert (CC) 28.8%; Luis Fernando CAMACHO Vaca (Creemos) 14%; other 2.1% 2018: Juan Evo MORALES Ayma reelected president; percent of vote - Juan Evo MORALES Ayma (MAS) 61%; Samuel DORIA MEDINA Arana (UN) 24.5%; Jorge QUIROGA Ramirez (POC) 9.1%; other 5.4%; note - MORALES resigned from office on 10 November 2019 over alleged election rigging; resignations of all his constitutionally designated successors followed, including the Vice President, President of the Senate, President of the Chamber of Deputies, and First Vice President of the Senate, leaving the Second Vice President of the Senate, Jeanine ANEZ Chavez, the highest-ranking official still in office; her appointment to the presidency was endorsed by Bolivia's Constitutional Court, and she served as interim president until the inauguration of Luis Alberto ARCE Catacora, winner of the 18 October 2020 presidential election Bosnia and Herzegovina chief of state: Chairman of the Presidency Zeljko KOMSIC (chairman since 20 July 2021; presidency member since 20 November 2018 - Croat seat); Sefik DZAFEROVIC (presidency member since 20 November 2018 - Bosniak seat); Milorad DODIK (presidency member since 20 November 2018 - Serb seat) head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Zoran TEGELTIJA (since 5 December 2019) cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman, approved by the state-level House of Representatives elections/appointments: 3-member presidency (1 Bosniak and 1 Croat elected from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 1 Serb elected from the Republika Srpska) directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term, but then ineligible for 4 years); the presidency chairpersonship rotates every 8 months with the new member of the presidency elected with the highest number of votes starting the new mandate as chair; election last held on 7 October 2018 (next to be held in October 2022); the chairman of the Council of Ministers appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the state-level House of Representatives election results: 2018: percent of vote - Milorad DODIK (SNSD) 53.9% - Serb seat; Zeljko KOMSIC (DF) 52.6% - Croat seat; Sefik DZAFEROVIC (SDA) 36.6% - Bosniak seat 2014: percent of vote - Mladen IVANIC (PDP) 48.7% - Serb seat; Dragan COVIC (HDZ-BiH) 52.2% - Croat seat; Bakir IZETBEGOVIC (SDA) 32.9% - Bosniak seat note: President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Marinko CAVARA (since 9 February 2015); Vice Presidents Melika MAHMUTBEGOVIC (since 9 February 2015), Milan DUNOVIC (since 9 February 2015); President of the Republika Srpska Zeljka CVIJANOVIC (since 18 November 2018); Vice Presidents Ramiz SALKIC (since 24 November 2014), Josip JERKOVIC (since 24 November 2014) Botswana chief of state: President Mokgweetse Eric MASISI (since 1 April 2018); Vice President Slumber TSOGWANE (since 4 April 2018); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Mokgweetse Eric MASISI (since 1 April 2018); Vice President Slumber TSOGWANE (since 4 April 2018); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by the National Assembly for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 24 October 2014 (next to be held on 31 October 2019); vice president appointed by the president election results: President Seretse Khama Ian KHAMA (since 1 April 2008) stepped down on 1 April 2018 having completed the constitutionally mandated 10-year term limit; upon his retirement, then Vice President MASISI became president; national elections held on 23 October 2019 gave MASISI'S BPD 38 seats in the National Assembly which then selected MASISI as President Brazil chief of state: President Jair BOLSONARO (since 1 January 2019); Vice President Antonio Hamilton Martins MOURAO (since 1 January 2019); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Jair BOLSONARO (since 1 January 2019); Vice President Antonio Hamilton Martins MOURAO (since 1 January 2019) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 7 October 2018 with runoff on 28 October 2018 (next to be held in October 2022) election results: 2018: Jair BOLSONARO elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Jair BOLSONARO (PSL) 46%, Fernando HADDAD (PT) 29.3%, Ciro GOMEZ (PDT) 12.5%, Geraldo ALCKMIN (PSDB) 4.8%, other 7.4%; percent of vote in second round - Jair BOLSONARO (PSL) 55.1%, Fernando HADDAD (PT) 44.9% 2014: Dilma ROUSSEFF reelected president in second round; percent of vote - Dilma ROUSSEFF (PT) 51.6%, Aecio NEVES (PSDB) 48.4%; note - on 12 May 2016, Brazil's Senate voted to hold an impeachment trial of President Dilma ROUSSEFF, who was then suspended from her executive duties; Vice President Michel TEMER took over as acting president; on 31 August 2016 the Senate voted 61-20 in favor of conviction and her removal from office; TEMER served as president for the remainder of ROUSSEFF's term, which ended 1 January 2019 British Indian Ocean Territory chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) head of government: Commissioner Ben MERRICK (since August 2017); Administrator Kit PYMAN; note - both reside in the UK and are represented by Commander Steven R. DRYSDALE, RN, commanding British Forces on Diego Garcia (since 19 February 2021) cabinet: NA elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; commissioner and administrator appointed by the monarch British Virgin Islands chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor John J. RANKIN (since 29 January 2021) head of government: Premier Andrew FAHIE (since 26 February 2019) cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from members of the House of Assembly elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed premier by the governor Brunei chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah (since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both chief of state and head of government head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah (since 5 October 1967) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed and presided over by the monarch; note(s)- 4 additional advisory councils appointed by the monarch are the Religious Council, Privy Council for constitutional issues, Council of Succession, and Legislative Council; Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah is also Minister of Finance, Defense, and Foreign Affairs and Trade elections/appointments: none; the monarchy is hereditary Bulgaria chief of state: President Rumen RADEV (since 22 January 2017); Vice President Iliana IOTOVA (since 22 January 2017) head of government: Prime Minister Kiril PETKOV (since 13 December 2021) cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, elected by the National Assembly elections/appointments: president and vice president elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 14 and 21 November 2021 (next to be held in fall 2026); chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister) elected by the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers nominated by the prime minister, elected by the National Assembly election results: 2021: Rumen RADEV reelected president in second round; percent of vote in the first round - Rumen RADEV (independent) 49.4%, Anastas GERDZHIKOV (independent) 22.8%, Mustafa KARADAYI (DPS) 11.6%, Kostadin KOSTADINOV (Revival) 3.9%, Lozan PANOV (independent) 3.7%, other 8.6%; percent of vote in the second round - Rumen RADEV 66.7%, Anastas GERDZHIKOV 31.8%, neither 1.5% 2016: Rumen RADEV elected president in second round; percent of vote - Rumen RADEV (independent, supported by Bulgarian Socialist Party) 59.4%, Tsetska TSACHEVA (GERB) 36.2%, neither 4.5% 2011: Rosen PLEVNELIEV elected president in runoff election; percent of vote - Rosen PLEVNELIEV (independent) 52.6%, Ivailo KALFIN (BSP) 47.4% Burkina Faso chief of state: President Roch Marc Christian KABORE (since 29 December 2015; reelected 22 November 2020) head of government: Prime Minister Lassina ZERBO (since 10 December 2021); note - on 8 December 2021, President KABORE accepted the resignation of Prime Minister Christophe DABIRE; on 10 December 2021 Kaboré named ZERBO prime minister. (2021) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister elections/appointments: president elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second); last held on 22 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2025); prime minister appointed by the president with consent of the National Assembly election results: Roch Marc Christian KABORE reelected president in first round; percent of vote - Roch Marc Christian KABORE (MPP) 57.9%, Eddie KOMBOIGO (CDP) 15.5%, Zephirin DIABRE (UPC)12.5%, other 14.1% Burma chief of state: Prime Minister, SAC Chair, Sr. Gen. MIN AUNG HLAING (since 1 August 2021); note - MIN AUNG HLAING self-appointed himself to the role of prime minister of a “caretaker” provisional government that subsumed the State Administration Council (SAC) on 1 August 2021; the SAC, chaired by MIN AUNG HLAING, served as the executive governing body since 2 February 2021, following the 1 February 2021 military takeover of the government and the declaration of a state of emergency and still exists under the provisional government according to state media; MIN AUNG HLAING pledged to hold elections in 2023 head of government: Prime Minister, SAC Chair, Sr. Gen. MIN AUNG HLAING (since 1 August 2021); note - MIN AUNG HLAING self-appointed himself to the role of prime minister of a “caretaker” provisional government that subsumed the State Administration Council (SAC) on 1 August 2021; the SAC, chaired by MIN AUNG HLAING, served as the executive governing body since 2 February 2021, following the 1 February 2021 military takeover of the government and the declaration of a state of emergency and still exists under the provisional government according to state media; MIN AUNG HLAING pledged to hold elections in 2023 cabinet: Cabinet appointments shared by the president and the commander-in-chief; note - after 1 February, the military replaced the cabinet elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by simple majority vote by the full Assembly of the Union from among 3 vice-presidential candidates nominated by the Presidential Electoral College (consists of members of the lower and upper houses and military members); the other 2 candidates become vice-presidents (president elected for a 5-year term); election last held on 28 March 2018; MIN AUNG HLAING pledged to hold elections in 2023 election results: WIN MYINT elected president; Assembly of the Union vote - WIN MYINT (NLD) 403, MYINT SWE (USDP) 211, HENRY VAN THIO (NLD) 18, 4 votes canceled (636 votes cast); note - WIN MYINT was placed under arrest following the military takeover on 1 February 2021 state counsellor: State Counselor AUNG SAN SUU KYI (since 6 April 2016); note - under arrest since 1 February 2021; formerly served as minister of foreign affairs and minister for the office of the president note: a parliamentary bill creating the position of "state counsellor" was signed into law by former President HTIN KYAW on 6 April 2016; a state counsellor serves the equivalent term of the president and is similar to a prime minister in that the holder acts as a link between the parliament and the executive branch Burundi chief of state: President Evariste NDAYISHIMIYE (since 18 June 2020); Vice President Prosper BAZOMBANZA (since 24 June 2020); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Evariste NDAYISHIMIYE (since 18 June 2020); Vice President Prosper BAZOMBANZA (since 24 June 2020); Prime Minister Alain-Guillaume BUNYONI (since 24 June 2020) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by president elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 20 May 2020 (next to be held in 2025); vice presidents nominated by the president, endorsed by Parliament; note - a 2018 constitutional referendum effective for the 2020 election, increased the presidential term from 5 to 7 years with a 2-consecutive-term limit, reinstated the position of the prime minister position, and reduced the number of vice presidents from 2 to 1 election results: Evariste NDAYISHIMIYE elected president; percent of vote - Evariste NDAYISHIMIYE (CNDD-FDD) 71.5%, Agathon RWASA (CNL) 25.2%, Gaston SINDIMWO (UPRONA) 1.7%, OTHER 1.6% Cabo Verde chief of state: President Jose Maria NEVES (since 9 November 2021) head of government: Prime Minister Ulisses CORREIA E. SILVA (since 22 April 2016) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 17 October 2021 (next to be held on 17 October 2026); prime minister nominated by the National Assembly and appointed by the president election results: Jose Maria NEVES elected president; percent of vote - Jose Maria NEVES (APICV) 51.73%, Carlos Veiga (MFD) 42.37%, Casimiro de Pina (Independent) 1.81%, Fernando Rocha Delgado (Independent) 1.36%, Helio Sanches (Independent) 1.14%, Gilson Alves (Independent) 0.84%, Joaquim Monteiro (Independent) 0.74% Jorge Carlos FONSECA reelected president; percent of vote - Jorge Carlos FONSECA (MPD) 74%, Albertino GRACA (independent) 23%, other 3% African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde (APICV) Movement for Democracy (MFD) Cambodia chief of state: King Norodom SIHAMONI (since 29 October 2004) head of government: Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 14 January 1985) cabinet: Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and appointed by the monarch elections/appointments: monarch chosen by the 9-member Royal Council of the Throne from among all eligible males of royal descent; following legislative elections, a member of the majority party or majority coalition named prime minister by the Chairman of the National Assembly and appointed by the monarch Cameroon chief of state: President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982) head of government: Prime Minister Joseph Dion NGUTE (since 4 January 2019); Deputy Prime Minister Amadou ALI (since 2014) cabinet: Cabinet proposed by the prime minister, appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (no term limits); election last held on 7 October 2018 (next to be held in October 2025); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Paul BIYA reelected president; percent of vote - Paul BIYA (CPDM) 71.3%, Maurice KAMTO (MRC) 14.2%, Cabral LIBII (Univers) 6.3%, other 8.2% Canada chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Mary SIMON (since 6 July 2021) head of government: Prime Minister Justin Pierre James TRUDEAU (Liberal Party) (since 4 November 2015) cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually from among members of his/her own party sitting in Parliament elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a 5-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the House of Commons generally designated prime minister by the governor general note: the governor general position is largely ceremonial Cayman Islands chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Martyn ROPER (since 29 October 2018) head of government: Premier Wayne PANTON (since 21 April 2021) cabinet: Cabinet selected from the Parliament and appointed by the governor on the advice of the premier elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition appointed premier by the governor Central African Republic chief of state: President Faustin-Archange TOUADERA (since 30 March 2016; reelected 27 December 2020) head of government: Prime Minister Henri-Marie DONDRA (since 11 June 2021); note - Prime Minister Firmin NGREBADA resigned on 10 June 2021 cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections/appointments: under the 2015 constitution, the president is elected by universal direct suffrage for a period of 5 years (eligible for a second term); election last held 27 December 2020 (next to be held in December 2025); note - Central African Republic held presidential and partial legislative elections on December 27, 2020; voting was disrupted in some areas, so those constituencies held the first round of their legislative elections on March 14, 2021; some of the constituencies that did vote on December 27, 2020 held runoff elections for their legislators. election results: Faustin-Archange TOUADERA reelected president in first round; percent of vote - Faustin-Archange TOUADERA (independent) 59.3%, Anicet Georges DOLOGUELE (URCA) 21%, other 19.7% note: rebel forces seized the capital in March 2013, forcing former President BOZIZE to flee the country; Interim President Michel DJOTODIA assumed the presidency, reinstated the prime minister, and established a National Transitional Council (CNT) in April 2013; the NTC elected Catherine SAMBA-PANZA interim president in January 2014 to serve until February 2015, when new elections were to be held; her term was extended because instability delayed new elections and the transition did not take place until the end of March 2016 Chad chief of state: Interim President Mahamat Idriss DEBY; note - on 20 April 2021, newly reelected President Idriss DEBY Itno, Lt. Gen. died of injuries he sustained following clashes between government forces he was commanding and insurgents in the northern part of the country; following his death, Mahamat took control of the country and dismissed the Chadian parliament, promising elections within eighteen months head of government: Interim President Mahamat Idriss DEBY; note - on 20 April 2021, President Idriss DEBY Itno, Lt. Gen. died of injuries he sustained following clashes between government forces he was commanding and insurgents in the northern part of the country; following his death, Mahamat took control of the country and dismissed the Chadian parliament, promising elections within eighteen months cabinet: Council of Ministers elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 11 April 2021 election results: Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno reelected; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY (MPS) 79.3%, Pahimi PADACKET Albert (RNDT) 10.3%, Lydie BEASSEMDA (Party for Democracy and Independence) 3.16% Chile chief of state: President Sebastian PINERA Echenique (since 11 March 2018); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Sebastian PINERA Echenique (since 11 March 2018) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single 4-year term; election last held on 21 November 2021 with a runoff held on 19 December 2021 (next to be held on 23 November 2025 with runoff if need on 20 December) election results: 2021: Gabriel BORIC elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Jose Antonio KAST (FSC) 27.9%; Gabriel BORIC (AD) 25.8%; Franco PARISI (PDG) 12.8%; Sebastian SICHEL (ChP+) 12.8%; Yasna PROVOSTE (New Social Pact) 11.6%; other 9.1%; percent of vote in second round - Gabriel BORIC (AD) 55.9%; Jose Antonio KAST (FSC) 44.1%; note - BORIC will take office 11 March 2022 2017: Sebastian PINERA Echenique elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Sebastian PINERA Echenique (independent) 36.6%; Alejandro GUILLIER (independent) 22.7%; Beatriz SANCHEZ (independent) 20.3%; Jose Antonio KAST (independent) 7.9%; Carolina GOIC (PDC) 5.9%; Marco ENRIQUEZ-OMINAMI (PRO) 5.7%; other 0.9%; percent of vote in second round - Sebastian PINERA Echenique 54.6%, Alejandro GUILLIER 45.4% China chief of state: President XI Jinping (since 14 March 2013); Vice President WANG Qishan (since 17 March 2018) head of government: Premier LI Keqiang (since 16 March 2013); Executive Vice Premiers HAN Zheng (since 19 March 2018), SUN Chunlan (since 19 March 2018), LIU He (since 19 March 2018), HU Chunhua (since 19 March 2018) cabinet: State Council appointed by National People's Congress elections/appointments: president and vice president indirectly elected by National People's Congress for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 17 March 2018 (next to be held in March 2023); premier nominated by president, confirmed by National People's Congress election results: XI Jinping reelected president; National People's Congress vote - 2,970 (unanimously); WANG Qishan elected vice president with 2,969 votes Christmas Island chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General of the Commonwealth of Australia General David HURLEY (since 1 July 2019) head of government: Administrator Natasha GRIGGS (since 5 October 2017) elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the Australian prime minister; administrator appointed by the governor general of Australia for a 2-year term and represents the monarch and Australia Cocos (Keeling) Islands chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General of the Commonwealth of Australia General David HURLEY (since 1 July 2019) head of government: Administrator Natasha GRIGGS (since 5 October 2017) cabinet: NA elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the Australian prime minister; administrator appointed by the governor general for a 2-year term and represents the monarch and Australia Colombia chief of state: President Ivan DUQUE Marquez (since 7 August 2018); Vice President Marta Lucia RAMIREZ Blanco (since 7 August 2018); the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Ivan DUQUE Marquez (since 7 August 2018); Vice President Marta Lucia RAMIREZ Blanco (since 7 August 2018) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single 4-year term; election last held on 27 May 2018 with a runoff held on 17 June 2018 (next to be held on 29 May 2022); note - political reform in 2015 eliminated presidential reelection election results: 2018: Ivan DUQUE Marquez elected president in second round; percent of vote - Ivan DUQUE Marquez (CD) 54%, Gustavo PETRO (Humane Colombia) 41.8%, other/blank/invalid 4.2% 2014: Juan Manuel SANTOS Calderon reelected president in second round; percent of vote - Juan Manuel SANTOS Calderon (U Party) 51.0%, Oscar Ivan ZULUAGA (CD) 45.0%, other 4.0% Comoros chief of state: President AZALI Assoumani (since 26 May 2016); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government; note - AZALI takes oath of office 2 June 2019 after 24 March 2019 reelection head of government: President AZALI Assoumani (since 26 May 2016) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote in 2 rounds for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 24 March 2019 (next to be held in 2024) election results: AZALI Assoumani (CRC) elected president in first round; with a 59% of the vote; - AZALI Assoumani (CRC) 60.8%, Ahamada MAHAMOUDOU (PJ) 14.6%, and Mouigni Baraka Said SOILIHI (Independent) 5.6% Congo, Democratic Republic of the chief of state: President Felix TSHISEKEDI (since 24 January 2019) head of government: Prime Minister Jean-Michel Sama Lukonde KYENGE (since 15 February 2021); Deputy Prime Ministers Jose MAKILA, Leonard She OKITUNDU, Henri MOVA Sankanyi (since February 2018) cabinet: Ministers of State appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 30 December 2018 (next to be held in December 2023); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Felix TSHISEKEDI elected president; percent of vote - Felix TSHISEKEDI (UDPS) 38.6%, Martin FAYULU (Lamuka coalition) 34.8%, Emmanuel Ramazani SHADARY (PPRD) 23.9%, other 2.7%; note - election marred by serious voting irregularities Congo, Republic of the chief of state: President Denis SASSOU-Nguesso (since 25 October 1997) head of government: Prime Minister Clement MOUAMBA (since 24 April 2016); note - a constitutional referendum held in 2015 approved the change of the head of government from the president to the prime minister (2019) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for 2 additional terms); election last held on 21 March 2021 (next to be held on 21 March 2026) election results: Denis SASSOU-Nguesso reelected president in the first round; percent of vote - Denis SASSOU-Nguesso (PCT) 88.4%, Guy Price Parfait KOLELAS (MCDDI) 8.0%, turnout is 67.6%. Cook Islands chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Sir Tom J. MARSTERS (since 9 August 2013); New Zealand Acting High Commissioner Ms Rachel BENNETT (since 9 December 2019) head of government: Prime Minister Mark BROWN (since 1 October 2020) cabinet: Cabinet chosen by the prime minister elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; UK representative appointed by the monarch; New Zealand high commissioner appointed by the New Zealand Government; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually becomes prime minister Costa Rica chief of state: President Carlos ALVARADO Quesada (since 8 May 2018); First Vice President Epsy CAMPBELL Barr (since 8 May 2018); Second Vice President Marvin RODRIGUEZ Cordero (since 8 May 2018); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Carlos ALVARADO Quesada (since 8 May 2018); First Vice President Epsy CAMPBELL Barr (since 8 May 2018); Second Vice President Marvin RODRIGUEZ Cordero (since 8 May 2018) cabinet: Cabinet selected by the president elections/appointments: president and vice presidents directly elected on the same ballot by modified majority popular vote (40% threshold) for a 4-year term (eligible for non-consecutive terms); election last held on 4 February 2018 with a runoff on 1 April 2018 (next to be held on 6 February 2022) election results: 2018: Carlos ALVARADO Quesada elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Fabricio ALVARADO Munoz (PRN) 25%; Carlos ALVARADO Quesada (PAC) 21.6%; Antonio ALVAREZ (PLN) 18.6%; Rodolfo PIZA (PUSC) 16%; Juan Diego CASTRO (PIN) 9.5%; Rodolfo HERNANDEZ (PRS) 4.9%, other 4.4%; percent of vote in second round - Carlos ALVARADO Quesada (PAC) 60.7%; Fabricio ALVARADO Munoz (PRN) 39.3% 2014: Luis Guillermo SOLIS Rivera elected president; percent of vote - Luis Guillermo SOLIS Rivera (PAC) 77.8%; Johnny ARAYA (PLN) 22.2% Cote d'Ivoire chief of state: President Alassane Dramane OUATTARA (since 4 December 2010); Vice President (vacant); note - Vice President Daniel Kablan DUNCAN resigned 8 July 2020; note - the 2016 constitution calls for the establishment of the position of vice-president head of government: Prime Minister Patrick ACHI (since 10 March 2021); note - ACHI was acting prime minister from 8-10 March 2021 and became prime minister upon former Prime Minister Hamed BAKAYOKO's death on 10 March 2021 cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single renewable 5-year term ; election last held on 31 October 2020 (next to be held in October 2025); vice president elected on same ballot as president; prime minister appointed by the president; note – because President OUATTARA promulgated the new constitution during his second term, he has claimed that the clock is reset on term limits, allowing him to run for up to two additional terms election results: Alassane OUATTARA reelected president; percent of vote - Alassane OUATTARA (RDR) 94.3%, Kouadio Konan BERTIN (PDCI-RDA) 2.0%, other 3.7% Croatia chief of state: President Zoran MILANOVIC (since 18 February 2020) head of government: Prime Minister Andrej PLENKOVIC (since 19 October 2016); Deputy Prime Ministers Damir KRSTICEVIC (since 19 October 2016), Predrag STROMAR (since 9 June 2017), Marija Pejcinovic BURIC (since 19 June 2017), and Tomislav TOLUSIC (since 25 May 2018) cabinet: Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and approved by the Assembly elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 December 2019 with a runoff on 5 January 2020 (next to be held in 2024); the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the president and approved by the Assembly election results: 2019: Zoran MILANOVIC elected president in second round; percent of vote - Zoran MILANOVIC (SDP) 52.7%, Kolinda GRABAR-KITAROVIC (HDZ) 47.3% 2015: Kolinda GRABAR-KITAROVIC elected president in second round; percent of vote - Kolinda GRABAR-KITAROVIC (HDZ) 50.7%, Ivo JOSIPOVIC (Forward Croatia Progressive Alliance) 49.3% Cuba chief of state: President Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez (since 10 October 2019); Vice President Salvador Antonio VALDES Mesa (since 10 October 2019); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: Prime Minister Manuel MARRERO Cruz (since 21 December 2019); Deputy Prime Ministers Ramiro VALDES Menendez, Roberto MORALES Ojeda, Ines Maria CHAPMAN Waugh, Jorge Luis TAPIA Fonseca, Alejandro GIL Fernandez, Ricardo CABRISAS Ruiz (since 21 December 2019) cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the president and appointed by the National Assembly; it is subordinate to the 21-member Council of State, which is elected by the Assembly to act on its behalf when it is not in session elections/appointments: president and vice president indirectly elected by the National Assembly for a 5-year term (may be reelected for another 5-year term); election last held on 10 October 2019 (next to be held in 2024) election results: Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez (PCC) elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 98.8%; Salvador Antonio VALDES Mesa (PCC) elected vice president; percent of National Assembly vote - 98.1% note - on 19 April 2018, DIAZ-CANEL succeeded Raul CASTRO as president of the Council of State; on 10 October 2019 he was elected to the newly created position of President of the Republic, which replaced the position of President of the Council of State Curacao chief of state: King WILLEM-ALEXANDER of the Netherlands (since 30 April 2013); represented by Governor Lucille A. GEORGE-WOUT (since 4 November 2013) head of government: Prime Minister Gilmar PISAS (since 14 June 2021) cabinet: Cabinet sworn-in by the governor elections/appointments: the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party usually elected prime minister by the Parliament of Curacao; next election scheduled for 2016 Cyprus chief of state: President Nikos ANASTASIADIS (since 28 February 2013); the president is both chief of state and head of government; note - vice presidency reserved for a Turkish Cypriot, but vacant since 1974 because Turkish Cypriots do not participate in the Republic of Cyprus Government head of government: President Nikos ANASTASIADIS (since 28 February 2013) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - under the 1960 constitution, 3 of the ministerial posts reserved for Turkish Cypriots, appointed by the vice president; positions currently filled by Greek Cypriots elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term; election last held on 28 January 2018 with a runoff on 4 February 2018 (next to be held in February 2023) election results: Nikos ANASTASIADIS reelected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Nikos ANASTASIADIS (DISY) 35.5%, Stavros MALAS (AKEL) 30.2%, Nicolas PAPADOPOULOS (DIKO) 25.7%, other 8.6%; percent of vote in second round - Nikos ANASTASIADIS 56%, Stavros MALAS 44% note: the first round of the TRNC presidential election, originally scheduled for 26 April 2020, was postponed to 11 October 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic; the second round was held on 18 October 2020; percent of vote in the first round - Ersin TATAR (UBP) 32.4%, Mustafa AKINCI (independent) 29.8%, Tufan ERHURMAN (RTP) 21.7%, Kudret OZERSAY (independent) 5.7%, Erhan ARIKLI (YDP) 5.4%, Serdar DENKTAS (independent) 4.2%, other 0.8%; percent of vote in the second round - Ersin TATAR 51.7%, Mustafa AKINCI 48.3% Czechia chief of state: President Milos ZEMAN (since 8 March 2013) head of government: Prime Minister Petr FIALA (since 17 December 2021); First Deputy Prime Minister Vit RAKUSAN (since 17 December 2021), Deputy Prime Ministers Marian JURECKA, Ivan BARTOS, Vlastimil VALEK (all since 17 December 2021) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (limited to 2 consecutive terms); elections last held on 12-13 January 2018 with a runoff on 26-27 January 2018 (next to be held in January 2023); prime minister appointed by the president for a 4-year term election results: 2018: Milos ZEMAN reelected president in the second round; percent of vote - Milos ZEMAN (SPO) 51.4%, Jiri DRAHOS (independent) 48.6% 2013: Milos ZEMAN elected president; percent of vote - Milos ZEMAN (SPO) 54.8%, Karel SCHWARZENBERG (TOP 09) 45.2% Denmark chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972); Heir Apparent Crown Prince FREDERIK (elder son of the monarch, born on 26 May 1968) head of government: Prime Minister Mette FREDERIKSEN (since 27 June 2019) cabinet: Council of State appointed by the monarch elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the monarch Dhekelia chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) head of government: Administrator Major General Robert J. THOMSON (since 25 September 2019); note - administrator reports to the British Ministry of Defense; the chief officer is responsible for the day-to-day running of the civil government of the Sovereign Bases elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; administrator appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Ministry of Defense Djibouti chief of state: President Ismail Omar GUELLEH (since 8 May 1999) head of government: Prime Minister Abdoulkader Kamil MOHAMED (since 1 April 2013) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term; election last held on 9 April 2021 (next to be held in April 2026); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Ismail Omar GUELLEH reelected president for a fifth term; percent of vote - Ismail Omar GUELLEH (RPP) 97.4%, Zakaria Ismael FARAH (MDEND) 2.7% Dominica chief of state: President Charles A. SAVARIN (since 2 October 2013) head of government: Prime Minister Roosevelt SKERRIT (since 8 January 2004) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister elections/appointments: president nominated by the prime minister and leader of the opposition party and elected by the House of Assembly for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 1 October 2018 (next to be held in October 2023); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Charles A. SAVARIN (DLP) reelected president unopposed Dominican Republic chief of state: President Luis Rodolfo ABINADER Corona (since 16 August 2020); Vice President Raquel PENA de Antuna (since 16 August 2020); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Luis Rodolfo ABINADER Corona (since 16 August 2020); Vice President Raquel PENA de Antuna (since 16 August 2020); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the president elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a maximum of two consecutive terms); election last held on 5 July 2020 (next to be held in 2024); note - the 2020 election was rescheduled from 17 May to 5 July 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic election results: 2020: Luis Rodolfo ABINADER Corona elected president in first round; percent of vote - Luis Rodolfo ABINADER Corona (PRM) 52.5%, Gonzalo CASTILLO Terrero (PLD) 37.5%, Leonel Antonio FERNANDEZ Reyna (FP) 8.9% other 1.1% 2016: Danilo MEDINA Sanchez reelected president; percent of vote - Danilo MEDINA Sanchez (PLD) 61.7%, Luis Rodolfo ABINADER Corona (PRM) 35%, other 3.3%; Margarita CEDENO DE FERNANDEZ (PLD) reelected vice president Ecuador chief of state: President Guillermo LASSO Mendoza (since 24 May 2021); Vice President Alfredo Enrique BORRERO Vega (since 24 May 2021); the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Guillermo LASSO Mendoza (since 24 May 2021); Vice President Alfredo Enrique BORRERO Vega (since 24 May 2021) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 7 February 2021 with a runoff on 11 April 2021 (next to be held in February 2025) election results: 2021: Guillermo LASSO Mendoza elected president; first round election results: percent of vote - Andres ARAUZ (UNES) 32.72%, Guillermo LASSO Mendoza (CREO) 19.74%, Yaku PEREZ Guartambel (MUPP) 19.38%, Xavier HERVAS Mora (Independent) 15.68%, other 12.48%; second round election results: percent of vote - Guillermo LASSO Mendoza (CREO) 52.5%, Andres ARAUZ (UNES) 47.5% 2017: Lenin MORENO Garces elected president in second round; percent of vote - Lenin MORENO Garces (Alianza PAIS Movement) 51.1%, Guillermo LASSO (CREO) 48.9% Egypt chief of state: President Abdelfattah ELSISI (since 8 June 2014) head of government: Prime Minister Mostafa MADBOULY (since 7 June 2018) cabinet: Cabinet ministers nominated by the executive branch and approved by the House of Representatives elections/appointments: president elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for 3 consecutive terms); election last held on 26-28 March 2018 (next to be held in 2024); prime minister appointed by the president, approved by the House of Representatives; note - following a constitutional amendment approved by referendum in April 2019, the presidential term was extended from 4 to 6 years and eligibility extended to 3 consecutive terms election results: Abdelfattah ELSISI reelected president in first round; percent of valid votes cast - Abdelfattah ELSISI (independent) 97.1%, Moussa Mostafa MOUSSA (El Ghad Party) 2.9%; note - more than 7% of ballots cast were deemed invalid El Salvador chief of state: President Nayib Armando BUKELE Ortez (since 1 June 2019); Vice President Felix Augusto Antonio ULLOA Garay (since 1 June 2019); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Nayib Armando BUKELE Ortez (since 1 June 2019); Vice President Felix Augusto Antonio ULLOA Garay (since 1 June 2019) cabinet: Council of Ministers selected by the president elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single 5-year term; election last held on 3 February 2019 (next to be held on February 2024) election results: 2019: Nayib Armando BUKELE Ortez elected president - Nayib Armando BUKELE Ortez (GANA) 53.1%, Carlos CALLEJA Hakker (ARENA) 31.72%, Hugo MARTINEZ (FMLN) 14.41%, other 0.77% 2014: Salvador SANCHEZ CEREN elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Salvador SANCHEZ CEREN (FMLN) 48.9%, Norman QUIJANO (ARENA) 39%, Antonio SACA (CN) 11.4%, other 0.7%; percent of vote in second round - Salvador SANCHEZ CEREN 50.1%, Norman QUIJANO 49.9% Equatorial Guinea chief of state: President Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG Nguema Mbasogo (since 3 August 1979 when he seized power in a military coup); Vice President Teodoro Nguema OBIANG Mangue(since 2012) head of government: Prime Minister Francisco Pascual Eyegue OBAMA Asue (since 23 June 2016); First Deputy Prime Minister Clemente Engonga NGUEMA Onguene (since 23 June 2016); Second Deputy Prime Minister Angel MESIE Mibuy (since 5 February 2018); Third Deputy Prime Minister Alfonso Nsue MOKUY (since 23 June 2016) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and overseen by the prime minister elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 24 April 2016 (next to be held in 2023); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president election results: Teodoro OBIANG Nguema Mbasogo reelected president; percent of vote - Teodoro OBIANG Nguema Mbasogo (PDGE) 93.5%, other 6.5% Eritrea chief of state: President ISAIAS Afwerki (since 8 June 1993); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government and is head of the State Council and National Assembly head of government: President ISAIAS Afwerki (since 8 June 1993) cabinet: State Council appointed by the president elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by the National Assembly for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); the only election was held on 8 June 1993, following independence from Ethiopia (next election postponed indefinitely) election results: ISAIAS Afwerki elected president by the transitional National Assembly; percent of National Assembly vote - ISAIAS Afwerki (PFDJ) 95%, other 5% Estonia chief of state: President Alar KARIS (since 11 October 2021) head of government: Prime Minister Kaja KALLAS (since 26 January 2021) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister, approved by Parliament elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by Parliament for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); if a candidate does not secure two-thirds of the votes after 3 rounds of balloting, then an electoral college consisting of Parliament members and local council members elects the president, choosing between the 2 candidates with the highest number of votes; election last held on 30-31 August 2021 (next to be held in 2026); in a first round of voting on 30 August, parliament failed to elect a president; in a second round on 31 August, the sole candidate, Alar KARIS, received 72 votes of 101 votes (there were 8 blank votes and 21 electors not present); KARIS was inaugurated on 11 October 2021; prime minister nominated by the president and approved by Parliament election results: Alar KARIS elected president on 31 August 2021; parliament vote-Alar KARIS (independent) 72 of 101 votes; note – KARIS follows Kersti KALJULAID, who was Estonia's first female president; KALLAS is Estonia's first female prime minister Eswatini chief of state: King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986) head of government: Prime Minister Cleopas DLAMINI (since since 19 July 2021); Deputy Prime Minister Themba MASUKU (since 6 November 2018) cabinet: Cabinet recommended by the prime minister, confirmed by the monarch; at least one-half of the cabinet membership must be appointed from among elected members of the House of Assembly elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch from among members of the House of Assembly Ethiopia chief of state: President SAHLE-WORK Zewde (since 25 October 2018) (2018) head of government: Prime Minister ABIY Ahmed Ali (since April 2018, began a new five year term on 4 October 2021); Deputy Prime Minister DEMEKE Mekonnen Hassen (since 29 November 2012) (2021) cabinet: Council of Ministers selected by the prime minister and approved by the House of People's Representatives elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by both chambers of Parliament for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); election held on 21 June 2021 and 30 September 2021 (the scheduled 29 August 2020 election was postponed by Prime Minister ABIY due to the COVID-19 pandemic); prime minister designated by the majority party following legislative elections election results: SAHLE-WORK Zewde elected president during joint session of Parliament, vote - 659 (unanimous); ABIY Ahmed confirmed Prime Minister by House of Peoples' Representatives (4 October 2021) note: SAHLE-WORK Zewde is the first female elected head of state in Ethiopia; she is currently the only female president in Africa. Former President Dr. Mulatu TESHOME resigned on 25 October 2018, one year ahead of finishing his six-year term. European Union under the EU treaties there are three distinct institutions, each of which conducts functions that may be regarded as executive in nature: European Council - brings together heads of state and government, along with the president of the European Commission, and meets at least four times a year; its aim is to provide the impetus for the development of the Union and to issue general policy guidelines; the Treaty of Lisbon established the position of "permanent" (full-time) president of the European Council; leaders of the EU member states appoint the president for a 2 1/2 year term, renewable once; the president's responsibilities include chairing the EU summits and providing policy and organizational continuity; the current president is Charles MICHEL (Belgium), since 1 December 2019, succeeding Donald TUSK (Poland; 2014 - 2019) Council of the European Union - consists of ministers of each EU member state and meets regularly in 10 different configurations depending on the subject matter; it conducts policymaking and coordinating functions as well as legislative functions; ministers of EU member states chair meetings of the Council of the EU based on a 6-month rotating presidency except for the meetings of EU Foreign Ministers in the Foreign Affairs Council that are chaired by the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy European Commission - headed by a College of Commissioners comprised of 28 members (one from each member country) including the president; each commissioner is responsible for one or more policy areas; the Commission's main responsibilities include the sole right to initiate EU legislation (except for foreign and security/defense policy), promoting the general interest of the EU, acting as "guardian of the Treaties" by monitoring the application of EU law, implementing/executing the EU budget, managing programs, negotiating on the EU's behalf in core policy areas such as trade, and ensuring the Union's external representation in some policy areas; its current president is Ursula VON DER LEYEN (Germany) elected on 16 July 2019 (took office on 1 December 2019); the president of the European Commission is nominated by the European Council and formally "elected" by the European Parliament; the Commission president allocates specific responsibilities among the members of the College (appointed by common accord of the member state governments in consultation with the president-elect); the European Parliament confirms the entire Commission for a 5-year term. note: for external representation and foreign policy making, leaders of the EU member states appointed Joseph BORRELL (Spain) as the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy; BORRELL took office on 1 December 2019, succeeding Federica MOGHERINI (Italy (2014 - 2019); the High Representative's concurrent appointment as Vice President of the European Commission was meant to bring more coherence to the EU’s foreign policy (horizontally, between policies managed by the Commission that are particularly relevant for EU external relations, such as trade, humanitarian aid and crisis management, neighborhood policy and enlargement; and vertically, between member-state capitals and the EU); the High Representative helps develop and implement the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy and Common Security and Defense Policy components, chairs the Foreign Affairs Council, represents and acts for the Union in many international contexts, and oversees the European External Action Service, the diplomatic corps of the EU, established on 1 December 2010 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Nigel PHILLIPS (since 12 September 2017) head of government: Chief Executive Barry ROWLAND (since 3 October 2016) cabinet: Executive Council elected by the Legislative Council elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; chief executive appointed by the governor Faroe Islands chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II of Denmark (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner Lene Moyell JOHANSEN, chief administrative officer (since 15 May 2017) head of government: Prime Minister Bardur A STEIG NIELSEN (since 16 September 2019) cabinet: Landsstyri appointed by the prime minister elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; high commissioner appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually elected prime minister by the Faroese Parliament; election last held on 31 August 2019 (next to be held in 2023) election results: Bardur A STEIGNIELSEN elected prime minister; Parliament vote - NA Fiji chief of state: President Ratu Wiliame KATONIVERE (since 12 November 2021) head of government: Prime Minister Voreqe "Frank" BAINIMARAMA (since 22 September 2014) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister from among members of Parliament and is responsible to Parliament elections/appointments: president elected by Parliament for a 3-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 October 2021 (next to be held in 2024); prime minister endorsed by the president election results: Ratu Wiliame KATONIVERE elected president with 28 votes against 23 votes for Teimumu KEPA Finland chief of state: President Sauli NIINISTO (since 1 March 2012) head of government: Prime Minister Sanna MARIN (since 10 December 2019) cabinet: Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible to Parliament elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 28 January 2018 (next to be held in January 2024); prime minister appointed by Parliament election results: Sauli NIINISTO reelected president; percent of vote Sauli NIINISTO (independent) 62.7%, Pekka HAAVISTO (Vihr) 12.4%, Laura HUHTASAARI (PS) 6.9%, Paavo VAYRYNEN (independent) 6.2%, Matti VANHANEN (Kesk) 4.1%, other 7.7% France chief of state: President Emmanuel MACRON (since 14 May 2017) head of government: Prime Minister Jean CASTEX (since 3 July 2020) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president at the suggestion of the prime minister elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 23 April with a runoff on 7 May 2017 (next to be held on 10 April 2022); prime minister appointed by the president election results: 2017: Emmanuel MACRON elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Emmanuel MACRON (EM) 24.%, Marine LE PEN (FN) 21.3%, Francois FILLON (LR) 20.%, Jean-Luc MELENCHON (FI) 19.6%, Benoit HAMON (PS) 6.4%, other 8.7%; percent of vote in second round - MACRON 66.1%, LE PEN 33.9% 2012: Francois HOLLANDE elected president; percent of vote in first round - Francois HOLLANDE (PS) 28.6%, Nicolas SARKOZY (UMP) 27.2%, Marine LE PEN (FN) 17.9%, Jean-Luc MELENCHON (PG) 11.1%, Francois BAYROU (moDem) 9.1%, other 6.1%; percent of vote in second round - HOLLANDE 51.6%, SARKOZY 48.4% French Polynesia chief of state: President Emmanuel MACRON (since 14 May 2017), represented by High Commissioner of the Republic Dominique SORAIN (since 10 July 2019) head of government: President of French Polynesia Edouard FRITCH (since 12 September 2014) cabinet: Council of Ministers approved by the Assembly from a list of its members submitted by the president elections/appointments: French president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); high commissioner appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of Interior; French Polynesia president indirectly elected by Assembly of French Polynesia for a 5-year term (no term limits) French Southern and Antarctic Lands chief of state: President Emmanuel MACRON (since 14 May 2017), represented by Prefect Charles GIUSTI (since 12 October 2020) Gabon chief of state: President Ali BONGO Ondimba (since 16 October 2009) head of government: Prime Minister Rose Christiane Ossouka RAPONDA (since 16 July 2020) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister in consultation with the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (no term limits); election last held on 27 August 2016 (next to be held in August 2023); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Ali BONGO Ondimba reelected president; percent of vote - Ali BONGO Ondimba (PDG) 49.8%, Jean PING (UFC) 48.2%, other 2.0% Gambia, The chief of state: President Adama BARROW (since 19 January 2017); Vice President Isatou TOURAY (since 15 March 2019); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Adama BARROW (since 19 January 2017); Vice President Isatou TOURAY (since 15 March 2019) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 4 December 2021 (next to be held in 2026); vice president appointed by the president election results: Adama BARROW reelected president; percent of vote - Adama BARROW (National People's Party) 53.2%, Ousainou DARBOE (United Democratic Party) 27.7%, Mamma KANDEH (GDC)12.3%, Halifa SALLAH (PDOIS) 3.8%, Essa M. FAAL (Independent) 2%, Abdoulie Ebrima JAMMEH (NUP) 0.96% Georgia chief of state: President Salome ZOURABICHVILI (since 16 December 2018) head of government: Prime Minister Irakli GARIBASHVILI (since 22 February 2021) cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 28 November 2018 (next to be held in 2024); prime minister nominated by Parliament, appointed by the president note - 2017 constitutional amendments made the 2018 election the last where the president was directly elected; future presidents will be elected by a 300-member College of Electors; in light of these changes, ZOURABICHVILI was allowed a six-year term election results: Salome ZOURABICHVILI elected president in runoff; percent of vote - Salome ZOURABICHVILI (independent, backed by Georgian Dream) 59.5%, Grigol VASHADZE (UNM) 40.5%; Irakli GARIBASHVILI approved as prime minister by Parliamentary vote 89-2 Germany chief of state: President Frank-Walter STEINMEIER (since 19 March 2017) head of government: Chancellor Olaf SCHOLZ (since 8 December 2021) cabinet: Cabinet or Bundesminister (Federal Ministers) recommended by the chancellor, appointed by the president elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by a Federal Convention consisting of all members of the Federal Parliament (Bundestag) and an equivalent number of delegates indirectly elected by the state parliaments; president serves a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 12 February 2017 (next to be held in February 2022); following the most recent Federal Parliament election, the party or coalition with the most representatives usually elects the chancellor who is appointed by the president to serve a renewable 4-year term; Federal Parliament vote for chancellor last held on 8 December 2021 (next to be held after the Bundestag election in 2025) election results: Frank-Walter STEINMEIER elected president; Federal Convention vote count - Frank-Walter STEINMEIER (SPD) 931, Christopher BUTTERWEGGE (The Left) 128, Albrecht GLASER (Alternative for Germany AfD) 42, Alexander HOLD (BVB/FW) 25, Engelbert SONNEBORN (Pirates) 10; Olaf SCHOLZ (SPD) elected chancellor; Federal Parliament vote - 395 to 303 Ghana chief of state: President Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO (since 7 January 2017); Vice President Mahamudu BAWUMIA (since 7 January 2017); the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO (since 7 January 2017); Vice President Mahamudu BAWUMIA (since 7 January 2017) cabinet: Council of Ministers; nominated by the president, approved by Parliament elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 7 December 2020 (next to be held in December 2024) election results: Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO reelected president in the first round; percent of vote - Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO (NPP) 51.3%, John Dramani MAHAMA (NDC) 47.4%, other 1.3% Gibraltar chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Sir David STEEL (since 11 June 2020) head of government: Chief Minister Fabian PICARDO (since 9 December 2011) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed from among the 17 elected members of Parliament by the governor in consultation with the chief minister elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed chief minister by the governor Greece chief of state: President Ekaterini SAKELLAROPOULOU (since 13 March 2020) head of government: Prime Minister Kyriakos MITSOTAKIS (since 8 July 2019) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister elections/appointments: president elected by Hellenic Parliament for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 January 2020 (next to be held by February 2025); president appoints as prime minister the leader of the majority party or coalition in the Hellenic Parliament election results: Katerina SAKELLAROPOULOU (independent) elected president by Parliament - 261 of 300 votes; note - SAKELLAROPOULOU is Greece's first woman president Greenland chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II of Denmark (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner Mikaela ENGELL (since April 2011) head of government: Premier Mute B. EGEDE (since 23 April 2021) cabinet: Self-rule Government (Naalakkersuisut) elected by the Parliament (Inatsisartut) on the basis of the strength of parties elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; high commissioner appointed by the monarch; premier indirectly elected by Parliament for a 4-year term election results: Kim KIELSEN elected premier; Parliament vote - Kim KIELSEN (S) 27.2%, Sara OLSVIG (IA) 25.5%, Randi Vestergaard EVALDSEN (D) 19.5%, other 27.8% Grenada chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Cecile LA GRENADE (since 7 May 2013) head of government: Prime Minister Keith MITCHELL (since 20 February 2013) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the governor general Guam chief of state: President Joseph R. BIDEN Jr. (since 20 January 2021); Vice President Kamala D. HARRIS (since 20 January 2021) head of government: Governor Lourdes LEON GUERRERO (since 7 January 2019); Lieutenant Governor Josh TENORIO (since 7 January 2019) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor with the consent of the Legislature elections/appointments: president and vice president indirectly elected on the same ballot by an Electoral College of 'electors' chosen from each state to serve a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); under the US Constitution, residents of unincorporated territories, such as Guam, do not vote in elections for US president and vice president; however, they may vote in Democratic and Republican presidential primary elections; governor and lieutenant governor elected on the same ballot by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for 2 consecutive terms); election last held on 6 November 2018 (next to be held in November 2022) election results: Lourdes LEON GUERRERO elected governor; percent of vote - Lourdes LEON GUERRERO (Democratic Party) 50.7%, Ray TENORIO (Republican Party) 26.4%; Josh TENORIO (Democratic Party) elected lieutenant governor Guatemala chief of state: President Alejandro GIAMMATTEI (since 14 January 2020); Vice President Cesar Guillermo CASTILLO Reyes (since 14 January 2020); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Alejandro GIAMMATTEI (since 14 January 2020); Vice President Cesar Guillermo CASTILLO Reyes (since 14 January 2020) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (not eligible for consecutive terms); election last held on 16 June 2019 with a runoff on 11 August 2019 (next to be held in June 2023) election results: 2019: Alejandro GIAMMATTEI elected president; percent of vote in first round - Sandra TORRES (UNE) 25.54%, Alejandro GIAMMATTEI (VAMOS) 13.95%, Edmond MULET (PHG) 11.21%, Thelma CABRERA (MLP) 10.37%, Roberto ARZU (PAN-PODEMOS) 6.08%; percent of vote in second round - Alejandro GIAMMATTEI (VAMOS) 58%, Sandra TORRES (UNE) 42% 2015: Jimmy Ernesto MORALES Cabrera elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Jimmy Ernesto MORALES Cabrera (FNC) 23.9%, Sandra TORRES (UNE) 19.8%, Manuel BALDIZON (LIDER) 19.6%, other 36.7%; percent of vote in second round - Jimmy Ernesto MORALES Cabrera 67.4%, Sandra TORRES 32.6% Guernsey chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Lieutenant-Governor Vice Admiral Ian CORDER (since 14 March 2016) head of government: Chief Minister Peter FERBRACHE (since 16 October 2020); Bailiff Richard MCMAHON (since 11 May 2020); note - the chief minister is the president of the Policy and Resources Committee and is the de facto head of government; the Policy and Resources Committee, elected by the States of Deliberation, functions as the executive; the 5 members all have equal voting rights cabinet: none elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; lieutenant governor and bailiff appointed by the monarch; chief minister, who is the president of the Policy and Resources Committee indirectly elected by the States of Deliberation for a 4-year term; last held on 6 May 2016 (next to be held in June 2020) election results: Gavin ST PIER (independent) elected president of the Policy and Resources Committee and chief minister Guinea chief of state: President Col. Mamady DOUMBOUYA (since 1 October 2021); note - on 5 September 2021, Col. Mamady DOUMBOUYA led a military coup that arrested President CONDE, suspended the constitution, and dissolved the government and legislature. On 1 October 2021, Doumbouya was sworn in as transitional president. head of government: Prime Minister Mohamed BEAVOGUI (since 6 October 2021); note - on 5 September 2021, Col. Mamady DOUMBOUYA led a military coup that arrested President CONDE, suspended the constitution, and dissolved the government of Prime Minister Ibrahima Kassory FOFANA cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 18 October 2020 (next to be held in October 2025); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Alpha CONDE reelected president in the first round; percent of vote - Alpha CONDE (RPG) 59.5%, Cellou Dalein DIALLO (UFDG) 33.5%, other 7% Guinea-Bissau chief of state: President Umaro Sissoko EMBALO (since 27 February 2020); note - President EMBALO was declared winner of the 29 December 2019 runoff presidential election by the electoral commission. In late February 2020, Embalo seized power with the help of the military without being officially inaugurated, even though the Supreme Court of Justice had yet to rule on an electoral litigation appeal lodged by his political rival Domingos Simoes PEREIRA. head of government: Prime Minister Nuno NABIAM (since 27 February 2020) cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the prime minister, appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term; election last held on 24 November 2019 with a runoff on 29 December 2019 (next to be held in 2024); prime minister appointed by the president after consultation with party leaders in the National People's Assembly; note - the president cannot apply for a third consecutive term, nor during the 5 years following the end of the second term election results: Umaro Sissoco EMBALO elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Domingos Simoes PEREIRA (PAIGC) 40.1%, Umaro Sissoco EMBALO (Madem G15) 27.7%, Nuno Gomez NABIAM (APU-PDGB) 13.2%, Jose Mario VAZ (independent) 12.4%, other 6.6%; percent of vote in second round - Umaro Sissoco EMBALO 53.6%, Domingos Simoes PEREIRA 46.5% Guyana chief of state: President Mohammed Irfaan ALI (since 2 August 2020); First Vice President Mark PHILLIPS (since 2 August 2020); Vice President Bharrat JAGDEO (since 2 August 2020); Prime Minister Mark PHILLIPS (since 2 August 2020); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Mohammed Irfaan ALI (since 2 August 2020); First Vice President Mark PHILLIPS (since 2 August 2020); Vice President Bharrat JAGDEO (since 2 August 2020) cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president, responsible to the National Assembly elections/appointments: the predesignated candidate of the winning party in the last National Assembly election becomes president for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 2 March 2020 (next to be held in 2025); prime minister appointed by the president election results: 2020: Mohammed Irfaan ALI (PPP/C) designated president by the majority party in the National Assembly 2015: David GRANGER (APNU-AFC) designated president by the majority party in the National Assembly Haiti chief of state: Acting President Ariel HENRY (since 20 July 2021); note - Prime Minister Ariel HENRY has assumed the responsibilities of president following the assassination of President Jovenel MOISE on 7 July 2021; an election is expected to be held on 7 November 2021; MOISE had been president since 7 February 2017 head of government: Prime Minister Ariel HENRY (since 20 July 2021) cabinet: Cabinet chosen by the prime minister in consultation with the president; parliament must ratify the Cabinet and Prime Minister's governing policy elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a single non-consecutive term); last election originally scheduled for 9 October 2016 but postponed until 20 November 2016 due to Hurricane Matthew election results: 2016: Jovenel MOISE elected president in first round; percent of vote - Jovenel MOISE (PHTK) 55.6%, Jude CELESTIN (LAPEH) 19.6%, Jean-Charles MOISE (PPD) 11%, Maryse NARCISSE (FL) 9%; other 4.8% 2011: Michel MARTELLY elected president in runoff; percent of vote - Michel MARTELLY (Peasant's Response) 68%, Mirlande MANIGAT (RDNP) 32% Holy See (Vatican City) chief of state: Pope FRANCIS (since 13 March 2013) head of government: Secretary of State Cardinal Pietro PAROLIN (since 15 October 2013); note - Head of Government of Vatican City is President Cardinal Giuseppe BERTELLO (since 1 October 2011) cabinet: Pontifical Commission for the State of Vatican City appointed by the pope elections/appointments: pope elected by the College of Cardinals, usually for life or until voluntary resignation; election last held on 13 March 2013 (next to be held after the death or resignation of the current pope); Secretary of State appointed by the pope election results: Jorge Mario BERGOGLIO, former Archbishop of Buenos Aires, elected Pope FRANCIS Honduras chief of state: President Juan Orlando HERNANDEZ Alvarado (since 27 January 2014); Vice Presidents Ricardo ALVAREZ, Maria RIVERA, and Olga ALVARADO (since 26 January 2018); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Juan Orlando HERNANDEZ Alvarado (since 27 January 2014); Vice Presidents Ricardo ALVAREZ, Maria RIVERA, and Olga ALVARADO (since 26 January 2018) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by president elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term; election last held on 28 November 2021 (next to be held in 30 November 2025); note - in 2015, the Constitutional Chamber of the Honduran Supreme Court struck down the constitutional provisions on presidential term limits election results: 2021: Xiomara CASTRO de Zelaya elected president; percent of vote - Xiomara CASTRO de Zelaya (LIBRE) 51.1%, Nasry Juan ASFURA Zablah (PNH) 36.9%, Yani Benjamin ROSENTHAL Hidalgo (PL) 10%, other 2%; note - CASTRO will take office 27 January 2022 2017: Juan Orlando HERNANDEZ Alvarado reelected president; percent of vote - Juan Orlando HERNANDEZ Alvarado (PNH) 43%, Salvador NASRALLA (Alianza de Oposicion contra la Dictadura) 41.4%, Luis Orlando ZELAYA Medrano (PL) 14.7%, other 0.9% Hong Kong chief of state: President of China XI Jinping (since 14 March 2013) head of government: Chief Executive Carrie LAM (since 1 July 2017) cabinet: Executive Council or ExCo appointed by the chief executive elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by National People's Congress for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 17 March 2018 (next to be held in March 2023); chief executive indirectly elected by the Election Committee and appointed by the PRC Government for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 26 March 2017 (next to be held in 2022) election results: Carrie LAM elected chief executive; Election Committee vote - Carrie LAM 777, John TSANG 365, WOO Kwok-hing 21, invalid 23 note: the Legislative Council voted in June 2010 to expand the Election Committee to 1,200 members Hungary chief of state: President Janos ADER (since 10 May 2012) head of government: Prime Minister Viktor ORBAN (since 29 May 2010) cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers proposed by the prime minister and appointed by the president elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by the National Assembly with two-thirds majority vote in first round or simple majority vote in second round for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 13 March 2017 (next to be held spring 2022); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president; election last held on 10 May 2018 (next to be held in April or May 2022) election results: Janos ADER (Fidesz) reelected president; National Assembly vote - 131 to 39; Viktor ORBAN (Fidesz) reelected prime minister; National Assembly vote - 134 to 28 Iceland chief of state: President Gudni Thorlacius JOHANNESSON (since 1 August 2016) head of government: Prime Minister Katrin JAKOBSDOTTIR (since 30 November 2017) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the prime minister elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (no term limits); election last held on 27 June 2020 (next to be held in 2024); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition becomes prime minister election results: Gudni Thorlacius JOHANNESSON reelected president; percent of vote - Gudni Thorlacius JOHANNESSON (independent) 92.2%, Gudmundur Franklin JONSSON (independent) 7.8% India chief of state: President Ram Nath KOVIND (since 25 July 2017); Vice President M. Venkaiah NAIDU (since 11 August 2017) head of government: Prime Minister Narendra MODI (since 26 May 2014) cabinet: Union Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister, appointed by the president elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by an electoral college consisting of elected members of both houses of Parliament for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 17 July 2017 (next to be held in July 2022); vice president indirectly elected by an electoral college consisting of elected members of both houses of Parliament for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 5 August 2017 (next to be held in Aug
wrong_mix_domainrange_leader_00015	FactBench	3	49	https://github.com/b03902128/MD-final/blob/master/voc.txt	en	MD-final/voc.txt at master · b03902128/MD-final	https://opengraph.githubassets.com/8207e2109b40d5f7cc1b348cae7d0bb4aa961afac4da2876e66b77a46c0e262a/b03902128/MD-final	https://opengraph.githubassets.com/8207e2109b40d5f7cc1b348cae7d0bb4aa961afac4da2876e66b77a46c0e262a/b03902128/MD-final	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Contribute to b03902128/MD-final development by creating an account on GitHub.	en	https://github.com/fluidicon.png	GitHub	https://github.com/b03902128/MD-final/blob/master/voc.txt	Skip to content Navigation Menu
wrong_mix_domainrange_leader_00015	FactBench	1	27	https://forestindustries.eu/articles/Forestry	en	ForestIndustries.EU			[ "https://forestindustries.eu/sites/default/files/userfiles/1image/logo_keine%20trennungen%20zwischen%20fotos%20-%20tranparenter%20hg-schwarze%20logo%20schrift.png", "https://forestindustries.eu/sites/all/modules/languageicons/flags/en.png", "https://forestindustries.eu/sites/all/modules/languageicons/flags/de.png", "https://forestindustries.eu/sites/all/modules/languageicons/flags/de.png", "https://forestindustries.eu/sites/default/files/userfiles/1image/forests_001.jpg", "https://forestindustries.eu/sites/all/modules/languageicons/flags/de.png", "https://forestindustries.eu/sites/default/files/userfiles/1image/inventory.jpg", "https://forestindustries.eu/sites/all/modules/languageicons/flags/de.png", "https://forestindustries.eu/sites/default/files/userfiles/1image/zille001.jpg", "https://forestindustries.eu/sites/all/modules/languageicons/flags/de.png", "https://forestindustries.eu/sites/default/files/userfiles/1image/cert001.jpg", "https://forestindustries.eu/sites/all/modules/languageicons/flags/de.png", "https://forestindustries.eu/sites/all/modules/languageicons/flags/de.png", "https://forestindustries.eu/sites/all/modules/languageicons/flags/de.png", "https://forestindustries.eu/sites/default/files/userfiles/1image/logo_wwgw.png", "https://forestindustries.eu/sites/all/modules/languageicons/flags/de.png", "https://forestindustries.eu/sites/default/files/userfiles/1image/plantations_001.jpg", "https://forestindustries.eu/sites/all/modules/languageicons/flags/de.png", "https://forestindustries.eu/sites/default/files/userfiles/1image/forest_week_08.gif", "https://forestindustries.eu/sites/all/modules/languageicons/flags/de.png", "https://forestindustries.eu/sites/default/files/userfiles/1image/pl-op-ma.jpg", "file:///C:/DOKUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOKALE~1/Temp/moz-screenshot.jpg", "https://forestindustries.eu/sites/all/modules/languageicons/flags/de.png", "https://forestindustries.eu/sites/all/modules/languageicons/flags/de.png", "https://forestindustries.eu/sites/all/modules/print/icons/print_icon.png", "https://forestindustries.eu/sites/default/files/userfiles/1image/forestfirerussia.jpg", "http://forestindustries.eu/stat/track.php?mode=img" ]	[ "http://www.youtube.com/v/hDQisEP7hjw", "http://www.youtube.com/v/2--nyXHQy4s" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Services Sustainable Forest Management - YES WE DO IT SINCE CENTURIES! Timberland management Take advantage of our Timberland Management services if you want to outsource your forest management activities. Our services cover the entire scope of classic forest management, including reforestation, silviculture, timber harvesting, timber logistics, timber skidding, all the way to lumber trade, etc. We also take care of various other activities such as hunting, nature conservation and tourism services. With our Timber Management services we turn directly to forest owners who, although they manage the forests themselves, expect more return and benefits from their property. Forest management planning Skills The Forest Sector Business environment is in a major change Forest Certification "Eco- labeling programs have become very prominent in many countries. Today this environmental policy innovation can be found not only in OECD countries but also in developing countries. Although eco- labels should be seen as a complement to, rather than a substitute for, traditional regulatory instruments (Harrison 1999: 110), it can be assumed that these environmental policy instruments will become more important for environmental policy in the near future." Kern et.al State forest services SORRY Dear Visitor, a text will be available shortly In excuse for this inconvenient have a look here Forests and the Kyoto protocol SORRY Dear Visitor, a text will be available shortly, but there is a German text. In excuse for this inconvenient we want to show you an example of really bad safety management: Forest Owner Associations General Information and initial situation Weilhart as a contiguous forest area with a total area of about 10.000 ha comprises about 5.000 ha of large scale forests owners (Castell and co-onwers) and about 5.000 ha of small holder private forests. The 5.000 ha of core area make up the core of the Weilhart forest area, whilst the small holder private forest make up the fringe zone congregated around the core. Plantation management Timber plantations are of high importance for the future wood supply "European global players on the pulp & paper market - most of them are the product of mega-mergers - have used their heft to go global. For starters, they have invested billions in new pulp mills in South America that are three times bigger than any in Canada. The ability to spread fixed costs over so much capacity is an unbeatable advantage. The eucalyptus trees that feed these mills grow to maturity in less than a decade in the Brazilian and Uruguayan sun, compared to the 70 or 80 years it takes for Northern tree species in the US, Canada and Europe. The South American pulp is shipped back to Europe and turned into dozens of different grades of paper on the most modern and fastest machines in existence. The equipment is designed by Austrian ones at Andritz, Finnish ones at Metso or German ones at Voith." 10th Aniversary 25th of October 2008 The forest association Weilhart (WWGW) has been founded in 1998 by a couple of enthusiastic forest owners in the region of county Braunau, Flachgau, Altötting, Traunstein. In the meantime more than 100 members have joined the association. Main objects of the association are: Managing Plantation Operations From Establishment through Maintenance to Harvesting First FSC Certificate FSC News+Notes, ISSUE 11, AUGUST 11, 2003 Crossing Boundaries through FSC Group Certificate: GFA-FM/COC-2084 GFA-FM/COC-001771 Timberland Valuation and the global economic crises The issue in today’s post concerns why the transaction price of timberland has shown little or no decline in value but the stock price of the publicly traded companies that own timberland has declined dramatically. I will also look at what I think is happening in the timberland market today and how I see the market for timberland investment. But first, let’s set the stage. Horse logging/Pferderückung Prince Edward's Provinzregierung (Kanada) erlaubt jedermann die Holznutzung mit Pferden... Montag, 20.4.2009: Totholz und minderwertige Holzsortimente gehören demjenigen, der das Holz mit Pferden aus dem Wald bringt. Er muss weder für das Holz noch für eine Holznutzungslizenz bezahlen. Ein interessanter Ansatz um Pferderückung in das Blickfeld der Öffentlichkeit zu rücken... Government offer leads to horse logging comeback Monday, 20th of April 2009: More forests on P.E.I. are being logged with the help of horses this year following an offer of free firewood. Forestry returns outperform the rest over three years London, 24th June 2009: Investment in forestry outperformed domestic commercial property and equities last year, producing a positive annual total return of 7.0%, eclipsed only by bonds, according to the IPD UK Forestry Index.By comparison, UK commercial property delivered -22.11%; UK equities returned -29.92%, while listed property companies and trusts were the most vulnerable to the global market downturn, returning -46.63% over 2008. Bonds, however, gained 154%. India: Punjab forest dept to distribute one million seedings Punjab forest dept to distribute 10 lakh seedings Wednesday, 24 June 2009: CHANDIGARH: The Punjab Forest Department has decided to give a big push to agro-forestry in the State and would distribute 10 lac seedlings of fast-growing and economically important tree species such as Eucalyptus, Shisham and Drek. New Zealand Eucalyptus for the U.S. 28 June 2009: A Quarter Million NZ Raised GE Eucalyptus Trees Intended for Planting in U.S; Soil &Health Association of New Zealand, (Est. 1941), Publishers of ORGANIC NZ More than a quarter of a million genetically engineered (GE) eucalyptus trees exported from New Zealand stand to shred New Zealand’s clean, green brand and risk large-scale health and environmental damage, according to the Soil & Health Association of New Zealand. Climate change happens: beetles to destroy American forests Markus Sommerauer - Mon, 13/07/2009 - 06:59 4.7.2009: America's 4 July bonfires served a dual purpose yesterday. They burned the wood of trees destroyed by a trio of bugs that are devastating parts of the nation's forests. With 750 million acres of forests in the United States, the scale of the problem is massive. Since 1999, the country has lost, on average, 1 per cent of its tree cover per year. This means these small insects have killed about 10 per cent of all US forests in 10 years. A profitable rainforest!(?) A MOST unusual document landed on your correspondent’s desk recently: a financial report from a rainforest. Iwokrama, a 370,000-hectare rainforest in central Guyana, announced that it was in profit. It added, more intriguingly, that rainforests had entered the “global economy”. Indonesian Government: Production forests will reach 10m hectares by 2014 The government is optimistic its production forests (HTI) will span over 5 million hectares by the year-end, and over 10 million hectares by 2014 as targeted, because the forestry industry can now resort to financing supported by government, an official says. Higher Carbon Dioxide May Give Pine Trees A Competitive Edge ScienceDaily (Aug. 4, 2009) — Pine trees grown for 12 years in air one-and-a-half times richer in carbon dioxide than today's levels produced twice as many seeds of at least as good a quality as those growing under normal conditions, a Duke University-led research team reported Aug. 3 at a national ecology conference. Kenya to Plant 7.6 Billion Trees to Check Deforestation NAIROBI - Kenya said on Wednesday it would plant 7.6 billion trees over the next 20 years to redress decades of chopping down forest cover, the effect of which is now being felt in acute water and power shortages. Germany and US to finance a Reforestation Project in India The United States and Germany have agreed to donate $19 million for the reforestation of a Bangladesh wildlife sanctuary under a global climate change mitigation project, the U.S. embassy said on Wednesday. A New Direction And Vision For America’s Forests SEATTLE, August 14, 2009 - US Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack has outlined his vision for the future of America’s forests. In his first major speech regarding the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Forest Service, Vilsack set forth a new direction for conservation, management, and restoration of these natural treasures. Farmers protect climate by doing Forestry Markus Sommerauer - Wed, 26/08/2009 - 16:34 Austrian Farmers have taken care of both - Farmland and Forests - since centuries because of the close interconnection of agriculture and forestry. Holistic land use management is obligatory for every Austrian farmer. Therefore it's not quite new for Austrian Farmers what the World Agroforestry Centre is concluding: International Paper Treads Monsanto’s Path to ‘Frankenforests’ Aug. 28 (Bloomberg) -- International Paper Co., the world’s largest pulp and paper maker, plans to remake commercial forests in the same way Monsanto Co. revolutionized farms with genetically modified crops. Over 10,000 jobs already lost in Finnish forestry sector Finnish forestry’s contribution to the national economy has dropped by half since the start of the new millennium. Certified Forestry Is In Trouble, U.N. Report Says The certified-forestry movement is running out of steam, a United Nations report suggests. "The pace of expansion of global certified forest area has slowed dramatically in the last three years," says the international agency's recently released Forest Products Annual Market Review, 2008-2009. The proportion of "industrial roundwood" coming from forests certified by such environmental organizations as the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) has actually decreased recently, to 25.9%, it says. "Certified forest area increased by around 50 million hectares a year between 2001 and 2005 – mainly due to a rapid increase in certified forest area in North America – then the rate slowed by half to 25 million hectares a year in 2006 and 2007. More recently the rate has stagnated even further, not exceeding 4 million hectares between May 2008 and May 2009." Certified forestry has actually lost some ground in North America and Europe, the U.N. report adds. One culprit is that the sustainable-forestry movement is running out of low-hanging fruit: "Now that many of the largest state- and industry-owned lands in the developed world are already certified, the certification movement faces the significant challenge of expanding in more difficult areas" such as small forestry operations and developing countries. Please continue reading this article here... Forest certification in war - some interesting insights... Now that the forest-certification movement is running out of steam, two groups involved in promoting sustainable forestry have responded by declaring war on each other. ForestEthics fired the first shots a few days ago, filing complaints of both tax fraud and greenwashing against the Sustainable Forestry Initiative. It sent letters last week asking the IRS to revoke SFI's tax-exempt status and requesting that the Federal Trade Commission investigate SFI's "unfair and deceptive" marketing practices. ForestEthics claims that SFI's forestry-certification program is inferior to Forest Stewardship Council certification. SFI responded today by calling the ForestEthics complaints "an affront to the tremendous efforts by foresters, businesses, governments, consumers, SFI and other standards groups to preserve and protect our forests for future generations." “We should all be focusing our resources and efforts on supporting responsible forest management and fighting deforestation and illegal logging, not wasting energy on bickering among ourselves," SFI added. A United Nations report recently concluded that the once-rapid growth of forest-certification efforts has stagnated during the past three years, Dead Tree Edition reported last month. I'm skeptical whether FSC, which has had its own credibility issues in places like Indonesia, is significantly superior to SFI, but I welcome comment on the subject. I think the most useful service Dead Tree Edition can offer at this point is extensive excerpts from the complaints and SFI's response. Note: The rest of this article consists entirely of statements from ForestEthics and SFI that do not necessarily represent the views of Dead Tree Edition: Woodplantations will help developing countries to establish Sustainable Forest Management “The world needs more effective and focused international action on tropical forests. That will help reduce poverty, protect biodiversity and also mitigate the effects of climate change.” Roads and Rainforests - of course they matter... Chainsaws, bulldozers, and fires are tools of rainforest destruction, but roads are enablers. Forests do not naturally grow in straight lines Forest negotiations recently have been featuring a lot of talk about something called “sustainable forest management,” or in climate policy parlance, SFM. SFM - do people know what they are talking about? Markus Sommerauer - Thu, 08/10/2009 - 07:48 In matters of: Bangkok, Day 5: Breaking News: Forests do not naturally grow in straight lines: Study shows trees have impact on Georgia’s economy As Americans mark National Forest Products Week from Oct. 18-24, a new report shows Georgia’s forest products industry has a significant impact on the state’s economy. 2009 Nobel prize for economics and forest property The 2009 Nobel prize for economics recently was awarded to two Americans – Elinor Ostrom and Oliver E. Williamson – for complementary ideas on economic governance. After Typhoon, Illegal Logging Back in Spotlight in Vietnam When rains slowed enough for people living in the central coast of Vietnam to venture outside and assess the damage, they were stunned at what they saw. EU Position for the Copenhage Climate Conference The European Union has published it's Position for the Copenhave Climate Conference. Here are the Forests related parts. The planet never needed more than now world forestry management World Forestry Congress produces a message to be presented at COP 15 in Copenhagen XIII World Forestry Congress 2009: Forest Development: A Vital Balance PREAMBLE We, the 7,075 participants from 160 countries gathered at the Thirteenth World Forestry Congress to consider the theme of the Congress, “Forest Development: A Vital Balance” and through it explore the numerous existing and emerging environmental, social and economic challenges facing us . For the first time the Congress incorporated discussion fora, business meetings and a session on communication. Timberland transactions in the US 2009 Major timberland transactions have slowed considerably but some continue to close. I wrote an article for Forest Landowners Magazine (THE TREND IN TIMBERLAND PRICES) that was supposed to be published in October but the publishing date was postponed until late November so I thought I would do a little update on transactions to date for this year. From the list below, you can see that there are quite a few transactions but relatively few large ones. Logged forests support biodiversity after 15 years of rehabilitation With the world facing global warming and a biodiversity crisis, a new study in Conservation Biology shows that within 15 years logged forests—considered by many to be 'degraded'—can be managed in order to successfully fight both climate change and extinction. Is mixing of PEFC and FSC material allowed? A recent FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) study set out to assess whether the requirements set for FSC Controlled Wood are met by PEFC (Program for Endorsement of Forest Certification) schemes. Is Timber an Overhyped Investment? U.S. TIMBERLAND MAY BE ONE OF THE WORLD'S most overvalued asset classes. Disney Invests in Forestry The Walt Disney Company intends to invest US$7 million in forest conservation projects in the U.S.A, the Amazon and the Congo Basin in an effort to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. Special Session of the United Nations Forum on Forests November 6, 2009: The United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF) met in Special Session at UN Headquarters in New York on Friday, 30 October 2009. At the special session, delegates reached a decision on the need for urgent global action to catalyze funding for sustainable forest management around the world. (Link) Ontario announces silviculture job stimulus program The Ontario Ministry of Northern Development, Mines and Forestry has announced $6 million forest renewal program. Costing the Earth: Investing in protecting Ecosystems Coral reefs around the world are worth a staggering $172 billion dollars a year to the global economy. But the wealth of the oceans' reefs, and their amazing monetary value, is on the verge of being destroyed. Forestry valuations grow Buying up forest property is a different kind of property investment and can be traced all the way back to when Tarzan and Jane first settled down seventy years ago. Gunns favourite to manage Great Southern TIMBER company Gunns is poised to further increase control of Australian forests, emerging as favourite to take over the running of Great Southern's management investment scheme plantations. Public perceptions of forestry in the European Union The report of the study Shaping forest communication in the European Union: public perceptions of forests and forestry was published in September 2009. Ecotourism may be a solution to the tourism industry’s climate threat Tourism is considered to be a highly climate-sensitive economic sector similar to agriculture. This has encouraged industry players to look at new ways to respond effectively to these problems. Chile Copec 9-month profit down 43.3 pct yr/yr SANTIAGO, Nov 27 (Reuters) - Chilean industrial conglomerate Copec COP.SN said on Friday its nine-month profit tumbled 43.3 percent from a year ago, but its businesses were recovering from the worst of the global financial crisis. Tembec wants to sell its two kraft mills in Europe Billion hectares of land have potential for forest restoration Land areas around the world totalling more than the size of Canada have been identified as having potential to be restored to good quality, healthy forests, a new study has found. Sustainable Forest Management increasingly important for Climate-Change Mitigation Expert-Level Meeting of the Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe (MCPFE) highlights crucial role of European Forests FOREST EUROPE: New brand name for the Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe (MCPFE) Save-the-jungle proposal from Amazon nations Presidents from eight Amazon countries meet on Thursday to lay out a save-the-jungle proposal for the UN climate conference. So what? Is climate heating up or cooling down? For years there has been a strong divide between those that believe mankind is causing global warming and those that don't. Planting season in forestry plantations The rainy season in Brazil is from December to July and is universally recognised by the forestry operators in situ as the optimum time for planting out the seedlings destined for the forestry plantations. Boreal forests in wealthy countries being rapidly destroyed Boreal forests in some of the world's wealthiest countries are being rapidly destroyed by human activities — including mining, logging, and purposely-set fires — report researchers writing in Trends in Ecology and Evolution. Calling WTO to do REDD support? Maya Lin to Debut 'Unchopping a Tree' at Support REDD+ Gala at COP15 COPENHAGEN, Dec. Climate summit closed to civil society, but remains open to big business Deforestation and REDD Facts & Figures Primary forest loss The following section is a quantitative look at primary forest loss. More than seven million hectares of primary forest were lost on an annual basis between 2000 and 2005, the most recent period for which data is available from the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization. Roughly half this loss occurred in Brazil, which is home to the largest extent of tropical forest in the world: the Amazon. 2009: a year in review of rainforest protection 2009 may prove to be an important turning point for tropical forests. Lead by Brazil, which had the lowest extent of deforestation since at least the 1980s, global forest loss likely declined to its lowest level in more than a decade. Critical to the fall in deforestation was the global financial crisis, which dried up credit for forest-destroying activities and contributed to a crash in commodity prices, an underlying driver of deforestation. First-Ever Study Quantifies the Economic Impact of Private, Working Forests in the U.S. CHARLOTTE, N.C. (December 2009) - A new study, commissioned by the National Alliance of Forest Owners (NAFO) and conducted by Forest2Market®, quantifies the economic impact of private, working forests on the U.S. economy. URUGUAY: Forestry Industry Boom Brings Jobs and Challenges PAYSANDÚ, Uruguay, Jan 6 (IPS) - "After work, when I'm on my own, I'm bored to death. If you want amenities, you have to bring them yourself," says young forestry worker Alejandro de Leiva, who works on a tree plantation in the western Uruguayan province of Paysandú, where he lives and works for 10 to 12 days in a row, with just two days off. Mozambique: Government Approves Eucalyptus Plantations Maputo — The Mozambican government approved on Tuesday a project to plant eucalyptus trees for industrial purposes across large swathes of the northern province of Nampula. Africa: For Trees, Against Monoculture Windhoek — Growing demand for products like timber and biofuels is putting pressure on shrinking rainforests. Uganda: Growing Trees for Cash; a Long Term Lucrative Venture When Mr Ponsiano Besesa sold his four-storey-hotel in Kampala to invest in forestry in February last year, people thought he was going mad. But the old man had calculated and knew very well that trees would reap him more than what a hotel would. Forest project gets a boost Guwahati, Jan. 18: The French development agency, Agence Française de Développement, has given the go ahead to the Assam forest department to undertake a feasibility study of the Rs 450-crore Assam project on forestry and bio-diversity conservation. Ghana to start capacity building program acting on Climat Change Accra, Jan. Congo Basin: State of the Forest 2008 This report provides an update on the status of tropical moist forests in Central Africa. It covers the 6 countries containing this forest type, namely Gabon, Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon and the Central African Republic. AFC denounces gov’t attack on Janette Bulkan The Alliance For Change (AFC) says that the People’s Progressive Party (PPP) government is being “inept and opportunistic” in requesting that the World Bank remove forestry activist, Dr Janette Bulkan from a Technical Advisory Panel. The national US forest harvest Over the past 20 years there have been many changes impacting the output of our nation's timberland but none have impacted it as much as the management of our National Forests. First, let’s talk big numbers and try to put the whole thing into perspective. Forest managment planning in the Congo Basin Rainforests Forest management planning in Congo Basin rainforests : a critical analysis of the state of art and design of a new planning system as a contribution to sustainable forest management Forestry report urges province to manage carbon storage Maximizing the carbon stored in B.C.'s forests could provide benefits both economically and environmentally over the long-term, says a new report, Managing B.C.'s Forests for a Cooler Planet. Japan: Saving the planet through its trees Negotiators at the COP15 conference in Copenhagen didn't see eye to eye on much last month, but almost everyone agreed on one thing: To protect the planet we need to save its forests. Mid-term evaluation of the implementation of the EU Forest Action Plan The mid-term evaluation of the EU Forest Action Plan was presented at the 112th meeting of the Standing Forestry Commission (11-12 December 2009). The evaluation report has recently been made available on the DG Agriculture web-site. The study contains both an inventory of the implementation of the 18 Key Actions of the EU Forest Action Plan and an evaluation of its relevance, effectiveness, efficiency. It contains recommendations for the EU Forest Action Plan in the period until 2011. Forestry sector needs transparency to reduce risks of REDD A new project aims to increase transparency in the forestry sector, an area long plagued by corruption and mismanagement. The Forest Sector Transparency Report Card, launched by Global Witness, an environmental NGO, assesses 70 transparency indicators, evaluating the public availability of land use maps, logging contracts, and other forestry-related information in Cameroon, Ghana, Liberia and Peru. The effort will eventually be expanded to other countries. UK government is still struggling to understand deforestation and illegal logging Markus Sommerauer - Wed, 27/01/2010 - 11:25 "Cutting down the worlds forests is responsible for about a fifth of global carbon emissions, but what many people may not realise is that this is linked to the illegal trade in timber. This is a major problem for many timber-producing countries in the developing world. It not only causes environmental damage, but costs governments billions of dollars in lost revenue, often involving corruption and funds armed conflict." Kolumbien: Biosprit gefährdet Mensch und Natur Wien (pte/27.01.2010/12:50) - Report: British Columbia to spent 50% of it's land for forest conservation Nature, Carbon and Climate Change in British Columbia by Dr. Jim Pojar; Commissioned by the Working Group on Biodiversity, Forests and Climate, an alliance of ENGOs including ForestEthics Russian Forest Fire Hell Ride Four Russian men volunteered to help their neighbours protect their homes from an approaching forest fire in Russia's Nizhny Novgorod region. As this video shows, the men had a close brush with death when they were trying to escape the village as the forest fire closed in around their car. BBC REDD Alert 2 Community Forestry 1 Community Forestry 2 Reduced impact logging View from a falling tree - (il)legal logging China regrows trees China on the move China on the move -- Meeting environmental challenges Canadian timber hauling Responsible, dilligent and painstalking timber transport in the Canadian West... Bad harvesting operations Example of really bad forest operations management What's the bad? Forestry decline threatens power plants Forestry decline threatens power plants... To get an idea of the problems:
wrong_mix_domainrange_leader_00015	FactBench	0	1	https://finlandabroad.fi/web/gha/foreign-ministry-s-press-releases/-/asset_publisher/kyaK4Ry9kbQ0/content/lisaa-avoimuutta-tuomariehdokkaiden-nimeamiseen-kansainvalisiin-ja-euroopan-unionin-tuomioistuimiin/35732	en	Greater transparency in the nomination of judges to serve in international and EU courts	https://finlandabroad.fi…ial-media/og.png	https://finlandabroad.fi…ial-media/og.png	[ "https://finlandabroad.fi/o/um-theme/images/um-globe-white.svg", "https://finlandabroad.fi/o/um-theme/images/UM_merkki_sin_RGB.svg", "https://finlandabroad.fi/o/um-theme/images/UM_merkki_sin_RGB.svg", "https://finlandabroad.fi/o/um-theme/images/um_logo_musta.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Press releases, 7.12.2006 Greater transparency in the nomination of judges to serve in international and EU courtsGovernment Communications UnitPress Release 451/2006 7 December 2006On...	en	https://finlandabroad.fi/o/um-theme/images/favicon.ico	Finland abroad: Ghana	https://finlandabroad.fi/web/gha/foreign-ministry-s-press-releases/-/asset_publisher/kyaK4Ry9kbQ0/content/lisaa-avoimuutta-tuomariehdokkaiden-nimeamiseen-kansainvalisiin-ja-euroopan-unionin-tuomioistuimiin/35732	Government Communications Unit Press Release 451/2006 7 December 2006 On Thursday 7 December, a proposal was submitted to Prime Minister Matti Vanhanen on developing the national procedure for nominating Finnish judges to serve in international and EU courts. The working group that looked into the matter was chaired by Chancellor of Justice, Paavo Nikula, and was composed of representatives from the Prime Minister’s Office, the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Justice. The working group proposes that any vacancies for judges or other similar judicial positions should always be made public. A specialist advisory committee should be appointed by the government for a six-year term to prepare nominations. The committee should consist of representatives from the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, the Prime Minister’s Office, the Ministry of Justice, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court, and a representative of the centres engaged in judicial research and instruction at universities. The committee would assess the applicants and give an opinion on them, which would not be binding, however. The successful candidates would be nominated at a government plenary session on the basis of a presentation by the relevant ministry. Under the working party’s proposal, provisions giving effect to the new procedure would be incorporated into the Act on Judicial Appointments. Further provisions concerning the appointment of the specialist advisory committee and the fulfilment of its duties could be laid down in a government decree. It is proposed that the provisions be formulated in a way that enables them also to be applied to any international or EU-level judicial bodies established in the future. Further information: Paavo Nikula, Chancellor of Justice, tel. +358 9 1602 3930, Seija Salo, Government Counsellor, Prime Minister’s Office, tel. +358 9 1602 4026, Anna-Elina Pohjolainen, Counsellor, Ministry of Justice, tel. +358 9 1606 7687 and Tapio Puurunen, Legislative Counsellor, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, tel. +358 9 1605 5588
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"https://www.atmospheric-measurement-techniques.net/facebook.png", "https://www.atmospheric-measurement-techniques.net/linkedin.png", "https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/319373/400/ssl", "https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/319376/400/ssl" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "De Menezes", "L.-P", "the CLOUD Team" ]	null		en	https://www.atmospheric-measurement-techniques.net/favicon_copernicus_16x16_.ico		null	Articles \| Volume 7, issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2159-2014 © Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2159-2014 © Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Research article 18 Jul 2014 Research article \| \| 18 Jul 2014 Characterisation of organic contaminants in the CLOUD chamber at CERN R. Schnitzhofer, A. Metzger, M. Breitenlechner, W. Jud, M. Heinritzi, L.-P. De Menezes, J. Duplissy, R. Guida, S. Haider, J. Kirkby, S. Mathot, P. Minginette, A. Onnela, H. Walther, A. Wasem, A. Hansel, and the CLOUD Team R. Schnitzhofer Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria A. Metzger Ionicon Analytik, Innsbruck, Austria M. Breitenlechner Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria M. Heinritzi Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria L.-P. De Menezes CERN, Geneva, Switzerland CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland R. Guida CERN, Geneva, Switzerland S. Haider CERN, Geneva, Switzerland CERN, Geneva, Switzerland S. Mathot CERN, Geneva, Switzerland P. Minginette CERN, Geneva, Switzerland A. Onnela CERN, Geneva, Switzerland H. Walther Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland A. Wasem CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria Ionicon Analytik, Innsbruck, Austria the CLOUD Team CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Related authors Show only first author papers Show all papers Experimental investigation of ionâion recombination under atmospheric conditions A. Franchin, S. Ehrhart, J. LeppÃ¤, T. Nieminen, S. GagnÃ©, S. Schobesberger, D. Wimmer, J. Duplissy, F. Riccobono, E. M. Dunne, L. Rondo, A. Downard, F. Bianchi, A. Kupc, G. Tsagkogeorgas, K. Lehtipalo, H. E. Manninen, J. Almeida, A. Amorim, P. E. Wagner, A. Hansel, J. Kirkby, A. KÃ¼rten, N. M. Donahue, V. Makhmutov, S. Mathot, A. Metzger, T. PetÃ¤jÃ¤, R. Schnitzhofer, M. SipilÃ¤, Y. Stozhkov, A. TomÃ©, V.-M. Kerminen, K. Carslaw, J. Curtius, U. Baltensperger, and M. Kulmala Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7203–7216, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7203-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7203-2015, 2015 Short summary Short summary The ion-ion recombination coefficient was measured at different temperatures, relative humidities and concentrations of ozone and sulfur dioxide. The experiments were carried out using the CLOUD chamber at CERN. We observed a strong dependency on temperature and on relative humidity, which has not been reported previously. No dependency of the ion-ion recombination coefficient on ozone concentration was observed and a weak variation with sulfur dioxide concentration was also observed. On the composition of ammoniaâsulfuric-acid ion clusters during aerosol particle formation S. Schobesberger, A. Franchin, F. Bianchi, L. Rondo, J. Duplissy, A. KÃ¼rten, I. K. Ortega, A. Metzger, R. Schnitzhofer, J. Almeida, A. Amorim, J. Dommen, E. M. Dunne, M. Ehn, S. GagnÃ©, L. Ickes, H. Junninen, A. Hansel, V.-M. Kerminen, J. Kirkby, A. Kupc, A. Laaksonen, K. Lehtipalo, S. Mathot, A. Onnela, T. PetÃ¤jÃ¤, F. Riccobono, F. D. Santos, M. SipilÃ¤, A. TomÃ©, G. Tsagkogeorgas, Y. Viisanen, P. E. Wagner, D. Wimmer, J. Curtius, N. M. Donahue, U. Baltensperger, M. Kulmala, and D. R. Worsnop Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 55–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-55-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-55-2015, 2015 Short summary Short summary We used an ion mass spectrometer at CERN's CLOUD chamber to investigate the detailed composition of ammonia--sulfuric acid ion clusters (of both polarities) as they initially form and then grow into aerosol particles, at atmospherically relevant conditions. We found that these clustersâ composition is mainly determined by the ratio of the precursor vapors and ranges from ammonia-free clusters to clusters containing > 1 ammonia per sulfuric acid. Acid--base bindings are a key formation mechanism. Overview of the Manitou Experimental Forest Observatory: site description and selected science results from 2008 to 2013 J. Ortega, A. Turnipseed, A. B. Guenther, T. G. Karl, D. A. Day, D. Gochis, J. A. Huffman, A. J. Prenni, E. J. T. Levin, S. M. Kreidenweis, P. J. DeMott, Y. Tobo, E. G. Patton, A. Hodzic, Y. Y. Cui, P. C. Harley, R. S. Hornbrook, E. C. Apel, R. K. Monson, A. S. D. Eller, J. P. Greenberg, M. C. Barth, P. Campuzano-Jost, B. B. Palm, J. L. Jimenez, A. C. Aiken, M. K. Dubey, C. Geron, J. Offenberg, M. G. Ryan, P. J. Fornwalt, S. C. Pryor, F. N. Keutsch, J. P. DiGangi, A. W. H. Chan, A. H. Goldstein, G. M. Wolfe, S. Kim, L. Kaser, R. Schnitzhofer, A. Hansel, C. A. Cantrell, R. L. Mauldin, and J. N. Smith Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6345–6367, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6345-2014,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6345-2014, 2014 Acetaldehyde exchange above a managed temperate mountain grassland L. HÃ¶rtnagl, I. Bamberger, M. Graus, T. M. Ruuskanen, R. Schnitzhofer, M. Walser, A. Unterberger, A. Hansel, and G. Wohlfahrt Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5369–5391, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5369-2014,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5369-2014, 2014 Missing peroxy radical sources within a summertime ponderosa pine forest G. M. Wolfe, C. Cantrell, S. Kim, R. L. Mauldin III, T. Karl, P. Harley, A. Turnipseed, W. Zheng, F. Flocke, E. C. Apel, R. S. Hornbrook, S. R. Hall, K. Ullmann, S. B. Henry, J. P. DiGangi, E. S. Boyle, L. Kaser, R. Schnitzhofer, A. Hansel, M. Graus, Y. Nakashima, Y. Kajii, A. Guenther, and F. N. Keutsch Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4715–4732, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4715-2014,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4715-2014, 2014 Undisturbed and disturbed above canopy ponderosa pine emissions: PTR-TOF-MS measurements and MEGAN 2.1 model results L. Kaser, T. Karl, A. Guenther, M. Graus, R. Schnitzhofer, A. Turnipseed, L. Fischer, P. Harley, M. Madronich, D. Gochis, F. N. Keutsch, and A. Hansel Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11935–11947, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11935-2013,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11935-2013, 2013 Comparison of different real time VOC measurement techniques in a ponderosa pine forest L. Kaser, T. Karl, R. Schnitzhofer, M. Graus, I. S. Herdlinger-Blatt, J. P. DiGangi, B. Sive, A. Turnipseed, R. S. Hornbrook, W. Zheng, F. M. Flocke, A. Guenther, F. N. Keutsch, E. Apel, and A. Hansel Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2893–2906, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2893-2013,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2893-2013, 2013 Vertical distribution of ice nucleating particles over the boreal forest of Hyytiälä, Finland ZoÃ© Brasseur, Julia Schneider, Janne Lampilahti, Ville Vakkari, Victoria A. Sinclair, Christina J. Williamson, Carlton Xavier, Dmitri Moisseev, Markus Hartmann, Pyry Poutanen, Markus LampimÃ¤ki, Markku Kulmala, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Erik S. Thomson, Kristina HÃ¶hler, Ottmar MÃ¶hler, and Jonathan Duplissy EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1272,https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1272, 2024 Short summary Short summary Ice nucleating particles (INPs) strongly influence the formation of clouds by initiating the formation of ice crystals. However, very little is known concerning the vertical distribution of INPs in the atmosphere. Here, we present aircraft measurements of INP concentrations above the Finnish boreal forest. Results show that near-surface INPs are efficiently transported and mixed within the boundary layer, and occasionally reach the free troposphere. Ice-nucleating particles active below -24 °C in a Finnish boreal forest and their relationship to bioaerosols Franziska Vogel, Michael P. Adams, Larissa Lacher, Polly Foster, Grace C. E. Porter, Barbara Bertozzi, Kristina HÃ¶hler, Julia Schneider, Tobias Schorr, Nsikanabasi S. Umo, Jens Nadolny, ZoÃ© Brasseur, Paavo HeikkilÃ¤, Erik S. Thomson, Nicole BÃ¼ttner, Martin I. Daily, Romy FÃ¶sig, Alexander D. Harrison, Jorma Keskinen, Ulrike Proske, Jonathan Duplissy, Markku Kulmala, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Ottmar MÃ¶hler, and Benjamin J. Murray EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-853,https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-853, 2024 Short summary Short summary Primary ice formation in clouds strongly influences their properties, hence it is important to understand the sources of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) and their variability. We present 2 months INP measurements in a Finnish boreal forest using a new semi-autonomous INP counting device based on gas expansion. These results show strong variability in INP concentrations, and we present a case that the INP we observe are, at least some of the time, of biological origin. Opinion: The strength of long-term comprehensive observations to meet multiple grand challenges in different environments and in the atmosphere Markku Kulmala, Anna Lintunen, Hanna Lappalainen, Annele Virtanen, Chao Yan, Ekaterina Ezhova, Tuomo Nieminen, Ilona Riipinen, Risto Makkonen, Johanna Tamminen, Anu-Maija SundstrÃ¶m, Antti Arola, Armin Hansel, Kari Lehtinen, Timo Vesala, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Jaana BÃ¤ck, Tom Kokkonen, and Veli-Matti Kerminen Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14949–14971, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14949-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14949-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary To be able to meet global grand challenges, we need comprehensive open data with proper metadata. In this opinion paper, we describe the SMEAR (Station for Measuring Earth surface – Atmosphere Relations) concept and include several examples (cases), such as new particle formation and growth, feedback loops and the effect of COVID-19, and what has been learned from these investigations. The future needs and the potential of comprehensive observations of the environment are summarized. Development and characterization of the Portable Ice Nucleation Chamber 2 (PINCii) Dimitri CastarÃ¨de, ZoÃ© Brasseur, Yusheng Wu, Zamin A. Kanji, Markus Hartmann, Lauri Ahonen, Merete Bilde, Markku Kulmala, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Jan B. C. Pettersson, Berko Sierau, Olaf Stetzer, Frank Stratmann, Birgitta Svenningsson, Erik Swietlicki, Quynh Thu Nguyen, Jonathan Duplissy, and Erik S. Thomson Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 3881–3899, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3881-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3881-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary Clouds play a key role in Earthâs climate by influencing the surface energy budget. Certain types of atmospheric aerosols, called ice-nucleating particles (INPs), induce the formation of ice in clouds and, thus, often initiate precipitation formation. The Portable Ice Nucleation Chamber 2 (PINCii) is a new instrument developed to study ice formation and to conduct ambient measurements of INPs, allowing us to investigate the sources and properties of the atmospheric aerosols that can act as INPs. Ammonium CI-Orbitrap: a tool for characterizing the reactivity of oxygenated organic molecules Dandan Li, Dongyu Wang, Lucia Caudillo, Wiebke Scholz, Mingyi Wang, Sophie Tomaz, Guillaume Marie, Mihnea Surdu, Elias Eccli, Xianda Gong, Loic Gonzalez-Carracedo, Manuel Granzin, Joschka Pfeifer, Birte RÃ¶rup, Benjamin Schulze, Pekka Rantala, SÃ©bastien Perrier, Armin Hansel, Joachim Curtius, Jasper Kirkby, Neil M. Donahue, Christian George, Imad El-Haddad, and Matthieu Riva Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-149,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-149, 2023 Revised manuscript accepted for AMT Short summary Short summary Due to various analytical challenges in measuring organic vapors, it remains challenging to identify and quantify organic molecules present in the atmosphere, Here, we explore the performance of the chemical ionization Orbitrap mass spectrometer (CI-Orbitrap) using ammonium ion chemistry. This study shows that ammonium ion-based chemistry associated with the high mass resolving power of the Orbitrap mass analyzer can measure almost all-inclusive compounds. Measurement of the collision rate coefficients between atmospheric ions and multiply charged aerosol particles in the CERN CLOUD chamber Joschka Pfeifer, Naser G. A. Mahfouz, Benjamin C. Schulze, Serge Mathot, Dominik Stolzenburg, Rima Baalbaki, ZoÃ© Brasseur, Lucia Caudillo, Lubna Dada, Manuel Granzin, Xu-Cheng He, Houssni Lamkaddam, Brandon Lopez, Vladimir Makhmutov, Ruby Marten, Bernhard Mentler, Tatjana MÃ¼ller, Antti Onnela, Maxim Philippov, Ana A. Piedehierro, Birte RÃ¶rup, Meredith Schervish, Ping Tian, Nsikanabasi S. Umo, Dongyu S. Wang, Mingyi Wang, Stefan K. Weber, AndrÃ© Welti, Yusheng Wu, Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek, Antonio Amorim, Imad El Haddad, Markku Kulmala, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, AntÃ³nio TomÃ©, Sander Mirme, Hanna E. Manninen, Neil M. Donahue, Richard C. Flagan, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Joachim Curtius, and Jasper Kirkby Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6703–6718, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6703-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6703-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary Attachment rate coefficients between ions and charged aerosol particles determine their lifetimes and may also influence cloud dynamics and aerosol processing. Here we present novel experiments that measure ion–aerosol attachment rate coefficients for multiply charged aerosol particles under atmospheric conditions in the CERN CLOUD chamber. Our results provide experimental discrimination between various theoretical models. An intercomparison study of four different techniques for measuring the chemical composition of nanoparticles LucÃa Caudillo, Mihnea Surdu, Brandon Lopez, Mingyi Wang, Markus Thoma, Steffen BrÃ¤kling, Angela Buchholz, Mario Simon, Andrea C. Wagner, Tatjana MÃ¼ller, Manuel Granzin, Martin Heinritzi, Antonio Amorim, David M. Bell, ZoÃ© Brasseur, Lubna Dada, Jonathan Duplissy, Henning Finkenzeller, Xu-Cheng He, Houssni Lamkaddam, Naser G. A. Mahfouz, Vladimir Makhmutov, Hanna E. Manninen, Guillaume Marie, Ruby Marten, Roy L. Mauldin, Bernhard Mentler, Antti Onnela, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Joschka Pfeifer, Maxim Philippov, Ana A. Piedehierro, Birte RÃ¶rup, Wiebke Scholz, Jiali Shen, Dominik Stolzenburg, Christian Tauber, Ping Tian, AntÃ³nio TomÃ©, Nsikanabasi Silas Umo, Dongyu S. Wang, Yonghong Wang, Stefan K. Weber, AndrÃ© Welti, Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek, Urs Baltensperger, Richard C. Flagan, Armin Hansel, Jasper Kirkby, Markku Kulmala, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Douglas R. Worsnop, Imad El Haddad, Neil M. Donahue, Alexander L. Vogel, Andreas KÃ¼rten, and Joachim Curtius Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6613–6631, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6613-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6613-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary In this study, we present an intercomparison of four different techniques for measuring the chemical composition of nanoparticles. The intercomparison was performed based on the observed chemical composition, calculated volatility, and analysis of the thermograms. We found that the methods generally agree on the most important compounds that are found in the nanoparticles. However, they do see different parts of the organic spectrum. We suggest potential explanations for these differences. Measurement report: Molecular-level investigation of atmospheric cluster ions at the tropical high-altitude research station Chacaltaya (5240 m a.s.l.) in the Bolivian Andes Qiaozhi Zha, Wei Huang, Diego Aliaga, Otso PerÃ¤kylÃ¤, Liine Heikkinen, Alkuin Maximilian Koenig, Cheng Wu, Joonas Enroth, Yvette Gramlich, Jing Cai, Samara Carbone, Armin Hansel, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Markku Kulmala, Douglas Worsnop, Victoria Sinclair, Radovan Krejci, Marcos Andrade, Claudia Mohr, and Federico Bianchi Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4559–4576, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4559-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4559-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary We investigate the chemical composition of atmospheric cluster ions from January to May 2018 at the high-altitude research station Chacaltaya (5240 m a.s.l.) in the Bolivian Andes. With state-of-the-art mass spectrometers and air mass history analysis, the measured cluster ions exhibited distinct diurnal and seasonal patterns, some of which contributed to new particle formation. Our study will improve the understanding of atmospheric ions and their role in high-altitude new particle formation. Measurement report: Long-range transport and the fate of dimethyl sulfide oxidation products in the free troposphere derived from observations at the high-altitude research station Chacaltaya (5240 m a.s.l.) in the Bolivian Andes Wiebke Scholz, Jiali Shen, Diego Aliaga, Cheng Wu, Samara Carbone, Isabel Moreno, Qiaozhi Zha, Wei Huang, Liine Heikkinen, Jean Luc Jaffrezo, Gaelle Uzu, Eva Partoll, Markus Leiminger, Fernando Velarde, Paolo Laj, Patrick Ginot, Paolo Artaxo, Alfred Wiedensohler, Markku Kulmala, Claudia Mohr, Marcos Andrade, Victoria Sinclair, Federico Bianchi, and Armin Hansel Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 895–920, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-895-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-895-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), emitted from the ocean, is the most abundant biogenic sulfur emission into the atmosphere. OH radicals, among others, can oxidize DMS to sulfuric and methanesulfonic acid, which are relevant for aerosol formation. We quantified DMS and nearly all DMS oxidation products with novel mass spectrometric instruments for gas and particle phase at the high mountain station Chacaltaya (5240 m a.s.l.) in the Bolivian Andes in free tropospheric air after long-range transport. Effects of temperature and salinity on bubble-bursting aerosol formation simulated with a bubble-generating chamber Svetlana Sofieva, Eija Asmi, Nina S. Atanasova, Aino E. Heikkinen, Emeline Vidal, Jonathan Duplissy, Martin Romantschuk, Rostislav Kouznetsov, Jaakko Kukkonen, Dennis H. Bamford, Antti-Pekka HyvÃ¤rinen, and Mikhail Sofiev Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 6201–6219, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6201-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6201-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary A new bubble-generating glass chamber design with an extensive set of aerosol production experiments is presented to re-evaluate bubble-bursting-mediated aerosol production as a function of water parameters: bubbling air flow, water salinity, and temperature. Our main findings suggest modest dependence of aerosol production on the water salinity and a strong dependence on temperature below ~ 10 Â°C. Diurnal evolution of negative atmospheric ions above the boreal forest: from ground level to the free troposphere Lisa J. Beck, Siegfried Schobesberger, Heikki Junninen, Janne Lampilahti, Antti Manninen, Lubna Dada, Katri Leino, Xu-Cheng He, Iida Pullinen, Lauriane L. J. QuÃ©lÃ©ver, Anna Franck, Pyry Poutanen, Daniela Wimmer, Frans Korhonen, Mikko SipilÃ¤, Mikael Ehn, Douglas R. Worsnop, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Markku Kulmala, and Jonathan Duplissy Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8547–8577, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8547-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8547-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary The presented article introduces an overview of atmospheric ions and their composition above the boreal forest. We provide the results of an extensive airborne measurement campaign with an air ion mass spectrometer and particle measurements, showing their diurnal evolution within the boundary layer and free troposphere. In addition, we compare the airborne dataset with the co-located data from the ground at SMEAR II station, Finland. Measurement report: Atmospheric new particle formation in a coastal agricultural site explained with binPMF analysis of nitrate CI-APi-TOF spectra Miska Olin, Magdalena Okuljar, Matti P. Rissanen, Joni Kalliokoski, Jiali Shen, Lubna Dada, Markus LampimÃ¤ki, Yusheng Wu, Annalea Lohila, Jonathan Duplissy, Mikko SipilÃ¤, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Markku Kulmala, and Miikka Dal Maso Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8097–8115, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8097-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8097-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary Atmospheric new particle formation is an important source of the total particle number concentration in the atmosphere. Several parameters for predicting new particle formation events have been suggested before, but the results have been inconclusive. This study proposes an another predicting parameter, related to a specific type of highly oxidized organic molecules, especially for similar locations to the measurement site in this study, which was a coastal agricultural site in Finland. A high-transmission axial ion mobility classifier for massâmobility measurements of atmospheric ions Markus Leiminger, Lukas Fischer, Sophia Brilke, Julian Resch, Paul Martin Winkler, Armin Hansel, and Gerhard Steiner Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 3705–3720, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3705-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3705-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary We developed an axial ion mobility classifier coupled to an atmospheric-pressure interface time-of-flight (APi-TOF) mass spectrometer to measure size-segregated atmospheric ions. We characterize the performance of the novel instrument with bipolar-electrospray-generated ion mobility standards and compare the results with CFD simulations and a simplified numerical particle-tracking model. Ultimately, we report first mass–mobility measurements of atmospheric ions in Innsbruck, Austria. Measurement report: Introduction to the HyICE-2018 campaign for measurements of ice-nucleating particles and instrument inter-comparison in the HyytiÃ¤lÃ¤ boreal forest ZoÃ© Brasseur, Dimitri CastarÃ¨de, Erik S. Thomson, Michael P. Adams, Saskia Drossaart van Dusseldorp, Paavo HeikkilÃ¤, Kimmo Korhonen, Janne Lampilahti, Mikhail Paramonov, Julia Schneider, Franziska Vogel, Yusheng Wu, Jonathan P. D. Abbatt, Nina S. Atanasova, Dennis H. Bamford, Barbara Bertozzi, Matthew Boyer, David Brus, Martin I. Daily, Romy FÃ¶sig, Ellen Gute, Alexander D. Harrison, Paula Hietala, Kristina HÃ¶hler, Zamin A. Kanji, Jorma Keskinen, Larissa Lacher, Markus LampimÃ¤ki, Janne Levula, Antti Manninen, Jens Nadolny, Maija Peltola, Grace C. E. Porter, Pyry Poutanen, Ulrike Proske, Tobias Schorr, Nsikanabasi Silas Umo, JÃ¡nos Stenszky, Annele Virtanen, Dmitri Moisseev, Markku Kulmala, Benjamin J. Murray, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Ottmar MÃ¶hler, and Jonathan Duplissy Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5117–5145, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5117-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5117-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary The present measurement report introduces the ice nucleation campaign organized in HyytiÃ¤lÃ¤, Finland, in 2018 (HyICE-2018). We provide an overview of the campaign settings, and we describe the measurement infrastructure and operating procedures used. In addition, we use results from ice nucleation instrument inter-comparison to show that the suite of these instruments deployed during the campaign reports consistent results. Overview: Recent advances in the understanding of the northern Eurasian environments and of the urban air quality in China â a Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) programme perspective Hanna K. Lappalainen, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Timo Vihma, Jouni RÃ¤isÃ¤nen, Alexander Baklanov, Sergey Chalov, Igor Esau, Ekaterina Ezhova, Matti LeppÃ¤ranta, Dmitry Pozdnyakov, Jukka Pumpanen, Meinrat O. Andreae, Mikhail Arshinov, Eija Asmi, Jianhui Bai, Igor Bashmachnikov, Boris Belan, Federico Bianchi, Boris Biskaborn, Michael Boy, Jaana BÃ¤ck, Bin Cheng, Natalia Chubarova, Jonathan Duplissy, Egor Dyukarev, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Martin Forsius, Martin Heimann, Sirkku Juhola, Vladimir Konovalov, Igor Konovalov, Pavel Konstantinov, Kajar KÃ¶ster, Elena Lapshina, Anna Lintunen, Alexander Mahura, Risto Makkonen, Svetlana Malkhazova, Ivan Mammarella, Stefano Mammola, Stephany Buenrostro Mazon, Outi Meinander, Eugene Mikhailov, Victoria Miles, Stanislav Myslenkov, Dmitry Orlov, Jean-Daniel Paris, Roberta Pirazzini, Olga Popovicheva, Jouni Pulliainen, Kimmo Rautiainen, Torsten Sachs, Vladimir Shevchenko, Andrey Skorokhod, Andreas Stohl, Elli Suhonen, Erik S. Thomson, Marina Tsidilina, Veli-Pekka Tynkkynen, Petteri Uotila, Aki Virkkula, Nadezhda Voropay, Tobias Wolf, Sayaka Yasunaka, Jiahua Zhang, Yubao Qiu, Aijun Ding, Huadong Guo, Valery Bondur, Nikolay Kasimov, Sergej Zilitinkevich, Veli-Matti Kerminen, and Markku Kulmala Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4413–4469, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4413-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4413-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary We summarize results during the last 5 years in the northern Eurasian region, especially from Russia, and introduce recent observations of the air quality in the urban environments in China. Although the scientific knowledge in these regions has increased, there are still gaps in our understanding of large-scale climate–Earth surface interactions and feedbacks. This arises from limitations in research infrastructures and integrative data analyses, hindering a comprehensive system analysis. Modelling the gasâparticle partitioning and water uptake of isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosol at high and low relative humidity Dalrin Ampritta Amaladhasan, Claudia Heyn, Christopher R. Hoyle, Imad El Haddad, Miriam Elser, Simone M. Pieber, Jay G. Slowik, Antonio Amorim, Jonathan Duplissy, Sebastian Ehrhart, Vladimir Makhmutov, Ugo Molteni, Matti Rissanen, Yuri Stozhkov, Robert Wagner, Armin Hansel, Jasper Kirkby, Neil M. Donahue, Rainer Volkamer, Urs Baltensperger, Martin Gysel-Beer, and Andreas Zuend Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 215–244, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-215-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-215-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary We use a combination of models for gas-phase chemical reactions and equilibrium gas–particle partitioning of isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) informed by dark ozonolysis experiments conducted in the CLOUD chamber. Our predictions cover high to low relative humidities (RHs) and quantify how SOA mass yields are enhanced at high RH as well as the impact of inorganic seeds of distinct hygroscopicities and acidities on the coupled partitioning of water and semi-volatile organics. First eddy covariance flux measurements of semi-volatile organic compounds with the PTR3-TOF-MS Lukas Fischer, Martin Breitenlechner, Eva Canaval, Wiebke Scholz, Marcus Striednig, Martin Graus, Thomas G. Karl, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Markku Kulmala, and Armin Hansel Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 8019–8039, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-8019-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-8019-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary Ecosystems emit biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), which are then oxidized in the atmosphere, contributing to ozone and secondary aerosol formation. While flux measurements of BVOCs are state of the art, flux measurements of the less volatile oxidation products are difficult to achieve due to inlet losses. Here we present first flux measurements, utilizing a novel PTR3 instrument in combination with a specially designed wall-less inlet we put on top of the Hyytiälä tower in Finland. Chemical composition of nanoparticles from Î±-pinene nucleation and the influence of isoprene and relative humidity at low temperature LucÃa Caudillo, Birte RÃ¶rup, Martin Heinritzi, Guillaume Marie, Mario Simon, Andrea C. Wagner, Tatjana MÃ¼ller, Manuel Granzin, Antonio Amorim, Farnoush Ataei, Rima Baalbaki, Barbara Bertozzi, ZoÃ© Brasseur, Randall Chiu, Biwu Chu, Lubna Dada, Jonathan Duplissy, Henning Finkenzeller, LoÃ¯c Gonzalez Carracedo, Xu-Cheng He, Victoria Hofbauer, Weimeng Kong, Houssni Lamkaddam, Chuan P. Lee, Brandon Lopez, Naser G. A. Mahfouz, Vladimir Makhmutov, Hanna E. Manninen, Ruby Marten, Dario MassabÃ², Roy L. Mauldin, Bernhard Mentler, Ugo Molteni, Antti Onnela, Joschka Pfeifer, Maxim Philippov, Ana A. Piedehierro, Meredith Schervish, Wiebke Scholz, Benjamin Schulze, Jiali Shen, Dominik Stolzenburg, Yuri Stozhkov, Mihnea Surdu, Christian Tauber, Yee Jun Tham, Ping Tian, AntÃ³nio TomÃ©, Steffen Vogt, Mingyi Wang, Dongyu S. Wang, Stefan K. Weber, AndrÃ© Welti, Wang Yonghong, Wu Yusheng, Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek, Urs Baltensperger, Imad El Haddad, Richard C. Flagan, Armin Hansel, Kristina HÃ¶hler, Jasper Kirkby, Markku Kulmala, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Ottmar MÃ¶hler, Harald Saathoff, Rainer Volkamer, Paul M. Winkler, Neil M. Donahue, Andreas KÃ¼rten, and Joachim Curtius Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17099–17114, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17099-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17099-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary We performed experiments in the CLOUD chamber at CERN at low temperatures to simulate new particle formation in the upper free troposphere (at −30 ÂºC and −50 ÂºC). We measured the particle and gas phase and found that most of the compounds present in the gas phase are detected as well in the particle phase. The major compounds in the particles are C8–10 and C18–20. Specifically, we showed that C5 and C15 compounds are detected in a mixed system with isoprene and Î±-pinene at −30 ÂºC, 20 % RH. The driving factors of new particle formation and growth in the polluted boundary layer Mao Xiao, Christopher R. Hoyle, Lubna Dada, Dominik Stolzenburg, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Mingyi Wang, Houssni Lamkaddam, Olga Garmash, Bernhard Mentler, Ugo Molteni, Andrea Baccarini, Mario Simon, Xu-Cheng He, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Lauri R. Ahonen, Rima Baalbaki, Paulus S. Bauer, Lisa Beck, David Bell, Federico Bianchi, Sophia Brilke, Dexian Chen, Randall Chiu, AntÃ³nio Dias, Jonathan Duplissy, Henning Finkenzeller, Hamish Gordon, Victoria Hofbauer, Changhyuk Kim, Theodore K. Koenig, Janne Lampilahti, Chuan Ping Lee, Zijun Li, Huajun Mai, Vladimir Makhmutov, Hanna E. Manninen, Ruby Marten, Serge Mathot, Roy L. Mauldin, Wei Nie, Antti Onnela, Eva Partoll, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Joschka Pfeifer, Veronika Pospisilova, Lauriane L. J. QuÃ©lÃ©ver, Matti Rissanen, Siegfried Schobesberger, Simone Schuchmann, Yuri Stozhkov, Christian Tauber, Yee Jun Tham, AntÃ³nio TomÃ©, Miguel Vazquez-Pufleau, Andrea C. Wagner, Robert Wagner, Yonghong Wang, Lena Weitz, Daniela Wimmer, Yusheng Wu, Chao Yan, Penglin Ye, Qing Ye, Qiaozhi Zha, Xueqin Zhou, Antonio Amorim, Ken Carslaw, Joachim Curtius, Armin Hansel, Rainer Volkamer, Paul M. Winkler, Richard C. Flagan, Markku Kulmala, Douglas R. Worsnop, Jasper Kirkby, Neil M. Donahue, Urs Baltensperger, Imad El Haddad, and Josef Dommen Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14275–14291, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14275-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14275-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary Experiments at CLOUD show that in polluted environments new particle formation (NPF) is largely driven by the formation of sulfuric acid–base clusters, stabilized by amines, high ammonia concentrations or lower temperatures. While oxidation products of aromatics can nucleate, they play a minor role in urban NPF. Our experiments span 4 orders of magnitude variation of observed NPF rates in ambient conditions. We provide a framework based on NPF and growth rates to interpret ambient observations. Ice nucleation by viruses and their potential for cloud glaciation Michael P. Adams, Nina S. Atanasova, Svetlana Sofieva, Janne Ravantti, Aino Heikkinen, ZoÃ© Brasseur, Jonathan Duplissy, Dennis H. Bamford, and Benjamin J. Murray Biogeosciences, 18, 4431–4444, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4431-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4431-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary The formation of ice in clouds is critically important for the planet's climate. Hence, we need to know which aerosol types nucleate ice and how effectively they do so. Here we show that virus particles, with a range of architectures, nucleate ice when immersed in supercooled water. However, we also show that they only make a minor contribution to the ice-nucleating particle population in the terrestrial atmosphere, but we cannot rule them out as being important in the marine environment. Measurement of iodine species and sulfuric acid using bromide chemical ionization mass spectrometers Mingyi Wang, Xu-Cheng He, Henning Finkenzeller, Siddharth Iyer, Dexian Chen, Jiali Shen, Mario Simon, Victoria Hofbauer, Jasper Kirkby, Joachim Curtius, Norbert Maier, Theo KurtÃ©n, Douglas R. Worsnop, Markku Kulmala, Matti Rissanen, Rainer Volkamer, Yee Jun Tham, Neil M. Donahue, and Mikko SipilÃ¤ Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4187–4202, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4187-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4187-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary Atmospheric iodine species are often short-lived with low abundance and have thus been challenging to measure. We show that the bromide chemical ionization mass spectrometry, compatible with both the atmospheric pressure and reduced pressure interfaces, can simultaneously detect various gas-phase iodine species. Combining calibration experiments and quantum chemical calculations, we quantify detection sensitivities to HOI, HIO3, I2, and H2SO4, giving detection limits down to < 106 molec. cm-3. Investigation of several proxies to estimate sulfuric acid concentration under volcanic plume conditions ClÃ©mence Rose, Matti P. Rissanen, Siddharth Iyer, Jonathan Duplissy, Chao Yan, John B. Nowak, AurÃ©lie Colomb, RÃ©gis Dupuy, Xu-Cheng He, Janne Lampilahti, Yee Jun Tham, Daniela Wimmer, Jean-Marc Metzger, Pierre Tulet, JÃ©rÃ´me Brioude, CÃ©line Planche, Markku Kulmala, and Karine Sellegri Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4541–4560, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4541-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4541-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is commonly accepted as a key precursor for atmospheric new particle formation. However, direct measurements of [H2SO4] remain challenging, motivating the development of proxies. Using data collected in two different volcanic plumes, we show, under these specific conditions, the good performance of a proxy from the literature and also highlight the benefit of the newly developed proxies for the prediction of the highest [H2SO4] values. The seasonal cycle of ice-nucleating particles linked to the abundance of biogenic aerosol in boreal forests Julia Schneider, Kristina HÃ¶hler, Paavo HeikkilÃ¤, Jorma Keskinen, Barbara Bertozzi, Pia Bogert, Tobias Schorr, Nsikanabasi Silas Umo, Franziska Vogel, ZoÃ© Brasseur, Yusheng Wu, Simo Hakala, Jonathan Duplissy, Dmitri Moisseev, Markku Kulmala, Michael P. Adams, Benjamin J. Murray, Kimmo Korhonen, Liqing Hao, Erik S. Thomson, Dimitri CastarÃ¨de, Thomas Leisner, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, and Ottmar MÃ¶hler Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3899–3918, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3899-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3899-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary By triggering the formation of ice crystals, ice-nucleating particles (INP) strongly influence cloud formation. Continuous, long-term measurements are needed to characterize the atmospheric INP variability. Here, a first long-term time series of INP spectra measured in the boreal forest for more than 1 year is presented, showing a clear seasonal cycle. It is shown that the seasonal dependency of INP concentrations and prevalent INP types is driven by the abundance of biogenic aerosol. Molecular understanding of the suppression of new-particle formation by isoprene Martin Heinritzi, Lubna Dada, Mario Simon, Dominik Stolzenburg, Andrea C. Wagner, Lukas Fischer, Lauri R. Ahonen, Stavros Amanatidis, Rima Baalbaki, Andrea Baccarini, Paulus S. Bauer, Bernhard Baumgartner, Federico Bianchi, Sophia Brilke, Dexian Chen, Randall Chiu, Antonio Dias, Josef Dommen, Jonathan Duplissy, Henning Finkenzeller, Carla Frege, Claudia Fuchs, Olga Garmash, Hamish Gordon, Manuel Granzin, Imad El Haddad, Xucheng He, Johanna Helm, Victoria Hofbauer, Christopher R. Hoyle, Juha Kangasluoma, Timo Keber, Changhyuk Kim, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Houssni Lamkaddam, Tiia M. Laurila, Janne Lampilahti, Chuan Ping Lee, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Markus Leiminger, Huajun Mai, Vladimir Makhmutov, Hanna Elina Manninen, Ruby Marten, Serge Mathot, Roy Lee Mauldin, Bernhard Mentler, Ugo Molteni, Tatjana MÃ¼ller, Wei Nie, Tuomo Nieminen, Antti Onnela, Eva Partoll, Monica Passananti, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Joschka Pfeifer, Veronika Pospisilova, Lauriane L. J. QuÃ©lÃ©ver, Matti P. Rissanen, ClÃ©mence Rose, Siegfried Schobesberger, Wiebke Scholz, Kay Scholze, Mikko SipilÃ¤, Gerhard Steiner, Yuri Stozhkov, Christian Tauber, Yee Jun Tham, Miguel Vazquez-Pufleau, Annele Virtanen, Alexander L. Vogel, Rainer Volkamer, Robert Wagner, Mingyi Wang, Lena Weitz, Daniela Wimmer, Mao Xiao, Chao Yan, Penglin Ye, Qiaozhi Zha, Xueqin Zhou, Antonio Amorim, Urs Baltensperger, Armin Hansel, Markku Kulmala, AntÃ³nio TomÃ©, Paul M. Winkler, Douglas R. Worsnop, Neil M. Donahue, Jasper Kirkby, and Joachim Curtius Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11809–11821, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11809-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11809-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary With experiments performed at CLOUD, we show how isoprene interferes in monoterpene oxidation via RO2 termination at atmospherically relevant concentrations. This interference shifts the distribution of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) away from C20 class dimers towards C15 class dimers, which subsequently reduces both biogenic nucleation and early growth rates. Our results may help to understand the absence of new-particle formation in isoprene-rich environments. Molecular understanding of new-particle formation from Î±-pinene between â50 and +25 Â°C Mario Simon, Lubna Dada, Martin Heinritzi, Wiebke Scholz, Dominik Stolzenburg, Lukas Fischer, Andrea C. Wagner, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Birte RÃ¶rup, Xu-Cheng He, JoÃ£o Almeida, Rima Baalbaki, Andrea Baccarini, Paulus S. Bauer, Lisa Beck, Anton Bergen, Federico Bianchi, Steffen BrÃ¤kling, Sophia Brilke, Lucia Caudillo, Dexian Chen, Biwu Chu, AntÃ³nio Dias, Danielle C. Draper, Jonathan Duplissy, Imad El-Haddad, Henning Finkenzeller, Carla Frege, Loic Gonzalez-Carracedo, Hamish Gordon, Manuel Granzin, Jani Hakala, Victoria Hofbauer, Christopher R. Hoyle, Changhyuk Kim, Weimeng Kong, Houssni Lamkaddam, Chuan P. Lee, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Markus Leiminger, Huajun Mai, Hanna E. Manninen, Guillaume Marie, Ruby Marten, Bernhard Mentler, Ugo Molteni, Leonid Nichman, Wei Nie, Andrea Ojdanic, Antti Onnela, Eva Partoll, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Joschka Pfeifer, Maxim Philippov, Lauriane L. J. QuÃ©lÃ©ver, Ananth Ranjithkumar, Matti P. Rissanen, Simon Schallhart, Siegfried Schobesberger, Simone Schuchmann, Jiali Shen, Mikko SipilÃ¤, Gerhard Steiner, Yuri Stozhkov, Christian Tauber, Yee J. Tham, AntÃ³nio R. TomÃ©, Miguel Vazquez-Pufleau, Alexander L. Vogel, Robert Wagner, Mingyi Wang, Dongyu S. Wang, Yonghong Wang, Stefan K. Weber, Yusheng Wu, Mao Xiao, Chao Yan, Penglin Ye, Qing Ye, Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek, Xueqin Zhou, Urs Baltensperger, Josef Dommen, Richard C. Flagan, Armin Hansel, Markku Kulmala, Rainer Volkamer, Paul M. Winkler, Douglas R. Worsnop, Neil M. Donahue, Jasper Kirkby, and Joachim Curtius Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9183–9207, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9183-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9183-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary Highly oxygenated organic compounds (HOMs) have been identified as key vapors involved in atmospheric new-particle formation (NPF). The molecular distribution, HOM yield, and NPF from Î±-pinene oxidation experiments were measured at the CLOUD chamber over a wide tropospheric-temperature range. This study shows on a molecular scale that despite the sharp reduction in HOM yield at lower temperatures, the reduced volatility counteracts this effect and leads to an overall increase in the NPF rate. Enhanced growth rate of atmospheric particles from sulfuric acid Dominik Stolzenburg, Mario Simon, Ananth Ranjithkumar, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Hamish Gordon, Sebastian Ehrhart, Henning Finkenzeller, Lukas Pichelstorfer, Tuomo Nieminen, Xu-Cheng He, Sophia Brilke, Mao Xiao, AntÃ³nio Amorim, Rima Baalbaki, Andrea Baccarini, Lisa Beck, Steffen BrÃ¤kling, LucÃa Caudillo Murillo, Dexian Chen, Biwu Chu, Lubna Dada, AntÃ³nio Dias, Josef Dommen, Jonathan Duplissy, Imad El Haddad, Lukas Fischer, Loic Gonzalez Carracedo, Martin Heinritzi, Changhyuk Kim, Theodore K. Koenig, Weimeng Kong, Houssni Lamkaddam, Chuan Ping Lee, Markus Leiminger, Zijun Li, Vladimir Makhmutov, Hanna E. Manninen, Guillaume Marie, Ruby Marten, Tatjana MÃ¼ller, Wei Nie, Eva Partoll, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Joschka Pfeifer, Maxim Philippov, Matti P. Rissanen, Birte RÃ¶rup, Siegfried Schobesberger, Simone Schuchmann, Jiali Shen, Mikko SipilÃ¤, Gerhard Steiner, Yuri Stozhkov, Christian Tauber, Yee Jun Tham, AntÃ³nio TomÃ©, Miguel Vazquez-Pufleau, Andrea C. Wagner, Mingyi Wang, Yonghong Wang, Stefan K. Weber, Daniela Wimmer, Peter J. Wlasits, Yusheng Wu, Qing Ye, Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek, Urs Baltensperger, Kenneth S. Carslaw, Joachim Curtius, Neil M. Donahue, Richard C. Flagan, Armin Hansel, Markku Kulmala, Jos Lelieveld, Rainer Volkamer, Jasper Kirkby, and Paul M. Winkler Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7359–7372, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7359-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7359-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary Sulfuric acid is a major atmospheric vapour for aerosol formation. If new particles grow fast enough, they can act as cloud droplet seeds or affect air quality. In a controlled laboratory set-up, we demonstrate that van der Waals forces enhance growth from sulfuric acid. We disentangle the effects of ammonia, ions and particle hydration, presenting a complete picture of sulfuric acid growth from molecular clusters onwards. In a climate model, we show its influence on the global aerosol budget. Measurement of ammonia, amines and iodine compounds using protonated water cluster chemical ionization mass spectrometry Joschka Pfeifer, Mario Simon, Martin Heinritzi, Felix Piel, Lena Weitz, Dongyu Wang, Manuel Granzin, Tatjana MÃ¼ller, Steffen BrÃ¤kling, Jasper Kirkby, Joachim Curtius, and Andreas KÃ¼rten Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 2501–2522, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2501-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2501-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary Ammonia is an important atmospheric trace gas that affects secondary aerosol formation and, together with sulfuric acid, the formation of new particles. A measurement technique is presented that uses high-resolution mass spectrometry and protonated water clusters for the ultrasensitive detection of ammonia at single-digit parts per trillion by volume levels. The instrument is further capable of measuring amines and a suite of iodine compounds at sub-parts per trillion by volume levels. Dimensionality-reduction techniques for complex mass spectrometric datasets: application to laboratory atmospheric organic oxidation experiments Abigail R. Koss, Manjula R. Canagaratna, Alexander Zaytsev, Jordan E. Krechmer, Martin Breitenlechner, Kevin J. Nihill, Christopher Y. Lim, James C. Rowe, Joseph R. Roscioli, Frank N. Keutsch, and Jesse H. Kroll Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1021–1041, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1021-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1021-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary Oxidation chemistry of organic compounds in the atmosphere produces a diverse spectrum of products. This diversity is difficult to represent in air quality and climate models, and in laboratory experiments it results in large and complex datasets. This work evaluates several methods to simplify the chemistry of oxidation systems in environmental chambers, including positive matrix factorization, hierarchical clustering analysis, and gamma kinetics parameterization. Mechanistic study of the formation of ring-retaining and ring-opening products from the oxidation of aromatic compounds under urban atmospheric conditions Alexander Zaytsev, Abigail R. Koss, Martin Breitenlechner, Jordan E. Krechmer, Kevin J. Nihill, Christopher Y. Lim, James C. Rowe, Joshua L. Cox, Joshua Moss, Joseph R. Roscioli, Manjula R. Canagaratna, Douglas R. Worsnop, Jesse H. Kroll, and Frank N. Keutsch Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 15117–15129, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15117-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15117-2019, 2019 Short summary Short summary Aromatic hydrocarbons contribute significantly to the production of tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Here later-generation low-volatility oxygenated products from toluene and 1,2,4-TMB oxidation by OH are detected in the gas and particle phases. We show that these products, previously identified as highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs), are formed in more than one pathway with differing numbers of reaction steps with OH. They also make up a significant fraction of SOA. Validity and limitations of simple reaction kinetics to calculate concentrations of organic compounds from ion counts in PTR-MS Rupert Holzinger, W. Joe F. Acton, William J. Bloss, Martin Breitenlechner, Leigh R. Crilley, SÃ©bastien Dusanter, Marc Gonin, Valerie Gros, Frank N. Keutsch, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, Louisa J. Kramer, Jordan E. Krechmer, Baptiste Languille, Nadine Locoge, Felipe Lopez-Hilfiker, DuÅ¡an MateriÄ, Sergi Moreno, Eiko Nemitz, Lauriane L. J. QuÃ©lÃ©ver, Roland Sarda Esteve, StÃ©phane Sauvage, Simon Schallhart, Roberto Sommariva, Ralf Tillmann, Sergej Wedel, David R. Worton, Kangming Xu, and Alexander Zaytsev Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 6193–6208, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-6193-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-6193-2019, 2019 Characterisation of the transfer of cluster ions through an atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer with hexapole ion guides Markus Leiminger, Stefan Feil, Paul Mutschlechner, Arttu YlisirniÃ¶, Daniel Gunsch, Lukas Fischer, Alfons Jordan, Siegfried Schobesberger, Armin Hansel, and Gerhard Steiner Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 5231–5246, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5231-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5231-2019, 2019 Short summary Short summary We introduce an alternative type of atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer (APi-TOF) with the main difference of using hexapole instead of quadrupole ion guides. The transfer of cluster ions through the hexapoles was characterised with focus on transmission efficiency, mass range and fragmentation of cluster ions. At the CERN CLOUD experiment we compared the performance of the ioniAPi-TOF with a standard quadrupole APi-TOF under controlled conditions. Using collision-induced dissociation to constrain sensitivity of ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometry (NH4+ CIMS) to oxygenated volatile organic compounds Alexander Zaytsev, Martin Breitenlechner, Abigail R. Koss, Christopher Y. Lim, James C. Rowe, Jesse H. Kroll, and Frank N. Keutsch Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 1861–1870, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-1861-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-1861-2019, 2019 Short summary Short summary We present the development of a chemical ionization mass spectrometer which can be operated with either ammonium (NH4+) or hydronium (H3O+) as the reagent ion. We describe a mass spectrometric voltage scanning procedure based on collision-induced dissociation that allows us to determine the stability of detected ammonium–organic ions and hence constrain the sensitivity of the instrument to a wide range of organic compounds that cannot be calibrated directly. Interactions between the atmosphere, cryosphere, and ecosystems at northern high latitudes Michael Boy, Erik S. Thomson, Juan-C. Acosta Navarro, Olafur Arnalds, Ekaterina Batchvarova, Jaana BÃ¤ck, Frank Berninger, Merete Bilde, ZoÃ© Brasseur, Pavla Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Dimitri CastarÃ¨de, Maryam Dalirian, Gerrit de Leeuw, Monika Dragosics, Ella-Maria Duplissy, Jonathan Duplissy, Annica M. L. Ekman, Keyan Fang, Jean-Charles Gallet, Marianne Glasius, Sven-Erik Gryning, Henrik Grythe, Hans-Christen Hansson, Margareta Hansson, Elisabeth Isaksson, Trond Iversen, Ingibjorg Jonsdottir, Ville Kasurinen, Alf KirkevÃ¥g, Atte Korhola, Radovan Krejci, Jon Egill Kristjansson, Hanna K. Lappalainen, Antti Lauri, Matti LeppÃ¤ranta, Heikki Lihavainen, Risto Makkonen, Andreas Massling, Outi Meinander, E. Douglas Nilsson, Haraldur Olafsson, Jan B. C. Pettersson, NÃ¸nne L. Prisle, Ilona Riipinen, Pontus Roldin, Meri Ruppel, Matthew Salter, Maria Sand, Ãyvind Seland, Heikki SeppÃ¤, Henrik Skov, Joana Soares, Andreas Stohl, Johan StrÃ¶m, Jonas Svensson, Erik Swietlicki, Ksenia Tabakova, Throstur Thorsteinsson, Aki Virkkula, Gesa A. Weyhenmeyer, Yusheng Wu, Paul Zieger, and Markku Kulmala Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 2015–2061, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2015-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2015-2019, 2019 Short summary Short summary The Nordic Centre of Excellence CRAICC (Cryosphere–Atmosphere Interactions in a Changing Arctic Climate), funded by NordForsk in the years 2011–2016, is the largest joint Nordic research and innovation initiative to date and aimed to strengthen research and innovation regarding climate change issues in the Nordic region. The paper presents an overview of the main scientific topics investigated and provides a state-of-the-art comprehensive summary of what has been achieved in CRAICC. Constraining nucleation, condensation, and chemistry in oxidation flow reactors using size-distribution measurements and aerosol microphysical modeling Anna L. Hodshire, Brett B. Palm, M. Lizabeth Alexander, Qijing Bian, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Eben S. Cross, Douglas A. Day, Suzane S. de SÃ¡, Alex B. Guenther, Armin Hansel, James F. Hunter, Werner Jud, Thomas Karl, Saewung Kim, Jesse H. Kroll, Jeong-Hoo Park, Zhe Peng, Roger Seco, James N. Smith, Jose L. Jimenez, and Jeffrey R. Pierce Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 12433–12460, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12433-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12433-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary We investigate the nucleation and growth processes that shape the aerosol size distribution inside oxidation flow reactors (OFRs) that sampled ambient air from Colorado and the Amazon rainforest. Results indicate that organics are important for both nucleation and growth, vapor uptake was limited to accumulation-mode particles, fragmentation reactions were important to limit particle growth at higher OH exposures, and an H2SO4-organics nucleation mechanism captured new particle formation well. Aerosol distribution in the northern Gulf of Guinea: local anthropogenic sources, long-range transport, and the role of coastal shallow circulations Cyrille Flamant, Adrien Deroubaix, Patrick Chazette, Joel Brito, Marco Gaetani, Peter Knippertz, Andreas H. Fink, GaÃ«lle de Coetlogon, Laurent Menut, AurÃ©lie Colomb, Cyrielle Denjean, RÃ©mi Meynadier, Philip Rosenberg, Regis Dupuy, Pamela Dominutti, Jonathan Duplissy, Thierry Bourrianne, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Michel Ramonet, and Julien Totems Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 12363–12389, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12363-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12363-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary This work sheds light on the complex mechanisms by which coastal shallow circulations distribute atmospheric pollutants over the densely populated southern West African region. Pollutants of concern are anthropogenic emissions from coastal cities, as well as biomass burning aerosol and dust associated with long-range transport. The complex vertical distribution of aerosols over coastal southern West Africa is investigated using airborne observations and numerical simulations. Production of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) from trace contaminants during isoprene oxidation Anne-Kathrin Bernhammer, Lukas Fischer, Bernhard Mentler, Martin Heinritzi, Mario Simon, and Armin Hansel Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 4763–4773, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4763-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4763-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary During new particle formation (NPF) studies from pure isoprene oxidation in the CLOUD chamber at CERN we observed unexpected ion signals. We identified two origins of these signals: first secondary association reactions of protonated isoprene with isoprene within the PTR3 reaction chamber and, second, polymerization of isoprene inside the gas bottle. In order to study NPF from pure isoprene oxidation we had to install a cryogenic trap in the isoprene inlet line to remove polymerized isoprene. Investigation of the oxidation of methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) by OH radicals in the atmospheric simulation chamber SAPHIR Hendrik Fuchs, Sascha Albrecht, IsmailâHakki Acir, Birger Bohn, Martin Breitenlechner, Hans-Peter Dorn, Georgios I. Gkatzelis, Andreas Hofzumahaus, Frank Holland, Martin Kaminski, Frank N. Keutsch, Anna Novelli, David Reimer, Franz Rohrer, Ralf Tillmann, Luc Vereecken, Robert Wegener, Alexander Zaytsev, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, and Andreas Wahner Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 8001–8016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8001-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8001-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary The photooxidation of methyl vinyl ketone MVK, one of the most important products of isoprene that is emitted by plants, was investigated in the atmospheric simulation chamber SAPHIR for conditions found in forested areas. The comparison of measured trace gas time series with model calculations shows a gap in the understanding of radical chemistry in the MVK oxidation scheme. The possibility of unimolecular isomerization reactions were investigated by means of quantum-chemical calculations. Measurementâmodel comparison of stabilized Criegee intermediateÂ and highly oxygenated molecule productionÂ inÂ theÂ CLOUDÂ chamber Nina Sarnela, Tuija Jokinen, Jonathan Duplissy, Chao Yan, Tuomo Nieminen, Mikael Ehn, Siegfried Schobesberger, Martin Heinritzi, Sebastian Ehrhart, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Jasmin TrÃ¶stl, Mario Simon, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Markus Leiminger, Michael J. Lawler, Matti P. Rissanen, Federico Bianchi, Arnaud P. Praplan, Jani Hakala, Antonio Amorim, Marc Gonin, Armin Hansel, Jasper Kirkby, Josef Dommen, Joachim Curtius, James N. Smith, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Douglas R. Worsnop, Markku Kulmala, Neil M. Donahue, and Mikko SipilÃ¤ Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 2363–2380, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2363-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2363-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary Atmospheric trace gases can form small molecular clusters, which can grow to larger sizes through the condensation of vapours. This process is called new particle formation. In this paper we studied the formation of sulfuric acid and highly oxygenated molecules, the key compounds in atmospheric new particle formation, in chamber experiments and introduced a way to simulate these ozonolysis products of Î±-pinene in a simple manner. New particle formation in the sulfuric acidâdimethylamineâwater system: reevaluation of CLOUD chamber measurements and comparison to an aerosol nucleation and growth model Andreas KÃ¼rten, Chenxi Li, Federico Bianchi, Joachim Curtius, AntÃ³nio Dias, Neil M. Donahue, Jonathan Duplissy, Richard C. Flagan, Jani Hakala, Tuija Jokinen, Jasper Kirkby, Markku Kulmala, Ari Laaksonen, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Vladimir Makhmutov, Antti Onnela, Matti P. Rissanen, Mario Simon, Mikko SipilÃ¤, Yuri Stozhkov, Jasmin TrÃ¶stl, Penglin Ye, and Peter H. McMurry Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 845–863, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-845-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-845-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary A recent laboratory study (CLOUD) showed that new particles nucleate efficiently from sulfuric acid and dimethylamine (DMA). The reanalysis of previously published data reveals that the nucleation rates are even faster than previously assumed, i.e., nucleation can proceed at rates that are compatible with collision-controlled new particle formation for atmospheric conditions. This indicates that sulfuric acid–DMA nucleation is likely an important source of particles in the boundary layer. Influence of temperature on the molecular composition of ions and charged clusters during pure biogenic nucleation Carla Frege, Ismael K. Ortega, Matti P. Rissanen, Arnaud P. Praplan, Gerhard Steiner, Martin Heinritzi, Lauri Ahonen, AntÃ³nio Amorim, Anne-Kathrin Bernhammer, Federico Bianchi, Sophia Brilke, Martin Breitenlechner, Lubna Dada, AntÃ³nio Dias, Jonathan Duplissy, Sebastian Ehrhart, Imad El-Haddad, Lukas Fischer, Claudia Fuchs, Olga Garmash, Marc Gonin, Armin Hansel, Christopher R. Hoyle, Tuija Jokinen, Heikki Junninen, Jasper Kirkby, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Markus Leiminger, Roy Lee Mauldin, Ugo Molteni, Leonid Nichman, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Nina Sarnela, Siegfried Schobesberger, Mario Simon, Mikko SipilÃ¤, Dominik Stolzenburg, AntÃ³nio TomÃ©, Alexander L. Vogel, Andrea C. Wagner, Robert Wagner, Mao Xiao, Chao Yan, Penglin Ye, Joachim Curtius, Neil M. Donahue, Richard C. Flagan, Markku Kulmala, Douglas R. Worsnop, Paul M. Winkler, Josef Dommen, and Urs Baltensperger Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 65–79, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-65-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-65-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary It was recently shown that biogenic highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) form particles in the absence of sulfuric acid and ions enhance the nucleation rate. Here we compare the molecular composition of positive and negative HOM clusters at 25, 5 and −25 °C. At lower temperatures the HOM average oxygen-to-carbon ratio decreases indicating a reduction in the rate of autoxidation due to rather high activation energy. The experimental findings are supported by quantum chemical calculations. Temperature uniformity in the CERN CLOUD chamber AntÃ³nio Dias, Sebastian Ehrhart, Alexander Vogel, Christina Williamson, JoÃ£o Almeida, Jasper Kirkby, Serge Mathot, Samuel Mumford, and Antti Onnela Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 5075–5088, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-5075-2017,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-5075-2017, 2017 Short summary Short summary The CERN CLOUD chamber is used to understand different processes of particle formation in the atmosphere. This information can be used by global climate models to update the influence of cloud formation. To provide the most accurate information on these processes, a thorough understanding of the chamber is necessary. Temperature measurements were performed inside the entire volume of the CLOUD chamber to ensure temperature stability and more accurate estimations of particle formation parameters. The role of ions in new particle formation in the CLOUD chamber Robert Wagner, Chao Yan, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Jonathan Duplissy, Tuomo Nieminen, Juha Kangasluoma, Lauri R. Ahonen, Lubna Dada, Jenni Kontkanen, Hanna E. Manninen, Antonio Dias, Antonio Amorim, Paulus S. Bauer, Anton Bergen, Anne-Kathrin Bernhammer, Federico Bianchi, Sophia Brilke, Stephany Buenrostro Mazon, Xuemeng Chen, Danielle C. Draper, Lukas Fischer, Carla Frege, Claudia Fuchs, Olga Garmash, Hamish Gordon, Jani Hakala, Liine Heikkinen, Martin Heinritzi, Victoria Hofbauer, Christopher R. Hoyle, Jasper Kirkby, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Alexander N. Kvashnin, Tiia Laurila, Michael J. Lawler, Huajun Mai, Vladimir Makhmutov, Roy L. Mauldin III, Ugo Molteni, Leonid Nichman, Wei Nie, Andrea Ojdanic, Antti Onnela, Felix Piel, Lauriane L. J. QuÃ©lÃ©ver, Matti P. Rissanen, Nina Sarnela, Simon Schallhart, Kamalika Sengupta, Mario Simon, Dominik Stolzenburg, Yuri Stozhkov, Jasmin TrÃ¶stl, YrjÃ¶ Viisanen, Alexander L. Vogel, Andrea C. Wagner, Mao Xiao, Penglin Ye, Urs Baltensperger, Joachim Curtius, Neil M. Donahue, Richard C. Flagan, Martin Gallagher, Armin Hansel, James N. Smith, AntÃ³nio TomÃ©, Paul M. Winkler, Douglas Worsnop, Mikael Ehn, Mikko SipilÃ¤, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, and Markku Kulmala Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 15181–15197, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-15181-2017,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-15181-2017, 2017 Intercomparison study and optical asphericity measurements of small ice particles in the CERN CLOUD experiment Leonid Nichman, Emma JÃ¤rvinen, James Dorsey, Paul Connolly, Jonathan Duplissy, Claudia Fuchs, Karoliina Ignatius, Kamalika Sengupta, Frank Stratmann, Ottmar MÃ¶hler, Martin Schnaiter, and Martin Gallagher Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 3231–3248, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3231-2017,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3231-2017, 2017 Short summary Short summary Optical probes are frequently used for the detection of cloud particles. The detected microphysical properties may affect particle growth and accretion mechanisms and the light scattering properties of cirrus clouds. In the CLOUD chamber study at CERN, we compared four optical measurement techniques. We show that shape derivation alone is not sufficient to determine the phase of the small cloud particles. None of the instruments were able to unambiguously determine the phase of small particles. Evaporation of sulfate aerosols at low relative humidity Georgios Tsagkogeorgas, Pontus Roldin, Jonathan Duplissy, Linda Rondo, Jasmin TrÃ¶stl, Jay G. Slowik, Sebastian Ehrhart, Alessandro Franchin, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Antonio Amorim, Federico Bianchi, Jasper Kirkby, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Urs Baltensperger, Michael Boy, Joachim Curtius, Richard C. Flagan, Markku Kulmala, Neil M. Donahue, and Frank Stratmann Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 8923–8938, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8923-2017,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8923-2017, 2017 Short summary Short summary The H2SO4 vapour pressure plays key role in Earth's and Venus' atmospheres. In regions where RH is low and stabilising bases are scarce, H2SO4 can evaporate from particles; however the H2SO4 vapour pressure at low RH is uncertain. To address this, we measured H2SO4 evaporation versus T and RH in the CLOUD chamber and constrained the equilibrium constants for dissociation and dehydration of H2SO4. This study is important for nucleation, particle growth and H2SO4 formation occurring in atmosphere. Secondary organic aerosol formation from in situ OH, O3, and NO3 oxidation of ambient forest air in an oxidation flow reactor Brett B. Palm, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Douglas A. Day, Amber M. Ortega, Juliane L. Fry, Steven S. Brown, Kyle J. Zarzana, William Dube, Nicholas L. Wagner, Danielle C. Draper, Lisa Kaser, Werner Jud, Thomas Karl, Armin Hansel, CÃ¡ndido GutiÃ©rrez-Montes, and Jose L. Jimenez Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 5331–5354, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5331-2017,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5331-2017, 2017 Short summary Short summary Ambient forest air was oxidized by OH, O3, or NO3 inside an oxidation flow reactor, leading to formation of particulate matter from any gaseous precursors found in the air. Closure was achieved between the amount of particulate mass formed from O3 and NO3 oxidation and the amount predicted from speciated gaseous precursors, which was in contrast to previous results for OH oxidation (Palm et al., 2016). Elemental analysis of the particulate mass formed in the reactor is presented. Estimates of the organic aerosol volatility in a boreal forest using two independent methods Juan Hong, Mikko ÃijÃ¤lÃ¤, Silja A. K. HÃ¤me, Liqing Hao, Jonathan Duplissy, Liine M. Heikkinen, Wei Nie, Jyri MikkilÃ¤, Markku Kulmala, NÃ¸nne L. Prisle, Annele Virtanen, Mikael Ehn, Pauli Paasonen, Douglas R. Worsnop, Ilona Riipinen, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, and Veli-Matti Kerminen Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 4387–4399, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4387-2017,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4387-2017, 2017 Short summary Short summary Estimates of volatility of secondary organic aerosols was characterized in a boreal forest environment of HyytiÃ¤lÃ¤, southern Finland. This was done by interpreting field measurements using a volatility tandem differential mobility analyzer (VTDMA) with a kinetic evaporation model and by applying positive matrix factorization (PMF) to high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer data. About 16 % of the variation can be explained by the linear regression between the results from these two methods. Technical note: Conversion of isoprene hydroxy hydroperoxides (ISOPOOHs) on metal environmental simulation chamber walls Anne-Kathrin Bernhammer, Martin Breitenlechner, Frank N. Keutsch, and Armin Hansel Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 4053–4062, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4053-2017,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4053-2017, 2017 Short summary Short summary Isoprene is the predominant non-methane compound emitted by the biosphere. In the atmosphere oxidation by OH under low NOx produces isoprene hydroxy hydroperoxides (ISOPOOHs). This work has found an effective conversion of ISOPOOHs to volatile carbonyls on metal environmental simulation chamber walls. Likely catalyzed decomposition reactions also occur for other hydroxyl hydroperoxides on metal surfaces. Unexpectedly acidic nanoparticles formed in dimethylamineâammoniaâsulfuric-acid nucleation experiments at CLOUD Michael J. Lawler, Paul M. Winkler, Jaeseok Kim, Lars Ahlm, Jasmin TrÃ¶stl, Arnaud P. Praplan, Siegfried Schobesberger, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Jasper Kirkby, Federico Bianchi, Jonathan Duplissy, Armin Hansel, Tuija Jokinen, Helmi Keskinen, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Markus Leiminger, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Matti Rissanen, Linda Rondo, Mario Simon, Mikko SipilÃ¤, Christina Williamson, Daniela Wimmer, Ilona Riipinen, Annele Virtanen, and James N. Smith Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13601–13618, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13601-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13601-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary We present chemical observations of newly formed particles as small as ~ 10 nm from new particle formation experiments using sulfuric acid, dimethylamine, ammonia, and water vapor as gas phase reactants. The nanoparticles were more acidic than expected based on thermodynamic expectations, particularly at the smallest measured sizes. The results suggest rapid surface conversion of SO2 to sulfate and show a marked composition change between 10 and 15 nm, possibly indicating a phase change. Operation of the Airmodus A11 nano Condensation Nucleus Counter at various inlet pressures and various operation temperatures, and design of a new inlet system Juha Kangasluoma, Alessandro Franchin, Jonahtan Duplissy, Lauri Ahonen, Frans Korhonen, Michel Attoui, Jyri MikkilÃ¤, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Joonas Vanhanen, Markku Kulmala, and Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤ Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 2977–2988, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2977-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2977-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary The paper describes technical aspects of using the Airmodus A11 nCNC at various inlet pressures and how temperature selection affects the performance of the instrument. We also present a sampling box to minimize the inlet losses and make use of the instrument more convenient. Heterogeneous ice nucleation of viscous secondary organic aerosol produced from ozonolysis of Î±-pinene Karoliina Ignatius, Thomas B. Kristensen, Emma JÃ¤rvinen, Leonid Nichman, Claudia Fuchs, Hamish Gordon, Paul Herenz, Christopher R. Hoyle, Jonathan Duplissy, Sarvesh Garimella, Antonio Dias, Carla Frege, Niko HÃ¶ppel, Jasmin TrÃ¶stl, Robert Wagner, Chao Yan, Antonio Amorim, Urs Baltensperger, Joachim Curtius, Neil M. Donahue, Martin W. Gallagher, Jasper Kirkby, Markku Kulmala, Ottmar MÃ¶hler, Harald Saathoff, Martin Schnaiter, Antonio TomÃ©, Annele Virtanen, Douglas Worsnop, and Frank Stratmann Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 6495–6509, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6495-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6495-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary Viscous solid or semi-solid secondary organic aerosol (SOA) may influence cloud properties through ice nucleation in the atmosphere. Here, we observed heterogeneous ice nucleation of viscous Î±-pinene SOA at temperatures between −39 Â°C and −37.2 Â°C with ice saturation ratios significantly below the homogeneous freezing limit. Global modelling suggests that viscous biogenic SOA are present in regions where cirrus formation takes place and could contribute to the global ice nuclei budget. Observation of viscosity transition in Î±-pinene secondary organic aerosol Emma JÃ¤rvinen, Karoliina Ignatius, Leonid Nichman, Thomas B. Kristensen, Claudia Fuchs, Christopher R. Hoyle, Niko HÃ¶ppel, Joel C. Corbin, Jill Craven, Jonathan Duplissy, Sebastian Ehrhart, Imad ElÂ Haddad, Carla Frege, Hamish Gordon, Tuija Jokinen, Peter Kallinger, Jasper Kirkby, Alexei Kiselev, Karl-Heinz Naumann, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Tamara Pinterich, Andre S. H. Prevot, Harald Saathoff, Thea Schiebel, Kamalika Sengupta, Mario Simon, Jay G. Slowik, Jasmin TrÃ¶stl, Annele Virtanen, Paul Vochezer, Steffen Vogt, Andrea C. Wagner, Robert Wagner, Christina Williamson, Paul M. Winkler, Chao Yan, Urs Baltensperger, Neil M. Donahue, Rick C. Flagan, Martin Gallagher, Armin Hansel, Markku Kulmala, Frank Stratmann, Douglas R. Worsnop, Ottmar MÃ¶hler, Thomas Leisner, and Martin Schnaiter Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 4423–4438, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4423-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4423-2016, 2016 Characterization of the mass-dependent transmission efficiency of a CIMS Martin Heinritzi, Mario Simon, Gerhard Steiner, Andrea C. Wagner, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Armin Hansel, and Joachim Curtius Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 1449–1460, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1449-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1449-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary An easy-to-use method of estimating the mass-dependent transmission efficiency of a CIMS is presented. It makes use of depleting nitrate primary ions by different perfluorinated acids to obtain the transmission efficiency of these acids relative to the primary ion. Knowledge about the transmission efficiency is crucial for, e.g., quantification of extremely low volatile organic compounds. Phase transition observations and discrimination of small cloud particles by light polarization in expansion chamber experiments Leonid Nichman, Claudia Fuchs, Emma JÃ¤rvinen, Karoliina Ignatius, Niko Florian HÃ¶ppel, Antonio Dias, Martin Heinritzi, Mario Simon, Jasmin TrÃ¶stl, Andrea Christine Wagner, Robert Wagner, Christina Williamson, Chao Yan, Paul James Connolly, James Robert Dorsey, Jonathan Duplissy, Sebastian Ehrhart, Carla Frege, Hamish Gordon, Christopher Robert Hoyle, Thomas Bjerring Kristensen, Gerhard Steiner, Neil McPhersonÂ Donahue, Richard Flagan, Martin William Gallagher, Jasper Kirkby, Ottmar MÃ¶hler, Harald Saathoff, Martin Schnaiter, Frank Stratmann, and AntÃ³nio TomÃ© Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3651–3664, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3651-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3651-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary Processes in the atmosphere are often governed by the physical and chemical properties of small cloud particles. Ice, water, and mixed clouds, as well as viscous aerosols, were formed under controlled conditions at the CLOUD-CERN facility. The experimental results show a link between cloud particle properties and their unique optical fingerprints. The classification map presented here allows easier discrimination between various particles such as viscous organic aerosol, salt, ice, and liquid. In situ secondary organic aerosol formation from ambient pine forest air using an oxidation flow reactor Brett B. Palm, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Amber M. Ortega, Douglas A. Day, Lisa Kaser, Werner Jud, Thomas Karl, Armin Hansel, James F. Hunter, Eben S. Cross, Jesse H. Kroll, Zhe Peng, William H. Brune, and Jose L. Jimenez Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2943–2970, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2943-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2943-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary Ambient pine forest air was oxidized by OH radicals in a PAM oxidation flow reactor during the BEACHON-RoMBAS campaign to study secondary organic aerosol formation. Approximately 4.4 times more secondary organic aerosol was formed in the reactor than could be explained by the volatile organic gases (VOCs) measured in ambient air. The organic aerosol formation can be explained by including an SOA yield from typically unmeasured semivolatile and intermediate-volatility organic gases (S/IVOCs). Aqueous phase oxidation of sulphur dioxide by ozone in cloud droplets C. R. Hoyle, C. Fuchs, E. JÃ¤rvinen, H. Saathoff, A. Dias, I. El Haddad, M. Gysel, S. C. Coburn, J. TrÃ¶stl, A.-K. Bernhammer, F. Bianchi, M. Breitenlechner, J. C. Corbin, J. Craven, N. M. Donahue, J. Duplissy, S. Ehrhart, C. Frege, H. Gordon, N. HÃ¶ppel, M. Heinritzi, T. B. Kristensen, U. Molteni, L. Nichman, T. Pinterich, A. S. H. PrÃ©vÃ´t, M. Simon, J. G. Slowik, G. Steiner, A. TomÃ©, A. L. Vogel, R. Volkamer, A. C. Wagner, R. Wagner, A. S. Wexler, C. Williamson, P. M. Winkler, C. Yan, A. Amorim, J. Dommen, J. Curtius, M. W. Gallagher, R. C. Flagan, A. Hansel, J. Kirkby, M. Kulmala, O. MÃ¶hler, F. Stratmann, D. R. Worsnop, and U. Baltensperger Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 1693–1712, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1693-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1693-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary A significant portion of sulphate, an important constituent of atmospheric aerosols, is formed via the aqueous phase oxidation of sulphur dioxide by ozone. The rate of this reaction has previously only been measured over a relatively small temperature range. Here, we use the state of the art CLOUD chamber at CERN to perform the first measurements of this reaction rate in super-cooled droplets, confirming that the existing extrapolation of the reaction rate to sub-zero temperatures is accurate. Speciated measurements of semivolatile and intermediate volatility organic compounds (S/IVOCs) in a pine forest during BEACHON-RoMBAS 2011 A. W. H. Chan, N. M. Kreisberg, T. Hohaus, P. Campuzano-Jost, Y. Zhao, D. A. Day, L. Kaser, T. Karl, A. Hansel, A. P. Teng, C. R. Ruehl, D. T. Sueper, J. T. Jayne, D. R. Worsnop, J. L. Jimenez, S. V. Hering, and A. H. Goldstein Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 1187–1205, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1187-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1187-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary Using a novel instrument, we have made measurements of organic compounds that can exist as a gas or particle in the rural atmosphere. Through hourly measurements, we have identified the sources and atmospheric processes of these compounds, which are important for modeling the climate and health impact of these emissions. Plant surface reactions: an opportunistic ozone defence mechanism impacting atmospheric chemistry W. Jud, L. Fischer, E. Canaval, G. Wohlfahrt, A. Tissier, and A. Hansel Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 277–292, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-277-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-277-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary âBreathingâ ozone can have harmful effects on sensitive vegetation when sufficient ozone enters the plant leaves through the stomatal pores. Here we show that cis-abienol, a semi-volatile organic compound secreted by the leaf hairs (trichomes) of various tobacco varieties, protects the leaves from breathing ozone. Ozone is efficiently removed by chemical reactions with cis-abienol at the plant surface, forming oxygenated VOC (formaldehyde and methyl vinyl ketone) that are released into the air. Hygroscopicity of nanoparticles produced from homogeneous nucleation in the CLOUD experiments J. Kim, L. Ahlm, T. Yli-Juuti, M. Lawler, H. Keskinen, J. TrÃ¶stl, S. Schobesberger, J. Duplissy, A. Amorim, F. Bianchi, N. M. Donahue, R. C. Flagan, J. Hakala, M. Heinritzi, T. Jokinen, A. KÃ¼rten, A. Laaksonen, K. Lehtipalo, P. Miettinen, T. PetÃ¤jÃ¤, M. P. Rissanen, L. Rondo, K. Sengupta, M. Simon, A. TomÃ©, C. Williamson, D. Wimmer, P. M. Winkler, S. Ehrhart, P. Ye, J. Kirkby, J. Curtius, U. Baltensperger, M. Kulmala, K. E. J. Lehtinen, J. N. Smith, I. Riipinen, and A. Virtanen Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 293–304, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-293-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-293-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary The hygroscopicity of nucleated nanoparticles was measured in the presence of sulfuric acid, sulfuric acid-dimethylamine, and sulfuric acid-organics derived from α-pinene oxidation during CLOUD7 at CERN in 2012. The hygroscopicity parameter κ decreased with increasing particle size, indicating decreasing acidity of particles. Relating the hygroscopic properties of submicron aerosol to both gas- and particle-phase chemical composition in a boreal forest environment J. Hong, J. Kim, T. Nieminen, J. Duplissy, M. Ehn, M. ÃijÃ¤lÃ¤, L. Q. Hao, W. Nie, N. Sarnela, N. L. Prisle, M. Kulmala, A. Virtanen, T. PetÃ¤jÃ¤, and V.-M. Kerminen Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11999–12009, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11999-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11999-2015, 2015 Characterization of a real-time tracer for isoprene epoxydiols-derived secondary organic aerosol (IEPOX-SOA) from aerosol mass spectrometer measurements W. W. Hu, P. Campuzano-Jost, B. B. Palm, D. A. Day, A. M. Ortega, P. L. Hayes, J. E. Krechmer, Q. Chen, M. Kuwata, Y. J. Liu, S. S. de SÃ¡, K. McKinney, S. T. Martin, M. Hu, S. H. Budisulistiorini, M. Riva, J. D. Surratt, J. M. St. Clair, G. Isaacman-Van Wertz, L. D. Yee, A. H. Goldstein, S. Carbone, J. Brito, P. Artaxo, J. A. de Gouw, A. Koss, A. Wisthaler, T. Mikoviny, T. Karl, L. Kaser, W. Jud, A. Hansel, K. S. Docherty, M. L. Alexander, N. H. Robinson, H. Coe, J. D. Allan, M. R. Canagaratna, F. Paulot, and J. L. Jimenez Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11807–11833, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11807-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11807-2015, 2015 Short summary Short summary This work summarized all the studies reporting isoprene epoxydiols-derived secondary organic aerosol (IEPOX-SOA) measured globally by aerosol mass spectrometer and compare them with modeled gas-phase IEPOX, with results suggestive of the importance of IEPOX-SOA for regional and global OA budgets. A real-time tracer of IEPOX-SOA is thoroughly evaluated for the first time by combing multiple field and chamber studies. A quick and easy empirical method on IEPOX-SOA estimation is also presented. Thermodynamics of the formation of sulfuric acid dimers in the binary (H2SO4âH2O) and ternary (H2SO4âH2OâNH3) system A. KÃ¼rten, S. MÃ¼nch, L. Rondo, F. Bianchi, J. Duplissy, T. Jokinen, H. Junninen, N. Sarnela, S. Schobesberger, M. Simon, M. SipilÃ¤, J. Almeida, A. Amorim, J. Dommen, N. M. Donahue, E. M. Dunne, R. C. Flagan, A. Franchin, J. Kirkby, A. Kupc, V. Makhmutov, T. PetÃ¤jÃ¤, A. P. Praplan, F. Riccobono, G. Steiner, A. TomÃ©, G. Tsagkogeorgas, P. E. Wagner, D. Wimmer, U. Baltensperger, M. Kulmala, D. R. Worsnop, and J. Curtius Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10701–10721, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10701-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10701-2015, 2015 Short summary Short summary New particle formation (NPF) is an important atmospheric process. At cold temperatures in the upper troposphere the binary (H2SO4-H2O) and ternary (H2SO4-H2O-NH3) system are thought to be important for NPF. Sulfuric acid monomer (H2SO4) and sulfuric acid dimer ((H2SO4)2) concentrations were measured between 208 and 248K for these systems and dimer evaporation rates were derived. These data will help to better understand and predict binary and ternary nucleation at low temperatures. Technical Note: Using DEG-CPCs at upper tropospheric temperatures D. Wimmer, K. Lehtipalo, T. Nieminen, J. Duplissy, S. Ehrhart, J. Almeida, L. Rondo, A. Franchin, F. Kreissl, F. Bianchi, H. E. Manninen, M. Kulmala, J. Curtius, and T. PetÃ¤jÃ¤ Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7547–7555, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7547-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7547-2015, 2015 An ecosystem-scale perspective of the net land methanol flux: synthesis of micrometeorological flux measurements G. Wohlfahrt, C. Amelynck, C. Ammann, A. Arneth, I. Bamberger, A. H. Goldstein, L. Gu, A. Guenther, A. Hansel, B. Heinesch, T. Holst, L. HÃ¶rtnagl, T. Karl, Q. Laffineur, A. Neftel, K. McKinney, J. W. Munger, S. G. Pallardy, G. W. Schade, R. Seco, and N. Schoon Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7413–7427, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7413-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7413-2015, 2015 Short summary Short summary Methanol is the second most abundant volatile organic compound in the troposphere and plays a significant role in atmospheric chemistry. While there is consensus about the dominant role of plants as the major source and the reaction with OH as the major sink, global methanol budgets diverge considerably in terms of source/sink estimates. Here we present micrometeorological methanol flux data from eight sites in order to provide a first cross-site synthesis of the terrestrial methanol exchange. Experimental investigation of ionâion recombination under atmospheric conditions A. Franchin, S. Ehrhart, J. LeppÃ¤, T. Nieminen, S. GagnÃ©, S. Schobesberger, D. Wimmer, J. Duplissy, F. Riccobono, E. M. Dunne, L. Rondo, A. Downard, F. Bianchi, A. Kupc, G. Tsagkogeorgas, K. Lehtipalo, H. E. Manninen, J. Almeida, A. Amorim, P. E. Wagner, A. Hansel, J. Kirkby, A. KÃ¼rten, N. M. Donahue, V. Makhmutov, S. Mathot, A. Metzger, T. PetÃ¤jÃ¤, R. Schnitzhofer, M. SipilÃ¤, Y. Stozhkov, A. TomÃ©, V.-M. Kerminen, K. Carslaw, J. Curtius, U. Baltensperger, and M. Kulmala Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7203–7216, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7203-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7203-2015, 2015 Short summary Short summary The ion-ion recombination coefficient was measured at different temperatures, relative humidities and concentrations of ozone and sulfur dioxide. The experiments were carried out using the CLOUD chamber at CERN. We observed a strong dependency on temperature and on relative humidity, which has not been reported previously. No dependency of the ion-ion recombination coefficient on ozone concentration was observed and a weak variation with sulfur dioxide concentration was also observed. Elemental composition and clustering behaviour of Î±-pinene oxidation products for different oxidation conditions A. P. Praplan, S. Schobesberger, F. Bianchi, M. P. Rissanen, M. Ehn, T. Jokinen, H. Junninen, A. Adamov, A. Amorim, J. Dommen, J. Duplissy, J. Hakala, A. Hansel, M. Heinritzi, J. Kangasluoma, J. Kirkby, M. Krapf, A. KÃ¼rten, K. Lehtipalo, F. Riccobono, L. Rondo, N. Sarnela, M. Simon, A. TomÃ©, J. TrÃ¶stl, P. M. Winkler, C. Williamson, P. Ye, J. Curtius, U. Baltensperger, N. M. Donahue, M. Kulmala, and D. R. Worsnop Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 4145–4159, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4145-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4145-2015, 2015 Short summary Short summary Our study shows, based on data from three atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometers measuring in parallel charged and neutral molecules and molecular clusters, how oxidised organic compounds bind to inorganic ions (e.g. bisulfate, nitrate, ammonium). This ionisation is selective for compounds with lower molar mass due to their limited amount and variety of functional groups. We also found that extremely low volatile organic compounds (ELVOCs) can be formed immediately. On the derivation of particle nucleation rates from experimental formation rates A. KÃ¼rten, C. Williamson, J. Almeida, J. Kirkby, and J. Curtius Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 4063–4075, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4063-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4063-2015, 2015 Short summary Short summary The manuscript provides insights into the calculation of new particle formation rates. Generally, formation rates are measured at a diameter which can be substantially larger than the critical size of the newly formed particles. In order to transform the formation rate to a smaller size, a correction needs to be applied. We present a new method to apply this correction which takes into account the effect of self-coagulation. Major contribution of neutral clusters to new particle formation at the interface between the boundary layer and the free troposphere C. Rose, K. Sellegri, E. Asmi, M. Hervo, E. Freney, A. Colomb, H. Junninen, J. Duplissy, M. SipilÃ¤, J. Kontkanen, K. Lehtipalo, and M. Kulmala Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 3413–3428, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3413-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3413-2015, 2015 Estimates of global dew collection potential on artificial surfaces H. Vuollekoski, M. Vogt, V. A. Sinclair, J. Duplissy, H. JÃ¤rvinen, E.-M. KyrÃ¶, R. Makkonen, T. PetÃ¤jÃ¤, N. L. Prisle, P. RÃ¤isÃ¤nen, M. SipilÃ¤, J. YlhÃ¤isi, and M. Kulmala Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 601–613, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-601-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-601-2015, 2015 Short summary Short summary The global potential for collecting usable water from dew on an artificial collector sheet was investigated by utilising 34 years of meteorological reanalysis data as input to a dew formation model. Continental dew formation was found to be frequent and common, but daily yields were mostly below 0.1mm. On the composition of ammoniaâsulfuric-acid ion clusters during aerosol particle formation S. Schobesberger, A. Franchin, F. Bianchi, L. Rondo, J. Duplissy, A. KÃ¼rten, I. K. Ortega, A. Metzger, R. Schnitzhofer, J. Almeida, A. Amorim, J. Dommen, E. M. Dunne, M. Ehn, S. GagnÃ©, L. Ickes, H. Junninen, A. Hansel, V.-M. Kerminen, J. Kirkby, A. Kupc, A. Laaksonen, K. Lehtipalo, S. Mathot, A. Onnela, T. PetÃ¤jÃ¤, F. Riccobono, F. D. Santos, M. SipilÃ¤, A. TomÃ©, G. Tsagkogeorgas, Y. Viisanen, P. E. Wagner, D. Wimmer, J. Curtius, N. M. Donahue, U. Baltensperger, M. Kulmala, and D. R. Worsnop Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 55–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-55-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-55-2015, 2015 Short summary Short summary We used an ion mass spectrometer at CERN's CLOUD chamber to investigate the detailed composition of ammonia--sulfuric acid ion clusters (of both polarities) as they initially form and then grow into aerosol particles, at atmospherically relevant conditions. We found that these clustersâ composition is mainly determined by the ratio of the precursor vapors and ranges from ammonia-free clusters to clusters containing > 1 ammonia per sulfuric acid. Acid--base bindings are a key formation mechanism. Overview of the Manitou Experimental Forest Observatory: site description and selected science results from 2008 to 2013 J. Ortega, A. Turnipseed, A. B. Guenther, T. G. Karl, D. A. Day, D. Gochis, J. A. Huffman, A. J. Prenni, E. J. T. Levin, S. M. Kreidenweis, P. J. DeMott, Y. Tobo, E. G. Patton, A. Hodzic, Y. Y. Cui, P. C. Harley, R. S. Hornbrook, E. C. Apel, R. K. Monson, A. S. D. Eller, J. P. Greenberg, M. C. Barth, P. Campuzano-Jost, B. B. Palm, J. L. Jimenez, A. C. Aiken, M. K. Dubey, C. Geron, J. Offenberg, M. G. Ryan, P. J. Fornwalt, S. C. Pryor, F. N. Keutsch, J. P. DiGangi, A. W. H. Chan, A. H. Goldstein, G. M. Wolfe, S. Kim, L. Kaser, R. Schnitzhofer, A. Hansel, C. A. Cantrell, R. L. Mauldin, and J. N. Smith Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6345–6367, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6345-2014,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6345-2014, 2014 Acetaldehyde exchange above a managed temperate mountain grassland L. HÃ¶rtnagl, I. Bamberger, M. Graus, T. M. Ruuskanen, R. Schnitzhofer, M. Walser, A. Unterberger, A. Hansel, and G. Wohlfahrt Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5369–5391, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5369-2014,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5369-2014, 2014 Missing peroxy radical sources within a summertime ponderosa pine forest G. M. Wolfe, C. Cantrell, S. Kim, R. L. Mauldin III, T. Karl, P. Harley, A. Turnipseed, W. Zheng, F. Flocke, E. C. Apel, R. S. Hornbrook, S. R. Hall, K. Ullmann, S. B. Henry, J. P. DiGangi, E. S. Boyle, L. Kaser, R. Schnitzhofer, A. Hansel, M. Graus, Y. Nakashima, Y. Kajii, A. Guenther, and F. N. Keutsch Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4715–4732, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4715-2014,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4715-2014, 2014 Gap-filling strategies for annual VOC flux data sets I. Bamberger, L. HÃ¶rtnagl, M. Walser, A. Hansel, and G. Wohlfahrt Biogeosciences, 11, 2429–2442, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2429-2014,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2429-2014, 2014 The Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study (ASCOS): overview and experimental design M. TjernstrÃ¶m, C. Leck, C. E. Birch, J. W. Bottenheim, B. J. Brooks, I. M. Brooks, L. BÃ¤cklin, R. Y.-W. Chang, G. de Leeuw, L. Di Liberto, S. de la Rosa, E. Granath, M. Graus, A. Hansel, J. Heintzenberg, A. Held, A. Hind, P. Johnston, J. Knulst, M. Martin, P. A. Matrai, T. Mauritsen, M. MÃ¼ller, S. J. Norris, M. V. Orellana, D. A. Orsini, J. Paatero, P. O. G. Persson, Q. Gao, C. Rauschenberg, Z. Ristovski, J. Sedlar, M. D. Shupe, B. Sierau, A. Sirevaag, S. Sjogren, O. Stetzer, E. Swietlicki, M. Szczodrak, P. Vaattovaara, N. Wahlberg, M. Westberg, and C. R. Wheeler Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2823–2869, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2823-2014,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2823-2014, 2014 Vertical profiling of aerosol particles and trace gases over the central Arctic Ocean during summer P. Kupiszewski, C. Leck, M. TjernstrÃ¶m, S. Sjogren, J. Sedlar, M. Graus, M. MÃ¼ller, B. Brooks, E. Swietlicki, S. Norris, and A. Hansel Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 12405–12431, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-12405-2013,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-12405-2013, 2013 Undisturbed and disturbed above canopy ponderosa pine emissions: PTR-TOF-MS measurements and MEGAN 2.1 model results L. Kaser, T. Karl, A. Guenther, M. Graus, R. Schnitzhofer, A. Turnipseed, L. Fischer, P. Harley, M. Madronich, D. Gochis, F. N. Keutsch, and A. Hansel Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11935–11947, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11935-2013,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11935-2013, 2013 Observations of gas- and aerosol-phase organic nitrates at BEACHON-RoMBAS 2011 J. L. Fry, D. C. Draper, K. J. Zarzana, P. Campuzano-Jost, D. A. Day, J. L. Jimenez, S. S. Brown, R. C. Cohen, L. Kaser, A. Hansel, L. Cappellin, T. Karl, A. Hodzic Roux, A. Turnipseed, C. Cantrell, B. L. Lefer, and N. Grossberg Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8585–8605, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8585-2013,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8585-2013, 2013 Evolution of particle composition in CLOUD nucleation experiments H. Keskinen, A. Virtanen, J. Joutsensaari, G. Tsagkogeorgas, J. Duplissy, S. Schobesberger, M. Gysel, F. Riccobono, J. G. Slowik, F. Bianchi, T. Yli-Juuti, K. Lehtipalo, L. Rondo, M. Breitenlechner, A. Kupc, J. Almeida, A. Amorim, E. M. Dunne, A. J. Downard, S. Ehrhart, A. Franchin, M.K. Kajos, J. Kirkby, A. KÃ¼rten, T. Nieminen, V. Makhmutov, S. Mathot, P. Miettinen, A. Onnela, T. PetÃ¤jÃ¤, A. Praplan, F. D. Santos, S. Schallhart, M. SipilÃ¤, Y. Stozhkov, A. TomÃ©, P. Vaattovaara, D. Wimmer, A. Prevot, J. Dommen, N. M. Donahue, R.C. Flagan, E. Weingartner, Y. Viisanen, I. Riipinen, A. Hansel, J. Curtius, M. Kulmala, D. R. Worsnop, U. Baltensperger, H. Wex, F. Stratmann, and A. Laaksonen Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5587–5600, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5587-2013,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5587-2013, 2013 Volatile organic compounds in the western Mediterranean basin: urban and rural winter measurements during the DAURE campaign R. Seco, J. PeÃ±uelas, I. Filella, J. Llusia, S. Schallhart, A. Metzger, M. MÃ¼ller, and A. Hansel Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4291–4306, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4291-2013,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4291-2013, 2013 Comparison of different real time VOC measurement techniques in a ponderosa pine forest L. Kaser, T. Karl, R. Schnitzhofer, M. Graus, I. S. Herdlinger-Blatt, J. P. DiGangi, B. Sive, A. Turnipseed, R. S. Hornbrook, W. Zheng, F. M. Flocke, A. Guenther, F. N. Keutsch, E. Apel, and A. Hansel Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2893–2906, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2893-2013,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2893-2013, 2013 Selective measurements of isoprene and 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol based on NO+ ionization mass spectrometry T. Karl, A. Hansel, L. Cappellin, L. Kaser, I. Herdlinger-Blatt, and W. Jud Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11877–11884, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11877-2012,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11877-2012, 2012 Related subject area Subject: Gases \| Technique: In Situ Measurement \| Topic: Instruments and Platforms Toward on-demand measurements of greenhouse gas emissions using an uncrewed aircraft AirCore system Zihan Zhu, Javier GonzÃ¡lez-Rocha, Yifan Ding, Isis Frausto-Vicencio, Sajjan Heerah, Akula Venkatram, Manvendra Dubey, Don Collins, and Francesca M. Hopkins Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3883–3895, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3883-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3883-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary Increases in agriculture, oil and gas, and waste management activities have contributed to the increase in atmospheric methane levels and resultant climate warming. In this paper, we explore the use of small uncrewed aircraft systems (sUASs) and AirCore technology to detect and quantify methane emissions. Results from field experiments demonstrate that sUASs and AirCore technology can be effective for detecting and quantifying methane emissions in near real time. Long-term evaluation of commercial air quality sensors: an overview from the QUANT (Quantification of Utility of Atmospheric Network Technologies) study Sebastian Diez, Stuart Lacy, Hugh Coe, Josefina Urquiza, Max Priestman, Michael Flynn, Nicholas Marsden, Nicholas A. Martin, Stefan Gillott, Thomas Bannan, and Pete M. Edwards Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3809–3827, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3809-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3809-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary In this paper we present an overview of the QUANT project, which to our knowledge is one of the largest evaluations of commercial sensors to date. The objective was to evaluate the performance of a range of commercial products and also to nourish the different applications in which these technologies can offer relevant information. In-flight characterization of a compact airborne quantum cascade laser absorption spectrometer Linda Ort, Lenard Lukas RÃ¶der, Uwe Parchatka, Rainer KÃ¶nigstedt, Daniel Crowley, Frank Kunz, Ralf Wittkowski, Jos Lelieveld, and Horst Fischer Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3553–3565, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3553-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3553-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary Airborne in situ measurements are of great importance to collect valuable data to improve our knowledge of the atmosphere but also present challenges which demand specific designs. This study presents an IR spectrometer for airborne trace-gas measurements with high data efficiency and a simple, compact design. Its in-flight performance is characterized with the help of a test flight and a comparison with another spectrometer. Moreover, results from its first campaign highlight its benefits. Full characterization and calibration of a transfer standard monitor for atmospheric radon measurements Roger Curcoll, Claudia Grossi, Stefan RÃ¶ttger, and Arturo Vargas Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3047–3065, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3047-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3047-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary This paper presents a new user-friendly version of the Atmospheric Radon MONitor (ARMON). The efficiency of the instrument is of 0.0057 s-1, obtained using different techniques at Spanish and German chambers. The total calculated uncertainty of the ARMON for hourly radon concentrations above 5 Bq m-3 is lower than 10 % (k = 1). Results confirm that the ARMON is suitable to measure low-level radon activity concentrations and to be used as a transfer standard to calibrate in situ radon monitors. Observing low-altitude features in ozone concentrations in a shoreline environment via uncrewed aerial systems Josie K. Radtke, Benjamin N. Kies, Whitney A. Mottishaw, Sydney M. Zeuli, Aidan T. H. Voon, Kelly L. Koerber, Grant W. Petty, Michael P. Vermeuel, Timothy H. Bertram, Ankur R. Desai, Joseph P. Hupy, R. Bradley Pierce, Timothy J. Wagner, and Patricia A. Cleary Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2833–2847, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2833-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2833-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary The use of uncrewed aircraft systems (UASs) to conduct a vertical profiling of ozone and meteorological variables was evaluated using comparisons between tower or ground observations and UAS-based measurements. Changes to the UAS profiler showed an improvement in performance. The profiler was used to see the impact of Chicago pollution plumes on a shoreline area near Lake Michigan. An integrated uncrewed aerial vehicle platform with sensing and sampling systems for the measurement of air pollutant concentrations Chen-Wei Liang and Chang-Hung Shen Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2671–2686, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2671-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2671-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary In the present study, a UAV platform with sensing and sampling systems was developed for 3D air pollutant concentration measurements. The sensing system of this platform contains multiple microsensors and IoT technologies for obtaining the real-time 3D distributions of critical air pollutants. The sampling system contains gas sampling sets and a 1 L Tedlar bag instead of a canister for the 3D measurement of VOC concentrations in accordance with the TO-15 method of the US EPA. Design and evaluation of a low-cost sensor node for near-background methane measurement Daniel Furuta, Bruce Wilson, Albert A. Presto, and Jiayu Li Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2103–2121, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2103-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2103-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary Methane is an important driver of climate change and is challenging to inexpensively sense in low atmospheric concentrations. We developed a low-cost sensor to monitor methane and tested it in indoor and outdoor settings. Our device shows promise for monitoring low levels of methane. We characterize its limitations and suggest future research directions for further development. Development of a Multichannel Organics In situ enviRonmental Analyzer (MOIRA) for mobile measurements of volatile organic compounds Audrey J. Dang, Nathan M. Kreisberg, Tyler L. Cargill, Jhao-Hong Chen, Sydney Hornitschek, Remy Hutheesing, Jay R. Turner, and Brent J. Williams Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2067–2087, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2067-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2067-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary The Multichannel Organics In situ enviRonmental Analyzer (MOIRA) is a new instrument for measuring speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air and has been developed for mapping concentrations from a hybrid car. MOIRA is characterized in the lab and pilot field studies of indoor air in a single-family residence and outdoor air during a mobile deployment. Future applications include indoor, outdoor, and lab measurements to grasp the impact of VOCs on air quality, health, and climate. Evaluation of Aeris mid-infrared absorption (MIRA), Picarro CRDS (cavity ring-down spectroscopy) G2307, and dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-based sampling for long-term formaldehyde monitoring efforts Asher P. Mouat, Zelda A. Siegel, and Jennifer Kaiser Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1979–1994, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1979-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1979-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary Three fast-measurement formaldehyde monitors were deployed at two field sites in Atlanta, GA, over 1 year. Four different zeroing methods were tested to develop an optimal field setup as well as procedures for instrument calibration. Observations agreed well after calibration but were much higher compared to the TO-11A monitoring method, which is the golden standard. Historical HCHO concentrations were compared with measurements in this work, showing a 22 % reduction in midday HCHO since 1999. Multi-decadal atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements in Central Europe, Hungary LÃ¡szlÃ³ Haszpra Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-29,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-29, 2024 Revised manuscript accepted for AMT Short
wrong_mix_domainrange_leader_00015	FactBench	1	8	https://www.fao.org/4/j5100e/j5100e.htm	en	CL 128th Session			[ "https://www.fao.org/4/j5100e/fao5.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	CL 128/8 Council Table of Contents OPENING OF THE SESSION (Item 1) ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA (Item 2) ELECTION OF OFFICERS AND DESIGNATION OF THE DRAFTING COMMITTEE (Item 3) STATE OF THE WORLD’S FORESTS 2005 (SOFO) (Item 4) REGIONAL FORESTRY COMMISSIONS IN ACTION (Item 5) NEEDS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN FOREST FIRE PREPARDNESS (Item 6) THE ROLE OF FORESTS IN CONTRIBUTING TO THE MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (Item 7) DECISIONS OF FAO GOVERNING BODIES OF INTEREST TO THE COMMITTEE (Item 8) SHAPING AN ACTION PROGRAMME FOR FAO IN FORESTRY (Item 9) XIII WORLD FORESTRY CONGRESS (Item 10) FOREST SECTOR CONTRIBUTION TO POST-TSUNAMI RECONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION (Item 11) OTHER MATTERS DATE AND PLACE OF THE NEXT SESSION (Item 12) APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIX C MATTERS REQUIRING ATTENTION BY THE COUNCIL The attention of the Council is drawn to: (a) Opening of the Session The Committee: • recommended that FAO should inform the fifth session of the United Nations Forum on Forests of the outcome of the Ministerial Meeting on Forests held on 14 March 2005 and of the 17th Session of the Committee (para 6). (b) Regional Forestry Commissions in Action The Committee: recommended that FAO increase the allocation of resources and support for the work of the Regional Forestry Commissions, including strengthening the FAO Regional Offices to this end (para 13). recommended that the Regional Forestry Commissions address, inter alia, the following key issues in their future work: a) collaboration on forest fire management; b) regional forest policy dialogue; c) forestry’s contribution to poverty alleviation and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals; d) valuation of environmental services; e) combating the threats of invasive species; f) forests and water; g) illegal logging and associated trade of forest products; and h) elevating the importance of forestry on the political agenda (para 14). The Committee appreciated the achievements of regional and thematic working groups established by the Regional Forestry Commissions on such issues as forest fire management, invasive species, wildlife management and bushmeat, forestry education and illegal logging, and recommended that such working groups be used to further facilitate action and dialogue at regional and sub-regional levels (para 15). recommended that the Regional Forestry Commissions continue to facilitate country implementation of the proposals for action of the Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (IPF) and the Intergovernmental Forum on Forests (IFF) and to provide information on developments in the international dialogue on forests (para 16). recommended that the Regional Forestry Commissions build synergies with other regional and international organizations and processes to increase cross-sectoral activities, avoid duplication, fill gaps and maximize results (para 17). recommended that the Regional Forestry Commissions continue to provide the framework for effective conduct of regional forestry sector outlook studies (para 18). recommended that relevant Regional Forestry Commissions increase support to low forest cover countries (LFCCs) in implementing actions under the Tehran Process (para 19). urged FAO to support the reactivation of the AFWC/EFC/NEFC Committee on Mediterranean Forestry Questions “Silva Mediterranea”(para 20). (c) Needs and Opportunities for International Cooperation in Forest Fire Preparedness The Committee: requested FAO, in collaboration with countries and other international partners, including the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, to develop a strategy to enhance international cooperation on wildland fire (para 28). requested FAO to provide support for countries to develop and consolidate their national fire management systems and to build the technical and operational capacity required to engage in effective international cooperation (para 32). recommended that FAO enhance its role in fire management, including through: (i) advocating fire management within the context of an integrated approach to forest management; (ii) promoting awareness that forest management is an effective means of fire prevention; (iii) underscoring the role of fire as a management tool in both agriculture and forestry; (iv) providing technical support for improved management of fuel loads in forests; (v) helping to design and implement training, education and awareness-raising programmes on forest fire management, especially at the local level; and (vi) strengthening its efforts to monitor and manage information on forest fire management and disseminate such information especially at the regional and sub-regional levels (para 33). noted the special needs which developing countries would have in the area of forest fire management and recommended that they include forest fire management in their dialogue with the international assistance agencies of developed countries, with the World Bank and with the regional development banks (para 34). recommended that FAO should inform the fifth session of the United Nations Forum on Forests of the importance attached by the Ministerial Meeting on Forests and by the 17th Session of the Committee to international cooperation on forest fire management (para 35). (d) The Role of Forests in Contributing to the Millennium Development Goals The Committee: recommended that FAO strengthen its technical support to countries to integrate national forest programmes in their respective Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers and other national development strategies and urged FAO to promote the contributions of forests to rural development (para 39). recommended that FAO strengthen its technical assistance to countries to improve governance, strengthen institutional frameworks and promote sustainable community based forest management (para 40). recommended that FAO, with other members of the Collaborative Partnership on Forests (CPF), strengthen activities in collecting, analyzing and disseminating relevant data on forests in order to demonstrate and raise awareness of the contribution of forests to development goals and to ensure that related reporting arrangements are effectively harmonized (para 41). requested FAO to assist its member countries to quantify and capture the economic values of environmental services of forests (para 42). recommended that FAO assist countries’ efforts to improve intersectoral cooperation and coordination at the national level (para 43). recommended that FAO provide a strong forest-related input to the Millennium Review Summit that will take place at the United Nations in New York in September 2005 (para 44). (e) Shaping an Action Programme for FAO in Forestry The Committee: recommended that FAO continue to undertake global and regional forest sector outlook studies, if possible at five-year intervals, to support national strategic planning (para 49). agreed that bioenergy, including fuelwood, was an important topic and fully supported an integrated approach in addressing related issues (para 50). requested that FAO continue its leadership role in the Collaborative Partnership on Forests (CPF). It welcomed efforts of CPF to consider how to strengthen its role under a future international arrangement on forests in order to accelerate implementation of sustainable forest management on the ground and to fulfil relevant commitments contained in the United Nations Millennium Declaration, including the internationally agreed development goals (para 51). recommended that FAO continue to provide technical assistance to member countries in improving forest management policies and practices, inter alia, for the implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol (para 52). recommended that FAO continue its support for regional and national networks to manage fire as well as insects and disease, in collaboration with relevant organizations such as the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction and the Global Wildland Fire Network, and further requested that FAO work with partners to develop voluntary guidelines on the prevention, suppression and recovery from forest fire (para 53). recommended that FAO accord priority to key programme and topic areas, including forests and water, forests and climate change, forests and combating desertification and halting land degradation, forests and drought, forests and bioenergy, forests and biodiversity, agroforestry, as well as forests, poverty alleviation and food security, and participatory forestry and sustainable livelihoods (para 55). requested FAO to increase assistance to countries to develop and implement national forest programmes, including in partnership with the National Forest Programme Facility (para 57). requested FAO to assist countries to better incorporate forestry in poverty reduction strategies, to enhance forest law enforcement, including affected wildlife, and to strengthen capacity for conducting national forest assessments and building forest information systems (para 58). requested FAO to strengthen its activities in the areas of monitoring, assessment and reporting on forests and to intensify assistance to countries for activities in these areas. It further requested that FAO continue efforts to link the Global Forest Resources Assessment with reporting on criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management (para 59). requested FAO to help minimize duplication in international forest reporting and, thus, reduce the reporting burden on countries by working together with other CPF members to continue to develop an information framework on forest-related reporting (para 60). requested that FAO continue to work in collaboration with other agencies, to clarify key forestry concepts and to harmonize forest-related terminology (para 61). requested that FAO increase the allocation of resources in its work programme for the activities of the Regional Forestry Commissions (para 62). (f) XIII World Forestry Congress The Committee: recommended that the submissions of Panama and Argentina to host the XIII World Forestry Congress be forwarded to the FAO Council for consideration at its 128th Session in June 2005 (para 65). (g) Forest sector Contribution to Post-tsunami Reconstruction and Rehabilitation The Committee: welcomed FAO’s assistance to countries affected by the 26 December 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean and recommended that it increase its forestry-related efforts in this regard (para 66). (h) Date and place of the Next Session The Committee agreed to hold its next session in Rome in early 2007 (para 67). OPENING OF THE SESSION (Item 1) 1. The Seventeenth Session of the Committee on Forestry (COFO) was held at FAO Headquarters, Rome, Italy, from 15 to 19 March 2005. 2. The session was attended by delegates from 124 Members of the Committee, observers from 4 other Member Nations of FAO, from 2 United Nations Member States and the Holy See, representatives of 6 United Nations Agencies and Programmes and observers from 25 intergovernmental organizations and international non-governmental organizations. The list of countries and organizations represented at the Session is provided in Appendix B. 3. Ambassador Flávio Miragaia Perri, outgoing Chair, opened the session and invited Mr Paolo Scarpa Bonazza Buora, Under-Secretary of Agricultural Policies, Ministry of Agricultural and Forestry Policies, Italy, to take the floor. The Under-Secretary thanked the Director-General for convening the Ministerial Meeting on Forests, held on 14 March 2005, and which had provided the opportunity to discuss major issues, relating not only to forests but also to overall sustainable development. 4. Mr David A. Harcharik, Deputy Director-General, welcomed delegates and delivered opening remarks. 5. Mr Jacques Diouf, Director-General, introduced the Prime Minister of Finland, H.E. Matti Vanhanen, and invited him to address the session. He then invited Madam Wangari Maathai, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate 2004, to speak to the Committee. 6. The Committee recommended that FAO should inform the fifth session of the United Nations Forum on Forests of the outcome of the Ministerial Meeting on Forests held on 14 March 2005 and of the 17th Session of the Committee. ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA (Item 2) 7. The Agenda (Appendix A) was adopted. The documents considered by the Committee are listed in Appendix C. ELECTION OF OFFICERS AND DESIGNATION OF THE DRAFTING COMMITTEE (Item 3) 8. The Committee elected Mr Abdelazim Mirghani Ibrahim (Sudan) to the Chair, Mr David S. Rhodes (New Zealand) as First Vice-Chair, and as Vice-Chairs: Mr Félix Dakouo (Mali) Africa Mr Liu HongCun (China) Asia Mr Aarne Reunala (Finland) Europe H.E.Carlos Manuel Rodríguez Echandi (Costa Rica) Latin America and the Caribbean Mr Dale Bosworth (United States) North America 9. The following member countries were elected to the Drafting Committee for the COFO report: Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Canada, Congo, Guatemala, Indonesia, Japan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Morocco, Netherlands and Pakistan . The representative of Armenia, Ambassador Zohrab V. Malek, was elected to chair the Drafting Committee and the representative of Australia, Mr Rodney Keenan, was elected vice-chair. STATE OF THE WORLD’S FORESTS 2005 (SOFO) (Item 4) 10. The Assistant Director-General of the Forestry Department, Mr M. Hosny El-Lakany, presented a brief overview of the sixth edition of the State of the World’s Forests 2005 (SOFO), copies of which had been distributed in five languages. The Assistant Director-General welcomed feedback on the publication and invited members of the Committee to submit suggestions for SOFO 2007. The Committee noted the particular relevance of this edition’s theme – realizing the economic benefits from forests. It welcomed coverage of several key topics of interest, including opportunities and challenges associated with enhancing the economic benefits from forests; experiences and lessons learned on enhancing benefits of agroforestry; the economics of wood energy; invasive species; and the links between violent conflict and forested regions in many parts of the world. It also noted the involvement of a number of external collaborators in the preparation of SOFO 2005 and congratulated the Forestry Department for adopting this approach. REGIONAL FORESTRY COMMISSIONS IN ACTION (Item 5) 11. The Committee agreed that the Regional Forestry Commissions are a vital component of FAO’s work and provide effective mechanisms to enhance regional and sub-regional cooperation and to support member countries’ efforts to implement sustainable forest management. They facilitate the exchange of experiences and lessons learned, build capacity, support networks on issues of regional importance, strengthen countries’ capacity to participate effectively in international forest-related policy fora, and enhance linkages among national, regional and global processes. 12. The Committee encouraged FAO, working in collaboration with member countries and other partners, to take action to implement the recommendations made by the six FAO Regional Forestry Commissions in their sessions in 2004, as well by the recent sessions of the Expert Panel on Forest Genetic Resources, the International Poplar Commission and the Advisory Committee on Paper and Wood Products. 13. The Committee recommended that FAO increase the allocation of resources and support for the work of the Regional Forestry Commissions, including strengthening the FAO Regional Offices to this end 14. The Committee recommended that the Regional Forestry Commissions address, inter alia, the following key issues in their future work: a) collaboration on forest fire management; b) regional forest policy dialogue; c) forestry’s contribution to poverty alleviation and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals; d) valuation of environmental services; e) combating the threats of invasive species; f) forests and water; g) illegal logging and associated trade of forest products; and h) elevating the importance of forestry on the political agenda. 15. The Committee appreciated the achievements of regional and thematic working groups established by the Regional Forestry Commissions on such issues as forest fire management, invasive species, wildlife management and bushmeat, forestry education and illegal logging, and recommended that such working groups be used to further facilitate action and dialogue at regional and sub-regional levels. 16. The Committee recommended that the Regional Forestry Commissions continue to facilitate country implementation of the proposals for action of the Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (IPF) and the Intergovernmental Forum on Forests (IFF) and to provide information on developments in the international dialogue on forests. The role of the Regional Forestry Commissions in this regard was considered particularly valuable for smaller countries unable to participate in all global fora related to forests. 17. The Committee recommended that the Regional Forestry Commissions build synergies with other regional and international organizations and processes to increase cross-sectoral activities, avoid duplication, fill gaps and maximize results. 18. The Committee recommended that the Regional Forestry Commissions continue to provide the framework for effective conduct of regional forestry sector outlook studies. 19. The Committee recommended that relevant Regional Forestry Commissions increase support to low forest cover countries (LFCCs) in implementing actions under the Tehran Process. 20. The Committee urged FAO to support the reactivation of the AFWC/EFC/NEFC Committee on Mediterranean Forestry Questions “Silva Mediterranea”. NEEDS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN FOREST FIRE PREPARDNESS (Item 6) 21. The Committee expressed its appreciation to FAO for including the issue of forest fire on the agenda of this session of the Committee on Forestry, and of the Ministerial Meeting on Forests, which took place at FAO on 14 March 2005. 22. The Committee commended FAO on the Secretariat Note, whilst noting that additional emphasis could have been placed on the different roles played by fire in various forest types. The Committee highlighted that, while fire is often used in the boreal region as an instrument for forest regeneration, many fires in tropical forests, although often being controlled or managed, may have irreversible consequences in the long-term for the conservation of forest ecosystems and biodiversity, in the absence of good regeneration programmes. 23. The Committee noted that many countries have a complex array of social, economic and environmental values in fire-prone landscapes that require protection from fire. 24. The Committee highlighted the fact that, while fire is an important ecological process and land management tool, it can also have negative social, economic and environmental impacts and can contribute to forest degradation, thereby simultaneously representing a useful instrument and serious threat for sustainable forest management. 25. The link between forest fire and global climate change was highlighted, as were links between effective forest fire management and poverty reduction and biodiversity conservation. Mention was made of specific problems related to, inter alia: refugee camps; the existence of land mines; fire, haze and smoke across borders; and the risk of fire arising from the agricultural sector. 26. The Committee took note that the 4th International Wildland Fire Conference is to be held in Spain in 2007. 27. The Committee noted that effective fire management required prevention, including public education, preparedness, suppression and rehabilitation. It further noted that stakeholder involvement and community-based forest fire management were essential components of an effective forest management strategy. 28. The Committee further noted that fire management was a national responsibility. It called on FAO to facilitate enhanced international cooperation on forest fire and requested FAO, in collaboration with countries and other international partners, including the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, to develop a strategy to enhance international cooperation on wildland fire. It noted that the template for international cooperation in wildland fire management, as presented at the International Wildland Fire Summit in Australia in 2003, could be used by countries wishing to cooperate in this area. 29. The Committee commended FAO for its current work related to forest fire management, in particular regarding the sharing of information and experiences, training, mobilizing partners and supporting regional and sub-regional networks related to forest fire. 30. The Committee noted the different views on the proposal for FAO to facilitate development of an international accord on forest fire. 31. The Committee concluded that it was vital to strengthen existing mechanisms for collaboration on forest fire, and that the existing bilateral and regional agreements are a valuable basis for international cooperation. 32. The Committee requested FAO to provide support for countries to develop and consolidate their national fire management systems and to build the technical and operational capacity required to engage in effective international cooperation. 33. The Committee recommended that FAO enhance its role in fire management, including through: (i) advocating fire management within the context of an integrated approach to forest management; (ii) promoting awareness that forest management is an effective means of fire prevention; (iii) underscoring the role of fire as a management tool in both agriculture and forestry; (iv) providing technical support for improved management of fuel loads in forests; (v) helping to design and implement training, education and awareness-raising programmes on forest fire management, especially at the local level; and (vi) strengthening its efforts to monitor and manage information on forest fire management and disseminate such information especially at the regional and sub-regional levels. 34. The Committee noted the special needs which developing countries would have in the area of forest fire management and recommended that they include forest fire management in their dialogue with the international assistance agencies of developed countries, with the World Bank and with the regional development banks. 35. The Committee also recommended that FAO should inform the fifth session of the United Nations Forum on Forests of the importance attached by the Ministerial Meeting on Forests and by the 17th Session of the Committee to international cooperation on forest fire management. THE ROLE OF FORESTS IN CONTRIBUTING TO THE MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (Item 7) 36. The Committee recognized the vital role of forests, trees outside forests and sustainable forest management in the fulfilment of commitments contained in the United Nations Millennium Declaration, including the internationally agreed development goals, and underscored the need to strengthen efforts to demonstrate this important contribution. 37. In this context, the Committee acknowledged FAO’s active role in demonstrating the importance of forests in achieving development goals and welcomed its work on guidelines for enhancing the contribution of forestry to poverty alleviation and food security. 38. The Committee also noted that the current programme of work of FAO contributes significantly to the achievement of these development goals. 39. The Committee recommended that FAO strengthen its technical support to countries to integrate national forest programmes in their respective Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers and other national development strategies and urged FAO to promote the contributions of forests to rural development. 40. The Committee recommended that FAO strengthen its technical assistance to countries to improve governance, strengthen institutional frameworks and promote sustainable community based forest management. 41. The Committee recommended that FAO, with other members of the Collaborative Partnership on Forests (CPF), strengthen activities in collecting, analyzing and disseminating relevant data on forests in order to demonstrate and raise awareness of the contribution of forests to development goals and to ensure that related reporting arrangements are effectively harmonized. 42. The Committee also requested FAO to assist its member countries to quantify and capture the economic values of environmental services of forests. 43. The Committee further recommended that FAO assist countries’ efforts to improve intersectoral cooperation and coordination at the national level. 44. The Committee recommended that FAO provide a strong forest-related input to the Millennium Review Summit that will take place at the United Nations in New York in September 2005. 45. The Committee noted the strong linkage between development goals and the Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (IPF) and the Intergovernmental Forum on Forests (IFF) proposals for action to achieve sustainable forest management. 46. The Committee noted that the XXII World Congress of IUFRO will be held in Brisbane, Australia, in August 2005, and invited all members to participate actively in this event. DECISIONS OF FAO GOVERNING BODIES OF INTEREST TO THE COMMITTEE (Item 8) 47. The Committee noted the recommendations of the 32nd Session of the FAO Conference and of the 124th and 127th Sessions of the FAO Council, in particular those related to FAO’s work: to facilitate countries’ efforts to achieve the commitments contained in the United Nations Millennium Declaration, including the internationally agreed development goals, and to implement sustainable forest management; to strengthen national capacities; and to support international forestry processes. 48. The Committee also took note of the recommendations relating to forestry emanating from the FAO Regional Conferences held in 2004. SHAPING AN ACTION PROGRAMME FOR FAO IN FORESTRY (Item 9) 49. The Committee recommended that FAO continue to undertake global and regional forest sector outlook studies, if possible at five-year intervals, to support national strategic planning. 50. The Committee agreed that bioenergy, including fuelwood, was an important topic and fully supported an integrated approach in addressing related issues. 51. The Committee requested that FAO continue its leadership role in the Collaborative Partnership on Forests (CPF). It welcomed efforts of CPF to consider how to strengthen its role under a future international arrangement on forests in order to accelerate implementation of sustainable forest management on the ground and to fulfil relevant commitments contained in the United Nations Millennium Declaration, including the internationally agreed development goals. 52. The Committee recommended that FAO continue to provide technical assistance to member countries in improving forest management policies and practices, inter alia, for the implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol. 53. The Committee recommended that FAO continue its support for regional and national networks to manage fire as well as insects and disease, in collaboration with relevant organizations such as the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction and the Global Wildland Fire Network, and further requested that FAO work with partners to develop voluntary guidelines on the prevention, suppression and recovery from forest fire. 54. The Committee strongly supported the continued focus of FAO on technical advice, capacity-building and knowledge dissemination on best practices, including on such topics as planted forests and trees outside forests. 55. The Committee recommended that FAO accord priority to key programme and topic areas, including forests and water, forests and climate change, forests and combating desertification and halting land degradation, forests and drought, forests and bioenergy, forests and biodiversity, agroforestry, as well as forests, poverty alleviation and food security, and participatory forestry and sustainable livelihoods. 56. The Committee supported the FAO work plan regarding the conservation of forests and fragile ecosystems and invasive species. 57. The Committee requested FAO to increase assistance to countries to develop and implement national forest programmes, including in partnership with the National Forest Programme Facility. 58. The Committee emphasized the need for policy frameworks and institutional arrangements that foster the participation of civil society in forest decision-making and improve cooperation across sectors. In this regard, it requested FAO to assist countries to better incorporate forestry in poverty reduction strategies, to enhance forest law enforcement, including affected wildlife, and to strengthen capacity for conducting national forest assessments and building forest information systems. 59. The Committee requested FAO to strengthen its activities in the areas of monitoring, assessment and reporting on forests and to intensify assistance to countries for activities in these areas. It further requested that FAO continue efforts to link the Global Forest Resources Assessment with reporting on criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management. 60. The Committee requested FAO to help minimize duplication in international forest reporting and, thus, reduce the reporting burden on countries by working together with other CPF members to continue to develop an information framework on forest-related reporting. 61. The Committee requested that FAO continue to work in collaboration with other agencies, to clarify key forestry concepts and to harmonize forest-related terminology. 62. The Committee requested that FAO increase the allocation of resources in its work programme for the activities of the Regional Forestry Commissions. XIII WORLD FORESTRY CONGRESS (Item 10) 63. The Committee noted the outcome of the XII World Forestry Congress in 2003, held in Quebec City in September 2003, and highly commended the Government of Canada and FAO on the successful implementation of this event. 64. The Committee noted that in July 2004 the Director-General had invited governments interested in hosting the XIII World Forestry Congress to communicate their formal offer to the Organization. 65. Two countries had submitted formal offers in response to this invitation: Panama and Argentina. The Committee acknowledged the two offers and recommended that the submissions of Panama and Argentina to host the XIII World Forestry Congress be forwarded to the FAO Council for consideration at its 128th Session in June 2005. FOREST SECTOR CONTRIBUTION TO POST-TSUNAMI RECONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION (Item 11) 66. The Committee welcomed FAO’s assistance to countries affected by the 26 December 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean and recommended that it increase its forestry-related efforts in this regard. The Committee encouraged FAO to play a lead role through its regional offices in forest-related rehabilitation activities in collaboration with countries, international organizations, regional organizations, and non-governmental organizations, and to promote an integrated approach to coastal area management and livelihoods in all sectors. OTHER MATTERS DATE AND PLACE OF THE NEXT SESSION (Item 12) 67. The Committee agreed to hold its next session in Rome in early 2007. APPENDIX A AGENDA 1. Opening of the session 2. Adoption of the agenda 3. Election of officers and designation of the Drafting Committee 4. State of the World’s Forests (SOFO 2005) 5. Regional forestry commissions in action (panel with representatives from the bureaux) 6. Needs and opportunities for international cooperation in forest fire preparedness 7. The role of forests in contributing to the Millennium Development Goals In-session seminar: Maintaining the international commitment to sustainable forest management 8. Decisions of FAO Governing Bodies of interest to the Committee 9. Shaping an action programme for FAO in forestry • Forests and bioenergy • Forest sector outlook studies • Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) 2005 update • Forest sector in small island developing states 10. XIII World Forestry Congress 11. Forest sector contribution to post-tsunami reconstruction and rehabilitation 12. Date and place of the next session 13 Adoption of the report 14. Closing of the session APPENDIX B COUNTRIES AND ORGANIZATIONS REPRESENTED AT THE SESSION MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE OBSERVERS FROM FAO MEMBER NATIONS Oman Qatar Republic of Moldova Saint Vincent and the Grenadines OBSERVERS FROM UNITED NATIONS MEMBER STATES Belarus Russian Federation PERMANENT OBSERVER TO FAO Holy See REPRESENTATIVES OF UNITED NATIONS AND SPECIALIZED AGENCIES Economic Commission for Europe International Strategy for Disaster Reduction United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification United Nations Forum on Forests United Nations Framework for the Convention on Climate Change World Bank Group OBSERVERS FROM INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS Arab Authority for Agricultural Investment and Development International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies International Plant Genetic Resources Institute League of Arab States Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OBSERVERS FROM INTERNATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS African Academy of Sciences Center for International Forestry Research Commonwealth Forestry Association Confederation of European Forest Owners European Observatory of Mountain Forests European Tropical Forest Research Network Forest Stewardship Council Friends of the Earth International International Association of Agricultural Economists International Cooperative Alliance International Forestry Students Associations International Tropical Timber Organization International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources - the World Conservation Union International Union of Forest Research Organizations Blue Plan The Nature Conservancy WorldWide Office Tropical Forest Trust Union des Sylviculteurs du Sud de l’Europe World Federation of Trade Unions APPENDIX C LIST OF DOCUMENTS
wrong_mix_domainrange_leader_00015	FactBench	0	10	https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/2021/field/executive-branch	en	The World Factbook	https://www.cia.gov/the-…1f66c6c2685054a1	https://www.cia.gov/the-…1f66c6c2685054a1	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/the-world-factbook/about/archives/2021/favicon-32x32.png?v=c3853bf09f084a8b1f66c6c2685054a1		null	Afghanistan chief of state: president (vacant); President Ashraf GHANI departed the country on 15 August 2021; CEO Abdullah ABDULLAH, Dr. (since 29 September 2014); First Vice President Abdul Rashid DOSTAM (since 29 September 2014); Second Vice President Sarwar DANESH (since 29 September 2014); First Deputy CEO Khyal Mohammad KHAN; Second Deputy CEO Mohammad MOHAQQEQ; note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: president (vacant); President Ashraf GHANI departed the country on 15 August 2021; CEO Abdullah ABDULLAH, Dr. (since 29 September 2014); First Vice President Abdul Rashid DOSTAM (since 29 September 2014); Second Vice President Sarwar DANESH (since 29 September 2014); First Deputy CEO Khyal Mohammad KHAN; Second Deputy CEO Mohammad MOHAQQEQ cabinet: Cabinet consists of 25 ministers appointed by the president, approved by the National Assembly elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 28 September 2019 election results: Ashraf GHANI declared winner by the Independent Election Commission on 18 February 2020; Ashraf GHANI 50.6%, Abdullah ABDULLAH, Dr. 39.5%, other 0.9% note: Ashraf GHANI left the country on 15 August 2021; on 7 September 2021, Mullah Mohammad HASSAN was announced as the head of an interim government Akrotiri chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) head of government: Administrator Major General Robert J. THOMSON (since 25 September 2019); note - administrator reports to the British Ministry of Defense; the chief officer is responsible for the day-to-day running of the civil government of the Sovereign Bases elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; administrator appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Ministry of Defense Albania chief of state: President of the Republic Ilir META (since 24 July 2017) head of government: Prime Minister Edi RAMA (since 10 September 2013); Deputy Prime Minister Arben AHMETAJ (since 18 September 2021) cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, nominated by the president, and approved by the Assembly elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by the Assembly for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); a candidate needs three-fifths majority vote of the Assembly in 1 of 3 rounds or a simple majority in 2 additional rounds to become president; election last held in 4 rounds on 19, 20, 27, and 28 April 2017 (next election to be held in 2022); prime minister appointed by the president on the proposal of the majority party or coalition of parties in the Assembly election results: Ilir META elected president; Assembly vote - 87 - 2 in fourth round Algeria chief of state: President Abdelmadjid TEBBOUNE (since 12 December 2019) head of government: Prime Minister Ayman BENABDERRAHMANE (since 7 July 2021); note - President TEBBOUNE appointed BENABDERRAHMANE as prime minister following the resignation of Prime Minister Abdelaziz DJERAD on 24 June Abdelaziz DJERAD (since 28 December 2019) cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in two rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 12 December 2019 (next to be held in 2024); prime minister nominated by the president after consultation with the majority party in Parliament election results: 2019: Abdelmadjid TEBBOUNE (NLF) 58.1%, Abdelkader BENGRINA (Movement of National Construction) 17.4%, Ali BENFLIS (Vanguard of Freedoms) 10.6%, Azzedine MIHOUBI (RND) 7.3%, Abdelaziz BELAID (Future Front) 6.7% 2014: Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA reelected president for a fourth term; percent of vote - Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (FLN) 81.5%, Ali BENFLIS (FLN) 12.2%, Abdelaziz BELAID (Future Front) 3.4%, other 2.9% American Samoa chief of state: President Joseph R. BIDEN Jr. (since 20 January 2021); Vice President Kamala D. HARRIS (since 20 January 2021) head of government: Governor Lemanu Peleti MAUGA (since 3 January 2021) cabinet: Cabinet consists of 12 department directors appointed by the governor with the consent of the Legislature or Fono elections/appointments: president and vice president indirectly elected on the same ballot by an Electoral College of 'electors' chosen from each state to serve a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); under the US Constitution, residents of unincorporated territories, such as American Samoa, do not vote in elections for US president and vice president; however, they may vote in Democratic and Republican presidential primary elections; governor and lieutenant governor directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 3 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2024) election results: Lemanu Peleti MAUGA elected governor in first round; percent of vote - Lemanu Peleti MAUGA (independent) 60.3%, Gaoteote Palaie TOFAU (independent) 21.9%, I'aulualo Fa'afetai TALIA (independent) 12.3% Andorra chief of state: Co-prince Emmanuel MACRON (since 14 May 2017); represented by Patrick STROZDA (since 14 May 2017); and Co-prince Archbishop Joan-Enric VIVES i Sicilia (since 12 May 2003); represented by Josep Maria MAURI (since 20 July 2012) head of government: Head of Government (or Cap de Govern) Xaviar Espot ZAMORA (since 16 May 2019) cabinet: Executive Council of 12 ministers designated by the head of government elections/appointments: head of government indirectly elected by the General Council (Andorran parliament), formally appointed by the coprinces for a 4-year term; election last held on 7 April 2019 (next to be held in April 2023); the leader of the majority party in the General Council is usually elected head of government election results: Xaviar Espot ZAMORA (DA) elected head of government; percent of General Council vote - 60.7% Angola chief of state: President Joao Manuel Goncalves LOURENCO (since 26 September 2017); Vice President Bornito De Sousa Baltazar DIOGO (since 26 September 2017); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Joao Manuel Goncalves LOURENCO (since 26 September 2017); Vice President Bornito De Sousa Baltazar DIOGO (since 26 September 2017) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections/appointments: the candidate of the winning party or coalition in the last legislative election becomes the president; president serves a 5-year term (eligible for a second consecutive or discontinuous term); last held on 23 August 2017 (next to be held in 2022) election results: Joao Manuel Goncalves LOURENCO (MPLA) elected president by the winning party following the 23 August 2017 general election Anguilla chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Dileeni DANIEL-SELVARATNAM (since 18 January 2021) head of government: Premier Dr. Ellis WEBSTER (since 30 June 2020); note - starting in 2019, the title of head of government was changed to premier from chief minister of Anguilla cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from among elected members of the House of Assembly elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed premier by the governor Antigua and Barbuda chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Rodney WILLIAMS (since 14 August 2014) head of government: Prime Minister Gaston BROWNE (since 13 June 2014) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the governor general Argentina chief of state: President Alberto Angel FERNANDEZ (since 10 December 2019); Vice President Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER (since 10 December 2019); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government (2019) head of government: President Alberto Angel FERNANDEZ (since 10 December 2019); Vice President Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER (since 10 December 2019) (2018) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president (2017) elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by qualified majority vote (to win, a candidate must receive at least 45% of votes or 40% of votes and a 10-point lead over the second place candidate; if neither occurs, a second round is held ); the president serves a 4-year term (eligible for a second consecutive term); election last held on 27 October 2019 (next to be held in October 2023) election results: 2019: Alberto Angel FERNANDEZ elected president; percent of vote - Alberto Angel FERNANDEZ (TODOS) 48.1%, Mauricio MACRI (PRO) 40.4%, Roberto LAVAGNA (independent) 6.2%, other 5.3% 2015: Mauricio MACRI elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Daniel SCIOLI (PJ) 37.1%, Mauricio MACRI (PRO) 34.2%, Sergio MASSA (FR/PJ) 21.4%, other 7.3%; percent of vote in second round - Mauricio MACRI (PRO) 51.4%, Daniel SCIOLI (PJ) 48.6% Armenia chief of state: President Armen SARKISSIAN (since 9 April 2018) head of government: Prime Minister Nikol PASHINYAN (since 10 September 2021); Deputy Prime Ministers Mher GRIGORYAN (since 3 August 2021) and Hambardzum MATEVOSYAN (since 25 November 2021); note - Prime Minister Nikol PASHINYAN resigned on 25 April 2021; he was reappointed by the president on 2 August 2021 and sworn in on 10 September 2021 cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by the National Assembly in 3 rounds if needed for a single 7-year term; election last held on 2 March 2018; prime minister elected by majority vote in 2 rounds if needed by the National Assembly; election last held 2 August 2021 election results: Armen SARKISSIAN elected president in first round; note - Armen SARKISSIAN ran unopposed and won the Assembly vote 90-10 note: Nikol PASHINYAN was first elected prime minister on 8 May 2018 and reelected on January 2019; in response to a political crisis that followed Armenia's defeat in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War in late 2020, PASHINYAN called an early legislative election for June 2021; his party won the election and PASHINYAN was elected to the prime ministership for a third time; his election was confirmed by the president on 2 August 2021, and he was sworn in on 10 September 2021 Aruba chief of state: King WILLEM-ALEXANDER of the Netherlands (since 30 April 2013); represented by Governor General Alfonso BOEKHOUDT (since 1 January 2017) head of government: Prime Minister Evelyn WEVER-CROES (since 17 November 2017) cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the Legislature (Staten) elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch for a 6-year term; prime minister and deputy prime minister indirectly elected by the Staten for 4-year term; election last held on 25 June 2021 (next to be held by June 2026) election results: as leader of the majority party of the ruling coalition, Evelyn WEVER-CROES (MEP) elected prime minister; percent of legislative vote - NA Australia chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General David HURLEY (since 1 July 2019) head of government: Prime Minister Scott MORRISON (since 24 August 2018) cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the prime minister from among members of Parliament and sworn in by the governor general elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is sworn in as prime minister by the governor general Austria chief of state: President Alexander VAN DER BELLEN (since 26 January 2017) head of government: Chancellor Karl NEHAMMER (since 6 December 2021); note - Chancellor Alexander SCHALLENBERG (since 9 October 2021) resigned on 12/2/21 cabinet: Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the advice of the chancellor elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); elections last held on 24 April 2016 (first round), 22 May 2016 (second round, which was annulled), and 4 December 2016 (second round re-vote) (next election to be held in April 2022); chancellor appointed by the president but determined by the majority coalition parties in the Federal Assembly; vice chancellor appointed by the president on the advice of the chancellor election results: Alexander VAN DER BELLEN elected in second round; percent of vote in first round - Norbert HOFER (FPOe) 35.1%, Alexander VAN DER BELLEN (independent, allied with the Greens) 21.3%, Irmgard GRISS (independent) 18.9%, Rudolf HUNDSTORFER (SPOe) 11.3%, Andreas KHOL (OeVP) 11.1%, Richard LUGNER (independent) 2.3%; percent of vote in second round - Alexander VAN DER BELLEN 53.8%, Norbert HOFER 46.2% Azerbaijan chief of state: President Ilham ALIYEV (since 31 October 2003); First Vice President Mehriban ALIYEVA (since 21 February 2017) head of government: Prime Minister Ali ASADOV (since 8 October 2019); First Deputy Prime Minister Yaqub EYYUBOV (since June 2006) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds (if needed) for a 7-year term; a single individual is eligible for unlimited terms; election last held on 11 April 2018 (next to be held in 2025); prime minister and first deputy prime minister appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly; note - a constitutional amendment approved in a September 2016 referendum expanded the presidential term from 5 to 7 years; a separate constitutional amendment approved in the same referendum also introduced the post of first vice-president and additional vice-presidents, who are directly appointed by the president election results: Ilham ALIYEV reelected president in first round; percent of vote - Ilham ALIYEV (YAP) 86%, Zahid ORUJ (independent) 3.1%, other 10.9% note: OSCE observers noted shortcomings in the election, including a restrictive political environment, limits on fundamental freedoms, a lack of genuine competition, and ballot box stuffing Bahamas, The chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Cornelius A. SMITH (since 28 June 2019) head of government: Prime Minister Philip DAVIS (since 17 September 2021) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by governor general on recommendation of prime minister elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; the prime minister recommends the deputy prime minister Bahrain chief of state: King HAMAD bin Isa Al-Khalifa (since 6 March 1999) head of government: Prime minister SALMAN bin Hamad Al-Khalifa (since 11 November 2020); first deputy prime minister (vacant); Deputy Prime Ministers MUHAMMAD bin Mubarak Al-Khalifa (since September 2005), Jawad bin Salim al-ARAIDH, ALI bin Khalifa bin Salman Al-Khalifa (since 11 December 2006), KHALID bin Abdallah Al-Khalifa (since November 2010); note - KHALIFA ibn Salman Al Khalifa, who served as prime minister since Bahrain's independence in 1971, died on 11 November 2020 cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch Bangladesh chief of state: President Abdul HAMID (since 24 April 2013); note - Abdul HAMID served as acting president following the death of Zillur RAHMAN in March 2013; HAMID was subsequently indirectly elected by the National Parliament and sworn in 24 April 2013 head of government: Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA Wazed (since 6 January 2009) cabinet: Cabinet selected by the prime minister, appointed by the president elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by the National Parliament for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 7 February 2018 (next to be held by 2023); the president appoints as prime minister the majority party leader in the National Parliament election results: President Abdul HAMID (AL) reelected by the National Parliament unopposed for a second term; Sheikh HASINA reappointed prime minister as leader of the majority AL party following parliamentary elections in 2018 Barbados chief of state: President Sandra MASON (since 30 November 2021) head of government: Prime Minister Mia MOTTLEY (since 25 May 2018) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister elections/appointments: the president is elected by an electoral college of both Houses of Parliament for a four year renewable term; election last held 20 October 2021; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of the majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the president; the prime minister recommends the deputy prime minister election results: Sandra MASON elected as first president on 20 October 2021 to take office on 30 November 2021 Belarus chief of state: President Alyaksandr LUKASHENKA (since 20 July 1994) head of government: Prime Minister Raman HALOWCHENKA (since 4 June 2020); First Deputy Prime Minister Mikalay SNAPKOW (since 4 June 2020); Deputy Prime Ministers Uladzimir KUKHARAW, Ihar PETRYSHENKA (since 18 August 2018), Yuryy NAZARAW (since 3 March 2020), Alyaksandr SUBOTSIN (since 4 June 2020) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (no term limits); first election took place on 23 June and 10 July 1994; according to the 1994 constitution, the next election should have been held in 1999; however, Alyaksandr LUKASHENKA extended his term to 2001 via a November 1996 referendum; subsequent election held on 9 September 2001; an October 2004 referendum ended presidential term limits and allowed the president to run and win in a third (19 March 2006), fourth (19 December 2010), fifth (11 October 2015), and sixth (9 August 2020); next election in 2025; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president and approved by the National Assembly election results: Alyaksandr LUKASHENKA reelected president; percent of vote - Alyaksandr LUKASHENKA (independent) 80.2%, Svyatlana TSIKHANOWSKAYA (independent) 9.9%, other 9.9%; note - widespread street protests erupted following announcement of the election results amid allegations of voter fraud Belgium chief of state: King PHILIPPE (since 21 July 2013); Heir Apparent Princess ELISABETH (daughter of the monarch, born 25 October 2001) head of government: Prime Minister Alexander DE CROO (since 1 October 2020); Deputy Prime Ministers Vincent Van Quickenborne (since 1 October 2020), Sophie Wilmes (since 1 October 2020), Vincent Van Peteghem (since 1 October 2020), Frank Vandenbroucke (since 1 October 2020), Pierre-Yves Dermagne (since 1 October 2020), Petra De Sutter (since 1 October 2020), Georges Gilkinet (since 1 October 2020) cabinet: Council of Ministers formally appointed by the monarch elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary and constitutional; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the monarch and approved by Parliament Belize chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Froyla TZALAM (since 27 May 2021) head of government: Prime Minister Juan Antonio BRICENO (since 12 November 2020); Deputy Prime Minister Cordel HYDE (since 16 November 2020) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister from among members of the National Assembly elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; prime minister recommends the deputy prime minister Benin chief of state: President Patrice TALON (since 6 April 2016); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Patrice TALON (since 6 April 2016); prime minister position abolished cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); last held on 11 April 2021 (next to be held in April 2026) election results: Patrice TALON elected to a second term; percent of vote - Patrice TALON (independent) 86.4%, Alassane SOUMANOU (FCBE) 11.3%, other 2.3% Bermuda chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Rena LALGIE (since 14 December 2020) head of government: Premier David BURT (since 19 July 2017) cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the premier, appointed by the governor elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed premier by the governor Bhutan chief of state: King Jigme Khesar Namgyel WANGCHUCK (since 14 December 2006); note - King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK abdicated the throne on 14 December 2006 to his son head of government: Prime Minister Lotay TSHERING (since 7 November 2018) cabinet: Council of Ministers or Lhengye Zhungtshog members nominated by the monarch in consultation with the prime minister and approved by the National Assembly; members serve 5-year terms elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary but can be removed by a two-thirds vote of Parliament; leader of the majority party in Parliament is nominated as the prime minister, appointed by the monarch Bolivia chief of state: President Luis Alberto ARCE Catacora (since 8 November 2020); Vice President David CHOQUEHUANCA Cespedes (since 8 November 2020); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Luis Alberto ARCE Catacora (since 8 November 2020); Vice President David CHOQUEHUANCA Cespedes (since 8 November 2020) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot one of 3 ways: candidate wins at least 50% of the vote, or at least 40% of the vote and 10% more than the next highest candidate; otherwise a second round is held and the winner determined by simple majority vote; president and vice president are elected by majority vote to serve a 5-year term; no term limits (changed from two consecutive term limit by Constitutional Court in late 2017); election last held on 18 October 2020 (next to be held in October 2025) election results: 2020: Luis Alberto ARCE Catacora elected president; percent of vote - Luis Alberto ARCE Catacora (MAS) 55.1%; Carlos Diego MESA Gisbert (CC) 28.8%; Luis Fernando CAMACHO Vaca (Creemos) 14%; other 2.1% 2018: Juan Evo MORALES Ayma reelected president; percent of vote - Juan Evo MORALES Ayma (MAS) 61%; Samuel DORIA MEDINA Arana (UN) 24.5%; Jorge QUIROGA Ramirez (POC) 9.1%; other 5.4%; note - MORALES resigned from office on 10 November 2019 over alleged election rigging; resignations of all his constitutionally designated successors followed, including the Vice President, President of the Senate, President of the Chamber of Deputies, and First Vice President of the Senate, leaving the Second Vice President of the Senate, Jeanine ANEZ Chavez, the highest-ranking official still in office; her appointment to the presidency was endorsed by Bolivia's Constitutional Court, and she served as interim president until the inauguration of Luis Alberto ARCE Catacora, winner of the 18 October 2020 presidential election Bosnia and Herzegovina chief of state: Chairman of the Presidency Zeljko KOMSIC (chairman since 20 July 2021; presidency member since 20 November 2018 - Croat seat); Sefik DZAFEROVIC (presidency member since 20 November 2018 - Bosniak seat); Milorad DODIK (presidency member since 20 November 2018 - Serb seat) head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Zoran TEGELTIJA (since 5 December 2019) cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman, approved by the state-level House of Representatives elections/appointments: 3-member presidency (1 Bosniak and 1 Croat elected from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 1 Serb elected from the Republika Srpska) directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term, but then ineligible for 4 years); the presidency chairpersonship rotates every 8 months with the new member of the presidency elected with the highest number of votes starting the new mandate as chair; election last held on 7 October 2018 (next to be held in October 2022); the chairman of the Council of Ministers appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the state-level House of Representatives election results: 2018: percent of vote - Milorad DODIK (SNSD) 53.9% - Serb seat; Zeljko KOMSIC (DF) 52.6% - Croat seat; Sefik DZAFEROVIC (SDA) 36.6% - Bosniak seat 2014: percent of vote - Mladen IVANIC (PDP) 48.7% - Serb seat; Dragan COVIC (HDZ-BiH) 52.2% - Croat seat; Bakir IZETBEGOVIC (SDA) 32.9% - Bosniak seat note: President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Marinko CAVARA (since 9 February 2015); Vice Presidents Melika MAHMUTBEGOVIC (since 9 February 2015), Milan DUNOVIC (since 9 February 2015); President of the Republika Srpska Zeljka CVIJANOVIC (since 18 November 2018); Vice Presidents Ramiz SALKIC (since 24 November 2014), Josip JERKOVIC (since 24 November 2014) Botswana chief of state: President Mokgweetse Eric MASISI (since 1 April 2018); Vice President Slumber TSOGWANE (since 4 April 2018); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Mokgweetse Eric MASISI (since 1 April 2018); Vice President Slumber TSOGWANE (since 4 April 2018); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by the National Assembly for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 24 October 2014 (next to be held on 31 October 2019); vice president appointed by the president election results: President Seretse Khama Ian KHAMA (since 1 April 2008) stepped down on 1 April 2018 having completed the constitutionally mandated 10-year term limit; upon his retirement, then Vice President MASISI became president; national elections held on 23 October 2019 gave MASISI'S BPD 38 seats in the National Assembly which then selected MASISI as President Brazil chief of state: President Jair BOLSONARO (since 1 January 2019); Vice President Antonio Hamilton Martins MOURAO (since 1 January 2019); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Jair BOLSONARO (since 1 January 2019); Vice President Antonio Hamilton Martins MOURAO (since 1 January 2019) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 7 October 2018 with runoff on 28 October 2018 (next to be held in October 2022) election results: 2018: Jair BOLSONARO elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Jair BOLSONARO (PSL) 46%, Fernando HADDAD (PT) 29.3%, Ciro GOMEZ (PDT) 12.5%, Geraldo ALCKMIN (PSDB) 4.8%, other 7.4%; percent of vote in second round - Jair BOLSONARO (PSL) 55.1%, Fernando HADDAD (PT) 44.9% 2014: Dilma ROUSSEFF reelected president in second round; percent of vote - Dilma ROUSSEFF (PT) 51.6%, Aecio NEVES (PSDB) 48.4%; note - on 12 May 2016, Brazil's Senate voted to hold an impeachment trial of President Dilma ROUSSEFF, who was then suspended from her executive duties; Vice President Michel TEMER took over as acting president; on 31 August 2016 the Senate voted 61-20 in favor of conviction and her removal from office; TEMER served as president for the remainder of ROUSSEFF's term, which ended 1 January 2019 British Indian Ocean Territory chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) head of government: Commissioner Ben MERRICK (since August 2017); Administrator Kit PYMAN; note - both reside in the UK and are represented by Commander Steven R. DRYSDALE, RN, commanding British Forces on Diego Garcia (since 19 February 2021) cabinet: NA elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; commissioner and administrator appointed by the monarch British Virgin Islands chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor John J. RANKIN (since 29 January 2021) head of government: Premier Andrew FAHIE (since 26 February 2019) cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from members of the House of Assembly elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed premier by the governor Brunei chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah (since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both chief of state and head of government head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah (since 5 October 1967) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed and presided over by the monarch; note(s)- 4 additional advisory councils appointed by the monarch are the Religious Council, Privy Council for constitutional issues, Council of Succession, and Legislative Council; Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah is also Minister of Finance, Defense, and Foreign Affairs and Trade elections/appointments: none; the monarchy is hereditary Bulgaria chief of state: President Rumen RADEV (since 22 January 2017); Vice President Iliana IOTOVA (since 22 January 2017) head of government: Prime Minister Kiril PETKOV (since 13 December 2021) cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, elected by the National Assembly elections/appointments: president and vice president elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 14 and 21 November 2021 (next to be held in fall 2026); chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister) elected by the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers nominated by the prime minister, elected by the National Assembly election results: 2021: Rumen RADEV reelected president in second round; percent of vote in the first round - Rumen RADEV (independent) 49.4%, Anastas GERDZHIKOV (independent) 22.8%, Mustafa KARADAYI (DPS) 11.6%, Kostadin KOSTADINOV (Revival) 3.9%, Lozan PANOV (independent) 3.7%, other 8.6%; percent of vote in the second round - Rumen RADEV 66.7%, Anastas GERDZHIKOV 31.8%, neither 1.5% 2016: Rumen RADEV elected president in second round; percent of vote - Rumen RADEV (independent, supported by Bulgarian Socialist Party) 59.4%, Tsetska TSACHEVA (GERB) 36.2%, neither 4.5% 2011: Rosen PLEVNELIEV elected president in runoff election; percent of vote - Rosen PLEVNELIEV (independent) 52.6%, Ivailo KALFIN (BSP) 47.4% Burkina Faso chief of state: President Roch Marc Christian KABORE (since 29 December 2015; reelected 22 November 2020) head of government: Prime Minister Lassina ZERBO (since 10 December 2021); note - on 8 December 2021, President KABORE accepted the resignation of Prime Minister Christophe DABIRE; on 10 December 2021 Kaboré named ZERBO prime minister. (2021) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister elections/appointments: president elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second); last held on 22 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2025); prime minister appointed by the president with consent of the National Assembly election results: Roch Marc Christian KABORE reelected president in first round; percent of vote - Roch Marc Christian KABORE (MPP) 57.9%, Eddie KOMBOIGO (CDP) 15.5%, Zephirin DIABRE (UPC)12.5%, other 14.1% Burma chief of state: Prime Minister, SAC Chair, Sr. Gen. MIN AUNG HLAING (since 1 August 2021); note - MIN AUNG HLAING self-appointed himself to the role of prime minister of a “caretaker” provisional government that subsumed the State Administration Council (SAC) on 1 August 2021; the SAC, chaired by MIN AUNG HLAING, served as the executive governing body since 2 February 2021, following the 1 February 2021 military takeover of the government and the declaration of a state of emergency and still exists under the provisional government according to state media; MIN AUNG HLAING pledged to hold elections in 2023 head of government: Prime Minister, SAC Chair, Sr. Gen. MIN AUNG HLAING (since 1 August 2021); note - MIN AUNG HLAING self-appointed himself to the role of prime minister of a “caretaker” provisional government that subsumed the State Administration Council (SAC) on 1 August 2021; the SAC, chaired by MIN AUNG HLAING, served as the executive governing body since 2 February 2021, following the 1 February 2021 military takeover of the government and the declaration of a state of emergency and still exists under the provisional government according to state media; MIN AUNG HLAING pledged to hold elections in 2023 cabinet: Cabinet appointments shared by the president and the commander-in-chief; note - after 1 February, the military replaced the cabinet elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by simple majority vote by the full Assembly of the Union from among 3 vice-presidential candidates nominated by the Presidential Electoral College (consists of members of the lower and upper houses and military members); the other 2 candidates become vice-presidents (president elected for a 5-year term); election last held on 28 March 2018; MIN AUNG HLAING pledged to hold elections in 2023 election results: WIN MYINT elected president; Assembly of the Union vote - WIN MYINT (NLD) 403, MYINT SWE (USDP) 211, HENRY VAN THIO (NLD) 18, 4 votes canceled (636 votes cast); note - WIN MYINT was placed under arrest following the military takeover on 1 February 2021 state counsellor: State Counselor AUNG SAN SUU KYI (since 6 April 2016); note - under arrest since 1 February 2021; formerly served as minister of foreign affairs and minister for the office of the president note: a parliamentary bill creating the position of "state counsellor" was signed into law by former President HTIN KYAW on 6 April 2016; a state counsellor serves the equivalent term of the president and is similar to a prime minister in that the holder acts as a link between the parliament and the executive branch Burundi chief of state: President Evariste NDAYISHIMIYE (since 18 June 2020); Vice President Prosper BAZOMBANZA (since 24 June 2020); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Evariste NDAYISHIMIYE (since 18 June 2020); Vice President Prosper BAZOMBANZA (since 24 June 2020); Prime Minister Alain-Guillaume BUNYONI (since 24 June 2020) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by president elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 20 May 2020 (next to be held in 2025); vice presidents nominated by the president, endorsed by Parliament; note - a 2018 constitutional referendum effective for the 2020 election, increased the presidential term from 5 to 7 years with a 2-consecutive-term limit, reinstated the position of the prime minister position, and reduced the number of vice presidents from 2 to 1 election results: Evariste NDAYISHIMIYE elected president; percent of vote - Evariste NDAYISHIMIYE (CNDD-FDD) 71.5%, Agathon RWASA (CNL) 25.2%, Gaston SINDIMWO (UPRONA) 1.7%, OTHER 1.6% Cabo Verde chief of state: President Jose Maria NEVES (since 9 November 2021) head of government: Prime Minister Ulisses CORREIA E. SILVA (since 22 April 2016) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 17 October 2021 (next to be held on 17 October 2026); prime minister nominated by the National Assembly and appointed by the president election results: Jose Maria NEVES elected president; percent of vote - Jose Maria NEVES (APICV) 51.73%, Carlos Veiga (MFD) 42.37%, Casimiro de Pina (Independent) 1.81%, Fernando Rocha Delgado (Independent) 1.36%, Helio Sanches (Independent) 1.14%, Gilson Alves (Independent) 0.84%, Joaquim Monteiro (Independent) 0.74% Jorge Carlos FONSECA reelected president; percent of vote - Jorge Carlos FONSECA (MPD) 74%, Albertino GRACA (independent) 23%, other 3% African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde (APICV) Movement for Democracy (MFD) Cambodia chief of state: King Norodom SIHAMONI (since 29 October 2004) head of government: Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 14 January 1985) cabinet: Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and appointed by the monarch elections/appointments: monarch chosen by the 9-member Royal Council of the Throne from among all eligible males of royal descent; following legislative elections, a member of the majority party or majority coalition named prime minister by the Chairman of the National Assembly and appointed by the monarch Cameroon chief of state: President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982) head of government: Prime Minister Joseph Dion NGUTE (since 4 January 2019); Deputy Prime Minister Amadou ALI (since 2014) cabinet: Cabinet proposed by the prime minister, appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (no term limits); election last held on 7 October 2018 (next to be held in October 2025); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Paul BIYA reelected president; percent of vote - Paul BIYA (CPDM) 71.3%, Maurice KAMTO (MRC) 14.2%, Cabral LIBII (Univers) 6.3%, other 8.2% Canada chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Mary SIMON (since 6 July 2021) head of government: Prime Minister Justin Pierre James TRUDEAU (Liberal Party) (since 4 November 2015) cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually from among members of his/her own party sitting in Parliament elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a 5-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the House of Commons generally designated prime minister by the governor general note: the governor general position is largely ceremonial Cayman Islands chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Martyn ROPER (since 29 October 2018) head of government: Premier Wayne PANTON (since 21 April 2021) cabinet: Cabinet selected from the Parliament and appointed by the governor on the advice of the premier elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition appointed premier by the governor Central African Republic chief of state: President Faustin-Archange TOUADERA (since 30 March 2016; reelected 27 December 2020) head of government: Prime Minister Henri-Marie DONDRA (since 11 June 2021); note - Prime Minister Firmin NGREBADA resigned on 10 June 2021 cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections/appointments: under the 2015 constitution, the president is elected by universal direct suffrage for a period of 5 years (eligible for a second term); election last held 27 December 2020 (next to be held in December 2025); note - Central African Republic held presidential and partial legislative elections on December 27, 2020; voting was disrupted in some areas, so those constituencies held the first round of their legislative elections on March 14, 2021; some of the constituencies that did vote on December 27, 2020 held runoff elections for their legislators. election results: Faustin-Archange TOUADERA reelected president in first round; percent of vote - Faustin-Archange TOUADERA (independent) 59.3%, Anicet Georges DOLOGUELE (URCA) 21%, other 19.7% note: rebel forces seized the capital in March 2013, forcing former President BOZIZE to flee the country; Interim President Michel DJOTODIA assumed the presidency, reinstated the prime minister, and established a National Transitional Council (CNT) in April 2013; the NTC elected Catherine SAMBA-PANZA interim president in January 2014 to serve until February 2015, when new elections were to be held; her term was extended because instability delayed new elections and the transition did not take place until the end of March 2016 Chad chief of state: Interim President Mahamat Idriss DEBY; note - on 20 April 2021, newly reelected President Idriss DEBY Itno, Lt. Gen. died of injuries he sustained following clashes between government forces he was commanding and insurgents in the northern part of the country; following his death, Mahamat took control of the country and dismissed the Chadian parliament, promising elections within eighteen months head of government: Interim President Mahamat Idriss DEBY; note - on 20 April 2021, President Idriss DEBY Itno, Lt. Gen. died of injuries he sustained following clashes between government forces he was commanding and insurgents in the northern part of the country; following his death, Mahamat took control of the country and dismissed the Chadian parliament, promising elections within eighteen months cabinet: Council of Ministers elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 11 April 2021 election results: Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno reelected; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY (MPS) 79.3%, Pahimi PADACKET Albert (RNDT) 10.3%, Lydie BEASSEMDA (Party for Democracy and Independence) 3.16% Chile chief of state: President Sebastian PINERA Echenique (since 11 March 2018); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Sebastian PINERA Echenique (since 11 March 2018) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single 4-year term; election last held on 21 November 2021 with a runoff held on 19 December 2021 (next to be held on 23 November 2025 with runoff if need on 20 December) election results: 2021: Gabriel BORIC elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Jose Antonio KAST (FSC) 27.9%; Gabriel BORIC (AD) 25.8%; Franco PARISI (PDG) 12.8%; Sebastian SICHEL (ChP+) 12.8%; Yasna PROVOSTE (New Social Pact) 11.6%; other 9.1%; percent of vote in second round - Gabriel BORIC (AD) 55.9%; Jose Antonio KAST (FSC) 44.1%; note - BORIC will take office 11 March 2022 2017: Sebastian PINERA Echenique elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Sebastian PINERA Echenique (independent) 36.6%; Alejandro GUILLIER (independent) 22.7%; Beatriz SANCHEZ (independent) 20.3%; Jose Antonio KAST (independent) 7.9%; Carolina GOIC (PDC) 5.9%; Marco ENRIQUEZ-OMINAMI (PRO) 5.7%; other 0.9%; percent of vote in second round - Sebastian PINERA Echenique 54.6%, Alejandro GUILLIER 45.4% China chief of state: President XI Jinping (since 14 March 2013); Vice President WANG Qishan (since 17 March 2018) head of government: Premier LI Keqiang (since 16 March 2013); Executive Vice Premiers HAN Zheng (since 19 March 2018), SUN Chunlan (since 19 March 2018), LIU He (since 19 March 2018), HU Chunhua (since 19 March 2018) cabinet: State Council appointed by National People's Congress elections/appointments: president and vice president indirectly elected by National People's Congress for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 17 March 2018 (next to be held in March 2023); premier nominated by president, confirmed by National People's Congress election results: XI Jinping reelected president; National People's Congress vote - 2,970 (unanimously); WANG Qishan elected vice president with 2,969 votes Christmas Island chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General of the Commonwealth of Australia General David HURLEY (since 1 July 2019) head of government: Administrator Natasha GRIGGS (since 5 October 2017) elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the Australian prime minister; administrator appointed by the governor general of Australia for a 2-year term and represents the monarch and Australia Cocos (Keeling) Islands chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General of the Commonwealth of Australia General David HURLEY (since 1 July 2019) head of government: Administrator Natasha GRIGGS (since 5 October 2017) cabinet: NA elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the Australian prime minister; administrator appointed by the governor general for a 2-year term and represents the monarch and Australia Colombia chief of state: President Ivan DUQUE Marquez (since 7 August 2018); Vice President Marta Lucia RAMIREZ Blanco (since 7 August 2018); the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Ivan DUQUE Marquez (since 7 August 2018); Vice President Marta Lucia RAMIREZ Blanco (since 7 August 2018) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single 4-year term; election last held on 27 May 2018 with a runoff held on 17 June 2018 (next to be held on 29 May 2022); note - political reform in 2015 eliminated presidential reelection election results: 2018: Ivan DUQUE Marquez elected president in second round; percent of vote - Ivan DUQUE Marquez (CD) 54%, Gustavo PETRO (Humane Colombia) 41.8%, other/blank/invalid 4.2% 2014: Juan Manuel SANTOS Calderon reelected president in second round; percent of vote - Juan Manuel SANTOS Calderon (U Party) 51.0%, Oscar Ivan ZULUAGA (CD) 45.0%, other 4.0% Comoros chief of state: President AZALI Assoumani (since 26 May 2016); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government; note - AZALI takes oath of office 2 June 2019 after 24 March 2019 reelection head of government: President AZALI Assoumani (since 26 May 2016) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote in 2 rounds for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 24 March 2019 (next to be held in 2024) election results: AZALI Assoumani (CRC) elected president in first round; with a 59% of the vote; - AZALI Assoumani (CRC) 60.8%, Ahamada MAHAMOUDOU (PJ) 14.6%, and Mouigni Baraka Said SOILIHI (Independent) 5.6% Congo, Democratic Republic of the chief of state: President Felix TSHISEKEDI (since 24 January 2019) head of government: Prime Minister Jean-Michel Sama Lukonde KYENGE (since 15 February 2021); Deputy Prime Ministers Jose MAKILA, Leonard She OKITUNDU, Henri MOVA Sankanyi (since February 2018) cabinet: Ministers of State appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 30 December 2018 (next to be held in December 2023); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Felix TSHISEKEDI elected president; percent of vote - Felix TSHISEKEDI (UDPS) 38.6%, Martin FAYULU (Lamuka coalition) 34.8%, Emmanuel Ramazani SHADARY (PPRD) 23.9%, other 2.7%; note - election marred by serious voting irregularities Congo, Republic of the chief of state: President Denis SASSOU-Nguesso (since 25 October 1997) head of government: Prime Minister Clement MOUAMBA (since 24 April 2016); note - a constitutional referendum held in 2015 approved the change of the head of government from the president to the prime minister (2019) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for 2 additional terms); election last held on 21 March 2021 (next to be held on 21 March 2026) election results: Denis SASSOU-Nguesso reelected president in the first round; percent of vote - Denis SASSOU-Nguesso (PCT) 88.4%, Guy Price Parfait KOLELAS (MCDDI) 8.0%, turnout is 67.6%. Cook Islands chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Sir Tom J. MARSTERS (since 9 August 2013); New Zealand Acting High Commissioner Ms Rachel BENNETT (since 9 December 2019) head of government: Prime Minister Mark BROWN (since 1 October 2020) cabinet: Cabinet chosen by the prime minister elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; UK representative appointed by the monarch; New Zealand high commissioner appointed by the New Zealand Government; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually becomes prime minister Costa Rica chief of state: President Carlos ALVARADO Quesada (since 8 May 2018); First Vice President Epsy CAMPBELL Barr (since 8 May 2018); Second Vice President Marvin RODRIGUEZ Cordero (since 8 May 2018); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Carlos ALVARADO Quesada (since 8 May 2018); First Vice President Epsy CAMPBELL Barr (since 8 May 2018); Second Vice President Marvin RODRIGUEZ Cordero (since 8 May 2018) cabinet: Cabinet selected by the president elections/appointments: president and vice presidents directly elected on the same ballot by modified majority popular vote (40% threshold) for a 4-year term (eligible for non-consecutive terms); election last held on 4 February 2018 with a runoff on 1 April 2018 (next to be held on 6 February 2022) election results: 2018: Carlos ALVARADO Quesada elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Fabricio ALVARADO Munoz (PRN) 25%; Carlos ALVARADO Quesada (PAC) 21.6%; Antonio ALVAREZ (PLN) 18.6%; Rodolfo PIZA (PUSC) 16%; Juan Diego CASTRO (PIN) 9.5%; Rodolfo HERNANDEZ (PRS) 4.9%, other 4.4%; percent of vote in second round - Carlos ALVARADO Quesada (PAC) 60.7%; Fabricio ALVARADO Munoz (PRN) 39.3% 2014: Luis Guillermo SOLIS Rivera elected president; percent of vote - Luis Guillermo SOLIS Rivera (PAC) 77.8%; Johnny ARAYA (PLN) 22.2% Cote d'Ivoire chief of state: President Alassane Dramane OUATTARA (since 4 December 2010); Vice President (vacant); note - Vice President Daniel Kablan DUNCAN resigned 8 July 2020; note - the 2016 constitution calls for the establishment of the position of vice-president head of government: Prime Minister Patrick ACHI (since 10 March 2021); note - ACHI was acting prime minister from 8-10 March 2021 and became prime minister upon former Prime Minister Hamed BAKAYOKO's death on 10 March 2021 cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single renewable 5-year term ; election last held on 31 October 2020 (next to be held in October 2025); vice president elected on same ballot as president; prime minister appointed by the president; note – because President OUATTARA promulgated the new constitution during his second term, he has claimed that the clock is reset on term limits, allowing him to run for up to two additional terms election results: Alassane OUATTARA reelected president; percent of vote - Alassane OUATTARA (RDR) 94.3%, Kouadio Konan BERTIN (PDCI-RDA) 2.0%, other 3.7% Croatia chief of state: President Zoran MILANOVIC (since 18 February 2020) head of government: Prime Minister Andrej PLENKOVIC (since 19 October 2016); Deputy Prime Ministers Damir KRSTICEVIC (since 19 October 2016), Predrag STROMAR (since 9 June 2017), Marija Pejcinovic BURIC (since 19 June 2017), and Tomislav TOLUSIC (since 25 May 2018) cabinet: Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and approved by the Assembly elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 December 2019 with a runoff on 5 January 2020 (next to be held in 2024); the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the president and approved by the Assembly election results: 2019: Zoran MILANOVIC elected president in second round; percent of vote - Zoran MILANOVIC (SDP) 52.7%, Kolinda GRABAR-KITAROVIC (HDZ) 47.3% 2015: Kolinda GRABAR-KITAROVIC elected president in second round; percent of vote - Kolinda GRABAR-KITAROVIC (HDZ) 50.7%, Ivo JOSIPOVIC (Forward Croatia Progressive Alliance) 49.3% Cuba chief of state: President Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez (since 10 October 2019); Vice President Salvador Antonio VALDES Mesa (since 10 October 2019); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: Prime Minister Manuel MARRERO Cruz (since 21 December 2019); Deputy Prime Ministers Ramiro VALDES Menendez, Roberto MORALES Ojeda, Ines Maria CHAPMAN Waugh, Jorge Luis TAPIA Fonseca, Alejandro GIL Fernandez, Ricardo CABRISAS Ruiz (since 21 December 2019) cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the president and appointed by the National Assembly; it is subordinate to the 21-member Council of State, which is elected by the Assembly to act on its behalf when it is not in session elections/appointments: president and vice president indirectly elected by the National Assembly for a 5-year term (may be reelected for another 5-year term); election last held on 10 October 2019 (next to be held in 2024) election results: Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez (PCC) elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 98.8%; Salvador Antonio VALDES Mesa (PCC) elected vice president; percent of National Assembly vote - 98.1% note - on 19 April 2018, DIAZ-CANEL succeeded Raul CASTRO as president of the Council of State; on 10 October 2019 he was elected to the newly created position of President of the Republic, which replaced the position of President of the Council of State Curacao chief of state: King WILLEM-ALEXANDER of the Netherlands (since 30 April 2013); represented by Governor Lucille A. GEORGE-WOUT (since 4 November 2013) head of government: Prime Minister Gilmar PISAS (since 14 June 2021) cabinet: Cabinet sworn-in by the governor elections/appointments: the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party usually elected prime minister by the Parliament of Curacao; next election scheduled for 2016 Cyprus chief of state: President Nikos ANASTASIADIS (since 28 February 2013); the president is both chief of state and head of government; note - vice presidency reserved for a Turkish Cypriot, but vacant since 1974 because Turkish Cypriots do not participate in the Republic of Cyprus Government head of government: President Nikos ANASTASIADIS (since 28 February 2013) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - under the 1960 constitution, 3 of the ministerial posts reserved for Turkish Cypriots, appointed by the vice president; positions currently filled by Greek Cypriots elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term; election last held on 28 January 2018 with a runoff on 4 February 2018 (next to be held in February 2023) election results: Nikos ANASTASIADIS reelected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Nikos ANASTASIADIS (DISY) 35.5%, Stavros MALAS (AKEL) 30.2%, Nicolas PAPADOPOULOS (DIKO) 25.7%, other 8.6%; percent of vote in second round - Nikos ANASTASIADIS 56%, Stavros MALAS 44% note: the first round of the TRNC presidential election, originally scheduled for 26 April 2020, was postponed to 11 October 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic; the second round was held on 18 October 2020; percent of vote in the first round - Ersin TATAR (UBP) 32.4%, Mustafa AKINCI (independent) 29.8%, Tufan ERHURMAN (RTP) 21.7%, Kudret OZERSAY (independent) 5.7%, Erhan ARIKLI (YDP) 5.4%, Serdar DENKTAS (independent) 4.2%, other 0.8%; percent of vote in the second round - Ersin TATAR 51.7%, Mustafa AKINCI 48.3% Czechia chief of state: President Milos ZEMAN (since 8 March 2013) head of government: Prime Minister Petr FIALA (since 17 December 2021); First Deputy Prime Minister Vit RAKUSAN (since 17 December 2021), Deputy Prime Ministers Marian JURECKA, Ivan BARTOS, Vlastimil VALEK (all since 17 December 2021) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (limited to 2 consecutive terms); elections last held on 12-13 January 2018 with a runoff on 26-27 January 2018 (next to be held in January 2023); prime minister appointed by the president for a 4-year term election results: 2018: Milos ZEMAN reelected president in the second round; percent of vote - Milos ZEMAN (SPO) 51.4%, Jiri DRAHOS (independent) 48.6% 2013: Milos ZEMAN elected president; percent of vote - Milos ZEMAN (SPO) 54.8%, Karel SCHWARZENBERG (TOP 09) 45.2% Denmark chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972); Heir Apparent Crown Prince FREDERIK (elder son of the monarch, born on 26 May 1968) head of government: Prime Minister Mette FREDERIKSEN (since 27 June 2019) cabinet: Council of State appointed by the monarch elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the monarch Dhekelia chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) head of government: Administrator Major General Robert J. THOMSON (since 25 September 2019); note - administrator reports to the British Ministry of Defense; the chief officer is responsible for the day-to-day running of the civil government of the Sovereign Bases elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; administrator appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Ministry of Defense Djibouti chief of state: President Ismail Omar GUELLEH (since 8 May 1999) head of government: Prime Minister Abdoulkader Kamil MOHAMED (since 1 April 2013) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term; election last held on 9 April 2021 (next to be held in April 2026); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Ismail Omar GUELLEH reelected president for a fifth term; percent of vote - Ismail Omar GUELLEH (RPP) 97.4%, Zakaria Ismael FARAH (MDEND) 2.7% Dominica chief of state: President Charles A. SAVARIN (since 2 October 2013) head of government: Prime Minister Roosevelt SKERRIT (since 8 January 2004) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister elections/appointments: president nominated by the prime minister and leader of the opposition party and elected by the House of Assembly for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 1 October 2018 (next to be held in October 2023); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Charles A. SAVARIN (DLP) reelected president unopposed Dominican Republic chief of state: President Luis Rodolfo ABINADER Corona (since 16 August 2020); Vice President Raquel PENA de Antuna (since 16 August 2020); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Luis Rodolfo ABINADER Corona (since 16 August 2020); Vice President Raquel PENA de Antuna (since 16 August 2020); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the president elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a maximum of two consecutive terms); election last held on 5 July 2020 (next to be held in 2024); note - the 2020 election was rescheduled from 17 May to 5 July 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic election results: 2020: Luis Rodolfo ABINADER Corona elected president in first round; percent of vote - Luis Rodolfo ABINADER Corona (PRM) 52.5%, Gonzalo CASTILLO Terrero (PLD) 37.5%, Leonel Antonio FERNANDEZ Reyna (FP) 8.9% other 1.1% 2016: Danilo MEDINA Sanchez reelected president; percent of vote - Danilo MEDINA Sanchez (PLD) 61.7%, Luis Rodolfo ABINADER Corona (PRM) 35%, other 3.3%; Margarita CEDENO DE FERNANDEZ (PLD) reelected vice president Ecuador chief of state: President Guillermo LASSO Mendoza (since 24 May 2021); Vice President Alfredo Enrique BORRERO Vega (since 24 May 2021); the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Guillermo LASSO Mendoza (since 24 May 2021); Vice President Alfredo Enrique BORRERO Vega (since 24 May 2021) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 7 February 2021 with a runoff on 11 April 2021 (next to be held in February 2025) election results: 2021: Guillermo LASSO Mendoza elected president; first round election results: percent of vote - Andres ARAUZ (UNES) 32.72%, Guillermo LASSO Mendoza (CREO) 19.74%, Yaku PEREZ Guartambel (MUPP) 19.38%, Xavier HERVAS Mora (Independent) 15.68%, other 12.48%; second round election results: percent of vote - Guillermo LASSO Mendoza (CREO) 52.5%, Andres ARAUZ (UNES) 47.5% 2017: Lenin MORENO Garces elected president in second round; percent of vote - Lenin MORENO Garces (Alianza PAIS Movement) 51.1%, Guillermo LASSO (CREO) 48.9% Egypt chief of state: President Abdelfattah ELSISI (since 8 June 2014) head of government: Prime Minister Mostafa MADBOULY (since 7 June 2018) cabinet: Cabinet ministers nominated by the executive branch and approved by the House of Representatives elections/appointments: president elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for 3 consecutive terms); election last held on 26-28 March 2018 (next to be held in 2024); prime minister appointed by the president, approved by the House of Representatives; note - following a constitutional amendment approved by referendum in April 2019, the presidential term was extended from 4 to 6 years and eligibility extended to 3 consecutive terms election results: Abdelfattah ELSISI reelected president in first round; percent of valid votes cast - Abdelfattah ELSISI (independent) 97.1%, Moussa Mostafa MOUSSA (El Ghad Party) 2.9%; note - more than 7% of ballots cast were deemed invalid El Salvador chief of state: President Nayib Armando BUKELE Ortez (since 1 June 2019); Vice President Felix Augusto Antonio ULLOA Garay (since 1 June 2019); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Nayib Armando BUKELE Ortez (since 1 June 2019); Vice President Felix Augusto Antonio ULLOA Garay (since 1 June 2019) cabinet: Council of Ministers selected by the president elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single 5-year term; election last held on 3 February 2019 (next to be held on February 2024) election results: 2019: Nayib Armando BUKELE Ortez elected president - Nayib Armando BUKELE Ortez (GANA) 53.1%, Carlos CALLEJA Hakker (ARENA) 31.72%, Hugo MARTINEZ (FMLN) 14.41%, other 0.77% 2014: Salvador SANCHEZ CEREN elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Salvador SANCHEZ CEREN (FMLN) 48.9%, Norman QUIJANO (ARENA) 39%, Antonio SACA (CN) 11.4%, other 0.7%; percent of vote in second round - Salvador SANCHEZ CEREN 50.1%, Norman QUIJANO 49.9% Equatorial Guinea chief of state: President Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG Nguema Mbasogo (since 3 August 1979 when he seized power in a military coup); Vice President Teodoro Nguema OBIANG Mangue(since 2012) head of government: Prime Minister Francisco Pascual Eyegue OBAMA Asue (since 23 June 2016); First Deputy Prime Minister Clemente Engonga NGUEMA Onguene (since 23 June 2016); Second Deputy Prime Minister Angel MESIE Mibuy (since 5 February 2018); Third Deputy Prime Minister Alfonso Nsue MOKUY (since 23 June 2016) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and overseen by the prime minister elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 24 April 2016 (next to be held in 2023); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president election results: Teodoro OBIANG Nguema Mbasogo reelected president; percent of vote - Teodoro OBIANG Nguema Mbasogo (PDGE) 93.5%, other 6.5% Eritrea chief of state: President ISAIAS Afwerki (since 8 June 1993); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government and is head of the State Council and National Assembly head of government: President ISAIAS Afwerki (since 8 June 1993) cabinet: State Council appointed by the president elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by the National Assembly for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); the only election was held on 8 June 1993, following independence from Ethiopia (next election postponed indefinitely) election results: ISAIAS Afwerki elected president by the transitional National Assembly; percent of National Assembly vote - ISAIAS Afwerki (PFDJ) 95%, other 5% Estonia chief of state: President Alar KARIS (since 11 October 2021) head of government: Prime Minister Kaja KALLAS (since 26 January 2021) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister, approved by Parliament elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by Parliament for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); if a candidate does not secure two-thirds of the votes after 3 rounds of balloting, then an electoral college consisting of Parliament members and local council members elects the president, choosing between the 2 candidates with the highest number of votes; election last held on 30-31 August 2021 (next to be held in 2026); in a first round of voting on 30 August, parliament failed to elect a president; in a second round on 31 August, the sole candidate, Alar KARIS, received 72 votes of 101 votes (there were 8 blank votes and 21 electors not present); KARIS was inaugurated on 11 October 2021; prime minister nominated by the president and approved by Parliament election results: Alar KARIS elected president on 31 August 2021; parliament vote-Alar KARIS (independent) 72 of 101 votes; note – KARIS follows Kersti KALJULAID, who was Estonia's first female president; KALLAS is Estonia's first female prime minister Eswatini chief of state: King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986) head of government: Prime Minister Cleopas DLAMINI (since since 19 July 2021); Deputy Prime Minister Themba MASUKU (since 6 November 2018) cabinet: Cabinet recommended by the prime minister, confirmed by the monarch; at least one-half of the cabinet membership must be appointed from among elected members of the House of Assembly elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch from among members of the House of Assembly Ethiopia chief of state: President SAHLE-WORK Zewde (since 25 October 2018) (2018) head of government: Prime Minister ABIY Ahmed Ali (since April 2018, began a new five year term on 4 October 2021); Deputy Prime Minister DEMEKE Mekonnen Hassen (since 29 November 2012) (2021) cabinet: Council of Ministers selected by the prime minister and approved by the House of People's Representatives elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by both chambers of Parliament for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); election held on 21 June 2021 and 30 September 2021 (the scheduled 29 August 2020 election was postponed by Prime Minister ABIY due to the COVID-19 pandemic); prime minister designated by the majority party following legislative elections election results: SAHLE-WORK Zewde elected president during joint session of Parliament, vote - 659 (unanimous); ABIY Ahmed confirmed Prime Minister by House of Peoples' Representatives (4 October 2021) note: SAHLE-WORK Zewde is the first female elected head of state in Ethiopia; she is currently the only female president in Africa. Former President Dr. Mulatu TESHOME resigned on 25 October 2018, one year ahead of finishing his six-year term. European Union under the EU treaties there are three distinct institutions, each of which conducts functions that may be regarded as executive in nature: European Council - brings together heads of state and government, along with the president of the European Commission, and meets at least four times a year; its aim is to provide the impetus for the development of the Union and to issue general policy guidelines; the Treaty of Lisbon established the position of "permanent" (full-time) president of the European Council; leaders of the EU member states appoint the president for a 2 1/2 year term, renewable once; the president's responsibilities include chairing the EU summits and providing policy and organizational continuity; the current president is Charles MICHEL (Belgium), since 1 December 2019, succeeding Donald TUSK (Poland; 2014 - 2019) Council of the European Union - consists of ministers of each EU member state and meets regularly in 10 different configurations depending on the subject matter; it conducts policymaking and coordinating functions as well as legislative functions; ministers of EU member states chair meetings of the Council of the EU based on a 6-month rotating presidency except for the meetings of EU Foreign Ministers in the Foreign Affairs Council that are chaired by the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy European Commission - headed by a College of Commissioners comprised of 28 members (one from each member country) including the president; each commissioner is responsible for one or more policy areas; the Commission's main responsibilities include the sole right to initiate EU legislation (except for foreign and security/defense policy), promoting the general interest of the EU, acting as "guardian of the Treaties" by monitoring the application of EU law, implementing/executing the EU budget, managing programs, negotiating on the EU's behalf in core policy areas such as trade, and ensuring the Union's external representation in some policy areas; its current president is Ursula VON DER LEYEN (Germany) elected on 16 July 2019 (took office on 1 December 2019); the president of the European Commission is nominated by the European Council and formally "elected" by the European Parliament; the Commission president allocates specific responsibilities among the members of the College (appointed by common accord of the member state governments in consultation with the president-elect); the European Parliament confirms the entire Commission for a 5-year term. note: for external representation and foreign policy making, leaders of the EU member states appointed Joseph BORRELL (Spain) as the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy; BORRELL took office on 1 December 2019, succeeding Federica MOGHERINI (Italy (2014 - 2019); the High Representative's concurrent appointment as Vice President of the European Commission was meant to bring more coherence to the EU’s foreign policy (horizontally, between policies managed by the Commission that are particularly relevant for EU external relations, such as trade, humanitarian aid and crisis management, neighborhood policy and enlargement; and vertically, between member-state capitals and the EU); the High Representative helps develop and implement the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy and Common Security and Defense Policy components, chairs the Foreign Affairs Council, represents and acts for the Union in many international contexts, and oversees the European External Action Service, the diplomatic corps of the EU, established on 1 December 2010 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Nigel PHILLIPS (since 12 September 2017) head of government: Chief Executive Barry ROWLAND (since 3 October 2016) cabinet: Executive Council elected by the Legislative Council elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; chief executive appointed by the governor Faroe Islands chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II of Denmark (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner Lene Moyell JOHANSEN, chief administrative officer (since 15 May 2017) head of government: Prime Minister Bardur A STEIG NIELSEN (since 16 September 2019) cabinet: Landsstyri appointed by the prime minister elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; high commissioner appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually elected prime minister by the Faroese Parliament; election last held on 31 August 2019 (next to be held in 2023) election results: Bardur A STEIGNIELSEN elected prime minister; Parliament vote - NA Fiji chief of state: President Ratu Wiliame KATONIVERE (since 12 November 2021) head of government: Prime Minister Voreqe "Frank" BAINIMARAMA (since 22 September 2014) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister from among members of Parliament and is responsible to Parliament elections/appointments: president elected by Parliament for a 3-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 October 2021 (next to be held in 2024); prime minister endorsed by the president election results: Ratu Wiliame KATONIVERE elected president with 28 votes against 23 votes for Teimumu KEPA Finland chief of state: President Sauli NIINISTO (since 1 March 2012) head of government: Prime Minister Sanna MARIN (since 10 December 2019) cabinet: Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible to Parliament elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 28 January 2018 (next to be held in January 2024); prime minister appointed by Parliament election results: Sauli NIINISTO reelected president; percent of vote Sauli NIINISTO (independent) 62.7%, Pekka HAAVISTO (Vihr) 12.4%, Laura HUHTASAARI (PS) 6.9%, Paavo VAYRYNEN (independent) 6.2%, Matti VANHANEN (Kesk) 4.1%, other 7.7% France chief of state: President Emmanuel MACRON (since 14 May 2017) head of government: Prime Minister Jean CASTEX (since 3 July 2020) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president at the suggestion of the prime minister elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 23 April with a runoff on 7 May 2017 (next to be held on 10 April 2022); prime minister appointed by the president election results: 2017: Emmanuel MACRON elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Emmanuel MACRON (EM) 24.%, Marine LE PEN (FN) 21.3%, Francois FILLON (LR) 20.%, Jean-Luc MELENCHON (FI) 19.6%, Benoit HAMON (PS) 6.4%, other 8.7%; percent of vote in second round - MACRON 66.1%, LE PEN 33.9% 2012: Francois HOLLANDE elected president; percent of vote in first round - Francois HOLLANDE (PS) 28.6%, Nicolas SARKOZY (UMP) 27.2%, Marine LE PEN (FN) 17.9%, Jean-Luc MELENCHON (PG) 11.1%, Francois BAYROU (moDem) 9.1%, other 6.1%; percent of vote in second round - HOLLANDE 51.6%, SARKOZY 48.4% French Polynesia chief of state: President Emmanuel MACRON (since 14 May 2017), represented by High Commissioner of the Republic Dominique SORAIN (since 10 July 2019) head of government: President of French Polynesia Edouard FRITCH (since 12 September 2014) cabinet: Council of Ministers approved by the Assembly from a list of its members submitted by the president elections/appointments: French president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); high commissioner appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of Interior; French Polynesia president indirectly elected by Assembly of French Polynesia for a 5-year term (no term limits) French Southern and Antarctic Lands chief of state: President Emmanuel MACRON (since 14 May 2017), represented by Prefect Charles GIUSTI (since 12 October 2020) Gabon chief of state: President Ali BONGO Ondimba (since 16 October 2009) head of government: Prime Minister Rose Christiane Ossouka RAPONDA (since 16 July 2020) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister in consultation with the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (no term limits); election last held on 27 August 2016 (next to be held in August 2023); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Ali BONGO Ondimba reelected president; percent of vote - Ali BONGO Ondimba (PDG) 49.8%, Jean PING (UFC) 48.2%, other 2.0% Gambia, The chief of state: President Adama BARROW (since 19 January 2017); Vice President Isatou TOURAY (since 15 March 2019); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Adama BARROW (since 19 January 2017); Vice President Isatou TOURAY (since 15 March 2019) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 4 December 2021 (next to be held in 2026); vice president appointed by the president election results: Adama BARROW reelected president; percent of vote - Adama BARROW (National People's Party) 53.2%, Ousainou DARBOE (United Democratic Party) 27.7%, Mamma KANDEH (GDC)12.3%, Halifa SALLAH (PDOIS) 3.8%, Essa M. FAAL (Independent) 2%, Abdoulie Ebrima JAMMEH (NUP) 0.96% Georgia chief of state: President Salome ZOURABICHVILI (since 16 December 2018) head of government: Prime Minister Irakli GARIBASHVILI (since 22 February 2021) cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 28 November 2018 (next to be held in 2024); prime minister nominated by Parliament, appointed by the president note - 2017 constitutional amendments made the 2018 election the last where the president was directly elected; future presidents will be elected by a 300-member College of Electors; in light of these changes, ZOURABICHVILI was allowed a six-year term election results: Salome ZOURABICHVILI elected president in runoff; percent of vote - Salome ZOURABICHVILI (independent, backed by Georgian Dream) 59.5%, Grigol VASHADZE (UNM) 40.5%; Irakli GARIBASHVILI approved as prime minister by Parliamentary vote 89-2 Germany chief of state: President Frank-Walter STEINMEIER (since 19 March 2017) head of government: Chancellor Olaf SCHOLZ (since 8 December 2021) cabinet: Cabinet or Bundesminister (Federal Ministers) recommended by the chancellor, appointed by the president elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by a Federal Convention consisting of all members of the Federal Parliament (Bundestag) and an equivalent number of delegates indirectly elected by the state parliaments; president serves a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 12 February 2017 (next to be held in February 2022); following the most recent Federal Parliament election, the party or coalition with the most representatives usually elects the chancellor who is appointed by the president to serve a renewable 4-year term; Federal Parliament vote for chancellor last held on 8 December 2021 (next to be held after the Bundestag election in 2025) election results: Frank-Walter STEINMEIER elected president; Federal Convention vote count - Frank-Walter STEINMEIER (SPD) 931, Christopher BUTTERWEGGE (The Left) 128, Albrecht GLASER (Alternative for Germany AfD) 42, Alexander HOLD (BVB/FW) 25, Engelbert SONNEBORN (Pirates) 10; Olaf SCHOLZ (SPD) elected chancellor; Federal Parliament vote - 395 to 303 Ghana chief of state: President Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO (since 7 January 2017); Vice President Mahamudu BAWUMIA (since 7 January 2017); the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO (since 7 January 2017); Vice President Mahamudu BAWUMIA (since 7 January 2017) cabinet: Council of Ministers; nominated by the president, approved by Parliament elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 7 December 2020 (next to be held in December 2024) election results: Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO reelected president in the first round; percent of vote - Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO (NPP) 51.3%, John Dramani MAHAMA (NDC) 47.4%, other 1.3% Gibraltar chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Sir David STEEL (since 11 June 2020) head of government: Chief Minister Fabian PICARDO (since 9 December 2011) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed from among the 17 elected members of Parliament by the governor in consultation with the chief minister elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed chief minister by the governor Greece chief of state: President Ekaterini SAKELLAROPOULOU (since 13 March 2020) head of government: Prime Minister Kyriakos MITSOTAKIS (since 8 July 2019) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister elections/appointments: president elected by Hellenic Parliament for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 January 2020 (next to be held by February 2025); president appoints as prime minister the leader of the majority party or coalition in the Hellenic Parliament election results: Katerina SAKELLAROPOULOU (independent) elected president by Parliament - 261 of 300 votes; note - SAKELLAROPOULOU is Greece's first woman president Greenland chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II of Denmark (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner Mikaela ENGELL (since April 2011) head of government: Premier Mute B. EGEDE (since 23 April 2021) cabinet: Self-rule Government (Naalakkersuisut) elected by the Parliament (Inatsisartut) on the basis of the strength of parties elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; high commissioner appointed by the monarch; premier indirectly elected by Parliament for a 4-year term election results: Kim KIELSEN elected premier; Parliament vote - Kim KIELSEN (S) 27.2%, Sara OLSVIG (IA) 25.5%, Randi Vestergaard EVALDSEN (D) 19.5%, other 27.8% Grenada chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Cecile LA GRENADE (since 7 May 2013) head of government: Prime Minister Keith MITCHELL (since 20 February 2013) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the governor general Guam chief of state: President Joseph R. BIDEN Jr. (since 20 January 2021); Vice President Kamala D. HARRIS (since 20 January 2021) head of government: Governor Lourdes LEON GUERRERO (since 7 January 2019); Lieutenant Governor Josh TENORIO (since 7 January 2019) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor with the consent of the Legislature elections/appointments: president and vice president indirectly elected on the same ballot by an Electoral College of 'electors' chosen from each state to serve a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); under the US Constitution, residents of unincorporated territories, such as Guam, do not vote in elections for US president and vice president; however, they may vote in Democratic and Republican presidential primary elections; governor and lieutenant governor elected on the same ballot by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for 2 consecutive terms); election last held on 6 November 2018 (next to be held in November 2022) election results: Lourdes LEON GUERRERO elected governor; percent of vote - Lourdes LEON GUERRERO (Democratic Party) 50.7%, Ray TENORIO (Republican Party) 26.4%; Josh TENORIO (Democratic Party) elected lieutenant governor Guatemala chief of state: President Alejandro GIAMMATTEI (since 14 January 2020); Vice President Cesar Guillermo CASTILLO Reyes (since 14 January 2020); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Alejandro GIAMMATTEI (since 14 January 2020); Vice President Cesar Guillermo CASTILLO Reyes (since 14 January 2020) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (not eligible for consecutive terms); election last held on 16 June 2019 with a runoff on 11 August 2019 (next to be held in June 2023) election results: 2019: Alejandro GIAMMATTEI elected president; percent of vote in first round - Sandra TORRES (UNE) 25.54%, Alejandro GIAMMATTEI (VAMOS) 13.95%, Edmond MULET (PHG) 11.21%, Thelma CABRERA (MLP) 10.37%, Roberto ARZU (PAN-PODEMOS) 6.08%; percent of vote in second round - Alejandro GIAMMATTEI (VAMOS) 58%, Sandra TORRES (UNE) 42% 2015: Jimmy Ernesto MORALES Cabrera elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Jimmy Ernesto MORALES Cabrera (FNC) 23.9%, Sandra TORRES (UNE) 19.8%, Manuel BALDIZON (LIDER) 19.6%, other 36.7%; percent of vote in second round - Jimmy Ernesto MORALES Cabrera 67.4%, Sandra TORRES 32.6% Guernsey chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Lieutenant-Governor Vice Admiral Ian CORDER (since 14 March 2016) head of government: Chief Minister Peter FERBRACHE (since 16 October 2020); Bailiff Richard MCMAHON (since 11 May 2020); note - the chief minister is the president of the Policy and Resources Committee and is the de facto head of government; the Policy and Resources Committee, elected by the States of Deliberation, functions as the executive; the 5 members all have equal voting rights cabinet: none elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; lieutenant governor and bailiff appointed by the monarch; chief minister, who is the president of the Policy and Resources Committee indirectly elected by the States of Deliberation for a 4-year term; last held on 6 May 2016 (next to be held in June 2020) election results: Gavin ST PIER (independent) elected president of the Policy and Resources Committee and chief minister Guinea chief of state: President Col. Mamady DOUMBOUYA (since 1 October 2021); note - on 5 September 2021, Col. Mamady DOUMBOUYA led a military coup that arrested President CONDE, suspended the constitution, and dissolved the government and legislature. On 1 October 2021, Doumbouya was sworn in as transitional president. head of government: Prime Minister Mohamed BEAVOGUI (since 6 October 2021); note - on 5 September 2021, Col. Mamady DOUMBOUYA led a military coup that arrested President CONDE, suspended the constitution, and dissolved the government of Prime Minister Ibrahima Kassory FOFANA cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 18 October 2020 (next to be held in October 2025); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Alpha CONDE reelected president in the first round; percent of vote - Alpha CONDE (RPG) 59.5%, Cellou Dalein DIALLO (UFDG) 33.5%, other 7% Guinea-Bissau chief of state: President Umaro Sissoko EMBALO (since 27 February 2020); note - President EMBALO was declared winner of the 29 December 2019 runoff presidential election by the electoral commission. In late February 2020, Embalo seized power with the help of the military without being officially inaugurated, even though the Supreme Court of Justice had yet to rule on an electoral litigation appeal lodged by his political rival Domingos Simoes PEREIRA. head of government: Prime Minister Nuno NABIAM (since 27 February 2020) cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the prime minister, appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term; election last held on 24 November 2019 with a runoff on 29 December 2019 (next to be held in 2024); prime minister appointed by the president after consultation with party leaders in the National People's Assembly; note - the president cannot apply for a third consecutive term, nor during the 5 years following the end of the second term election results: Umaro Sissoco EMBALO elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Domingos Simoes PEREIRA (PAIGC) 40.1%, Umaro Sissoco EMBALO (Madem G15) 27.7%, Nuno Gomez NABIAM (APU-PDGB) 13.2%, Jose Mario VAZ (independent) 12.4%, other 6.6%; percent of vote in second round - Umaro Sissoco EMBALO 53.6%, Domingos Simoes PEREIRA 46.5% Guyana chief of state: President Mohammed Irfaan ALI (since 2 August 2020); First Vice President Mark PHILLIPS (since 2 August 2020); Vice President Bharrat JAGDEO (since 2 August 2020); Prime Minister Mark PHILLIPS (since 2 August 2020); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Mohammed Irfaan ALI (since 2 August 2020); First Vice President Mark PHILLIPS (since 2 August 2020); Vice President Bharrat JAGDEO (since 2 August 2020) cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president, responsible to the National Assembly elections/appointments: the predesignated candidate of the winning party in the last National Assembly election becomes president for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 2 March 2020 (next to be held in 2025); prime minister appointed by the president election results: 2020: Mohammed Irfaan ALI (PPP/C) designated president by the majority party in the National Assembly 2015: David GRANGER (APNU-AFC) designated president by the majority party in the National Assembly Haiti chief of state: Acting President Ariel HENRY (since 20 July 2021); note - Prime Minister Ariel HENRY has assumed the responsibilities of president following the assassination of President Jovenel MOISE on 7 July 2021; an election is expected to be held on 7 November 2021; MOISE had been president since 7 February 2017 head of government: Prime Minister Ariel HENRY (since 20 July 2021) cabinet: Cabinet chosen by the prime minister in consultation with the president; parliament must ratify the Cabinet and Prime Minister's governing policy elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a single non-consecutive term); last election originally scheduled for 9 October 2016 but postponed until 20 November 2016 due to Hurricane Matthew election results: 2016: Jovenel MOISE elected president in first round; percent of vote - Jovenel MOISE (PHTK) 55.6%, Jude CELESTIN (LAPEH) 19.6%, Jean-Charles MOISE (PPD) 11%, Maryse NARCISSE (FL) 9%; other 4.8% 2011: Michel MARTELLY elected president in runoff; percent of vote - Michel MARTELLY (Peasant's Response) 68%, Mirlande MANIGAT (RDNP) 32% Holy See (Vatican City) chief of state: Pope FRANCIS (since 13 March 2013) head of government: Secretary of State Cardinal Pietro PAROLIN (since 15 October 2013); note - Head of Government of Vatican City is President Cardinal Giuseppe BERTELLO (since 1 October 2011) cabinet: Pontifical Commission for the State of Vatican City appointed by the pope elections/appointments: pope elected by the College of Cardinals, usually for life or until voluntary resignation; election last held on 13 March 2013 (next to be held after the death or resignation of the current pope); Secretary of State appointed by the pope election results: Jorge Mario BERGOGLIO, former Archbishop of Buenos Aires, elected Pope FRANCIS Honduras chief of state: President Juan Orlando HERNANDEZ Alvarado (since 27 January 2014); Vice Presidents Ricardo ALVAREZ, Maria RIVERA, and Olga ALVARADO (since 26 January 2018); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Juan Orlando HERNANDEZ Alvarado (since 27 January 2014); Vice Presidents Ricardo ALVAREZ, Maria RIVERA, and Olga ALVARADO (since 26 January 2018) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by president elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term; election last held on 28 November 2021 (next to be held in 30 November 2025); note - in 2015, the Constitutional Chamber of the Honduran Supreme Court struck down the constitutional provisions on presidential term limits election results: 2021: Xiomara CASTRO de Zelaya elected president; percent of vote - Xiomara CASTRO de Zelaya (LIBRE) 51.1%, Nasry Juan ASFURA Zablah (PNH) 36.9%, Yani Benjamin ROSENTHAL Hidalgo (PL) 10%, other 2%; note - CASTRO will take office 27 January 2022 2017: Juan Orlando HERNANDEZ Alvarado reelected president; percent of vote - Juan Orlando HERNANDEZ Alvarado (PNH) 43%, Salvador NASRALLA (Alianza de Oposicion contra la Dictadura) 41.4%, Luis Orlando ZELAYA Medrano (PL) 14.7%, other 0.9% Hong Kong chief of state: President of China XI Jinping (since 14 March 2013) head of government: Chief Executive Carrie LAM (since 1 July 2017) cabinet: Executive Council or ExCo appointed by the chief executive elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by National People's Congress for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 17 March 2018 (next to be held in March 2023); chief executive indirectly elected by the Election Committee and appointed by the PRC Government for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 26 March 2017 (next to be held in 2022) election results: Carrie LAM elected chief executive; Election Committee vote - Carrie LAM 777, John TSANG 365, WOO Kwok-hing 21, invalid 23 note: the Legislative Council voted in June 2010 to expand the Election Committee to 1,200 members Hungary chief of state: President Janos ADER (since 10 May 2012) head of government: Prime Minister Viktor ORBAN (since 29 May 2010) cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers proposed by the prime minister and appointed by the president elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by the National Assembly with two-thirds majority vote in first round or simple majority vote in second round for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 13 March 2017 (next to be held spring 2022); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president; election last held on 10 May 2018 (next to be held in April or May 2022) election results: Janos ADER (Fidesz) reelected president; National Assembly vote - 131 to 39; Viktor ORBAN (Fidesz) reelected prime minister; National Assembly vote - 134 to 28 Iceland chief of state: President Gudni Thorlacius JOHANNESSON (since 1 August 2016) head of government: Prime Minister Katrin JAKOBSDOTTIR (since 30 November 2017) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the prime minister elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (no term limits); election last held on 27 June 2020 (next to be held in 2024); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition becomes prime minister election results: Gudni Thorlacius JOHANNESSON reelected president; percent of vote - Gudni Thorlacius JOHANNESSON (independent) 92.2%, Gudmundur Franklin JONSSON (independent) 7.8% India chief of state: President Ram Nath KOVIND (since 25 July 2017); Vice President M. Venkaiah NAIDU (since 11 August 2017) head of government: Prime Minister Narendra MODI (since 26 May 2014) cabinet: Union Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister, appointed by the president elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by an electoral college consisting of elected members of both houses of Parliament for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 17 July 2017 (next to be held in July 2022); vice president indirectly elected by an electoral college consisting of elected members of both houses of Parliament for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 5 August 2017 (next to be held in Aug
wrong_mix_domainrange_leader_00015	FactBench	2	2	https://finlandabroad.fi/web/gha/foreign-ministry-s-press-releases/-/asset_publisher/kyaK4Ry9kbQ0/content/jugoslavia-tuomioistuimen-paasyyttaja-carla-del-ponte-suomeen/35732	en	Carla Del Ponte, Chief Prosecutor of the ICTY, to visit Finland	https://finlandabroad.fi…ial-media/og.png	https://finlandabroad.fi…ial-media/og.png	[ "https://finlandabroad.fi/o/um-theme/images/um-globe-white.svg", "https://finlandabroad.fi/o/um-theme/images/UM_merkki_sin_RGB.svg", "https://finlandabroad.fi/o/um-theme/images/UM_merkki_sin_RGB.svg", "https://finlandabroad.fi/o/um-theme/images/um_logo_musta.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Press releases, 26.9.2006 Carla Del Ponte, Chief Prosecutor of the ICTY, to visit FinlandPress release 380/2006 26 September, 2006Carla Del Ponte, Chief Prosecutor of the International...	en	https://finlandabroad.fi/o/um-theme/images/favicon.ico	Finland abroad: Ghana	https://finlandabroad.fi/web/gha/foreign-ministry-s-press-releases/-/asset_publisher/kyaK4Ry9kbQ0/content/jugoslavia-tuomioistuimen-paasyyttaja-carla-del-ponte-suomeen/35732	Press release 380/2006 26 September, 2006 Carla Del Ponte, Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), will visit Finland on 28–29 September, at the invitation of Foreign Minister Erkki Tuomioja. On Friday 29 September Del Ponte will meet with President Tarja Halonen, Prime Minister Matti Vanhanen and Foreign Minister Erkki Tuomioja. Their talks will deal with issues pertaining to the ICTY. An international court established in 1993 for hearing cases of war crimes committed in the area of the former Yugoslavia and situated in The Hague, the ICTY has authority to prosecute individuals who have committed acts of genocide, violations of humanitarian law or war crimes in the former Yugoslavia since 1991. The intention is that the ICTY should complete its work by the year 2010. Carla Del Ponte has served as Prosecutor of the ICTY since 1999. This will be her first visit to Finland in her capacity as Prosecutor. On Friday Del Ponte will deliver a talk at a seminar on the challenges faced by the ICTY and its achievements, organised by the Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs and Amnesty International. Other speakers at the seminar, entitled “Building a Culture of Accountability – Action against Impunity in the External Relations of the European Union”, include Erkki Tuomioja, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Olli Rehn, Commissioner for Enlargement, and Erkki Kourula, Judge at the International Criminal Court. Additional information: Ambassador Pekka Oinonen, tel. +358 9 1605 5732, and Project Adviser Susanna Mehtonen, tel. +358 9 1605 5706, Unit for Public International Law of the Legal Department, Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs
wrong_mix_domainrange_leader_00015	FactBench	3	52	https://www.academia.edu/2074974/EXTERNAL_IMAGE_OF_THE_EUROPEAN_UNION_PHASE_TWO_	en	EXTERNAL IMAGE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION – PHASE TWO -	http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif	http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif	[ "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe.icon.svg", "https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/29819443/mini_magick20190426-11297-t3cz9j.png?1556342718", "https://0.academia-photos.com/2711278/871784/1087945/s65_lorenzo.fioramonti.jpg", "https://0.academia-photos.com/255798/871969/36551937/s65_sonia.lucarelli.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Lorenzo Fioramonti", "Sonia Lucarelli", "up-za.academia.edu", "unibo.academia.edu" ]	2012-11-01T00:00:00	EXTERNAL IMAGE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION – PHASE TWO -				https://www.academia.edu/2074974/EXTERNAL_IMAGE_OF_THE_EUROPEAN_UNION_PHASE_TWO_	This book examines how the European Union (EU) is perceived beyond its borders in the US; the Middle East: Israel, Palestinian territories, Lebanon, Iran; Russia; China; India; Brazil and South Africa. The book also analyses the main perceptions of the EU in some key international institutions, including the World Bank; World Trade Organization, United Nations, African Union; and transnational actors, including non-Western media such as Al Jazeera. It seeks to provide a thorough analysis of the implications that these perceptions might have for the global role of the EU. By taking this approach and by providing both conceptual and empirical arguments, the volume provides an innovative perspective on the analysis of the EU as a global actor. It also strengthens a research agenda on the EU external image: an underdeveloped area of investigation in which the editors and the main contributors to this volume have played a pioneering role in the past few years. It will be of strong interest to academics and students of international politics, European studies and development studies.
wrong_mix_domainrange_leader_00015	FactBench	0	0	https://finlandabroad.fi/web/gha/foreign-ministry-s-press-releases/-/asset_publisher/kyaK4Ry9kbQ0/content/korkean-tason-ulkosuhdetapaaminen/35732	en	level external relations meeting	https://finlandabroad.fi…ial-media/og.png	https://finlandabroad.fi…ial-media/og.png	[ "https://finlandabroad.fi/o/um-theme/images/um-globe-white.svg", "https://finlandabroad.fi/o/um-theme/images/UM_merkki_sin_RGB.svg", "https://finlandabroad.fi/o/um-theme/images/UM_merkki_sin_RGB.svg", "https://finlandabroad.fi/o/um-theme/images/um_logo_musta.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Press releases, 8.9.2006 High-level external relations meetingGovernment Communications UnitPress release 308/2006 8.9.2006Prime Minister Matti Vanhanen, President of the European Commission...	en	https://finlandabroad.fi/o/um-theme/images/favicon.ico	Finland abroad: Ghana	https://finlandabroad.fi/web/gha/foreign-ministry-s-press-releases/-/asset_publisher/kyaK4Ry9kbQ0/content/korkean-tason-ulkosuhdetapaaminen/35732	High-level external relations meeting Government Communications Unit Press release 308/2006 8.9.2006 Prime Minister Matti Vanhanen, President of the European Commission José Manuel Barroso, Foreign Minister Erkki Tuomioja, and the Commissioner responsible for External Relations, Benita Ferrero-Waldner, will meet on Saturday 9 September, prior to the ASEM Summit. The meeting is part of the follow-up to the June European Council meeting and its purpose is to achieve closer cooperation between the various actors in the field of external relations. The agenda for the meeting includes forthcoming summits during Finland’s Presidency, current international issues and concrete ways of making external action more effective. At the last minute, negotiations regarding Iran have prevented EU High Representative Javier Solana from attending this and other events to be held on Saturday in Helsinki in connection with the summit. Further information: Liisa Talonpoika, Counsellor, Prime Minister’s Office, tel. +358 9 1602 2184 or +358 40 820 1285
wrong_mix_domainrange_leader_00015	FactBench	1	67	https://www.iiea.com/global-europe/eu-review-this-week-2022	en	EU Review - This Week 2022	https://www.iiea.com/ima…5cd95a00ac99.jpg		[ "https://dc.ads.linkedin.com/collect/?pid=375290&fmt=gif", "https://www.iiea.com//images/uploads/logos/Spotify_Icon_RGB_White.png", "https://www.iiea.com/img/logos/IIEA-blue.svg", "https://www.iiea.com//images/uploads/logos/Spotify_Icon_RGB_Blue-01.png", "https://www.iiea.com/images/uploads/inner/_resize/Global-Europe-Featured-Image-Flags_resize_a56db4d943eb076b45cc5cd95a00ac99.jpg", "https://www.iiea.com/img/logos/iiea-white.svg", "https://www.iiea.com/images/uploads/logos/Spotify_Icon_RGB_White.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	The IIEA is Ireland's leading international affairs think tank. Independent, not-for-profit organisation with charitable status. Learn More. Learn About New Policy. IIEA. Leading Thinktank. Highlights: Independent Organisation, Integrated Approach.	en	https://www.iiea.com/images/favicon.jpg		https://www.iiea.com/global-europe/eu-review-this-week-2022	EU Review – This Week rounds up the main meetings, developments and events from around the European Union and Europe on a weekly basis. Each update gives an overview of the main developments from a European perspective to provide a solid context for political and policy developments within the EU institutions and from European capitals. 22-26 August 2022 Recent Developments Four Czech nationals, one Ukrainian and two Russians citizens were arrested, and the letter three charged with espionage, in Albania after attempting to enter a restricted military installation and spraying guards with nerve agents. Albania is a NATO member - Albanian espionage: Russians, Ukrainian charged, Czechs arrested – EURACTIV.com The Montenegrin Government has collapsed after a no-confidence vote on Saturday 20 August - Montenegro government falls in no-confidence vote – POLITICO Portugal remains in a state of alert until Tuesday 23 August amid temperature increases and the threat of widespread wildfires - Portugal: State of alert until Tuesday for fires as temperatures rise (lusa.pt) Russian energy firm, Gazprom, have announced the closure of the Nord Steam 1 pipeline for three days (31 August – 2 September) for maintenance work - Gazprom to close Nord Stream 1 for three-days maintenance (euobserver.com) A joint letter from the AfD, Die Linke, and the CDU in Saxony has called on the Vice-Chancellor Robert Habeck to reduce sanctions on Russia and increase the consumption of fossil fuels to avert social unrest in Germany over the winter - Schneeberg: AfD, CDU und Linke schreiben Brandbrief an Robert Habeck - DER SPIEGEL Finland have reduced the number of tourist visas issued to Russians to 10%, amid discussions of an EU wide visa ban for Russian nationals - Finland limits visas to Russians amid rush of Europe-bound tourists \| Reuters A junior Slovakian coalition partner, the Freedom and Solidarity Party, have threatened to withdraw their support and collapse the government unless Finance Minister Igor Matovič resigns - Slovakia inches toward minority government as ultimatum demands loom large – EURACTIV.com The Bulgarian Government will only accept one of seven agreed LNG deliveries from the United States and may reopen negotiations with Gazprom for supplies - Jakub Bielamowicz on Twitter: "#Bulgaria ��: Despite the price being 30 EUR below market levels, the interim government of Moscow-backed President Radev will only accept one LNG delivery from �� (out of seven agreed with @Cheniere). This week, the energy ministry will most likely resume talks with @Gazprom �� https://t.co/mHDklkZMky" / Twitter Ukrainian Independence Day is celebrated on Wednesday 24 August - https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/zaradi-peremogi-she-potribno-borotisya-ale-ukrayinci-vzhe-mo-77181 Monday – 22nd August High Representative Borrell directs ‘Quo Vadis Europa’ at the Menéndez Pelayo International University in Santander, Spain 15 - 19 August 2022 Recent Developments The Rhine, a critical transport link for Germany, Switzerland, France, and the Netherlands, is potentially going to fall below a critical depth threshold where the transport of goods will bcomee unfeasible due to an ongoing drought across Europe - ELWIS - Wasserstände & Vorhersagen an schifffahrtsrelevanten Pegeln Europe faces more wildfires as temperatures remain high and rainfall is limited, over 660,000 hectares have been already lost in 2022 - https://effis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/apps/effis.statistics/seasonaltrend, fires continue to burn in the south of France - Rain brings relief to France fires, but more evacuated in south – EURACTIV.com The Spanish and Portuguese Governments support a German proposal to build a gas pipeline from the Iberian Peninsula to Germany - https://www.handelsblatt.com/dpa/wirtschaft-scholz-hofft-auf-pipeline-aus-spanien-und-portugal/28592584.html, https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20220812/ribera-nuevo-gaseoducto-ocho-meses/2396122.shtml The number of migrants arriving in the EU has increased by 86% compared to the same period in 2021 according to Frontex - Number of migrants reaching EU sharply rises – EURACTIV.com, Subscribe to read \| Financial Times (ft.com) The Swiss Government have suggested that they will join in the EU’s voluntary drive to reduce gas consumption by 15% ahead of winter 2022 - Switzerland could align with EU energy saving drive, energy minister says – EURACTIV.com French prosecutors have opened a criminal investigation into former Czech Prime Minister Andrej Babiš over allegations of money laundering related to the purchase of property in France - https://www.politico.eu/article/france-open-probe-ex-czech-pm-andrej-babis/ Following a visit by the Hungarian Foreign Minister, Péter Szijjártó, to Russia, Gazprom have increased their supply of natural gas to Hungary via the TurkStream pipeline - Gazprom ramps up gas flows to Hungary via TurkStream pipeline – EURACTIV.com 11 people were killed and six injured in a mass shouting in Montenegro on Friday 12 August, three days of national mourning have been declared - Eleven dead after mass shooting in Montenegrin city – EURACTIV.com Former German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder has sued the German Bundestag over the revocation of his privileges in the parliament - https://www.ft.com/content/9e247df5-9066-4fca-85e7-bf5f3aabb00b Thursday – 18th August High Representative Borrell receives Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić and Kosovan Prime Minister Albin Kurti for a high-level meeting on the Belgrade-Pristina dialogue 25 July - 29 July 2022 Recent Developments Mario Draghi has resigned as Prime Minister of Italy and will lead a caretaker government until early elections scheduled for 25 September 2022 where the centre-left Partito Democratico (PD) and far-right Fratelli d'Italia (FdI) have emerged as possible coalition builders - Enrico Letta a Repubblica: "Le elezioni un bivio, l'Italia scelga noi o Meloni. Si vince con le idee" - la Repubblica Following a deal secured by Turkey and the UN to facilitate the export of Ukrainian grain from Odesa, Russia have confirmed that they launched airstrikes against the port - Moscow claims Odesa strikes hit military targets – POLITICO German Chancellor Scholz has confirmed that Germany will acquire 30% of gas-importer Uniper alongside €7.7bn in government support and further measures for citizens amid pressures on energy supplies - Uniper: Banker Marcus Schenck rettete für Olaf Scholz den Konzern (faz.net) Bajram Begaj was sworn in as President of Albania on Sunday 24 July 2022 - Albania swears in ninth president amid political division – EURACTIV.com Chinese investment in Belt and Road projects in Russia has halted amid economic and political turmoil - Subscribe to read \| Financial Times (ft.com) Monday – 25th July COREPER I - security of energy supply, comprehensive air transport between the EU and ASEAN, restrictive measures regarding Tunisia - Meeting calendar - Consilium (europa.eu) Commissioner Reynders in San Sebastian, Spain: opens the conference “Los retos globales de la Unión Europea” (The global challenges of the EU), meeting with Pilar Llop, Spanish Minister of Justice, and judges from the “Foro Judicial Independiente” association Tuesday – 26th July Extraordinary Transport, Telecommunications, and Energy Council (Energy) - political agreement on proposed Council Regulation to coordinate gas demand reduction measures, security of EU energy supply, "Save Gas for a Safe Winter" package - Extraordinary Transport, Telecommunications and Energy Council (Energy) - Consilium (europa.eu) Vice-President Šuica in Dubrovnik, HR: attends an event titled: "MOST PELJEŠAC" organized by Jutarnji List Vice-President Timmermans meeting with WindEurope and wind industry CEOs to discuss prospects for the industry in the light of current challenges and policy objectives Commissioner Gentiloni videoconference with Farmindustria, receives Nick Read and Margherita Della Valle, CEO and CFO of Vodafone Group Thursday – 28th July Commissioner Gentiloni meeting with Qu Dongyu, Director-General of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), in Rome 18 July - 22 July 2022 Recent Developments The period of extreme heat in Europe has triggered droughts across the continent and fuelled forest fires in France, Spain, Portugal, and Italy killing hundreds and displacing thousands. The heatwave and drought also pose threats to vulnerable individuals and European agriculture - Europe’s big dry – POLITICO North Macedonia voted to accept a French-brokered compromise text in order to overcome Bulgaria's veto on EU accession to begin accession talks. The compromise requires North Macedonia to amend its constitution and recognise a Bulgarian minority - North Macedonia to finally open EU accession talks (euobserver.com) The European Commission has launched an infringement procedure against Hungary for discriminating against vehicles with foreign license plates and charging higher fuel prices, and has referred Hungary to the European Court of Justice over Hungarian laws which ban the "promotion or portrayal" of homosexuality to minors and for the revocation of the broadcasting license of Klubrádió - European Commission goes after Hungary in salvo of proceedings – EURACTIV.com, EC AV PORTAL (europa.eu) European Commission officials are developing binding gas reduction targets ahead of the winter - https://www.ft.com/content/64eaccdc-871b-427d-8ba0-fabcc2bfa6e2 Estonia formed a coalition government on 15 July 2022, led by Prime Minister Kaja Kallas, with the liberal Reform Party, conservative Isamaa Party and centre-left Social Democratic Party - Estonian parliament confirms PM Kallas to lead new government \| Euronews The Italian Government may collapse following the boycott of a confidence vote by the Five Star Movement and the subsequent resignation submission by Prime Minister Draghi - Italian right-wing parties reject coalition partner as government heads toward collapse – POLITICO The European Commission have proposed to retain the "use it or lose it" 80% airport slot rule and make it more flexible to account for unexpected future developments - EU seeks to make airport slot rule more flexible for airlines \| Euronews Former journalist, Hadja Lahbib, has become the Belgian Minister of Foreign Affairs following the resignation of Sophie Wilmès for personal reasons - (1) Hadja Lahbib on Twitter: "Merci à tous pour vos messages encourageants. Je suis consciente des défis immenses auxquels notre monde et nos démocraties sont confrontés, je prends mes fonctions de ministre belge des Affaires étrangères avec humilité et animée d’un fort sentiment de responsabilité." / Twitter Monday – 18th July European Council President Michel official visit to South Africa following attendance at the 4th Mid-Year Coordination Meeting of the African Union in Lusaka, Zambia Agriculture and Fisheries Council - sustainable plant protection products (pesticides/herbicides), presentation of Czech Presidency priorities, agricultural market situation in light of Russian invasion of Ukraine, implementation and approval of national strategic plans under the new common agricultural policy (CAP), regulation of deforestation products, animal transport, impact of droughts across the EU and WTO sanitary/phytosanitary measures - Agriculture and Fisheries Council - Consilium (europa.eu) Foreign Affairs Council - Russian aggression against Ukraine with Ukrainian Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba, EU-Latin America and EU-Caribbean relation, digital diplomacy, foreign interference and manipulation, the situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo, a potential EU-Israel association council, forthcoming EU-League of Arab States ministerial meeting, situations in Tunisia and Sri Lanka - Foreign Affairs Council - Consilium (europa.eu) COREPER II - enlargement procedure for accession negotiations with North Macedonia, enlargement procedure for accession negotiations with Albania, restrictive measures against Russia - Meeting calendar - Consilium (europa.eu) PETI Committee delegation visit to Washington, D.C (18-22 July), to raise awareness and discuss the impact of the US Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) on EU citizens and to have exchanges of views with tax officials, Senators and Representatives in Congress and stakeholders, to find concrete solutions for the problems of the numerous EU citizens and their family members impacted by the extraterritorial application of citizenship-based taxation - Website of the Committee on Petitions President von der Leyen visit to the Republic of Azerbaijan Vice-President Jourová in Prague: meets Lucie Sýkorová, Chair of the Supervisory Board European Centre for Press and Media Freedom and Adam Černý, President of Syndicate of Journalists of the Czech Republic, meets Mr Jiří Kučera, Vice-President of the Endowment Fund for Independent Journalism Commissioner McGuinness keynote at the conference ‘Europe is our Future: Opportunities in Your Sector Across Europe' co-organised by the Institute of International and European Affairs (IIEA) and Enterprise Ireland (Limerick, Ireland) Commissioner Schmit receives Corinne Cahen, Luxembourgish Minister for Family Affairs Commissioner Hahn visit to Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia for meetings with government representatives and investors to present the NextGenerationEU Funding Strategy Signing ceremony of the EU Cohesion Policy Partnership Agreement with Slovakia, with Commissioners Schmit and Ferreira and Veronika Remišová, Deputy Prime Minister of the Slovak Republic Tuesday – 19th July EU-Azerbaijan Cooperation Council - EU-Azerbaijan Cooperation Council - Consilium (europa.eu) PETI Committee delegation visit to Washington, D.C (18-22 July), to raise awareness and discuss the impact of the US Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) on EU citizens and to have exchanges of views with tax officials, Senators and Representatives in Congress and stakeholders, to find concrete solutions for the problems of the numerous EU citizens and their family members impacted by the extraterritorial application of citizenship-based taxation - Website of the Committee on Petitions High Representative Borrell chairs the EU-Azerbaijan Cooperation Council, receives Oleg Serebrian, Deputy Prime Minister of Moldova for Reintegration Vice-President Jourová videoconference with Victoria Svanberg, President of News Media Europe and Mogens Blicher Bjerregård, President of the European Federation of Journalists, videoconference with Xavier Bouckaert, President of the European Magazine Media Association and Jean-Pierre de Kerraoul, President of the European Newspaper Publishers’ Association, videoconference with Karim Ibourki, President of the European Regulators Group for Audiovisual Media Services and Christophe Deloire, Secretary General of Reporters Without Borders, receives Guillaume de Posch, President of the Association of Commercial Television in Europe Commissioner Várhelyi receives Mustafa Rifat Hisarciklioglu, President of Turkish Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges (TOBB) Commissioner Lenarčič participates in national hearings on fight and prevention against fire risks at the French Senate Commissioner Wojciechowski receives members of the Comité du Commerce des céréales, aliments du bétail, oléagineux, huile d'olive, huiles et graisses et agrofournitures (COCERAL) to discuss facilitation of export of grains from Ukraine, receives Irena Šinko, Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Food, Slovenia. Commissioner McGuinness videoconference with Barry Marttin, President, Nina Schindler, CEO, and members of the Board of the European Association of Co-operative Banks (EACB), videoconference, with CEOs of the Dutch, French, German and Italian banking associations. Commissioner Kyriakides videoconference with Xavier Becerra, United States Secretary of Health and Human Services Wednesday – 20th July 11 July - 15 July 2022 Recent Developments The British Prime Minister Boris Johnson has resigned as the leader of the Conservative Party, but it is unclear how long he will remain as Prime Minister - Subscribe to read \| Financial Times (ft.com) The European Parliament is facing opposition to its budget allocations amid allegations of a controversial appointment and creation of a new administrative directorate-general within the Parliament - Brussels Playbook: Parliament deals backfire — New vaccine recommendations — Planned economy – POLITICO Albanian Prime Minister Edi Rama will meet NATO chief Jens Stoltenberg to discuss opening a NATO naval base in Albania - Albanian PM to meet with NATO over new naval base – EURACTIV.com The European Parliament have formally backed the inclusion of abortion as a fundamental European right - IVG : le Parlement européen demande son inscription dans les droits fondamentaux de l’UE (lemonde.fr) Nord Stream 1 will be shut for 10 days of maintenance amid concerns that the interruption to German supplies of Russian gas may become permanent - Germany fears full Russian gas phaseout ahead of Nord Stream 1 switch-off – EURACTIV.com The Hungarian Government have apparently conceded to European Commission demands on the rule of law in order to access €15bn worth of recovery funds - Subscribe to read \| Financial Times (ft.com) The Slovenian Government will propose legislation to legailse gay marriage in the country - STA: Govt welcomes legalisation of same-sex marriage, adoptions Bastille Day is celebrated on Thursday 14 July 2022 Monday – 11th July Eurogroup - Euro area macroeconomic challenges, IMF interim staff mission findings, 2023 fiscal policy orientations, digital euro implications, euro area enlargement (Croatia) - Eurogroup - Consilium (europa.eu) Informal Justice and Home Affairs Ministers meeting - impacts of war in Ukraine on security policies, IT system interoperability, future migration challenges, fight against child sexual abuse, launch of EU Support Hun for Internal Security and Border Management in Moldova - media-guide-jha-home-affairs-part.pdf (europa.eu) FISC Subcommittee – hearing on the role of tax incentives and exemptions in the framework of the reform of corporate taxation and in the promotion of European economies’ competitiveness. Draft programme - Website of the Subcommittee on Tax Matters BUDG Committee - Annual meeting with EU Agencies, and report of the Mission of the Committee on Budgets to Turkey - Website of the Committee on Budgets DEVE Committee joint debates with: AFET Committee - the situation in Ethiopia Delegation for relations with Afghanistan - an exchange of views with Commission representatives on the humanitarian situation in Afghanistan after the earthquake Debrief on Development Committee delegation to Moldova (15-17 June 2022) - Website of the Committee on Development DROI Subcommittee – debates on: In association with the Delegation for relations with the countries of Central America (tbc) - Exchange of views on the human rights developments in Cuba one year after the peaceful mass demonstration of 11 July 2021 The right to a fair trial and the application of non-refoulement: the extradition process on Julian Assange case, in the presence of Professor and Lawyer Aitor Martínez Public hearing on improving the protection and lives of dependent elderly and other dependent persons - Website of the Subcommittee on Human Rights SEDE Subcommittee - exchange of views with General Robert Brieger, Chair of the EU Military Committee on his new mandate in the context of the Russian war against Ukraine - Website of the Subcommittee on Security and Defence EMPL Committee - Presentation of the Council Presidency’s programme during an exchange of views with Marian Jurečka (Czech Minister of Labour and Social Affairs), hearing on the escalating energy poverty and housing affordability crisis. (16.30 – 18.30) Draft programme - Website of the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs ENVI Committee - Presentation of the Council Presidency’s programme with Anna Hubáčková, Minister for the Environment, Czech Presidency, exchange of views with the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) on the latest developments linked to the renewal of the approval of glyphosate, sustainable Carbon Cycles (INI) - Website of the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety IMCO Committee – report of IMCO delegation to Silicon Valley, San Francisco, public hearing on transparency and targeting of political advertising, amending Regulation (EU) No 1025/2012 as regards the decisions of European standardisation organisations concerning European standards and European standardisation deliverables, exchange of views with youth representatives on IMCO matters - Website of the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection AGRI Committee - Exchange of views with Zdeněk Nekula, Minister of Agriculture of the Czech Republic, on the priorities of the Czech Presidency of the Council of the European Union in the field of agriculture, presentation of the study on “Agricultural potential in carbon sequestration: Humus content of land used for agriculture and CO2 storage”, organised by Policy Department B, Jointly with TRAN Committee - Exchange of views with Commission representatives (DG AGRI and DG MOVE) on Solidarity Lanes to facilitate Ukraine's agricultural export - Website of the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development Joint BUDG CONT committee – debate on amending Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2018/1046 on the financial rules applicable to the general budget of the Union - Consideration of draft report - Rapporteur: Nils UŠAKOVS (S&D, LV) AFET Committee - exchange of views with Miguel Ángel Moratinos, High Representative for the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations - Website of the Committee on Foreign Affairs College of Commissioners’ seminar President von der Leyen receives Winfried Kretschmann, Minister-President of the Federal State of Baden-Württemberg Commissioner Ferreira meeting with António Costa Silva, Minister for Economic Affairs of Portugal Commissioner Reynders in Prague, Czechia: meets with Anna-Maja Henriksson, Finnish Minister of Justice and with Judit Varga, Hungarian Minister of Justice Tuesday – 12th July Informal Justice and Home Affairs Ministers meeting - impacts of war in Ukraine on security policies, IT system interoperability, future migration challenges, fight against child sexual abuse, launch of EU Support Hun for Internal Security and Border Management in Moldova - media-guide-jha-home-affairs-part.pdf (europa.eu) Economic and Financial Affairs Council - adoption of euro by Croatia, presentation of Czech Presidency work programme, economic situation in Europe, European Semester 2022, G20 finance ministers and central bank governors meeting, 2021 fiscal sustainability report - Economic and Financial Affairs Council - Consilium (europa.eu) PEGA Committee of Inquiry - Hearing 'Israel and Spyware' - preparation for the PEGA delegation to Israel on 18 – 20 July, focus on fact-finding relating to the committee's mandate and on questions relating to the production and use of spyware in Israel - Website of the Committee of Inquiry to investigate the use of Pegasus and equivalent surveillance spyware DROI Subcommittee In association with the Delegation to the Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly - Exchange of views with Commissioner Leyner Palacios in the context of the final report published by the Colombian Commission of Truth on 28 June 2022 In association with the Delegation for relations with Afghanistan - Exchange of views with Stella Ronner-Grubačić, EU Ambassador for Gender and Diversity, EEAS, on the Afghan Women Leaders Forum and the situation of women and girls in Afghanistan and Hareer Hashim, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, Afghanistan Section (tbc) Exchange of views with Ambassador Christian Wenaweser, Permanent Mission of the Principality of Liechtenstein to the United Nations in New York, on the crime of aggression - Website of the Subcommittee on Human Rights FEMM Committee – debates on: Strengthening the application of the principle of equal pay for equal work or work of equal value between men and women through pay transparency and enforcement mechanisms (2021/0050(COD)) Council Presidency - Presentation by Marian Jurečka, Minister of Labour and Social Affairs, Czech Republic - Website of the Committee on Women’s Rights and Gender Equality BUDG Committee - Interim report on the 2021 proposal for a revision of the Multiannual Financial Framework (2021/0429R(APP)), General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2023 - all sections (2022/0212(BUD)) - presentation of the Working Document on the Draft Budget 2023 - Website of the Committee on Budgets EMPL Committee – debates on: Reporting back to committee: Strengthening the application of the principle of equal pay for equal work or work of equal value between men and women through pay transparency and enforcement mechanisms. Joint EMPL, LIBE and PETI Delegation to the 15th session of the Conference of States Parties to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD COSP) Guidelines for the employment policies of the Member States. Improving working conditions in platform work. Revision of European Works Councils Directive. Vote on adequate minimum wages in the European Union. Co-rapporteurs: Dennis Radtke (EPP, DE) and Agnes Jongerius (S&D, NL) Vote on the provisional agreement resulting from interinstitutional negotiations - Website of the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs ENVI Committee – debates on: Exchange of views with Vlastimil Válek, Minister of Health, Czech Presidency, Amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources Directive 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings and Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency Presentation by the Commission, amending Regulation (EU) 2021/241 as regards REPowerEU chapters in recovery and resilience plans and amending Regulation (EU) 2021/1060, Regulation (EU) 2021/2115, Directive 2003/87/EC and Decision (EU) 2015/1814 Amending Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control) and Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste Reporting of environmental data from industrial installations and establishing an Industrial Emissions Portal - Presentation by the Commission - Exchange of views Exchange of views with Zdeněk Nekula, Minister of Agriculture, Czech Presidency Votes on: Amending Annexes IV and V to Regulation (EU) 2019/1021 of the European Parliament and of the Council on persistent organic pollutants - Vote on the provisional agreement resulting from interinstitutional negotiations Regulation on serious cross-border threats to health repealing Decision No 1082/2013/EU - Vote on the provisional agreement resulting from interinstitutional negotiations UN Climate Change Conference 2022 in Sharm-el-Sheikh, Egypt (COP27) - Adoption of question for oral answer to the Commission - Adoption of question for oral answer to the Council Making available on the Union market as well as export from the Union of certain commodities and products associated with deforestation and forest degradation and repealing Regulation (EU) No 995/2010 - Website of the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety IMCO Committee – votes on: Amending Directive 2014/53/EU on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to the making available on the market of radio equipment 2021/0291(COD) Establishing the European Union Single Window Environment for Customs and amending Regulation (EU) No 952/2013 2020/0306(COD AccessibleEU Centre in support of accessibility policies in the EU internal market IMCO/9/08346 2022/2013(INI) Amending Regulation (EU) No 1025/2012 as regards the decisions of European standardisation organisations concerning European standards and European standardisation deliverables IMCO/9/08302 2022/0021(COD) Consumer credits IMCO/9/06432 2021/0171(COD) Debates on: Transparency and targeting of political advertising IMCO/9/07812 2021/0381(COD) Presentation of the Council Presidency’s programme - with Jozef Síkela, Czech Minister of Industry and Trade Consumer protection in online video games: a European Single Market approach IMCO/9/08347 2022/2014(INI) With the Commission: Feedback on the "Digital Assembly" Conference, 21 -22 June 2022 - Website of the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection AGRI Committee – Exchange of views with a Commission representative (DG AGRI) on the national strategic plan for the Common Agricultural Policy, Presentation by Commission representatives (DG AGRI) of the evaluation and impact assessment of Geographical indications and traditional specialties guaranteed protected in the EU Votes on: Statistics on agricultural input and output and repealing Regulations (EC) No 1165/2008 , (EC) No 543/2009, (EC) No 1185/2009 and Directive 96/16/EC - Vote on the provisional agreement resulting from interinstitutional negotiations A New EU Forest Strategy for 2030 – Sustainable Forest Management in Europe - Adoption of draft report - Website of the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development DEVE Committee - vote on UN Climate Change Conference 2022 in Sharm-el-Sheikh, Egypt (COP27) - Adoption of opinion Debates on: Priorities of the Czech Presidency - Exchange of views with Jiří Kozák, Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2023 - all sections - exchange of views on budgetary amendments - Website of the Committee on Development SEDE Subcommittee – debates on: Exchange of views on the Joint EU-UN strategic partnership on peace operations and crisis management: stock-taking and priorities for the period 2022-2024 with Alison Weston, Head of Division, Partnerships and Task Force NATO, European External Action Service (EEAS) and Rory Keane, Head of Office, United Nations Liaison Office for Peace and Security In association with the Delegation for relations with the NATO Parliamentary Assembly - Exchange of views on EU-NATO cooperation following the NATO Summit – Stefano Sannino, Secretary General of the European External Action Service Exchange of views ahead of the SEDE ad hoc delegation to visit EU Training Mission in Mozambique, with Vice-Admiral Hervé Bléjean, Director General of the EU Military Staff (EUMS), Brigadier General Nuno Lemos Pires, force commander of EU Training Mission Mozambique, and Stefano Tomat, Director, Integrated Approach for Crisis Response, EEAS - Website of the Subcommittee on Security and Defence Joint Interparliamentary EMPL LIBE FEMM Meeting of Committee on the rights of Ukrainian women fleeing the war. Draft programme - Website of the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs Joint ITRE CULT Committee vote on the New European Bauhaus (2021/2255(INI)) - adoption of draft report - Website of the Committee on Culture and Education President von der Leyen receives Roberto Fico, President of the Chamber of Deputies of Italy High Representative Borrell receives Prak Sokhonn, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Cambodia Vice-President Šefčovič receives Antonio Costa Silva, Portuguese Minister of the Economy and Maritime Affairs, receives Bernd Schaefer, CEO of EIT RawMaterials, receives Violeta Bulc, founder and curator of the Ecocivilisation thinktank Vice-President Vestager videoconference with Professor Mark W.J. Ferguson, Interim Chair of the Board of the European Innovation Council (EIC). Vice-President Jourová receives Martin Kupka, Minister of Transport of the Czech Republic Commissioner Gabriel receives, in Brussels, the Ambassador of the United States to the European Union, Mark Gitenstein Vice-President Schinas receives Bart Somers, Vice-Minister-President of the Government of Flanders, Flemish Minister for Home affairs, Administrative affairs, Civic integration and Equal opportunities, receives Miguel Angel Moratinos Cuyaubé, High Representative for the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations, receives Reem Al Hashemi, Minister of State for International Cooperation of the United Arab Emirates Commissioner Kyriakides videoconference with Marcos Montes, Minister for Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply of Brazil Commissioner Gabriel receives Slaven Maric and Zdravko Maric, organisers of the “Youth Sport Games” Commissioner Schmit receives Lodewijk Asscher, special adviser on labour market integration of people fleeing war in Ukraine Commissioner Wojciechowski in Hanoi, Vietnam; meeting with Pham Binh Minh, Deputy Prime Minister of Vietnam, meets Than Dy Ngữ, Director of Hiệp Thành Organic Tea Company, representatives of the Vietnam Organic Association, and Vietnamese farmers. Commissioner Ferreira welcomes Hungarian Minister without portfolio for Land Development, Tibor Navracsics Commissioner Urpilainen receives Christa Schweng, President of the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC), receives Leyner Palacios, Commissioner of the Colombian Truth Commission, receives Reem Ebrahim Al Hashimy, Minister of State for International Cooperation of the United Arab Emirates Commissioner Simson meeting with Maximilian Viessmann, CEO of Viessmann Group on REPowerEU, meeting with Knauf Energy Solutions on The New Winter Peak Challenges. Commissioner Gabriel lunch with the Ambassador of Japan to the EU, Yasushi Masaki Commissioner Gentiloni receives Roberto Fico, President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies Commissioner Lenarčič receives H.E. Mark Gitenstein, Ambassador of the United States of America to the EU, receives Reem Al-hashemi, Minister of State for International Cooperation of the United Arab Emirates, receives Thomas Strobl, Baden-Württemberg's State Minister of the Interior Commissioner Hahn receives Gintarė Skaistė, Minister of Finance of Lithuania Commissioner Reynders in Prague, Czechia: participates in the informal Justice Council; meets with Vincent Van Quickenborne, Belgian Minister of Justice Wednesday – 13th July Informal Meeting of Environment Ministers, with Minister for Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine, Ruslan, Strilets, in attendance, - biodiversity and nature conservation, environmental impacts of the war in Ukraine, climate change adaptations, international climate negotiations (COP27) - media-guide-envi-en.pdf (europa.eu) COREPER I - Ukrainian driver documents, withdrawal of exemptions for heated tobacco products, distorting foreign subsidies in the internal market - Meeting calendar - Consilium (europa.eu) COREPER II - EU strategy against proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, EU position at 12th Minister Conference of WTO, restrictive measures against Belarus, EU-New Zealand agreement on police cooperation, roadmap for global food security, temporary trade liberalisation with Moldova, use of European Peace Facility to support Nigerien Armed Forces, Russian restrictive measures, action plan for EU-Ukraine solidarity lanes to facilitate Ukrainian agricultural exports - Meeting calendar - Consilium (europa.eu) CULT Committee – votes on: The impact of COVID-19 closures of educational, cultural, youth and sports activities on children and young people in the EU (INI) Budget 2023 - Adoption of budgetary amendments Debates on: Presentation of the priorities of the Czech Presidency Town Twinning in the Citizens, Equality, Rights and Values programme within the EU and with third countries – Exchange of views with the Commission Public hearing on “Implementation of the New European Agenda for Culture and the EU Strategy for International Cultural Relations” - in association with the AFET Committee (draft programme) - Website of the Committee on Culture and Education Special COVI Committee – debates on: Exchange of views with European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority (HERA) on COVID-19 pandemic with Dr Andrea Ammon, Director of ECDC, Pierre Delsaux, Director-General of HERA Report on ongoing interinstitutional negotiations Information on the outcome of the inter-institutional negotiations on the Proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on serious cross-border threats to health, repealing Decision No 1082/2013/EU (2020/0322(COD)) Exchange of views with Chief Epidemiologists from EU Member States, panel I: Professor Dr Sotirios Tsiodras, Chief strategic advisor to the Hellenic Government on the COVID-19 pandemic in Greece; Professor Dr Erika Vlieghe, Chair of the COVID-19 Management Strategy Expert Group (GEMS) in Belgium Exchange of views with Exchange of views with Chief Epidemiologists from EU Member States, panel II: Dr Katharina Reich, Chair of the COVID-19 crisis coordination cell (GECKO) in Austria; Dr Clément Lazarus, Expert-Advisor to the General Directorate for International Health Security and Global Health in France; Dr Graça Freitas, Director General of Health in Portugal - Website of the Special Committee on the COVID-19 pandemic: lessons learned and recommendations for the future AFET Committee – debates on: Annual implementing report on the EU association agreement with Georgia - Consideration of draft report Jointly with INTA and AFCO Committees - Laying down rules for the exercise of the Union's rights in the implementation and enforcement of the Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part - Presentation of Commission proposal - Exchange of views with Jan Lipavský, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic, on the priorities of the Czech Presidency of the Council of the European Union Jointly with the SEDE Subcommittee and in association with the Delegation for relations with the NATO Parliamentary Assembly (DNAT) Exchange of views with Jens Stoltenberg, NATO Secretary General, on EU-NATO cooperation and the outcome of the NATO summit Presentation of a study on the economic reconstruction of Belarus: next steps after a democratic transition Votes on: Recommendation to the Council, the Commission and the Commission Vice President/High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy on Horn of Africa Recommendation to the Commission and the Commission Vice President/High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy on the Renewed partnership with the Southern Neighbourhood. A new agenda for the Mediterranean - Website of the Committee on Foreign Affairs INTA Committee – debates on: State of play of ongoing trilogue negotiations - Reporting back to committee Conclusion of the negotiations for a Trade Agreement between the EU and New Zealand Presentation by Jozef Síkela, Minister of Trade, representing the President-in-Office of the Council, on the priorities of the Czech Presidency in the area of International Trade Policy Resilient supply chains in the EU trade to address current shortages (INI) - Website of the Committee on International Trade CONT Committee – Joint presentations with AGRI Committee ECA Special Report 14/2022 - The Commission’s response to fraud in the Common Agricultural Policy: Time to dig deeper - ECA Special Report 16/2022: Data in the Common Agricultural Policy - Unrealised potential of big data for policy evaluations - ECA Special Report 12/2022 - Durability in rural development. Most projects remain operational for the period required, but there are opportunities to achieve longer lasting results ECA Special Report 10/2022 - LEADER and community-led local development facilitates local engagement but additional benefits still not sufficiently demonstrated Debate on 2020 discharge: European Border and Coast Guard Agency - - Exchange of views with the Commission, Frontex management board and Frontex acting Executive Director - Website of the Committee on Budgetary Control ITRE Committee presentation of the Council Presidency’s programme: Exchange of views with Ivan Bartoš, Deputy Prime Minister for Digitisation and Minister of Regional Development (digital, telecommunications, ICT) and Jozef Síkela, Minister of Industry and Trade (industry, energy) Votes on: Measures for a high common level of cybersecurity across the Union, repealing Directive (EU) 2016/1148 - 2020/0359(COD) - Energy efficiency (recast) - 2021/0203(COD) Amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Directive 98/70/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the promotion of energy from renewable sources, and repealing Council Directive (EU) 2015/652 - 2021/0218(COD) Implementation of the Updated New Industrial Strategy for Europe: aligning spending to policy - 2022/2008(INI) General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2023 - all sections - 2022/0212(BUD) Debates on: Implementation report on the European Innovation Council - 2022/2063(INI) Internal markets for renewable and natural gases and for hydrogen (recast) - 2021/0424(COD) Presentation of the Council Presidency’s programme: Exchange of views with Vladimír Balaš, Minister of Education, Youth and Sports (research, innovation) and Martin Kupk, Minister of Transport (space) Common rules for the internal markets in renewable and natural gases and in hydrogen (recast) - 2021/0425(COD) - Website of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy LIBE Committee debates on: The Asylum Report 2022 by the European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA) - Presentation Nina Gregori, Executive Director of the EUAA Amending Directive (EU) 2019/1153 of the European Parliament and of the Council, as regards access of competent authorities to centralised bank account registries through the single access point - Consideration of draft report Votes on: Proposal for a Council decision determining, pursuant to Article 7(1) of the Treaty on European Union, the existence of a clear risk of a serious breach by Hungary of the values on which the Union is founded - Adoption of draft report - Rapporteur: Gwendoline Delbos-Corfield The situation of fundamental rights in the European Union in 2020 and 2021 (INI) - Adoption of draft report Debates on: Towards equal rights for persons with disabilities (INI) - Consideration of draft report Racial justice, non-discrimination and anti-racism in the EU (INI) - Consideration of amendments Exchange of views on the state of play of the implementation of the Temporary Protection Directive - Exchange of views Europol’s annual EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT) - Presentation and exchange of views Mission Report following the LIBE mission to Vilnius, Lithuania, and Riga, Latvia, 1 to 3 March 2022 - Presentation of report on the outcome of the mission Mission Report following the LIBE mission to Greece, 2 to 4 November 2021 - Presentation of report on the outcome of the mission Activities of the Democracy, Rule of Law and Fundamental Rights Monitoring Group - Reporting back to committee Mission Report following the LIBE ad hoc mission to Malta, 23 to 25 May 2022 - Presentation of report on the outcome of the mission - Website of the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs ECON Committee public Hearing with Elke König, Chair of the Single Resolution Board (SRB), Economic Dialogue and exchange of views with Zbyněk Stanjura, ECOFIN President and Minister of Finance of the Czech Republic, appointment of the Chair of the Financial Reporting Board of the European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG) - Public Hearing with Wolf Klinz, proposed by the Commission for the position Vote on appointment of the Chair of the Financial Reporting Board of the European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG) - Website of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs AFCO Committee vote on the statute and funding of European political parties and European political foundations (recast) - Adoption of draft report - Vote on the decision to enter into interinstitutional negotiations Debates on: Laying down detailed arrangements for the exercise of the right to vote and stand as a candidate in elections to the European Parliament for Union citizens residing in a Member State of which they are not nationals (recast) - Consideration of draft report - Decision on deadline for tabling amendments Laying down detailed arrangements for the exercise of the right to vote and to stand as a candidate in municipal elections by Union citizens residing in a Member State of which they are not nationals (recast) - Consideration of draft opinion - Decision on deadline for tabling amendments - Website of the Committee on Constitutional Affairs JURI Committee - Hearing of candidates for the post of the Chair of the Sustainability Reporting Board of the European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG), Chair of the Sustainability Reporting Board of the European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG) - deliberations following the hearing, Presentation by PolDep C of the IPR and open data study, a statute for European cross-border associations and non-profit organisations - Follow-up by the Commission - Website of the Committee on Legal Affairs AFCO Committee -vote on the statute and funding of European political parties and European political foundations (recast) - Adoption of draft report - Vote on the decision to enter into interinstitutional negotiations - Debates on: Laying down detailed arrangements for the exercise of the right to vote and stand as a candidate in elections to the European Parliament for Union citizens residing in a Member State of which they are not nationals (recast) - Consideration of draft report - Decision on deadline for tabling amendments Laying down detailed arrangements for the exercise of the right to vote and to stand as a candidate in municipal elections by Union citizens residing in a Member State of which they are not nationals (recast) - Consideration of draft opinion - Website of the Committee on Constitutional Affairs Visit of College of the Commissioners to Luxembourg, audience with HRH Henri Grand Duke of Luxembourg with the College of Commissioners; meeting with the Prime Minister Xavier Bettel, meeting with members of the European Court of Auditor Meeting of the College of Commissioners Commissioner Wojciechowski in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; meeting with Vo Tan Thanh, Vice Chairman of the Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry Thursday – 14th July Informal Meeting of Environment Ministers, with Minister for Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine, Ruslan, Strilets, in attendance, - biodiversity and nature conservation, environmental impacts of the war in Ukraine, climate change adaptations, international climate negotiations (COP27) - media-guide-envi-en.pdf (europa.eu) Informal meeting of European Affairs Ministers - Informal meeting of European affairs ministers (europa.eu) EU-Montenegro Stabilisation and Association Council in Podgorica, Montenegro - EU-Montenegro Stabilisation and Association Council - Consilium (europa.eu) INTA Committee – votes on: Outcome of the Commission’s review of the 15-Point Action Plan on trade and sustainable development - Adoption of question for oral answer - Adoption of motion for a resolution - Foreign subsidies distorting the internal market - Vote on the provisional agreement resulting from interinstitutional negotiations - Website of the Committee on International Trade JURI Committee – votes on: Responsible private funding of litigation - Adoption of draft report - Harmonised rules on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and amending certain Union Legislative Acts - Adoption of draft opinion - Chair of the Sustainability Reporting Board of the European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG) - decision on the proposal of a candidate Debate on protection of the environment through criminal law and replacing Directive 2008/99/EC - Exchange of views -Website of the Committee on Legal Affairs AFET Committee hearing on Eastern Partnership in the shade of war - Website of the Committee on Foreign Affairs ITRE Committee - Public Hearing on How a European Chips Act will put Europe back in the tech race, exchange of views with the Commission on the upcoming legislative proposal on the supply of critical raw materials and on results of the latest survey for European companies and stakeholders: Disruptions in supply chains - Website of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy LIBE Committee – debates on: Fundamental Rights Report 2022 by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) and Annual Report on the application of the Charter of Fundamental Rights in the EU by the European Commission - Presentation by Michael O’Flaherty, Director of FRA - Presentation by the Commission Annual Report 2021 of the European Data Protection Board (EDPB) - Presentation by Andrea Jelinek, Chair of the EDPB Exchange of views with the Vice-President for Promoting our European Way of Life, Margaritis Schinas, in the framework of the Structured Dialogue - Website of the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs CONT Committee debate with AFCO Committee: ECA special report 17/2022 - External consultants at the European Commission - Scope for reform Study on 'The European Commission's use of consultants in preparing legislation' - Rapporteur: CONT Mission to Rome, Italy - 25-27 May 2022 CONT mission to Poland (18 - 20 July 2022) - Exchange of views with Commission and OLAF in the light of the preparations of the mission to Poland - In camera ECA Special Report 08/2022 - ERDF support for SME competitiveness: design weaknesses decrease effectiveness of funding - With AGRI Committee - ECA Special Report 11/2022 - Protecting the EU budget: Better use of blacklisting needed - Website of the Committee on Budgetary Control High Representative Borrell in Montenegro: meets with Dritan Abazović, Prime Minister of Montenegro; chairs the EU-Montenegro Stabilisation and Association Council; meets with Milo Đukanović, President of Montenegro Vice-President Šefčovič receives a delegation of Slovak mayors, receives Micky Adriaansens, Dutch Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy Commissioner Kyriakides in Rzeszow, Poland: meets with Adam Niedzielski, Minister of Health of Poland Commissioner Simson videoconference with Roberto Cingolani, Minister for Ecological Transition of Italy, videoconference with Anna Moskwa, Minister of Climate and Environment of Poland, videoconference with Robert Habeck, Minister for Economic Affairs and Climate Action of Germany, videoconference with Teresa Ribera, Minister for the Ecological Transition, and the Demographic Challenge of Spain Commissioner Johansson videoconference with Clare O’Neil, Minister for Home Affairs and Minister for Cyber Security for Australia Commissioner Ferreira meeting with a Committee of Mayors of Catalonia, travel to Fundão, Portugal, to present the 2021-2027 Partnership Agreement with Portugal with Prime Minister Antonio Costa and Ministra da Presidência Mariana Vieira da Silva Commissioner Wojciechowski visit to Singapore Commissioner Hahn receives Jiří Georgiev, Deputy Finance Minister of the Czech Republic Commissioner Schmit videoconference with Klara Geywitz, German Federal Minister for Housing, Urban Development and Building, videoconference with Wendy Kopp, CEO of Teach for All Commissioner Reynders in The Hague, the Netherlands: co-hosts the Ukraine Accountability Conference (UAC); meets with Pramila Patten, Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict (SRSG-SVC). Friday – 15th July Informal meeting of European Affairs Ministers - Informal meeting of European affairs ministers (europa.eu) High Representative Borrell in Montenegro: meets with Ranko Krivokapić, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Montenegro. Commissioner Gentiloni participates via videoconference in the G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors Meeting Commissioner Sinkevičius meeting with Gitanas Nausėda, President of the Republic of Lithuania, meeting with Rokas Masiulis, CEO of the Lithuanian Electricity Transmission System Operator LITGRID Commissioner Wojciechowski in Singapore; meets with S. Iswaran, Minister-in-charge of Trade Relations, meets with Dr Koh Poh Koon, Senior Minister of State of Sustainability and the Environment, Singapore. 4 July - 8 July 2022 Recent Developments The Czech Republic have assumed the Presidency of the Council of the EU until 31 December 2022 - Europe’s task now: Embrace diversity and work together against Russia – POLITICO The new French Government cabinet has been announced following the June 2022 parliamentary elections - Mujtaba (Mij) Rahman on Twitter: "The new French government announced this am contains no captures from the opposition and no big changes. It’s going to be tough for the PM Elisabeth Borne to win a vote of confidence on Wednesday. Will she duck the test? She can and she probably will 1/ https://t.co/3DtvmkyCXG" / Twitter, Live: Macron reshuffles French cabinet, drops minister targeted in rape probe (france24.com) The Ukraine Recovery Conference is held in Lugano, Switzerland from 4-5 July 2022 - Ukraine Recovery Conference – 4,5 July 2022 – Lugano, Switzerland (urc2022.com) Russian forces claim to have seized the entirety of the Luhansk oblast in eastern Ukraine - Subscribe to read \| Financial Times (ft.com) Three people were killed in a shooting at a shopping centre in Copenhagen on Sunday 3 July 2022 - Danmark er søndag aften blevet ramt af... - Mette Frederiksen \| Facebook The German and Irish Foreign Ministers, Annalena Baerbock and Simon Coveney, wrote a joint op-ed piece on the Northern Ireland Protocol in The Guardian - Northern Ireland wants stability. Tearing up the Brexit agreement will put peace and prosperity at risk \| Annalena Baerbock & Simon Coveney \| The Guardian Following the collapse of the coalition government, former Bulgarian Prime Minister Kiril Petkov has put forward his deputy Asen Vasilev as a candidate to form a government - "Продължаваме промяната" ще пробва да остане на власт с нов премиер и програмно правителство - Политика - Дневник (dnevnik.bg) Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki dismissed Justice Minister Zbigniew Ziobro’s calls for Poland to refuse COVID recovery funds should the European Commission insist on justice system reforms - Premier: nie planujemy żadnych nowych podatków dla posiadaczy aut spalinowych - Money.pl Talks are ongoing in Italy between Prime Minister Draghi and the leader of the Five Star Movement, Giuseppe Conte, to avoid a government collapse - Draghi leaves NATO summit early to deal with domestic woes – POLITICO Natural gas extraction projects are being expanded across Europe as a result of the energy supply implications of the war in Ukraine, including in Italy, Germany, Romania and the Netherlands - Gas drilling projects resurrected around Europe – EURACTIV.com The former head of the German digital payments firm, Wirecard, has admitted to forging documentation amid a fraud investigation - Wirecard’s former top accountant admits forging documents for KPMG special audit \| Financial Times (ft.com) Turkish authorities have allegedly detained a Russian vessel transporting grain through the Bosphorus which Ukrainian officials claim was stolen from Ukrainian reserves - Ukraine says Russian ship carrying Ukrainian grain detained by Turkey \| Euronews Monday – 4th July COREPER I - aquaculture, plant protection, scientific and technological cooperation with Brazil - Meeting calendar - Consilium (europa.eu) Plenary debates on: US Supreme Court decision to overturn abortion rights in the United States and the need to safeguard abortion rights and Women’s health in the EU - 2022/2742(RSP) Loss of life, violence and inhumane treatment against people seeking international protection at the Spanish-Moroccan border - 2022/2748(RSP) Digital Services Act - 2020/0361(COD) Digital Markets Act - 2020/0374(COD) Adoption by Croatia of the euro on 1 January 2023 - 2022/0179(NLE) Women’s poverty in Europe - 2021/2170(INI) Negotiations for a cooperation agreement between the EU and Interpol - 2022/2025(INI) Indo-Pacific strategy in the area of trade and investment - 2021/2200(INI) EU-India future trade and investment cooperation - 2021/2177(INI) ENVI Committee - hearing of the candidate for the function of Executive Director of the European Chemicals Agency - Exchange of views - Website of the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety AFCO Committee – vote on amendment to Parliament’s Rules of Procedure concerning Rule 216 on committee meetings (2022/2069(REG)) - Website of the Committee on Constitutional Affairs President von der Leyen delivers keynote at the Opening Ceremony of the Ukraine Recovery Conference, hosted jointly by Switzerland and Ukraine, meets with Manfred Weber, Iratxe García-Pérez and Stéphane Séjourné, Chairs of the European People’s Party Group, the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats and the Renew Europe Groups in the European Parliament Vice-President Timmermans meets with Xavier Bettel, Prime Minister of Luxembourg; meets with Werner Hoyer, and Ambroise Fayolle, respectively President and Vice-President of the European Investment Bank (EIB), inaugurates fast electric car charging facility ‘SuperChargy’ with François Bausch, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Mobility and Public Works, and Claude Turmes, Minister for Energy and Spatial Planning, meets with the European Investment Bank Climate and Environment Advisory Council, chaired by Christine Lagarde, President of the European Central Bank (ECB) Commissioner Johansson videoconference with Filippo Grandi, High Commissioner for the UNHCR Commissioner Gentiloni videoconference with Pietro Labriola, CEO of TIM Group Commissioner Thierry Breton meets Bruno Le Maire, Minister for Economy, Finance and Recovery of France. Tuesday – 5th July COREPER II - Force Catalogue, Energy Charter Treaty - Meeting calendar - Consilium (europa.eu) Plenary debates on: Common European action on care - 2021/2253(INI) Mental health in the digital world of work - 2021/2098(INI) This is Europe - Debate with the Prime Minister of Greece, Kyriakos Mitsotakis - 2022/2717(RSP) EU initiatives to address the rising cost of living, including the implementation of the European Pillar of Social Rights - 2022/2749(RSP) EU action plan for the social economy - 2021/2179(INI) Question Time (Commission)Increasing EU ambitions on biodiversity ahead of COP 15 Objection pursuant to Rule 111(3): Amending the Taxonomy Climate Delegated Act and the Taxonomy Disclosures Delegated Act - 2022/2594(DEA) 2021 Report on Bosnia and Herzegovina - 2021/2245(INI) 2021 Report on Serbia - 2021/2249(INI) 2021 Report on Kosovo - 2021/2246(INI) The EU and the defence of multilateralism - 2020/2114(INI) Addressing food security in developing countries - 2021/2208(INI) Plenary votes on: Digital Services Act - 2020/0361(COD) Digital Markets Act - 2020/0374(COD) Adoption by Croatia of the euro on 1 January 2023 - 2022/0179(NLE) EU/Cook Islands Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreement: implementation protocol - 2021/0312(NLE) Temporary trade liberalisation measures for Moldova - 2022/0188(COD) Women’s poverty in Europe - 2021/2170(INI) Negotiations for a cooperation agreement between the EU and Interpol - 2022/2025(INI) Indo-Pacific strategy in the area of trade and investment - 2021/2200(INI) EU-India future trade and investment cooperation - 2021/2177(INI) Common European action on care - 2021/2253(INI) Mental health in the digital world of work - 2021/2098(INI) Banking Union – annual report 2021 - 2021/2184(INI) Meeting of the College of Commissioners in Strasbourg Vice-President Šuica in Strasbourg, FR: attends the Ceremony in Honour of the First Woman President of the European Parliament, Simone Veil, organized by EP President, Roberta Metsola Wednesday – 6th July Visit of the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic, Petr Fiala President Metsola meeting with the President of the European Investment Bank, Werner Hoyer Plenary debates on: Presentation of the programme of activities of the Czech Presidency - 2022/2708(RSP) Conclusions of the European Council meeting of 23-24 June 2022 - 2022/2707(RSP) Plenary votes on: Amendment to Parliament’s Rules of Procedure concerning Rule 216 on committee meetings - 2022/2069(REG) Objection pursuant to Rule 111(3): Amending the Taxonomy Climate Delegated Act and the Taxonomy Disclosures Delegated Act - 2022/2594(DEA) Objection pursuant to Rule 111(3): Technical standards for the application of position limits to commodity derivatives and procedures for applying for exemption from position limits - 2022/2640(DEA) Russia's invasion of Ukraine: Crisis measures in the fisheries and aquaculture sectors - 2022/0118(COD) 2021 Report on Bosnia and Herzegovina - 2021/2245(INI) 2021 Report on Serbia - 2021/2249(INI) 2021 Report on Kosovo - 2021/2246(INI) The EU and the defence of multilateralism - 2020/2114(INI) Addressing food security in developing countries - 2021/2208(INI) EU action plan for the social economy - 2021/2179(INI) Intersectional discrimination in the EU: socio-economic situation of women of African, Middle-Eastern, Latin-American and Asian descent - 2021/2243(INI) National vetoes to undermine the global tax deal - 2022/2734(RSP) The UK government’s unilateral introduction of the Northern Ireland Protocol Bill and respect for international law - 2022/2744(RSP) Facilitating export of Ukrainian agricultural products: key for Ukrainian economy and global food security - 2022/2745(RSP) The Three Seas Initiative: challenges and opportunities - 2022/2750(RSP) Financial activities of the European Investment Bank – annual report 2021 - 2021/2203(INI) Control of the financial activities of the European Investment Bank – annual report 2020 - 2021/2235(INI) The relations of the Russian government and diplomatic network with parties of extremist, populist, anti-European and certain other European political parties in the context of the war - 2022/2743(RSP) Taxing windfall profits of energy companies - 2022/2747(RSP) The Post-Cotonou Agreement - 2022/2715(RSP) Protection of the EU’s financial interests – combating fraud – annual report 2020 - 2021/2234(INI) Debates on cases of breaches of human rights, democracy and the rule of law (Rule 144) The arrest of Cardinal Zen and the trustees of the 612 relief fund in Hong Kong - 2022/2751(RSP) The situation of indigenous and environmental defenders in Brazil, including the killing of Dom Philips and Bruno Pereira - 2022/2752(RSP) The situation in Tajikistan’s Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province - 2022/2753(RSP) Vice-President Vestager videoconference with Anna Moskwa, Polish Minister of Climate and Environment. Commissioner Gentiloni receives Marcello Minenna, Director of the Italian Customs and Monopolies Agency Commissioner Wojciechowski videoconference with representatives of Bavarian farmers associations Commissioner Schmit in Rome, Italy: participates in an event organised by the European Labour Authority in Italy in collaboration with Spain on the transnational aspects of platform work; meets with Andrea Orlando, Italian Minister of Labour and Social Affairs Thursday – 7th July Plenary debates on: Recent heat wave and drought in the EU - 2022/2746(RSP) Sustainable aviation fuels (ReFuelEU Aviation Initiative) - 2021/0205(COD) Better regulation: joining forces to make better laws - 2021/2166(INI) Developing an EU Cycling Strategy - 2022/2726(RSP) Plenary votes on: The arrest of Cardinal Zen and the trustees of the 612 relief fund in Hong Kong - 2022/2751(RSP) The situation of indigenous and environmental defenders in Brazil, including the killing of Dom Philips and Bruno Pereira - 2022/2752(RSP) The situation in Tajikistan’s Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province - 2022/2753(RSP) Sustainable aviation fuels (ReFuelEU Aviation Initiative) - 2021/0205(COD) Financial activities of the European Investment Bank – annual report 2021 - 2021/2203(INI) Control of the financial activities of the European Investment Bank – annual report 2020 - 2021/2235(INI) Protection of the EU’s financial interests – combating fraud – annual report 2020 - 2021/2234(INI) Better regulation: joining forces to make better laws- - 2021/2166(INI) US Supreme Court decision to overturn abortion rights in the United States and the need to safeguard abortion rights and Women’s health in the EU - 2022/2742(RSP) President Von Der Leyen and Vice-President Vestager participate in UN retreat in New York with United Nations Secretary General Guterres High Representative Borrell in Bali, Indonesia (until 8/07): participates in the G20 Foreign Minister's Meeting and holds bilateral meetings in the margins Vice-President Šuica in Zagreb, HR: meets with HR Minister of Social Affairs Marin Piletić Commissioner Wojciechowski receives Abdellatif Ghedira, Executive Director of the International Olive Council. Friday – 8th July President von der Leyen leads the European Commission delegation to the United Nations Retreat Commissioner Schmit receives representatives from UNI Europa 27 June - 1 July 2022 Recent Developments: The European Council granted candidate status to Ukraine and Moldova following a summit on 23-24 June 2022 - 2022-06-2324-euco-conclusions-en.pdf (europa.eu) The G7 meets in Schloss Elmau, Germany this week to discuss the: global economy, partnerships for developing countries, foreign and security policy, sustainability, food security, multilateralism, digital transformation. Leaders will also discuss efforts to mitigate the impacts of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, and have invited leaders from Argentina, India, Indonesia, Senegal and South Africa to attend working sessions - G7 summit, Schloss Elmau - Consilium (europa.eu) G7 leaders launched a $600bn infrastructure investment package, Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment, to counter the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative on Sunday 26 June - Western leaders gear up against Chinese influence – EURACTIV.com Leaders of NATO members meet in Madrid from 28-30 June 2022 to discuss a new strategic agenda, Finnish and Swedish membership and the war in Ukraine - NATO - Pressrelease: NATO Summit - Madrid, Spain - 28, 29 and 30 June 2022, 28-Jun.-2022 Widespread protests against nitrogen regulations in the Netherlands are ongoing - Vandaag nieuwe acties boeren, omvang nog niet duidelijk \| NOS Over 2000 people tried to enter the Spanish exclave of Melilla from Morrocco over the weekend, at least 37 have died - https://elpais.com/espana/2022-06-26/marruecos-se-apresura-a-enterrar-a-los-migrantes-del-asalto-a-la-valla-entre-criticas-por-la-posible-ocultacion-de-las-causas-de-la-muerte.html Bulgarian Prime Minister Kiril Petkov has stated he is ready to form a new government following the collapse of the incumbent government following a no confidence vote in parliament and the resignation of the government on Monday 27 June - Ousted Bulgarian PM ready to form new government – EURACTIV.com The Dutch Government have unveiled plans to build at least two new nuclear power plants - Kabinet komt komende week met plan voor nieuwe kerncentrales \| NOS NATO plans to increase the presence of troops in Baltic member states following concerns over Russian aggression - https://www.ft.com/content/39caeff3-38cf-44e2-9270-835ab28f13c8 The Russian government has defaulted on its foreign debt obligations, the first since 1918 - Ukraine War: Russia Defaults on Foreign Debt for First Time Since 1918 - Bloomberg The Czech Republic assume the Presidency of the Council of the EU on Friday 1 July 2022 - https://www.politico.eu/article/czech-presidency-council-of-the-eu-ukraine-inflation-energy/ Monday – 27th June European Council President Charles Michel attends the G7 Summit in Elmau, Germany, bilateral meeting with Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida Transport, Telecommunications and Energy Council (Energy) - Fit for 55, decarbonisation, energy prices, gas storage, external energy relations - Transport, Telecommunications and Energy Council (Energy) - Consilium (europa.eu) LIBE Committee – debates on: State of play of the implementation of the Temporary Protection Directive - Exchange of views with the Commissioner for Home Affairs, Ylva Johansson Exchange of views on the migration situation in Greece - Exchange of views with Notis Mitarachi, Minister of Migration and Asylum of the Hellenic Republic Information exchange between law enforcement authorities of Member States, repealing Council Framework Decision 2006/960/JHA Establishing a collaboration platform to support the functioning of Joint Investigation Teams and amending Regulation (EU) 2018/1726 Budget 2023 - Consideration of budget amendments Conclusion of the Agreement between the European Union, of the one part, and New Zealand, of the other part, on the exchange of personal data between the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol) and the authorities of New Zealand competent for fighting serious crime and terrorism - Presentation by the Commission Vote on: Recommendations on the negotiations for a cooperation agreement between the European Union and the International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO-INTERPOL) - Website of the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs FISC Subcommittee exchange of views with Commissioner Paolo Gentiloni, Member of the European Commission responsible for Economy, on “The evaluation of the political and legislative follow-up to the works of the FISC Subcommittee” - Website of the Subcommittee on Tax Matters ENVI Committee – debates on: Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council Application of EU health and environmental standards to imported agricultural and agri-food products - Presentation by the Commission - Exchange of views Exchange of views with Hans Bruyninckx, Executive Director of the European Environment Agency (EEA) Exchange of views with Professor Ottmar Edenhofer, Chair of the European Scienitific Advisory Board on Climate Change UN Climate Change Conference 2022 in Sharm-el-Sheikh, Egypt (COP27) - Exchange of views on the basis of motion for a resolution - Website of the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety TRAN Committee - Exchange of views with Ukrainian Deputy Minister of Infrastructure Presentation by Catharina Sikow-Magny SIKOW-MAGNY, Director DG ENER, on the RePowerEU plan and its implications for the transport sector Vote on ensuring a level playing field for sustainable air transport (2021/0205(COD)) - adoption of draft report - Website of the Committee on Transport and Tourism President von der Leyen participates in the G7 Summit, in Germany Vice-President Timmermans attends the summer event of the TenneT offshore community; attends the German Marshall Fund Brussels Forum to speak about Climate Action in Uncertain Times; receives Darren Woods, President of ExxonMobil, meets with members of the Committee for Economic Affairs and Climate Policy from the Dutch House of Representatives; meets with members of the Social Democratic Party of the German Bundestag Vice-President Schinas in Athens, Greece : delivers opening remarks at the opening session of the Economic and social committee of Greece international conference “Climate crisis and social dialogue towards sustainable transition” Vice-President Šefčovič meets Jan Christian Vestre, Norwegian Minister of Trade and Industry, meets Terje Aasland, Norwegian Minister of Petroleum and Energy, meets Eivind Vad Petersson, State Secretary at the Norwegian Ministry for Foreign Affairs Vice-President Jourová in Bucharest: meets Klaus Iohannis, president of Romania and Nicolae Ciucă, Prime Minister of Romania, Commissioner Johansson receives Catherine Russell, Executive Director UNICEF Commissioner Reynders receives David Crowe, winner of the EU-Qantas Journalist Award Tuesday – 28th June European Council President Charles Michel attends the G7 Summit in Elmau, Germany Environment Council - Fit for 55, deforestation and forest degradation, EU waste shipment rules - Environment Council - Consilium (europa.eu) Vice-President Šefčovič receives Franziska Brantner, Parliamentary State Secretary at the German Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action Vice-President Jourová in Bucharest: meets Cătălin Predoiu, Minister of Justice of Romania and attends a joint meeting of Parliamentary committees on EU Affairs, Legal Affairs and Culture of the Senate of Romania and the Chamber of Deputies of Romania, meets Marian Enache, President of Constitutional Court of Romania, Lucian Bode, Minister of the Internal Affairs of Romania, heads of judicial institutions in Romania and representatives of magistrates associations Commissioner Gentiloni fireside chat with Paolo Bertoluzzo, CEO of Nexi SpA, receives Rolf Mützenich, the President of the SPD-Group in the German Bundestag, and his colleagues from the Board of the Group Commissioner Breton receives Franziska Brantner, Parliamentary State Secretary at the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action of Germany, and a delegation of representatives of the Green Group in the German Parliament, receives Peter Wennink, President and CEO of ASML, receives Frank Appel, CEO of Deutsche Post, receives Greg Wyler, founder of E-SPACE, O3b and OneWeb satellite constellation Commissioner Schmit in Nienburg and Hannover, Germany: visits the ESF-funded youth workshops project Die Jugendwerkstatt Nienburg, together with Birgit Honé, Minister for Federal and European Affairs and Regional Development and the District Councillor Commissioner Wojciechowski meets with representatives from Coldiretti, Brussels. Commissioner Lenarčič meets Krista Mikkonen, Minister of the Interior of Finland Vice-President Vestager meets with Adonis Georgiadis, Minister of Developments and Investments of the Hellenic Republic, Athens. Wednesday – 29th June European Council President Charles Michel attends the NATO Summit in Madid, Spain, bilateral meeting with Czech Prime Minister Petr Fiala in Prague, Czechia COREPER I - Western and Central Pacific fisheries conservation management, Russian military aggression implications for fishery and aquaculture supply chains - Meeting calendar - Consilium (europa.eu) COREPER II - recognition and enforcement of foreign judgements in civil and commercial matters, restrictive measures to combat terrorism, information system for conviction information on third-country nationals, EU Border Assistance and Police Missions for the Palestinian Territories, financial digital operational resilience, establishing an independent EU ethics body - Meeting calendar - Consilium (europa.eu) Vice-President Timmermans videoconference with Sharon Dijksma, Mayor of Utrecht (the Netherlands), receives Morten Thorsby, professional footballer and founder of the We Play Green foundation, meets with, Dan Jørgensen, Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities; and attends the ‘Grand Départ’ of the Tour de France alongside Mette Frederiksen, Prime Minister of Denmark Vice-President Schinas receives with Commissioner Kyriakides the board of EFPIA Vice-President Šuica receives Ukrainian Minister of Social Policy, Maryna Lazebna Vice-President Jourová receives Marlehn Thieme, Chairwoman of the ZDF Television Council, receives Professor Garton Ash, Professor of European Studies at St Antony’s College, Oxford Vice-President Vestager meets with Sorin Grindeanu, Romanian Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Transport and Infrastructure. Commissioner Gentiloni meeting with Austrian Finance Minister Magnus Brunner, OeNB Governor Robert Holzmann, the Chairwoman of the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ) Pamela Rendi-Wagner and debate with members of the Budgetary and Economy Committees of the National Council, receives Nicola Zingaretti, President of Lazio Region Commissioner Johansson receives Michael Landau, President of Caritas Austria and Eva Welskop-Deffaa, President of Caritas Germany Commissioner Schmit receives Michael Landau, President of Caritas Europa and Caritas Austria and Eva Maria Welskop-Deffaa, President of Caritas Germany Thursday – 30th June President Metsola meeting with the Prime Minister of New Zealand Jacinda Ardern Joint DEVE AGRI meeting – exchange of views with Executive Director David Beasley of the World Food Programme on "Food security: How to prevent a major global hunger crisis" - Website of the Committee on Development ECON Committee public hearing with Andrea Enria, Chair of the Supervisory Board of the ECB Vote on the impact of new technologies on taxation: crypto and blockchain (INI) - Website of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs AGRI Committee - Debrief of the mission to the Polish border with Ukraine, Presentation by a Commission representative (DG AGRI) of the evaluation report on the information policy on the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) - Website of the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development ENVI Committee – debates on: General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2023 - all sections Exchange of views with Stella Kyriakides, Commissioner for Health and Food Safety, on the proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the sustainable use of plant protection products and amending Regulation (EU) 2021/2115 Exchange of views with Virginijus Sinkevičius, Commissioner for Environment, Oceans and Fisheries, on EU biodiversity actions and presentation of the Commission proposal for a nature restoration regulation and of the communication on the EU’s International Ocean Governance Agenda -Website of the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety ING2 Special Committee - in association with the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO), the Committee on Culture and Education (CULT) and the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE) - Exchange of views with Věra Jourová, Vice-President for the Values and Transparency, European Commission - Website of the Special Committee on foreign interference in all democratic processes in the European Union, including disinformation (INGE 2) AFCO Committee – debates on: Amendment to Parliament’s Rules of Procedure concerning Rule 216 on committee meetings - Consideration of draft report Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations - Exchange of views with the Director of the Authority, Pascal Schonard, on the Annual Activity Report 2021 of the Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations - Website of the Committee on Constitutional Affairs President von der Leyen receives Jacinda Ardern, Prime Minister of New Zealand Vice-President Timmermans meets with, Dan Jørgensen, Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities; and attends the ‘Grand Départ’ of the Tour de France alongside Mette Frederiksen, Prime Minister of Denmark Vice-President Šuica participates in the event for the 25th Anniversary of the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China Vice-President Schinas in Barcelona, Spain: meets with Pere Aragonés, President of the Catalan government, participates to a roundtable discussion with José Sánchez Llibre, President of Foment del Treball Commissioner Schmit receives Jokin Bildarratz, Basque Regional Minister for Education Commissaire Schmit receives Nicolas Mayer-Rossignol, Mayor of Rouen, President of the Rouen-Normandy Metropolitan Region Commissioner Johansson videoconference with Georgios Gerapetritis, Minister of State, Notis Mitarachi, Minister for Migration and Asylum, Takis Theodorikakos, Minister for Citizens’ Protection and Ioannis Plakiotakis, Minister of Shipping and Insular Policy for Greece Commissioner Schmit receives Gergely Karácsony Mayor of Budapest Commissioner Lenarčič receives Siobhan Walsh, CEO of GOAL, Liam O'Dwyer, Secretary General of the Irish Red Cross, Jim Clarken, CEO of Oxfam Ireland, Jane-Ann McKenna, CEO of Dóchas, Angela O'Neill, Head of Global Partnerships and Funding, Trócaire, receives Miguel Ceara Hatton, Minister of Economic, Planning, and Development of the Dominican Republic Friday – 1st July Visit of the College of Commissioners to the Czech Presidency Vice-President Timmermans conversation on bridging the generational divide in dealing with Climate Crisis and War in Europe ; meets with Dan Jørgensen, Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities in Copenhagen, Denmark 20 - 24 June 2022 Recent Developments: The second round of the French legislative elections was held on Sunday 19 June 2022, and President Macron’s Ensemble coalition failed to secure an absolute majority with 246 seats, the left-wing alliance, NUPES won 142 seats and will form the largest opposition grouping, while the far-right Rassemblement nationale outperformed polls and won 89 seats - Résultats des élections législatives 2022 (lemonde.fr Political protests and demonstrations take place in Bulgaria amid a proposed no-confidence vote in the Government following the exit of the ITN party from the governing coalition - Protests organised in Sofia amid political crisis – EURACTIV.co Denmark will abolish its opt-out of European common defence policy on 1 July 2022 - (1) Denmark in the EU on Twitter: "A historic day. The �� defence opt-out will be abolished by July 1. This morning, �� Minister for Foreign Affairs @JeppeKofod handed over a letter to @JosepBorrellF and ��@MinColonna to notify the �� about the �� decision to abolish the defence opt-out. #eudk https://t.co/TaZ9nDcoZw" / Twitte Germany will restart coal-fired electrify plants to avoid energy shortages amid a decrease in natural gas supplies - Germany fires up coal plants to avert gas shortage as Russia cuts supply \| Financial Times (ft.com The centre-right Partido Popular (PP) won an absolute majority in regional elections in Andalucía in Spain - Elecciones 2022: Vuelco en Andalucía \| Elecciones Andalucía \| EL PAÍS (elpais.com The Italian Government is considering issuing a state of emergency to ration natural gas consumption and increase storage following supply reductions - Italy considers ‘state of alert’ over Russian gas cut – EURACTIV.co Lithuania have imposed a ban on goods subject to sanctions transiting its territory to the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad - Kaliningrad sanctions to take effect, Lithuania says \| Reuter The Czech Education Minister, Petr Gazdík, has resigned following the revelation that he attended several meetings with a known organised crime leader - Czech government cracks under Prague corruption scandal – EURACTIV.com The European Council meets on 23-24 June 2022 Monday – 20th June European Council President Charles Michel meeting with ECB President Christine Lagarde, videoconference with Latvian, Polish and Slovenian heads of government EU-Kazakhstan Cooperation Council – political, economic and trade matters, regional and international development and security cooperation - EU-Kazakhstan Cooperation Council - Consilium (europa.eu) Foreign Affairs Council – current affairs, Horn of Africa, EU-Egypt relations, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, informal lunch discussion with Egyptian Foreign Minister Sameh Hassan Shoukry - Foreign Affairs Council - Consilium (europa.eu) COREPER II – Ukraine’s, North Macedonia’s and Albania’s EU membership applications, Schengen Information System - Meeting calendar - Consilium (europa.eu) President Metsola visit to Helsinki, Finland Top of Form Joint EMPL, LIBE and PETI Delegation to the 15th session of the Conference of States Parties to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD COSP) - https://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/empl/home.html ECON Committee - Monetary Dialogue with Christine Lagarde, President of the European Central Bank Votes on: provisional agreement resulting from interinstitutional negotiations on prudential treatment of global systemically important institution groups, so called "Daisy chain" regulation Adoption by Croatia of the euro on 1 January 2023 (2022/0179(NLE)) - adoption of draft report Adoption of draft report on European long-term investment funds (2021/0377(COD)) - Website of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs Joint AFCO LIBE Committee - Presentation of a Study "The Commission's Rule of Law Report and the EU Monitoring and Enforcement of Article 2 TEU Values" commissioned by the Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs Joint Public Hearing on the "Rule of law mechanisms in the European Union" Debate on laying down detailed arrangements for the exercise of the right to vote and stand as a candidate in elections to the European Parliament for Union citizens residing in a Member State of which they are not nationals Exchange of views with Commission representatives: presentation of the COM proposal for recast by Ana Gallego, Director General, European Commission's Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers (DG JUST) - Website of the Committee on Constitutional Affairs COVI Special Committee - exchange of views with Thierry Breton, Commissioner for Internal Market - Website of the Special Committee on the COVID-19 pandemic: lessons learned and recommendations for the future Joint AFET DEVE Committee - Exchange of views with Odile Renaud-Basso, President of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) - Website of the Committee on Development Vice-President Jourová in Bonn: speaks at the Global Media Forum and meets Claudia Roth, Federal Minister of State for Culture and the Media of Germany Vice-President Timmermans receives representatives with Fortescue Future industries, a global energy company developing a portfolio of renewable energy and green hydrogen projects. Vice-President Schinas receives Sergiu Litvinenco, Minister of Justice of Moldova Commissioner Wojciechowski videoconference at the G7 Ministerial Conference on “Uniting for Global Food Security”. Commissioner Hahn meeting with Jacques Vandermeiren, CEO of the Antwerp-Bruges Port Authority, receives Lilyana Pavlova, Vice-President of the European Investment Bank Commissioner Reynders receives Sergiu Litvinenco, Moldovan Minister of Justice, videoconference with representatives of Twitch Commissioner Várhelyi attends informal working breakfast with the President of the International Committee of the Red Cross Peter Maurer, hosted by Minister for Foreign Affairs of Finland and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Italy; Luxembourg Commissioner Johansson meets with Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, Belarusian democratic opposition leader Commissioner Gabriel receives, in Brussels, the Presidents of the Technical University of Munich, TUM, and the Technical University of Denmark, DTU, on the Innovation agenda. Commissioner Ferreira receives Polish delegation of MEP’s and members of the Polish Sejm Tuesday – 21st June General Affairs Council – preparation for the European Council Summit, Conference on the Future of Europe - General Affairs Council - Consilium (europa.eu) President Metsola meeting with the President of the Republic of Finland Sauli Niinistö, meeting with the Speaker of Eduskunta, the Parliament of Finland, Matti Vanhanen, Joint EMPL FEMM Committee – Vote on a common European action on care (2021/2253(INI)) - Website of the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs COVI Special Committee - Exchange of views with Věra Jourová, Vice-President of the European Commission, Commissioner for Values and Transparency - Website of the Special Committee on the COVID-19 pandemic: lessons learned and recommendations for the future AFCO Committee - Debates on: Possible modification to the Rules of Procedure in order to allow for committee meetings in hybrid mode - exchange of views General budget of the European Union for the financial year 2023 - all sections - consideration of budget amendments Study on "Improving urgency procedures and crisis preparedness within the European Parliament and EU institutions" - presentation of a study commissioned by the Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs by Dr. Andreas Maurer, Jean Monnet Chair for Political Science and European Integration Studies, School for Social and Political Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria - Website of the Committee on Constitutional Affairs PEGA Committee of Inquiry - Exchange with NSO, Public hearing on ‘Stock-taking of EU spyware providers’ with Edin Omanovic, Privacy International; Stephanie Kirchgaessner, the Guardian; dr Ben Wagner, TU Delft - Website of the Committee of Inquiry to investigate the use of Pegasus and equivalent surveillance spyware Vice-President Jourová meeting with Sergiu Litvinenco, Minister of Justice of the Republic of Moldova Vice-President Schinas receives Thomas Bach, President of the International Olympic Committee Commissioner Simson participates in a panel discussion at the Three Seas Summit and Business Forum in Riga Commissioner Hahn receives Pamela Rendi-Wagner, Chairwoman of the Social Democratic Party of Austria Commissioner Gentiloni receives Mr Attilio Fontana, President of the Lombardia region Commissioner Gabriel receives, in Brussels, Nadi Albino and Sood Deepali, Members of the Board of the GenU Commissioner Ferreira meeting with Thomas Stelzer, Minister President Upper Austria at the Berlaymont, meeting with Pepe Provenzano Vice-Chair of the Democratic Party of Italy, meeting with Juan Lobato, leader of the PSOE Commissioner Breton in Lisbon, Portugal: meeting with António Costa, Prime Minister of Portugal. Commissioner Reynders receives Nadejda Iordanova, Bulgarian Minister of Justice Commissioner Gentiloni meeting with Luigi Ferraris, CEO of Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane, meeting with Juan Lobato, leader of the PSOE Commissioner Johansson receives Nadeja Iordanova, Minister of Justice for Bulgaria Commissioner Gabriel receives, in Brussels, the President of IOC, Intl Paralympic Committee President’s Parsons and the EOC’s President Capralos Commissioner Wojciechowski in Bavaria; participates in Bavarian Council of Ministers meeting; holds press conference with Minister President Dr. Markus Söder and Minister of State Michaela Kaniber Wednesday – 22nd June COREPER I – Romanian accession to Schengen, fertilising product compounds, Galileo and GPS-satellite navigation - Meeting calendar - Consilium (europa.eu) COREPER II – screening of third-country nationals, establishment of Eurodac biometric data, European Development Fund – Meeting calendar - Consilium (europa.eu) President Metsola meeting with President of the German Bundesrat, Bodo Ramelow, visit of Prime Minister of Croatia Andrej Plenković, meeting with the President of the Government of Spain Pedro Sánchez Plenary Session Votes on: Revision of the EU Emissions Trading System - 2021/0211(COD) Social Climate Fund - 2021/0206(COD) Carbon border adjustment mechanism - 2021/0214(COD) Debates on: This is Europe - Debate with the Prime Minister of Croatia, Andrej Plenković - 2022/2709(RSP) Joint debate - Preparation of the European Council meeting Preparation of the European Council meeting of 23-24 June 2022, including the meeting with Western Balkan leaders on 23 June - 2022/2660(RSP) Candidate status of Ukraine, the Republic of Moldova and Georgia - 2022/2716(RSP) Implementation and delivery of the Sustainable Development Goals - 2022/2002(INI) Implementation of the Recovery and Resilience Facility - 2021/2251(INI) Inclusion measures within Erasmus+ 2014-2020 - 2021/2009(INI) 2021 Report on Montenegro - 2021/2247(INI) Future of EU-Africa trade relations - 2021/2178(INI) Future of EU international investment policy - 2021/2176(INI) Draft amending budget No 3/2022: financing reception costs of people fleeing Ukraine - 2022/0126(BUD) Meeting of the College of Commissioners High Representative Borrell videoconference with G7 Foreign Ministers Vice-President Schinas in Paris, France : participates to the EU-US Justice and Home affairs Council, receives Aziz Abdukhakimov, Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Tourism and Cultural Heritage of Uzbekistan Vice-President Jourová in Washington: speaks at 2022 EU-US Defense & Future Forum Vice-President Šuica recieves Mr Apostolos Tzitzikostas, President of the Committee of the Regions Commissioner Johansson in Paris, France: attends the EU – US Justice and Home Affairs Council Commissioner Gentiloni receives Giuseppe Provenzano, Former Italian Minister for the South Thursday – 23rd June European Council Summit - wider Europe; global food security crisis, membership applications from Ukraine, the Republic of Moldova and Georgia; economic issues; the Conference on the Future of Europe, and external relations - European Council - Consilium (europa.eu) EU-Western Balkans Leaders’ Meeting – EU integration, Russian aggression against Ukraine, geostrategic challenges, regional brain-drain challenges, Russian regional influence - EU-Western Balkans leaders' meeting - Consilium (europa.eu) Plenary Session debates on: Gas storage - 2022/0090(COD) The relations of the Russian government and diplomatic network with parties of the European extreme right and extreme left in the context of the war - 2022/2710(RSP) Address by Hakainde Hichilema, President of the Republic of Zambia Plenary votes on: Objection pursuant to Rule 112(2) and (3): Antimicrobials or groups of antimicrobials reserved for treatment of certain infections in humans - 2022/2693(RSP) Objection pursuant to Rule 112(2) and (3): Genetically modified maize DP4114 × MON 810 × MIR604 × NK603 and genetically modified maize combining two or three of the single events DP4114, MON 810, MIR604 and NK603 - 2022/2694(RSP) Objection pursuant to Rule 112(2) and (3): Genetically modified maize NK603 × T25 × DAS-40278-9 and its sub-combination T25 × DAS-40278-9 - 2022/2713(RSP) EU Digital COVID Certificate - Union citizens - 2022/0031(COD) EU Digital COVID Certificate - third-country nationals - 2022/0030(COD) Draft amending budget No 3/2022: financing reception costs of people fleeing Ukraine - 2022/0126(BUD) Mobilisation of the European Globalisation Adjustment Fund: application EGF/2022/001 FR/Air France – France - 2022/0143(BUD) Mobilisation of the European Globalisation Adjustment Fund: application EGF/2021/008 EL/Attica electrical equipment manufacturing – Greece - 2022/0170(BUD) Nomination of a member of the Court of Auditors - NL nominee - 2022/0805(NLE) Renewal of the Agreement for scientific and technological cooperation between the European Community and the Federative Republic of Brazil - 2021/0336(NLE) Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil or Commercial Matters: accession by the European Union - 2021/0208(NLE) Illegal logging in the EU - 2022/2523(RSP) Vice-President Timmermans receives Ralf Krewinkel, Director of the Western Mining Region Cleaning Service (RWM), receives Terje Aasland, Minister for Petroleum and Energy of Norway Vice-President Jourová in Washington: meets Anna Brugmann, Manager of Policy Development and Kevin Grant, Chief Partnerships Officer of Report for America, US Congresswomen Lori Trahan and representatives of The Washington Post Press Freedom Partnership, meets Wendy Sherman, US Deputy State Secretary of State Vice-President Šefčovič receives Judit Varga, Minister of Justice of Hungary Commissioner Breton receives Anders Jensen, CEO of Viaplay Group Commissioner McGuinness videoconference with Rob Jetten, Minister for Climate and Energy Policy of The Netherlands Commissioner Reynders participates in the EU-US Justice and Home Affairs Ministerial meeting; meets with Bruno Lemaire (French Minister for the Economy and Finance), and Alejandro Mayorkas (US Secretary of Homeland Security) Commissioner Wojciechowski receives Miguel Patricio, Global CEO of the Kraft Heinz Company, receives Birthe Steenberg, Secretary General of the Association of Poultry Processors and Poultry Trade (AVEC) Friday – 24th June European Council Summit - wider Europe; global food security crisis, membership applications from Ukraine, the Republic of Moldova and Georgia; economic issues; the Conference on the Future of Europe, and external relations - European Council - Consilium (europa.eu) President Metsola visit to Malta Vice-President Šefčovič videoconference with the CEO of Extremadura New Energies, Ramon Jimenez Vice-President Jourová in Washington: meets with representatives of tech industry, speaks at roundtable on “How to tackle freedom of speech and disinformation in the digital age” in Brookings and visits Pew Research Center Commissioner Breton meets with Wolfgang Schäuble, former President of the Bundestag 13 - 17 June 2022 Recent Developments The first round of the French legislative elections was held on Sunday 12 June 2022, with President Macron's centrist Ensemble! coalition and Jean-Luc Mélenchon's left-wing NUPES alliance neck-and-neck, amid a very low turnout of 47% - Carte des résultats des législatives : les qualifiés circonscription par circonscription (lemonde.fr), - Mujtaba (Mij) Rahman on Twitter: "An unseemly row has broken out about who “won” yesterday’s first round of �� presidential elections. The official figures, published in the early hours, show @EmmanuelMacron alliance edged 1st place in popular vote with 25.75%, just ahead of the Left-Green alliance with 25.66% 1/ https://t.co/9KzgCEzexJ" / Twitter The British Government will unveil legislation this week which seeks to rewrite the Northern Ireland Protocol with the EU - Subscribe to read \| Financial Times (ft.com) An Italian referendum on justice reform failed to secure enough voters to be valid, alongside municipal elections on 12 Sunday June 2022 where right-wing candidates performed well - Italy’s justice referendum flops – EURACTIV.com, Right-wing candidates set to make gains in local Italian elections: Exit polls – POLITICO, (1) mathieu gallard on Twitter: "��️ Aujourd'hui, il y a aussi des élections municipales en Italie �� https://t.co/1isCDw3OcN" / Twitter German Chancellor Scholz, French President Macron and Italian Prime Minister Draghi will visit Kyiv together before the G7 summit in June 2022 - BILD am SONNTAG exklusiv: Kanzler Olaf Scholz reist nach Kiew! - Politik Ausland - Bild.de The Dutch Government now favour the EU accession of North Macedonia and Albania in a policy-reversal - Stille ommezwaai: ’Albanië en Noord-Macedonië welkom in EU’ \| Binnenland \| Telegraaf.nl Slavi Trifonov has withdrawn his party from the Bulgaria coalition
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"https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2005-04-05T14:48:54+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dignitaries_at_the_state_funeral_of_Pope_John_Paul_II	This is a list of dignitaries at the state funeral of Pope John Paul II. After the death of Pope John Paul II on 2 April 2005, in Vatican City, and before official invitations were sent by the College of Cardinals, almost 200 countries expressed interest in sending representatives to his funeral. The funeral took place on 8 April 2005, and was one of the largest gathering of statesmen and world leaders in history.[1] Some of the dignitaries later attended the installation of Pope Benedict XVI on 24 April 2005. In order to accommodate all interested parties wishing to receive a seat during the Mass of Requiem, the Holy See limited the number of members in each official diplomatic delegation to five people, except for the Polish delegation which, being John Paul II's homeland, was allowed ten people, and the delegation from Italy. The limit did not exclude other people of any nationality from attaining individual invitations, unrelated to the individual's country's delegation: for example, the attendance of Fernando Henrique Cardoso, former president of Brazil, had no connection with the Brazilian delegation. In addition to a country's official delegation, any number of government officials were permitted to attend as pilgrim travellers, remaining outside the basilica during the Mass of Requiem with the general public. For example, the United States delegation included the president and first lady, two former presidents, and the secretary of state, and they all had seats in the basilica during the Mass of Requiem. Dozens of members of the Congress of the United States attended the Mass of Requiem, congregating among the general public outside the basilica. At the funeral, the dignitaries were seated alphabetically according to the French spelling of their country's name[2] and arranged according to diplomatic protocol. 10 sovereigns, 80 past and present elected heads of state, 75 heads of governments and numerous dignitaries from 18 multilateral organizations, 15 religions and 112 countries attended this Mass. Contents: Official delegations: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z International organizations Religious leaders Unofficial delegations External links Country Flag Official delegation Titles Afghanistan Hamid Karzai Abdullah Abdullah Zalmay Rasul Mostapha Zaher Mohammad Nadir Hatami President of the Republic Minister of Foreign Affairs Counsellor for National Security Ambassador First Secretary Albania Alfred Moisiu Fatos Nano Sali Berisha Rexhep Meidani Mirella Moisiu President of the Republic Prime Minister Former President of the Republic Former President of the Republic Daughter of the President of the Republic Algeria Abdelaziz Bouteflika Bouabdalla Ghoulamallah Mokhtar Reguieg President of the Republic Minister of Religious Affairs Ambassador Andorra Joan Enric Vives Sicília Jacques Chirac Marc Forné Molné Maria Lluisa Gispert de Forné Juli Minoves-Triquell Josep Angel Mortès Pons Co-Prince Co-Prince Head of Government Consort of the Head of Government Minister of Foreign Affairs Vice-President of Parliament Angola José Eduardo dos Santos Ana Paula Dos Santos João Bernardo de Miranda Boaventura da Silva Cardoso José Filipe President of the Republic Consort of the President of the Republic Minister of Foreign Affairs Minister of Culture Chief of Protocol of the Presidency Antigua and Barbuda Carl Roberts Ambassador Argentina Daniel Scioli Rafael Bielsa Guillermo Rodolfo Oliveri Vice-President of the Republic Minister of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Religious Affairs Secretary of State for Religious Affairs Armenia Andranik Markaryan Edward Nalbandian Rouben Shugarian Armen Bayburtian Gevorg Hakobian Prime Minister Ambassador to the Holy See Ambassador Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs First Assistant to the Prime Minister Australia Michael Jeffery Marlena Jeffery Maria Cicutto Robert Hunter Ted Knez Governor-General of Australia Wife of the Governor-General Embassy Counsellor Austria Heinz Fischer Margit Fischer Wolfgang Schüssel Hubert Gorbach Andreas Khol Federal President First Lady Federal Chancellor Vice-Chancellor President of the Chamber of Deputies Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev President of the Republic Country Flag Official delegation Title Bangladesh Chowdhury Kamal Ibne Yusuf Food and Disaster Management Minister Belarus Gennady Novitsky Vladimir Korolev Aleksei Skripko President of the Council of the Republic of Belarus Ambassador to the Vatican Ambassador Belgium King Albert II Queen Paola Guy Verhofstadt Didier Reynders Herman De Croo King of the Belgians Queen Consort Prime Minister of Belgium Deputy Prime Minister President of the Lower House Bolivia Carlos Mesa Elvira Salinas de Mesa José Ignacio Siles President of the Republic First Lady Ambassador Bosnia and Herzegovina Borislav Paravac Šefik Džaferović Bariša Čolak Chairman of the Presidency President of Parliament Deputy Prime Minister Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Fernando Henrique Cardoso Itamar Franco José Sarney Marisa Letícia da Silva Renan Calheiros Severino Cavalcanti Nelson Jobim President of the Republic Former President Former President Former President First Lady President of the Senate President of the Chamber of Deputies President of the Supreme Federal Court Bulgaria Georgi Parvanov President of the Republic Country Flag Official delegation Title Canada Paul Martin Sheila Martin Stephen Harper Phil Fontaine Prime Minister of Canada Wife of the Prime Minister Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition National Chief of the Assembly of First Nations Chile Ignacio Walker Sergio Romero José Antonio Viera Gallo Gabriel Ascencio Pablo Longueira Minister of Foreign Affairs President of the Senate Socialist senator President of the Chamber of Deputies UDI deputy Republic of China Chen Shui-bian Chen Tang-san President Minister of Foreign Affairs Colombia Francisco Santos Calderon María Victoria Santos Vice-President of the Republic Spouse of Vice-President of the Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Joseph Kabila Jean-Pierre Bemba President of the Republic Vice-President of the Republic Costa Rica Abel Pacheco Roberto Tovar Faja President of the Republic Minister of Foreign Affairs Croatia Stipe Mesić Ivo Sanader President of the Republic Prime Minister Cuba Ricardo Alarcón Caridad Diego Raúl Roa Kourí President of the National Assembly Chief of Religious Affairs of the Communist Party of Cuba Ambassador to the Holy See Cyprus Tassos Papadopoulos George Poulides Tasos Tzionis President of the Republic Ambassador to the Holy See Director of the Diplomatic Office of the President Czech Republic Václav Klaus Cyril Svoboda President of the Republic Minister of Foreign Affairs Country Flag Official delegation Title Denmark Queen Margrethe II Prince Henrik Anders Fogh Rasmussen Queen of Denmark Prince Consort Prime Minister of Denmark Dominican Republic Margarita Cedeño de Fernández Alejandrina Germán Carlos Rafael Marión-Landais First Lady Secretary of Education Ambassador to the Holy See Country Flag Official delegation Title Ecuador Lucio Gutiérrez Ximena Bohórquez Patricio Zuquilanda President of the Republic First Lady Minister of Foreign Affairs Egypt Farouk Hosni Minister of Culture El Salvador Francisco Laínez Ana Ligia Mixco Sol de Saca René Figueroa Roberto Simán María Eugenia Brizuela de Ávila Minister of Foreign Affairs First Lady Minister of the Interior former Ambassador to the Holy See former Minister of Foreign Affairs Equatorial Guinea Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo President of the Republic Estonia Arnold Rüütel President of the Republic Country Flag Official delegation Title Fiji Ermital L. Boladuadua Ambassador Finland Matti Vanhanen Prime Minister of Finland France Jacques Chirac Bernadette Chirac President of the French Republic Wife of the President of the French Republic Country Flag Official delegation Title Germany Horst Köhler Wolfgang Thierse Gerhard Schröder Joschka Fischer Dieter Althaus President President of the Bundestag Chancellor Minister of Foreign Affairs Vice-President of the Bundesrat Ghana John Kufuor President of the Republic Greece Karolos Papoulias Panagiotis Skandalakis Konstantinos Georgiou President of the Republic Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs General Secretary of the Presidency Guatemala Óscar Berger Wendy de Berger Jorge Briz Abularach Rigoberta Menchú President of the Republic First Lady Minister of Foreign Affairs Nobel Peace Prize Laureate 1992 Guinea Sidibé Fatoumata Kaba Minister of Foreign Affairs Country Flag Official delegation Title Haiti Gérard Latortue Prime Minister Honduras Ricardo Maduro President of the Republic Hungary Ferenc Mádl Dalma Mádl Ferenc Gyurcsány Viktor Orbán Katalin Szili President of the Republic First Lady Prime Minister Former Prime Minister President of Parliament Country Flag Official delegation Title India Bhairon Singh Shekhawat Paty Ripple Kyndiah Oscar Fernandes Vice President of India Minister of Tribal Issues and the Development of the North-East Minister of Relations with the Parliament Indonesia Alwi Shihab Maftuh Basyuni Freddy Numberi Coordinating Minister for People's Welfare Minister of Religious Affairs Minister of Fisheries and Maritime Affairs, former Ambassador to Italy Iran Mohammad Khatami President of Iran Iraq Ayad Allawi Prime Minister of Iraq Ireland Mary McAleese Bertie Ahern Mary Harney President of Ireland Taoiseach (Prime Minister) Tánaiste (Deputy-Prime Minister) Israel Moshe Katsav Silvan Shalom President of Israel Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs Italy Carlo Azeglio Ciampi Franca Ciampi Silvio Berlusconi Gaetano Gifuni Antonio Puri Purini Gianfranco Mazzuoli Marcello Pera Pier Ferdinando Casini Piero Alberto Capotosti Gianfranco Fini President of the Italian Republic Wife of the President Prime Minister of Italy Counsellor of State, General Secretary of the Presidency Diplomatic Counsellor to the Presidency Counsellor Coordinator at the Presidency President of the Senate President of the Chamber of Deputies President of the Constitutional Court Minister of Foreign Affairs Country Flag Official delegation Title Japan Yoriko Kawaguchi Advisor to the Prime Minister Jordan King Abdullah II Queen Rania King of Jordan Queen Consort Country Flag Official delegation Title Kenya Chirau Ali Mwakwere Minister of foreign affairs Kuwait Jaber Al Abdullah Al Jaber Al Sabah Member of the royal family Country Flag Official delegation Title Latvia Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga President of the Republic Lebanon Émile Lahoud Omar Karami Issam Fares Nabih Berri President of the Republic Prime Minister Deputy Prime Minister Speaker of Parliament Lesotho King Letsie III Monyane Moleleki King of Lesotho Minister of Foreign Affairs Liechtenstein Prince Hans-Adam II Princess Marie The Prince Nikolaus Princess Margaretha Sovereign Prince of Liechtenstein Princess Consort Ambassador to the Holy See wife of the ambassador to the Holy See Lithuania Valdas Adamkus President of the Republic Luxembourg Grand Duke Henri Grand Duchess Maria Teresa Jean-Claude Juncker Grand Duke of Luxembourg Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (consort) Prime Minister of Luxembourg Country Flag Official delegation Title Macedonia Branko Crvenkovski President Madagascar Marc Ravalomanana President Malta Eddie Fenech Adami Mary Fenech Adami Lawrence Gonzi Kate Gonzi Michael Frendo Guido de Marco Violet de Marco Anton Tabone Alfred Sant President of Malta First Lady of Malta Prime Minister of Malta Spouse of the Prime Minister Minister of Foreign Affairs Former President of Malta Former First Lady Speaker of the Parliament Leader of the Opposition Mauritius Paul Bérenger Prime Minister Mexico Vicente Fox Marta Sahagún Luis Ernesto Derbez President of Mexico First Lady of Mexico Secretary of Foreign Affairs Monaco Patrick Leclercq Minister of State Morocco Prince Moulay Rachid Mohamed Benaissa Mohamed Sbihi Prince and brother of King Mohammed VI Minister of Foreign Affairs Ambassador Country Flag Official delegation Title Netherlands Jan Peter Balkenende Prime Minister of the Netherlands New Zealand Dame Silvia Cartwright Peter Cartwright Governor-General of New Zealand Spouse of the Governor General Nicaragua Enrique Bolaños Norman José Caldera Cardenal Armando Luna José Cuadra President of the Republic Minister of Foreign Affairs Ambassador to the Holy See Ambassador to Italy Niger Mireille Fatouma Ausseil Ambassador Nigeria Olusegun Obasanjo President Norway Queen Sonja Kjell Magne Bondevik Queen Consort Prime Minister of Norway Country Flag Official delegation Title Pakistan Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq Minister of Religious Affairs Palestine (Palestinian National Authority) Ahmed Qurei Ghazi Hanania Afif Safieh Nimer Hammad Mustafa Abu El-Rub Prime Minister of Palestine Spokesman for the Legislative Council Director of the Diplomatic Representation to the Holy See General Delegate in Italy Assistant to the Prime Minister Panama Martín Torrijos Vivian Fernández de Torrijos President First Lady Paraguay Luis Castiglioni Leila Rachid de Cowles Vice-President of the Republic Minister of Foreign Affairs Peru Manuel Rodríguez Cuadros Eliane Karp Eduardo Salhuana Antero Flores Aráoz Minister of Foreign Affairs First Lady Minister of Justice President of the Congress of the Republic Philippines Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Evangelina Lourdes Arroyo Thelmo Cunanan Georgina de Venecia Howard Dee President of the Philippines Presidential Daughter SS chairman (former ambassador to Cambodia) wife of House Speaker Jose de Venecia, Jr. former Ambassador to the Holy See Poland Aleksander Kwaśniewski Jolanta Kwaśniewska Lech Wałęsa Danuta Wałęsa Marek Belka Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz Longin Pastusiak Hanna Suchocka Tadeusz Mazowiecki Wiesław Chrzanowski President of the Republic First Lady former President of the Republic former First Lady Prime Minister Marshal of the Sejm Marshal of the Senate Ambassador to the Holy See former Prime Minister former Marshal of the Sejm Portugal Jorge Sampaio Maria Jose Ritta Diogo Freitas do Amaral António dos Santos Ramalho Eanes President of the Republic First Lady Minister of Foreign Affairs former President of the Republic Country Flag Official delegation Title Qatar Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa Al Thani Emir of Qatar Country Flag Official delegation Title Romania Traian Băsescu Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu King Michael I Emil Constantinescu Ion Iliescu President of the Republic Prime Minister former King of Romania former President of the Republic former President of the Republic Russia Mikhail Fradkov Prime Minister of Russia Rwanda Charles Murigande Minister of Foreign Affairs Country Flag Official delegation Title San Marino Fausta Simona Morganti Cesare Antonio Gasperoni Fabio Berardi Giovanni Galassi Marcello Beccari Captain Regent Captain Regent Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs Ambassador to the Holy See Chief of State Protocol Saudi Arabia Abdulmohsin bin Abdulaziz Al-Akkas Hamad Al-Hajri Ibrahim Al-Manie Minister of Social Affairs Senegal Abdoulaye Wade President of the Republic Serbia and Montenegro Svetozar Marović Vuk Drašković Boris Tadić Filip Vujanović Darko Tanasković President of the Republic Minister of Foreign Affairs President of Serbia President of Montenegro Ambassador to the Holy See Singapore Shunmugam Jayakumar Walter Woon Alexander Lim Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Law Ambassador to the Holy See First Secretary Slovakia Ivan Gašparovič Pavol Hrušovský Eduard Kukan President of the Republic President of Parliament Minister of Foreign Affairs Slovenia Janez Drnovšek Janez Janša President of the Republic Prime Minister South Africa Jacob Zuma Lenin Shope N.J. Baloyi Vice President of the Republic Ambassador Vice President's advisor South Korea Lee Hai-chan Prime Minister Spain King Juan Carlos I Queen Sofía José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero Miguel Ángel Moratinos Mariano Rajoy King of Spain Queen Consort Prime Minister Minister of Foreign Affairs Leader of the Opposition Sri Lanka Mahinda Rajapakse Milroy Fernando Prime Minister Minister of Christian Affairs Sweden King Carl XVI Gustaf Queen Silvia Göran Persson King of Sweden Queen Consort Prime Minister of Sweden Switzerland Samuel Schmid President of the Confederation Syria Bashar al-Assad Asma al-Assad President of the Republic First Lady Country Flag Official delegation Title Tanzania George Kahama Minister for Cooperative Development Thailand Surakiart Sathirathai Deputy Prime Minister Tunisia Mohamed Ghannouchi Prime Minister Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Mehmet Aydin Prime Minister Minister of State Country Flag Official delegation Title Uganda Gilbert Bukenya Vice-President of the Republic Ukraine Viktor Yushchenko Kateryna Yushchenko President First Lady United Arab Emirates Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan Minister of Information United Kingdom Prince Charles Tony Blair Cherie Blair Michael Howard Charles Kennedy Prince of Wales Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Spouse of the Prime Minister Leader of Her Majesty's Opposition Liberal Democrat leader United States George W. Bush Laura Bush Condoleezza Rice George H. W. Bush Bill Clinton President of the United States of America First Lady Secretary of State of the United States of America Former President Former President Uruguay María Auxiliadora Delgado de Vázquez First Lady ^ "China" used here refers to the Republic of China (ROC) and commonly known as Taiwan, rather than the People's Republic of China (PRC), which does not have diplomatic relations with the Holy See and did not receive any invitations to the funeral. Although the ROC Government lost control of Mainland China at the end of the Chinese Civil War, the Holy See still recognizes the ROC, but not the PRC, as the legitimate representative for the government of "China". [3] ^ The low representation of Monaco is due to the death of Rainier III, Prince of Monaco. Monaco's head of state died two days before the funeral of the Pope. Bartholomew I, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, primus inter pares of the Eastern Orthodox Church Karekin II, Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church Abune Paulos, Patriarch of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Mesrob II Mutafyan, Armenian Patriarch of Istanbul and Turkey Christodoulos, Archbishop of Athens Anastasios, Archbishop of Tirana, Durrës, and all Albania Jovan, Metropolitan of Zagreb-Ljubljana and All-Italy of the Serbian Orthodox Church Kirill, Metropolitan of Smolensk-Kaliningrad, head of the Department of Interchurch relations of the Russian Orthodox Church Lavrentije, Bishop of Šabac and Valjevo of the Serbian Orthodox Church Leo, Archbishop of Karelia and All Finland Seraphim, Bishop of Ottawa, of the Orthodox Church in America Rowan Williams, Lord Archbishop of Canterbury and Primate of All England, spiritual leader of the Church of England and primus inter pares of the Anglican Communion Dr Alison Elliot, Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland K. G. Hammar, Archbishop of Uppsala, Head of the Church of Sweden Jukka Paarma, Archbishop of Turku, Head of the Church of Finland Finn Wagle, Bishop of Nidaros and Primus of the Norwegian Lutheran State Church (part of Norwegian official delegation) Oded Viener, representing the Chief Rabbis of Israel Shear-Yishuv Cohen, Chief Rabbi of Haifa Riccardo Di Segni, Chief Rabbi of Rome Mowafaq Tarif, The spiritual leader of the Druze community in Israel[3] A selection of dignitaries not seated in the section for official national delegations during the funeral: Individually invited (by the Holy See): Fernando Henrique Cardoso, former President of Brazil Itamar Franco, Brazilian Ambassador to Italy; former President of Brazil Bishop Odilo Scherer, secretary-general of the CNBB (Assembly of the Brazilian Bishops) Presidential delegation (invited by the President, but did not seat for Mass of Requiem): José Sarney, Brazilian senator; former President of Brazil and former president of the Brazilian Senate Henry Sobel, leading Rabbi of the Brazilian Jewish community Sheik Armando Hussein Saleh, of the "Brazilian Mosque" (representing the Muslims of Brazil) Rolf Schunemann, of the Brazilian Lutheran Church (representing the Protestants of Brazil) Father João Áviz, Archbishop of Brasília Father José Ernanne, representing the Brazilian clergy All representing Quebec Gérald Tremblay, Mayor of Montreal Louise Harel, Representative of the Parti Québécois Mario Dumont, Member of the National Assembly of Quebec Angela Merkel, Party leader of the CDU Edmund Stoiber, Minister-President of Bavaria Leonida Vera, ambassador to the Holy See Hermilando Mandanas, Batangas congressman Members of Congress and other dignitaries (not part of the official delegation, thus no VIP treatment): John Kerry, Senator from Massachusetts Bill Frist, Senate Majority Leader, Republican, from Tennessee Ted Kennedy, Senator from Massachusetts, last living brother of John F. Kennedy (the first Catholic to serve as U.S. President). White House Chief of Staff Andrew Card New York Governor George Pataki New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg
wrong_mix_domainrange_leader_00015	FactBench	2	23	https://www.fao.org/4/ae537e/ae537e05.htm	en	Proceedings of the workshop on forests for poverty reduction: opportunities with CDM, environmental services and biodiversity			[ "https://www.fao.org/4/ae537e/back.gif", "https://www.fao.org/4/ae537e/toc.gif", "https://www.fao.org/4/ae537e/next.gif", "https://www.fao.org/4/ae537e/ae537e01.jpg", "https://www.fao.org/4/ae537e/ae537e00.gif", "https://www.fao.org/4/ae537e/ae537e02.jpg", "https://www.fao.org/4/ae537e/ae537e03.jpg", "https://www.fao.org/4/ae537e/ae537e04.jpg", "https://www.fao.org/4/ae537e/ae537e05.jpg", "https://www.fao.org/4/ae537e/ae537e01.gif", "https://www.fao.org/4/ae537e/ae537e06.jpg", "https://www.fao.org/4/ae537e/ae537e07.jpg", "https://www.fao.org/4/ae537e/ae537e08.jpg", "https://www.fao.org/4/ae537e/back.gif", "https://www.fao.org/4/ae537e/top.gif", "https://www.fao.org/4/ae537e/next.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	An account of the proceedings of the above workshop held from 27 to 29 August 2003 in Seoul, Korea which brought together 47 experts from the Asia-Pacific region. A number of new and interesting initiatives where examined. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) payments for afforestation and reforestation activities to mitigate climate change is attracting global attention. However, opportunities to tap this source are confined to larger organizations and it remains an uphill task for the poor to capture this source of funding. Likewise, biodiversity wealth remains largely untapped. Converting ecological services into financial payments offers a ray of hope. Albeit, there are still disputes about who should be the recipients and how the payments should be spread. This publication is a compilation of the papers presented at the workshop whose focus was on improving the contribution of forests to poverty reduction strategies. A summary of the recommendations is included.				null	Poverty reduction by tropical forests: rhetoric or a viable option? Matti Palo[3] ABSTRACT This paper is aimed to respond to the most essential issue raised in its title. Both income (GDP/capita) and Human Development Index as national poverty measures are regressed with relative forest area as a dependant variable, and with population density, Corruption Perception Index and some other independent variables in 35-83 tropical countries covering 70-95 percent of the total tropical forest area. It was found that the two poverty variables were strongly correlated with the relative forest area. It was deduced that high population density at low income levels advances forest degradation, deforestation and desertification. The deteriorated forest environment increases poverty, which in turn increases population pressure on the remaining forest, and so on in a vicious cycle. The prevailing practice of administrative pricing of the standing timber undervalues the tropical forest. Therefore, the opportunity cost of sustainable forestry remains artificially too high and is expanding deforestation with corruption and some other causes underlying the local visible agents of deforestation. The widely prevailing corruption in the tropics is blocking the effectiveness of both the government policies and the market means, which are the only ways to control the allocation, production and distribution of forest products and services. Finland never had any wide scale corruption and it has therefore had less government and market failures than the tropical countries. In Finland increasing exports of forest products have made forestry more profitable and agricultural fields more productive and they have in this way reduced poverty on a national scale. In the tropics increasing exports have advanced deforestation with minimal impacts in poverty reduction. Finland, Costa Rica, Republic of Korea, Sweden and Japan all have transited into sustainable forestry practices. They all share prevailing private forest ownership and advanced political, social, human, financial, natural and physical capitals, while most of the tropical countries are lacking such endowments as a balanced mix. Therefore, poverty reduction on a national scale by the tropical forests will remain as rhetoric for the time being. It may become a viable option only in a couple of decades with reducing corruption and a major devolution of the prevailing socialistic forestry. INTRODUCTION Members of the human species are children of the forest. The evolution of civilization is intertwined with forests; at the center of our history lies the story of their use (Druska & Konttinen 1997, p. 15). The Millennium Declaration of September 2000 has been adopted by 189 countries. The United Nations (UN) declared to halve the number of the extreme poor and of the people suffering from hunger by 2015 as the first of the eight goals in its Declaration. The UN Secretary-General announced to the UN General Assembly the making of a road map for achieving the eight Millennium Goals via 18 targets and 48 indicators. The Goals have been regarded unique in their ambition, concreteness and scope. It is also being recognized that the halving of poverty and the attainment of the other related goals can be achieved only through stronger partnership among all development actors and especially through increased action by rich countries (UNDP 2003, p. 27). Therefore, it is no wonder, that attacking poverty has lately become a popular rhetoric among the intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and the non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as well as the national development agencies. UNDP (2003) has contributed on the follow-up and instruments on how to end human poverty since 1990 by publishing its Human Development Index annually. The latest report introduces a penetrating analysis of how the countries are related in achieving the eight Millennium Goals and how to launch improvements. The World Bank (2001, 1990) launched its poverty report lately as a follow-up of its poverty report eleven years earlier. The concept of poverty has been expanded since 1990 in an interesting way (see below). The new forest strategy of the Bank sets poverty reduction as one of the three main pillars (World Bank 2003). The Asian Development Bank (2001) joined the effort with its poverty reduction agenda. Also FAO has adopted an agenda (FAO/DFID 2001), how forests can reduce poverty, with some later ramifications (FAO 2003). Forests in poverty reduction strategies: capturing the potential (Oksanen et al. 2003) is just one title of a number of seminars and workshops (e.g. SNU 2003) in this field lately. I come from Finland, which lies in northern Europe between the 60th and 70th parallels of the northern latitude. Finland has an area of 338 000 km2 (of which 10 percent is of inland waters) and a population of 5 million; thus the population density is 17 persons km-2. Only Iceland as a whole country has such a northern location. Sweden lies next westwards from Finland, but 83 percent of the population lives more south of the 60th latitude. In those peripheral locations there traditionally were not available so many options to survive than on the more southern latitudes. Therefore, the Icelanders have been fishing and processing fish, while the Finns have primarily, in the past, been growing and processing timber. With those means the two nations have successfully participated in international trade and created some of the highest levels of living standard among the nations in the world (UNDP 2003). Most of the tropical countries have had traditionally, by their location and endowment of natural resources, more viable options available for survival and livelihoods. Finland has 0.5 percent of the world total forest area and 15 percent of the value of total global forest products exports. Finland has clearly the highest value of forest products exports per capita and the highest share of the value of the total commodity exports among the eight major exporters of forest products in the world (Figure 1). Forestry and forest products industry have played a key role in reducing poverty in Finland since the latter half of the 19th century. Traditionally, farm forestry has played a dominating role in timber supply in Finland. Therefore, timber stumpage markets have been more competitive than in most other countries and consequently, both the stumpage and wage incomes have had more equal geographic and functional distributions than in the other sectors (Palo and Uusivuori 1999, Palo 2003). Forest Industry Exports per Capita and the Share of Total Exports in 2001 Figure 1. Forest industry exports per capita and the share of total exports in eight leading exporting countries (source: Paperinfo) The forest conditions in the tropical world are different from those in Finland in many ways, but it may be worthwhile to contrast the evolution of the Finnish forest cluster and its impacts on reduction of poverty with those in the tropical countries. If surprising to some readers, this comparison follows the idea by John Stuart Mill, the 19th century British classical economist and philosopher: by comparing some phenomenon in its minimum and maximum we may improve our understanding of this phenomenon. The seminal paper on The role of forest industries in the attack on economic underdevelopment by Jack Westoby (1962) aimed to create welfare/eradicate poverty by developing forestry and forest industries as growth poles for entire economies via a number of linkage effects. This theoretical framework served as guidelines for FAO forestry development projects for about 15 to 20 years with weak success (Figure 2, Westoby 1978, Palo 1988). Westobys theory worked well in Finland (Wardle et al. 2003) but not in the tropics. Why? Figure 2. Declining natural forest area in the tropics 1960-2050. (Palo et al. 1999, Palo & Lehto 2000a) This paper aims to respond to this question and the most essential question raised in the title. The first purpose is to describe the concept of poverty and its linkage with tropical forests. The second is to analyse the undervaluation and deforestation of tropical forests by corruption. The third is to analyse privatization and decentralization as relevant policy instruments to facilitate large-scale poverty reduction by tropical forests. Fourth, a description is given on how Finland has applied the five-capital approach in reducing poverty by forests. Finally, some discussion with some other country cases and conclusions are given. An underlying hypothesis of this paper is that reduction of poverty by tropical forests is perhaps, after all, a new rhetoric or slogan, rather than a viable option, to cover the failures by the IGOs, NGOs and the various national governments and development agencies in slowing down tropical deforestation (Figure 2). Poverty reduction may be also a viable instrument to facilitate more external funding for forestry development projects. The paper is restricted to study the linkages between poverty and all kinds of natural forests in 35-83 tropical countries at the national level. The number of countries in each analysis depended on the availability of data. The aim was to cover as many countries and as large an area as possible. In fact, in this way we can capture most of the poor people (World Bank 2001) and 70-95 percent of the total tropical forest area in the world (FAO 2001, Palo and Lehto 2003a). POVERTY CONCEPTS Poverty can be defined and measured in different ways (Scott 1981). The term income poverty refers to people with low monetary incomes. About 1.2 billion people out of 6 billion live on less than US$1 a day. A half of all the six billion people on this earth live on less than US$2 a day. A clear reduction in the number of people living on less than US$1 a day has lately taken place in East Asia and the Pacific. On the other hand, income poverty has increased clearly both in Sub-Saharan Africa and in South Asia (World Bank 2001). Consumption poverty is a somewhat wider term than income poverty. The concept is widened more by including the multiple aspects of nutrition and food, health and education, empowerment of people and freedom of choice. Furthermore concepts like sustainable livelihoods and five-capital approaches have been introduced. The latter are composed of natural, human, social (political), cultural (physical) and financial capital. A success in poverty reduction is dependent access to all of the five kinds of capital (Hyden 1998, Smith and Scherr 2002, Angelsen and Wunder 2003). Accordingly, a theoretical deduction can be made, that in poverty reduction access to forests as one kind of natural capital alone can only play a rather limited role. The World Bank (2001) has adopted a three-dimensional concept of poverty: opportunity, security and empowerment. Security refers to the risk of people falling below the poverty line or other welfare indicators. Empowerment means access and control over local resources, public services and influence in local decision-making. Opportunity includes income, education and health. Therefore it is quite similar to the Human Development Index by UNDP, which is composed as a simple average of life expectancy, education and GDP per capita indexes (UNDP 2003). A case study on poverty and deforestation in Cameroon was conducted by Ekoko (1996). He also analysed the concept of poverty. His conclusion was that poverty does not necessarily lead to deforestation, and property rights for the poor not necessarily to forest conservation. However, these case study findings lack any power for generalization. Angelsen and Wunder (2003) analysed the varying concepts of poverty. After a multiple of concepts they arrived at a definition of poverty as a subjective well-being. Their one conclusion was that at the end of the day, what matters is a persons own subjective assessment of well-being. Another conclusion on the different concepts was that ultimately the choice of the poverty indicator is dependent on the research context and goals, budget, duration and the specific need for comparative analyses. Accordingly, there exist a number of poverty concepts available for our analysis. We are restricted in the use of a couple of objective concepts with readily available empirical measures, namely income poverty and opportunity in the meaning of the World Bank (2001). These are absolute poverty concepts. We shall not use any relative poverty concepts. On the other hand, we shall make our analysis at the national level. In this way we exclude the subjective and individual or household poverty concepts as well as a number of more multidimensional concepts, which we shall discuss to some extent only in the context of policy instruments applied in Finland. Figure 3. Relative forest area as a function of population density and GDP/capita in 71 tropical countries. Weighted adjusted R square = 0.24. (Forest areas from original inventory year data, t = random year 1970-1991; data sources: FAO FORIS 1995, NBER 1994) POVERTY AND TROPICAL FORESTS It makes also a difference which forest concept to apply in relation to poverty (Palo 1999, Angelsen and Wunder 2003). Here we shall use the concept of natural forests, which covers all kinds of other tree formations but plantation forests. Accordingly, rain forests, moist, semi-moist, semi-arid, arid, montane and cloud forests in the tropical countries are included. Forest and tree concepts of FAO/FORIS-database (Marzoli 1995) are applied. Human beings have always depended on forests. Initially, we used them as places to live. We hunted in them for game, foraged for fruits and nuts and gathered for fuel. Our relationship with our habitat was essentially no different than that of any other animal. The development of settled agriculture economies to replace those based on hunting and gathering required the clearing of forest. (Drushka and Konttinen 1997, p. 17.). We may conclude from this citation, that those forest people were, and still are in many corners of the tropical world, income poor but eventually consumption rich as long as the population densities are not too high in relation with the carrying capacity of the forest habitat. This refers to a situation of some importance still today, that income alone may not be a valid measure of poverty in the tropical world. For this paper we made pilot modelling about the relationship of forest and poverty. Among 71 tropical countries relative forest area increased along with an increase in income per capita (Figure 3). But when forest areas are declining or deforestation is taking place in all of these countries, it is more rational to view the process from the opposite direction: at the national level increasing income poverty is reducing forest area. Population density is another independent variable applied in this simple model: also with increasing population density the relative forest area is reduced. Income poverty and population density jointly explain 24 percent of the variation of the relative forest area variable while weighted least square estimation (WLS) of the regression model is applied (see explanation in Palo and Lehto 2003b). We measured the relationship of forest and poverty also as one dimension of the poverty concept by the World Bank (2001): opportunity or its close counterpart, the Human Development Index (HDI) by UNDP. HDI is a simple average of indexes on life expectancy at birth, combined adult literacy and school enrolment as well as local purchasing power parity of GDP per capita (UNDP 2003). Figure 4. Relative forest area as a function of population density and Human Development Index in 83 tropical countries. Weighted adjusted R square = 0.43. (data sources as in Figure 3 & UNDP 1998) In 83 tropical countries an increase of poverty by this measure also decreased relative forest area (Figure 4). HDI and population density jointly explained 43 percent of the variation of relative forest area. It is highly interesting that by replacing GDP per capita by HDI the degree of determination (the adjusted R square) was doubled. A wider poverty concept, opportunity/Human Development Index had a double explanation effect in comparison with the income poverty concept. Also of special interest in this model is that it gives us a pan-tropical explanation over the three tropical continents. Among 17 tropical Asian countries an even more fitting outcome from this kind of modelling was received (Figure 5). HDI and population density jointly explained 69 percent of the variation of relative forest area. The higher degree of determination in Asia than in the pan-tropics may be due to more homogenous ecological and cultural conditions in Asia than in the rest of the tropics. From our previous studies we know that the variation of ecological conditions measured with multiple variables is statistically highly significant (Palo et al. 2000, Uusivuori et al. 2002). The degrees of determination with these new two independent variable models were unexpectedly high in comparison with our previous studies. We were able to control the above outcomes from two independent variable modelling with a seven independent variable modelling, where we applied three ecological variables and four socio-economic variables. The model explained 73 percent of the variation of relative forest area in 64 pan-tropical countries. The poverty variable of HDI was statistically highly significant (under 1 percent risk) and with an expected sign: the more poverty, the less relative forest. The other socio-economic variables were GNP/land area, external trade/GDP and agricultural productivity. All of them were statistically highly significant and with expected signs. The message from our modelling about the role of poverty in relation to forest is not absolutely clear. The outcome is, however, unique and highly interesting for further studies. However, we may conclude that high poverty and low relative forest area at the national level are strongly statistically correlated. We may have here a vicious cycle as described by Dasgupta (1995). Higher population density at low level of income consumes more forest goods and services and increases deforestation, forest degradation and desertification. Poorer forest environment increases poverty, which in turn increases population density in the remaining forest and so on. This may be true especially under African and South Asian conditions. These countries represent about half of our pan-tropical data. Figure 5. Relative forest area as a function of population density and Human Development Index in 17 Asian tropical countries. Weighted adjusted R square = 0.69. (Data sources as in Figure 4) We try to avoid the impression that a poor marginal farmer is regarded, as a consequence of our modelling, as a cause of tropical deforestation. The late Jack Westoby, the well-known forest economist of FAO, used to say that this statement is equally true if an individual soldier is regarded as a cause of war. The local economic agents are striving for subsistence or profit maximization, but they are primarily reacting to the economic incentives by the national governments and international markets. Accordingly, real causes of deforestation are the policy, economic, institutional, distributional and demographic factors underlying these local factors (Uusivuori et al. 2002). In the humid tropics the horizontal expansion of the different forms of agriculture (and animal husbandry) constitutes the most important direct overall factor, since it is responsible for nearly 85 percent of deforestation (Lanly 2003, p. 79). The former head of the FAO Forest Resources Division in this citation fails to realize that the high opportunity cost of sustainable forest management is to a great extent due to the prevailing administrative underpricing of standing timber (Repetto and Gillis 1988, Treue 1994, Angelsen and Wunder 2003). The artificially low value of natural tropical forest facilitates much wider clearing of forest for agriculture than would be the case under competitive market pricing of standing timber. Adopting local visible forest clearing agents as causes of deforestation is consequently a biased interpretation. Lanly (2003, p. 78) does report that the annual average tropical deforestation was estimated as 11 million ha in 1980, but he fails to report that it was estimated as 14 million ha in 2000 (www.fao.org). Otherwise, however, he is reporting trends from 1980 to 2000 by transfers between land cover classes and also distribution of deforestation in 2000 by continents in percentage. In Finland shifting cultivation, deforestation and forest degradation were common during the 19th century. The Great Land Reform (Isojako) and the establishment of the State Forest Service and the College of Forestry in the middle of the 19th century supported the closing of open access to forests. Industrialization in Western Europe increased simultaneously the demand for forest products and raised the stumpage prices under clear and strong property rights and also labour incomes from forestry for the farm forest owners. Also the numerous landless people could benefit work incomes from forestry. Under poorly developed financing institutions of that time this forestry income had a key role in raising agricultural productivity. In Finland shifting cultivation and deforestation were closed down primarily as market driven processes with necessary juristic infrastructure: increasing value of forest lowered the opportunity cost of forestry and increasing agricultural productivity provided sufficient food from a smaller area than during the shifting cultivation era (Palo 2003). Next we shall turn from the forest and the poor to the forest and the rich or elite, starting by considering the undervaluation of forest and especially the standing timber. UNDERVALUATION BY CORRUPTION Tropical deforestation is a complex, dynamic, multisector and multilevel phenomenon. The visible direct local actors of deforestation such as colonists, agriculturalists, shifting cultivators, cattle ranchers, fuelwood gatherers, industrial loggers and infrastructure developers are acting according to prices, taxes and subsidies or coercion applied by the national or international actors. The real causes of deforestation are underlying the local level. In order to slow down deforestation we have to deal with these underlying causes (Palo 2000, Palo et al. 2000, Uusivuori et al. 2002). Naturally, the direct local actors of deforestation have their individual motivations and goals that may be called direct causes of deforestation. Profit maximization and survival are representative examples of such goals. In a brief way, we may state that tropical deforestation is continuing in a non-decreasing pace, because for such economic agents deforestation is more beneficial than maintaining natural forest cover or practising sustainable forest management. A low monetary value of natural forest is a key factor making the opportunity cost of forestry high. Most tropical forests are owned by the state, in one way or another. The state has had the prevailing tendency to apply administrative pricing of standing timber or stumpage pricing at lower levels than the competitive price levels (Repetto and Gillis 1988, Treue 1994, Angelsen and Wunder 2003). In this way, the high opportunity cost of sustainable management of natural tropical forests is, at least partially, artificially made. We may ask why? After more than half a century of forestry development projects by the FAO, the World Bank, ITTO and other agencies, how and why this kind of undervaluation of tropical natural forests is continuing? When the private ownership is prevailing, like in Finland, the state forest service can get competitive price references from the private stumpage and timber markets. We define socialistic forestry as forestry, where most forests in a country are state owned (Palo 1997). There seems to be a tendency under socialistic forestry to set stumpage prices low (e.g. Haley 2001) in order, de jure, to promote domestic industrialization, but, de facto, to facilitate a financing source for high profit s of logging and often also of corruption. For example, in Indonesia during the times of President Suharto, his family, generals and concessionaires were in alliance to reap benefits from exploitation of forests (Kasa 1999). The corruption system has not collapsed in Indonesia with the removal of Suharto from the presidency. Similar corruption practices seem to flourish especially in the countries with ample commercial forest resources (FAO 2001). Corruption can be defined as the misuse of public power for private benefit, for example bribing public officials, kickbacks in public procurements, or embezzlement of public funds (Lamsdorf 2001). Transparency International (www.transparency.org) has been integrating a Corruption Perception Index since 1995. Lately, 35 tropical countries were covered by this Index. Increasing corruption (declining of Corruption Perception Index) is decreasing relative forest area along with decreasing income/capita (Figure 6). Corruption and income/capita in a regression model behind Figure 6 are both statistically significant under 1 percent risk. They jointly explain 35 percent of the variation of relative forest area in 34 tropical countries. Corruption seems to be more rampant in poorer tropical countries. We made also more integrated regression modelling with relative forest area as a dependent variable and with nine independent variables. Four ecological variables controlled the variable ecological conditions among countries. Corruption and four other economic variables were considered as underlying causes of deforestation. The nine independent variables explained 96 percent of the variation of relative forest area in 29 tropical countries with 69 percent of total natural tropical forest area. Corruption Perception Index had the highest elasticity among the five economic variables: a 10 percent decrease in corruption would increase relative forest area by 6 percent (Palo and Lehto 2003b). Figure 6. Relative forest area as a function of GNP per capita and Corruption Perception Index in 34 tropical countries. Weighted adjusted R square = 0.35. (Data sources: FAO 1999, Transparency International 2001, World Bank 1999) We have only two principal means on how to control allocation, production and distribution of tropical forest resources in order to satisfy human wants for various forest goods and services: the public and private means (Figure 7). In the public route there are such instruments as laws, plans, budgets, taxes and subsidies. In the private route markets, contracts and traditions play the most important roles. Corruption tends to block both of these means by creating government failures and market failures (Wibe and Jones 1992, Bass and Hearne 1997, Palo 1997). This is the secret behind continuously declining tropical forest area (Figure 2, 1980: 11 million and 2000: 14 million ha y-1) despite all the global politics and rhetoric to stop deforestation (FAO 2001, 2003). Figure 7. The two control systems of production, distribution and consumption of forest goods and services: the public means and the private means (Palo et al. 2001) Our conclusion here states that combating corruption would be a key to revalue tropical natural forests at a competitive stumpage price level. Eliminating corruption would not be a sufficient instrument alone, but it would be an effective and necessary beginning. This would dramatically lower the opportunity cost of sustainable forest management and in this way save more forest also for poverty reduction. This transition could be an important initial process in the reduction of poverty by tropical forests. Surprisingly, in a great number of forest valuation studies (e.g. Wardle and Kaoneka 1999, Kristrom and Boman 2001, UNU 2001) the concentration is in non-timber products and services and the undervaluation of the most valuable forest product, timber (cf. Angelsen and Wunder 2003), is excluded. An increased activity has lately taken place in the front of reducing or eradicating corruption (often covered by the term of illegal logging) in forestry (e.g. FAO 2001, Landell-Mills et al. 2002). A wide agenda may not be viable in this front, because corrupt governments are not willing to implement such wide agendas. A few selected measures in order to transform the corruptive culture via external funding and pressures would be more effective. Such instruments might include as follows (Palo and Lehto 2003b). First, as a short-term measure, a nationwide information campaign could be launched in the schools, universities and via media to the public at large. The message of the campaign would tell all the negative consequences of corruption in order to try and change the attitudes and eventually the corruptive culture (cf. FAO 2003): Second, another short-term measure is to simplify forestry and marketing regulations, because in many tropical countries the system of public regulations and fees has been done by purpose into a complex one in order to facilitate more frequent points for corruption (cf. Smith and Scherr 2002, Angelsen and Wunder 2003). Third, as a medium-term instrument adapt assessment of competitiveness of stumpage pricing in a market driven process of forest certification. This measure would create an incentive with external market and NGO pressures to neglect the administrative pricing system (Palo 2000). Fourth, another medium-term instrument would be to improve forest research, statistics and forest monitoring systems in order to have valid, reliable, transparent and timely follow-up of the changes in forest ecosystems, in forestry, forest industry, in the markets and policies (cf. Wardle 2003). Fifth, a demanding long-term instrument would be to privatize and decentralize forest resources (cf. Hyden 1998, Smith and Scherr 2002, FAO 2003, see below). Implementing these five instruments would provide an effective beginning in combating corruption and deforestation as well as mobilizing a large-scale poverty eradication in the tropics. An integrated approach in all sectors of economy would produce even better outcomes in combating corruption. Finland was assessed by Transparency International in 2001 and 2003 as the least corrupt country among the 102 and 133 countries included in the report (www.transparency.org). By reviewing the historical evolution of forestry in Finland, we do not find any period when corruption in forestry had played as negative role (Palo 2003). In some other industrialized countries such as the United States of America and Great Britain, corruption in forestry was a real problem 100-200 years ago (Albion 1926, Pinchot 1949). When Finland had in the past practically no corruption, it was possible to avoid the worst government and market failures. In fact, these failures block the effectiveness of the two control systems, public and private means (Figure 7), in allocation, production and distribution of forest goods and services in the contemporary tropical countries. Next, we introduce some of the policy reforms we consider as necessary in order to eliminate corruption and to facilitate a large-scale tropical forest-based poverty reduction scheme. PRIVATIZATION AND DECENTRALIZATION As we have shown above forests and poverty are strongly correlated. Less forest at the national level in the tropics means more poverty (Figures 3-5). Most likely, slowing down deforestation would be beneficial for poverty eradication. However, according to our analysis (Figures 6-7), in order to slow down deforestation, first corruption has to be combated. Our long-term policy proposal above to combat corruption was privatization and decentralization of state forests. The Clean Development Mechanism CDM of the Kyoto Protocol identifies reforestation and afforestation as relevant forestry measures for application. Prevention of deforestation projects is not presently eligible under CDM. Via CDM new funding from industrialized countries to tropical forestry is feasible, when the Protocol will become ratified. Some local poverty reduction in this way may be a viable option, but no large-scale poverty reduction is likely to occur under prevailing socialistic forestry in the tropics (cf. Smith and Scherr 2002.). In order to slow down deforestation and to facilitate effective poverty reduction by reforestation and afforestation open access to forests has to be closed by property rights (Figure 8). Along with economic development, until a certain threshold point of time, natural forests will continue to decrease. In the case of strong and clear property rights and closed access to forests the stumpage prices (prices of standing timber) will start to increase, when economic scarcity of timber has appeared. The rising real stumpage prices give the profit -making motivation to the property rights holders and they start to plant more trees. Figure 8. From deforestation to transition via markets-a model (Palo 2000) The efficient property rights structure is universal, exclusive, transferable and enforceable. Universality means that all resources are privately owned. Exclusivity refers to a situation where all benefits and costs accrue only to the owner. Transferability means that property rights are transferable from one owner to another on a voluntary basis. Enforceability refers, finally, to a situation where property rights are secure from involuntary seizure or encroachment by others (Bromley 1991, Zhang 2000). We introduce next one empirical graph indicating how total forest area (natural plus plantation forests) is correlated with income per capita-an empirical response to Figure 8. Among 166 countries we may find some empirical support for the key role of the private property rights (Figure 9). Here a U-shape distribution of countries can be observed. If Ireland is considered as the bottom of this U-shape, above and right from it there lie 19 countries. Among them only Brunei and Canada practise socialistic forestry. In the other 17 countries private forest ownership is prevailing. We found further empirical evidence of the existence of this U-shape distribution among 67 tropical countries with multiple regression modelling (Uusivuori et al. 2002). Establishment of property rights can be a complex and slow process; at least this was the case in the past. In Finland the Great Land Reform (Isojako) was mobilized in the 1770s and it lasted about 150 years to cover all of the country. The aim was to delineate private fields and forests out of the state domain and the commons both in the terrain and in the official files. As a consequence already by the middle of the 19th century private forest ownership began to dominate in Finland. A poor country has not perhaps adequate funding available to cover the transaction costs needed for this kind of land reform. Here exists a vital option for the ODA and other external funding. Transaction costs are composed of costs accruing from closing of open access and marketing costs. Ex ante costs of closing access derive from defining the property rights in the terrain and in the official files. Ex post costs of closing access, on the other hand, are due to protecting the property rights. Marketing costs are composed of marketing intelligence, buyer identification, marking of trees, tendering and business negotiations, scaling of timber and making the exchanges (Coase 1937, Zhang 2000). Major problems may be encountered in implementation of this kind of land reforms. First of all, the political will of the government to allocate the state forests to private hands may be missing due to corruption. Second, if a land reform is executed under corruptive conditions a total failure may result as many experiences from Latin America indicate (Laarman 1996). Accordingly, first corruption must be eradicated to a workable level and then the implementation must be guided by a fair and democratically based strategy of privatization (Hurskainen 1996). The strategy, as a minimum, should define, who are eligible people for getting forest from the state, on which terms, under which schedule, under which kind of implementing organization, and under which kind of further regulation of forest management and logging activities. Privatization of state forests has been an expanding process since 1990, especially in the countries with economies in transition nearly everywhere but not in Russia (FAO 1997, Zhang 2000). Some privatization of plantation forests has also taken place in such countries as New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Republic of South Africa and Australia. If privatization and decentralization are based on economic theory, then the extent of market external effects, externalities, is decisive on how far and how to proceed (Bass and Hearne 1997). The forests without remarkable externalities fit best for private property rights. Forests with local externalities such as local watershed, landscape or biodiversity impacts fit best to be decentralized to local communities. Finally, forests with national externalities should be left in the hands of the national government. Usually, these forests are in the minority of the total forests and thus state forestry or conservation of forests in this situation is not considered as socialistic forestry. The degree of privatizing socialistic forestry depends thus on the context of the environmental and socio-economic conditions of the country concerned. A dogmatic ideological neo-liberal orientation should be avoided. Rather an optimum mix of markets and policies should be strived for (Figure 7, Stieglitz 2003, Palo et al. 2001). Decentralization of forests from the national government to the local governments or communities has been practised lately on an expanding scale (Landell-Mills and Ford 1999, FAO 2003). It may be a step forward from a socialistic forestry system in the way that open access is easier to close down, when the local community is motivated to watch and implement it. A major risk in decentralization under corruption is to decentralize, not only forests, but also the corruptive culture. On the other hand, community ownership is missing one important market, the market of forest holdings, which under the private property rights is feasible to create. This market has been operating in Finland for more than a century but from 1925 to 1996 under some state regulation. In recent years this market has been fully liberated. Lower personal motivation in community forestry makes it also inferior to family forestry. Mexico with 77 percent of community forests for nearly a century and Papua New Guinea with 99 percent of community forests also for a long time provide cases, which indicate, that decentralization in this way cannot always be successful (cf. Angelsen and Wunder 2003). Figure 9. Total forest area (natural and plantation forests) divided by total land area as a function of GNP/capita in 166 countries (Palo 2000) The competitive forest holding market plays an important role for the intensification of forest management, because it shortens the time horizon of investments with otherwise long maturation times (in Finland 60-150 years). When tending of a seedling stand or pruning of standing trees is accomplished, the owner can take the increased value of the holding either by selling the holding or in the form of increased value of the holding as a collateral, while borrowing money. The system of allocating only use rights to the local people, but the government remaining the owner of land, such as implemented in plantation forests in China (Zhang 2000), suffers from the same reason. Accordingly, community forestry seems to miss one key market, namely forest holding market, in support of sustainable forest management. Reducing poverty by tropical forests and especially via the CDM of the Kyoto Protocol provides new options, but may be rather time consuming in order to safeguard expected results on any larger scale. First corruption has to be reduced, land reforms carried out and a number of market supporting juristic and information infrastructure created. Implementation of such projects can provide labour income and with some use rights and also some sales income, but the full arsenal of the market system, which has eradicated poverty in Finland in a national scale, is still missing in the tropics. Next, we shall take a closer look at the evolution of this system in Finland. FIVE-CAPITAL APPROACH IN FINLAND Without a continuous economic growth any major poverty reduction is not feasible. However, a delicate issue remains on how the welfare would trickle down to the poor? Sometimes growth helps the poor, sometimes not. There are policies that in the long run may enhance growth and reduce poverty, such as enhancing education opportunities... The countries in East Asia have promoted simultaneously growth and equity. Therefore, they provide illustrative cases of the effectiveness of this strategy (Stieglitz 2003). History may not know any country where a remarkable poverty reduction has taken place via a voluntary action by the elite class. The poor have to take the economic and political power in order to change the income distribution to reduce poverty. The idea of sustainable livelihoods and the five-capital/assets approach (Hyden 1998, Angelsen and Wunder 2003) may be helpful to understand the operation of this process. The framework for action by the World Bank (2001, p. 37) reads as follows: To attack poverty requires promoting opportunity, facilitating empowerment, and enhancing security-with actions at local, national and global levels. Making progress on all three fronts can generate the dynamics for sustainable poverty reduction. In Finland the real income per capita as a precondition for poverty reduction has grown to 16.5 times in the 85 years since final independence (the volume index of GNP/capita 0.4 in 1917 and 5.8 in 2002, when 1938=1: personal communication by Riitta Hjerppe, University of Helsinki). In the early 20th century Finland was predominantly an agrarian society, and poverty was mainly located in the rural areas (www.tilastokeskus.fi). Human capacity building was then expanded in the form of compulsory primary school to cover the whole country. University education was considerably expanded and intermediate education mobilized, e.g. for forest rangers and agrotechnicians. Human capacity building was also expanded by creating various civil society NGOs. Finland has created this wealth primarily with the key role of exporting forest products. Even Nokia began as a pulp and paper company in 1870. In 1984 it sold out all its forests as well as pulp and paper mills and changed its strategy towards electronics and mobile phones. The share of forest products from the value of all the commodity exports varied in Finland between 70 and 90 percent from 1920 to 1960. Afterwards the share declined (Figure 1) due to diversification of the economy, although the volume of forest products exports has remained on a continuously increasing trend (Palo 2003). For a small economy like Finland exports play a key role in economic growth. Finland has relied on this strategy of export-lead growth. Westobys (1962) theory of forest industries in the attack of underdevelopment has found strong empirical support in Finland (Wardle 2003), but it is difficult to find any tropical country with similar development. Of course, forest industrialization in Finland started towards the end of the 19th century, when no globalized forest industry corporations existed. The technology was then also relatively simple. It was possible for the corporations not only to process timber, but also start manufacturing the machinery needed in timber processing and logging as well as to expand into related consultancy, research and development areas. Gradually a strong forest cluster was created (Palo 2003). Finland has today 20 million ha of forests, which cover 66 percent of the national land area. Private families own 61 percent of the total forest area and private corporations 9 percent. Accordingly, a total private ownership of forest area covers 70 percent of the national forest area. The state has 25 percent and the remaining 5 percent is owned primarily by communes and the church parishes. However, the private families make up 85 percent of the commercial timber supply of 54 million m3 y-1 and about 90 percent of stumpage income. The growing stock of timber is today at about the same level as it was two centuries ago in spite of large-scale exploitation of timber for two centuries (Figure 1). The growing stock is still projected to increase until 2030 (METLA 2003, www.metla.fi). The share of family ownership of forests has been increasing over the long-term, also due to several land reforms favouring farmer ownership, which prevailed until recently. Urbanization and ownership transition through inheritance have lately left the farmers in a slight minority among the family forests. The farmers and farmer forest owners organized themselves in a strong political party (Maalaisliitto/ Keskustapuolue) nearly a century ago. This party was able to seize remarkable political power starting in the 1920s. The current (October 2003) Prime Minister of Finland, Mr Matti Vanhanen, comes from this party. On the other hand, workers in the forest sector along with other workers established their own political party, a Social Democratic Party (Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue) a century ago. That party has also been surviving strongly and has been supporting the well-being of forest sector workers. Accordingly, the poor in Finland have been able during about a century to capture enough social and political capital for reduction of poverty from forest resources. The farmers started simultaneously with their political mobilization to reap also economic power by establishing the Farmers Union, MTK, and a number of cooperatives in processing food and forest products and in retailing. The labour established even somewhat earlier various labour unions and also cooperatives in processing and retailing. Both kinds of unions are surviving very strongly as well as the main part of the cooperative movement. For example, family forest owners are the main owners of M-Real forest product corporation, which by turnover is the third largest in Finland and fourth largest in Europe. Human capital building jointly with social and political capital building helped the poor reap a remarkable share of economic power in a century in Finland. The natural forest capital increasingly in the hands of farmers in Finland for a century also facilitated an increase in agricultural productivity as explained above. Increasing income flows both from forestry and agriculture facilitated creation of two primarily farmer-based banking systems: a saving bank system and a cooperative banking system. Both were established as local banks but eventually they created two strong central banks to coordinate their financial operations. In this remarkably successful way the poor were able to create easier access to financial capital. The two systems were essential ones in reducing poverty until the 1960s, when processing industries and services along with urbanization surpassed employment in the primary industries. DISCUSSION I defined the title of this paper following considerable thought as: Poverty reduction by tropical forests: rhetoric or a viable option? It is now time to respond to this vital question. Why has the Westobian theory (Westoby 1962) obtain empirical support in Finland and not in the tropics? It may be so, that the necessary implicit preconditions, such as closed access to forests, strong and clear private property rights and absence of corruption, absence of major government and market failures, have existed in Finland but not in the tropics. When openness of a country to external trade increased in Finland, it has supported both economic growth and sustainable forest management. On the other hand, in the tropics an increase in the openness of a country to external trade has increased deforestation (Palo and Lehto 2000). No invisible hand in the form of increasing real stumpage prices as a market-based brake has appeared along with advancing deforestation (Figures 2, 8, 10). When the value of the decreasing remaining tropical forests has not been increasing, no financial incentive for intensification of sustainable forest management has appeared. Additionally, too often the financial capitals have flowed abroad or to luxury goods by the elites benefiting from timber exploitations, instead of investments in domestic forest plantations or timber processing. The FAO transited from export-led or import-substituting forest industrialization paradigm towards community and social forestry in the later part of the 1970s and 1980s, as did also the World Bank (Palo 1988). The mission of community and social forestry was to attack economic underdevelopment /poverty not through the top-down as in the Westobian approach but through the bottom-up strategy. So far, we have not seen any remarkable large-scale poverty reduction via community and social forestry. Why? Maybe no integrated theoretical framework supporting them has been developed far enough. Theory at its best is very practical: it can guide research and policy in the face of complex processes like poverty reduction by forests. Action without guidance of relevant explicit theory will remain ineffective. Human actions are mostly guided by theories, but often in an implicit way. Poverty reduction on a large scale by the tropical forests, we believe, will stay as rhetoric as long as no integrated theory exists to indicate the operational steps to be followed. Sustainable livelihoods approach combined with governance process as described by Hyden (1998) for the UNDP is one worthwhile candidate in this front. In fact, we have implicitly adopted an approach close to that in this paper. This recap is, however, strong: to advance stable and democratic governance. Such recap has earlier been considered as a radical engagement into the internal affairs of the national governments, if not even revolutionary. Hyden (1998) regards that supporting effective governance or changing the rules of the politics to favour the poor is a fitting approach for UNDP experts and consultants. Figure 10. Declining natural forest area in tropical Africa 1960- 2050. In the scenarios until 2050 the solid lines indicate low and high trend scenarios and the squares with broken lines low and high regression model-based scenarios (Palo and Lehto 2003b) In fact, UNDP (2003) was supporting this approach and has been quite radical already for 13 years by publishing most sensitive national data about the progress of human welfare. What about agencies that have been more concerned with tropical forests, such as FAO, the World Bank and ITTO? No similar publishing of national progress in sustainable forest management or forest-based development has taken place. Maybe the UNDP is by its organizational structure closest to the UN mainstream ideology? As long as socialistic forestry paradigm is prevailing in this world, we cannot see any chance for a large-scale reduction of poverty by the tropical forests. I wrote an article No sustainable forestry without adequate privatization (Palo 1997), where I introduced and defined the term socialistic forestry. As a conclusion of this analysis I may revise that title to read as follows: No large-scale poverty reduction by the tropical forests without large-scale devolution of socialistic forestry. Why have the IGOs and NGOs presently adopted the rhetoric of poverty reduction? For decades global and other international politics have failed in stopping deforestation (Figure 2). There is a good reason to cover this failure by introducing a new rhetoric as has happened already since the 1960s by shifting from forest-based industrialization to community and social forestry. Another potential explanation is that when the rhetoric is up-to-date (according to the UN Millennium Development Declaration), the agency has better chances to get more external financing for forestry development projects of various kinds with a poverty hat. We may conclude here, that poverty reduction by the tropical forests will remains as rhetoric at least for some decades to come, if no radical change in the strategies and their implementation take place. We have indicated in this paper with empirical evidence, that decreasing forest area and increasing poverty are strongly correlated, especially in the 17 tropical Asian countries (Figures 4-5). Our scientific scenarios show a continuous decline of tropical forests at least until the 2020s (Figure 2). During the same time 29-44 percent of the Asian tropical forests will be deforested. These findings are based on two scientific articles (Palo et. al. 1999, Palo and Lehto 2000a). A third article indicates that about half of the African tropical forests may be lost by the 2020s (Figure 10, Palo and Lehto 2003c). When most of the poor reside in tropical Africa and tropical Asia, these scenarios undermine seriously the ambitious goals of poverty reduction by the UN and its family members. We may have another conclusion as good news: a visible rhetoric plays a positive role in the world politics. A number of positive past global achievements by the UN has been identified (UNDP 2003, p. 31). It can be regarded as an achievement that poverty reduction by the tropical forests is included in the world political agenda, but it is not a sufficient advancement. Under continuous deforestation and socialistic forestry no real advancement in a large-scale reduction of poverty is registered. What makes the bad news? After changing the rhetoric each decade, from forest-based industrialization to community forestry, to social forestry and to poverty reduction, an impression is given to the media and the public at large, that each rhetoric/agenda has been effectively implemented. This paper serves the purpose of mobilizing an evaluation of the accomplishments of these varying agendas. However, in order to avoid too pessimistic a view, it may be worthwhile to introduce some other positive country cases. Costa Rica may today be the only tropical country which has been able to stop deforestation - with 2 million ha of remaining forest, which cover 38 percent of the land area of 51 000 km2 and a population density of 77 inhabitants km-2. The Republic of Korea provides another interesting case with 6 million ha of forest, which covers 63 percent of the land area of 98 000 km2 and a population density of 471 inhabitants -2. Sweden and Japan as major forestry and forest industry countries have maintained high forest covers, are practising sustainable forest management and have reduced during the past hundred years poverty by forests in remarkable degrees (FAO 2003). In fact, this combination of both high forest cover and population density makes Korea a unique case among 197 countries in the world (Palo 2000). Costa Rica and Korea exhibit illustrative cases along with Finland of the effectiveness of land reforms, privatization of forests, economic growth and advancements in democratization and removal of corruption (www.transparency.org) in support of sustainable forest management. Costa Rica, on the other hand, provides illustration, on how commercialization of forest services, e.g. carbon sequestration, biodiversity and ecotourism, can bring additional benefits in the reduction of poverty by tropical forests. Malaysia in tropical Asia, and especially Peninsular Malaysia, provides an illustrative case, on how large-scale deforestation of natural forests into rubber and oil palm plantations has created sustainable development but mostly outside forestry. Both logging and timber processing have been in the domestic hands, which has increased the impact on income sustainability. The long-term stability of the government, relatively low corruption, and the income distribution policy in favour of the poor have been other factors in advancing sustainable development. However, maintaining of socialistic forestry has undermined intensification in sustainable forest management. As a consequence, some options in poverty reduction by forestry have been missed. But Malaysia is still distinguished in the advancement of poverty reduction in comparison with the neighbouring countries, e.g. Indonesia and the Philippines (UNDP 2003, p.198). In both these countries rampant corruption and unstable governments have undermined, not only the past but also, the future prospects of poverty reduction by the tropical forests. It is interesting that Costa Rica, the Republic of Korea, Sweden and Japan have applied, to a great extent, a similar five-capital approach as we have described above in the illustration of the evolution of sustainable forestry and poverty reduction by forestry in Finland. No doubt, more of both theoretical and applied research are needed in support of poverty reduction by the tropical forests (cf. Angelsen and Wunder 2003). On the other hand, no more research findings are needed in order to change the implementation strategies and policy instruments with their effective implementation of national and international agencies active in this front. A viable option to transit from rhetoric in effective reduction of poverty by the tropical forests is already described in this paper. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to acknowledge my colleague Erkki Lehto in Helsinki for his expertise and computations in creating the new and old figures of this paper. My acknowledgements are also extended to my colleagues Dr Jussi Uusivuori of Metla, Finland, and Dr Yaoqi Zhang of Auburn University, the United States, for reviewing and commenting on the draft. My special thanks to the editors for the language checking and copy editing of this paper. I also feel indebted to Professor Yeo-Chang Youn for inviting me to this Workshop, as well as to him and my other fellow speakers by whom I have learned and been inspired more about the Kyoto Protocol, CDM, Asian forestry and poverty reduction. BIBLIOGRAPHY ADB. 2001. Moving the poverty reduction agenda forward. In Asia and the Pacific. Manila, Asian Development Bank. 64 pp. Albion, R.G. 1926. Forests and sea power. The timber problem of the Royal Navy, 1652-1852. Cambridge, USA, Harvard University Press. Angelsen, A. & Wunder, S. 2003. Exploring the forest-poverty link: key concepts, issues, and research implications. Occasional Paper No. 40. 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wrong_mix_domainrange_leader_00015	FactBench	0	7	https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/04/07/minister-level-meeting-of-the-coalition-of-finance-ministers-for-climate-action	en	Minister-Level Meeting of The Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action	https://www.worldbank.or…social-share.jpg	https://www.worldbank.or…social-share.jpg	[ "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/sites/academy/img/2024/wbglogo.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/sites/corporate/img/global/wblive-logo-ENG-short_white2.png", "https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankprod/who-we-are", "https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankprod/what-we-do", "https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankprod/megamenu-photo-pakistan", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/sites/corporate/img/global/wblive-logo-ENG-short_white2.png", "https://www.worldbank.org/etc/designs/wbrrdesign/clientlibs-wbrredsign/img/search-orange.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr/stayconnected/icons-linkin32x32.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr/stayconnected/sm-icons-digg.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr/stayconnected/sm-icons-renren.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr/stayconnected/icons-stumbleupon.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr/stayconnected/sm-icons-delicious.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr/stayconnected/sina-32x32.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/etc/designs/wbr/clientlibs/img/loaderwb.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/etc/designs/wbr/clientlibs/img/loaderwb.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr-redesign/icons/fb.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr-redesign/icons/twitter.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr-redesign/icons/linkedln.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr-redesign/icons/instagram.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr-redesign/icons/youtube.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr-redesign/icons/flickr.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr-redesign/icons/whatsup.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr-redesign/logos/logo-wbg-footer-en.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2021-04-07T00:00:00	Minister-Level Meeting of The Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action	en	/content/dam/wbr-redesign/logos/wbg-favicon.png	World Bank	https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/04/07/minister-level-meeting-of-the-coalition-of-finance-ministers-for-climate-action	The Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action steps up calls for green growth investments as part of a global shift toward an inclusive and resilient recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. The Coalition also shared perspectives on policies to make progress towards decarbonization and manage climate-related financial stability risks. The Coalition invited the United States Secretary of the Treasury Janet L. Yellen, China Minister of Finance Liu Kun, Japan State Minister of Finance Kenji Nakanishi, Republic of Korea Minister of Finance Hong Nam-Ki and representatives from Central Banks and environmental organizations to share their visions for addressing climate change with Coalition Member countries. The Coalition welcomed eight new members. Membership, now at 60, indicates a growing global interest in the use of economic and financial policies to tackle climate change. Member countries now represent about 63% of global GDP. WASHINGTON, D.C., April 6, 2021 –The Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action met today on the marginsof the 2021 Spring Meetings of the World Bank Group and the International Monetary Fund under Co-Chair H.E. Matti Vanhanen, Minister of Finance of Finland, outgoing Co-Chair H.E. Rodrigo Cerda, Minister of Finance of Chile, and incoming Co-Chair H.E. Sri Mulyani Indrawati, Minister of Finance of Indonesia. The meeting acknowledged the increasing global momentum for action on climate change in the context of the ongoing challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic—many governments are implementing large-scale stimulus packages and using this moment to boost climate ambition. Perspectives were shared on transitioning to a low carbon and climate-resilient global economy, mitigating climate-related financial risks, and pursuing pathways towards decarbonization. Speakers included United States Secretary of the Treasury Janet L. Yellen, China Minister of Finance Liu Kun, Japan State Minister of Finance Kenji Nakanishi, Republic of Korea Minister of Finance Hong Nam-Ki, Chair of the Network for Greening the Financial System Frank Elderson, Malaysian Central Bank Governor Nor Shamsiah Yunus, and representatives from the Institute of International Finance, the International Chamber of Commerce, and the Worldwide Fund for Nature. Lord Nicholas Stern, Chair of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, presented preliminary findings from a forthcoming Coalition study on green recovery strategies and recommended fiscal policies for boosting economic growth while pursuing national and global climate objectives—two goals that are increasingly recognized as going hand-in-hand. The President of the World Bank Group, David Malpass, and Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund, Kristalina Georgieva, delivered opening remarks noting key climate priorities. Several Institutional Partners also shared their perspectives during the meeting including: Tim Adams, President and CEO, Institute of International Finance; John Denton, Secretary General, International Chamber of Commerce; Valdis Dombrovskis, Executive Vice President, European Commission; Angel Gurria, Secretary General, OECD; Werner Hoyer, President, European Investment Bank; Jyrki Katainen, President, SITRA; Benigno López Benítez, Vice President for Sectors and Knowledge, IADB; Manuel Pulgar-Vidal, Global Leader of Climate & Energy, WWF; Odile Renaud-Basso, President, EBRD; Andrew Steer, World Resources Institute. The Coalition welcomed eight new Members—Belgium, Burkina Faso, Japan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Rwanda, and the United States—boosting its ranks from 52 to 60 Member countries and demonstrating the growing global interest in using economic policy to combat climate change. The meeting also marked the formal transition of the Co-Chair role from Chile to Indonesia. Chile, a founding Co-Chair alongside Finland, guided the Coalition into the leading global body that is promoting climate action through economic policy. Member countries expressed their gratitude to Chile for its hard work and dedication to the agenda. Indonesia, a strong supporter of the Coalition since its inception, is the first Co-Chair from the Asia region. Finland's term has been extended for an additional year until April 2022. In addition to the Minister-level meeting, Coalition members contributed compelling video statements on “promoting strong recovery and growth while accelerating the transition to a low carbon global economy” as inputs into the meeting's agenda. “I warmly welcome the new members of the Coalition. This demonstrates the Coalition's growing role and the importance of its work in the global climate agenda. Our work is based on building trust and confidence, sharing experiences and strengthening expertise and knowledge,” said Finance Minister Matti Vanhanen, Finland, Co-Chair of the Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action. “The Coalition has become a powerful platform for Ministries of Finance to discuss global climate issues and share experiences from a financial and economic perspective. Looking ahead, our work must be a beacon for policy discussions on climate change as well as supporting national policy development," said Finance Minister Rodrigo Cerda, Chile, outgoing Co-Chair of the Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action. “The Coalition gives the world a clear voice on the important role of Finance Ministers in the climate agenda through fiscal and financing policies. Let us use our role as Finance Ministers to drive change and leave a legacy in the fight against climate change. We will save our planet if we work together," said Finance Minister Sri Mulyani Indrawati, Indonesia, incoming Co-Chair of the Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action. About the Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action: The Coalition, launched in April 2019, is a group of Finance Ministries that share experiences and best practices, as well as collaborating on strategies to integrate climate change in their economic and financial policies. The Coalition brings together 60 countries from all regions, each representing different levels of development and climate change challenges. Member countries represent about 39% of global CO2 emissions and 63% of global GDP (2018). Last Updated: Apr 06, 2021
wrong_mix_domainrange_leader_00015	FactBench	3	43	https://www.academia.edu/8148152/State_Racist_Governmentality_A_Foucaultian_Discourse_Theoretical_Analysis_of_Finnish_Immigration_Policy	en	State Racist Governmentality: A Foucaultian Discourse Theoretical Analysis of Finnish Immigration Policy.	http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif	http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif	[ "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe.icon.svg", "https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/34587892/mini_magick20190322-8286-1la2x92.png?1553263390", "https://0.academia-photos.com/9434080/4294237/4992542/s65_jarmila.rajas.jpg", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Jarmila Rajas", "lboro.academia.edu" ]	2014-08-31T00:00:00	The thesis analyses the Finnish immigration apparatus through a Foucaultian governmentality framework and critiques the way immigration has been problematized. The immigration apparatus, ranging from discourses to various administrative regulations				https://www.academia.edu/8148152/State_Racist_Governmentality_A_Foucaultian_Discourse_Theoretical_Analysis_of_Finnish_Immigration_Policy	Abstract This talk is based on the results of my doctoral thesis, finished in 2014. The latter is a study that deals with immigrant integration “soft” policies developed within the trans-scalar context of the “EU framework for the Integration of Third Country Nationals”. The research is based on (i) 37 semi-directed interviews, given mainly in Brussels (but also in other locations) by the most important actors of this political field (European Commission, European Economic and Social Committee, Committee of the Regions, think tanks, foundations, national representatives, regional and local administration networks, civil society organizations at European and state-level, etc.), as well as on (ii) direct observation of various events and spaces and (iii) the reading of numerous sources related to the aforementioned issues. Particularly, it rests on theoretical contributions made by the “anthropology of policy” and the “governmentality studies”, borrowing from the latter certain useful notions like those of “government”, “governmentality”, “political rationality” and “technologies of government”. This critical/deconstructive approach analyzes several issues related to the EU political framework for the integration of non-EU immigrants, especially, those dealing with the construction process of this political field, its main actors, the participative process within the frame of the so called multilevel governance through which decision and policies are made, the main tools set for implementation of the latter, the social/cultural assumptions lying beneath the practices and problematisations driven by the aforementioned policies, and the specific forms of knowledge promoted. It is important to note that the European Union has no direct competence over integration policies (according to article 79.4 of the Lisbon Treaty), being the latter a primary responsibility of national government. In spite of that, during the last 15 years (at least starting from the conclusions of the Tampere European Council in 1999), a EU common framework on integration has been progressively established. The process has been based on a “voluntary” alignment of policies, which happened mainly through the exchange of information and best practices among the various actors implied. In addition to that, not only institutional but also “non-governmental” actors (such as important migration NGOs) have played a mayor role within this process. In conclusion, different scales and levels have been implied in the construction of a “non-mandatory” political framework which, in spite of its voluntary character, has been able to foster and spread across the European Union an increasingly common understanding of integration, a “way of knowing” and constructing integration in a particular way. In order to develop this research, it has been useful to conceive the “field” not as simple “place”, but rather as a set of (relational) locations connected by similar meanings and problematisations. That's why it has been useful to use the concept of “apparatus” (Foucault, 1985: 128) in order to describe and limit my field. According to Feldman, the interpretative scheme offered by this notion is crucial in order to understand “amorphous and de-centralised policy regimes that work regulating big populations” by transforming them into quantifiable and governable objects (Feldman, 2011: 32). Also Shore and Wright propose to study this “assemblages of agents, institutions, technologies and discourses” (2011:11) that function as mechanisms of alignment between governmental aims and the conduct of implied actors. In a similar way, the different soft policy tools established by the “EU Framework on Integration” -discourses, knowledges, participative practices, modules, ways of benchmarking and indicators, systems of funding, etc.- may be considered as part of an apparatus. In fact, notwithstanding their diversity, they are all traversed by a common problematization of integration -although undoubtedly contradictory and sometimes questioned- and by a governmental will to align the agency of the social-political actors present in this field. In this piece of research the concept of integration has been used as a tool, which sheds light on the existence of broader processes in the background of this policy area that refer to the social dynamics originated in the last decades ‒in particular, such processes are associated with changes in the mode of production (Post-Fordism) and with the increasing dismantling of the welfare state under hegemonic neoliberalism. As these processes have generated brand new vocabulary, practices, and regimes of truth, the category of integration has been addressed as a social construction. It is not analyzed as a pre-existing object, but rather in terms of its historical and social conditions of production. In this sense, the importance of the “governmentality studies” theoretical framework has been really relevant for this study, since certain notions like that of government, governmentality (Foucault, 1991); political rationalities; technologies of government (Rose, 1999; Dean, 2010); technologies of visibility, technologies of agency (Walters and Haahr, 2005), have been particularly useful in order to understand the mechanisms through which this political field works. Definitively, in this talk I would like to deal with some methodological aspects, as well as certain contents and conclusions to which I have arrived, that may be useful not only in relation to their specific context, but also in more general terms, in order to debate important aspects of reflexive government (Dean, 2010) in contemporary neoliberalism, such as the relationship between the representation of the “active (migrant) citizen” implied in his/her own integration and the existence of processes of inclusion/exclusion and construction of otherness (that are particularly visible in the case of non-EU migrants); the supposed need to manage the presence of certain populations from an increasingly “rationalistic-technocratic” (and seemingly depoliticized) perspective, the subordination of civil society participation in policy-making to the requirements of legitimacy and effectiveness of the policies -definitively conceiving participation as a limited and “channelled” process- ... Bibliographic references Dean, M. (2010). Governmentality. Power and Rule in a Modern Society. London: Sage. Feldman, G. (2011). «Illuminating the Apparatus: Steps toward a Nonlocal Ethnography of Global Governance». In: Shore, C.; Wright, S. and Però, D. Policy worlds. Anthropology and the Analysis of Contemporary Power, 32-49. New York-Oxford: Berghahn Books. Foucault, M. (1985). Saber y verdad. Madrid: La Piqueta. Foucault, M. (1991). «Governmentality». In: Burchell, G.; Gordon, C. and Miller, P. The Foucault Effect. Studies in governmentality. With two lectures by and an interview with Michel Foucault. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Rose, N. (1999). Powers of freedom. Reframing political thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Shore, C. and Wright, S. (2011). «Conceptualising Policy: Technologies of Governance and the Politics of Visibility». In: Shore, C.; Wright, S. and Però, D. Policy worlds. Anthropology and the Analysis of Contemporary Power, 1-25. New York-Oxford: Berghahn Books. Walters, W. and Haahr, J.H. (2005). Governing Europe. Discourse, governmentality and european integration. London-New York: Routldege.
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evidence-based international standards and build better policies for better lives.	en	/etc.clientlibs/oecd/clientlibs/clientlib-base/resources/icon-192x192.png	OECD	https://www.oecd.org/en/about.html	The OECD is an intergovernmental organisation founded in 1961 to advise governments on how to deliver better policies for better lives. Learn more The OECD informs policies and creates global standards through multi-stakeholder collaboration and intensive peer learning. Learn more The Council, more than 300 committees and the Secretariat work together to determine the output of the OECD. Learn more Member countries’ national contributions and voluntary contributions help to support the OECD’s programme of work. Learn more
wrong_mix_domainrange_leader_00015	FactBench	2	39	https://researchportal.helsinki.fi/files/312477108/9781032685519_webpdf.pdf	en	DSpace			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
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This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2135-2016 © Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Research article 13 May 2016 Research article \| \| 13 May 2016 Detection of dimethylamine in the low pptv range using nitrate chemical ionization atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight (CI-APi-TOF) mass spectrometry Mario Simon, Martin Heinritzi, Stephan Herzog, Markus Leiminger, Federico Bianchi, Arnaud Praplan, Josef Dommen, Joachim Curtius, and Andreas KÃ¼rten Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University of Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Martin Heinritzi Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University of Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Stephan Herzog Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University of Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University of Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul-Scherrer-Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH ZÃ¼rich, 8092 ZÃ¼rich, Switzerland Arnaud Praplan Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul-Scherrer-Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University of Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Andreas KÃ¼rten Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University of Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Related authors Show only first author papers Show all papers An intercomparison study of four different techniques for measuring the chemical composition of nanoparticles LucÃa Caudillo, Mihnea Surdu, Brandon Lopez, Mingyi Wang, Markus Thoma, Steffen BrÃ¤kling, Angela Buchholz, Mario Simon, Andrea C. Wagner, Tatjana MÃ¼ller, Manuel Granzin, Martin Heinritzi, Antonio Amorim, David M. Bell, ZoÃ© Brasseur, Lubna Dada, Jonathan Duplissy, Henning Finkenzeller, Xu-Cheng He, Houssni Lamkaddam, Naser G. A. Mahfouz, Vladimir Makhmutov, Hanna E. Manninen, Guillaume Marie, Ruby Marten, Roy L. Mauldin, Bernhard Mentler, Antti Onnela, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Joschka Pfeifer, Maxim Philippov, Ana A. Piedehierro, Birte RÃ¶rup, Wiebke Scholz, Jiali Shen, Dominik Stolzenburg, Christian Tauber, Ping Tian, AntÃ³nio TomÃ©, Nsikanabasi Silas Umo, Dongyu S. Wang, Yonghong Wang, Stefan K. Weber, AndrÃ© Welti, Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek, Urs Baltensperger, Richard C. Flagan, Armin Hansel, Jasper Kirkby, Markku Kulmala, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Douglas R. Worsnop, Imad El Haddad, Neil M. Donahue, Alexander L. Vogel, Andreas KÃ¼rten, and Joachim Curtius Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6613–6631, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6613-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6613-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary In this study, we present an intercomparison of four different techniques for measuring the chemical composition of nanoparticles. The intercomparison was performed based on the observed chemical composition, calculated volatility, and analysis of the thermograms. We found that the methods generally agree on the most important compounds that are found in the nanoparticles. However, they do see different parts of the organic spectrum. We suggest potential explanations for these differences. Mass spectrometry-based Aerosolomics: a new approach to resolve sources, composition, and partitioning of secondary organic aerosol Markus Thoma, Franziska Bachmeier, Felix Leonard Gottwald, Mario Simon, and Alexander Lucas Vogel Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 7137–7154, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7137-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7137-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary We introduce the aerosolomics database and apply it to particulate matter samples. Nine VOCs were oxidized under various conditions in an oxidation flow reactor, and the formed SOA was measured using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. With the database, an unambiguous top-down attribution of atmospheric oxidation products to their parent VOCs is now possible. Combining the database with hierarchical clustering enables a better understanding of sources, formation, and partitioning of SOA. Chemical composition of nanoparticles from Î±-pinene nucleation and the influence of isoprene and relative humidity at low temperature LucÃa Caudillo, Birte RÃ¶rup, Martin Heinritzi, Guillaume Marie, Mario Simon, Andrea C. Wagner, Tatjana MÃ¼ller, Manuel Granzin, Antonio Amorim, Farnoush Ataei, Rima Baalbaki, Barbara Bertozzi, ZoÃ© Brasseur, Randall Chiu, Biwu Chu, Lubna Dada, Jonathan Duplissy, Henning Finkenzeller, LoÃ¯c Gonzalez Carracedo, Xu-Cheng He, Victoria Hofbauer, Weimeng Kong, Houssni Lamkaddam, Chuan P. Lee, Brandon Lopez, Naser G. A. Mahfouz, Vladimir Makhmutov, Hanna E. Manninen, Ruby Marten, Dario MassabÃ², Roy L. Mauldin, Bernhard Mentler, Ugo Molteni, Antti Onnela, Joschka Pfeifer, Maxim Philippov, Ana A. Piedehierro, Meredith Schervish, Wiebke Scholz, Benjamin Schulze, Jiali Shen, Dominik Stolzenburg, Yuri Stozhkov, Mihnea Surdu, Christian Tauber, Yee Jun Tham, Ping Tian, AntÃ³nio TomÃ©, Steffen Vogt, Mingyi Wang, Dongyu S. Wang, Stefan K. Weber, AndrÃ© Welti, Wang Yonghong, Wu Yusheng, Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek, Urs Baltensperger, Imad El Haddad, Richard C. Flagan, Armin Hansel, Kristina HÃ¶hler, Jasper Kirkby, Markku Kulmala, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Ottmar MÃ¶hler, Harald Saathoff, Rainer Volkamer, Paul M. Winkler, Neil M. Donahue, Andreas KÃ¼rten, and Joachim Curtius Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17099–17114, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17099-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17099-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary We performed experiments in the CLOUD chamber at CERN at low temperatures to simulate new particle formation in the upper free troposphere (at −30 ÂºC and −50 ÂºC). We measured the particle and gas phase and found that most of the compounds present in the gas phase are detected as well in the particle phase. The major compounds in the particles are C8–10 and C18–20. Specifically, we showed that C5 and C15 compounds are detected in a mixed system with isoprene and Î±-pinene at −30 ÂºC, 20 % RH. The driving factors of new particle formation and growth in the polluted boundary layer Mao Xiao, Christopher R. Hoyle, Lubna Dada, Dominik Stolzenburg, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Mingyi Wang, Houssni Lamkaddam, Olga Garmash, Bernhard Mentler, Ugo Molteni, Andrea Baccarini, Mario Simon, Xu-Cheng He, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Lauri R. Ahonen, Rima Baalbaki, Paulus S. Bauer, Lisa Beck, David Bell, Federico Bianchi, Sophia Brilke, Dexian Chen, Randall Chiu, AntÃ³nio Dias, Jonathan Duplissy, Henning Finkenzeller, Hamish Gordon, Victoria Hofbauer, Changhyuk Kim, Theodore K. Koenig, Janne Lampilahti, Chuan Ping Lee, Zijun Li, Huajun Mai, Vladimir Makhmutov, Hanna E. Manninen, Ruby Marten, Serge Mathot, Roy L. Mauldin, Wei Nie, Antti Onnela, Eva Partoll, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Joschka Pfeifer, Veronika Pospisilova, Lauriane L. J. QuÃ©lÃ©ver, Matti Rissanen, Siegfried Schobesberger, Simone Schuchmann, Yuri Stozhkov, Christian Tauber, Yee Jun Tham, AntÃ³nio TomÃ©, Miguel Vazquez-Pufleau, Andrea C. Wagner, Robert Wagner, Yonghong Wang, Lena Weitz, Daniela Wimmer, Yusheng Wu, Chao Yan, Penglin Ye, Qing Ye, Qiaozhi Zha, Xueqin Zhou, Antonio Amorim, Ken Carslaw, Joachim Curtius, Armin Hansel, Rainer Volkamer, Paul M. Winkler, Richard C. Flagan, Markku Kulmala, Douglas R. Worsnop, Jasper Kirkby, Neil M. Donahue, Urs Baltensperger, Imad El Haddad, and Josef Dommen Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14275–14291, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14275-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14275-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary Experiments at CLOUD show that in polluted environments new particle formation (NPF) is largely driven by the formation of sulfuric acid–base clusters, stabilized by amines, high ammonia concentrations or lower temperatures. While oxidation products of aromatics can nucleate, they play a minor role in urban NPF. Our experiments span 4 orders of magnitude variation of observed NPF rates in ambient conditions. We provide a framework based on NPF and growth rates to interpret ambient observations. Measurement of iodine species and sulfuric acid using bromide chemical ionization mass spectrometers Mingyi Wang, Xu-Cheng He, Henning Finkenzeller, Siddharth Iyer, Dexian Chen, Jiali Shen, Mario Simon, Victoria Hofbauer, Jasper Kirkby, Joachim Curtius, Norbert Maier, Theo KurtÃ©n, Douglas R. Worsnop, Markku Kulmala, Matti Rissanen, Rainer Volkamer, Yee Jun Tham, Neil M. Donahue, and Mikko SipilÃ¤ Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4187–4202, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4187-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4187-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary Atmospheric iodine species are often short-lived with low abundance and have thus been challenging to measure. We show that the bromide chemical ionization mass spectrometry, compatible with both the atmospheric pressure and reduced pressure interfaces, can simultaneously detect various gas-phase iodine species. Combining calibration experiments and quantum chemical calculations, we quantify detection sensitivities to HOI, HIO3, I2, and H2SO4, giving detection limits down to < 106 molec. cm-3. Molecular understanding of the suppression of new-particle formation by isoprene Martin Heinritzi, Lubna Dada, Mario Simon, Dominik Stolzenburg, Andrea C. Wagner, Lukas Fischer, Lauri R. Ahonen, Stavros Amanatidis, Rima Baalbaki, Andrea Baccarini, Paulus S. Bauer, Bernhard Baumgartner, Federico Bianchi, Sophia Brilke, Dexian Chen, Randall Chiu, Antonio Dias, Josef Dommen, Jonathan Duplissy, Henning Finkenzeller, Carla Frege, Claudia Fuchs, Olga Garmash, Hamish Gordon, Manuel Granzin, Imad El Haddad, Xucheng He, Johanna Helm, Victoria Hofbauer, Christopher R. Hoyle, Juha Kangasluoma, Timo Keber, Changhyuk Kim, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Houssni Lamkaddam, Tiia M. Laurila, Janne Lampilahti, Chuan Ping Lee, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Markus Leiminger, Huajun Mai, Vladimir Makhmutov, Hanna Elina Manninen, Ruby Marten, Serge Mathot, Roy Lee Mauldin, Bernhard Mentler, Ugo Molteni, Tatjana MÃ¼ller, Wei Nie, Tuomo Nieminen, Antti Onnela, Eva Partoll, Monica Passananti, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Joschka Pfeifer, Veronika Pospisilova, Lauriane L. J. QuÃ©lÃ©ver, Matti P. Rissanen, ClÃ©mence Rose, Siegfried Schobesberger, Wiebke Scholz, Kay Scholze, Mikko SipilÃ¤, Gerhard Steiner, Yuri Stozhkov, Christian Tauber, Yee Jun Tham, Miguel Vazquez-Pufleau, Annele Virtanen, Alexander L. Vogel, Rainer Volkamer, Robert Wagner, Mingyi Wang, Lena Weitz, Daniela Wimmer, Mao Xiao, Chao Yan, Penglin Ye, Qiaozhi Zha, Xueqin Zhou, Antonio Amorim, Urs Baltensperger, Armin Hansel, Markku Kulmala, AntÃ³nio TomÃ©, Paul M. Winkler, Douglas R. Worsnop, Neil M. Donahue, Jasper Kirkby, and Joachim Curtius Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11809–11821, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11809-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11809-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary With experiments performed at CLOUD, we show how isoprene interferes in monoterpene oxidation via RO2 termination at atmospherically relevant concentrations. This interference shifts the distribution of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) away from C20 class dimers towards C15 class dimers, which subsequently reduces both biogenic nucleation and early growth rates. Our results may help to understand the absence of new-particle formation in isoprene-rich environments. Molecular understanding of new-particle formation from Î±-pinene between â50 and +25 Â°C Mario Simon, Lubna Dada, Martin Heinritzi, Wiebke Scholz, Dominik Stolzenburg, Lukas Fischer, Andrea C. Wagner, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Birte RÃ¶rup, Xu-Cheng He, JoÃ£o Almeida, Rima Baalbaki, Andrea Baccarini, Paulus S. Bauer, Lisa Beck, Anton Bergen, Federico Bianchi, Steffen BrÃ¤kling, Sophia Brilke, Lucia Caudillo, Dexian Chen, Biwu Chu, AntÃ³nio Dias, Danielle C. Draper, Jonathan Duplissy, Imad El-Haddad, Henning Finkenzeller, Carla Frege, Loic Gonzalez-Carracedo, Hamish Gordon, Manuel Granzin, Jani Hakala, Victoria Hofbauer, Christopher R. Hoyle, Changhyuk Kim, Weimeng Kong, Houssni Lamkaddam, Chuan P. Lee, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Markus Leiminger, Huajun Mai, Hanna E. Manninen, Guillaume Marie, Ruby Marten, Bernhard Mentler, Ugo Molteni, Leonid Nichman, Wei Nie, Andrea Ojdanic, Antti Onnela, Eva Partoll, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Joschka Pfeifer, Maxim Philippov, Lauriane L. J. QuÃ©lÃ©ver, Ananth Ranjithkumar, Matti P. Rissanen, Simon Schallhart, Siegfried Schobesberger, Simone Schuchmann, Jiali Shen, Mikko SipilÃ¤, Gerhard Steiner, Yuri Stozhkov, Christian Tauber, Yee J. Tham, AntÃ³nio R. TomÃ©, Miguel Vazquez-Pufleau, Alexander L. Vogel, Robert Wagner, Mingyi Wang, Dongyu S. Wang, Yonghong Wang, Stefan K. Weber, Yusheng Wu, Mao Xiao, Chao Yan, Penglin Ye, Qing Ye, Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek, Xueqin Zhou, Urs Baltensperger, Josef Dommen, Richard C. Flagan, Armin Hansel, Markku Kulmala, Rainer Volkamer, Paul M. Winkler, Douglas R. Worsnop, Neil M. Donahue, Jasper Kirkby, and Joachim Curtius Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9183–9207, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9183-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9183-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary Highly oxygenated organic compounds (HOMs) have been identified as key vapors involved in atmospheric new-particle formation (NPF). The molecular distribution, HOM yield, and NPF from Î±-pinene oxidation experiments were measured at the CLOUD chamber over a wide tropospheric-temperature range. This study shows on a molecular scale that despite the sharp reduction in HOM yield at lower temperatures, the reduced volatility counteracts this effect and leads to an overall increase in the NPF rate. Enhanced growth rate of atmospheric particles from sulfuric acid Dominik Stolzenburg, Mario Simon, Ananth Ranjithkumar, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Hamish Gordon, Sebastian Ehrhart, Henning Finkenzeller, Lukas Pichelstorfer, Tuomo Nieminen, Xu-Cheng He, Sophia Brilke, Mao Xiao, AntÃ³nio Amorim, Rima Baalbaki, Andrea Baccarini, Lisa Beck, Steffen BrÃ¤kling, LucÃa Caudillo Murillo, Dexian Chen, Biwu Chu, Lubna Dada, AntÃ³nio Dias, Josef Dommen, Jonathan Duplissy, Imad El Haddad, Lukas Fischer, Loic Gonzalez Carracedo, Martin Heinritzi, Changhyuk Kim, Theodore K. Koenig, Weimeng Kong, Houssni Lamkaddam, Chuan Ping Lee, Markus Leiminger, Zijun Li, Vladimir Makhmutov, Hanna E. Manninen, Guillaume Marie, Ruby Marten, Tatjana MÃ¼ller, Wei Nie, Eva Partoll, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Joschka Pfeifer, Maxim Philippov, Matti P. Rissanen, Birte RÃ¶rup, Siegfried Schobesberger, Simone Schuchmann, Jiali Shen, Mikko SipilÃ¤, Gerhard Steiner, Yuri Stozhkov, Christian Tauber, Yee Jun Tham, AntÃ³nio TomÃ©, Miguel Vazquez-Pufleau, Andrea C. Wagner, Mingyi Wang, Yonghong Wang, Stefan K. Weber, Daniela Wimmer, Peter J. Wlasits, Yusheng Wu, Qing Ye, Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek, Urs Baltensperger, Kenneth S. Carslaw, Joachim Curtius, Neil M. Donahue, Richard C. Flagan, Armin Hansel, Markku Kulmala, Jos Lelieveld, Rainer Volkamer, Jasper Kirkby, and Paul M. Winkler Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7359–7372, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7359-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7359-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary Sulfuric acid is a major atmospheric vapour for aerosol formation. If new particles grow fast enough, they can act as cloud droplet seeds or affect air quality. In a controlled laboratory set-up, we demonstrate that van der Waals forces enhance growth from sulfuric acid. We disentangle the effects of ammonia, ions and particle hydration, presenting a complete picture of sulfuric acid growth from molecular clusters onwards. In a climate model, we show its influence on the global aerosol budget. Measurement of ammonia, amines and iodine compounds using protonated water cluster chemical ionization mass spectrometry Joschka Pfeifer, Mario Simon, Martin Heinritzi, Felix Piel, Lena Weitz, Dongyu Wang, Manuel Granzin, Tatjana MÃ¼ller, Steffen BrÃ¤kling, Jasper Kirkby, Joachim Curtius, and Andreas KÃ¼rten Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 2501–2522, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2501-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2501-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary Ammonia is an important atmospheric trace gas that affects secondary aerosol formation and, together with sulfuric acid, the formation of new particles. A measurement technique is presented that uses high-resolution mass spectrometry and protonated water clusters for the ultrasensitive detection of ammonia at single-digit parts per trillion by volume levels. The instrument is further capable of measuring amines and a suite of iodine compounds at sub-parts per trillion by volume levels. Size-resolved online chemical analysis of nanoaerosol particles: a thermal desorption differential mobility analyzer coupled to a chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer Andrea C. Wagner, Anton Bergen, Sophia Brilke, Claudia Fuchs, Markus Ernst, Jesica Hoker, Martin Heinritzi, Mario Simon, Bertram BÃ¼hner, Joachim Curtius, and Andreas KÃ¼rten Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 5489–5506, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5489-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5489-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary Chemical analysis of sub-30 nm aerosol particles is important for understanding aerosol nucleation and early growth, yet it is still an experimental challenge. In this study, we present a novel device for size resolved chemical analysis of nucleation and Aitken mode particles (from ~10 to ~30 nm) while allowing gas phase measurements with the same detector. Particles are charged, size selected, electrostatically collected and then thermally desorbed in a carrier gas. New particle formation in the sulfuric acidâdimethylamineâwater system: reevaluation of CLOUD chamber measurements and comparison to an aerosol nucleation and growth model Andreas KÃ¼rten, Chenxi Li, Federico Bianchi, Joachim Curtius, AntÃ³nio Dias, Neil M. Donahue, Jonathan Duplissy, Richard C. Flagan, Jani Hakala, Tuija Jokinen, Jasper Kirkby, Markku Kulmala, Ari Laaksonen, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Vladimir Makhmutov, Antti Onnela, Matti P. Rissanen, Mario Simon, Mikko SipilÃ¤, Yuri Stozhkov, Jasmin TrÃ¶stl, Penglin Ye, and Peter H. McMurry Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 845–863, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-845-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-845-2018, 2018 Short summary Short summary A recent laboratory study (CLOUD) showed that new particles nucleate efficiently from sulfuric acid and dimethylamine (DMA). The reanalysis of previously published data reveals that the nucleation rates are even faster than previously assumed, i.e., nucleation can proceed at rates that are compatible with collision-controlled new particle formation for atmospheric conditions. This indicates that sulfuric acid–DMA nucleation is likely an important source of particles in the boundary layer. The role of ions in new particle formation in the CLOUD chamber Robert Wagner, Chao Yan, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Jonathan Duplissy, Tuomo Nieminen, Juha Kangasluoma, Lauri R. Ahonen, Lubna Dada, Jenni Kontkanen, Hanna E. Manninen, Antonio Dias, Antonio Amorim, Paulus S. Bauer, Anton Bergen, Anne-Kathrin Bernhammer, Federico Bianchi, Sophia Brilke, Stephany Buenrostro Mazon, Xuemeng Chen, Danielle C. Draper, Lukas Fischer, Carla Frege, Claudia Fuchs, Olga Garmash, Hamish Gordon, Jani Hakala, Liine Heikkinen, Martin Heinritzi, Victoria Hofbauer, Christopher R. Hoyle, Jasper Kirkby, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Alexander N. Kvashnin, Tiia Laurila, Michael J. Lawler, Huajun Mai, Vladimir Makhmutov, Roy L. Mauldin III, Ugo Molteni, Leonid Nichman, Wei Nie, Andrea Ojdanic, Antti Onnela, Felix Piel, Lauriane L. J. QuÃ©lÃ©ver, Matti P. Rissanen, Nina Sarnela, Simon Schallhart, Kamalika Sengupta, Mario Simon, Dominik Stolzenburg, Yuri Stozhkov, Jasmin TrÃ¶stl, YrjÃ¶ Viisanen, Alexander L. Vogel, Andrea C. Wagner, Mao Xiao, Penglin Ye, Urs Baltensperger, Joachim Curtius, Neil M. Donahue, Richard C. Flagan, Martin Gallagher, Armin Hansel, James N. Smith, AntÃ³nio TomÃ©, Paul M. Winkler, Douglas Worsnop, Mikael Ehn, Mikko SipilÃ¤, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, and Markku Kulmala Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 15181–15197, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-15181-2017,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-15181-2017, 2017 Unexpectedly acidic nanoparticles formed in dimethylamineâammoniaâsulfuric-acid nucleation experiments at CLOUD Michael J. Lawler, Paul M. Winkler, Jaeseok Kim, Lars Ahlm, Jasmin TrÃ¶stl, Arnaud P. Praplan, Siegfried Schobesberger, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Jasper Kirkby, Federico Bianchi, Jonathan Duplissy, Armin Hansel, Tuija Jokinen, Helmi Keskinen, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Markus Leiminger, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Matti Rissanen, Linda Rondo, Mario Simon, Mikko SipilÃ¤, Christina Williamson, Daniela Wimmer, Ilona Riipinen, Annele Virtanen, and James N. Smith Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13601–13618, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13601-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13601-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary We present chemical observations of newly formed particles as small as ~ 10 nm from new particle formation experiments using sulfuric acid, dimethylamine, ammonia, and water vapor as gas phase reactants. The nanoparticles were more acidic than expected based on thermodynamic expectations, particularly at the smallest measured sizes. The results suggest rapid surface conversion of SO2 to sulfate and show a marked composition change between 10 and 15 nm, possibly indicating a phase change. Observation of new particle formation and measurement of sulfuric acid, ammonia, amines and highly oxidized organic molecules at a rural site in central Germany Andreas KÃ¼rten, Anton Bergen, Martin Heinritzi, Markus Leiminger, Verena Lorenz, Felix Piel, Mario Simon, Robert Sitals, Andrea C. Wagner, and Joachim Curtius Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12793–12813, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12793-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12793-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary Field measurements were conducted at a rural site in central Germany close to dairy farms to investigate if there is a connection between new particle formation and the presence of amines. A variety of trace gases were measured in addition to amines, like sulfuric acid, ammonia and highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOM). The results indicate that amines are very likely involved in the growth of aerosol particles and probably also in the nucleation process, although HOM could be relevant, too. Characterization of the mass-dependent transmission efficiency of a CIMS Martin Heinritzi, Mario Simon, Gerhard Steiner, Andrea C. Wagner, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Armin Hansel, and Joachim Curtius Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 1449–1460, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1449-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1449-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary An easy-to-use method of estimating the mass-dependent transmission efficiency of a CIMS is presented. It makes use of depleting nitrate primary ions by different perfluorinated acids to obtain the transmission efficiency of these acids relative to the primary ion. Knowledge about the transmission efficiency is crucial for, e.g., quantification of extremely low volatile organic compounds. Phase transition observations and discrimination of small cloud particles by light polarization in expansion chamber experiments Leonid Nichman, Claudia Fuchs, Emma JÃ¤rvinen, Karoliina Ignatius, Niko Florian HÃ¶ppel, Antonio Dias, Martin Heinritzi, Mario Simon, Jasmin TrÃ¶stl, Andrea Christine Wagner, Robert Wagner, Christina Williamson, Chao Yan, Paul James Connolly, James Robert Dorsey, Jonathan Duplissy, Sebastian Ehrhart, Carla Frege, Hamish Gordon, Christopher Robert Hoyle, Thomas Bjerring Kristensen, Gerhard Steiner, Neil McPhersonÂ Donahue, Richard Flagan, Martin William Gallagher, Jasper Kirkby, Ottmar MÃ¶hler, Harald Saathoff, Martin Schnaiter, Frank Stratmann, and AntÃ³nio TomÃ© Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3651–3664, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3651-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3651-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary Processes in the atmosphere are often governed by the physical and chemical properties of small cloud particles. Ice, water, and mixed clouds, as well as viscous aerosols, were formed under controlled conditions at the CLOUD-CERN facility. The experimental results show a link between cloud particle properties and their unique optical fingerprints. The classification map presented here allows easier discrimination between various particles such as viscous organic aerosol, salt, ice, and liquid. Aqueous phase oxidation of sulphur dioxide by ozone in cloud droplets C. R. Hoyle, C. Fuchs, E. JÃ¤rvinen, H. Saathoff, A. Dias, I. El Haddad, M. Gysel, S. C. Coburn, J. TrÃ¶stl, A.-K. Bernhammer, F. Bianchi, M. Breitenlechner, J. C. Corbin, J. Craven, N. M. Donahue, J. Duplissy, S. Ehrhart, C. Frege, H. Gordon, N. HÃ¶ppel, M. Heinritzi, T. B. Kristensen, U. Molteni, L. Nichman, T. Pinterich, A. S. H. PrÃ©vÃ´t, M. Simon, J. G. Slowik, G. Steiner, A. TomÃ©, A. L. Vogel, R. Volkamer, A. C. Wagner, R. Wagner, A. S. Wexler, C. Williamson, P. M. Winkler, C. Yan, A. Amorim, J. Dommen, J. Curtius, M. W. Gallagher, R. C. Flagan, A. Hansel, J. Kirkby, M. Kulmala, O. MÃ¶hler, F. Stratmann, D. R. Worsnop, and U. Baltensperger Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 1693–1712, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1693-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1693-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary A significant portion of sulphate, an important constituent of atmospheric aerosols, is formed via the aqueous phase oxidation of sulphur dioxide by ozone. The rate of this reaction has previously only been measured over a relatively small temperature range. Here, we use the state of the art CLOUD chamber at CERN to perform the first measurements of this reaction rate in super-cooled droplets, confirming that the existing extrapolation of the reaction rate to sub-zero temperatures is accurate. Hygroscopicity of nanoparticles produced from homogeneous nucleation in the CLOUD experiments J. Kim, L. Ahlm, T. Yli-Juuti, M. Lawler, H. Keskinen, J. TrÃ¶stl, S. Schobesberger, J. Duplissy, A. Amorim, F. Bianchi, N. M. Donahue, R. C. Flagan, J. Hakala, M. Heinritzi, T. Jokinen, A. KÃ¼rten, A. Laaksonen, K. Lehtipalo, P. Miettinen, T. PetÃ¤jÃ¤, M. P. Rissanen, L. Rondo, K. Sengupta, M. Simon, A. TomÃ©, C. Williamson, D. Wimmer, P. M. Winkler, S. Ehrhart, P. Ye, J. Kirkby, J. Curtius, U. Baltensperger, M. Kulmala, K. E. J. Lehtinen, J. N. Smith, I. Riipinen, and A. Virtanen Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 293–304, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-293-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-293-2016, 2016 Short summary Short summary The hygroscopicity of nucleated nanoparticles was measured in the presence of sulfuric acid, sulfuric acid-dimethylamine, and sulfuric acid-organics derived from α-pinene oxidation during CLOUD7 at CERN in 2012. The hygroscopicity parameter κ decreased with increasing particle size, indicating decreasing acidity of particles. Thermodynamics of the formation of sulfuric acid dimers in the binary (H2SO4âH2O) and ternary (H2SO4âH2OâNH3) system A. KÃ¼rten, S. MÃ¼nch, L. Rondo, F. Bianchi, J. Duplissy, T. Jokinen, H. Junninen, N. Sarnela, S. Schobesberger, M. Simon, M. SipilÃ¤, J. Almeida, A. Amorim, J. Dommen, N. M. Donahue, E. M. Dunne, R. C. Flagan, A. Franchin, J. Kirkby, A. Kupc, V. Makhmutov, T. PetÃ¤jÃ¤, A. P. Praplan, F. Riccobono, G. Steiner, A. TomÃ©, G. Tsagkogeorgas, P. E. Wagner, D. Wimmer, U. Baltensperger, M. Kulmala, D. R. Worsnop, and J. Curtius Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10701–10721, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10701-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10701-2015, 2015 Short summary Short summary New particle formation (NPF) is an important atmospheric process. At cold temperatures in the upper troposphere the binary (H2SO4-H2O) and ternary (H2SO4-H2O-NH3) system are thought to be important for NPF. Sulfuric acid monomer (H2SO4) and sulfuric acid dimer ((H2SO4)2) concentrations were measured between 208 and 248K for these systems and dimer evaporation rates were derived. These data will help to better understand and predict binary and ternary nucleation at low temperatures. Elemental composition and clustering behaviour of Î±-pinene oxidation products for different oxidation conditions A. P. Praplan, S. Schobesberger, F. Bianchi, M. P. Rissanen, M. Ehn, T. Jokinen, H. Junninen, A. Adamov, A. Amorim, J. Dommen, J. Duplissy, J. Hakala, A. Hansel, M. Heinritzi, J. Kangasluoma, J. Kirkby, M. Krapf, A. KÃ¼rten, K. Lehtipalo, F. Riccobono, L. Rondo, N. Sarnela, M. Simon, A. TomÃ©, J. TrÃ¶stl, P. M. Winkler, C. Williamson, P. Ye, J. Curtius, U. Baltensperger, N. M. Donahue, M. Kulmala, and D. R. Worsnop Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 4145–4159, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4145-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4145-2015, 2015 Short summary Short summary Our study shows, based on data from three atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometers measuring in parallel charged and neutral molecules and molecular clusters, how oxidised organic compounds bind to inorganic ions (e.g. bisulfate, nitrate, ammonium). This ionisation is selective for compounds with lower molar mass due to their limited amount and variety of functional groups. We also found that extremely low volatile organic compounds (ELVOCs) can be formed immediately. Direct detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on a molecular composition level in summertime ambient aerosol via proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry Tobias Reinecke, Markus Leiminger, Andreas Klinger, and Markus MÃ¼ller Aerosol Research, 2, 225–233, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2-225-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2-225-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary Condensed particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are toxic compounds that may be detrimental to human health, even at low (sub-ng m-3) long-term exposure levels. The CHARON FUSION PTR-TOF 10k is capable of directly detecting PAHs on a chemical composition level at significantly lower mass concentrations. Herein, we report the time series of nine PAHs and identify three associated major sources and physicochemical processes for summertime aerosol in Innsbruck, Austria. Valley floor inclination affecting valley winds and transport of passive tracers in idealised simulations Johannes Mikkola, Alexander Gohm, Victoria A. Sinclair, and Federico Bianchi EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1900,https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1900, 2024 This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP). Short summary Short summary This study investigates the influence of valley floor inclination on diurnal winds and passive tracer transport within idealised mountain valleys using numerical simulations. The valley inclination strengthens the daytime up-valley winds but only up to a certain point. Beyond that critical angle, the winds weaken again. The inclined valleys transport the tracers higher up in the free troposphere which would for example lead to higher potential for long-range transport. New Particle Formation dynamics in the central Andes: Contrasting urban and mountain-top environments Diego Aliaga, Victoria A. Sinclair, Radovan Krejci, Marcos Andrade, Paulo Artaxo, Luis Blacutt, Runlong Cai, Samara Carbone, Yvette Gramlich, Liine Heikkinen, Dominic Heslin-Rees, Wei Huang, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Alkuin Maximilian Koenig, Markku Kulmala, Paolo Laj, Valeria MardoÃ±ez-Balderrama, Claudia Mohr, Isabel Moreno, Pauli Paasonen, Wiebke Scholz, Karine Sellegri, Laura Ticona, GaÃ«lle Uzu, Fernando Velarde, Alfred Wiedensohler, Doug Worsnop, Cheng Wu, Chen Xuemeng, Qiaozhi Zha, and Federico Bianchi Aerosol Research Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2024-15,https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2024-15, 2024 Preprint under review for AR Short summary Short summary This study examines new particle formation (NPF) in the Bolivian Andes at Chacaltaya mountain (CHC) and the urban El Alto-La Paz area (EAC). Days are clustered into four categories based on NPF intensity. Differences in particle size, precursor gases, and pollution levels are found. High NPF intensities increased Aitken mode particle concentrations at both sites, while volcanic influence selectively diminished NPF intensity at CHC but not EAC. This study highlights NPF dynamics in the Andes. Atmospheric Black Carbon in the metropolitan area of La Paz and El Alto, Bolivia: concentration levels and emission sources Valeria MardoÃ±ez-Balderrama, GriÅ¡a MoÄnik, Marco Pandolfi, Robin Modini, Fernando Velarde, Laura Renzi, Angela Marinoni, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Isabel Moreno R., Diego Aliaga, Federico Bianchi, Claudia Mohr, Martin Gysel-Beer, Patrick Ginot, Radovan Krejci, Alfred Widensohler, GaÃ«lle Uzu, Marcos Andrade, and Paolo Laj EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-770,https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-770, 2024 Short summary Short summary Levels of black carbon (BC) are scarcely reported in the southern hemisphere, especially in high-altitude conditions. This study provides insight on the concentration level, variability, and optical properties of BC in the cities of La Paz and El Alto, and at the station GAW Chacaltaya Mountain station. Two methods of source apportionment of absorption were tested and compared showing traffic as the main contributor to absorption in the urban area, additionally to biomass and open waste burning. Opinion: A paradigm shift in investigating the general characteristics of atmospheric new particle formation using field observations Markku Kulmala, Diego Aliaga, Santeri Tuovinen, Runlong Cai, Heikki Junninen, Chao Yan, Federico Bianchi, Yafang Cheng, Aijun Ding, Douglas R. Worsnop, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Pauli Paasonen, and Veli-Matti Kerminen Aerosol Research, 2, 49–58, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2-49-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2-49-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary Atmospheric new particle formation (NPF), together with secondary production of particulate matter in the atmosphere, dominates aerosol particle number concentrations and submicron particle mass loads in many environments globally. In this opinion paper, we describe the paradigm shift to understand NPF in a continuous way instead of using traditional binary event–non-event analysis. Elucidating the mechanisms of atmospheric new particle formation in the highly polluted Po Valley, Italy Jing Cai, Juha Sulo, Yifang Gu, Sebastian Holm, Runlong Cai, Steven Thomas, Almuth Neuberger, Fredrik Mattsson, Marco Paglione, Stefano Decesari, Matteo Rinaldi, Rujing Yin, Diego Aliaga, Wei Huang, Yuanyuan Li, Yvette Gramlich, Giancarlo Ciarelli, Lauriane QuÃ©lÃ©ver, Nina Sarnela, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Nora Zannoni, Cheng Wu, Wei Nie, Juha Kangasluoma, Claudia Mohr, Markku Kulmala, Qiaozhi Zha, Dominik Stolzenburg, and Federico Bianchi Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2423–2441, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2423-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2423-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary By combining field measurements, simulations and recent chamber experiments, we investigate new particle formation (NPF) and growth in the Po Valley, where both haze and frequent NPF occur. Our results show that sulfuric acid, ammonia and amines are the dominant NPF precursors there. A high NPF rate and a lower condensation sink lead to a greater survival probability for newly formed particles, highlighting the importance of gas-to-particle conversion for aerosol concentrations. Iodine oxoacids and their roles in sub-3 nm particle growth in polluted urban environments Ying Zhang, Duzitian Li, Xu-Cheng He, Wei Nie, Chenjuan Deng, Runlong Cai, Yuliang Liu, Yishuo Guo, Chong Liu, Yiran Li, Liangduo Chen, Yuanyuan Li, Chenjie Hua, Tingyu Liu, Zongcheng Wang, Jiali Xie, Lei Wang, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Federico Bianchi, Ximeng Qi, Xuguang Chi, Pauli Paasonen, Yongchun Liu, Chao Yan, Jingkun Jiang, Aijun Ding, and Markku Kulmala Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1873–1893, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1873-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1873-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary This study conducts a long-term observation of gaseous iodine oxoacids in two Chinese megacities, revealing their ubiquitous presence with peak concentrations (up to 0.1 pptv) in summer. Our analysis suggests a mix of terrestrial and marine sources for iodine. Additionally, iodic acid is identified as a notable contributor to sub-3 nm particle growth and particle survival probability. Analysis of atmospheric particle growth based on vapor concentrations measured at the high-altitude GAW station Chacaltaya in the Bolivian Andes Arto Heitto, Cheng Wu, Diego Aliaga, Luis Blacutt, Xuemeng Chen, Yvette Gramlich, Liine Heikkinen, Wei Huang, Radovan Krejci, Paolo Laj, Isabel Moreno, Karine Sellegri, Fernando Velarde, Kay Weinhold, Alfred Wiedensohler, Qiaozhi Zha, Federico Bianchi, Marcos Andrade, Kari E. J. Lehtinen, Claudia Mohr, and Taina Yli-Juuti Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1315–1328, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1315-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1315-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary Particle growth at the Chacaltaya station in Bolivia was simulated based on measured vapor concentrations and ambient conditions. Major contributors to the simulated growth were low-volatility organic compounds (LVOCs). Also, sulfuric acid had major role when volcanic activity was occurring in the area. This study provides insight on nanoparticle growth at this high-altitude Southern Hemispheric site and hence contributes to building knowledge of early growth of atmospheric particles. On the formation of biogenic secondary organic aerosol in chemical transport models: an evaluation of the WRF-CHIMERE (v2020r2) model with a focus over the Finnish boreal forest Giancarlo Ciarelli, Sara Tahvonen, Arineh Cholakian, Manuel Bettineschi, Bruno Vitali, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, and Federico Bianchi Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 545–565, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-545-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-545-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary The terrestrial ecosystem releases large quantities of biogenic gases in the Earth's Atmosphere. These gases can effectively be converted into so-called biogenic aerosol particles and, eventually, affect the Earth's climate. Climate prediction varies greatly depending on how these processes are represented in model simulations. In this study, we present a detailed model evaluation analysis aimed at understanding the main source of uncertainty in predicting the formation of biogenic aerosols. Concentration and source changes of HONO during the COVID-19 lockdown in Beijing Yusheng Zhang, Feixue Zheng, Zemin Feng, Chaofan Lian, Weigang Wang, Xiaolong Fan, Wei Ma, Zhuohui Lin, Chang Li, Gen Zhang, Chao Yan, Ying Zhang, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Federico Bianch, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Juha Kangasluoma, Markku Kulmala, and Yongchun Liu EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3139,https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3139, 2024 Short summary Short summary In this study, HONO budget has been validated during COVID-19 lockdown event. Main conclusions are as follows: 1. HONO concentrations show a significant decrease from 0.97 to 0.53ppb during lockdown. 2. Vehicle emissions accounted for 53% of nighttime sources. The heterogeneous conversion of NO2 on ground surfaces important (31%) than aerosol (2%). 3. Daytime dominant source shifts from the homogenous reaction between NO and OH (51%) to photolysis of nitrate photolysis (53%) during the lockdown. Nanoparticle ranking analysis: determining new particle formation (NPF) event occurrence and intensity based on the concentration spectrum of formed (sub-5 nm) particles Diego Aliaga, Santeri Tuovinen, Tinghan Zhang, Janne Lampilahti, Xinyang Li, Lauri Ahonen, Tom Kokkonen, Tuomo Nieminen, Simo Hakala, Pauli Paasonen, Federico Bianchi, Doug Worsnop, Veli-Matti Kerminen, and Markku Kulmala Aerosol Research, 1, 81–92, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-1-81-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-1-81-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary We introduce a novel method for evaluating days when small particles are formed in the atmosphere. Instead of the traditional binary division between event and non-event days, our method, known as "nano ranking analysis", provides a continuous, non-categorical metric for each day. By utilizing data from Hyytiälä, Finland, we show that our approach effectively quantifies these events. This innovative method paves the way for a deeper understanding of the factors influencing particle formation. Undetected biogenic volatile organic compounds from Norway spruce drive total ozone reactivity measurements Steven Job Thomas, Toni TykkÃ¤, Heidi HellÃ©n, Federico Bianchi, and Arnaud P. Praplan Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14627–14642, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14627-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14627-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary The study employed total ozone reactivity to demonstrate how emissions of Norway spruce readily react with ozone and could be a major ozone sink, particularly under stress. Additionally, this approach provided insight into the limitations of current analytical techniques that measure the compounds present or emitted into the atmosphere. The study shows how the technique used was not enough to measure all compounds emitted, and this could potentially underestimate various atmospheric processes. Ammonium CI-Orbitrap: a tool for characterizing the reactivity of oxygenated organic molecules Dandan Li, Dongyu Wang, Lucia Caudillo, Wiebke Scholz, Mingyi Wang, Sophie Tomaz, Guillaume Marie, Mihnea Surdu, Elias Eccli, Xianda Gong, Loic Gonzalez-Carracedo, Manuel Granzin, Joschka Pfeifer, Birte RÃ¶rup, Benjamin Schulze, Pekka Rantala, SÃ©bastien Perrier, Armin Hansel, Joachim Curtius, Jasper Kirkby, Neil M. Donahue, Christian George, Imad El-Haddad, and Matthieu Riva Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-149,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-149, 2023 Revised manuscript accepted for AMT Short summary Short summary Due to various analytical challenges in measuring organic vapors, it remains challenging to identify and quantify organic molecules present in the atmosphere, Here, we explore the performance of the chemical ionization Orbitrap mass spectrometer (CI-Orbitrap) using ammonium ion chemistry. This study shows that ammonium ion-based chemistry associated with the high mass resolving power of the Orbitrap mass analyzer can measure almost all-inclusive compounds. Measurement of the collision rate coefficients between atmospheric ions and multiply charged aerosol particles in the CERN CLOUD chamber Joschka Pfeifer, Naser G. A. Mahfouz, Benjamin C. Schulze, Serge Mathot, Dominik Stolzenburg, Rima Baalbaki, ZoÃ© Brasseur, Lucia Caudillo, Lubna Dada, Manuel Granzin, Xu-Cheng He, Houssni Lamkaddam, Brandon Lopez, Vladimir Makhmutov, Ruby Marten, Bernhard Mentler, Tatjana MÃ¼ller, Antti Onnela, Maxim Philippov, Ana A. Piedehierro, Birte RÃ¶rup, Meredith Schervish, Ping Tian, Nsikanabasi S. Umo, Dongyu S. Wang, Mingyi Wang, Stefan K. Weber, AndrÃ© Welti, Yusheng Wu, Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek, Antonio Amorim, Imad El Haddad, Markku Kulmala, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, AntÃ³nio TomÃ©, Sander Mirme, Hanna E. Manninen, Neil M. Donahue, Richard C. Flagan, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Joachim Curtius, and Jasper Kirkby Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6703–6718, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6703-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6703-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary Attachment rate coefficients between ions and charged aerosol particles determine their lifetimes and may also influence cloud dynamics and aerosol processing. Here we present novel experiments that measure ion–aerosol attachment rate coefficients for multiply charged aerosol particles under atmospheric conditions in the CERN CLOUD chamber. Our results provide experimental discrimination between various theoretical models. An intercomparison study of four different techniques for measuring the chemical composition of nanoparticles LucÃa Caudillo, Mihnea Surdu, Brandon Lopez, Mingyi Wang, Markus Thoma, Steffen BrÃ¤kling, Angela Buchholz, Mario Simon, Andrea C. Wagner, Tatjana MÃ¼ller, Manuel Granzin, Martin Heinritzi, Antonio Amorim, David M. Bell, ZoÃ© Brasseur, Lubna Dada, Jonathan Duplissy, Henning Finkenzeller, Xu-Cheng He, Houssni Lamkaddam, Naser G. A. Mahfouz, Vladimir Makhmutov, Hanna E. Manninen, Guillaume Marie, Ruby Marten, Roy L. Mauldin, Bernhard Mentler, Antti Onnela, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Joschka Pfeifer, Maxim Philippov, Ana A. Piedehierro, Birte RÃ¶rup, Wiebke Scholz, Jiali Shen, Dominik Stolzenburg, Christian Tauber, Ping Tian, AntÃ³nio TomÃ©, Nsikanabasi Silas Umo, Dongyu S. Wang, Yonghong Wang, Stefan K. Weber, AndrÃ© Welti, Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek, Urs Baltensperger, Richard C. Flagan, Armin Hansel, Jasper Kirkby, Markku Kulmala, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Douglas R. Worsnop, Imad El Haddad, Neil M. Donahue, Alexander L. Vogel, Andreas KÃ¼rten, and Joachim Curtius Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6613–6631, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6613-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6613-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary In this study, we present an intercomparison of four different techniques for measuring the chemical composition of nanoparticles. The intercomparison was performed based on the observed chemical composition, calculated volatility, and analysis of the thermograms. We found that the methods generally agree on the most important compounds that are found in the nanoparticles. However, they do see different parts of the organic spectrum. We suggest potential explanations for these differences. Revealing the sources and sinks of negative cluster ions in an urban environment through quantitative analysis Rujing Yin, Xiaoxiao Li, Chao Yan, Runlong Cai, Ying Zhou, Juha Kangasluoma, Nina Sarnela, Janne Lampilahti, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Federico Bianchi, Markku Kulmala, and Jingkun Jiang Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5279–5296, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5279-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5279-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary Atmospheric cluster ions are important constituents in the atmosphere. However, the quantitative research on their compositions is still limited, especially in urban environments. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of an in situ quantification method of cluster ions measured by a high-resolution mass spectrometer and reveal their governing factors, sources, and sinks in urban Beijing through quantitative analysis of cluster ions, reagent ions, neutral molecules, and condensation sink. Measurement report: Molecular-level investigation of atmospheric cluster ions at the tropical high-altitude research station Chacaltaya (5240 m a.s.l.) in the Bolivian Andes Qiaozhi Zha, Wei Huang, Diego Aliaga, Otso PerÃ¤kylÃ¤, Liine Heikkinen, Alkuin Maximilian Koenig, Cheng Wu, Joonas Enroth, Yvette Gramlich, Jing Cai, Samara Carbone, Armin Hansel, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Markku Kulmala, Douglas Worsnop, Victoria Sinclair, Radovan Krejci, Marcos Andrade, Claudia Mohr, and Federico Bianchi Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4559–4576, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4559-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4559-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary We investigate the chemical composition of atmospheric cluster ions from January to May 2018 at the high-altitude research station Chacaltaya (5240 m a.s.l.) in the Bolivian Andes. With state-of-the-art mass spectrometers and air mass history analysis, the measured cluster ions exhibited distinct diurnal and seasonal patterns, some of which contributed to new particle formation. Our study will improve the understanding of atmospheric ions and their role in high-altitude new particle formation. Measurement report: Long-range transport and the fate of dimethyl sulfide oxidation products in the free troposphere derived from observations at the high-altitude research station Chacaltaya (5240 m a.s.l.) in the Bolivian Andes Wiebke Scholz, Jiali Shen, Diego Aliaga, Cheng Wu, Samara Carbone, Isabel Moreno, Qiaozhi Zha, Wei Huang, Liine Heikkinen, Jean Luc Jaffrezo, Gaelle Uzu, Eva Partoll, Markus Leiminger, Fernando Velarde, Paolo Laj, Patrick Ginot, Paolo Artaxo, Alfred Wiedensohler, Markku Kulmala, Claudia Mohr, Marcos Andrade, Victoria Sinclair, Federico Bianchi, and Armin Hansel Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 895–920, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-895-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-895-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), emitted from the ocean, is the most abundant biogenic sulfur emission into the atmosphere. OH radicals, among others, can oxidize DMS to sulfuric and methanesulfonic acid, which are relevant for aerosol formation. We quantified DMS and nearly all DMS oxidation products with novel mass spectrometric instruments for gas and particle phase at the high mountain station Chacaltaya (5240 m a.s.l.) in the Bolivian Andes in free tropospheric air after long-range transport. Daytime along-valley winds in the Himalayas as simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model Johannes Mikkola, Victoria A. Sinclair, Marja Bister, and Federico Bianchi Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 821–842, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-821-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-821-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary Local winds in four valleys located in the Nepal Himalayas are studied by means of high-resolution meteorological modelling. Well-defined daytime up-valley winds are simulated in all of the valleys with some variation in the flow depth and strength among the valleys and their parts. Parts of the valleys with a steep valley floor inclination (2–5°) are associated with weaker and shallower daytime up-valley winds compared with the parts that have nearly flat valley floors (< 1°). A full year of aerosol size distribution data from the central Arctic under an extreme positive Arctic Oscillation: insights from the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition Matthew Boyer, Diego Aliaga, Jakob Boyd Pernov, HÃ©lÃ¨ne Angot, Lauriane L. J. QuÃ©lÃ©ver, Lubna Dada, Benjamin Heutte, Manuel Dall'Osto, David C. S. Beddows, ZoÃ© Brasseur, Ivo Beck, Silvia Bucci, Marina Duetsch, Andreas Stohl, Tiia Laurila, Eija Asmi, Andreas Massling, Daniel Charles Thomas, Jakob KlenÃ¸ NÃ¸jgaard, Tak Chan, Sangeeta Sharma, Peter Tunved, Radovan Krejci, Hans Christen Hansson, Federico Bianchi, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Alfred Wiedensohler, Kay Weinhold, Markku Kulmala, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Mikko SipilÃ¤, Julia Schmale, and Tuija Jokinen Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 389–415, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-389-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-389-2023, 2023 Short summary Short summary The Arctic is a unique environment that is warming faster than other locations on Earth. We evaluate measurements of aerosol particles, which can influence climate, over the central Arctic Ocean for a full year and compare the data to land-based measurement stations across the Arctic. Our measurements show that the central Arctic has similarities to but also distinct differences from the stations further south. We note that this may change as the Arctic warms and sea ice continues to decline. Mass spectrometry-based Aerosolomics: a new approach to resolve sources, composition, and partitioning of secondary organic aerosol Markus Thoma, Franziska Bachmeier, Felix Leonard Gottwald, Mario Simon, and Alexander Lucas Vogel Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 7137–7154, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7137-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7137-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary We introduce the aerosolomics database and apply it to particulate matter samples. Nine VOCs were oxidized under various conditions in an oxidation flow reactor, and the formed SOA was measured using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. With the database, an unambiguous top-down attribution of atmospheric oxidation products to their parent VOCs is now possible. Combining the database with hierarchical clustering enables a better understanding of sources, formation, and partitioning of SOA. The ionâion recombination coefficient Î±: comparison of temperature- and pressure-dependent parameterisations for the troposphere and stratosphere Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek, Joachim Curtius, and Andreas KÃ¼rten Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12443–12465, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12443-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12443-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary We reviewed different theories of the ionâion recombination coefficient Î±, which describes the reaction and mutual neutralisation of two oppositely charged ions. We focussed on temperature and pressure dependencies and the atmospheric altitude range between 0–50 km. We compared the theories for atmospheric conditions and identified the most favourable value for standard conditions, 1.7 × 10−6 cm3 s−1, and recommend different theories or parameterisations depending on the altitude. The effect of COVID-19 restrictions on atmospheric new particle formation in Beijing Chao Yan, Yicheng Shen, Dominik Stolzenburg, Lubna Dada, Ximeng Qi, Simo Hakala, Anu-Maija SundstrÃ¶m, Yishuo Guo, Antti Lipponen, Tom V. Kokkonen, Jenni Kontkanen, Runlong Cai, Jing Cai, Tommy Chan, Liangduo Chen, Biwu Chu, Chenjuan Deng, Wei Du, Xiaolong Fan, Xu-Cheng He, Juha Kangasluoma, Joni Kujansuu, Mona Kurppa, Chang Li, Yiran Li, Zhuohui Lin, Yiliang Liu, Yuliang Liu, Yiqun Lu, Wei Nie, Jouni Pulliainen, Xiaohui Qiao, Yonghong Wang, Yifan Wen, Ye Wu, Gan Yang, Lei Yao, Rujing Yin, Gen Zhang, Shaojun Zhang, Feixue Zheng, Ying Zhou, Antti Arola, Johanna Tamminen, Pauli Paasonen, Yele Sun, Lin Wang, Neil M. Donahue, Yongchun Liu, Federico Bianchi, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Douglas R. Worsnop, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Aijun Ding, Jingkun Jiang, and Markku Kulmala Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12207–12220, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12207-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12207-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary Atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) is a dominant source of atmospheric ultrafine particles. In urban environments, traffic emissions are a major source of primary pollutants, but their contribution to NPF remains under debate. During the COVID-19 lockdown, traffic emissions were significantly reduced, providing a unique chance to examine their relevance to NPF. Based on our comprehensive measurements, we demonstrate that traffic emissions alone are not able to explain the NPF in Beijing. Mass spectrometric measurements of ambient ions and estimation of gaseous sulfuric acid in the free troposphere and lowermost stratosphere during the CAFE-EU/BLUESKY campaign Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek, Martin Heinritzi, Manuel Granzin, Timo Keber, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Katharina Kaiser, Johannes Schneider, and Joachim Curtius Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11781–11794, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11781-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11781-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary We present measurements of ambient ions in the free troposphere and lower stratosphere over Europe in spring 2020. We observed nitrate and hydrogen sulfate, amongst others. From their ratio, the number concentrations of gaseous sulfuric acid were inferred. Nitrate increased towards the stratosphere, whilst sulfuric acid was slightly decreased there. The average values for sulfuric acid were 1.9 to 7.8 × 105 cm-3. Protonated pyridine was identified in an altitude range of 4.6 to 8.5 km. Measurement report: A multi-year study on the impacts of Chinese New Year celebrations on air quality in Beijing, China Benjamin Foreback, Lubna Dada, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Chao Yan, Lili Wang, Biwu Chu, Ying Zhou, Tom V. Kokkonen, Mona Kurppa, Rosaria E. Pileci, Yonghong Wang, Tommy Chan, Juha Kangasluoma, Lin Zhuohui, Yishou Guo, Chang Li, Rima Baalbaki, Joni Kujansuu, Xiaolong Fan, Zemin Feng, Pekka Rantala, Shahzad Gani, Federico Bianchi, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Markku Kulmala, Yongchun Liu, and Pauli Paasonen Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11089–11104, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11089-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11089-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary This study analyzed air quality in Beijing during the Chinese New Year over 7 years, including data from a new in-depth measurement station. This is one of few studies to look at long-term impacts, including the outcome of firework restrictions starting in 2018. Results show that firework pollution has gone down since 2016, indicating a positive result from the restrictions. Results of this study may be useful in making future decisions about the use of fireworks to improve air quality. Numerical simulation of the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on tropospheric composition and aerosol radiative forcing in Europe Simon F. Reifenberg, Anna Martin, Matthias Kohl, Sara Bacer, Zaneta Hamryszczak, Ivan Tadic, Lenard RÃ¶der, Daniel J. Crowley, Horst Fischer, Katharina Kaiser, Johannes Schneider, Raphael DÃ¶rich, John N. Crowley, Laura Tomsche, Andreas Marsing, Christiane Voigt, Andreas Zahn, Christopher PÃ¶hlker, Bruna A. Holanda, Ovid KrÃ¼ger, Ulrich PÃ¶schl, Mira PÃ¶hlker, Patrick JÃ¶ckel, Marcel Dorf, Ulrich Schumann, Jonathan Williams, Birger Bohn, Joachim Curtius, Hardwig Harder, Hans Schlager, Jos Lelieveld, and Andrea Pozzer Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10901–10917, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10901-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10901-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary In this work we use a combination of observational data from an aircraft campaign and model results to investigate the effect of the European lockdown due to COVID-19 in spring 2020. Using model results, we show that the largest relative changes to the atmospheric composition caused by the reduced emissions are located in the upper troposphere around aircraft cruise altitude, while the largest absolute changes are present at the surface. Seasonal variation in oxygenated organic molecules in urban Beijing and their contribution to secondary organic aerosol Yishuo Guo, Chao Yan, Yuliang Liu, Xiaohui Qiao, Feixue Zheng, Ying Zhang, Ying Zhou, Chang Li, Xiaolong Fan, Zhuohui Lin, Zemin Feng, Yusheng Zhang, Penggang Zheng, Linhui Tian, Wei Nie, Zhe Wang, Dandan Huang, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Lei Yao, Lubna Dada, Federico Bianchi, Jingkun Jiang, Yongchun Liu, Veli-Matti Kerminen, and Markku Kulmala Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10077–10097, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10077-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10077-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary Gaseous oxygenated organic molecules (OOMs) are able to form atmospheric aerosols, which will impact on human health and climate change. Here, we find that OOMs in urban Beijing are dominated by anthropogenic sources, i.e. aromatic (29 %–41 %) and aliphatic (26 %–41 %) OOMs. They are also the main contributors to the condensational growth of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). Therefore, the restriction on anthropogenic VOCs is crucial for the reduction of SOAs and haze formation. High-frequency gaseous and particulate chemical characterization using extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (Dual-Phase-EESI-TOF) Chuan Ping Lee, Mihnea Surdu, David M. Bell, Josef Dommen, Mao Xiao, Xueqin Zhou, Andrea Baccarini, Stamatios Giannoukos, GÃ¼nther Wehrle, Pascal AndrÃ© Schneider, Andre S. H. Prevot, Jay G. Slowik, Houssni Lamkaddam, Dongyu Wang, Urs Baltensperger, and Imad El Haddad Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 3747–3760, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3747-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3747-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary Real-time detection of both the gas and particle phase is needed to elucidate the sources and chemical reaction pathways of organic vapors and particulate matter. The Dual-EESI was developed to measure gas- and particle-phase species to provide new insights into aerosol sources or formation mechanisms. After characterizing the relative gas and particle response factors of EESI via organic aerosol uptake experiments, the Dual-EESI is more sensitive toward gas-phase analyes. A high-transmission axial ion mobility classifier for massâmobility measurements of atmospheric ions Markus Leiminger, Lukas Fischer, Sophia Brilke, Julian Resch, Paul Martin Winkler, Armin Hansel, and Gerhard Steiner Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 3705–3720, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3705-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3705-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary We developed an axial ion mobility classifier coupled to an atmospheric-pressure interface time-of-flight (APi-TOF) mass spectrometer to measure size-segregated atmospheric ions. We characterize the performance of the novel instrument with bipolar-electrospray-generated ion mobility standards and compare the results with CFD simulations and a simplified numerical particle-tracking model. Ultimately, we report first mass–mobility measurements of atmospheric ions in Innsbruck, Austria. Overview: Recent advances in the understanding of the northern Eurasian environments and of the urban air quality in China â a Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) programme perspective Hanna K. Lappalainen, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Timo Vihma, Jouni RÃ¤isÃ¤nen, Alexander Baklanov, Sergey Chalov, Igor Esau, Ekaterina Ezhova, Matti LeppÃ¤ranta, Dmitry Pozdnyakov, Jukka Pumpanen, Meinrat O. Andreae, Mikhail Arshinov, Eija Asmi, Jianhui Bai, Igor Bashmachnikov, Boris Belan, Federico Bianchi, Boris Biskaborn, Michael Boy, Jaana BÃ¤ck, Bin Cheng, Natalia Chubarova, Jonathan Duplissy, Egor Dyukarev, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Martin Forsius, Martin Heimann, Sirkku Juhola, Vladimir Konovalov, Igor Konovalov, Pavel Konstantinov, Kajar KÃ¶ster, Elena Lapshina, Anna Lintunen, Alexander Mahura, Risto Makkonen, Svetlana Malkhazova, Ivan Mammarella, Stefano Mammola, Stephany Buenrostro Mazon, Outi Meinander, Eugene Mikhailov, Victoria Miles, Stanislav Myslenkov, Dmitry Orlov, Jean-Daniel Paris, Roberta Pirazzini, Olga Popovicheva, Jouni Pulliainen, Kimmo Rautiainen, Torsten Sachs, Vladimir Shevchenko, Andrey Skorokhod, Andreas Stohl, Elli Suhonen, Erik S. Thomson, Marina Tsidilina, Veli-Pekka Tynkkynen, Petteri Uotila, Aki Virkkula, Nadezhda Voropay, Tobias Wolf, Sayaka Yasunaka, Jiahua Zhang, Yubao Qiu, Aijun Ding, Huadong Guo, Valery Bondur, Nikolay Kasimov, Sergej Zilitinkevich, Veli-Matti Kerminen, and Markku Kulmala Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4413–4469, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4413-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4413-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary We summarize results during the last 5 years in the northern Eurasian region, especially from Russia, and introduce recent observations of the air quality in the urban environments in China. Although the scientific knowledge in these regions has increased, there are still gaps in our understanding of large-scale climate–Earth surface interactions and feedbacks. This arises from limitations in research infrastructures and integrative data analyses, hindering a comprehensive system analysis. Influence of organic aerosol molecular composition on particle absorptive properties in autumn Beijing Jing Cai, Cheng Wu, Jiandong Wang, Wei Du, Feixue Zheng, Simo Hakala, Xiaolong Fan, Biwu Chu, Lei Yao, Zemin Feng, Yongchun Liu, Yele Sun, Jun Zheng, Chao Yan, Federico Bianchi, Markku Kulmala, Claudia Mohr, and Kaspar R. Daellenbach Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1251–1269, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1251-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1251-2022, 2022 Short summary Short summary This study investigates the connection between organic aerosol (OA) molecular composition and particle absorptive properties in autumn in Beijing. We find that the molecular properties of OA compounds in different episodes influence particle light absorption properties differently: the light absorption enhancement of black carbon and light absorption coefficient of brown carbon were mostly related to more oxygenated OA (low C number and four O atoms) and aromatics/nitro-aromatics, respectively. Chemical composition of nanoparticles from Î±-pinene nucleation and the influence of isoprene and relative humidity at low temperature LucÃa Caudillo, Birte RÃ¶rup, Martin Heinritzi, Guillaume Marie, Mario Simon, Andrea C. Wagner, Tatjana MÃ¼ller, Manuel Granzin, Antonio Amorim, Farnoush Ataei, Rima Baalbaki, Barbara Bertozzi, ZoÃ© Brasseur, Randall Chiu, Biwu Chu, Lubna Dada, Jonathan Duplissy, Henning Finkenzeller, LoÃ¯c Gonzalez Carracedo, Xu-Cheng He, Victoria Hofbauer, Weimeng Kong, Houssni Lamkaddam, Chuan P. Lee, Brandon Lopez, Naser G. A. Mahfouz, Vladimir Makhmutov, Hanna E. Manninen, Ruby Marten, Dario MassabÃ², Roy L. Mauldin, Bernhard Mentler, Ugo Molteni, Antti Onnela, Joschka Pfeifer, Maxim Philippov, Ana A. Piedehierro, Meredith Schervish, Wiebke Scholz, Benjamin Schulze, Jiali Shen, Dominik Stolzenburg, Yuri Stozhkov, Mihnea Surdu, Christian Tauber, Yee Jun Tham, Ping Tian, AntÃ³nio TomÃ©, Steffen Vogt, Mingyi Wang, Dongyu S. Wang, Stefan K. Weber, AndrÃ© Welti, Wang Yonghong, Wu Yusheng, Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek, Urs Baltensperger, Imad El Haddad, Richard C. Flagan, Armin Hansel, Kristina HÃ¶hler, Jasper Kirkby, Markku Kulmala, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Ottmar MÃ¶hler, Harald Saathoff, Rainer Volkamer, Paul M. Winkler, Neil M. Donahue, Andreas KÃ¼rten, and Joachim Curtius Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17099–17114, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17099-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17099-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary We performed experiments in the CLOUD chamber at CERN at low temperatures to simulate new particle formation in the upper free troposphere (at −30 ÂºC and −50 ÂºC). We measured the particle and gas phase and found that most of the compounds present in the gas phase are detected as well in the particle phase. The major compounds in the particles are C8–10 and C18–20. Specifically, we showed that C5 and C15 compounds are detected in a mixed system with isoprene and Î±-pinene at −30 ÂºC, 20 % RH. Identifying source regions of air masses sampled at the tropical high-altitude site of Chacaltaya using WRF-FLEXPART and cluster analysis Diego Aliaga, Victoria A. Sinclair, Marcos Andrade, Paulo Artaxo, Samara Carbone, Evgeny Kadantsev, Paolo Laj, Alfred Wiedensohler, Radovan Krejci, and Federico Bianchi Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16453–16477, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16453-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16453-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary We investigate the origin of air masses sampled at Mount Chacaltaya, Bolivia. Three-quarters of the measured air has not been influenced by the surface in the previous 4 d. However, it is rare that, at any given time, the sampled air has not been influenced at all by the surface, and often the sampled air has multiple origins. The influence of the surface is more prevalent during day than night. Furthermore, during the 6-month study, one-third of the air masses originated from Amazonia. Constraining the response factors of an extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometer for near-molecular aerosol speciation Dongyu S. Wang, Chuan Ping Lee, Jordan E. Krechmer, Francesca Majluf, Yandong Tong, Manjula R. Canagaratna, Julia Schmale, AndrÃ© S. H. PrÃ©vÃ´t, Urs Baltensperger, Josef Dommen, Imad El Haddad, Jay G. Slowik, and David M. Bell Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6955–6972, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6955-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6955-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary To understand the sources and fate of particulate matter in the atmosphere, the ability to quantitatively describe its chemical composition is essential. In this work, we developed a calibration method for a state-of-the-art measurement technique without the need for chemical standards. Statistical analyses identified the driving factors behind instrument sensitivity variability towards individual components of particulate matter. Clear, transparent, and timely communication for fair authorship decisions: a practical guide Shahzad Gani, Lukas Kohl, Rima Baalbaki, Federico Bianchi, Taina M. Ruuskanen, Olli-Pekka Siira, Pauli Paasonen, and Hanna VehkamÃ¤ki Geosci. Commun., 4, 507–516, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-4-507-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-4-507-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary In this article, we present authorship guidelines which also include a novel authorship form along with the documentation of the formulation process for a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary center with more than 250 researchers. Our practical approach promotes fair authorship practices and, by focusing on clear, transparent, and timely communication, helps avoid late-stage authorship conflict. The driving factors of new particle formation and growth in the polluted boundary layer Mao Xiao, Christopher R. Hoyle, Lubna Dada, Dominik Stolzenburg, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Mingyi Wang, Houssni Lamkaddam, Olga Garmash, Bernhard Mentler, Ugo Molteni, Andrea Baccarini, Mario Simon, Xu-Cheng He, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Lauri R. Ahonen, Rima Baalbaki, Paulus S. Bauer, Lisa Beck, David Bell, Federico Bianchi, Sophia Brilke, Dexian Chen, Randall Chiu, AntÃ³nio Dias, Jonathan Duplissy, Henning Finkenzeller, Hamish Gordon, Victoria Hofbauer, Changhyuk Kim, Theodore K. Koenig, Janne Lampilahti, Chuan Ping Lee, Zijun Li, Huajun Mai, Vladimir Makhmutov, Hanna E. Manninen, Ruby Marten, Serge Mathot, Roy L. Mauldin, Wei Nie, Antti Onnela, Eva Partoll, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Joschka Pfeifer, Veronika Pospisilova, Lauriane L. J. QuÃ©lÃ©ver, Matti Rissanen, Siegfried Schobesberger, Simone Schuchmann, Yuri Stozhkov, Christian Tauber, Yee Jun Tham, AntÃ³nio TomÃ©, Miguel Vazquez-Pufleau, Andrea C. Wagner, Robert Wagner, Yonghong Wang, Lena Weitz, Daniela Wimmer, Yusheng Wu, Chao Yan, Penglin Ye, Qing Ye, Qiaozhi Zha, Xueqin Zhou, Antonio Amorim, Ken Carslaw, Joachim Curtius, Armin Hansel, Rainer Volkamer, Paul M. Winkler, Richard C. Flagan, Markku Kulmala, Douglas R. Worsnop, Jasper Kirkby, Neil M. Donahue, Urs Baltensperger, Imad El Haddad, and Josef Dommen Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14275–14291, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14275-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14275-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary Experiments at CLOUD show that in polluted environments new particle formation (NPF) is largely driven by the formation of sulfuric acid–base clusters, stabilized by amines, high ammonia concentrations or lower temperatures. While oxidation products of aromatics can nucleate, they play a minor role in urban NPF. Our experiments span 4 orders of magnitude variation of observed NPF rates in ambient conditions. We provide a framework based on NPF and growth rates to interpret ambient observations. Ammonium nitrate promotes sulfate formation through uptake kinetic regime Yongchun Liu, Zemin Feng, Feixue Zheng, Xiaolei Bao, Pengfei Liu, Yanli Ge, Yan Zhao, Tao Jiang, Yunwen Liao, Yusheng Zhang, Xiaolong Fan, Chao Yan, Biwu Chu, Yonghong Wang, Wei Du, Jing Cai, Federico Bianchi, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Yujing Mu, Hong He, and Markku Kulmala Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13269–13286, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13269-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13269-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary The mechanisms and kinetics of particulate sulfate formation in the atmosphere are still open questions although they have been extensively discussed. We found that uptake of SO2 is the rate-determining step for the conversion of SO2 to particulate sulfate. NH4NO3 plays an important role in AWC, the phase state of aerosol particles, and subsequently the uptake kinetics of SO2 under high-RH conditions. This work is a good example of the feedback between aerosol physics and aerosol chemistry. Effects of aerosol size and coating thickness on the molecular detection using extractive electrospray ionization Chuan Ping Lee, Mihnea Surdu, David M. Bell, Houssni Lamkaddam, Mingyi Wang, Farnoush Ataei, Victoria Hofbauer, Brandon Lopez, Neil M. Donahue, Josef Dommen, Andre S. H. Prevot, Jay G. Slowik, Dongyu Wang, Urs Baltensperger, and Imad El Haddad Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5913–5923, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5913-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5913-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary Extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS) has been deployed for high throughput online detection of particles with minimal fragmentation. Our study elucidates the extraction mechanism between the particles and electrospray (ES) droplets of different properties. The results show that the extraction rate is likely affected by the coagulation rate between the particles and ES droplets. Once coagulated, the particles undergo complete extraction within the ES droplet. Rapid mass growth and enhanced light extinction of atmospheric aerosols during the heating season haze episodes in Beijing revealed by aerosolâchemistryâradiationâboundary layer interaction Zhuohui Lin, Yonghong Wang, Feixue Zheng, Ying Zhou, Yishuo Guo, Zemin Feng, Chang Li, Yusheng Zhang, Simo Hakala, Tommy Chan, Chao Yan, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Biwu Chu, Lubna Dada, Juha Kangasluoma, Lei Yao, Xiaolong Fan, Wei Du, Jing Cai, Runlong Cai, Tom V. Kokkonen, Putian Zhou, Lili Wang, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Federico Bianchi, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Yongchun Liu, and Markku Kulmala Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12173–12187, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12173-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12173-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary We find that ammonium nitrate and aerosol water content contributed most during low mixing layer height conditions; this may further trigger enhanced formation of sulfate and organic aerosol via heterogeneous reactions. The results of this study contribute towards a more detailed understanding of the aerosol–chemistry–radiation–boundary layer feedback that is likely to be responsible for explosive aerosol mass growth events in urban Beijing. Atmospheric gaseous hydrochloric and hydrobromic acid in urban Beijing, China: detection, source identification and potential atmospheric impacts Xiaolong Fan, Jing Cai, Chao Yan, Jian Zhao, Yishuo Guo, Chang Li, Kaspar R. DÃ¤llenbach, Feixue Zheng, Zhuohui Lin, Biwu Chu, Yonghong Wang, Lubna Dada, Qiaozhi Zha, Wei Du, Jenni Kontkanen, Theo KurtÃ©n, Siddhart Iyer, Joni T. Kujansuu, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Douglas R. Worsnop, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Yongchun Liu, Federico Bianchi, Yee Jun Tham, Lei Yao, and Markku Kulmala Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11437–11452, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11437-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11437-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary We observed significant concentrations of gaseous HBr and HCl throughout the winter and springtime in urban Beijing, China. Our results indicate that gaseous HCl and HBr are most likely originated from anthropogenic emissions such as burning activities, and the gas–aerosol partitioning may play a crucial role in contributing to the gaseous HCl and HBr. These observations suggest that there is an important recycling pathway of halogen species in inland megacities. Measurement report: Molecular composition and volatility of gaseous organic compounds in a boreal forest â from volatile organic compounds to highly oxygenated organic molecules Wei Huang, Haiyan Li, Nina Sarnela, Liine Heikkinen, Yee Jun Tham, Jyri MikkilÃ¤, Steven J. Thomas, Neil M. Donahue, Markku Kulmala, and Federico Bianchi Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8961–8977, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8961-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8961-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary We show full characterization of gaseous organic compounds in a boreal forest. Molecular composition and volatility of gaseous organic compounds with different oxidation extents (from volatile organic compounds to highly oxygenated organic molecules) were investigated and discussed. We provide a more comprehensive understanding of atmospheric organic compounds in this boreal forest and new insights into interpreting ambient measurements or testing and improving parameterizations in models. Measurement of iodine species and sulfuric acid using bromide chemical ionization mass spectrometers Mingyi Wang, Xu-Cheng He, Henning Finkenzeller, Siddharth Iyer, Dexian Chen, Jiali Shen, Mario Simon, Victoria Hofbauer, Jasper Kirkby, Joachim Curtius, Norbert Maier, Theo KurtÃ©n, Douglas R. Worsnop, Markku Kulmala, Matti Rissanen, Rainer Volkamer, Yee Jun Tham, Neil M. Donahue, and Mikko SipilÃ¤ Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4187–4202, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4187-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4187-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary Atmospheric iodine species are often short-lived with low abundance and have thus been challenging to measure. We show that the bromide chemical ionization mass spectrometry, compatible with both the atmospheric pressure and reduced pressure interfaces, can simultaneously detect various gas-phase iodine species. Combining calibration experiments and quantum chemical calculations, we quantify detection sensitivities to HOI, HIO3, I2, and H2SO4, giving detection limits down to < 106 molec. cm-3. Formation of nighttime sulfuric acid from the ozonolysis of alkenes in Beijing Yishuo Guo, Chao Yan, Chang Li, Wei Ma, Zemin Feng, Ying Zhou, Zhuohui Lin, Lubna Dada, Dominik Stolzenburg, Rujing Yin, Jenni Kontkanen, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Juha Kangasluoma, Lei Yao, Biwu Chu, Yonghong Wang, Runlong Cai, Federico Bianchi, Yongchun Liu, and Markku Kulmala Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5499–5511, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5499-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5499-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary Fog, cloud and haze are very common natural phenomena. Sulfuric acid (SA) is one of the key compounds forming those suspended particles, technically called aerosols, through gas-to-particle conversion. Therefore, the concentration level, source and sink of SA is very important. Our results show that ozonolysis of alkenes plays a major role in nighttime SA formation under unpolluted conditions in urban Beijing, and nighttime cluster mode particles are probably driven by SA in urban environments. Atmospheric organic vapors in two European pine forests measured by a Vocus PTR-TOF: insights into monoterpene and sesquiterpene oxidation processes Haiyan Li, Manjula R. Canagaratna, Matthieu Riva, Pekka Rantala, Yanjun Zhang, Steven Thomas, Liine Heikkinen, Pierre-Marie Flaud, Eric Villenave, Emilie Perraudin, Douglas Worsnop, Markku Kulmala, Mikael Ehn, and Federico Bianchi Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4123–4147, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4123-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4123-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary For the first time, we performed binPMF analysis on the complex mass spectra acquired with the Vocus PTR-TOF in two European pine forests and identified various primary emission sources and secondary oxidation processes of atmospheric organic vapors, i.e., terpenes and their oxidation products, with varying oxidation degrees. Further insights were gained regarding monoterpene and sesquiterpene reactions based on the interpretation results. Sulfuric acidâamine nucleation in urban Beijing Runlong Cai, Chao Yan, Dongsen Yang, Rujing Yin, Yiqun Lu, Chenjuan Deng, Yueyun Fu, Jiaxin Ruan, Xiaoxiao Li, Jenni Kontkanen, Qiang Zhang, Juha Kangasluoma, Yan Ma, Jiming Hao, Douglas R. Worsnop, Federico Bianchi, Pauli Paasonen, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Yongchun Liu, Lin Wang, Jun Zheng, Markku Kulmala, and Jingkun Jiang Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2457–2468, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2457-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2457-2021, 2021 Short summary Short summary Based on long-term measurements, we discovered that the collision of H2SO4âamine clusters is the governing mechanism that initializes fast new particle formation in the polluted atmospheric environment of urban Beijing. The mechanism and the governing factors for H2SO4âamine nucleation in the polluted atmosphere are quantitatively investigated in this study. Long-term deposition and condensation ice-nucleating particle measurements from four stations across the globe Jann Schrod, Erik S. Thomson, Daniel Weber, Jens Kossmann, Christopher PÃ¶hlker, Jorge Saturno, Florian Ditas, Paulo Artaxo, ValÃ©rie Clouard, Jean-Marie Saurel, Martin Ebert, Joachim Curtius, and Heinz G. Bingemer Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15983–16006, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15983-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15983-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary Long-term ice-nucleating particle (INP) data are presented from four semi-pristine sites located in the Amazon, the Caribbean, Germany and the Arctic. Average INP concentrations did not differ by orders of magnitude between the sites. For all sites short-term variability dominated the time series, which lacked clear trends and seasonalities. Common drivers to explain the INP levels and their variations could not be identified, illustrating the complex nature of heterogeneous ice nucleation. The promotion effect of nitrous acid on aerosol formation in wintertime in Beijing: the possible contribution of traffic-related emissions Yongchun Liu, Yusheng Zhang, Chaofan Lian, Chao Yan, Zeming Feng, Feixue Zheng, Xiaolong Fan, Yan Chen, Weigang Wang, Biwu Chu, Yonghong Wang, Jing Cai, Wei Du, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Juha Kangasluoma, Federico Bianchi, Joni Kujansuu, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Xuefei Wang, Bo Hu, Yuesi Wang, Maofa Ge, Hong He, and Markku Kulmala Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13023–13040, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13023-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13023-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary Understanding of the chemical and physical processes leading to atmospheric aerosol particle formation is crucial to devising effective mitigation strategies to protect the public and reduce uncertainties in climate predictions. We found that the photolysis of nitrous acid could promote the formation of organic and nitrate aerosol and that traffic-related emission is a major contributor to ambient nitrous acid on haze days in wintertime in Beijing. Size-segregated particle number and mass concentrations from different emission sources in urban Beijing Jing Cai, Biwu Chu, Lei Yao, Chao Yan, Liine M. Heikkinen, Feixue Zheng, Chang Li, Xiaolong Fan, Shaojun Zhang, Daoyuan Yang, Yonghong Wang, Tom V. Kokkonen, Tommy Chan, Ying Zhou, Lubna Dada, Yongchun Liu, Hong He, Pauli Paasonen, Joni T. Kujansuu, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Claudia Mohr, Juha Kangasluoma, Federico Bianchi, Yele Sun, Philip L. Croteau, Douglas R. Worsnop, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Wei Du, Markku Kulmala, and Kaspar R. Daellenbach Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12721–12740, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12721-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12721-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary By applying both OA PMF and size PMF at the same urban measurement site in Beijing, similar particle source types, including vehicular emissions, cooking emissions and secondary formation-related sources, were resolved by both frameworks and agreed well. It is also found that in the absence of new particle formation, vehicular and cooking emissions dominate the particle number concentration, while secondary particulate matter governed PM2.5 mass during spring and summer in Beijing. Ice-nucleating particle concentrations of the past: insights from a 600-year-old Greenland ice core Jann Schrod, Dominik Kleinhenz, Maria HÃ¶rhold, Tobias Erhardt, Sarah Richter, Frank Wilhelms, Hubertus Fischer, Martin Ebert, Birthe Twarloh, Damiano Della Lunga, Camilla M. Jensen, Joachim Curtius, and Heinz G. Bingemer Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12459–12482, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12459-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12459-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary Ice-nucleating particle (INP) concentrations of the last 6 centuries are presented from an ice core in Greenland. The data are accompanied by physical and chemical aerosol data. INPs are correlated to the dust signal from the ice core and seem to follow the annual input of mineral dust. We find no clear trend in the INP concentration. However, modern-day concentrations are higher and more variable than the concentrations of the past. This might have significant atmospheric implications. Molecular understanding of the suppression of new-particle formation by isoprene Martin Heinritzi, Lubna Dada, Mario Simon, Dominik Stolzenburg, Andrea C. Wagner, Lukas Fischer, Lauri R. Ahonen, Stavros Amanatidis, Rima Baalbaki, Andrea Baccarini, Paulus S. Bauer, Bernhard Baumgartner, Federico Bianchi, Sophia Brilke, Dexian Chen, Randall Chiu, Antonio Dias, Josef Dommen, Jonathan Duplissy, Henning Finkenzeller, Carla Frege, Claudia Fuchs, Olga Garmash, Hamish Gordon, Manuel Granzin, Imad El Haddad, Xucheng He, Johanna Helm, Victoria Hofbauer, Christopher R. Hoyle, Juha Kangasluoma, Timo Keber, Changhyuk Kim, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Houssni Lamkaddam, Tiia M. Laurila, Janne Lampilahti, Chuan Ping Lee, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Markus Leiminger, Huajun Mai, Vladimir Makhmutov, Hanna Elina Manninen, Ruby Marten, Serge Mathot, Roy Lee Mauldin, Bernhard Mentler, Ugo Molteni, Tatjana MÃ¼ller, Wei Nie, Tuomo Nieminen, Antti Onnela, Eva Partoll, Monica Passananti, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Joschka Pfeifer, Veronika Pospisilova, Lauriane L. J. QuÃ©lÃ©ver, Matti P. Rissanen, ClÃ©mence Rose, Siegfried Schobesberger, Wiebke Scholz, Kay Scholze, Mikko SipilÃ¤, Gerhard Steiner, Yuri Stozhkov, Christian Tauber, Yee Jun Tham, Miguel Vazquez-Pufleau, Annele Virtanen, Alexander L. Vogel, Rainer Volkamer, Robert Wagner, Mingyi Wang, Lena Weitz, Daniela Wimmer, Mao Xiao, Chao Yan, Penglin Ye, Qiaozhi Zha, Xueqin Zhou, Antonio Amorim, Urs Baltensperger, Armin Hansel, Markku Kulmala, AntÃ³nio TomÃ©, Paul M. Winkler, Douglas R. Worsnop, Neil M. Donahue, Jasper Kirkby, and Joachim Curtius Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11809–11821, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11809-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11809-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary With experiments performed at CLOUD, we show how isoprene interferes in monoterpene oxidation via RO2 termination at atmospherically relevant concentrations. This interference shifts the distribution of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) away from C20 class dimers towards C15 class dimers, which subsequently reduces both biogenic nucleation and early growth rates. Our results may help to understand the absence of new-particle formation in isoprene-rich environments. Sources and sinks driving sulfuric acid concentrations in contrasting environments: implications on proxy calculations Lubna Dada, Ilona Ylivinkka, Rima Baalbaki, Chang Li, Yishuo Guo, Chao Yan, Lei Yao, Nina Sarnela, Tuija Jokinen, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Rujing Yin, Chenjuan Deng, Biwu Chu, Tuomo Nieminen, Yonghong Wang, Zhuohui Lin, Roseline C. Thakur, Jenni Kontkanen, Dominik Stolzenburg, Mikko SipilÃ¤, Tareq Hussein, Pauli Paasonen, Federico Bianchi, Imre Salma, TamÃ¡s Weidinger, Michael Pikridas, Jean Sciare, Jingkun Jiang, Yongchun Liu, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Veli-Matti Kerminen, and Markku Kulmala Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11747–11766, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11747-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11747-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary We rely on sulfuric acid measurements in four contrasting environments, HyytiÃ¤lÃ¤, Finland; Agia Marina, Cyprus; Budapest, Hungary; and Beijing, China, representing semi-pristine boreal forest, rural environment in the Mediterranean area, urban environment, and heavily polluted megacity, respectively, in order to define the sources and sinks of sulfuric acid in these environments and to derive a new sulfuric acid proxy to be utilized in locations and during periods when it is not measured. Molecular understanding of new-particle formation from Î±-pinene between â50 and +25 Â°C Mario Simon, Lubna Dada, Martin Heinritzi, Wiebke Scholz, Dominik Stolzenburg, Lukas Fischer, Andrea C. Wagner, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Birte RÃ¶rup, Xu-Cheng He, JoÃ£o Almeida, Rima Baalbaki, Andrea Baccarini, Paulus S. Bauer, Lisa Beck, Anton Bergen, Federico Bianchi, Steffen BrÃ¤kling, Sophia Brilke, Lucia Caudillo, Dexian Chen, Biwu Chu, AntÃ³nio Dias, Danielle C. Draper, Jonathan Duplissy, Imad El-Haddad, Henning Finkenzeller, Carla Frege, Loic Gonzalez-Carracedo, Hamish Gordon, Manuel Granzin, Jani Hakala, Victoria Hofbauer, Christopher R. Hoyle, Changhyuk Kim, Weimeng Kong, Houssni Lamkaddam, Chuan P. Lee, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Markus Leiminger, Huajun Mai, Hanna E. Manninen, Guillaume Marie, Ruby Marten, Bernhard Mentler, Ugo Molteni, Leonid Nichman, Wei Nie, Andrea Ojdanic, Antti Onnela, Eva Partoll, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Joschka Pfeifer, Maxim Philippov, Lauriane L. J. QuÃ©lÃ©ver, Ananth Ranjithkumar, Matti P. Rissanen, Simon Schallhart, Siegfried Schobesberger, Simone Schuchmann, Jiali Shen, Mikko SipilÃ¤, Gerhard Steiner, Yuri Stozhkov, Christian Tauber, Yee J. Tham, AntÃ³nio R. TomÃ©, Miguel Vazquez-Pufleau, Alexander L. Vogel, Robert Wagner, Mingyi Wang, Dongyu S. Wang, Yonghong Wang, Stefan K. Weber, Yusheng Wu, Mao Xiao, Chao Yan, Penglin Ye, Qing Ye, Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek, Xueqin Zhou, Urs Baltensperger, Josef Dommen, Richard C. Flagan, Armin Hansel, Markku Kulmala, Rainer Volkamer, Paul M. Winkler, Douglas R. Worsnop, Neil M. Donahue, Jasper Kirkby, and Joachim Curtius Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9183–9207, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9183-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9183-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary Highly oxygenated organic compounds (HOMs) have been identified as key vapors involved in atmospheric new-particle formation (NPF). The molecular distribution, HOM yield, and NPF from Î±-pinene oxidation experiments were measured at the CLOUD chamber over a wide tropospheric-temperature range. This study shows on a molecular scale that despite the sharp reduction in HOM yield at lower temperatures, the reduced volatility counteracts this effect and leads to an overall increase in the NPF rate. Enhanced growth rate of atmospheric particles from sulfuric acid Dominik Stolzenburg, Mario Simon, Ananth Ranjithkumar, Andreas KÃ¼rten, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Hamish Gordon, Sebastian Ehrhart, Henning Finkenzeller, Lukas Pichelstorfer, Tuomo Nieminen, Xu-Cheng He, Sophia Brilke, Mao Xiao, AntÃ³nio Amorim, Rima Baalbaki, Andrea Baccarini, Lisa Beck, Steffen BrÃ¤kling, LucÃa Caudillo Murillo, Dexian Chen, Biwu Chu, Lubna Dada, AntÃ³nio Dias, Josef Dommen, Jonathan Duplissy, Imad El Haddad, Lukas Fischer, Loic Gonzalez Carracedo, Martin Heinritzi, Changhyuk Kim, Theodore K. Koenig, Weimeng Kong, Houssni Lamkaddam, Chuan Ping Lee, Markus Leiminger, Zijun Li, Vladimir Makhmutov, Hanna E. Manninen, Guillaume Marie, Ruby Marten, Tatjana MÃ¼ller, Wei Nie, Eva Partoll, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Joschka Pfeifer, Maxim Philippov, Matti P. Rissanen, Birte RÃ¶rup, Siegfried Schobesberger, Simone Schuchmann, Jiali Shen, Mikko SipilÃ¤, Gerhard Steiner, Yuri Stozhkov, Christian Tauber, Yee Jun Tham, AntÃ³nio TomÃ©, Miguel Vazquez-Pufleau, Andrea C. Wagner, Mingyi Wang, Yonghong Wang, Stefan K. Weber, Daniela Wimmer, Peter J. Wlasits, Yusheng Wu, Qing Ye, Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek, Urs Baltensperger, Kenneth S. Carslaw, Joachim Curtius, Neil M. Donahue, Richard C. Flagan, Armin Hansel, Markku Kulmala, Jos Lelieveld, Rainer Volkamer, Jasper Kirkby, and Paul M. Winkler Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7359–7372, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7359-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7359-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary Sulfuric acid is a major atmospheric vapour for aerosol formation. If new particles grow fast enough, they can act as cloud droplet seeds or affect air quality. In a controlled laboratory set-up, we demonstrate that van der Waals forces enhance growth from sulfuric acid. We disentangle the effects of ammonia, ions and particle hydration, presenting a complete picture of sulfuric acid growth from molecular clusters onwards. In a climate model, we show its influence on the global aerosol budget. Measurement of ammonia, amines and iodine compounds using protonated water cluster chemical ionization mass spectrometry Joschka Pfeifer, Mario Simon, Martin Heinritzi, Felix Piel, Lena Weitz, Dongyu Wang, Manuel Granzin, Tatjana MÃ¼ller, Steffen BrÃ¤kling, Jasper Kirkby, Joachim Curtius, and Andreas KÃ¼rten Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 2501–2522, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2501-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2501-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary Ammonia is an important atmospheric trace gas that affects secondary aerosol formation and, together with sulfuric acid, the formation of new particles. A measurement technique is presented that uses high-resolution mass spectrometry and protonated water clusters for the ultrasensitive detection of ammonia at single-digit parts per trillion by volume levels. The instrument is further capable of measuring amines and a suite of iodine compounds at sub-parts per trillion by volume levels. Uptake selectivity of methanesulfonic acid (MSA) on fine particles over polynya regions of the Ross Sea, Antarctica Jinpei Yan, Jinyoung Jung, Miming Zhang, Federico Bianchi, Yee Jun Tham, Suqing Xu, Qi Lin, Shuhui Zhao, Lei Li, and Liqi Chen Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 3259–3271, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3259-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3259-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary Methanesulfonic acid (MSA) is important to the CCN in the MBL. The uptake of MSA on particles is lacking in knowledge. The characteristics of MSA uptake on different particles were studied in the Southern Ocean. The MSA uptake on different particles was associated with particle properties. Uptake of MSA on sea salt particles was favored, while acidic and hydrophobic particles suppressed the MSA uptake. The results extend the knowledge of MSA formation and behavior in the atmosphere. Terpenes and their oxidation products in the French Landes forest: insights from Vocus PTR-TOF measurements Haiyan Li, Matthieu Riva, Pekka Rantala, Liine Heikkinen, Kaspar Daellenbach, Jordan E. Krechmer, Pierre-Marie Flaud, Douglas Worsnop, Markku Kulmala, Eric Villenave, Emilie Perraudin, Mikael Ehn, and Federico Bianchi Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1941–1959, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1941-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1941-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary We deployed the recently developed Vocus PTR-TOF in the French Landes forest during summertime to gain insights into terpene chemistry. In addition to isoprene, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and the low-volatility diterpenes, various terpene reaction products are characterized. Through the analysis of terpene chemistry, we demonstrate the capability of the Vocus PTR-TOF for the detection of oxidized reaction products, highlighting its importance in investigating atmospheric oxidation processes. Variation of size-segregated particle number concentrations in wintertime Beijing Ying Zhou, Lubna Dada, Yiliang Liu, Yueyun Fu, Juha Kangasluoma, Tommy Chan, Chao Yan, Biwu Chu, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Federico Bianchi, Tom V. Kokkonen, Yongchun Liu, Joni Kujansuu, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Tuukka PetÃ¤jÃ¤, Lin Wang, Jingkun Jiang, and Markku Kulmala Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1201–1216, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1201-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1201-2020, 2020 Short summary Short summary In this study, we focus on explaining the concentration variations in the observed particle modes, by relating them to the potential aerosol sources and sinks, and on understanding the connections between these modes. Interestingly, even in the atmospheric cocktail in urban Beijing, secondary new particle formation (NPF) drives the particle number concentration, especially in the sub-3 nm range. We found that the total number concentration is ~ 4 times higher on NPF days than on haze days. Predominance of secondary organic aerosol to particle-bound reactive oxygen species activity in fine ambient aerosol Jun Zhou, Miriam Elser, Ru-Jin Huang, Manuel Krapf, Roman FrÃ¶hlich, Deepika Bhattu, Giulia Stefenelli, Peter Zotter, Emily A. Bruns, Simone M. Pieber, Haiyan Ni, Qiyuan Wang, Yichen Wang, Yaqing Zhou, Chunying Chen, Mao Xiao, Jay G. Slowik, Samuel Brown, Laure-Estelle Cassagnes, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Thomas Nussbaumer, Marianne Geiser, AndrÃ© S. H. PrÃ©vÃ´t, Imad El-Haddad, Junji Cao, Urs Baltensperger, and Josef Dommen Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 14703–14720, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14703-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14703-2019, 2019 Short summary Short summary Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are believed to contribute to the adverse health effects of aerosols. We measured particle-bound ROS (PB-ROS) with an online instrument in two distinct environments, i.e., Beijing (China) and Bern (Switzerland). In both cities these exogenic ROS are predominantly related to secondary organic aerosol (SOA). PB-ROS content in SOA from various anthropogenic emission sources tested in the laboratory was comparable to that in the ambient measurements. Characterisation of the transfer of cluster ions through an atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer with hexapole ion guides Markus Leiminger, Stefan Feil, Paul Mutschlechner, Arttu YlisirniÃ¶, Daniel Gunsch, Lukas Fischer, Alfons Jordan, Siegfried Schobesberger, Armin Hansel, and Gerhard Steiner Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 5231–5246, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5231-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5231-2019, 2019 Short summary Short summary We introduce an alternative type of atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer (APi-TOF) with the main difference of using hexapole instead of quadrupole ion guides. The transfer of cluster ions through the hexapoles was characterised with focus on transmission efficiency, mass range and fragmentation of cluster ions. At the CERN CLOUD experiment we compared the performance of the ioniAPi-TOF with a standard quadrupole APi-TOF under controlled conditions. New particle formation from sulfuric acid and ammonia: nucleation and growth model based on thermodynamics derived from CLOUD measurements for a wide range of conditions Andreas KÃ¼rten Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 5033–5050, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5033-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5033-2019, 2019 Short summary Short summary New particle formation and growth are important processes affecting climate and air quality. A significant fraction of newly formed particles originates from sulfuric acid, water, and ammonia. The present study introduces a new process model for the calculation of aerosol nucleation and growth rates for the sulfuric acid–ammonia system. The thermodynamic parameters enabling these calculations are derived from laboratory (CLOUD chamber) measurements. A comprehensive characterization of ice nucleation by three different types of cellulose particles immersed in water Naruki Hiranuma, Kouji Adachi, David M. Bell, Franco Belosi, Hassan Beydoun, Bhaskar Bhaduri, Heinz Bingemer, Carsten Budke, Hans-Christian Clemen, Franz Conen, Kimberly M. Cory, Joachim Curtius, Paul J. DeMott, Oliver Eppers, Sarah Grawe, Susan Hartmann, Nadine Hoffmann, Kristina HÃ¶hler, Evelyn Jantsch, Alexei Kiselev, Thomas Koop, Gourihar Kulkarni, Amelie Mayer, Masataka Murakami, Benjamin J. Murray, Alessia Nicosia, Markus D. Petters, Matteo Piazza, Michael Polen, Naama Reicher, Yinon Rudich, Atsushi Saito, Gianni Santachiara, Thea Schiebel, Gregg P. Schill, Johannes Schneider, Lior Segev, Emiliano Stopelli, Ryan C. Sullivan, Kaitlyn Suski, MiklÃ³s SzakÃ¡ll, Takuya Tajiri, Hans Taylor, Yutaka Tobo, Romy Ullrich, Daniel Weber, Heike Wex, Thomas F. Whale, Craig L.
wrong_mix_domainrange_leader_00015	FactBench	1	2	https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/executive-branch	en	Instagram	https://www.cia.gov/the-…1f66c6c2685054a1	https://www.cia.gov/the-…1f66c6c2685054a1	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null			/the-world-factbook/favicon-32x32.png?v=c3853bf09f084a8b1f66c6c2685054a1		null	This entry includes five subentries: chief of state; head of government; cabinet; elections/appointments; election results. Chief of state includes the name, title, and beginning date in office of the titular leader of the country who represents the state at official and ceremonial functions, but who may not be involved with the day-to-day activities of the government. Head of government includes the name and title of the person designated to manage the executive branch of the government, as well as the beginning date in office. Cabinet includes the official name and the method of member selection. Elections/appointments includes the process for accession to office, date of the last election, and date of the next election. Election results includes each candidate's political affiliation and percentage of direct popular vote or indirect legislative/parliamentary vote. The executive branches in approximately 80% of the world's countries have separate chiefs of state and heads of government; for the remainder, the chief of state is also the head of government. In dependencies, territories, and collectivities of sovereign countries -- except those of the US -- representatives are appointed to serve as chiefs of state. Heads of government in the majority of countries are appointed by the president, monarch, or the majority party in the legislative body. Excluding countries where the chief of state is also head of government, the head of government is directly elected through popular vote in only a few countries. Most executive branches have a cabinet, or a group of advisers to the country's leader. The majority of cabinets are appointed by the chief of state or head of government, sometimes in consultation with the legislature. Legislatures independently elect cabinets in only about a dozen countries.
wrong_mix_domainrange_leader_00015	FactBench	1	3	https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/04/07/minister-level-meeting-of-the-coalition-of-finance-ministers-for-climate-action	en	Minister-Level Meeting of The Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action	https://www.worldbank.or…social-share.jpg	https://www.worldbank.or…social-share.jpg	[ "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/sites/academy/img/2024/wbglogo.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/sites/corporate/img/global/wblive-logo-ENG-short_white2.png", "https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankprod/who-we-are", "https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankprod/what-we-do", "https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankprod/megamenu-photo-pakistan", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/sites/corporate/img/global/wblive-logo-ENG-short_white2.png", "https://www.worldbank.org/etc/designs/wbrrdesign/clientlibs-wbrredsign/img/search-orange.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr/stayconnected/icons-linkin32x32.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr/stayconnected/sm-icons-digg.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr/stayconnected/sm-icons-renren.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr/stayconnected/icons-stumbleupon.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr/stayconnected/sm-icons-delicious.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr/stayconnected/sina-32x32.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/etc/designs/wbr/clientlibs/img/loaderwb.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/etc/designs/wbr/clientlibs/img/loaderwb.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr-redesign/icons/fb.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr-redesign/icons/twitter.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr-redesign/icons/linkedln.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr-redesign/icons/instagram.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr-redesign/icons/youtube.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr-redesign/icons/flickr.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr-redesign/icons/whatsup.svg", "https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr-redesign/logos/logo-wbg-footer-en.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2021-04-07T00:00:00	Minister-Level Meeting of The Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action	en	/content/dam/wbr-redesign/logos/wbg-favicon.png	World Bank	https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/04/07/minister-level-meeting-of-the-coalition-of-finance-ministers-for-climate-action	The Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action steps up calls for green growth investments as part of a global shift toward an inclusive and resilient recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. The Coalition also shared perspectives on policies to make progress towards decarbonization and manage climate-related financial stability risks. The Coalition invited the United States Secretary of the Treasury Janet L. Yellen, China Minister of Finance Liu Kun, Japan State Minister of Finance Kenji Nakanishi, Republic of Korea Minister of Finance Hong Nam-Ki and representatives from Central Banks and environmental organizations to share their visions for addressing climate change with Coalition Member countries. The Coalition welcomed eight new members. Membership, now at 60, indicates a growing global interest in the use of economic and financial policies to tackle climate change. Member countries now represent about 63% of global GDP. WASHINGTON, D.C., April 6, 2021 –The Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action met today on the marginsof the 2021 Spring Meetings of the World Bank Group and the International Monetary Fund under Co-Chair H.E. Matti Vanhanen, Minister of Finance of Finland, outgoing Co-Chair H.E. Rodrigo Cerda, Minister of Finance of Chile, and incoming Co-Chair H.E. Sri Mulyani Indrawati, Minister of Finance of Indonesia. The meeting acknowledged the increasing global momentum for action on climate change in the context of the ongoing challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic—many governments are implementing large-scale stimulus packages and using this moment to boost climate ambition. Perspectives were shared on transitioning to a low carbon and climate-resilient global economy, mitigating climate-related financial risks, and pursuing pathways towards decarbonization. Speakers included United States Secretary of the Treasury Janet L. Yellen, China Minister of Finance Liu Kun, Japan State Minister of Finance Kenji Nakanishi, Republic of Korea Minister of Finance Hong Nam-Ki, Chair of the Network for Greening the Financial System Frank Elderson, Malaysian Central Bank Governor Nor Shamsiah Yunus, and representatives from the Institute of International Finance, the International Chamber of Commerce, and the Worldwide Fund for Nature. Lord Nicholas Stern, Chair of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, presented preliminary findings from a forthcoming Coalition study on green recovery strategies and recommended fiscal policies for boosting economic growth while pursuing national and global climate objectives—two goals that are increasingly recognized as going hand-in-hand. The President of the World Bank Group, David Malpass, and Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund, Kristalina Georgieva, delivered opening remarks noting key climate priorities. Several Institutional Partners also shared their perspectives during the meeting including: Tim Adams, President and CEO, Institute of International Finance; John Denton, Secretary General, International Chamber of Commerce; Valdis Dombrovskis, Executive Vice President, European Commission; Angel Gurria, Secretary General, OECD; Werner Hoyer, President, European Investment Bank; Jyrki Katainen, President, SITRA; Benigno López Benítez, Vice President for Sectors and Knowledge, IADB; Manuel Pulgar-Vidal, Global Leader of Climate & Energy, WWF; Odile Renaud-Basso, President, EBRD; Andrew Steer, World Resources Institute. The Coalition welcomed eight new Members—Belgium, Burkina Faso, Japan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Rwanda, and the United States—boosting its ranks from 52 to 60 Member countries and demonstrating the growing global interest in using economic policy to combat climate change. The meeting also marked the formal transition of the Co-Chair role from Chile to Indonesia. Chile, a founding Co-Chair alongside Finland, guided the Coalition into the leading global body that is promoting climate action through economic policy. Member countries expressed their gratitude to Chile for its hard work and dedication to the agenda. Indonesia, a strong supporter of the Coalition since its inception, is the first Co-Chair from the Asia region. Finland's term has been extended for an additional year until April 2022. In addition to the Minister-level meeting, Coalition members contributed compelling video statements on “promoting strong recovery and growth while accelerating the transition to a low carbon global economy” as inputs into the meeting's agenda. “I warmly welcome the new members of the Coalition. This demonstrates the Coalition's growing role and the importance of its work in the global climate agenda. Our work is based on building trust and confidence, sharing experiences and strengthening expertise and knowledge,” said Finance Minister Matti Vanhanen, Finland, Co-Chair of the Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action. “The Coalition has become a powerful platform for Ministries of Finance to discuss global climate issues and share experiences from a financial and economic perspective. Looking ahead, our work must be a beacon for policy discussions on climate change as well as supporting national policy development," said Finance Minister Rodrigo Cerda, Chile, outgoing Co-Chair of the Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action. “The Coalition gives the world a clear voice on the important role of Finance Ministers in the climate agenda through fiscal and financing policies. Let us use our role as Finance Ministers to drive change and leave a legacy in the fight against climate change. We will save our planet if we work together," said Finance Minister Sri Mulyani Indrawati, Indonesia, incoming Co-Chair of the Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action. About the Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action: The Coalition, launched in April 2019, is a group of Finance Ministries that share experiences and best practices, as well as collaborating on strategies to integrate climate change in their economic and financial policies. The Coalition brings together 60 countries from all regions, each representing different levels of development and climate change challenges. Member countries represent about 39% of global CO2 emissions and 63% of global GDP (2018). Last Updated: Apr 06, 2021
wrong_mix_domainrange_leader_00015	FactBench	2	96	https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/952371_Finland-NC7-1-fi_nc7_final.pdf	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
wrong_mix_domainrange_leader_00015	FactBench	2	4	https://www.fao.org/4/j5100e/j5100e.htm	en	CL 128th Session			[ "https://www.fao.org/4/j5100e/fao5.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	CL 128/8 Council Table of Contents OPENING OF THE SESSION (Item 1) ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA (Item 2) ELECTION OF OFFICERS AND DESIGNATION OF THE DRAFTING COMMITTEE (Item 3) STATE OF THE WORLD’S FORESTS 2005 (SOFO) (Item 4) REGIONAL FORESTRY COMMISSIONS IN ACTION (Item 5) NEEDS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN FOREST FIRE PREPARDNESS (Item 6) THE ROLE OF FORESTS IN CONTRIBUTING TO THE MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (Item 7) DECISIONS OF FAO GOVERNING BODIES OF INTEREST TO THE COMMITTEE (Item 8) SHAPING AN ACTION PROGRAMME FOR FAO IN FORESTRY (Item 9) XIII WORLD FORESTRY CONGRESS (Item 10) FOREST SECTOR CONTRIBUTION TO POST-TSUNAMI RECONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION (Item 11) OTHER MATTERS DATE AND PLACE OF THE NEXT SESSION (Item 12) APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIX C MATTERS REQUIRING ATTENTION BY THE COUNCIL The attention of the Council is drawn to: (a) Opening of the Session The Committee: • recommended that FAO should inform the fifth session of the United Nations Forum on Forests of the outcome of the Ministerial Meeting on Forests held on 14 March 2005 and of the 17th Session of the Committee (para 6). (b) Regional Forestry Commissions in Action The Committee: recommended that FAO increase the allocation of resources and support for the work of the Regional Forestry Commissions, including strengthening the FAO Regional Offices to this end (para 13). recommended that the Regional Forestry Commissions address, inter alia, the following key issues in their future work: a) collaboration on forest fire management; b) regional forest policy dialogue; c) forestry’s contribution to poverty alleviation and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals; d) valuation of environmental services; e) combating the threats of invasive species; f) forests and water; g) illegal logging and associated trade of forest products; and h) elevating the importance of forestry on the political agenda (para 14). The Committee appreciated the achievements of regional and thematic working groups established by the Regional Forestry Commissions on such issues as forest fire management, invasive species, wildlife management and bushmeat, forestry education and illegal logging, and recommended that such working groups be used to further facilitate action and dialogue at regional and sub-regional levels (para 15). recommended that the Regional Forestry Commissions continue to facilitate country implementation of the proposals for action of the Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (IPF) and the Intergovernmental Forum on Forests (IFF) and to provide information on developments in the international dialogue on forests (para 16). recommended that the Regional Forestry Commissions build synergies with other regional and international organizations and processes to increase cross-sectoral activities, avoid duplication, fill gaps and maximize results (para 17). recommended that the Regional Forestry Commissions continue to provide the framework for effective conduct of regional forestry sector outlook studies (para 18). recommended that relevant Regional Forestry Commissions increase support to low forest cover countries (LFCCs) in implementing actions under the Tehran Process (para 19). urged FAO to support the reactivation of the AFWC/EFC/NEFC Committee on Mediterranean Forestry Questions “Silva Mediterranea”(para 20). (c) Needs and Opportunities for International Cooperation in Forest Fire Preparedness The Committee: requested FAO, in collaboration with countries and other international partners, including the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, to develop a strategy to enhance international cooperation on wildland fire (para 28). requested FAO to provide support for countries to develop and consolidate their national fire management systems and to build the technical and operational capacity required to engage in effective international cooperation (para 32). recommended that FAO enhance its role in fire management, including through: (i) advocating fire management within the context of an integrated approach to forest management; (ii) promoting awareness that forest management is an effective means of fire prevention; (iii) underscoring the role of fire as a management tool in both agriculture and forestry; (iv) providing technical support for improved management of fuel loads in forests; (v) helping to design and implement training, education and awareness-raising programmes on forest fire management, especially at the local level; and (vi) strengthening its efforts to monitor and manage information on forest fire management and disseminate such information especially at the regional and sub-regional levels (para 33). noted the special needs which developing countries would have in the area of forest fire management and recommended that they include forest fire management in their dialogue with the international assistance agencies of developed countries, with the World Bank and with the regional development banks (para 34). recommended that FAO should inform the fifth session of the United Nations Forum on Forests of the importance attached by the Ministerial Meeting on Forests and by the 17th Session of the Committee to international cooperation on forest fire management (para 35). (d) The Role of Forests in Contributing to the Millennium Development Goals The Committee: recommended that FAO strengthen its technical support to countries to integrate national forest programmes in their respective Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers and other national development strategies and urged FAO to promote the contributions of forests to rural development (para 39). recommended that FAO strengthen its technical assistance to countries to improve governance, strengthen institutional frameworks and promote sustainable community based forest management (para 40). recommended that FAO, with other members of the Collaborative Partnership on Forests (CPF), strengthen activities in collecting, analyzing and disseminating relevant data on forests in order to demonstrate and raise awareness of the contribution of forests to development goals and to ensure that related reporting arrangements are effectively harmonized (para 41). requested FAO to assist its member countries to quantify and capture the economic values of environmental services of forests (para 42). recommended that FAO assist countries’ efforts to improve intersectoral cooperation and coordination at the national level (para 43). recommended that FAO provide a strong forest-related input to the Millennium Review Summit that will take place at the United Nations in New York in September 2005 (para 44). (e) Shaping an Action Programme for FAO in Forestry The Committee: recommended that FAO continue to undertake global and regional forest sector outlook studies, if possible at five-year intervals, to support national strategic planning (para 49). agreed that bioenergy, including fuelwood, was an important topic and fully supported an integrated approach in addressing related issues (para 50). requested that FAO continue its leadership role in the Collaborative Partnership on Forests (CPF). It welcomed efforts of CPF to consider how to strengthen its role under a future international arrangement on forests in order to accelerate implementation of sustainable forest management on the ground and to fulfil relevant commitments contained in the United Nations Millennium Declaration, including the internationally agreed development goals (para 51). recommended that FAO continue to provide technical assistance to member countries in improving forest management policies and practices, inter alia, for the implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol (para 52). recommended that FAO continue its support for regional and national networks to manage fire as well as insects and disease, in collaboration with relevant organizations such as the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction and the Global Wildland Fire Network, and further requested that FAO work with partners to develop voluntary guidelines on the prevention, suppression and recovery from forest fire (para 53). recommended that FAO accord priority to key programme and topic areas, including forests and water, forests and climate change, forests and combating desertification and halting land degradation, forests and drought, forests and bioenergy, forests and biodiversity, agroforestry, as well as forests, poverty alleviation and food security, and participatory forestry and sustainable livelihoods (para 55). requested FAO to increase assistance to countries to develop and implement national forest programmes, including in partnership with the National Forest Programme Facility (para 57). requested FAO to assist countries to better incorporate forestry in poverty reduction strategies, to enhance forest law enforcement, including affected wildlife, and to strengthen capacity for conducting national forest assessments and building forest information systems (para 58). requested FAO to strengthen its activities in the areas of monitoring, assessment and reporting on forests and to intensify assistance to countries for activities in these areas. It further requested that FAO continue efforts to link the Global Forest Resources Assessment with reporting on criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management (para 59). requested FAO to help minimize duplication in international forest reporting and, thus, reduce the reporting burden on countries by working together with other CPF members to continue to develop an information framework on forest-related reporting (para 60). requested that FAO continue to work in collaboration with other agencies, to clarify key forestry concepts and to harmonize forest-related terminology (para 61). requested that FAO increase the allocation of resources in its work programme for the activities of the Regional Forestry Commissions (para 62). (f) XIII World Forestry Congress The Committee: recommended that the submissions of Panama and Argentina to host the XIII World Forestry Congress be forwarded to the FAO Council for consideration at its 128th Session in June 2005 (para 65). (g) Forest sector Contribution to Post-tsunami Reconstruction and Rehabilitation The Committee: welcomed FAO’s assistance to countries affected by the 26 December 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean and recommended that it increase its forestry-related efforts in this regard (para 66). (h) Date and place of the Next Session The Committee agreed to hold its next session in Rome in early 2007 (para 67). OPENING OF THE SESSION (Item 1) 1. The Seventeenth Session of the Committee on Forestry (COFO) was held at FAO Headquarters, Rome, Italy, from 15 to 19 March 2005. 2. The session was attended by delegates from 124 Members of the Committee, observers from 4 other Member Nations of FAO, from 2 United Nations Member States and the Holy See, representatives of 6 United Nations Agencies and Programmes and observers from 25 intergovernmental organizations and international non-governmental organizations. The list of countries and organizations represented at the Session is provided in Appendix B. 3. Ambassador Flávio Miragaia Perri, outgoing Chair, opened the session and invited Mr Paolo Scarpa Bonazza Buora, Under-Secretary of Agricultural Policies, Ministry of Agricultural and Forestry Policies, Italy, to take the floor. The Under-Secretary thanked the Director-General for convening the Ministerial Meeting on Forests, held on 14 March 2005, and which had provided the opportunity to discuss major issues, relating not only to forests but also to overall sustainable development. 4. Mr David A. Harcharik, Deputy Director-General, welcomed delegates and delivered opening remarks. 5. Mr Jacques Diouf, Director-General, introduced the Prime Minister of Finland, H.E. Matti Vanhanen, and invited him to address the session. He then invited Madam Wangari Maathai, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate 2004, to speak to the Committee. 6. The Committee recommended that FAO should inform the fifth session of the United Nations Forum on Forests of the outcome of the Ministerial Meeting on Forests held on 14 March 2005 and of the 17th Session of the Committee. ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA (Item 2) 7. The Agenda (Appendix A) was adopted. The documents considered by the Committee are listed in Appendix C. ELECTION OF OFFICERS AND DESIGNATION OF THE DRAFTING COMMITTEE (Item 3) 8. The Committee elected Mr Abdelazim Mirghani Ibrahim (Sudan) to the Chair, Mr David S. Rhodes (New Zealand) as First Vice-Chair, and as Vice-Chairs: Mr Félix Dakouo (Mali) Africa Mr Liu HongCun (China) Asia Mr Aarne Reunala (Finland) Europe H.E.Carlos Manuel Rodríguez Echandi (Costa Rica) Latin America and the Caribbean Mr Dale Bosworth (United States) North America 9. The following member countries were elected to the Drafting Committee for the COFO report: Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Canada, Congo, Guatemala, Indonesia, Japan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Morocco, Netherlands and Pakistan . The representative of Armenia, Ambassador Zohrab V. Malek, was elected to chair the Drafting Committee and the representative of Australia, Mr Rodney Keenan, was elected vice-chair. STATE OF THE WORLD’S FORESTS 2005 (SOFO) (Item 4) 10. The Assistant Director-General of the Forestry Department, Mr M. Hosny El-Lakany, presented a brief overview of the sixth edition of the State of the World’s Forests 2005 (SOFO), copies of which had been distributed in five languages. The Assistant Director-General welcomed feedback on the publication and invited members of the Committee to submit suggestions for SOFO 2007. The Committee noted the particular relevance of this edition’s theme – realizing the economic benefits from forests. It welcomed coverage of several key topics of interest, including opportunities and challenges associated with enhancing the economic benefits from forests; experiences and lessons learned on enhancing benefits of agroforestry; the economics of wood energy; invasive species; and the links between violent conflict and forested regions in many parts of the world. It also noted the involvement of a number of external collaborators in the preparation of SOFO 2005 and congratulated the Forestry Department for adopting this approach. REGIONAL FORESTRY COMMISSIONS IN ACTION (Item 5) 11. The Committee agreed that the Regional Forestry Commissions are a vital component of FAO’s work and provide effective mechanisms to enhance regional and sub-regional cooperation and to support member countries’ efforts to implement sustainable forest management. They facilitate the exchange of experiences and lessons learned, build capacity, support networks on issues of regional importance, strengthen countries’ capacity to participate effectively in international forest-related policy fora, and enhance linkages among national, regional and global processes. 12. The Committee encouraged FAO, working in collaboration with member countries and other partners, to take action to implement the recommendations made by the six FAO Regional Forestry Commissions in their sessions in 2004, as well by the recent sessions of the Expert Panel on Forest Genetic Resources, the International Poplar Commission and the Advisory Committee on Paper and Wood Products. 13. The Committee recommended that FAO increase the allocation of resources and support for the work of the Regional Forestry Commissions, including strengthening the FAO Regional Offices to this end 14. The Committee recommended that the Regional Forestry Commissions address, inter alia, the following key issues in their future work: a) collaboration on forest fire management; b) regional forest policy dialogue; c) forestry’s contribution to poverty alleviation and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals; d) valuation of environmental services; e) combating the threats of invasive species; f) forests and water; g) illegal logging and associated trade of forest products; and h) elevating the importance of forestry on the political agenda. 15. The Committee appreciated the achievements of regional and thematic working groups established by the Regional Forestry Commissions on such issues as forest fire management, invasive species, wildlife management and bushmeat, forestry education and illegal logging, and recommended that such working groups be used to further facilitate action and dialogue at regional and sub-regional levels. 16. The Committee recommended that the Regional Forestry Commissions continue to facilitate country implementation of the proposals for action of the Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (IPF) and the Intergovernmental Forum on Forests (IFF) and to provide information on developments in the international dialogue on forests. The role of the Regional Forestry Commissions in this regard was considered particularly valuable for smaller countries unable to participate in all global fora related to forests. 17. The Committee recommended that the Regional Forestry Commissions build synergies with other regional and international organizations and processes to increase cross-sectoral activities, avoid duplication, fill gaps and maximize results. 18. The Committee recommended that the Regional Forestry Commissions continue to provide the framework for effective conduct of regional forestry sector outlook studies. 19. The Committee recommended that relevant Regional Forestry Commissions increase support to low forest cover countries (LFCCs) in implementing actions under the Tehran Process. 20. The Committee urged FAO to support the reactivation of the AFWC/EFC/NEFC Committee on Mediterranean Forestry Questions “Silva Mediterranea”. NEEDS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN FOREST FIRE PREPARDNESS (Item 6) 21. The Committee expressed its appreciation to FAO for including the issue of forest fire on the agenda of this session of the Committee on Forestry, and of the Ministerial Meeting on Forests, which took place at FAO on 14 March 2005. 22. The Committee commended FAO on the Secretariat Note, whilst noting that additional emphasis could have been placed on the different roles played by fire in various forest types. The Committee highlighted that, while fire is often used in the boreal region as an instrument for forest regeneration, many fires in tropical forests, although often being controlled or managed, may have irreversible consequences in the long-term for the conservation of forest ecosystems and biodiversity, in the absence of good regeneration programmes. 23. The Committee noted that many countries have a complex array of social, economic and environmental values in fire-prone landscapes that require protection from fire. 24. The Committee highlighted the fact that, while fire is an important ecological process and land management tool, it can also have negative social, economic and environmental impacts and can contribute to forest degradation, thereby simultaneously representing a useful instrument and serious threat for sustainable forest management. 25. The link between forest fire and global climate change was highlighted, as were links between effective forest fire management and poverty reduction and biodiversity conservation. Mention was made of specific problems related to, inter alia: refugee camps; the existence of land mines; fire, haze and smoke across borders; and the risk of fire arising from the agricultural sector. 26. The Committee took note that the 4th International Wildland Fire Conference is to be held in Spain in 2007. 27. The Committee noted that effective fire management required prevention, including public education, preparedness, suppression and rehabilitation. It further noted that stakeholder involvement and community-based forest fire management were essential components of an effective forest management strategy. 28. The Committee further noted that fire management was a national responsibility. It called on FAO to facilitate enhanced international cooperation on forest fire and requested FAO, in collaboration with countries and other international partners, including the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, to develop a strategy to enhance international cooperation on wildland fire. It noted that the template for international cooperation in wildland fire management, as presented at the International Wildland Fire Summit in Australia in 2003, could be used by countries wishing to cooperate in this area. 29. The Committee commended FAO for its current work related to forest fire management, in particular regarding the sharing of information and experiences, training, mobilizing partners and supporting regional and sub-regional networks related to forest fire. 30. The Committee noted the different views on the proposal for FAO to facilitate development of an international accord on forest fire. 31. The Committee concluded that it was vital to strengthen existing mechanisms for collaboration on forest fire, and that the existing bilateral and regional agreements are a valuable basis for international cooperation. 32. The Committee requested FAO to provide support for countries to develop and consolidate their national fire management systems and to build the technical and operational capacity required to engage in effective international cooperation. 33. The Committee recommended that FAO enhance its role in fire management, including through: (i) advocating fire management within the context of an integrated approach to forest management; (ii) promoting awareness that forest management is an effective means of fire prevention; (iii) underscoring the role of fire as a management tool in both agriculture and forestry; (iv) providing technical support for improved management of fuel loads in forests; (v) helping to design and implement training, education and awareness-raising programmes on forest fire management, especially at the local level; and (vi) strengthening its efforts to monitor and manage information on forest fire management and disseminate such information especially at the regional and sub-regional levels. 34. The Committee noted the special needs which developing countries would have in the area of forest fire management and recommended that they include forest fire management in their dialogue with the international assistance agencies of developed countries, with the World Bank and with the regional development banks. 35. The Committee also recommended that FAO should inform the fifth session of the United Nations Forum on Forests of the importance attached by the Ministerial Meeting on Forests and by the 17th Session of the Committee to international cooperation on forest fire management. THE ROLE OF FORESTS IN CONTRIBUTING TO THE MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (Item 7) 36. The Committee recognized the vital role of forests, trees outside forests and sustainable forest management in the fulfilment of commitments contained in the United Nations Millennium Declaration, including the internationally agreed development goals, and underscored the need to strengthen efforts to demonstrate this important contribution. 37. In this context, the Committee acknowledged FAO’s active role in demonstrating the importance of forests in achieving development goals and welcomed its work on guidelines for enhancing the contribution of forestry to poverty alleviation and food security. 38. The Committee also noted that the current programme of work of FAO contributes significantly to the achievement of these development goals. 39. The Committee recommended that FAO strengthen its technical support to countries to integrate national forest programmes in their respective Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers and other national development strategies and urged FAO to promote the contributions of forests to rural development. 40. The Committee recommended that FAO strengthen its technical assistance to countries to improve governance, strengthen institutional frameworks and promote sustainable community based forest management. 41. The Committee recommended that FAO, with other members of the Collaborative Partnership on Forests (CPF), strengthen activities in collecting, analyzing and disseminating relevant data on forests in order to demonstrate and raise awareness of the contribution of forests to development goals and to ensure that related reporting arrangements are effectively harmonized. 42. The Committee also requested FAO to assist its member countries to quantify and capture the economic values of environmental services of forests. 43. The Committee further recommended that FAO assist countries’ efforts to improve intersectoral cooperation and coordination at the national level. 44. The Committee recommended that FAO provide a strong forest-related input to the Millennium Review Summit that will take place at the United Nations in New York in September 2005. 45. The Committee noted the strong linkage between development goals and the Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (IPF) and the Intergovernmental Forum on Forests (IFF) proposals for action to achieve sustainable forest management. 46. The Committee noted that the XXII World Congress of IUFRO will be held in Brisbane, Australia, in August 2005, and invited all members to participate actively in this event. DECISIONS OF FAO GOVERNING BODIES OF INTEREST TO THE COMMITTEE (Item 8) 47. The Committee noted the recommendations of the 32nd Session of the FAO Conference and of the 124th and 127th Sessions of the FAO Council, in particular those related to FAO’s work: to facilitate countries’ efforts to achieve the commitments contained in the United Nations Millennium Declaration, including the internationally agreed development goals, and to implement sustainable forest management; to strengthen national capacities; and to support international forestry processes. 48. The Committee also took note of the recommendations relating to forestry emanating from the FAO Regional Conferences held in 2004. SHAPING AN ACTION PROGRAMME FOR FAO IN FORESTRY (Item 9) 49. The Committee recommended that FAO continue to undertake global and regional forest sector outlook studies, if possible at five-year intervals, to support national strategic planning. 50. The Committee agreed that bioenergy, including fuelwood, was an important topic and fully supported an integrated approach in addressing related issues. 51. The Committee requested that FAO continue its leadership role in the Collaborative Partnership on Forests (CPF). It welcomed efforts of CPF to consider how to strengthen its role under a future international arrangement on forests in order to accelerate implementation of sustainable forest management on the ground and to fulfil relevant commitments contained in the United Nations Millennium Declaration, including the internationally agreed development goals. 52. The Committee recommended that FAO continue to provide technical assistance to member countries in improving forest management policies and practices, inter alia, for the implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol. 53. The Committee recommended that FAO continue its support for regional and national networks to manage fire as well as insects and disease, in collaboration with relevant organizations such as the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction and the Global Wildland Fire Network, and further requested that FAO work with partners to develop voluntary guidelines on the prevention, suppression and recovery from forest fire. 54. The Committee strongly supported the continued focus of FAO on technical advice, capacity-building and knowledge dissemination on best practices, including on such topics as planted forests and trees outside forests. 55. The Committee recommended that FAO accord priority to key programme and topic areas, including forests and water, forests and climate change, forests and combating desertification and halting land degradation, forests and drought, forests and bioenergy, forests and biodiversity, agroforestry, as well as forests, poverty alleviation and food security, and participatory forestry and sustainable livelihoods. 56. The Committee supported the FAO work plan regarding the conservation of forests and fragile ecosystems and invasive species. 57. The Committee requested FAO to increase assistance to countries to develop and implement national forest programmes, including in partnership with the National Forest Programme Facility. 58. The Committee emphasized the need for policy frameworks and institutional arrangements that foster the participation of civil society in forest decision-making and improve cooperation across sectors. In this regard, it requested FAO to assist countries to better incorporate forestry in poverty reduction strategies, to enhance forest law enforcement, including affected wildlife, and to strengthen capacity for conducting national forest assessments and building forest information systems. 59. The Committee requested FAO to strengthen its activities in the areas of monitoring, assessment and reporting on forests and to intensify assistance to countries for activities in these areas. It further requested that FAO continue efforts to link the Global Forest Resources Assessment with reporting on criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management. 60. The Committee requested FAO to help minimize duplication in international forest reporting and, thus, reduce the reporting burden on countries by working together with other CPF members to continue to develop an information framework on forest-related reporting. 61. The Committee requested that FAO continue to work in collaboration with other agencies, to clarify key forestry concepts and to harmonize forest-related terminology. 62. The Committee requested that FAO increase the allocation of resources in its work programme for the activities of the Regional Forestry Commissions. XIII WORLD FORESTRY CONGRESS (Item 10) 63. The Committee noted the outcome of the XII World Forestry Congress in 2003, held in Quebec City in September 2003, and highly commended the Government of Canada and FAO on the successful implementation of this event. 64. The Committee noted that in July 2004 the Director-General had invited governments interested in hosting the XIII World Forestry Congress to communicate their formal offer to the Organization. 65. Two countries had submitted formal offers in response to this invitation: Panama and Argentina. The Committee acknowledged the two offers and recommended that the submissions of Panama and Argentina to host the XIII World Forestry Congress be forwarded to the FAO Council for consideration at its 128th Session in June 2005. FOREST SECTOR CONTRIBUTION TO POST-TSUNAMI RECONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION (Item 11) 66. The Committee welcomed FAO’s assistance to countries affected by the 26 December 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean and recommended that it increase its forestry-related efforts in this regard. The Committee encouraged FAO to play a lead role through its regional offices in forest-related rehabilitation activities in collaboration with countries, international organizations, regional organizations, and non-governmental organizations, and to promote an integrated approach to coastal area management and livelihoods in all sectors. OTHER MATTERS DATE AND PLACE OF THE NEXT SESSION (Item 12) 67. The Committee agreed to hold its next session in Rome in early 2007. APPENDIX A AGENDA 1. Opening of the session 2. Adoption of the agenda 3. Election of officers and designation of the Drafting Committee 4. State of the World’s Forests (SOFO 2005) 5. Regional forestry commissions in action (panel with representatives from the bureaux) 6. Needs and opportunities for international cooperation in forest fire preparedness 7. The role of forests in contributing to the Millennium Development Goals In-session seminar: Maintaining the international commitment to sustainable forest management 8. Decisions of FAO Governing Bodies of interest to the Committee 9. Shaping an action programme for FAO in forestry • Forests and bioenergy • Forest sector outlook studies • Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) 2005 update • Forest sector in small island developing states 10. XIII World Forestry Congress 11. Forest sector contribution to post-tsunami reconstruction and rehabilitation 12. Date and place of the next session 13 Adoption of the report 14. Closing of the session APPENDIX B COUNTRIES AND ORGANIZATIONS REPRESENTED AT THE SESSION MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE OBSERVERS FROM FAO MEMBER NATIONS Oman Qatar Republic of Moldova Saint Vincent and the Grenadines OBSERVERS FROM UNITED NATIONS MEMBER STATES Belarus Russian Federation PERMANENT OBSERVER TO FAO Holy See REPRESENTATIVES OF UNITED NATIONS AND SPECIALIZED AGENCIES Economic Commission for Europe International Strategy for Disaster Reduction United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification United Nations Forum on Forests United Nations Framework for the Convention on Climate Change World Bank Group OBSERVERS FROM INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS Arab Authority for Agricultural Investment and Development International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies International Plant Genetic Resources Institute League of Arab States Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OBSERVERS FROM INTERNATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS African Academy of Sciences Center for International Forestry Research Commonwealth Forestry Association Confederation of European Forest Owners European Observatory of Mountain Forests European Tropical Forest Research Network Forest Stewardship Council Friends of the Earth International International Association of Agricultural Economists International Cooperative Alliance International Forestry Students Associations International Tropical Timber Organization International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources - the World Conservation Union International Union of Forest Research Organizations Blue Plan The Nature Conservancy WorldWide Office Tropical Forest Trust Union des Sylviculteurs du Sud de l’Europe World Federation of Trade Unions APPENDIX C LIST OF DOCUMENTS
wrong_mix_domainrange_leader_00015	FactBench	0	6	https://rulers.org/2003-04.html	en	April 2003			[ "https://rulers.org/akufon.jpg", "https://rulers.org/beyel.jpg", "https://rulers.org/menic.jpg", "https://rulers.org/giann.jpg", "https://rulers.org/parav.jpg", "https://rulers.org/parts.jpg", "https://rulers.org/chares.jpg", "https://rulers.org/jaatt.jpg", "https://rulers.org/kallim.jpg", "https://rulers.org/obeidje.jpg", "https://rulers.org/borra.jpg", "https://rulers.org/wangq.jpg", "https://rulers.org/khadj.jpg", "https://rulers.org/abbasm.jpg", "https://rulers.org/shaat.jpg", "https://rulers.org/ndayi.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
wrong_mix_domainrange_leader_00015	FactBench	1	61	https://www.helsinki.fi/en/helsinki-institute-sustainability-science/helsus-events/viikki-sustainability-research-seminar	en	Viikki Sustainability Research Seminar	https://www.helsinki.fi/…ng?itok=mqd4jOOL	https://www.helsinki.fi/…ng?itok=mqd4jOOL	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) and the Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS) organize a joint research seminar focused on various sustainability themes. The seminar invites researchers and other interested guests to discuss and debate topical sustainability research.	en	/themes/custom/helsingin_yliopisto/favicon.ico	University of Helsinki	https://www.helsinki.fi/en/helsinki-institute-sustainability-science/helsus-events/viikki-sustainability-research-seminar	When: Tuesday 13th February at 15:00-16:00 UTS +2 (Helsinki Time). For the rest of the world, check your time here. From 16 to 16:30 there is a possibility to stay online for discussion. Where: Online (Teams link!) This first seminar event of the spring explores why mass migration is happening now globally, among humans and other species. This seminar session provides an overview of the circumstances that have contributed to the current global migration, addressing some of the key factors affecting the movement of humans, and geographic range shifts non-human animals and plants. Chair: HELSUS director Susanna Lehvävirta Speakers: Maria Hällfors, Senior Research Scientist Syke Mila Sell, Senior Research Scientist, Luke Samuel White, Professor of Political History, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki Presentations: Maria Hällfors: Species on the move Over time, species have evolved to thrive in specific environments, and climatic conditions provide some of the most important boundaries for these spatial ranges. As climate changes, temperatures tend to increase and precipitation regimes change, whereby the conditions where species currently occur will also change. In this presentation, I describe how species can adapt to climate change by adjusting in place or by dispersing across space, and how these strategies may complement or enhance each other. Which option(s) is more readily available to a species might be predictable by differences among species in their flexibility vs. selectivity for climatic conditions, and thus provide a key to understanding both observed and future range shifts. Maria Hällfors is Senior Research Scientist in the Nature Solutions unit at the Finnish Environment Institute Syke where she investigates the effects of climate change on biodiversity. An overarching goal of her research is to identify common denominators for species that are and are not able to adjust to environmental change and especially climate change. Mila Sell: The broad impacts a food system transformation in Africa can have for people, communities and sustainability A key driver of migration has always been the search for new opportunities. In Africa the majority of the population is dependent on the food system for their income and wellbeing. Global and local threats caused or exacerbated by climate change, biodiversity loss and population growth, is negatively affecting African food systems, which in turn has a huge impact on local opportunities and communities. How can and should food systems be transformed, in order to provide stability as well as sustainability? Mila Sell is a Senior Scientist at Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) with a multidisciplinary academic background, including an MSc in social sciences, and a PhD in Agricultural Economics. She has a long experience of research program design, coordination and implementation in the field of sustainability and resilience, especially focusing on food systems and natural resource management in an African context. Her special interests include using a gender perspective, participatory co-creation methods and empowerment of small-scale farmers. Sam White: Historical Perspectives on Climate, Disasters, and Human Migrations Current anthropogenic climate change is unprecedented, but past centuries provide numerous examples of displacement and migration during climate- and weather-related disasters. By bridging findings from historical research and from studies of current climate-migration links, we may be in a better position to identify long-term patterns and scenarios for the 21st century. This presentation will briefly discuss some historical studies of climate, disaster, and migration and possible insights for current and future challenges. Sam White is professor of political history at the University of Helsinki, where he teaches environmental history, theory and methods of history, and uses and politics of history. His research specializes in past climates, disasters, extreme weather, and societal impacts and adaptations. When: Tuesday 19th March at 15:00-16:00 UTS +2 (Helsinki Time). For the rest of the world, check your time here. From 16 to 16:30 there is a possibility to stay online for discussion. Where: Online (Teams link!) The second seminar explores what are the consequences of the mobility/migration for humans and non-humans in their destination: How do the human migrants adapt to the new conditions, what are the possible challenges and enablers? And what are the potential ecological and social impacts of the invasive animal and plant species and how are they managed? Chair: Katriina Soini, Luke Speakers: Chaitawat Boonjubun, visiting scholar and postdoctoral research fellow (HELSUS): Thai berry pickers, seasonal work, and the Finnish sustainable food systems Henri Vanhanen PhD, Senior Scientist (Luke): Invasive Alien Species - Pathways Marja Uusitalo, Senior Scientist (Luke): Challenges and solutions in nature-based integration of migrants in Finland Presentations: Chaitawat Boonjubun: Thai berry pickers, seasonal work, and the Finnish sustainable food systems The Finnish way of life is closely connected to nature. Jokaisenoikeudet or the everyman’s rights principle allows everyone who lives in or visits Finland to free roam the natural areas and pick wild berries and mushrooms. Wild berry picking for commercial purposes is hard work because it usually requires long-distance walking in difficult terrain areas. For over a decade now, wild berries have been commercially harvested by berry pickers from foreign countries, primarily from Thailand. Albeit Thai berry pickers are the backbone of the Finnish wild berry industry, suspected cases of exploitation of Thai berry pickers are constantly highlighted in government and media reports. Most Thai berry pickers are not employed persons; they are invited by berry-purchasing companies to pick and sell wild berries to them. In lieu of bringing hundreds of thousands of Thai baht back home as expected, many pickers eventually were in debt because of various costs such as travel expenses, visas, lodging, and the fluctuations in the prices of wild berries. This research looks at the lived experience of Thai berry pickers in Finland throughout their mobility process. It also discusses how commercial berry picking by Thai berry pickers has contributed to the Finnish sustainable food systems. Chaitawat Boonjubun is currently a postdoctoral research fellow at the Unit of Social Research, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, working for “The Decision Making of Aspiring (Re)migrants to and within the EU: the Case of Labour Market-leading Migrations from Asia (AspirE)" which is an EU-funded research project exploring the decision-making of aspiring (re)migrants from Southeast and East Asia to and within the EU countries. He is also a grant recipient of the Finnish Cultural Foundation for a postdoctoral research project "From Thai Rice Fields to Finnish Berry Forests: Thai Berry Pickers in Finland and Their Experiences of Social Inequalities Throughout the Mobility Process". Chaitawat is a visiting scholar at the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki. He is a member of the International Editorial Advisory Board of Housing Studies journal and the Editorial Board of the Just Ecological Political Economy (JEPE), the Global South Theme of the Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS). Marja Uusitalo: Challenges and solutions in nature-based integration of migrants in Finland Immigration to Finland has increased, as in other EU countries. Integration programs should have a variety of tools to support immigrants who are at high risk of social exclusion, such as people from non-EU countries. We have explored the challenges and solutions of nature-based integration in several EU co-funded projects and have identified some barriers that may prevent migrants from using green spaces. We have also developed a model that applies 'Green Care' principles to nature-based activities for multicultural groups of newcomers and local people to promote social inclusion and the health benefits of nature. Marja Uusitalo (DSS) is a Senior Scientist at Luke. She has led research and development projects on the use of green spaces in social and tourism services. She also applies landscape design and service design methods to her work. Henri Vanhanen: Invasive Alien Species - Pathways Trade and transport has moved people and goods yet also hidden passengers. Trade has been the main reason for species to reach areas, continents, islands beyond their normal migratory capabilities. Historically modes of transport have changed in time and introduction of species to new territories resemble each time period in transport development. In the presentation historical modes of spread of alien invasive species is described and trough examples opened the various environmental, social, and economical effects the species may have in new areas they occupy. Henri Vanhanen is Senior Research Scientist at Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) where his current research and development work focuses on fungal applications whether it would food, feed or biomaterials. In the past he finished his PhD on alien invasive species and continued the research funded by academy of Finland at SCION, New Zealand. Latest project regarding invasive species was XAMK coordinated Prevention and utilization of Invasive Alien Species - PURE, ENI CBC. When: Tue 25.04. at 15-16 UTS +2 There will be coffee served on-site from 14:30 and time for discussion from 16:00-16:30. Where: On-site at Viikki (Latokartanonkaari 9, A-building, Room A2) and via Teams (follow this link to join the seminar online). Chair: Katriina Soini Speakers: SYKE: Suvi Huttunen, a leading researcher at the Societal change unit of the Finnish Environment Institute University of Helsinki: Erik Andersson, a professor at the Ecosystem and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, HELSUS Luke: Juha Hiedanpää, a research professor on natural resource and environmental policy and governance Suvi Huttunen: Citizens as knowledge co-producers in sustainability transitions research Public engagement is understood as a prerequisite for sustainability transitions. There is a need to create a more holistic understanding of how citizens participate in knowledge co-creation for sustainability transitions. I will present results from a recent paper, in which we review the sustainability transitions literature from the perspective of citizen engagement in research. Overall, citizen engagement was relatively rare, and only loosely connected to transitions approaches. Four key forms of citizen engagement in transitions research were identified: (1) envisioning sustainable futures; (2) local transition implementation; (3) revealing public perceptions; and (4) developing participatory methods to facilitate transitions. These forms facilitate transitions in terms of participant empowerment and providing a broader understanding of practical circumstances. However, citizens rarely participated throughout the research process and the acknowledgement of citizens' local knowledge remained limited. There is a need to deepen citizen engagement in transitions research and more explicitly address power relations. Bio: Suvi Huttunen works as a leading researcher at the Societal change unit of the Finnish Environment Institute. Currently her research focuses on governing just transitions and she is particularly interested in understanding citizen engagement in governance. Erik Andersson: Shifting roles in collective knowledge weaving Drawing on insights from the design and implementation of several participatory dialogue process, I will outline methodological adaptations to a resilience informed system exploration, to better accommodate the complexity of mosaic landscapes. We have used different knowledge elicitation and deliberation methods - workshops, surveys, and interviews – paralleled by a thorough literature-based and reflexive analysis of process outcomes. The main discussion points are stakeholder participation, the role of discourses and actors, identities and mandates, agency, and adaptive capacity, and alternative strategies for dealing with change. Handling this diversity poses a challenge for process design: combining the ambition of an inclusive process and the need to be relevant with the use of bridging concepts increases the risk of reducing the level of complexity of the deliberative process. Moving from knowledge generation to taking action remains a challenge and give cause to reflect on what is the role of the researcher. Bio: Andersson is a professor of sustainability science at the Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme and HELSUS. With more than 80 peer reviewed publications in scientific journals, 6 book chapters and multiple technical reports and popular science items, Anderson is an active and independent scientist. He has led multiple national and international research projects (coordinator or WP lead) since 2010 and collaborate with a wide international network of scientists and organisations. Andersson has experience in systems and landscape ecology, geography, urban studies, landscape governance, participatory research, transdisciplinary research, review and synthesis work, climate change adaptation, action research and design. Andersson has successfully has led several larger European projects investigating broad sustainability issues and how green infrastructure and functioning social-ecological systems play in contributing to different solutions. Outside academia, his transdisciplinary research is paralleled by engagement and collaboration with civic, public and private actors, with tasks and activities such as being a member of expert panels and advisory boards, or acting as a broker of scientific knowledge in diverse initiatives exploring and testing pathways towards more sustainable urban development. Juha Hiedanpää: The normative limits of scientific advice Transdisciplinary research is expected to have societal relevance. As currently understood, in transdisciplinary research the involvement of concerned communities and relevant decision-making bodies should happen throughout the science process from the identification of research problems all the way to the evaluation of the long-term effects of applied solutions. A multitude of ethical and scientific issues arise during the transdisciplinary process. This is not all, however. Aesthetic issues often also arise since transdisciplinary research intervenes with communities’ and community members’ understanding of and reflection on what constitutes an admired end in given problematic situation and hence the purpose of collaborative scientific endeavour. In my short presentation, by leaning on philosopher Charles S. Peirce’s (1839–1914) conception of normative sciences, I will highlight some aesthetic, ethical and scientific aspects of the practice of transdisciplinary research. Bio: Juha is research professor on natural resource and environmental policy and governance at Luke. Currently he leads the Strategic research programme Environmental and Social Links to Biodiversity Loss (BIOD, 2021–2027) and projects such as Coevolutionary approach to unlock the transformative potential of nature-based solutions for more inclusive and resilient communities (COEVOLVERS, Horizon Europe, 2022–2026) and Bringing institutional virtues into governance: Integrating the scientific, indigenous, and local knowing in Teno river salmon policy and administration (DEATNU, Academy of Finland, 2022–2026). Among other scientific writings, he has co-authored Environmental Heresies: The Quest for Reasonable (Palgrave, 2016) with Daniel W. Bromley. When: Tue 28.03. at 15-16 UTS +2 There will coffee served on-site from 14:30 and time for discussion from 16:00-16:30. Where: On-site at Viikki (Latokartanonkaari 9, A-building, Room A2) and via Teams (follow this link to join the seminar online). Chair: Eeva Primmer Speakers: Kai Kokko (HELSUS) and Anu Lähteenmäki-Uutela (SYKE) Anu Lähteenmäki-Uutela: Comprehensive and Coherent Legislation to Transform Food Systems Food system outputs and outcomes are not in line with the SDGs, the planetary boundaries, or international human rights law. Food systems must be transformed, and States have a duty to do so. Comprehensive and coherent legislation targeting all food system actors is required. Currently, there is EU legislation on fertilizer and pesticide use in agriculture, and food safety rules are plentiful. Environmental footprints and human rights impacts have so far not been regulated. Food is also not required to nutritious or healthy, and marketing unhealthy foods even to children is allowed. The proposed Deforestation Regulation, the proposed Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive, and the EU taxonomy for sustainable investments are good examples of more systemic approaches. Food sold in Europe should not be based on biodiversity loss, unsustainable water use or water degradation, forced labour or child labour, or violations of indigenous rights. The food industry and food retail (supermarkets and restaurants) as major food system actors should carry the main responsibility for environmental sustainability and human rights issues with food sold in Europe. The food industry, food retail, and marketing companies are also responsible for obesity, and much stricter legislation is needed concerning nutrition and health. Consumer choice alone will never make food systems sustainable. Investor choice might. Bio: Anu Lähteenmäki-Uutela works as a senior research scientist at the Finnish Environment Institute. She is Adjunct Professor in food law. Currently she studies how to regulate trade, how to regulate agriculture and aquaculture, and how to regulate alternative protein products. Kai Kokko: Legislation and guidance A significant part of environmental law is based on regulation by statute, i.e., legislative measures that consciously aim to guide the activities and behaviour of individuals, public authorities and communities. The regulative objective will be to implement environmental policy with legal instruments (instrumentalist perspective). However, environmental regulation does not empty out in the implementation of environmental policy, but it must be understood as a broader concept, covering the systematic efforts of some actor to influence on the behaviour of other actors by setting guidelines and standards. Regulation can require active response, passive acceptance or merely inform the target of regulation. Regulation also includes control and enforcement. Such regulation includes, for example, international self-regulation adopted by the mining industry to guide the treatment of cyanide by various operators in order to prevent accidents in gold mining operations. Self-regulation clearly describes how environmental legislation as a concept is no longer sufficient to cover diversified environmental regulation. In fact, actors can be regulated at the same time according to regulation from different policy sectors and sources. In Bio-CCU research project is studied carbon capture, use and storage technologies (CCUS) which are gaining an increasing role in mitigating climate change. At the University of Helsinki researchers Tiina Paloniitty and Emilie Yliheljo with me focus on the regulative analysis of the CCUS. These novel cross-sectoral technologies – mandatory for achieving the EU Green Deal objectives of sustainability transition – challenge the traditional representation of environmental law divided into distinct sectoral silos, interlinked yet separate with at times overlapping, at times conflicting aims. Bio: Kai Kokko, professor at the Faculty of Law, the University of Helsinki, is specialized environmental and sustainability law. He is currently leading WP 5 in the Bio-CCU project funded by Business Finland. When? Tue 13.12.2022 at 15-16 UTC +3 There will coffee served on-site from 14:30 and time for discussion from 16:00-16:30. The discussion is not recorded. Where? Recording available here. Chair: Susanna Lehvävirta, HELSUS Director Speakers: Jan Weckström, University Researcher (HELSUS) Kirsi Usva, Research Scientist (LUKE) Jarno Turunen, Senior Researcher (SYKE) Palaeolimnology – a key tool for sustainable water management, presenter Jan Weckström The high demand of technological societies and economic growth increases the need for and use of natural resources. Freshwaters are essential for humans to survive, thus its of great importance to secure its quality and availability. However, too often, no directly measured data on freshwater ecosystem quality are available, and thus the separation of pollution impacts from other environmental changes and processes can be extremely challenging. Paleolimnological methods can be used to reliably trace past environmental conditions, providing information about the timing, direction, speed, and magnitude of changes in freshwater ecosystems. Palaeolimnology is also a key element in our new project “Vesiekosysteemien seuranta- ja velvoitetarkkailumenetelmien kehittäminen – menetelmät ja tila-arviot ekosysteemin toiminnan kuvaajina (VesiMon)” where the aims are to evaluate the current environmental impact monitoring and obligatory monitoring methods and, if necessary, to develop them in a more comprehensive and cost-effective direction. This project will hopefully provide decision makers with new tools for sustainable water management in order to keep our national treasure, clean freshwaters, in good condition also in the future. Bio: Jan Weckström is a university researcher at the Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme HY and has 30 years of experience in paleoecology/paleolimnology within a broad range of research interests. His current project focus on the development of new and cost-effective monitoring-, and obligatory monitoring methods for freshwater ecosystems. Assessing water scarcity impacts of food products, presenter Kirsi Usva Agriculture is the main water consumer globally. Even if water scarcity conditions in Finland is good, due to international food trade, assessing water scarcity impacts of food products is a very relevant question in here too. AWARE is the most promising method for water scarcity impact assessment within life cycle assessment (LCA) framework. The first food case studies with AWARE indicate that irrigation is the most important water consumer in food chains, when applied. Secondly the geographical origins of inputs may do a remarkable difference in the water scarcity impact results of foods. More research within LCA is needed with spatially differentiated data on the inputs as well as with primary data especially on irrigation. In general, the reliability of the assessments would be improved by integrating more detailed process level data to wider scope assessments. Bio: Researcher Kirsi Usva works in Natural Resources Institute Finland. Her research focuses on environmental impacts of food, and she applies and develops life cycle assessment methodology. The topic of her doctoral dissertation is water scarcity impact within LCA, especially in terms of inventory data. Land use in changing climate- the response of boreal freshwater ecosystems? presenter Jarno Turunen Land use is a pervasive anthropogenic pressure causing ecological degradation in freshwater ecosystems. In the boreal region, climate change and increase of air temperature and precipitation will exacerbate the land use impacts by increasing nutrient and sediment pollution, organic carbon run off and heat waves. There is an urgent need to understand the ecological effects of these inevitable environmental changes and find sustainable land use solutions to mitigate the adverse effects. In this presentation, I summarize the potential land use impacts of forestry and agriculture on boreal stream ecosystems, especially in the context of changing climate and the potential solutions to mitigate these impacts. Bio: Jarno Turunen is a senior researcher in the Freshwater Centre of Finnish Environment Institute (Syke). His current research focuses on the impacts of hydromorphological and land use pressures on the ecological status of aquatic ecosystems and on the key ecological restoration measures. When? Tue 15.11.2022 at 15-16 UTC +3 There will coffee served on-site from 14:30 and time for discussion from 16:00-16:30. The discussion is not recorded. Where? Recording available here. Chair: Katriina Soini, Principal Scientist, Research Manager, Luke Speakers: Saija Rasi, Principal Scientist, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) Helena Valve, Senior researcher, Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) Maria Brockhaus, Professor (HELSUS) Sustainability of biogas production from different organic waste and side streams, presenter Saija Rasi Abstract: Biogas is considered as one of the sustainable ways to produce energy. On the other hand, sustainability depends on raw materials used as well as the processing methods, including digestate treatment and utilization. In Finland, most of the biogas plants use municipal biowaste or waste water sludge as raw material. With increasing demand on green and local energy, the amount of biogas plants as well as need for new raw materials are increasing. This brings new challenges also to sustainability assessment. Also, EU has set targets for renewable energy production but also defines a series of sustainability and GHG emission criteria that bioenergy must comply with to be counted towards the overall target and to be eligible for financial support by public authorities. Some EU countries has also set own regulations for biogas production, in addition to EU criteria. Knowing the risks and raw materials, sustainable biogas production is possible. Bio: Saija Rasi, PhD, is a principal scientist at Natural Resources Institute Finland. Her research focuses on biogas and biorefinery systems including studies on biomass availability, production of value-added bio-based products and energy, nutrient recycling and sustainability issues. She is the Finnish representative in IEA Bioenergy Task 37: Energy from Biogas. Economisation of nutrient-rich biomasses: How business models serve closing of material loops? presenter Helena Valve Abstract: Making a circular economy transformation has sparked interest in business models as means to decouple value creation and the use of virgin raw materials. However, business models operating within a single economic domain and within uniform institutional conditions may differ in terms of how they organise material circuits. In Finland, four biogas business models can be differentiated based on what wastes and side-flows they enable to be recovered, and how. Because the business models co-evolve, their potentials need to be analysed in relation to the business model ecosystem. An emerging business model competes with the dominating model. The newcomer would help to generate more closed material loops, but so far the institutional landscape has failed to provide support for its modes of value creation and value capture. Two other business models qualify as niche solutions coexisting with the other models. Knowing the business model ecosystem opens up prospects for policy revisions that can foster a more circular economy. Bio: Dr Helena Valve works as a senior researcher in the Finnish Environment Institute. Her research on environmental governance draws from science and technology studies (STS), economic sociology and policy studies. Some of her recent projects focus on economisation of waste and side-flows, such as animal manure and plastic waste, and on the potentials of public policies to promote sustainable resource recovery. Flows of biomass through infrastructures of inequality, presenter Maria Brockhaus Abstract: Tropical forests and forestlands are being claimed for a myriad of interconnected global, national and local interests. On the ground, plantations for biomass resources and the production of commodities such as timber, rubber and oil palm are physical structures representing these interests. Flows of (biomass) material, finance and ideas are intertwined with the establishment and persistence of plantations with similar sets of actors, discourses and institutions since colonial times, potentially (re)producing infrastructures of inequality. Building on an emerging body of literature by Tania Li, Anna Tsing, Donna Haraway and others, we aim to unpack infrastructures of inequality through a critical analysis of discursive practices, incentive structures, material flows and power relations within the broader forest and land use arena. We propose a research design to tackle one of the most fundamental questions for social-environmental justice in the forest: how to break and transform long-standing infra-structures of inequality towards more just and equitable futures? Bio: Dr. Maria Brockhaus is Professor of International Forest Policy at the University of Helsinki, Finland. In her research, she focusses on the political economy of deforestation in the Global South and underlying politics and power relations. Her current projects focus on forests & climate change and equity outcomes in rapidly changing forest frontiers. When? Tue 11.10.2022 at 15-16 UTC +3 There will coffee served on-site from 14:30 and time for discussion from 16:00-16:30. The discussion is not recorded. Where? Recording available here. Chair: Eeva Primmer, Professor, Research Director, SYKE Speakers: Hannu Savolainen, Senior research scientist, Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) Mikko Jokinen, Researcher, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) Alexander Dunlap, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Oslo From mines to steel mills and smart phones – Mineral flows in Finnish economy, presenter Hannu Savolainen Abstract: Our wellbeing and way of life stand – quite concretely – on mineral feet. Material basis of goods and services includes various metal ores and many non-metallic minerals. Demand for minerals has risen rapidly, and the absolute decoupling of minerals use and economic growth is not happening. Green transition increases demand for several minerals including rare earth elements. Material flow analysis (MFA) and input-output analysis (IOA) can shed light to supply and use of minerals in socio-economic systems. Which goods and services require the most minerals in Finland? What is the role of physical trade? Bio: Hannu Savolainen, Senior research scientist at SYKE, is specialized in environmentally-extended economy-wide modeling and material flow analysis. He is currently working with e.g., scenario analysis of circular economy in Finland. The Extractive Realities Behind Low-Carbon Infrastructures, presenter Alexander Dunlap Abstract: This presentation explores the mining and raw material extraction necessary behind wind, solar and other lower-carbon technologies. This lecture reviews the material requirements behind wind and solar infrastructures, followed by examining the reality of the mining, mineral processing and manufacturing process. This entails discussing the realities behind mining, such as political contestations, human rights violations and the toxifications of environments. This lecture begins discussing trends towards the digitalizing of mining and efforts at ‘green’ mining. Additionally, this lecture entails examining overlooked methodological issues that are slowly graining more attention. These issue entail underestimations and exclusion of issues related to quantitative data collection, modelling studies and the authority granted to modeling research by public policy. This lecture lays out a series of underexamined issues instrumental to understanding the extractive costs of a green energy transition. Bio: Alexander Dunlap is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Centre for Development and the Environment, University of Oslo. His work has critically examined police-military transformations, market-based conservation, wind energy development and extractive projects more generally in Latin America and Europe. He has published two books: Renewing Destruction: Wind Energy Development, Conflict and Resistance in an American Context (Rowman & Littlefield, 2019) and, the co-authored, The Violent Technologies of Extraction (Palgrave, 2020). This includes a forthcoming edited volume: Enforcing Ecocide: Power, Policing & Planetary Militarization (Palgrave, 2022). Does local opinion matter? And how should it?, presenter Mikko Jokinen Abstract: Extractive industries have major impacts on environment, societies, and local communities. Many rural municipalities especially in Finnish Lapland welcome mines hoping them to boost economy, positive demographic change, and social conditions. If municipality already has industrial history, a new mine can mean long-awaited revival. Environmental social studies, current proposal for Finnish mining law, and mining company policies state that local opinions must be respected in use of local natural resources. However, mines also divide local communities creating conflicts between people representing different livelihoods, cultural background, and political history. That is the case in Kolari but not so much in Kittilä, two small neighbour municipalities located in Lapland. Mining impacts are not necessarily local. Environmental changes and risks on water can spread hundreds of kilometres from actual mining sites and concern people living in several municipalities and countries. My point is that respecting local can be a very complex task. Sometimes we meet extremely different voices. Local people should be considered as those who meet the mining impacts in their environments and communities. Municipalities have monopoly in land-use planning but might have only few resources and limited experience on risk assessment and sustainability thinking. Going local is not necessarily the best option. Bio: PhD Mikko Jokinen is senior scientist in Natural Resource Institute Finland Luke. He has studied social and cultural sustainability in nature use since 1990s, especially in northern Finland. Many of his works deal with reconciliation of nature-based livelihoods and environmental and wildlife conflicts. When? Tue 24.5.2022 15 to 16 UTC +3 Recording: Available on Unitube Chair Susanna Lehvävirta, HELSUS Director Speakers Janne Hukkinen, Professor (HELSUS) Minna Kaljonen, Research Professor, (SYKE) Sabaheta Ramcilovik-Suominen, Associate Research Professor (Luke) Strategic environmental crisis management, presenter Janne Hukkinen (HELSUS) Abstract: As large-scale socio-environmental disruptions become chronic, it is imperative for to consider the long-term consequences of urgent crisis decisions. In two large research consortia run by the Environmental Policy Research Group at the University of Helsinki, we have developed empirically grounded principles for the design of a novel decision platform, the Policy Operations Room (POR). POR tackles the challenges of strategic environmental crisis management, which refers to coordinated decisions during an environmental urgency that are sensitive to long-term path dependencies and policy errors. Since policy errors are inevitable in urgent decisions with decadal-scale consequences, the central standard of performance in strategic environmental crisis management is the capacity to recognize and cope with errors. In my talk I will describe our experimentation with the POR concept and its design principles. Bio: Janne I. Hukkinen is professor of environmental policy at the University of Helsinki. He studies the cognitive aspects of sustainability assessment and strategy, with empirical applications in participation, expertise, and risk in environmental policy. Hukkinen is a Member of The Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters, Editorial Board Member of the journal Ecological Economics, and Expert Counsellor on the Environment for the Supreme Administrative Court of Finland. How to think about policy mixes for just sustainability transition? Presenter Minna Kaljonen (SYKE) Abstract: Policies have a crucial role to play in sustainability transitions. Today in many cases, it however, appears that the existing policies rather hinder than speed up the sustainability transition. Policy mix frameworks have been developed in sustainability transition research to understand better how the interplay between various policies contribute to transition. In this presentation I discuss how these frameworks challenge our way of thinking about environmental policy and governance. I consider also how the notion of just transition compels us to widen the policy mixes for sustainability transition even further. In my presentation I use examples from food system transition to highlighting the complexities involved. Bio: Minna Kaljonen works as a research professor at the Finnish Environment Institute. Her research has evolved from environmental policy and governance to the study of just sustainability transitions. Her empirical studies have concentrated upon sustainable food system transition from various angles. She currently leads a large inter- and transdisciplinary Just food project, which examines just transition in the context of food system. The what and the how of transformations, presenter Sabaheta Ramcilovik-Suominen (Luke) Abstract: Drawing on my recently published paper Just transformations from decolonial and degrowth perspective (open access), as well as various work in progress where with my colleagues or by myself I engage the concept of transformations from various angles, mostly from decolonial, justice and degrowth perspectives. In this seminar I will propose an approach to transformations, where such is seen as a counterhegemonic construct that focuses on underlying or ‘root’ causes of a problem and seek radical alternatives outside the hegemonic structures, relations and discourses. This sets transformations apart from reformist transitionary and/or inclusionary approaches, which negotiate within the existing hegemonic socio-political and economic structures and imaginaries, offering incremental changes and adjustments. I will also present an analytical framework for transformations, which is a work in progress as I prepare to carry out large empirical research on transformations, which crosses different levels and includes different actors – from grassroots to EU policy level. Hence my presentation will most likely raise more questions and hopefully offer foods for thought, rather than solutions as such. But if you are interested in these debates, come along, and help me think. Bio: Sabaheta Ramcilovic-Suominen works as an associate research professor at the Natural Resources Institute Finland, Luke. Sabaheta’s background is in the field of international environmental and forest policy and governance. She has studied international policy initiatives, such as EU Forest Law Enforcement Governance and Trade (FLEGT) and Reduction of Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) in Laos and Ghana predominantly, where she has focused on the issues of decentralisation, power relations and environmental justice. She currently works on her Academy of Finland Research Fellowship JustGlobe project where she focuses on justice, politics and transformations in the context of global bioeconomy. When? Wed 27.4.2022 15 to 16 UTC +3 Recording: Available on Unitube Chair Katriina Soini, Principal Scientist, Research Manager, Luke Speakers Dr. Matti O. Hannikainen, post-doctoral researcher (HELSUS) Dr. Juha Honkaniemi, research scientist (Luke) Noble Stock or Rough Fish? Classifying Fish in Finnish Society during the 20th century, presenter Matti O. Hannikainen (HELSUS) Abstract: The importance of fish in the Finnish diet has changed during the 20th century. Above all, the disparity between the various species of fish has broadened reflecting their changing economic and cultural values. The concept of ‘rough fish’, which refers to those species with little or no value for human consumption, is relatively new, however. Its advent in the late nineteenth century was linked to novel scientific thinking on fishing, which moreover portrayed human as the master over nature with power to preserve and farm the commercially valuable species and to exterminate the unwanted species. In this presentation, we shall discuss, how the concept ‘rough fish’ has affected the ranking as well as the consumption of various fish species in Finnish culture. Secondly, we shall analyse how the commercialisation and modernisation fishing in addition to living conditions and cooking began to shrink the number of species served as food. Finally, the chapter aims to place the concept rough fish in its historical context by examining changes in the discourse concerning the value of various species of fish reflecting their economic significance and shifts in cultural appreciation and depreciation. This presentation is based on the textual analysis of official documents, fishing manuals, professional journal articles and cookbooks published in Finnish. Bio: Dr. Matti O. Hannikainen is a post-doctoral researcher at the University of Helsinki. He has specialised in urban and environmental history. His last project on cultural history of fish in Finland was funded by Maj and Tor Nessling Foundation (2020–21). Management legacies shape the root rot risks in coniferous forests, presenter Juha Honkaniemi (Luke) Abstract: Heterobasidion root rot on conifers is a widespread problem throughout the Northern hemisphere. In Finland, root rot causes major economic effects on timber production by reducing the quality of timber. In addition, it predisposes trees to other disturbance agents such as wind and bark beetles, as it poses a constant stress on trees. However, root rot also benefits from forest management as the fresh stumps made during the growing season are ultimate growing material for the spores and thus provide optimal spread routes to previously healthy forests. Once forests are infected, the pathogen can live there for decades spreading from tree generation to another. Here, we analysed the current distribution of Heterobasidion root rot in Finland using observations from National Forest Inventories from 1995 to 2017. This vast dataset was combined with information on past forest management and land-use intensity, landscape structure and environment. Machine learning analysis indicated that variables related to forest management legacies, distance to nearest sawmill in operation ca. 100 years ago and distance to a waterway potentially used for timber rafting, were the most important for predicting root rot occurrence. It was more important what happened in the forest in the past compared to current state of the forest. Thus, the effects of management legacies carry on for decades and centuries via shifting disturbance regimes. This highlights the importance of current management and land-use decisions on forest dynamics in the future. Bio: Dr. Juha Honkaniemi is a research scientist at Natural Resources Institute Finland Luke. In his research Dr. Honkaniemi focuses on the interaction of forest management and natural disturbance dynamics combining long-term inventories and field data, remote sensing and simulation modelling. He has graduated from the University of Helsinki in 2017 (PhD in forest sciences) and since worked as a postdoc in Austria at BOKU. Currently, he has a postdoctoral project funded by the Academy of Finland where he studies the past, present and future disturbance regimes in Fennoscandia and the recovery potential of forests in the changing climate. When? Wed 30.3.2022 at 15-16 UTC +3 Recording: Available on Unitube Chair Eeva Primmer, Professor, Research Director, SYKE Speakers Titta Tapiola, Principal Specialist, doctoral student (Luke) Tero Heinonen, researcher (SYKE) Antti Laherto, PhD, Title of Docent (Faculty of Educational Sciences, UH, HELSUS) From a single vision to a vision cluster – visions of sustainable food packaging, presenter Titta Tapiola (Luke) Authors: Titta Tapiola, Vilja Varho and Katriina Soini Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) Abstract: Food packaging systems - as any other systems - are facing sustainability challenges and it is no longer possible to optimize or solve one single problem at a time. Instead, systemic view, co-operation and co-creation are needed when aiming for sustainability transitions. Common perception is that a necessary condition for any type of systemic change or transition is to have a clear vision of the desired future, which is shared by the members of the system. Visioning can be seen as a method that builds common futures thinking and the view of future goals of participants. In this presentation it is presented an analytical tool called “vision cluster” for analyzing visions. The visions of a system could be placed on two axes, according to their nature: x-axis for breadth of change (involvement of different actors) and y-axis for depth of change. We collected and analyzed stakeholder vision materials regarding sustainable food packaging in Finland. Considering the motivation and agency of participants to act towards the goals of their visions, we claim that collecting and sharing different kinds of visions (in relation to their depth and breadth) can be useful. They form a vision cluster, complementing each other, as long as they lead to a similar direction. For example, incremental visions are more easily reached and can therefore be motivating, whereas deeper visions can be inspirational and transformative, even if they are more difficult to reach. It is questionable whether a single, sufficiently concrete and commonly acceptable vision could be created for complex food packaging system, which further points to the usefulness of a vision cluster. Bio: Titta Tapiola (M.Sc. Biochemistry, MBA and MA Futures studies) is a Principal Specialist, marketing at Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke). She is also doctoral student at University of Turku, Futures studies. She has experience in marketing, communications and business development. Currently she works among other things for Package-Heroes project (under Strategic Research Counsil) from which the results are presented. Advertising building imaginaries: Content Analysis of Environmental Advertising in Finland, presenter Tero Heinonen (SYKE) Abstract: Commercials and advertisements not only tell consumers what to buy but they importantly also hint of a future to imagine or a life to strive for. Is it possible to imagine a more sustainable future from environmental marketing and green claims in advertising? Are more sustainable consumption choices achieved by acting upon these claims? What are the most common themes and types of claims in the market? To empirically address these questions, a sample of 250 web advertisements was collected in October 2021 and a citizen science campaign in November 2021 identified 80 additional advertisements. The aim is not a throughout judgement of all the ads collected but to classify their characteristics from different angles. This content-analysis generates systematic knowledge of the most common types of sustainability claims in the market. It enables to appraise the current environmental marketing claims in their potentiality to speed up (or slow down) sustainability transition. Bio: Tero Heinonen (M.Sc. in Environment and Natural Resources & M.Soc.Sc. in Economics) is a researcher at the Finnish Environment Institute. He is interested in environmental impacts of consumption from a variety of viewpoints. His topics include carbon footprint calculations, sufficient consumption, consumer choice, policies to steer consumption and most recently environmental marketing. He has also experience of overseeing environmental marketing claims in the Finnish Competition and Consumer Authority. Students imagining sustainable futures in science education, presenter Antti Laherto (Faculty of Educational Sciences, UH, HELSUS) Abstract: Aims and pedagogies in the field of science education are evolving due to global sustainability crises. School science is increasingly concerned with responsible agency and value-based transformation. In the presentation I argue that perspectives and methods from the field of futures studies can help in meeting the new transformative aims of science education for sustainable development. I review some results from our EU-funded projects “I SEE” and “FEDORA”. We have found out how young people’s perceptions of science and technology and connected to their futures thinking and sense of agency. Our experiences show that future-oriented science learning activities, involving e.g. systems thinking, scenario development and backcasting, can let students broaden their futures perceptions, imagine alternatives and navigate uncertainty. I will discuss the importance and potential of such approach for science education and beyond. Bio: Antti Laherto (PhD in Physics Education, Title of Docent in Science Education) works as a university lecturer at the Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki. He prepares future teachers for secondary and primary schools. He serves as PI in two EU-funded projects connecting science learning to agency, futures thinking and Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). He has also studied scientific and technological literacy and public engagement in science. When? Wed 24.11.2021 15.00 to 16.00 Where? Recording available on Unitube Chair Anne Toppinen, Professor, HELSUS Director Speakers Paula Kivimaa, Research Professor (SYKE) Markus Melin, Research Manager (Luke) Helmi Räisänen, Doctoral student (HELSUS) Low-carbon energy transitions and their negative and positive security implications, presenter Paula Kivimaa (SYKE) Abstract: The energy transition is accelerating in many countries with increasing amounts of renewable energy, new climate policies, and decisions to phase-out hydrocarbons. While the transition is stimulated by decarbonisation efforts, its security implications are increasingly but not sufficiently recognised, and it is likely to have both positive and negative security effects. This presentation discusses – based on academic literature and 60 expert interviews in 4 European countries – the different security issues arising from the energy transition. The key issues pertain to energy security, wind power and defence, electricity system operability, cyber security, geopolitics, global and national stability, and climate security. The findings illustrate that experts’ expectations regarding the security implications of the energy transition are polarised around more or less secure future energy systems. From a socio-technical perspective, the issues connect not only to technology but also actors and institutions. Issues of national security are intertwined with socio-technological developments in energy systems, and a broader approach to security is necessary to improve policy coordination across domains influencing the energy transition. Bio: Paula Kivimaa is Research Professor in Climate and Society in the Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Associate at Science Policy Research Unit (SPRU) in the University of Sussex, and a member of the Finnish Climate Panel. Her research focuses on sustainability transitions to zero-carbon energy and mobility systems, in particular from the perspective of how public policy (climate, energy, transport, innovation) contributes to such transitions. She currently conducts an Academy of Finland Fellowship project on examining the interplay between national defence, security and low-carbon energy policies. Kivimaa has published circa 50 peer-reviewed articles and contributed to reports, policy briefs and responses addressed to UK, Finnish and EU policymakers, including a report “Sustainability transitions: policy and practice” feeding into the State of the European Environment Report, published by the EEA. She holds an MSc in Environmental Technology (Imperial College, 2002) and a PhD in Organisations and Management (Helsinki School of Economics, 2008). Diverse forests are better equipped against insect outbreaks – practical examples from research, presenter Markus Melin (Luke) Abstract: During the past decade, insect damages have hit the forests of Central and Eastern Europe at unprecedented scale. The damage have been especially serious in spruce forests, being caused by the spruce bark beetle. As devastating as the damage have been, they have at least given us valid and concrete examples about the least resilient forest types; lessons we should learn now. After all, the factors behind the massive damage have been linked to not only massive storms and extreme droughts, but also on wide-spread use of spruce in sites where the species would not normally occur. In this light, Finland has two co-occurring trends that make for an alarming combination: 1) the increasing amount of forest regeneration with spruce especially in southern Finland and 2) the fact that our climate has been – and is predicted to continue – warming. In this presentation, I will go through practical examples about the topic of insect damage and forests in this changing climate of ours. Special attention will be paid to the factors that will make our spruce forests more and more vulnerable for large scale insect outbreaks, but also on the topic of mixed forests versus single-species forests. Finally, I will discuss what factors may inhibit the creation of mixed forests – even during this time when we know we should promote them. Ultimate aim is to share news based on research, not on opinions. Bio: Dr. Markus Melin (PhD in forest sciences) is a research scientist and research manager at Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luonnonvarakeskus, Luke). He gained his PhD from University of Eastern Finland in 2016 on the topic of 3D remote sensing in wildlife ecology research. After his PhD, the whole family moved to the UK for a two-year post doc focusing on avian ecology and remote sensing. Use of, and teaching of, GIS has always been present as well. In 2018, the family moved back to Finland, and the work at Luke began. Currently his own research focuses mainly on damage agents and wildlife in forests, and how the changing climate is affecting them. Melin is a big fan of the outdoors, mushrooms and berries, year-round fishing and sharp humour. Pandemic preparedness before and during COVID-19, presenter Helmi Räisänen (HELSUS) Abstract: In this presentation, I describe my ongoing research on Finnish pandemic preparedness. The focus is on the infectious disease experts from the National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) and the Finnish Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. The time frame of the study extends from 2017 to 2021: I conducted expert interviews before and during the COVID-19 and I did participant observation in THL’s infectious disease unit before the pandemic. In addition, I analysed some of the most important health security related documents. Firstly, my aim was to understand how the experts conceptualize and act on future health threats that are caused by new, emerging pathogens. This led me to analyse the principles behind pandemic preparedness and some of the related anticipatory practices, such as disease surveillance networks, health security evaluation processes, simulation exercises, and preparedness plans. Secondly, based on interviews conducted during the COVID-19, I now intend to trace how this current pandemic has shaped the preparedness principles and practices and altered the experts’ perceptions of the next pandemic. Among other things, the COVID-19 pandemic seems to highlight the importance of all-hazards approach to pandemic preparedness. Bio: Helmi Räisänen (M.Soc.Sc., social and cultural anthropology) is a doctoral candidate in environmental policy at the University of Helsinki. She studies Finnish public authorities’ preparedness practices and perceptions of uncertainty. Her research focuses on the environmental aspects of the comprehensive security model, scenario-based simulation exercises, and pandemic preparedness. She is a member of the Environmental Policy Research Group led by Janne Hukkinen and WISE project (Creative adaptation to wicked socio-environmental disruptions) funded by the Strategic Research Council. When? Wed 27.10.2021 15.00 to 16.00 via Microsoft Teams Where? Recording available on Unitube Chair Katriina Soini, Principal Scientist, Research Manager (Luke) Speakers Ville Kankaanhuhta, D.Sc. (Agr. & For.), Senior Scientist (Luke) Maiju Lehtiniemi, Research Professor (SYKE) Anna-Mari Rusanen, University Lecturer of Cognitive Science (HELSUS) Digital transformation of forest services – an opportunity to ecosystem services?, presenter Ville Kankaanhuhta (Luke) Abstract: This presentation introduces an innovation and development concept for agile software tools for the improvement of the productivity and customer experience of forest services. The original idea was to introduce a business process development and re-engineering approach that would provide an alternative for, e.g., hackathons, as a means for utilizing poorly exploited resources of open data. This need was recognized in the context of the opening of forest data and the development of service platforms for a forest-based bioeconomy in Finland. The forest services that were studied covered a continuum from a single type of work, e.g., soil preparation and young stand management through timber procurement, to comprehensive forest property management services. The study concentrated on the needs of micro-, small, and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which provide either retail- or business to business (B2B) services as sub-contractors. In addition, the challenges and bottlenecks in service processes detected by other stakeholders were considered. The prevailing service processes were conceptually modelled in order to search for opportunities for improvements in business and ecosystem services, i.e., agile software concepts. For example, we examined whether it would be possible to create opportunities for flexible operational models for precision forestry aiming at, e.g., resilience and protection of valuable microsites in forests. These software concepts have been developed and evaluated in co-operation with the stakeholders in a co-creative workshop in the case study described and in following projects ever since. The technological feasibility and commercial viability of the concepts, as well as the desirability for the customer were considered. Furthermore, the opportunities to capture value through bringing novel indicators of sustainability as part of digital service development will be considered in the future research. Further information: Kankaanhuhta, V., Packalen, T., Väätäinen K. 2021. Digital Transformation of Forest Services in Finland—A Case Study for Improving Business Processes. Forests 12(6):781. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12060781 Bio: Ville Kankaanhuhta D.Sc. (Agr. & For.) is a Senior Scientist at Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke). He is specialized in research of silvicultural services and their digital transformation, quality management, forest regeneration and young stand management, information systems, forest damage and health issues, as well as operational models and practices of forest management. Lately, he has been concentrating on the adoption and utilization of open forest and nature data to produce forest and ecosystem services. Benefits and challenges of digital marine citizen science, presenter Maiju Lehtiniemi (SYKE) Abstract: Citizen science has been shown to provide easily useful data for several purposes but there are certain aspects to consider to produce reliable information timely and not to mislead the data providers. Continuous and comprehensive monitoring is one of the most important practices to trace changes in the state of the environment and target management efforts. Yet, resources are often insufficient for monitoring all required parameters, and therefore authorities have started to utilize citizen observations to supplement and increase the scale of monitoring. In marine realm several monitoring programmes are complemented with citizen observations e.g. on certain characteristic non-native species, jellyfish, cyanobacterial blooms and marine litter. In this talk, the need for transparency in citizen science will be discussed through different examples to meet the data needs of the authorities as well as the wishes and expectations of the citizens providing the observations. Bio: Maiju Lehtiniemi works as a research professor in the Marine Research Centre of the Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE). Her research interests cover pelagic food web ecology, effects of non-native species and marine litter in the Baltic Sea. Due to her responsibilities concerning national non-indigenous species and zooplankton monitoring and respective Baltic Sea assessments, she has been long involved in engaging citizens in reporting their observations and in developing platforms for citizen science. She is also the coordinator of the Finnish Marine Research Infrastructure FINMARI where open data, data quality and data reporting issues are one the key elements. Alphabets of Sustainable Digitalisation, presenter Anna-Mari Rusanen (HELSUS) Abstract: Digital technologies have advanced more rapidly than any innovation in our history. These technologies can be used to promote sustainability, to defend and exercise human rights. On the other hand, they can also be used to weaken the sustainability-friendly development, and to violate basic rights in many ways. Bio: Dr. Anna-Mari Rusanen is a philosopher of artificial intelligence. Currently she works as a university lecturer in cognitive science (Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki), and as a senior specialist on ethical, societal and scientific aspects of AI (PublICT, Ministry of Finance, Finnish Governance). Her research topics vary from the philosophical foundations of artificial intelligence and other cognitive systems, to the cognitive division of labor in human-machine interactions and to ethical and societal aspects of digitalisation. She is also the lead instructor of the ethics of ai- mooc, a free online course provided by University of Helsinki. When? Tue 21.9.2021 15.00 to 16.00 via Zoom Where? Recording available on Unitube Chair Eeva Primmer, Research Director, Professor (SYKE) Speakers Vilja Varho, Senior Scientist (Luke) Stefan Fronzek, Senior Research Scientist (SYKE) Francesco Minunno, Postdoctoral Researcher (HELSUS) Futures research, futures consciousness, and the search for sustainable futures, presenter Vilja Varho (Luke) Abstract: Scenarios can be built and used in different ways. In this presentation, I take a look at some key elements of futures research, a scientific discipline aimed at studying and creating possible futures. It often relies on expert or stakeholder views, and in fact, one of the main targets is often to increase participants’ futures consciousness. Future is not set, and therefore there are multiple futures. It is not about foretelling but increasing foresight, the ability to anticipate, prepare for and influence the future as it unfolds. Futures research often has a normative aspect: to identify sustainable or desired futures and find steps towards them. Bio: Vilja Varho is a Senior Scientist at Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke). She is a Doctor of Agriculture and Forestry (env.sci) and holds a title of Docent in futures research in the University of Turku. She has focused mainly on climate and renewable energy but has also taken her expertise in futures research methods to other topics when needed, such as horticulture and insect economy. She has been keen to include different stakeholders in building scenarios. Varho currently leads co-creation work in a project that focuses on sustainability transition in food packaging. Scenarios to prepare for climate change risks, presenter Stefan Fronzek (SYKE) Abstract: Scenarios are key tools in climate change research and are instrumental for the development of efficient climate change mitigation and adaptation policy. A scenario framework currently widely used in climate research defines so-called Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) that depict alternative, plausible futures as global narratives and with quantifications of key socio-economic variables. The SSPs can also be extended to better account for regional and sectoral detail, hence offering a consistent global framework that allows for such regional studies to be inter-compared. Five SSPs have been developed, labelled SSP1-SSP5, that provide a wide range of socio-economic developments throughout the 21st century. These can be used to consider a range of challenges to adaptation and mitigation policy under a changing climate. SSPs can also be used alongside normative scenarios or visions of sustainable development to identify what measures might be effective in and across SSP worlds for approaching such visions. This may be easier to achieve in some SSP worlds (for example in SSP1, which describes a sustainability pathway) than in others. This presentation will provide an overview of the SSP framework and its application in climate change research, with regional examples from stakeholder-led processes in Finland. Bio: Stefan Fronzek (PhD) is a Senior Research Scientist at the Climate Change Programme of the Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE). He has 20 years of experience in climate change impact and vulnerability assessments, modelling of impacts and adaptation, and climate and socio-economic scenario development. Sectorial foci are on biodiversity, agriculture, forestry, hydrology, human health as well as multi-sector analysis in Finland, Europe and subarctic and Arctic regions. Bio: Stefan Fronzek (PhD) is a Senior Research Scientist at the Climate Change Programme of the Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE). He has 20 years of experience in climate change impact and vulnerability assessments, modelling of impacts and adaptation, and climate and socio-economic scenario development. Sectorial foci are on biodiversity, agriculture, forestry, hydrology, human health as well as multi-sector analysis in Finland, Europe and subarctic and Arctic regions. Simulating the impact of climate change and management on Finnish forests. Scenario analysis and uncertainty quantification, presenter Francesco Minunno (HELSUS) Abstract: The increased prominence of forests in climate change mitigation and bio economy strategies, and the rising importance of sustainability in forest policies brings new challenges for forest management. At the same time, forests are facing environmental challenges due to changing climatic conditions (e.g. storms, drought, pest attacks) and there is a growing demand for both wood and non-wood forest products. Process-based forest models are valuable tools that enable forecasting the impact of different management interventions on land use planning. Climate change and management scenarios must be integrated in the modelling frameworks in order to identify the trade-offs between carbon, biodiversity and wood production. However model simulations are always associated with multiple sources of uncertainty, such as parametric, input and initialization uncertainty. Identifying and quantifying the different sources of uncertainty is crucial for evaluating the reliability and robustness of model predictions and highlighting any weaknesses of the model/scenario framework. In addition the model/scenario framework should be seen as a dynamic system that can be continuously updated every time new data becomes available. By means of data assimilation it is possible to integrate in the system data from multiple sources increasing the accuracy and reducing the uncertainty of model simulations. We provide an example of data assimilation using advanced Earth Observation (EO) measurements. Repeated measurements of EOs are integrated in a modelling framework for spatially explicit monitoring and mapping of forest growth and carbon sequestration in Finland. Bio: Francesco Minunno (PhD) is a postdoctoral researcher at the Department of Forest Sciences. His background is in Forest sciences and his research field is forest modelling. Since his PhD he applied modern computational techniques (e.g., Bayesian statistics, data assimilation, sensitivity and uncertainty analysis) to forest modelling. The major contribution of his research has been in integrating data and models in order to refine model predictions and reduce model forecast uncertainties. His work also focuses on forest model applications to evaluate the impact of alternative management prescriptions under changing environmental conditions. When? Tue 20.4.2021 3:00 to 4:30 p.m. Recording will also be available later. Recording available on Unitube. Chair Katriina Soini (Luke) Speakers Angela Moriggi (Luke) Jaana Laine (HELSUS) Taru Peltola (SYKE) Care to transform? An ethics of care-inspired framework to study sustainable change, presenter Angela Moriggi In recent years, the concept of ‘care’ has entered the sustainability science debate. Its proponents argue that a caring paradigm can inspire sustainable change, by helping us to rethink relations, with both humans and non-humans. Based on the findings of her PhD research, the presenter will draw from the ethics of care literature to introduce the basic tenets of a caring paradigm, as well as a novel analytical framework and its application to the phenomena of Green Care practices in Finland. Green Care refers to nature-based activities aimed at well-being, social inclusion, recreation, and pedagogy of different target groups. The framework reveals unexplored aspects of change-oriented practices, and appears like a promising tool to be applied to a variety of contexts, from sustainable place-based activities to action-research and teaching arenas. Bio: Angela Moriggi is a social scientist working for transdisciplinary sustainability projects since 2013, with extensive fieldwork experience in Finland, Italy, and China. She is currently Research Fellow at the Dept. of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry of the University of Padua (IT), and will defend her PhD in June 2021 with the Rural Sociology Group at Wageningen University (NE). She was recently granted with a Marie Curie Individual Fellowship to study transformative social innovation in rural areas using co-creative visioning processes. She has solid experience with participatory and action-oriented approaches, including arts-based methods. Alongside her scientific work, Angela is committed to process design and facilitation and to science dissemination (via storytelling and audiovisual channels). Human-forest relationship – one way to understand more, presenter Jaana Laine Forest is an inherent part of the Finnish culture. For centuries we have utilized forests in various ways, either in with subtle and respecting tones or more or less exploitative activities. The way we act and utilize forests reflects our attitudes and values to forests, our human-forest relationship. According to the National Forest Strategy 2025, ‘the perspectives of cultural sustainability and relationship to forests will outline the use of forests in a completely new way’. The strategy also points out the need to understand how the interaction between human and forest elaborates e.g. policy-related decision making and forest-related activities. Laine will discuss the concept human-forest relationship and how it is adopted in some ongoing research projects. The presentation is based on a meeting taken place in Lusto Finnish Forest Museum last Autumn when over 30 researchers representing altogether 26 research projects gathered to discuss their connections to the human-forest relationship. Resulting this first meeting, research connected to the concept of the human-forest relationship has been organized both as an open research network and as a club of the Finnish Society of Forest Science. Bio: Jaana Laine (M.Sc. in Forestry, D.Soc.Sci) is a senior lecturer at the University of Helsinki, Faculty of Social Sciences, Programme in Society and Change. Her lecturing consists of various themes of economic and social history and environmental history. Her research has focused on forest history, mainly timber trade, forest work and trade unions, and the history of forest research. Recently, she has concentrated on citizens’ interaction with forests, in research project Human-forest relationship in societal change From relationships to companionships: ”Becoming with” biodiversity in forestry, presenter Taru Peltola In addition to protected areas, biodiversity loss in boreal forests has been tackled with measures targeted at privately owned commercial forests. Leaving various ”valuable natural objects” untouched during clear cutting and other forestry operations became compulsory in Finland in the mid 1990s. In addition, a voluntary protection program was permanently established in 2008. During 2010-2012 I conducted fieldwork among forestry professionals implementing these forest biodiversity policies in forest companies and public organisations, supporting landowners who are ultimately responsible for sustainable forestry. Protecting biodiversity requires that endangered species, their habitats and structural features that are valuable to species richness are made visible and present on data bases, maps, and eventually secured in the forests. Peltola followed how the forestry professionals, who did not have background in biology, worked out specific “valuable natural objects” defined in legislation and scientific criteria for voluntary protection. Peltola found out that in addition to various textual, administrative and field practices, there were corporeal processes involved. Forestry professionals needed to adjust their performance to (the uncertain presence of) a diverging set of natural objects. This bodily “attuning” involved learning to move in the forest in a new way, with more wary eyes. In this talk Peltola will give insights about such corporeal processes of living with other bodies/species. For this she draws inspiration from scholars who have discussed human-nature relationships in terms of companionships that demand accommodation of humans to the ecologies of species and habitats. She will also discuss vulnerabilities related to conservation building on such “practical sense” of other beings. Bio: Taru Peltola is an associate professor (social sustainability) at the Finnish Environment Institute, Program for Environmental Information, and University of Eastern Finland, Department of Geographical and Historical Studies. Her research interests include transforming expertise and practices of knowing and governing nature. She has covered a wide range of topics from forest biodiversity to human-wildlife cohabitation and sustainable food and waste management. She is currently working on collaborative science in environmental policy. When? Tue 23.3.2021 3:00 to 4:30 p.m. Recording will also be available later. Where? Recording available on Unitube. Chair Eeva Primmer, Research director, Professor (SYKE) Speakers Laura Kaikkonen, Doctoral Student (HELSUS) Riku Varjopuro, Head of unit at Marine Research Centre (SYKE) Matti Salo, Senior researcher (Luke) Charting the risks of Blue Growth, presenter Laura Kaikkonen (HELSUS) Economic development and human activities in the ocean are accelerating rapidly, introducing seas and oceans to a new phase of large-scale industrialization. This expansion of the 'Blue Economy' is embodied through growth in existing industries and the emergence of new ones, spanning a diverse range of activities which introduce new and complex risks to already overburdened marine ecosystems. In parallel, expectations for the ocean to sustain the future needs of human societies are increasing. Uncertainty regarding the environmental impacts of human activities in the marine realm is a key concern impeding the sustainable Blue Economy, and failing to broadly consider the risks may lead to unbridled expansion of maritime sectors with negative consequences for both the environment and society. To support transparent marine governance, it is essential to better understand the risks of emerging industries and how they are viewed. In this talk, Laura Kaikkonen will give an overview of the recent human expansion into the ocean and the associated environmental impacts, focusing on the knowledge requirements and approaches for estimating the risks of human activities in the Baltic Sea. Bio: Laura Kaikkonen is a doctoral student in interdisciplinary environmental sciences at the University of Helsinki, currently working at the Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission. Her research deals with ecological risks of human activities on marine ecosystems, with a particular focus on emerging maritime industries and how people perceive the risks associated with them. Jazz band dynamics to coordinate marine governance, presenter Riku Varjopuro (SYKE) The many uses and services of marine areas and resources imply competition for both resources and space. In addition, human activities at sea and on land have multiple detrimental effects on the marine environments. Sustainability challenges related to the seas are well recorded and they have been addressed by various agreements and policies already for decades. The UN Sustainable Development Goal 14, Life below water, further promoted joint actions for improved sustainability, but the problems remain severe. A key question is why current governance arrangements have failed, allowing problems to exacerbate, and what can be done to remedy the situation. Riku Varjopuro focus in the presentation on one of the main reasons for the failure, namely the fragmentation of marine governance. There are multiple governing authorities on various levels that deal with maritime sectors and environmental issues, but none has the exclusive authority to coordinate them. A sustainability transformation requires governance approaches that recognise the diversity of the marine contexts within which they are managed. This presentation does not propose one unified framework as a solution to the fragmentation. Instead, the existing polycentric governance systems are taken as starting points for improved coordination. Progress can be made by effective implementation of formal agreements, but when no one has the exclusive authority there is a need also for indirect, soft means of governance such as inducements and incentives rather than mandatory controls. Such approach to governance is ‘orchestration’. Improved coordination is then not about finding the powerful conductor but rather about developing conductorless jazz with variations on the themes and improvisation. The presentation analyses three recent examples with the potential of orchestrating within the polycentric marine governance. The examples are ‘Pledge and review system for the SDG 14’, ‘A global commission and guidelines on sustainability and equity’, and ‘An ocean action agenda by the High-level Panel for Sustainable Blue Economy’. Bio: Riku Varjopuro is leading an interdisciplinary unit for Sustainable Use of the Sea Areas at SYKE’s Marine Research Center. The unit is dedicated to producing scientific evidence and expert advice to maritime spatial planning and nature conservation at sea. During his more than 20 years’ experience in numerous national and international projects he has gained substantial expertise in marine and maritime issues. The projects have addressed marine environmental issues such as coastal management, environmental regulation of aquaculture, interactions between environment and fisheries and, most recently, EU marine protection policies and maritime spatial planning (MSP). His work has focused especially on the practices of decision making and planning, and he has also taken part in and coordinated policy evaluation processes. In recent years he has gained substantial expertise in practices of cross-border collaboration in MSP and has developed methodologies for evaluating effectiveness of MSP. In 2019-2020 he worked the HELCOM Secretariat to support the Baltic Sea countries’ collaboration in MSP. Sustainability as a governance imperative: spatiality of fish farming on the Baltic Sea coast of Southwest Finland, presenter Matti Salo (Luke) The fundamental offer of the bioeconomy is to produce more material and non-material wellbeing with lesser impact on ecosystems. This is a contested proposal, particularly regarding the production of goods. One key arena for the development of the bioeconomy are the marine ecosystems, and marine fish farming is a branch of bioeconomy with high growth potential worldwide. Sustainability is a core imperative and an institutional practice that steers contemporary societal action including governance of industries such as fish farming. Luke explore the constituents of the spontaneusly emerging and built-in sustainability institutions of fish farming on the Southwest Finland’s Baltic Sea coast, with particular emphasis on spatial planning. The empirical materials consist of a spatial data set on the key environmental features of the coastal areas and the results of a map-based web survey. On the basis of these materials we identify spatial dimensions of the institutions of fish farming sustainability on the Baltic Sea coast of southwest Finland. Matti Salo discuss how these institutions function to enable and constrain the fish farming as an bioeconomy industry. Authors: Matti Salo, Lauri Niskanen, Kristina Svels, Juha Hiedanpää & Pekka Jounela Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) Bio: Dr. Matti Salo is a senior researcher at the Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) and docent of Biodiversity and Natural Resources Governance at the University of Turku. His research focuses on the interlinkages of natural and societal phenomena related to the use of natural resources and the conservation of biodiversity. His current and past research topics include, e.g., human-wildlife interactions, spatial planning, wild species harvest, forestry, aquaculture, protected areas, nature-based tourism, and artisanal and small scale mining. Salo also has a history of about twenty years of research related to Latin America, particularly Amazonia. When? Tue 16.2.2021 3:00 to 4:30 p.m. Recording available on Unitube. Chair Anne Toppinen, HELSUS Director, Professor Speakers Henrik Heräjärvi, Senior Scientist (Luke) Enni Ruokamo, Researcher (SYKE) Florencia Franzini, Doctoral Student (HELSUS) Recycled wood as a low-emission furnishing material, presenter Henrik Heräjärvi (Luke) Wood is hygroscopic material, i.e., its moisture content (MC) depends on the relative humidity (RH) and temperature (T) of the surrounding air. Approximately 2-5 per cent of the dry mass of wood consists of phenolic compounds, extractives. There are hundreds of different kinds of extractives in wood, and some volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) emit from wood already in room temperature. VOC’s are important quality parameters of materials used indoors, since they may have effects on health and well-being. Standard emission tests of materials are carried out in a constant RH of 50% and T of +23 °C, thus not accounting for the hygroscopic behaviour of wood. While the indoor T remains quite constant throughout the year, the RH varies from approx. 15% (winter, central heating on) to 80% (late summer - early autumn) between the seasons. Due to its hygroscopicity, the MC of wood dynamically follows the indoor air RH variation, reaching a level of <10% in the dry season and >15% in the humid season. The seasonal variation pumps VOC’s out of wood, causing the total emission concentration to decrease as a function of time. A recently finished consortium of Luke and University of Eastern Finland, HUMIWOOD, investigated the VOC emissions from Scots pine wood that had been stored indoors for approximately 15 years, and compared the results with the findings from recently sawn Scots pine wood. Both heartwood and sapwood were investigated. For the first time, controlled emission tests were carried out in air RH conditions ranging from 20 to 80 per cent, imitating the indoor air seasonal RH variations. In addition, PESTEL analysis was carried out to assess the Political, Economic, Societal, Technical, Environmental, and Legislative challenges for the use of wooden construction and demolition wastes in applications interacting with indoor air. The results confirmed the hypothesis that indoor air RH, as well as the storage history of the specimen, play a great role in the total VOC emission rate. The compounds emitted also differ between the “new” and “old” materials and depend on the air RH. The information and understanding created in HUMIWOOD contribute to the development of VOC test methods of hygroscopic materials. Information can be immediately applied in furnishing material development for allergy homes or other emission sensitive spaces, such as healthcare centres. The results are not restricted to the context of timber construction, since wood is a common furniture, flooring, and paneling material independently from the structural materials used in buildings. Authors: Henrik Heräjärvi 1), Anni Harju1), Marko Hyttinen2), Joona Lampela2), Veikko Möttönen1), Pertti Pasanen2), Arttu Sivula2) 1) Natural Resources Institute Finland, 2) University of Eastern Finland Bio: Dr. Henrik Heräjärvi is specialized in wood science and technology, wood product development, wood modification, timber construction, circular economy, clean technologies, and innovation management, and published over 250 papers on the topics. He has worked as a research scientist at Luke (and its predecessor organization Metla) since 1998. He defended his DSc. thesis at the University of Eastern Finland in 2002 and received a title of docent (wood technology) at the same university in 2007. In addition to RDI work, he has been a visiting lecturer in total of seven European universities and universities of applied science since late 1990s. Construction sector perceptions of low carbon policies and measures , presenter Enni Ruokamo (SYKE) European Commission aims for a near-complete decarbonisation of the EU’s building sector by 2050. To meet this target EU countries have developed several policies and measures to promote low carbon construction and housing. In new construction, the focus is shifting from operational emissions towards a life-cycle perspective, encompassing the building embodied emissions. Finland, along with France, Sweden and Holland, aims to start a normative regulation of the new building life-cycle carbon footprint. European Commission has also established an EN-standard-based building sustainability assessment framework Level(s), which includes the building life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions. The Finnish building carbon footprint assessment method is based on the Level(s) framework. The purpose of this study is to investigate how different actors in the Finnish construction sector perceive the new low carbon policies and measures. To examine the perceptions and factors driving them, we utilize a rich survey data collected from the Finnish construction sector actors. The preliminary findings indicate that low-carbon development of the sector was important to most construction sector actors. On the other hand, some factors, such as low maintenance costs and indoor air quality were stated as more important determinants in construction than low carbon emissions. Carbon footprint policies that limit the life-cycle emissions of buildings were mostly seen as at least moderately functional policies. However, the footprint policies also faced notable criticism from the actors. Our study contributes to the understanding of the perceptions of the construction sector on the decarbonisation policies and especially on the novel carbon footprint measures. This allows us to assess also the development needs of the methodologies used in those policies. Bio: Enni Ruokamo (D.Sc. in Economics) works as a Researcher in the Programme for Sustainable Circular Economy at the Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE). She has several research interests including low carbon policies, green technology adoption, energy consumption behavior, and circular economy solutions. She is a WP co-lead in the Strategic Research Council (SRC) project DECARBON-HOME focusing on climate-wise housing and a WP leader in the SRC project BCDC Energy focusing on cost-efficient integration of renewable energy technologies. A sustainability tradeoff? Perceptions from municipal civil servants comparing wooden- and concrete- multistory buildings, presenter Florencia Franzini (HELSUS) When a municipal civil servant responsible for land use planning considers implementing a multistory building in their municipality, does the buildings frame material affect the civil servants’ perceptions towards the building? For example, are concrete multistory buildings seen to possess different qualities or attributes than wooden multistory buildings? I will share results from a national level survey that asked more than 270 municipal civil servants what they believe about these two building types. It turns out that attributes related especially with economic and environmental dimensions tend to be perceived differently, therefore, each building is perceived to come with its own set of beneficial tradeoffs. Bio: Florencia Franzini (M.Sc. in Forest economics and marketing) is a doctoral student researcher from the University of Helsinki. The doctoral dissertation investigates the role Finnish municipalities play in the implementation and development of wooden multistory buildings across Finland. The research examines perceptions municipal civil servant hold about wooden multistory buildings, as well as other perceptions related to the implementation of these building When? Wed 11.11.2020 3 to 4 p.m. Recording available on Unitube. Speakers Ilkka Leinonen, Research Professor(Luke) Hanna Koivula, University Lecturer (HELSUS) Pinja Näkki, Researcher (SYKE) Presentation abstracts Plastic litter in the marine environment – causes and consequences, presenter Pinja Näkki (SYKE) The concerns and public debate related to marine litter revolve around plastic, since it forms most of all marine litter. Its predominance as a material among other types of litter is a consequence of many factors: the wide application in the society, ever-growing production volumes, irresponsible consumer behavior, lack of proper waste management practices and persistence to degradation. Not only does plastic litter threat the wildlife, it also causes economical and societal harm. While the impacts of visible, large macroplastics have been recognized since the 1970s, microplastics rose into the limelight only in the 21st century and the evidence for their effects is still partially limited. In this presentation, I will give a short overview on the origin of the plastic litter problem and the currently known impacts and potential risks of plastics in the marine environment. Bio: Pinja Näkki works as a researcher in the Marine Research Centre at the Finnish Environment Institute SYKE. Her research focuses on microplastics, and currently she is finishing her doctoral thesis on the fate and impacts of microplastics on the seafloor. In addition, she has been involved in various projects related to the sources, abundance and effects of marine litter in the Baltic Sea and participated in environmental education and public outreach related to these issues. Are bio-based packaging materials more environmentally friendly than fossil plastics?, presenter Ilkka Leinonen (LUKE) Bio-based materials have generally a “green” image when they are compared to plastics. It is often thought that when materials come from renewable sources, also their environmental impacts are minimal. However, such ideas may not always be based on actual scientific facts. In this presentation, results from wide range of recent scientific studies are presented, showing comparisons between bio-based and fossil materials as carried out using the methodology of environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The results show that biomaterials indeed have environmental benefits, but also environmental problems that people are not always aware of. Furthermore, the presentation demonstrates the complexity associated with the environmental impact assessment of different materials. Especially the issues related to carbon sequestration and biogenic carbon storage are problematic, as there is a wide range of methodological choices needed when the environmental impacts are evaluated, and the results can be strongly dependent on such choices. Bio: Ilkka Leinonen works as a Research Professor at the Bioeconomy and Environment research unit of the Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke). Prof. Leinonen has long experience in applying and further developing systems modelling-based Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methods for quantifying the environmental impacts and resource use of food chains and investigating options for improving their environmental sustainability. Prof Leinonen has background in ecology and environmental sciences, and his earlier work includes development of process-based models for carbon cycles, as well as mechanistic models for energy balance and nutrient dynamics. Plastics in food packaging, presenter Hanna Koivula (HELSUS) Food is a necessity for human life. It is our fuel, source of enjoyment and central point for our social interactions. We have become more aware of how our food consumption has consequences for sustainability. The construction of our current food supply system heavily relies on packaging to protect the journey of food and to ensure the quality and safety of our food. It is essential to the way our food reaches our homes and eventually our mouths. Food comes in variety of shapes, colors, combination and consistencies. Each food has unique properties that need to be protected. Plastic is one category of materials that we use to protect our food on this journey. Why do we use it? How should we use it and what should we do to enhance sustainability of plastics for food packaging? Bio: D.Sc. (Tech.) Hanna Koivula is a university lecturer in packaging technology at the department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki. The various research topics in her career have revolved around material science, surface interactions, transfer phenomena and complex applications and problems requiring collaboration between different fields of science. Therefore, she finds that packaging technology and research topics especially in food packaging are a great field to be working on. Her current focus is food-packaging interactions from material and food science points of view. Local sustainable energy solutions Watch recording here. When: Wed 7.10.2020 from 3 to 4 p.m. How to participate? Due to the COVID-19 situation, the events will be held via Zoom until further notice. Recording will also be available later. Speakers Erika Winquist, Senior Scientist (Luke) Eeva-Lotta Apajalahti, Research Coordinatior, Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS) Santtu Karhinen, Researcher (SYKE) Presentation abstracts Biogas as part of decentralized renewable energy system, presenter Erika Winquist (Luke) How is biogas produced and from which raw materials? How can we use biogas and what could be the role of biogas in the future decentralized renewable energy system in Finland? The opportunities and challenges of biogas production and use were investigated during FutWend-project (2016 - 2019), Towards a future-oriented “Energiewende”, funded by Academy of Finland. The presentation summarizes the key findings from forerunner interviews, business model analysis, and webropol query carried out during the project. In addition, few examples are given from current existing farm-scale biogas plants and their business models. Bio: Erika Winquist works as Senior Scientist in Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Biorefinery and Bioproducts research group. She has several research interests all related to circular economy such as sustainable and resource efficient use of agricultural biomasses, and production of biogas and recycled nutrients. Development of the city energy system. From distributed local practices to large-scale system and back again?, presenter Eeva-Lotta Apajalahti (HELSUS) To be able to change and shape the current city energy systems towards more sustainable and renewable-based energy systems, it is important to know the history. The energy system of the City of Helsinki has developed to its current form from the early decades of 20th century when heating of the buildings and electricity production was block specific to a large-scale energy system with several fossil fuel based power plants. Strategic plans of carbon neutrality of the city of Helsinki is driving changes towards renewable and distributed energy system. I will shortly guide us through the development of the city energy system and give examples of the recent local energy solutions in the city context. Bio: Eeva-Lotta Apajalahti works as a research coordinator at HELSUS. Her research focuses on energy transition, sustainability transitions, inertia and path dependency of energy systems, socio-cultural framing of technology and emergence of technological fields. Her work as a research coordinator focuses on developing inter- and intradisciplinary research collaboration, science-policy interaction and increasing the societal impact of sustainability research. Regional employment and emission reduction potential of distributed renewable energy solutions in Finland, presenter Santtu Karhinen (SYKE) Abstract: Utilization of distributed renewable energy sources is one of the key factors in achieving carbon neutrality. In this study we take national estimates and targets related to the deployment of wind power, solar power, ground-source heat pumps and air-source heat pumps as given, and the national figures are separated into regional renewable energy potentials in 18 regions in the mainland of Finland based on regional building stock characteristics and weather conditions. The energy potentials are translated into required investments, which in turn create regional employment possibilities. Emission reduction potentials are calculated for each renewable energy source with econometric methods. Lastly, investigated renewable energy sources are compared by the prices of reduced emissions and employment per invested euros. The purpose of the comparison is to provide information on the most cost-efficient ways to reduce regional CO2 emissions, while simultaneously producing inform
wrong_mix_domainrange_leader_00015	FactBench	3	39	https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/i/identifying%2Bunknown%2Bmineral.html	en	identifying unknown mineral: Topics by WorldWideScience.org			[ "https://worldwidescience.org/sites/www.osti.gov/files/public/image-files/WWSlogo_wTag650px-min.png", "https://worldwidescience.org/sites/www.osti.gov/files/public/image-files/OSTIlogo.svg", "https://worldwidescience.org/sites/www.osti.gov/files/public/image-files/ICSTIlogo.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en			null	Characterization of potential mineralization in Afghanistan: four permissive areas identified using imaging spectroscopy data Science.gov (United States) King, Trude V.V.; Berger, Byron R.; Johnson, Michaela R. 2014-01-01 As part of the U.S. Geological Survey and Department of Defense Task Force for Business and Stability Operations natural resources revitalization activities in Afghanistan, four permissive areas for mineralization, Bamyan 1, Farah 1, Ghazni 1, and Ghazni 2, have been identified using imaging spectroscopy data. To support economic development, the areas of potential mineralization were selected on the occurrence of selected mineral assemblages mapped using the HyMapâ¢ data (kaolinite, jarosite, hydrated silica, chlorite, epidote, iron-bearing carbonate, buddingtonite, dickite, and alunite) that may be indicative of past mineralization processes in areas with limited or no previous mineral resource studies. Approximately 30 sites were initially determined to be candidates for areas of potential mineralization. Additional criteria and material used to refine the selection and prioritization process included existing geologic maps, Landsat Thematic Mapper data, and published literature. The HyMapTM data were interpreted in the context of the regional geologic and tectonic setting and used the presence of alteration mineral assemblages to identify areas with the potential for undiscovered mineral resources. Further field-sampling, mapping, and supporting geochemical analyses are necessary to fully substantiate and verify the specific deposit types in the four areas of potential mineralization. Improved mortality searches for Ontario miners using social insurance index identifiers International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Fair, M.E.; Newcombe, H.B.; Lalonde, P. 1988-02-01 The immediate purpose of the present use of the Social Insurance Number (SIN) index file is to facilitate the death searches pertaining to Ontario miners, including uranium miners. The SIN records contain accurate versions of the personal identifiers such as names and birth dates, whereas these are often incompletely or incorrectly recorded on the available work records such as those of the Workers' Compensation Board (WCB). The results show that use of the SIN identifiers considerably increases the accuracy of the death searches. Both the false positive and the false negative outcomes from these searches are reduced in number. This is true when the SIN identifiers are employed alone, and even more so when they are used in combination with the WCB identifiers. Moreover, the manual resolutions of the remaining difficult or ambiguous matches are greatly facilitated, in part because of the lessened resemblance between competing death links. The results are applicable to future studies of the mortality experience of occupational cohorts, including the Newfoundland fluorspar miners and persons enrolled in the National Dose Registry. The improvement will be most marked where SIN registrations for recent years are employed, i.e. following introduction of a requirement to provide birth certificate with the SIN application forms. As a by-product of the study it has been possible to investigate quantitatively, for the first time, the effect on accuracy of the death searches when various components of the full names, birth dates and such are deleted from the search records. These effects are substantial, and they emphasize further the value of having identifiers of high quality available for any mortality follow-up Attribute analyses of gpr data for detecting and identifying heavy minerals Science.gov (United States) Catakli, Aycan Attribute analyses have been used successfully in seismic applications for many years. In this study, the application of the attribute analyses to Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) data has been proposed to detect and identify heavy minerals within the Moon soil (regolith). Lunar samples are mostly composed of heavy minerals such as ilmenite, plagioclase, olivine and pyroxene, a characteristic that makes lunar soil a source for elements such as titanium, oxygen and iron. The main goal of this study is to demonstrate the use of GPR method for detecting and mapping heavy minerals concentrations. The attribute analyses used in this study are Attenuation Analysis (AA), Complex Trace Analysis (CTA), Texture Analysis (TA) and Center Frequency Destitution (CFD). Attribute analysis was applied to both synthetic models and prototype laboratory measurements to study its application to GPR data. The results indicate that the attribute analyses of GPR data can be useful to provide valuable subsurface information. The findings of AA show that attenuation values are function of mineralogy of the subsurface. This could be applicable to Moon and Mars in addition to Earth environment to explore their near-surface soils. CTA can successfully estimate the location of heavy mineral samples embedded inside host medium through the variation of reflected energy around buried sample and sharpen the reflecting interface. Results indicate that as the amount of the buried heavy minerals increases, the value of CTA parameters (Normal distribution of amplitude spectra `NDoAS' and tau-parameter) proportionally increase. TA measures combined can be used as an enhanced interpretation tool. The texture results show that heavy mineral concentrations can be identified by the high contrast, entropy, autocorrelation, correlation, cluster, dissimilarity, standard deviation, variance and low energy, maximum probability, and homogeneity. The measures also help in highlighting the edge of the buried samples Marine Mineral Exploration DEFF Research Database (Denmark) in EEZ areas are fairly unknown; many areas need detailed mapping and mineral exploration, and the majority of coastal or island states with large EEZ areas have little experience in exploration for marine hard minerals. This book describes the systematic steps in marine mineral exploration....... Such exploration requires knowledge of mineral deposits and models of their formation, of geophysical and geochemical exploration methods, and of data evaluation and interpretation methods. These topics are described in detail by an international group of authors. A short description is also given of marine... Hyperspectral analysis of clay minerals Science.gov (United States) Janaki Rama Suresh, G.; Sreenivas, K.; Sivasamy, R. 2014-11-01 A study was carried out by collecting soil samples from parts of Gwalior and Shivpuri district, Madhya Pradesh in order to assess the dominant clay mineral of these soils using hyperspectral data, as 0.4 to 2.5 Î¼m spectral range provides abundant and unique information about many important earth-surface minerals. Understanding the spectral response along with the soil chemical properties can provide important clues for retrieval of mineralogical soil properties. The soil samples were collected based on stratified random sampling approach and dominant clay minerals were identified through XRD analysis. The absorption feature parameters like depth, width, area and asymmetry of the absorption peaks were derived from spectral profile of soil samples through DISPEC tool. The derived absorption feature parameters were used as inputs for modelling the dominant soil clay mineral present in the unknown samples using Random forest approach which resulted in kappa accuracy of 0.795. Besides, an attempt was made to classify the Hyperion data using Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) algorithm with an overall accuracy of 68.43 %. Results showed that kaolinite was the dominant mineral present in the soils followed by montmorillonite in the study area. Genetic sharing with cardiovascular disease risk factors and diabetes reveals novel bone mineral density loci NARCIS (Netherlands) S. Reppe (Sjur); Y. Wang (Yunpeng); W.K. Thompson (Wesley K.); L.K. McEvoy (Linda K.); N.J. Schork (Nicholas); V. Zuber (Verena); M. Leblanc (Marissa); F. Bettella (Francesco); I.G. Mills (Ian G.); R.S. Desikan (Rahul S.); S. Djurovic (Srdjan); K.M. Gautvik (Kaare); A.M. Dale (Anders); O.A. Andreassen (Ole); K. Estrada Gil (Karol); U. Styrkarsdottir (Unnur); E. Evangelou (Evangelos); Y.-H. Hsu (Yi-Hsiang); E.L. Duncan (Emma); E.E. Ntzani (Evangelia); L. Oei (Ling); O.M.E. Albagha (Omar M.); N. Amin (Najaf); J.P. Kemp (John); D.L. Koller (Daniel); G. Li (Guo); C.-T. Liu (Ching-Ti); R.L. Minster (Ryan); A. Moayyeri (Alireza); L. Vandenput (Liesbeth); D. Willner (Dana); S.-M. Xiao (Su-Mei); L.M. Yerges-Armstrong (Laura); H.-F. Zheng (Hou-Feng); N. Alonso (Nerea); J. Eriksson (Joel); C.M. Kammerer (Candace); S. Kaptoge (Stephen); P.J. Leo (Paul); G. Thorleifsson (Gudmar); S.G. Wilson (Scott); J.F. Wilson (James F); V. Aalto (Ville); M. Alen (Markku); A.K. Aragaki (Aaron); T. Aspelund (Thor); J.R. Center (Jacqueline); Z. Dailiana (Zoe); C. Duggan; M. Garcia (Melissa); N. Garcia-Giralt (NatÃ lia); S. Giroux (Sylvie); G. Hallmans (GÃ¶ran); L.J. Hocking (Lynne); L.B. Husted (Lise Bjerre); K. Jameson (Karen); R. Khusainova (Rita); G.S. Kim (Ghi Su); C. Kooperberg (Charles); T. Koromila (Theodora); M. Kruk (Marcin); M. Laaksonen (Marika); A.Z. Lacroix (Andrea Z.); S.H. Lee (Seung Hun); P.C. Leung (Ping C.); J.R. Lewis (Joshua); L. Masi (Laura); S. Mencej-Bedrac (Simona); T.V. Nguyen (Tuan); X. Nogues (Xavier); M.S. Patel (Millan); J. Prezelj (Janez); L.M. Rose (Lynda); S. Scollen (Serena); K. Siggeirsdottir (Kristin); G.D. Smith; O. Svensson (Olle); S. Trompet (Stella); O. Trummer (Olivia); N.M. van Schoor (Natasja); J. Woo (Jean); K. Zhu (Kun); S. Balcells (Susana); M.L. Brandi; B.M. Buckley (Brendan M.); S. Cheng (Sulin); C. Christiansen; C. Cooper (Charles); G.V. Dedoussis (George); I. Ford (Ian); M. Frost (Morten); D. Goltzman (David); J. GonzÃ¡lez-MacÃas (JesÃºs); M. KÃ¤hÃ¶nen (Mika); M. Karlsson (Magnus); E.K. Khusnutdinova (Elza); J.-M. Koh (Jung-Min); P. Kollia (Panagoula); B.L. Langdahl (Bente); W.D. Leslie (William D.); P. Lips (Paul); O. Ljunggren (Ãsten); R. Lorenc (Roman); J. Marc (Janja); D. MellstrÃ¶m (Dan); B. Obermayer-Pietsch (Barbara); D. Olmos (David); U. Pettersson-Kymmer (Ulrika); D.M. Reid (David); J.A. Riancho (JosÃ©); P.M. Ridker (Paul); M.F. Rousseau (Francois); P.E. Slagboom (Eline); N.L.S. Tang (Nelson L.S.); R. Urreizti (Roser); W. Van Hul (Wim); J. Viikari (Jorma); M.T. Zarrabeitia (MarÃa); Y.S. Aulchenko (Yurii); M.C. CastaÃ±o Betancourt (Martha); E. Grundberg (Elin); L. Herrera (Lizbeth); T. Ingvarsson (Torvaldur); H. Johannsdottir (Hrefna); T. Kwan (Tony); R. Li (Rui); R.N. Luben (Robert); M.C. Medina-Gomez (Carolina); S.T. Palsson (Stefan Th); J.I. Rotter (Jerome I.); G. Sigurdsson (Gunnar); J.B.J. van Meurs (Joyce); D.J. Verlaan (Dominique); F.M. Williams (Frances); A.R. Wood (Andrew); Y. Zhou (Yanhua); T. Pastinen (Tomi); S. Raychaudhuri (Soumya); J.A. Cauley (Jane); D.I. Chasman (Daniel); G.R. Clark (Graeme); S.R. Cummings (Steven R.); P. Danoy (Patrick); E.M. Dennison (Elaine); R. Eastell (Richard); J.A. Eisman (John); V. Gudnason (Vilmundur); A. Hofman (Albert); R.D. Jackson (Rebecca); G. Jones (Graeme); J.W. Jukema (Jan Wouter); K.T. Khaw; T. LehtimÃ¤ki (Terho); Y. Liu (YongMei); M. Lorentzon (Mattias); E. McCloskey (Eugene); B.D. Mitchell (Braxton); K. Nandakumar (Kannabiran); G.C. Nicholson (Geoffrey); B.A. Oostra (Ben); M. Peacock (Munro); H.A.P. Pols (Huib); R.L. Prince (Richard); O. Raitakari (Olli); I.R. Reid (Ian); J. Robbins (John); P.N. Sambrook (Philip); P.C. Sham (Pak Chung); A.R. Shuldiner (Alan); F.A. Tylavsky (Frances); C.M. van Duijn (Cornelia); N.J. Wareham (Nicholas J.); L.A. Cupples (Adrienne); M.J. Econs (Michael); D.M. Evans (David); T.B. Harris (Tamara B.); A.W.C. Kung (Annie Wai Chee); B.M. Psaty (Bruce); J. Reeve (Jonathan); T.D. Spector (Timothy); E.A. Streeten (Elizabeth); M.C. Zillikens (Carola); U. Thorsteinsdottir (Unnur); C. Ohlsson (Claes); D. Karasik (David); J.B. Richards (Brent); M.A. Brown (Matthew); J-A. Zwart (John-Anker); A.G. Uitterlinden (AndrÃ©); S.H. Ralston (Stuart); J.P.A. Ioannidis (John P.A.); D.P. Kiel (Douglas P.); F. Rivadeneira Ramirez (Fernando) 2015-01-01 textabstractBone Mineral Density (BMD) is a highly heritable trait, but genome-wide association studies have identified few genetic risk factors. Epidemiological studies suggest associations between BMD and several traits and diseases, but the nature of the suggestive comorbidity is still unknown. Mineral resource potential map of the Sugarloaf Roadless Area, San Bernardino County, California Science.gov (United States) Powell, Robert E.; Matti, Jonathan C.; Cox, Brett F.; Oliver, Howard W.; Wagini, Alexander; Campbell, Harry W. 1983-01-01 Geologic, geochemical, and geophysical investigations and a survey of mines and prospects indicate that the Sugaloaf Roadless Area contains subeconomic graphite and magnesian marble resources. Parts of the area have a low potential for the occurrence of additional low-grade graphite resources, but there is no potential for additional magnesian marble resources within the roadless area. Sand, gravel, and construction stone other than carbonate rocks are found in the roadless area, but similar or better quality materials are abundant and more accessible outside the area. The roadless area has no identified energy mineral resources, but parts of the area have a low to moderate potential for low-grade uranium resources. There are no identified metallic mineral resources within the area, and there is no evidence of a potential for the occurrence of such resources. No previously unknown mineral occurrence was located during this study. Identification of provenance rocks based on EPMA analyses of heavy minerals Science.gov (United States) Shimizu, M.; Sano, N.; Ueki, T.; Yonaga, Y.; Yasue, K. I.; Masakazu, N. 2017-12-01 Information on mountain building is significant in the field of geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste, because this affects long-term stability in groundwater flow system. Provenance analysis is one of effective approaches for understanding building process of mountains. Chemical compositions of heavy minerals, as well as their chronological data, can be an index for identification of provenance rocks. The accurate identification requires the measurement of as many grains as possible. In order to achieve an efficient provenance analysis, we developed a method for quick identification of heavy minerals using an Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA). In this method, heavy mineral grains extracted from a sample were aligned on a glass slide and mounted in a resin. Concentration of 28 elements was measured for 300-500 grains per sample using EPMA. To measure as many grains as possible, we prioritized swiftness of measurement over precision, configuring measurement time of about 3.5 minutes for each grain. Identification of heavy minerals was based on their chemical composition. We developed a MicrosoftÂ® ExcelÂ® spread sheet input criteria of mineral identification using a typical range of chemical compositions for each mineral. The grains of 110 wt.% total were rejected. The criteria of mineral identification were revised through the comparison between mineral identification by optical microscopy and chemical compositions of grains classified as "unknown minerals". Provenance rocks can be identified based on abundance ratio of identified minerals. If no significant difference of the abundance ratio was found among source rocks, chemical composition of specific minerals was used as another index. This method was applied to the sediments of some regions in Japan where provenance rocks had lithological variations but similar formation ages. Consequently, the provenance rocks were identified based on chemical compositions of heavy minerals resistant to Identifying sources of aeolian mineral dust: Present and past Science.gov (United States) Muhs, Daniel R; Prospero, Joseph M; Baddock, Matthew C; Gill, Thomas E 2014-01-01 Aeolian mineral dust is an important component of the Earthâs environmental systems, playing roles in the planetary radiation balance, as a source of fertilizer for biota in both terrestrial and marine realms and as an archive for understanding atmospheric circulation and paleoclimate in the geologic past. Crucial to understanding all of these roles of dust is the identification of dust sources. Here we review the methods used to identify dust sources active at present and in the past. Contemporary dust sources, produced by both glaciogenic and non-glaciogenic processes, can be readily identified by the use of Earth-orbiting satellites. These data show that present dust sources are concentrated in a global dust belt that encompasses large topographic basins in low-latitude arid and semiarid regions. Geomorphic studies indicate that specific point sources for dust in this zone include dry or ephemeral lakes, intermittent stream courses, dune fields, and some bedrock surfaces. Back-trajectory analyses are also used to identify dust sources, through modeling of wind fields and the movement of air parcels over periods of several days. Identification of dust sources from the past requires novel approaches that are part of the geologic toolbox of provenance studies. Identification of most dust sources of the past requires the use of physical, mineralogical, geochemical, and isotopic analyses of dust deposits. Physical properties include systematic spatial changes in dust deposit thickness and particle size away from a source. Mineralogy and geochemistry can pinpoint dust sources by clay mineral ratios and Sc-Th-La abundances, respectively. The most commonly used isotopic methods utilize isotopes of Nd, Sr, and Pb and have been applied extensively in dust archives of deep-sea cores, ice cores, and loess. All these methods have shown that dust sources have changed over time, with far more abundant dust supplies existing during glacial periods. Greater dust supplies in Allocating monitoring effort in the face of unknown unknowns Science.gov (United States) Wintle, B.A.; Runge, M.C.; Bekessy, S.A. 2010-01-01 There is a growing view that to make efficient use of resources, ecological monitoring should be hypothesis-driven and targeted to address specific management questions. 'Targeted' monitoring has been contrasted with other approaches in which a range of quantities are monitored in case they exhibit an alarming trend or provide ad hoc ecological insights. The second form of monitoring, described as surveillance, has been criticized because it does not usually aim to discern between competing hypotheses, and its benefits are harder to identify a priori. The alternative view is that the existence of surveillance data may enable rapid corroboration of emerging hypotheses or help to detect important 'unknown unknowns' that, if undetected, could lead to catastrophic outcomes or missed opportunities. We derive a model to evaluate and compare the efficiency of investments in surveillance and targeted monitoring. We find that a decision to invest in surveillance monitoring may be defensible if: (1) the surveillance design is more likely to discover or corroborate previously unknown phenomena than a targeted design and (2) the expected benefits (or avoided costs) arising from discovery are substantially higher than those arising from a well-planned targeted design. Our examination highlights the importance of being explicit about the objectives, costs and expected benefits of monitoring in a decision analytic framework. ?? 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/CNRS. Minerals from Macedonia: XV. Sivec mineral assemble International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Boev, Blazho; Jovanovski, Gligor; Makreski, Petre; Bermanec, Vladimir 2005-01-01 The paper presents investigations carried out on the collected minerals from the Sivec deposit. It is situated in the vicinity of the town of Prilep, representing a rare occurrence of sugary white dolomite marbles. The application of suitable methods of exploitation of decorative-dimension stones makes possible to obtain large amounts of commercial blocks well known in the world. Despite the existence of dolomite marbles, a series of exotic minerals are typical in Sivec mineralization. Among them, the most significant are: calcite, fluorite, rutile, phlogopite, corundum, diaspore, almandine, kosmatite (clintonite or margarite), clinochlore, muscovite, quartz, pyrite, tourmaline and zoisite. An attempt to identify ten collected minerals using the FT IR spectroscopy is performed. The identification of the minerals was based on the comparison of the infrared spectra of our specimens with the corresponding literature data for the mineral species originating all over the world. The coloured pictures of all studied silicate minerals are presented as well. (Author) Beneath the Minerals, a Layer of Round Lipid Particles Was Identified to Mediate Collagen Calcification in Compact Bone Formation OpenAIRE Xu, Shaohua; Yu, Jianqing J. 2006-01-01 Astronauts lose 1â2% of their bone minerals per month during space flights. A systematic search for a countermeasure relies on a good understanding of the mechanism of bone formation at the molecular level. How collagen fibers, the dominant matrix protein in bones, are mineralized remains mysterious. Atomic force microscopy was carried out, in combination with immunostaining and Western blotting, on bovine tibia to identify unrecognized building blocks involved in bone formation and for an el... Remote sensing of geologic mineral occurrences for the Colorado mineral belt using LANDSAT data Science.gov (United States) Carpenter, R. H. (Principal Investigator); Trexler, D. W. 1976-01-01 The author has identified the following significant results. LANDSAT imagery was examined as a practical and productive tool for mineral exploration along the Colorado Mineral Belt. An attempt was made to identify all large, active and/or abandoned mining districts on the imagery which initially were discovered by surface manifestations. A number of strong photolinements, circular features, and color anomalies were identified. Some of these form a part of the structural and igneous volcanic framework in which mineral deposits occur. No specific mineral deposits such as veins or porphyries were identified. Promising linear and concentric features were field checked at several locations. Some proved to be fault zones and calderas; others were strictly topographic features related to stream or glacial entrenchment. The Silverton Caldera region and the Idaho Springs-Central City district were chosen and studied as case histories to evaluate the application of LANDSAT imagery to mineral exploration. Evidence of specific mineralization related to ore deposits in these two areas were observed only on low level photography. An integrated study of remotely sensed and geophysical data for mineral exploration in Lincoln county, Nevada International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Cetin, H.; Levandowsk, D.W. 1991-01-01 The mineral belts of Lincoln County were studied using geophysical and remote sensing data. Digital Thematic Mapper (TM) data was processed in a new normalization technique that discriminates hydrothermal alteration from the other cover types in the area. This technique is robust, appears to be scene independent, and resulted in the discovery of previously unknown areas of hydrothermal alteration. Lineament analysis was carried out using a variety of filters on the TM data. Gamma-ray, as well as aeromagnetic and gravity data were used, along with the TM data, to identify the specific attributes of known mineral deposits in order to outline other potential target areas. In this paper color pseudo-three-dimensional plot of gamma-ray data is used to identify areas that have high Potassium and Thorium counts and are also characterized by significant K/Th ratio values Known knowns, known unknowns and unknown unknowns in prokaryotic transposition. Science.gov (United States) Siguier, Patricia; Gourbeyre, Edith; Chandler, Michael 2017-08-01 Although the phenomenon of transposition has been known for over 60 years, its overarching importance in modifying and streamlining genomes took some time to recognize. In spite of a robust understanding of transposition of some TE, there remain a number of important TE groups with potential high genome impact and unknown transposition mechanisms and yet others, only recently identified by bioinformatics, yet to be formally confirmed as mobile. Here, we point to some areas of limited understanding concerning well established important TE groups with DDE Tpases, to address central gaps in our knowledge of characterised Tn with other types of Tpases and finally, to highlight new potentially mobile DNA species. It is not exhaustive. Examples have been chosen to provide encouragement in the continued exploration of the considerable prokaryotic mobilome especially in light of the current threat to public health posed by the spread of multiple Ab R . Copyright Â© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Grouping Minerals by Their Formulas Science.gov (United States) Mulvey, Bridget 2018-01-01 Minerals are commonly taught in ways that emphasize mineral identification for its own sake or maybe to help identify rocks. But how do minerals fit in with other science content taught? The author uses mineral formulas to help Earth science students wonder about the connection between elements, compounds, mixtures, minerals, and mineral formulas.â¦ Mineral and Geochemical Classification From Spectroscopy/Diffraction Through Neural Networks Science.gov (United States) Ferralis, N.; Grossman, J.; Summons, R. E. 2017-12-01 Spectroscopy and diffraction techniques are essential for understanding structural, chemical and functional properties of geological materials for Earth and Planetary Sciences. Beyond data collection, quantitative insight relies on experimentally assembled, or computationally derived spectra. Inference on the geochemical or geophysical properties (such as crystallographic order, chemical functionality, elemental composition, etc.) of a particular geological material (mineral, organic matter, etc.) is based on fitting unknown spectra and comparing the fit with consolidated databases. The complexity of fitting highly convoluted spectra, often limits the ability to infer geochemical characteristics, and limits the throughput for extensive datasets. With the emergence of heuristic approaches to pattern recognitions though machine learning, in this work we investigate the possibility and potential of using supervised neural networks trained on available public spectroscopic database to directly infer geochemical parameters from unknown spectra. Using Raman, infrared spectroscopy and powder x-ray diffraction from the publicly available RRUFF database, we train neural network models to classify mineral and organic compounds (pure or mixtures) based on crystallographic structure from diffraction, chemical functionality, elemental composition and bonding from spectroscopy. As expected, the accuracy of the inference is strongly dependent on the quality and extent of the training data. We will identify a series of requirements and guidelines for the training dataset needed to achieve consistent high accuracy inference, along with methods to compensate for limited of data. MoCha: Molecular Characterization of Unknown Pathways. Science.gov (United States) Lobo, Daniel; Hammelman, Jennifer; Levin, Michael 2016-04-01 Automated methods for the reverse-engineering of complex regulatory networks are paving the way for the inference of mechanistic comprehensive models directly from experimental data. These novel methods can infer not only the relations and parameters of the known molecules defined in their input datasets, but also unknown components and pathways identified as necessary by the automated algorithms. Identifying the molecular nature of these unknown components is a crucial step for making testable predictions and experimentally validating the models, yet no specific and efficient tools exist to aid in this process. To this end, we present here MoCha (Molecular Characterization), a tool optimized for the search of unknown proteins and their pathways from a given set of known interacting proteins. MoCha uses the comprehensive dataset of protein-protein interactions provided by the STRING database, which currently includes more than a billion interactions from over 2,000 organisms. MoCha is highly optimized, performing typical searches within seconds. We demonstrate the use of MoCha with the characterization of unknown components from reverse-engineered models from the literature. MoCha is useful for working on network models by hand or as a downstream step of a model inference engine workflow and represents a valuable and efficient tool for the characterization of unknown pathways using known data from thousands of organisms. MoCha and its source code are freely available online under the GPLv3 license. The mineralization and mechanism of the endogenetic mineral deposit in China International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Jiang Yonghong 2010-01-01 In the process of mineralization, due to the difference in rank, scale and order of structures orebody, mine colomn or rich ore bag are often produced in the specific structural parts. Obviously, it is controlled by favourite structure. The important and direct control of the structure to metal endogenetic mineralization evolution are representative on the affect of pulse action of structure to the multi-stage of mineralization evolution. According to the formation environment of the mineralization, it can be classified as collision orogeny mineralization, release(extension)mineralization, slide draw-division basin mineralization and shear zone extension mineralization. Throng the discuss of endogenetic deposit in the geological evolution, structure and formation machenism, the metallogenic model was preliminary established,and the criteria for delineating favourable metallogenic area was identified. (authors) Loss of DMP1 causes rickets and osteomalacia and identifies a role for osteocytes in mineral metabolism Science.gov (United States) Feng, Jian Q; Ward, Leanne M; Liu, Shiguang; Lu, Yongbo; Xie, Yixia; Yuan, Baozhi; Yu, Xijie; Rauch, Frank; Davis, Siobhan I; Zhang, Shubin; Rios, Hector; Drezner, Marc K; Quarles, L Darryl; Bonewald, Lynda F; White, Kenneth E 2007-01-01 The osteocyte, a terminally differentiated cell comprising 90%â95% of all bone cells1,2, may have multiple functions, including acting as a mechanosensor in bone (re)modeling3. Dentin matrix protein 1 (encoded by DMP1) is highly expressed in osteocytes4 and, when deleted in mice, results in a hypomineralized bone phenotype5. We investigated the potential for this gene not only to direct skeletal mineralization but also to regulate phosphate (Pi) homeostasis. Both Dmp1- null mice and individuals with a newly identified disorder, autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets, manifest rickets and osteomalacia with isolated renal phosphate-wasting associated with elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels and normocalciuria. Mutational analyses showed that autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets family carried a mutation affecting the DMP1 start codon, and a second family carried a 7-bp deletion disrupting the highly conserved DMP1 C terminus. Mechanistic studies using Dmp1-null mice demonstrated that absence of DMP1 results in defective osteocyte maturation and increased FGF23 expression, leading to pathological changes in bone mineralization. Our findings suggest a bone-renal axis that is central to guiding proper mineral metabolism. PMID:17033621 X-ray diffraction identification of clay minerals by microcomputer International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Rodrigues, S.; Imasava, F.J. 1988-01-01 The identification of clay minerals by X-ray powder diffraction are done by searching an unknown pattern with a file of standard X-ray diffraction patterns. For this searching done by hand is necessary a long time. This paper shows a program in ''Basic'' language to be utilized in microcomputers for the math of the unknown pattern, using the high velocity of comparison of the microcomputer. A few minutes are used for the match. (author) [pt The fate of nitrogen mineralized from leaf litter Â Initial evidence from 15N-labeled litter Science.gov (United States) Kathryn B. Piatek 2011-01-01 Decomposition of leaf litter includes microbial immobilization of nitrogen (N), followed by N mineralization. The fate of N mineralized from leaf litter is unknown. I hypothesized that N mineralized from leaf litter will be re-immobilized into other forms of organic matter, including downed wood. This mechanism may retain N in some forests. To test this hypothesis, oak... Function analysis of unknown genes DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Rogowska-Wrzesinska, A. 2002-01-01 Â This thesis entitled "Function analysis of unknown genes" presents the use of proteome analysis for the characterisation of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) genes and their products (proteins especially those of unknown function). This study illustrates that proteome analysis can be used...... to describe different aspects of molecular biology of the cell, to study changes that occur in the cell due to overexpression or deletion of a gene and to identify various protein modifications. The biological questions and the results of the described studies show the diversity of the information that can...... genes and proteins. It reports the first global proteome database collecting 36 yeast single gene deletion mutants and selecting over 650 differences between analysed mutants and the wild type strain. The obtained results show that two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry based proteome... Apatite mineralization in elasmobranch skeletons via a polyphosphate intermediate Science.gov (United States) Omelon, Sidney; Lacroix, Nicolas; Lildhar, Levannia; Variola, Fabio; Dean, Mason 2014-05-01 All vertebrate skeletons are stiffened with apatite, a calcium phosphate mineral. Control of apatite mineralization is essential to the growth and repair of the biology of these skeletons, ensuring that apatite is deposited in the correct tissue location at the desired time. The mechanism of this biochemical control remains debated, but must involve increasing the localized apatite saturation state. It was theorized in 1923 that alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity provides this control mechanism by increasing the inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentration via dephosphorylation of phosphorylated molecules. The ALP substrate for biological apatite is not known. We propose that polyphosphates (polyPs) produced by mitochondria may be the substrate for biological apatite formation by ALP activity. PolyPs (PO3-)n, also known as condensed phosphates, represent a concentrated, bioavailable Pi-storage strategy. Mitochondria import Pi and synthesize phosphate polymers through an unknown biochemical mechanism. When chelated with calcium and/or other cations, the effective P-concentration of these neutrally charged, amorphous, polyP species can be very high (~ 0.5 M), without inducing phosphate mineral crystallization. This P-concentration in the low Pi-concentration biological environment offers a method of concentrating P well above an apatite supersaturation required for nucleation. Bone is the most studied mineralized skeletal tissue. However, locating and analyzing active mineralizing areas is challenging. We studied calcified cartilage skeletons of elasmobranch fishes (sharks, stingrays and relatives) to analyse the phosphate chemistry in this continually mineralizing skeleton. Although the majority of the elasmobranch skeleton is unmineralized cartilage, it is wrapped in an outer layer of mineralized tissue comprised of small tiles called tesserae. These calcified tesserae continually grow through the formation of new mineral on their borders. Co-localization of ALP and AbMiner: A bioinformatic resource on available monoclonal antibodies and corresponding gene identifiers for genomic, proteomic, and immunologic studies Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Shankavaram Uma 2006-04-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background Monoclonal antibodies are used extensively throughout the biomedical sciences for detection of antigens, either in vitro or in vivo. We, for example, have used them for quantitation of proteins on "reverse-phase" protein lysate arrays. For those studies, we quality-controlled > 600 available monoclonal antibodies and also needed to develop precise information on the genes that encode their antigens. Translation among the various protein and gene identifier types proved non-trivial because of one-to-many and many-to-one relationships. To organize the antibody, protein, and gene information, we initially developed a relational database in Filemaker for our own use. When it became apparent that the information would be useful to many other researchers faced with the need to choose or characterize antibodies, we developed it further as AbMiner, a fully relational web-based database under MySQL, programmed in Java. Description AbMiner is a user-friendly, web-based relational database of information on > 600 commercially available antibodies that we validated by Western blot for protein microarray studies. It includes many types of information on the antibody, the immunogen, the vendor, the antigen, and the antigen's gene. Multiple gene and protein identifier types provide links to corresponding entries in a variety of other public databases, including resources for phosphorylation-specific antibodies. AbMiner also includes our quality-control data against a pool of 60 diverse cancer cell types (the NCI-60 and also protein expression levels for the NCI-60 cells measured using our high-density "reverse-phase" protein lysate microarrays for a selection of the listed antibodies. Some other available database resources give information on antibody specificity for one or a couple of cell types. In contrast, the data in AbMiner indicate specificity with respect to the antigens in a pool of 60 diverse cell types from nine different AbMiner: a bioinformatic resource on available monoclonal antibodies and corresponding gene identifiers for genomic, proteomic, and immunologic studies. Science.gov (United States) Major, Sylvia M; Nishizuka, Satoshi; Morita, Daisaku; Rowland, Rick; Sunshine, Margot; Shankavaram, Uma; Washburn, Frank; Asin, Daniel; Kouros-Mehr, Hosein; Kane, David; Weinstein, John N 2006-04-06 Monoclonal antibodies are used extensively throughout the biomedical sciences for detection of antigens, either in vitro or in vivo. We, for example, have used them for quantitation of proteins on "reverse-phase" protein lysate arrays. For those studies, we quality-controlled > 600 available monoclonal antibodies and also needed to develop precise information on the genes that encode their antigens. Translation among the various protein and gene identifier types proved non-trivial because of one-to-many and many-to-one relationships. To organize the antibody, protein, and gene information, we initially developed a relational database in Filemaker for our own use. When it became apparent that the information would be useful to many other researchers faced with the need to choose or characterize antibodies, we developed it further as AbMiner, a fully relational web-based database under MySQL, programmed in Java. AbMiner is a user-friendly, web-based relational database of information on > 600 commercially available antibodies that we validated by Western blot for protein microarray studies. It includes many types of information on the antibody, the immunogen, the vendor, the antigen, and the antigen's gene. Multiple gene and protein identifier types provide links to corresponding entries in a variety of other public databases, including resources for phosphorylation-specific antibodies. AbMiner also includes our quality-control data against a pool of 60 diverse cancer cell types (the NCI-60) and also protein expression levels for the NCI-60 cells measured using our high-density "reverse-phase" protein lysate microarrays for a selection of the listed antibodies. Some other available database resources give information on antibody specificity for one or a couple of cell types. In contrast, the data in AbMiner indicate specificity with respect to the antigens in a pool of 60 diverse cell types from nine different tissues of origin. AbMiner is a relational database that Isotopic Tracers to Identify Far-traveled Pollutant and Mineral Aerosols in Northern California (Invited) Science.gov (United States) Depaolo, D. J.; Christensen, J. N.; Ewing, S. A.; Cliff, S. S.; Brown, S. T.; Vancuren, R. A. 2009-12-01 Mineral dust and pollutant aerosols can be lofted into the atmosphere and transported 1000s of kilometers, facilitating intercontinental communication of soil components, biological material (bacteria, viruses) and anthropogenic particulates. Far-traveled aerosols also affect air quality, atmospheric radiation balance and cloud formation. Understanding the sources of aerosols, and how they evolve with climate change, land use changes, and emerging industrial activity, is important for assessing air quality and climate processes in California. A particular concern for California is trans-Pacific transport of mineral aerosols from Asian deserts, and the possibility that industrial and other pollutants accompany them. The geographic sources of mineral and pollutant aerosols can in many cases be determined from their isotopic composition, using for example some combination of elements such as Pb, Sr, Nd, Hf, Zn, N, S, C, O, U, B, and Li. With systematic sample collection and analysis, isotopes can provide quantification of the changing proportions of local versus distant sources. Where the far-traveled components can be identified, comparisons can be made to meteorological data to better understand the factors controlling the efficiency of long-range transport. With heavy dust storms, such as those that arise in the Sahel/Sahara or the deserts of Asia, aerosols can be tracked in satellite imagery and other approaches may not be necessary. During more common periods of lesser aerosol loading, and where greater transport distances are involved, ground-based methods such as chemical analysis of a time-series of collected PM2.5 are needed to evaluate sources. Pollutants may or may not accompany mineral dust, and may be added along the transport path. Although chemical analysis is useful, relatively fast and inexpensive, more information, and in some cases more definitive conclusions, can be obtained by adding isotopic measurements. By combining multiple isotopic systems (e International availability of energy minerals Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) White, N A [Norman White Associates, London (UK) 1979-06-01 Whereas the ultimate world supply of energy minerals - defined as fossil fuels and fissile minerals - is controlled by geological factors, the actual supply at any particular time is controlled by economic feasibility, technological innovations and/or political decisions. This paper identifies and discusses the principal uncertainties surrounding the international availability of energy minerals from now until the end of the century. A brief comparison is also made between energy and non-energy minerals. Using systematic and comparative GC/MS and GC/FID data to identify the source of an unknown oil on contaminated birds International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Wang, Z.; Fingas, M.; Landriault, M.; Sigouin, L.; Feng, Y. 1996-01-01 A method to identify and differentiate spilled oil and petroleum products was developed. In January 1996, four birds covered with an unknown oil were found near Larchipel-de-Mingan National Park in Quebec. Environment Canada wanted to know if the oil came from a leak in a barge which was grounded on Anticosti Island. To do so, it was necessary to determine the nature of the oil, the type of petroleum hydrocarbons, the age, the weathering and degradation extent of the spilled oil, and changes in oil character since the occurrence of any possible spill. The analytical approach to determine the source of the unknown oil was described. The analysis of individual aliphatic, aromatic, and biomarker hydrocarbons were made with the use of gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS), and gas chromatography/flame ionization detector (GC/FID). Pattern recognition plot analysis was also used in determining the source of the oil. It was concluded that the residual oil on the birds was not from the suspected barge oil, and was most probably old, highly weathered, somewhat biodegraded bunker type oil. 23 refs., 5 tabs., 7 figs Identifying areas of high economic-potential copper mineralization using ASTER data in the Urumieh-Dokhtar Volcanic Belt, Iran Science.gov (United States) Pour, Amin Beiranvand; Hashim, Mazlan 2012-02-01 This study investigates the application of spectral image processing methods to ASTER data for mapping hydrothermal alteration zones associated with porphyry copper mineralization and related host rock. The study area is located in the southeastern segment of the Urumieh-Dokhtar Volcanic Belt of Iran. This area has been selected because it is a potential zone for exploration of new porphyry copper deposits. Spectral transform approaches, namely principal component analysis, band ratio and minimum noise fraction were used for mapping hydrothermally altered rocks and lithological units at regional scale. Spectral mapping methods, including spectral angle mapper, linear spectral unmixing, matched filtering and mixture tuned matched filtering were applied to differentiate hydrothermal alteration zones associated with porphyry copper mineralization such as phyllic, argillic and propylitic mineral assemblages.Spectral transform methods enhanced hydrothermally altered rocks associated with the known porphyry copper deposits and new identified prospects using shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands of ASTER. These methods showed the discrimination of quartz rich igneous rocks from the magmatic background and the boundary between igneous and sedimentary rocks using the thermal infrared (TIR) bands of ASTER at regional scale. Spectral mapping methods distinguished the sericitically- and argillically-altered rocks (the phyllic and argillic alteration zones) that surrounded by discontinuous to extensive zones of propylitized rocks (the propylitic alteration zone) using SWIR bands of ASTER at both regional and district scales. Linear spectral unmixing method can be best suited for distinguishing specific high economic-potential hydrothermal alteration zone (the phyllic zone) and mineral assemblages using SWIR bands of ASTER. Results have proven to be effective, and in accordance with the results of field surveying, spectral reflectance measurements and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy analysis of minerals: Carbonates and silicates International Nuclear Information System (INIS) McMillan, Nancy J.; Harmon, Russell S.; De Lucia, Frank C.; Miziolek, Andrzej M. 2007-01-01 Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) provides an alternative chemical analytical technique that obviates the issues of sample preparation and sample destruction common to most laboratory-based analytical methods. This contribution explores the capability of LIBS analysis to identify carbonate and silicate minerals rapidly and accurately. Fifty-two mineral samples (18 carbonates, 9 pyroxenes and pyroxenoids, 6 amphiboles, 8 phyllosilicates, and 11 feldspars) were analyzed by LIBS. Two composite broadband spectra (averages of 10 shots each) were calculated for each sample to produce two databases each containing the composite LIBS spectra for the same 52 mineral samples. By using correlation coefficients resulting from the regression of the intensities of pairs of LIBS spectra, all 52 minerals were correctly identified in the database. If the LIBS spectra of each sample were compared to a database containing the other 51 minerals, 65% were identified as a mineral of similar composition from the same mineral family. The remaining minerals were misidentified for two reasons: 1) the mineral had high concentrations of an element not present in the database; and 2) the mineral was identified as a mineral with similar elemental composition from a different family. For instance, the Ca-Mg carbonate dolomite was misidentified as the Ca-Mg silicate diopside. This pilot study suggests that LIBS has promise in mineral identification and in situ analysis of minerals that record geological processes Isotope analysis of closely adjacent minerals International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Smith, M.P. 1990-01-01 This patent describes a method of determining an indicator of at least one of hydrocarbon formation, migration, and accumulation during mineral development. It comprises: searching for a class of minerals in a mineral specimen comprising more than one class of minerals; identifying in the mineral specimen a target sample of the thus searched for class; directing thermally pyrolyzing laser beam radiation onto surface mineral substance of the target sample in the mineral specimen releasing surface mineral substance pyrolysate gases therefrom; and determining isotope composition essentially of the surface mineral substance from analyzing the pyrolysate gases released from the thus pyrolyzed target sample, the isotope composition including isotope(s) selected from the group consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen isotopes; determining an indicator of at least one of hydrocarbon formation, migration, and accumulation during mineral development of the target mineral from thus determined isotope composition of surface mineral substance pyrolysate Business as usual? Results of Global Continuous Miner and Bolter Miner Census 2008 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Bayer, Arne K. [RWTH Aachen (DE). Excavation and Mining Equipment Group (BGMR); E.ON Kraftwerke GmbH, Hannover (Germany); Nienhaus, Karl; Dangela, Manuel [RWTH Aachen (DE). Excavation and Mining Equipment Group (BGMR) 2009-08-27 The Global Continuous Miner and Bolter Miner Census 2008 conducted by the Excavation and Mining Equipment Group (BGMR), RWTH Aachen, identified globally the 1,400 CM production units and about 200 Bolter Miners are mainly employed in coal mining operations. The study identified a number of relevant trends of interest to both mining companies as well as original equipment manufacturers (OEM). E.g. new markets like China, India or Russia are not developing as quickly as expected, the large CM and BM nations like US, South Africa and Australia will remain saturated and the annual replacement rate of new machines will stabilize at some 160 units. Other key findings highlight the growing importance of after sales services and a stronger focus on automation, as well as, aspects of Health, Safety and Environment (HSE). (orig.) Two types of mineral-related matrix vesicles in the bone mineralization of zebrafish International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Yang, L; Zhang, Y; Cui, F Z 2007-01-01 Two types of mineral-related matrix vesicle, multivesicular body (MVB) and monovesicle, were detected in the skeletal bone of zebrafish. Transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses of the vesicular inclusions reveal that both types of vesicles contain calcium and phosphorus, suggesting that these vesicles may be involved in mineral ion delivery for the bone mineralization of zebrafish. However, their size and substructure are quite different. Monovesicles, whose diameter ranges from 100 nm to 550 nm, are similar to the previously reported normal matrix vesicles, while MVBs have a larger size of 700-1000 nm in nominal diameter and possess a substructure that is composed of smaller vesicles with their average size around 100 nm. The presence of mineral-related MVBs, which is first identified in zebrafish bone, indicates that the mineralization-associated transportation process of mineral ions is more complicated than is ordinarily imagined Soil Organic Matter Stabilization via Mineral Interactions in Forest Soils with Varying Saturation Frequency Science.gov (United States) Possinger, A. R.; Inagaki, T.; Bailey, S. W.; Kogel-Knabner, I.; Lehmann, J. 2017-12-01 Soil carbon (C) interaction with minerals and metals through surface adsorption and co-precipitation processes is important for soil organic C (SOC) stabilization. Co-precipitation (i.e., the incorporation of C as an "impurity" in metal precipitates as they form) may increase the potential quantity of mineral-associated C per unit mineral surface compared to surface adsorption: a potentially important and as yet unaccounted for mechanism of C stabilization in soil. However, chemical, physical, and biological characterization of co-precipitated SOM as such in natural soils is limited, and the relative persistence of co-precipitated C is unknown, particularly under dynamic environmental conditions. To better understand the relationships between SOM stabilization via organometallic co-precipitation and environmental variables, this study compares mineral-SOM characteristics across a forest soil (Spodosol) hydrological gradient with expected differences in co-precipitation of SOM with iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) due to variable saturation frequency. Soils were collected from a steep, well-drained forest soil transect with low, medium, and high frequency of water table intrusion into surface soils (Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, Woodstock, NH). Lower saturation frequency soils generally had higher C content, C/Fe, C/Al, and other indicators of co-precipitation interactions resulting from SOM complexation, transport, and precipitation, an important process of Spodosol formation. Preliminary Fe X-ray Absorption Spectroscopic (XAS) characterization of SOM and metal chemistry in low frequency profiles suggest co-precipitation of SOM in the fine fraction (soils showed greater SOC mineralization per unit soil C for low saturation frequency (i.e., higher co-precipitation) soils; however, increased mineralization may be attributed to non-mineral associated fractions of SOM. Further work to identify the component of SOM contributing to rapid mineralization using 13C [On the value of tattoos for identifying unknown bodies - a retrospective study of forensic autopsy cases from Giessen, Germany]. Science.gov (United States) Birngruber, Christoph G; GÃ¶rner, Nicole; Ramsthaler, H Frank 2016-01-01 The number of tattooed people in Germany has constantly grown over the past few years. The present study deals with the question if this social trend can be seen in foren- sic autopsy cases as well. In a retrospective study, forensic autopsy cases of two periods (1990-1994 and 2010-2014) have been reviewed and statistically analyzed. Comparison of the two periods revealed a significant increase in tattooed individuals, especially in the female subgroup. Between 2010 and 2014, 14.2 % of the deceased showed tattoos. There are significant differences in the frequency and localization of tattoos dependent on age and sex. About 50 % of the tattooed deceased showed tattoos on body sites that are visible for other persons in everyday life. The resulting value of tattoos for the purpose of identifying unknown bodies is discussed and illustrated. The meaning and classification of tattoos in the context of their suitability to identify corpses of unknown identity. Science.gov (United States) Sadowski, Wojciech A; Borowska-Solonynko, Aleksandra B 2017-01-01 To present the most popular types of tattoos, their meaning and classification, and to assess the suitability of different forms of tattoos in the process of identification of corpses of unknown identity. The tattoos found on 729 cadavers who underwent post mortem examinations at the Department of Forensic Medicine in Warsaw in the years 2012-2015 were analyzed. The tattoos were photographed and identified in terms of their meaning domain and classified into groups. Tattoos belonging to all groups were found, according to the most popular tattoo classification, which is based on their nature and includes: criminal and prison tattoos (defining the prison hierarchy, criminal profession as well as intentions and goals, erotic tattoos, environmental, penitentiary), military and artistic. The novel classification, focusing on the utility of certain kinds of tattoos for identyfying corpses of unknown identity, was also developed. According to the above mentioned classification the following kinds of tattoos are distinguished: individual (artistic), group (e.g. penitentiary - indicating the fact of being imprisoned in a penitentiary institution or belonging to a "prison kites" subculture, or presenting criminal profession; group confined tattoo (indicating a staying in a specific penitentiary institution), group tattoo with individual data (indicating the fact of staying in a penitentiary institution as well as dates of imprisonment), and others (e.g. names of relatives, military tattoo, etc.). Analysis of individual types of tattoo can accelerate the process of identification of the cadavers. The proposed classification allows to quickly determine whether a particular tattoo can be helpful in initial individual identification (in the case of individual tattoos) or whether it can be used to reduce the group of people considered (in cases of different types of group tattoos). 77 FR 56273 - Conflict Minerals Science.gov (United States) 2012-09-12 ... auditor and to certify the audit. In addition, Section 13(p) requires the report to include a description.... Auditor Independence iii. Audit Objective 4. Recycled and Scrap Minerals a. Proposed Rules b. Comments on... Minerals Report must also identify the independent private sector auditor \\23\\ and certify the independent... Mineral resources of the South Mccullough Mountains Wilderness Study Area, Clark County, Nevada International Nuclear Information System (INIS) DeWitt, E.; Anderson, J.L.; Barton, H.N.; Jachens, R.C.; Podwysocki, M.H.; Brickey, D.W.; Close, T.J. 1989-01-01 The authors present a study of 19,558 acres of the South McCullough Mountains Wilderness Study Area. The study area contains no identified mineral resources and has no areas of high mineral resource potential. However, five areas that make up 20 percent of the study area have a moderate potential either for undiscovered silver, gold, lead, copper, and zinc resources in small vein deposits; for lanthanum and other rare-earth elements, uranium, thorium, and niobium in medium-size carbonatite bodies and dikes; for tungsten and copper in small- to medium-size vein deposits; or for silver and gold in small vein or breccia-pipe deposits. Six areas that makeup 24 percent of the study area have an unknown resource potential either for gold, silver, lead, and copper in small vein deposits; for gold, silver, lead, zinc, copper, and arsenic in small vein or breccia-pipe deposits; for lanthanum and other rare-earth elements, uranium, thorium, and niobium in medium-size carbonatite bodies and dikes; or for tungsten and copper in small vein deposits N-W Cape: Copperton Areachap Cu-Zn mineralization International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Cornell, D.H. 1985-01-01 This project provides information as to the nature, source, age and geological context of the rocks that host the massive sulphide ore. The potential of unknown formations are evaluated by testing for geological or geochemical correlation. Methods involved are inductively coupled plasma emission spectrography, electron microprobe analysis and x-ray fluorescence. This project includes aspects of petrography, wholerock and protolith geochemistry, mineral chemistry and isotope chemistry Nitrogen mineralization in a simulated rhizosphere as influenced by low molecular weight organic substances OpenAIRE Begum, Shamim Ara; Kader, MD Abdul; Sleutel, Steven; De Neve, Stefaan 2012-01-01 Rhizodeposits consist of over 200 organic compounds, mainly low-molecular-weight organic substances (LMWOS) such as amino acids (AA), carbohydrates (CH) and carboxylic acids (CA), lipids and phenols. Those LMWOS influence nutrient turnover, particularly N turnover. However, the exact influence of these organic substances on nitrogen mineralization is yet unknown. Therefore, the stimulatory effects of low molecular weight organic substances on nitrogen mineralization in the rhizosphere of a si... Electron Transfer Strategies Regulate Carbonate Mineral and Micropore Formation Science.gov (United States) Zeng, Zhirui; Tice, Michael M. 2018-01-01 Some microbial carbonates are robust biosignatures due to their distinct morphologies and compositions. However, whether carbonates induced by microbial iron reduction have such features is unknown. Iron-reducing bacteria use various strategies to transfer electrons to iron oxide minerals (e.g., membrane-bound enzymes, soluble electron shuttles, nanowires, as well as different mechanisms for moving over or attaching to mineral surfaces). This diversity has the potential to create mineral biosignatures through manipulating the microenvironments in which carbonate precipitation occurs. We used Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, Geothrix fermentans, and Geobacter metallireducens GS-15, representing three different strategies, to reduce solid ferric hydroxide in order to evaluate their influence on carbonate and micropore formation (micro-size porosity in mineral rocks). Our results indicate that electron transfer strategies determined the morphology (rhombohedral, spherical, or long-chained) of precipitated calcium-rich siderite by controlling the level of carbonate saturation and the location of carbonate formation. Remarkably, electron transfer strategies also produced distinctive cell-shaped micropores in both carbonate and hydroxide minerals, thus producing suites of features that could potentially serve as biosignatures recording information about the sizes, shapes, and physiologies of iron-reducing organisms. Geoethical approach to mineral activities in Antarctica Science.gov (United States) Talalay, Pavel 2013-04-01 Antarctica is the outermost from civilization space continent. From 14.0 million km2 of surface area about 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages at least 1.6 km in thickness. Geologically, the continent is the least explored in the world, and it is almost absolutely unknown what mineral resources Antarctica has as they are buried in rock that is covered by a thick ice sheet. It is thought to have large and valuable mineral deposits under the ice. This is because of what has been found in samples taken from the small areas of rock that are exposed, and also from what has been found in South Africa and South America. Up until 180 million years ago, Antarctica was a part of the Gondwanaland super continent, attached to South America, the Southern part of Africa, India and Australia, these continents then drifted apart until they reached their current positions. This leads to a possibility that Antarctica may also share some of the mineral wealth of these continents. Right now on the ice-free areas of Antarctica iron ore, chromium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum, coal and hydrocarbons have been found. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, also known as the Madrid Protocol, was signed in 1991 by the signatories to the Antarctic Treaty and became law in January 1998. The Protocol provides for comprehensive protection of the Antarctic environment and associated ecosystems and includes a ban on all commercial mining for at least fifty years (this is up for review in 2041). Current climate change and melting ice in Polar Regions is opening up new opportunities to exploit mineral and oil resources. Even Antarctica's weather, ice and distance from any industrialized areas mean that mineral extraction would be extremely expensive and also extremely dangerous, the depletion of mineral recourses on the Earth can reverse banning of mining in Antarctica in future. There is no question that any resource exploitation in Antarctica will cause MUSIC-type imaging of small perfectly conducting cracks with an unknown frequency International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Park, Won-Kwang 2015-01-01 MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) is a famous non-iterative detection algorithm in inverse scattering problems. However, when the applied frequency is unknown, inaccurate locations are identified via MUSIC. This fact has been confirmed through numerical simulations. However, the reason behind this phenomenon has not been investigated theoretically. Motivated by this fact, we identify the structure of MUSIC-type imaging functionals with unknown frequency, by establishing a relationship with Bessel functions of order zero of the first kind. Through this, we can explain why inaccurate results appear. (paper) MUSIC-type imaging of small perfectly conducting cracks with an unknown frequency Science.gov (United States) Park, Won-Kwang 2015-09-01 MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) is a famous non-iterative detection algorithm in inverse scattering problems. However, when the applied frequency is unknown, inaccurate locations are identified via MUSIC. This fact has been confirmed through numerical simulations. However, the reason behind this phenomenon has not been investigated theoretically. Motivated by this fact, we identify the structure of MUSIC-type imaging functionals with unknown frequency, by establishing a relationship with Bessel functions of order zero of the first kind. Through this, we can explain why inaccurate results appear. Relationship between tissue stiffness and degree of mineralization of developing trabecular bone NARCIS (Netherlands) Mulder, L.; Koolstra, J.H.; den Toonder, J.M.J.; van Eijden, T.M.G.J. 2008-01-01 It is unknown how the degree of mineralization of bone in individual trabecular elements is related to the corresponding mechanical properties at the bone tissue level. Understanding this relationship is important for the comprehension of the mechanical behavior of bone at both the apparent and Using ASD data to identify the altered minerals for exploring of gold deposit in the Beishan area, North China Science.gov (United States) Ren, G. L.; Yi, H.; Yang, M.; Liang, N.; Li, J. Q.; Yang, J. L. 2016-11-01 Hyperspectral information of altered minerals plays an important role in the identifications of mineralized zones. In this study, the altered minerals of two gold deposits from Fangshankou-Laojinchang regions of Beishan metallogenic belt were measured by ASD field Spectrometer. Many gold deposits would have a close relationship with Variscan magma intrusion, which have been found in study region. The alteration minerals have been divided six types by the spectral results, i.e. sericite, limonite, dolomite, chlorite, epidote and calcite. The distribution characteristics and formations of altered minerals were discussed here. By the ASD, the spectral curve of different geological units in the Jintanzi and Fangshankou gold deposits were analysed and summarized. The results show that the sericite and limonite are mainly related with the gold mineralization and widely occurred in the gold deposits. Therefore, we proposed that the sericite and limonite are the iconic alteration mineral assemblages for gold mineralization and the models of altered minerals for gold deposits could be established in this region. Linking Global Patterns of Nitrogen Resorption with Nitrogen Mineralization During Litter Decomposition Science.gov (United States) Deng, M.; Liu, L.; Jiang, L. 2017-12-01 The nitrogen (N) cycle in terrestrial ecosystems is strongly influenced by resorption prior to litter fall and by mineralization after litter fall. Although both resorption and mineralization make N available to plants and are influenced by climate, their linkage in a changing environment remains largely unknown. Here, we show that, at the global scale, increasing N resorption efficiency has a negative effect on the N mineralization rate. With increasing temperature and precipitation, the increasing rate of the N cycle is closely related to the shift from the more conservative resorption pathway to an acquiring mineralization pathway. Furthermore, systems with faster N-cycle rates support plants with higher foliar N:P ratios and microbes with lower fungi:bacteria ratios. We highlight the importance of considering the geographic pattern and the dynamic interaction between N resorption and N mineralization, which should be incorporated into earth-system models to improve the simulation of nutrient constraints on ecosystem productivity. Meta-analysis of genome-wide studies identifies WNT16 and ESR1 SNPs associated with bone mineral density in premenopausal women. Science.gov (United States) Koller, Daniel L; Zheng, Hou-Feng; Karasik, David; Yerges-Armstrong, Laura; Liu, Ching-Ti; McGuigan, Fiona; Kemp, John P; Giroux, Sylvie; Lai, Dongbing; Edenberg, Howard J; Peacock, Munro; Czerwinski, Stefan A; Choh, Audrey C; McMahon, George; St Pourcain, Beate; Timpson, Nicholas J; Lawlor, Debbie A; Evans, David M; Towne, Bradford; Blangero, John; Carless, Melanie A; Kammerer, Candace; Goltzman, David; Kovacs, Christopher S; Prior, Jerilynn C; Spector, Tim D; Rousseau, Francois; Tobias, Jon H; Akesson, Kristina; Econs, Michael J; Mitchell, Braxton D; Richards, J Brent; Kiel, Douglas P; Foroud, Tatiana 2013-03-01 Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified common variants in genes associated with variation in bone mineral density (BMD), although most have been carried out in combined samples of older women and men. Meta-analyses of these results have identified numerous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of modest effect at genome-wide significance levels in genes involved in both bone formation and resorption, as well as other pathways. We performed a meta-analysis restricted to premenopausal white women from four cohorts (nâ=â4061 women, aged 20 to 45 years) to identify genes influencing peak bone mass at the lumbar spine and femoral neck. After imputation, age- and weight-adjusted bone-mineral density (BMD) values were tested for association with each SNP. Association of an SNP in the WNT16 gene (rs3801387; pâ=â1.7âÃâ10(-9) ) and multiple SNPs in the ESR1/C6orf97 region (rs4870044; pâ=â1.3âÃâ10(-8) ) achieved genome-wide significance levels for lumbar spine BMD. These SNPs, along with others demonstrating suggestive evidence of association, were then tested for association in seven replication cohorts that included premenopausal women of European, Hispanic-American, and African-American descent (combined nâ=â5597 for femoral neck; nâ=â4744 for lumbar spine). When the data from the discovery and replication cohorts were analyzed jointly, the evidence was more significant (WNT16 joint pâ=â1.3âÃâ10(-11) ; ESR1/C6orf97 joint pâ=â1.4âÃâ10(-10) ). Multiple independent association signals were observed with spine BMD at the ESR1 region after conditioning on the primary signal. Analyses of femoral neck BMD also supported association with SNPs in WNT16 and ESR1/C6orf97 (pâwomen. These data support the hypothesis that variants in these genes of known skeletal function also affect BMD during the premenopausal period. Copyright Â© 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. Knowns and unknowns in metabolomics identified by multidimensional NMR and hybrid MS/NMR methods Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Bingol, Kerem; BrÃ¼schweiler, Rafael 2017-02-01 Metabolomics continues to make rapid progress through the development of new and better methods and their applications to gain insight into the metabolism of a wide range of different biological systems from a systems biology perspective. Customization of NMR databases and search tools allows the faster and more accurate identification of known metabolites, whereas the identification of unknowns, without a need for extensive purification, requires new strategies to integrate NMR with mass spectrometry, cheminformatics, and computational methods. For some applications, the use of covalent and non-covalent attachments in the form of labeled tags or nanoparticles can significantly reduce the complexity of these tasks. Electron Transfer Strategies Regulate Carbonate Mineral and Micropore Formation. Science.gov (United States) Zeng, Zhirui; Tice, Michael M 2018-01-01 Some microbial carbonates are robust biosignatures due to their distinct morphologies and compositions. However, whether carbonates induced by microbial iron reduction have such features is unknown. Iron-reducing bacteria use various strategies to transfer electrons to iron oxide minerals (e.g., membrane-bound enzymes, soluble electron shuttles, nanowires, as well as different mechanisms for moving over or attaching to mineral surfaces). This diversity has the potential to create mineral biosignatures through manipulating the microenvironments in which carbonate precipitation occurs. We used Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, Geothrix fermentans, and Geobacter metallireducens GS-15, representing three different strategies, to reduce solid ferric hydroxide in order to evaluate their influence on carbonate and micropore formation (micro-size porosity in mineral rocks). Our results indicate that electron transfer strategies determined the morphology (rhombohedral, spherical, or long-chained) of precipitated calcium-rich siderite by controlling the level of carbonate saturation and the location of carbonate formation. Remarkably, electron transfer strategies also produced distinctive cell-shaped micropores in both carbonate and hydroxide minerals, thus producing suites of features that could potentially serve as biosignatures recording information about the sizes, shapes, and physiologies of iron-reducing organisms. Key Words: Microbial iron reduction-Micropore-Electron transfer strategies-Microbial carbonate. Astrobiology 18, 28-36. Parameter identifiability of linear dynamical systems Science.gov (United States) Glover, K.; Willems, J. C. 1974-01-01 It is assumed that the system matrices of a stationary linear dynamical system were parametrized by a set of unknown parameters. The question considered here is, when can such a set of unknown parameters be identified from the observed data? Conditions for the local identifiability of a parametrization are derived in three situations: (1) when input/output observations are made, (2) when there exists an unknown feedback matrix in the system and (3) when the system is assumed to be driven by white noise and only output observations are made. Also a sufficient condition for global identifiability is derived. Using fragmentation trees and mass spectral trees for identifying unknown compounds in metabolomics. Science.gov (United States) Vaniya, Arpana; Fiehn, Oliver 2015-06-01 Identification of unknown metabolites is the bottleneck in advancing metabolomics, leaving interpretation of metabolomics results ambiguous. The chemical diversity of metabolism is vast, making structure identification arduous and time consuming. Currently, comprehensive analysis of mass spectra in metabolomics is limited to library matching, but tandem mass spectral libraries are small compared to the large number of compounds found in the biosphere, including xenobiotics. Resolving this bottleneck requires richer data acquisition and better computational tools. Multi-stage mass spectrometry (MSn) trees show promise to aid in this regard. Fragmentation trees explore the fragmentation process, generate fragmentation rules and aid in sub-structure identification, while mass spectral trees delineate the dependencies in multi-stage MS of collision-induced dissociations. This review covers advancements over the past 10 years as a tool for metabolite identification, including algorithms, software and databases used to build and to implement fragmentation trees and mass spectral annotations. Biologically controlled minerals as potential indicators of life Science.gov (United States) Schwartz, D. E.; Mancinelli, R. L.; Kaneshiro, E. 1991-01-01 Minerals can be produced and deposited either by abiotic or biologic means. Regardless of their origin, mineral crystals reflect the environment conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure, chemical composition, and redox potential) present during crystal formation. Biologically-produced mineral crystals are grown or reworked under the control of their host organism and reflect an environment different from the abiotic environment. In addition, minerals of either biologic or abiotic origin have great longevities. For these reasons, biologically produced minerals have been proposed as biomarkers. Biomarkers are key morphological, chemical, and isotopic signatures of living systems that can be used to determine if life processes have occurred. Studies of biologically controlled minerals produced by the protist, Paramecium tetraurelia, were initiated since techniques have already been developed to culture them and isolate their crystalline material, and methods are already in place to analyze this material. Two direct crystalline phases were identified. One phase, whose chemical composition is high in Mg, was identified as struvite. The second phase, whose chemical composition is high in Ca, has not been previously found occurring naturally and may be considered a newly discovered material. Analyses are underway to determine the characteristics of these minerals in order to compare them with characteristics of these minerals in order to compare them with characteristics of minerals formed abiotically, but with the same chemical composition. Near infrared detection of ammonium minerals. Science.gov (United States) Krohn, M.D.; Altaner, S.P. 1987-01-01 Diagnostic near-infrared spectral features have been identified for minerals with ammonium (NH4+) bound in the crystal structure. Near-infrared detection of NH4-bearing minerals may provide useful information for prospecting for certain ore deposits and may provide a better understanding of the nitrogen cycle within geologic environments.-from Authors High Precision Fast Projective Synchronization for Chaotic Systems with Unknown Parameters Science.gov (United States) Nian, Fuzhong; Wang, Xingyuan; Lin, Da; Niu, Yujun 2013-08-01 A high precision fast projective synchronization method for chaotic systems with unknown parameters was proposed by introducing optimal matrix. Numerical simulations indicate that the precision be improved about three orders compared with other common methods under the same condition of software and hardware. Moreover, when average error is less than 10-3, the synchronization speed is 6500 times than common methods, the iteration needs only 4 times. The unknown parameters also were identified rapidly. The theoretical analysis and proof also were given. The nanosphere iron mineral(s) in Mars soil Science.gov (United States) Banin, A.; Ben-Shlomo, T.; Margulies, L.; Blake, D. F.; Mancinelli, R. L.; Gehring, A. U. 1993-01-01 A series of surface-modified clays containing nanophase (np) iron/oxyhydroxides of extremely small particle sizes, with total iron contents as high as found in Mars soil, were prepared by iron deposition on the clay surface from ferrous chloride solution. Comprehensive studies of the iron mineralogy in these 'Mars-soil analogs' were conducted using chemical extractions, solubility analyses, pH and redox, x ray and electron diffractometry, electron microscopic imaging specific surface area and particle size determinations, differential thermal analyses, magnetic properties characterization, spectral reflectance, and Viking biology simulation experiments. The clay matrix and the procedure used for synthesis produced nanophase iron oxides containing a certain proportion of divalent iron, which slowly converts to more stable, fully oxidized iron minerals. The noncrystalline nature of the iron compounds precipitated on the surface of the clay was verified by their complete extractability in oxalate. Lepidocrocite (gamma-FeOOH) was detected by selected area electron diffraction. It is formed from a double iron Fe(II)/Fe(III) hydroxyl mineral such as 'green rust', or ferrosic hydroxide. Magnetic measurements suggested that lepidocrocite converted to the more stable meaghemite (gamma-Fe203) by mild heat treatment and then to nanophase hematite (aplha-Fe203) by extensive heat treatment. Their chemical reactivity offers a plausible mechanism for the somewhat puzzling observations of the Viking biology experiments. Their unique chemical reactivities are attributed to the combined catalytic effects of the iron oxide/oxyhydroxide and silicate phase surfaces. The mode of formation of these (nanophase) iron oxides on Mars is still unknown. New data on eudialyte decomposition minerals from kakortokites and associated pegmatites of the Ilimaussaq complex, South Greenland DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Karup-MÃ¸ller, Sven; Rose-Hansen, John 2013-01-01 apatite structure, and Ca-poor A1 with composition (Fe,Mn,Ca)1.5REE6Si6FO22 and unknown structure. Mineral A2 with composition (Ca,Fe)1.2 REE4Si6O19-y(OH)2y.nH2O is indistinguishable from A1 in EMP-backscattered light and has only been found at a limited number of localities. Mineral A2 also occurs... Perencanaan Strategik SBU Mineral PT Sucofindo (Persero Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Suprapto Suprapto 2017-05-01 Full Text Available Strategic planning requires an organization in the face of today's business competition and a more complex future. Likewise, Mineral Gas Station also requires this strategic planning as a newly formed business unit of 2015. Therefore, the company analyzed its internal and external factors as well as a future review of the mineral service industry to stay afloat, grow and develop. The objectives of this study were to identify the internal performance and core competencies of Mineral Gas Station, to identify the external macro environment condition and external micro intensity of mineral service industry competition, to map the current position of the company, to recommend appropriate business strategy in facing competition pressure, and to develop the objectives and program of the company. This research used descriptive and quantitative analysis methods with a purposive sampling technique. The results show that the position of Mineral Gas Station on the intensity of mineral service competition is 'moderate' and is in quadrant of 'grow and build'. Therefore, the appropriate strategy is intensive strategy (market penetration, market development and product development. Mineral Gas Station require to conduct customer satisfaction surveys related to customer perspectives which becomes the most important strategic factor with a focus on customer complaint factor. Further research is needed by involving all external parties so that the results will be more independent.Keywords: mineral services, strategic planning, competition, mineral gas station, SucofindoABSTRAKPerencanaan strategik dibutuhkan organisasi dalam menghadapi persaingan bisnis saat ini dan masa depan yang semakin komplek. Demikian juga yang dibutuhkan SBU Mineral sebagai unit bisnis yang baru terbentuk 2015, dengan menganalisis faktor internal dan ekternal perusahaan serta tinjauan masa depan industri jasa mineral untuk tetap bertahan, tumbuh dan berkembang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah Digital X-ray radiogrammetry better identifies osteoarthritis patients with a low bone mineral density than quantitative ultrasound Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Goerres, Gerhard W. [University Hospital Zurich, Institute of Diagnostic Radiology, Department of Medical Radiology, Zurich (Switzerland); University Hospital Zurich, Osteoporosis Center, Zurich (Switzerland); Frey, Diana; Studer, Annina; Hauser, Dagmar; Zilic, Nathalie [University Hospital Zurich, Osteoporosis Center, Zurich (Switzerland); Hany, Thomas F. [University Hospital Zurich, Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Radiology, Zurich (Switzerland); Seifert, Burkhardt [University of Zurich, Department of Biostatistics, Zurich (Switzerland); Haeuselmann, Hans J. [Center for Rheumatology and Bone Disease, Klinik im Park, Zurich (Switzerland); Michel, Beat A.; Uebelhart, Daniel [University Hospital Zurich, Osteoporosis Center, Zurich (Switzerland); University Hospital Zurich, Department of Rheumatology and Institute of Physical Medicine, Zurich (Switzerland); Hans, Didier [University Hospital Geneva, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Geneva (Switzerland) 2007-04-15 This study assessed the ability of quantitative ultrasound (QUS) and digital X-ray radiogrammetry (DXR) to identify osteopenia and osteoporosis in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). One hundred and sixty-one patients with painful knee OA (81 men, 80 women; age 62.6{+-}9.2 years, range 40-82 years) were included in this cross-sectional study and underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of both hips and the lumbar spine, QUS of the phalanges and calcanei of both hands and heels, and DXR using radiographs of both hands. Unpaired t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, ROC analysis and Spearman's rank correlation were used for comparisons and correlation of methods. Using DXA as the reference standard, we defined a low bone mineral density (BMD) as a T-score {<=}-1.0 at the lumbar spine or proximal femur. In contrast to phalangeal or calcaneal QUS, DXR was able to discriminate patients with a low BMD at the lumbar spine (p<0.0001) or hips (p<0.0001). ROC analysis showed that DXR had an acceptable predictive power in identifying OA patients a low hip BMD (sensitivity 70%, specificity 71%). Therefore, DXR used as a screening tool could help in identifying patients with knee OA for DXA. (orig.) Financial Development and Economic Growth: Known Knowns, Known Unknowns, and Unknown Unknowns OpenAIRE Ugo Panizza 2014-01-01 This paper summarizes the main findings of the literature on the relationship between financial and economic development (the known knowns), points to directions for future research (the known unknowns), and then speculates on the third Rumsfeldian category. The known knowns section organizes the empirical literature on finance and growth into three strands: (i) the traditional literature which established the link between finance and growth; (ii) the new literature which qualified some of th... Scientific and Engineering Progress in CO2 Mineralization Using Industrial Waste and Natural Minerals Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Heping Xie 2015-03-01 Full Text Available The issues of reducing CO2 levels in the atmosphere, sustainably utilizing natural mineral resources, and dealing with industrial waste offer challenging opportunities for sustainable development in energy and the environment. The latest advances in CO2 mineralization technology involving natural minerals and industrial waste are summarized in this paper, with great emphasis on the advancement of fundamental science, economic evaluation, and engineering applications. We discuss several leading large-scale CO2 mineralization methodologies from a technical and engineering-science perspective. For each technology option, we give an overview of the technical parameters, reaction pathway, reactivity, procedural scheme, and laboratorial and pilot devices. Furthermore, we present a discussion of each technology based on experimental results and the literature. Finally, current gaps in knowledge are identified in the conclusion, and an overview of the challenges and opportunities for future research in this field is provided. Minerals Yearbook, volume I, Metals and Minerals Science.gov (United States) , 2018-01-01 The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Minerals Yearbook discusses the performance of the worldwide minerals and materials industries and provides background information to assist in interpreting that performance. Content of the individual Minerals Yearbook volumes follows:Volume I, Metals and Minerals, contains chapters about virtually all metallic and industrial mineral commodities important to the U.S. economy. Chapters on survey methods, summary statistics for domestic nonfuel minerals, and trends in mining and quarrying in the metals and industrial mineral industries in the United States are also included.Volume II, Area Reports: Domestic, contains a chapter on the mineral industry of each of the 50 States and Puerto Rico and the Administered Islands. This volume also has chapters on survey methods and summary statistics of domestic nonfuel minerals.Volume III, Area Reports: International, is published as four separate reports. These regional reports contain the latest available minerals data on more than 180 foreign countries and discuss the importance of minerals to the economies of these nations and the United States. Each report begins with an overview of the regionâs mineral industries during the year. It continues with individual country chapters that examine the mining, refining, processing, and use of minerals in each country of the region and how each countryâs mineral industry relates to U.S. industry. Most chapters include production tables and industry structure tables, information about Government policies and programs that affect the countryâs mineral industry, and an outlook section.The USGS continually strives to improve the value of its publications to users. Constructive comments and suggestions by readers of the Minerals Yearbook are welcomed. A significant abiotic pathway for the formation of unknown nitrogen in nature Science.gov (United States) Jokic, A.; Schulten, H.-R.; Cutler, J. N.; Schnitzer, M.; Huang, P. M. 2004-03-01 The global nitrogen cycle is of prime importance in natural ecosystems. However, the origin and nature of up to one-half of total soil N remains obscure despite all attempts at elucidation. Our data provide, for the first time, unequivocal evidence that the promoting action of Mn (IV) oxide on the Maillard reaction (sugar-amino acid condensation) under ambient conditions results in the abiotic formation of heterocyclic N compounds, which are often referred to as unknown nitrogen, and of amides which are apparently the dominant N moieties in nature. The information presented is of fundamental significance in understanding the role of mineral colloids in abiotic transformations of organic N moieties, the incorporation of N in the organic matrix of fossil fuels, and the global N cycle. Mineralization of mandibular third molars can estimate chronological age--Brazilian indices. Science.gov (United States) de Oliveira, Fernando Toledo; Capelozza, Ana LÃºcia Ãlvares; Lauris, JosÃ© Roberto Pereira; de Bullen, Izabel Regina Fischer Rubira 2012-06-10 Forensic age estimation is an important element of anthropological research, as it produces one of the primary sources of data that researchers use to establish the identity of a person living or the identity of unknown bodily remains. The aim of this study was to determine if the chronology of third molar mineralization could be an accurate indicator of estimated age in a sample Brazilian population. If so, mineralization could determine the probability of an individual being 18 years or older. The study evaluated 407 panoramic radiographs of males and females from the past 5 years in order to assess the mineralization status of the mandibular third molars. The evaluation was carried out using an adaptation of Demirjian's system. The results indicated a strong correlation between chronological age and the mineralization of the mandibular third molars. The results indicated that modern Brazilian generation tends to demonstrate an earlier mandibular third molar mineralization than older Brazilian generation and people of other nationalities. Males reached developmental stages slightly earlier than females, but statistically significant differences between the sex were not found. The probability that an individual with third molar mineralization stage H had reached an age of 18 years or older was 96.8-98.6% for males and females, respectively. Copyright Â© 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Neurological Autoantibody Prevalence in Epilepsy of Unknown Etiology. Science.gov (United States) Dubey, Divyanshu; Alqallaf, Abdulradha; Hays, Ryan; Freeman, Matthew; Chen, Kevin; Ding, Kan; Agostini, Mark; Vernino, Steven 2017-04-01 Autoimmune epilepsy is an underrecognized condition, and its true incidence is unknown. Identifying patients with an underlying autoimmune origin is critical because these patients' condition may remain refractory to conventional antiseizure medications but may respond to immunotherapy. To determine the prevalence of neurological autoantibodies (Abs) among adult patients with epilepsy of unknown etiology. Consecutive patients presenting to neurology services with new-onset epilepsy or established epilepsy of unknown etiology were identified. Serum samples were tested for autoimmune encephalitis Abs as well as thyroperoxidase (TPO) and glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) Abs. An antibody prevalence in epilepsy (APE) score based on clinical characteristics was assigned prospectively. Data were collected from June 1, 2015, to June 1, 2016. Presence of neurological Abs. A score based on clinical characteristics was assigned to estimate the probability of seropositivity prior to antibody test results. Good seizure outcome was estimated on the basis of significant reduction of seizure frequency at the first follow-up or seizure freedom. Of the 127 patients (68 males and 59 females) enrolled in the study, 15 were subsequently excluded after identification of an alternative diagnosis. Serum Abs suggesting a potential autoimmune etiology were detected in 39 (34.8%) cases. More than 1 Ab was detected in 7 patients (6.3%): 3 (2.7%) had TPO-Ab and voltage-gated potassium channel complex (VGKCc) Ab, 2 (1.8%) had GAD65-Ab and VGKCc-Ab, 1 had TPO-Ab and GAD65-Ab, and 1 had anti-Hu Ab and GAD65-Ab. Thirty-two patients (28.6%) had a single Ab marker. Among 112 patients included in the study, 15 (13.4%) had TPO-Ab, 14 (12.5%) had GAD65-Ab, 12 (10.7%) had VGKCc (4 of whom were positive for leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 [LGI1] Ab), and 4 (3.6%) had N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) Ab. Even after excluding TPO-Ab and low-titer GAD65-Ab, Abs strongly suggesting an Current knowledge of US metal and nonmetal miner health: Current and potential data sources for analysis of miner health status Science.gov (United States) Yeoman, K. M.; Halldin, C. N.; Wood, J.; Storey, E.; Johns, D.; Laney, A. S. 2016-01-01 ABSTRACT Little is known about the current health status of US metal and nonmetal (MNM) miners, in part because no health surveillance systems exist for this population. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is developing a program to characterize burden of disease among MNM miners. This report discusses current knowledge and potential data sources of MNM miner health. Recent national surveys were analyzed, and literature specific to MNM miner health status was reviewed. No robust estimates of disease prevalence were identified, and national surveys did not provide information specific to MNM miners. Because substantial gaps exist in the understanding of MNM miners' current health status, NIOSH plans to develop a health surveillance program for this population to guide intervention efforts to reduce occupational and personal risks for chronic illness. PMID:25658684 Mineral composition of pastures and mineral deficiencies in cattle of some properties in Middle Paraiba, RJ, Brazil Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ana Paula Lopes Marques 2014-01-01 Full Text Available ABSTRACT. Marques A.P.L., Botteon R.C.C.M., Amorim E.B., Botteon P.T.L &Zonta E. [Mineral composition of pastures and mineral deficiencies in cattle of some properties in Middle Paraiba, RJ, Brazil.] ComposiÃ§Ã£o mineral das pastagens e deficiÃªncias minerais dos bovinos em algumas propriedades da regiÃ£o do MÃ©dio ParaÃba, RJ, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Medicina VeterinÃ¡ria, 36(1:71-78, 2014. Departamento de Medicina e Cirurgia VeterinÃ¡ria, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465 Km 7, SeropÃ©dica, RJ 23851-900, Brasil. E-mail: marquesapl@ufrrj.br We studied levels and nutrient availability in the soil and grazing of cattle in Middle ParaÃba, RJ, Brazil in the early dry season (May-June and rainy (November-December in seven cattle herds with a history of clinical deficiencies of Na, Cu, Co and P, identified through visits to farmers. The mineral contents in the samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and values obtained were compared with clinical signs found. Low values of P and Na were confirmed and although the lack of Ca and Mg is uncommon, some samples showed low rates. We found high values of Fe with possible interference in the absorption of Cu, the main clinical deficiency identified in the region, and high values of Al, Zn and Mn. The results indicate that most mineral deficiencies diagnosed in those herds is due to antagonistic effects of minerals that are not deficient. Structure Elucidation of Unknown Metabolites in Metabolomics by Combined NMR and MS/MS Prediction. Science.gov (United States) Boiteau, Rene M; Hoyt, David W; Nicora, Carrie D; Kinmonth-Schultz, Hannah A; Ward, Joy K; Bingol, Kerem 2018-01-17 We introduce a cheminformatics approach that combines highly selective and orthogonal structure elucidation parameters; accurate mass, MS/MS (MSÂ²), and NMR into a single analysis platform to accurately identify unknown metabolites in untargeted studies. The approach starts with an unknown LC-MS feature, and then combines the experimental MS/MS and NMR information of the unknown to effectively filter out the false positive candidate structures based on their predicted MS/MS and NMR spectra. We demonstrate the approach on a model mixture, and then we identify an uncatalogued secondary metabolite in Arabidopsis thaliana . The NMR/MSÂ² approach is well suited to the discovery of new metabolites in plant extracts, microbes, soils, dissolved organic matter, food extracts, biofuels, and biomedical samples, facilitating the identification of metabolites that are not present in experimental NMR and MS metabolomics databases. Identifying known unknowns using the US EPA's CompTox Chemistry Dashboard Science.gov (United States) Chemical features observed using high-resolution mass spectrometry can be tentatively identified using online chemical reference databases by searching molecular formulae and monoisotopic masses and then rank-ordering of the hits using appropriate relevance criteria. The most li... Designing towards the unknown DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Wilde, Danielle; Underwood, Jenny 2018-01-01 the research potential to far-ranging possibilities. In this arti
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	2	7	https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/6/2391	en	Overcoming the Blockchain Oracle Problem in the Traceability of Non-Fungible Products	https://pub.mdpi-res.com…0.jpg?1585769368	https://pub.mdpi-res.com…0.jpg?1585769368	[ "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1721387811", "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1721387811", "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/sustainability-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14", "https://www.mdpi.com/profiles/969074/thumb/Giulio_Caldarelli.jpg", "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1721387811", "https://www.mdpi.com/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png", "https://www.mdpi.com/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png", "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1721387811", "https://www.mdpi.com/sustainability/sustainability-12-02391/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-12-02391-g001-550.jpg", "https://www.mdpi.com/sustainability/sustainability-12-02391/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-12-02391-g001.png", "https://www.mdpi.com/sustainability/sustainability-12-02391/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-12-02391-g002-550.jpg", "https://www.mdpi.com/sustainability/sustainability-12-02391/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-12-02391-g002.png", "https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png", "https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png", "https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png", "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-white-small.png?71d18e5f805839ab?1721387811" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Giulio Caldarelli", "Cecilia Rossignoli", "Alessandro Zardini" ]	2020-03-19T00:00:00	Blockchain implications within the sustainability domain are rapidly arousing the interest of researchers and institutions. However, despite the avalanche of articles, papers, and recently published books, innovation in the blockchain domain is still heavily influenced by light literature, such as news, articles, opinion posts, and white papers. Lacking a homogeneous literature background, case studies often fall into storytelling, providing mere descriptions of the facts according to the writers’ impressions and opinions. We therefore investigate blockchain adoption for sustainable purposes through a case study while remaining firmly grounded in three main theoretical literature streams: knowledge management, knowledge infrastructure, and trust. Since blockchain interaction with the real world is managed by oracles, addressing the oracle problem is essential in order to evaluate the effectiveness of blockchain for sustainability issues. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no other paper has efficiently addressed this subject or even mentioned it. Recognizing its scarce consideration in the literature, the oracle problem will be analyzed in both theoretical and practical terms, thereby providing a way to solve the issues related to non-fungible products in the supply chain. Choice over the selected case study was made in light of the divergence in motives for the adoption of blockchain (economic over social), which makes the results more inferable at a broader scale and offers an insight into how sustainable innovations can also be economically viable.	en	https://pub.mdpi-res.com…d7013?1721387811	MDPI	https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/6/2391	Department of Business Administration, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Sustainability 2020, 12(6), 2391; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062391 Submission received: 30 January 2020 / Revised: 17 February 2020 / Accepted: 17 March 2020 / Published: 19 March 2020 (This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Business Model and Digital Transformation) Abstract : Blockchain implications within the sustainability domain are rapidly arousing the interest of researchers and institutions. However, despite the avalanche of articles, papers, and recently published books, innovation in the blockchain domain is still heavily influenced by light literature, such as news, articles, opinion posts, and white papers. Lacking a homogeneous literature background, case studies often fall into storytelling, providing mere descriptions of the facts according to the writers’ impressions and opinions. We therefore investigate blockchain adoption for sustainable purposes through a case study while remaining firmly grounded in three main theoretical literature streams: knowledge management, knowledge infrastructure, and trust. Since blockchain interaction with the real world is managed by oracles, addressing the oracle problem is essential in order to evaluate the effectiveness of blockchain for sustainability issues. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no other paper has efficiently addressed this subject or even mentioned it. Recognizing its scarce consideration in the literature, the oracle problem will be analyzed in both theoretical and practical terms, thereby providing a way to solve the issues related to non-fungible products in the supply chain. Choice over the selected case study was made in light of the divergence in motives for the adoption of blockchain (economic over social), which makes the results more inferable at a broader scale and offers an insight into how sustainable innovations can also be economically viable. 1. Introduction As recently shown by the Politecnico di Milano Observatory [1], at an international level, more than 580 projects involving blockchain as the main subject can be observed, with an increment of 76% since 2017, although the number of real applications barely exceeds 10%. Many blockchain applications involve financial technology, whereas we are assisting with a slight but progressive increase in non-financial projects such as logistics, production, and traceability [2,3]. Recent literature has shown that blockchain is being tested [4,5,6], mainly in the Chinese and US markets, to track product information and to improve product traceability. In 2011, China experienced a massive mislabeling of pork meat, together with a contamination problem where donkey meat was secretly mixed with fox meat [7,8]. In 2017, Papayas in the US were linked with a multi-state outbreak of salmonella, leading to 173 cases of salmonellosis, 53 hospitalizations, and one death across 21 states [9]. Traceability improves food safety and public confidence, pinpointing the exact product to be discarded without compromising the entire supply line [10]. Kamath [11], Mearian [12], and Corkery and Popper [13], extensively described Walmart’s efforts involving the adoption of blockchain and cryptography to trace the products sold in their stores. Supported by government entities, cooperating with IBM and utilizing Linux Hyperledger [14], they managed to improve the time taken to trace a product from one week to a few seconds, in addition to providing updated information, such as temperature, humidity, and a roadmap. Their pilot project concerning mangos aimed to demonstrate transferability and accountability across borders; while successful, the maintenance costs for the whole system were quite high [15]. Blockchain for a sustainable agri-food market is mostly intended to solve social problems rather than technical or economic problems [16]. In contrast, in Italian markets, non-financial blockchain applications are considered a valuable resource for the protection of the “Made-in-Italy” brand. Federalimentare’s (2018) data show that the capitalization of agri-food products utilizing the “Made-in-Italy” brand is around 135 billion euros [17], with an added value of more than 61 billion euros. Italian agri-food products are protected by the “Designation of Origin” (DOP, DOCG), which reached the value of 15 billion euros in early 2017, representing nearly 18% of the entire agri-food sector and comprising 822 products subject to regulations and checks. However, the same protection system limits the growth of production, exponentially enlarging the gap between demand and offer. As the solution cannot involve production adjustments, as a result of DOP constraints, Italian small to medium enterprises (SMEs) are fighting the phenomenon, incentivizing client awareness of product provenance and transportation, lately also considering blockchain. As sustainable innovation should also be economically viable, we build on this divergence of aims for blockchain’s adoption to effectively address our research questions. Sustainability driven blockchain adoption involves a very narrow but important aspect of the economy, making models and inference less applicable on a broader scale [18,19]. In contrast, a value-driven approach to blockchain adoption undertaken by Italian SMEs could be easier to replicate for companies entering the market or simply changing their business model to a blockchain orientation. Further, for managers trying to replicate a sustainable supply chain, being aware of how it can also promote financial sustainability could represent the right incentive for the investment to be promoted. Further, food-safety designed blockchain models are more expensive than value-driven blockchains, which, designed for value creation, are by definition “cost effective”. Early evidence supports the usefulness of blockchain in the financial sector to lower costs and facilitate faster transactions [20,21]. Non-financial applications are still in the pilot/early stages, and no robust findings have been produced so far. What the literature neglects about blockchain implication for traceability and sustainability is the so-called oracle problem, and the trustworthiness of information written in smart contracts [22,23]. Few have made attempt to address the problem, and those who have work mainly in the light literature of the insurance/finance sector [24,25]. Although the problem is less worrying for fungible products [26], in non-fungible products it can undermine the worthiness of entire projects. Seeking to make a solid contribution to the literature addressing blockchain social and economic implications, this paper focuses on two main research questions. First, how does blockchain technology adoption affect organizational effectiveness and, second, how can the oracle problem be effectively overcome for sustainable supply chains? Undoubtedly, addressing the critical gap in the literature that neglects the oracle problem is mandatory when developing further empirical/theoretical papers on traceability and smart-contract-driven blockchain. Above all, the concept is critical when smart contracts are used for sustainability purposes where information reliability and transparency constitute essential aspects. To answer our two research questions, we will take a knowledge-based view of a modified Gold et al. model to analyze a single case study of an Italian agri-food company undertaking a blockchain-based traceability project [27]. The paper proceeds as follows. Section 2 provides a background on the literature on blockchain technology and the oracle problem, addressing streams of literature by Gold et al. [27], and on the implications of knowledge process capabilities [28]. In Section 3, the methodology of this research is explained, along with a detailed illustration of the data gathered. In Section 4, an in-depth analysis of the research questions is provided, along with the most significative data. Section 5 provides the concluding remarks, limitations, implications for academics and practitioners, and hints for further research. 2. Theoretical Background The concept of blockchain was introduced by Haber and Stornetta’s [29] paper that promoted the idea of the digital stamping of documents “in a sequence” (one at a time) to authenticate Intellectual Property Rights. In a subsequent work, they, along with other authors, proposed bundling large volumes of transactions together into blocks and arranging them in a chronological sequence according to a hash code. The first to refer to this particular “chain of block” appears to be Nakamoto in 2008 [30], who connected the concept of blockchain to a public ledger, constantly updated by multiple users. Motivated by distrust in financial establishments, Nakamoto [30] introduced a blockchain framework for his cryptocurrency (Bitcoin) with no central organization to supervise the creation of blocks [30,31]. Blockchain technology is defined as a distributed ledger [32,33], able to record transactions (of any kind) in a secure, transparent, efficient, decentralized, and low-cost way [34]. There are several types of blockchain (public, private, hybrid) that vary according to the degree of freedom to access information [35,36]. Swan presents a list of potential blockchain applications [37], divided into three categories: The first area is related to currencies, payments, and invoices; the second regards smart contracts in financial and non-financial markets; and the third pertains to social applications, such as voting and healthcare identification. Regarding the second type of application, smart contracts are defined by Morkunas et al. as a self-executing code on a blockchain that automatically implements the terms of an agreement between parties [2]. When operating with smart contracts, a problem related to the insertion of data on the blockchain arises. Smart contracts for non-financial/real-world applications involve the role of an oracle (human or artificial intelligence) to actually insert critical data drawn from an external environment into the blockchain. As the role of oracles is critical when evaluating smart contracts for sustainable supply chains, further explanations and examples of financial and non-financial smart contracts involving the oracle are provided. When dealing with cryptocurrencies, the provenance of a bitcoin, or another token on a smart-contract platform, is certain because the token itself is in the blockchain and, therefore, all of its information is available to the smart-contract. For example, if the smart-contract pertains to a swap between two different cryptocurrencies, all the requisite information will be drawn from the two respective blockchains, which are “true and immutable”. For non-financial applications, such as food traceability, the tracking of information about things that are not part of the “locked chain” but happen outside (such as weather effects, temperature, or product provenance) constitutes an externality to the blockchain. In the case of, for example, a pack of cheese sitting on a store shelf, the information about that product is not present in any of the available blockchains, and so it has to be inserted by an oracle. An oracle is essentially a gateway between a smart-contract environment and the external world [22,23]. It obtains information about something that has occurred outside the blockchain and then provides that information to the smart contract through a specific communication channel (e.g., platforms, probes). The main difference between financial and non-financial/real-world smart-contract applications is that, for financial applications, the information is true and immutable (if the system has not been compromised) because it is drawn from other blockchain environments, while, for non-financial/real-world applications, the information is immutable because it is protected by the blockchain (Experts [22] consider immutable, Proof-of-Work based blockchains like Bitcoin or Ethereum), but its truth or trustworthiness is dependent on the trustworthiness of the oracle that inserted it. Many blockchain communities are skeptical about non-financial applications, especially for sustainable domains, because of the problem of the oracle’s credibility, also pointing out the following arguments. If the oracle is trusted, then it becomes a single trusted party, which produces a “counterparty risk” because if lies can be fed to the oracle, or if it is compromised, then the smart contract will work on data that is “untrue”. There are significant financial incentives to compromise such systems because they are perceived to be safer and more trustworthy than the legacy ones. The implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT) is considered to have solved the problem using sensors to track various physical objects as they move through the supply chain. However, the problem of trust still applies to the sensor, as well as its placement, its scanning ability, and its communication channels with the oracle, returning us again to the problem of the oracle. For fungible goods, such as crude oil, this problem can be efficiently addressed because the product is easier to track [26]. Think of a certain amount of crude oil loaded onto a tanker and then tracked on the other side as it is unloaded from a ship—all of which information is recorded to the blockchain. Since crude oil is fungible, it does not matter whether the same molecules of oil are tracked or not. Unfortunately, to date, there is still not an efficient way to address the problem of non-fungible products, and, to the best of our knowledge, many of the current applications in the supply chain suffer from the oracle problem, leading to the risk of creating a false trustworthy environment in which the consumer is not sufficiently safeguarded, further mining sustainability. To address this problem, and more broadly, the two research questions of this paper, we decided to utilize the knowledge-based view and, in particular, a modified Gold et al. model (see Figure 1), as knowledge management and information sharing are the main aspects affected by the oracle problem [27]. A further explanation of the theoretical construct is provided below. The construct of knowledge management (KM), as Gao declares [28], embodies a higher value than the separate concepts of knowledge and management alone. It is defined as a formal and well-defined way to shape information that will advantage companies over others while, at the same time, crafting information to be freely available for those who require it [38,39,40,41,42,43]. Confirming the importance of KM, Gharakhani and Mousakhani suggested that knowledge management creates new capabilities for organizations, enables superior performance, encourages innovation, and enhances customer value [44]. Cho added that an effective KM helps organizations to become flexible, respond quickly to changing conditions, become innovative, and improve decision-making capacities and productivity [45]. Denford [46], in his dissertation on KM capabilities, distinguished resource-based capability as comprising a technological structure and a culture of knowledge-based capabilities, including expertise, learning, and information, that are needed for organizations to efficiently manage knowledge. Resource-based capabilities were renamed by Gold et al. as “knowledge infrastructure,” and will constitute a central part of this article’s analysis [27] because we are investigating how they are affected by the adoption of blockchain. As Smith stated [47], the concept of KM infrastructure is mostly associated with modular products that support KM actions in organizations. KM infrastructure analysis is divided into two main capabilities: technical and social. The technical capabilities comprise IT infrastructure, physical devices, and components, whereas social capacity comprises cultural, human, and governance resources [48]. We then analyze the technical and social capabilities separately according to their blockchain implications, finding that organizations should make every effort to expand their infrastructure capabilities, not only in terms of hardware and software, but also in terms of technology, structure, people, and culture. Regarding the concept of culture, Masa’deh [49] stated that “Organizational culture not only defines the value and advantage of knowledge for organizations, it also influences the ability of employees to share knowledge” [50]. Organizational culture is necessary for encouraging interaction and collaboration between individuals to facilitate the flow of knowledge. It also provides individuals with the ability to self-organize their personal knowledge and to facilitate problem solving and the sharing of knowledge [51]. We contribute to the literature by showing how blockchain adoption affects a firm’s culture and also how that culture determines successful blockchain implementation. As extensively underlined by researchers, one of the most important elements of culture for knowledge sharing is trust [52]. Kushwaha and Rao stated that high levels of trust reduce the reluctance of individuals to share knowledge and decrease the associated risk of losing competitiveness [48]. Further, organizational culture influences the way strategic decisions are implemented in firms [53]. Barney and Hansen have asserted that trust is beneficial to interfirm exchanges and can be a source of competitive advantage [54]. However, the literature reveals ambiguity in the nature of trust, as transaction cost theory, for example, implies that firms tend to behave opportunistically [55,56]. A fundamental challenge in conceptualizing the role of trust lies in extending the micro-foundational phenomenon to the organizational level. Many authors have agreed that viewing opportunism and trust as characteristics of firms anthropomorphizes organizations [57,58]. With the advent of blockchain, the element of trust has been digitalized and separated by the idiosyncratic human correlation. Trust in blockchain is no longer an exclusive outcome of a micro level; it can be generated directly at the macro level. A recent study by Zaheer et al. showed a direct link between interorganizational trust and performance [52], but not between interpersonal trust and performance, whereby even if interpersonal trust is low, interorganizational trust remains high. This perfectly supports the modifications that we are applying to Gold et al.’s model [27], in which trust is included in organizational effectiveness and seen as one of the major drivers of firm performance. 3. Methodology To answer our research questions, we decided to build on Gold et al.’s model to conduct our case study [27], as a quantitative data analysis still did not constitute a valid alternative. The first part of the research involved a thorough investigation of the existing literature to locate the keywords needed to build the model. As demonstrated by Lin et al. [59], the literature lacks seminal papers associating blockchain technology with sustainable agri-food or agribusiness. Switching from a broad analysis to a more in-depth investigation, segmenting “management” and “business” keywords, Lin et al. identified only ten papers [59]. The same results were obtained by Bermeo-Almeida et al. [6], who added that most of the papers (seven out of ten) were written by Asiatic authors. Aware of the limited background, we decided to address the situation using the Scopus platform. We used a specific string—“blockchain” AND “food” (OR “agriculture” OR “agricultural delivery” OR “agricultural supply chain”)—obtaining more than 130 potential results. Controlling for knowledge management, we arrived at slightly more than 20 papers (22), of which 14 were published in peer-reviewed journals and eight had been presented at international conferences. From the most influential and available literature, we were able to identify the following keywords: blockchain technology [60], information structure [61], and firm culture [62]. In our knowledge process capability model, we included products and production processes [63], along with their management insertion rules [64]. Finally, to the “organizational effectiveness” construct, we added the value of trust [65], as well as transparency, auditability, and immutability characteristics—these latter constructs bearing a dual interpretation. We considered trust as a higher grade of consumer faith when evaluating product acquisition and consumption. Further, with blockchain, companies benefit from increased levels of trust among their supply-chain partners, as even the smallest non-compliance episode can be tracked and registered [59]. Because Gold et al.’s sample was quite extensive and mainly involved large companies [27], some modifications were required. First, as stated above, large companies are not the main sources of KM activity, and drivers for knowledge management innovation are also less evident in large organizations. Second, items generating knowledge are reduced according to the sample because of developments in the literature over recent years [66,67,68]. However, since the most intriguing part of the paper is the model (as also stated by the same authors), we gave high priority to the drawing process. The model was slightly adapted, although the scope of its application remained the same in focusing on the relation between knowledge infrastructure capabilities, knowledge process capabilities, and organizational effectiveness/trust. The major changes regarding knowledge infrastructure capability were implemented according to Mendling et al. [28], who introduced, in theoretical terms, the possible impacts of blockchain technology adoption on business process management (BPM). Further developing Mendling et al. [28], we inserted into the model the parts that, according to our case study, seemed most affected by the application of blockchain technology, specifically, discovery, monitoring, adaptation, and evolution. Guided by Pettigrew [69], our approach to the case study involved team visits to the site. We managed three visits to the case study site and conducted a total of nineteen interviews. Our team comprised two professors from the organization department of Business Administration who led and conducted the face to face interviews, one PhD student from the same department who submitted the research questionnaires, and two master’s degree students who transcribed the notes and interviews. The registered interviews were conducted in a semi-structured form. According to prior studies [70,71,72,73], our dataset retained a certain degree of flexibility, along with our research questions, which were often updated according to ongoing feedback and unexpected events. The semi-structured interviews lasted 50 min on average and were conducted with directors involved with the blockchain project, entrepreneurs associated with the cooperative, and service providers. The data and results were presented to the main actors in the organization and to its directors. The analysis of the case study commenced in June 2018 and finished in November 2019. This research was undertaken without preconceptions and without the need to prove anything in advance; we were solely moved by the disinterested aim of contributing to the agri-food sector and the academic literature. 3.1. Data Collection For our case study, we decided to analyze the “San Rocco Dairy” cooperative in Tezze sul Brenta (VI). The company was founded on August 25, 1966, from a congregation of breeders with the aim of producing homogeneous local food, while maintaining excellence (mainly in cheese). At the time of the study, the cooperative counted 19 associates across three different districts of the Veneto region. Its main aggregations were in Vicenza, Treviso, and Padova. The size of the companies was, on average, quite small, and their most common structure was that of a family business that occasionally employed external staff, but rarely more than two. All the companies shared the same structure, except for two that were more prominent. Trusting the quality of their products, the employees suggested competing at national and international levels to increase awareness of the food’s excellence. Since then, the cooperative has received countless prizes, including the Caseus Veneti and the World Cheese Award; it has also been included in the Super Gold Ranking of “Asiago DOP (Fresh and Aged),” and is thus listed among the best cheeses in the world. To defend its strong brand, strengthened through many years of hard work, the cooperative agreed to test the potential of blockchain (public/ETH), and the IoT technology, utilizing a specific quick response (QR) code to guarantee its certification information and to be directly validated by institutions, company partners, and final consumers. In Table 1, it is highlighted the main data used in the analysis of this article. The underlying strategy adopted by the consortium was to redefine the information systems to create a completely tracked supply chain. Data were monitored from the production of milk to the finished products (blocks of cheese), guaranteeing a secure and certified product provenance to consumers. Improvements involved, not only monitoring the safety and quality of products, but also information awareness and procedure compliance, so that well-informed consumers, aware of the supply chain, had become the best contributors to the processes of optimization and engagement. As studies on traceability are few but increasing, our research contributes to the literature as its motivations and the products being analyzed differ slightly from those of other studies. 3.2. Data Analysis The examined consortium began blockchain integration in September 2018, introducing the first blocks of Asiago DOP cheese to the market by January 2019. The consortium also implemented an IoT system based on a QR code to facilitate interaction with its main stakeholders. Data were collected from the beginning of April 2019 (see Table 2). The main data stored in the blockchain and retrievable through the QR code comprised the company ID code (for General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) compliance), the liters of milk provided, data about milk entry, and milk analysis. Regarding the specific activities for transformation and storage, the cooperative decided to include in the blockchain temporal identification data about the entry and exit of every semi-finished product according to the different phases that characterized the critical activities. All information relative to a specific process was stored in a single block to ensure easier trackability of the entire supply-chain process. The QR code was utilized, both by clients and intermediaries, returning precious information to San Rocco’s Dairy. When a user scans the QR code, that user releases critical data to the network, such as their gender, their job, the device used, their location, the time, and the number of times the specific QR has been scanned. Extracted data from the 100 blocks for Asiago cheese show that almost 87% of the products scanned were consumed by Italian clients. Around 10% were French users and the remaining 3% were north-European consumers. The product was most often scanned on Fridays during the daytime (10.00–13.00 h), and the most frequently requested information was from the timeline in reference to the production, the history of the firm, and the prizes awarded. In relation to customer retention, it was discovered that nearly 10% of clients observed the same type of product once a week for at least four weeks. Aware that the value of the data on the blockchain was quite low for consumers, we focused on the changes that this implementation made to organizational effectiveness and whether its application violated the insidious oracle problem. In the first round of informal interviews, we concentrated on company availability to cooperate with our department and on business acquaintance with this new technology, to be sure that the decision for undertaking the project was not merely based on marketing benefits, driven by the hype that blockchain has lately experienced. To clarify the intentions, the first official round of semi-structured interviews had the goal of understanding why the cooperative had chosen to undertake a blockchain-based project and whether they had evaluated it in relation to other alternatives. We asked participants about their plans for the future, and of course, whether they were experiencing any unpredicted issues. After exactly one year, we started a second round of semi-structured interviews, with the aim of understanding what had changed in the organization after the project had been executed and whether the cooperative was planning to improve or abandon it. Considering it necessary to double-check the information provided by the firms, we also contacted the technology provider via phone-call interviews to understand whether there was an alignment between what the firms aimed to obtain through the technology and the exact potential of the implemented service. Further information was taken from the company website and social media, as well as from newspapers, in which San Rocco’s project is often described. The authors transcribed all the interviews and details from direct observations, writing nearly 50 pages of notes that were used to link the data gathered with the Gold et al. model and to understand its implications for the oracle problem [6]. 4. Discussions To better clarify how the company addressed the insidious oracle problem in a sustainable supply chain context, details on the blockchain’s impact on organizational effectiveness must first be provided. Drawing from the informal interviews with the consortium directors, problems linked to the valorization of the brand and to the internalization of products emerged. As underlined by one participant: The “dairy market bears some difficulties generated by the presence of small wholesalers, and the large-scale retail trade”. The constant presence of intermediaries with high commercial competence was helpful in compensating for the low levels of territorial and market control because San Rocco only has two registered shops. Dealers help consumers to receive the product, but the issue of ensuring that the quality is linked with the San Rocco brand has not been solved. One common vision of the consortium’s top management involved the need to more directly reach final consumers and to reduce the information bias generated by intermediaries. Further, one interviewed executive extensively underlined the issues related to the internationalization and safety of the products/brand as a result of the massive presence of counterfeiters: “Asiago is very famous in California … but only a few wheels of cheese are genuine Asiago”. A massive presence of counterfeit products not only undermines company trustworthiness but can also have negative social implications. As a matter of fact, counterfeit products do not differ from the original in terms of just taste and shape. Not subject to strict regulation and checks, they constitute a threat for consumer health. The outcome of blockchain application in terms of value creation cannot be detected at present because the data is insufficient; however, extensive results were already visible in the effects of the blockchain’s application at the organizational level. To obtain these results, many areas were addressed according to the Gold et al. model [27]. The blockchain impacts on organizational effectiveness are summarized in Table 3. The appeal of blockchain technology arises from its distinctive characteristics, which make it a valuable implementation for sustainability purposes [18,19], such as the immutability of its data, the availability of the information, and its transparence, as well as its distributed certification and reliability. During the first official round of interviews, the quality manager stated, “we are a peculiar dairy company, since every employee has the passion for information technology”. Although able to create its own blockchain, the company decided to outsource the technical aspects to limit the chances of failure. As the project grows, they plan to fully automate it with probes and microchips. One of the associates that operates the blockchain remarked, “we need to automatize the system as soon as possible, since if we produce milk today, the data needs to be immediately inserted on the blockchain. Delays of any sort can affect the reliability of data”. Of course, the company also utilized Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), but they preferred to invest in local software houses rather than using the best-known alternatives. As one of the directors declared: “We always tried to cooperate with the local companies … even for services not directly related to our production”. Further, the cooperative installed a remote-control system for the “CASARO” (Mainly used in northern Italy, it describes highly specialized cheesemakers, in charge of guarding high-quality cheeses’ secret recipes), which allowing for the checking of every production site in real time to quickly adjust production gaps. According to the participants, the limitations of the cloud with respect to blockchain involved the “malleability” of the data, and having a very delicate raw material, the date of production of which should be immediately known and certain. The firm’s structure was quite controversial. As one of the directors indicated: “Our cooperative has a pretty controversial governance structure, since the board of the director’s members are also the shareholders”. Every member had to choose whether to defend the cooperative’s interests, his company’s interests, or his own. This could easily create conflicts of interests and difficulties in making decisions; it could also lead to associates’ withdrawal. Despite this, the director had managed to govern the cooperative for more than 40 years without any major issues and, as he stated, the hardest problem to solve consisted of finding a successor. In San Rocco’s Dairy, employees were considered part of the decision-making team, and they also introduced valuable innovations such as blockchain technology, because their mean age was very low. The blockchain adoption was actually promoted by one of the youngest associates, who had studied its application during his master’s degree and had proposed the innovation to the directors. He stated: “The cooperative is always open for innovation … although not aware of the technology, they understood its potential!” The blockchain adoption required no considerable changes to the company structure, as all those interviewed agreed during the second round. However, some changes were made in task distribution after the blockchain’s adoption. As well as contracting a consultant for the implementation, management also awarded employees specific roles and responsibilities related to the blockchain. Further, they planned to hire highly qualified professionals when the project reached a significant level of growth. Nonetheless, changes were not always welcomed, as one of the associates remarked: “It was not easy to present the new technology to the employees, since it means more work for people already overburdened”. The culture of the consortium was stable and strong, and it aimed to strengthen coordination between producers and processers, exploiting the firm’s core sustainability values (economic, social, environmental, cultural, and ethical). Identifying these common values, the cooperative invested in the project of defining a common information structure, transferring to its clients and associates the positive elements that the company pursued, such as the absence of chemical agents, environmental protection, and employee protection. Blockchain implementation, as agreed by almost all those interviewed, brought no changes to the company culture, but the participants also stressed that one of the main motives to undertake this adventure was to better reach the customers and make them aware of the consortium’s core values. One of the associates stated: “Blockchain will help us promote our company values directly to the client and deliver product information at 360 degrees”. Further, the company culture fostered the adoption of the blockchain as its type of innovation was technologically driven. The company’s will to reach clients did not just have a promotional role; it also served as a canvas to build and strengthen trust. Trust was a critical value for San Rocco’s Dairy that participants were eagerly trying to defend. The threats to this trust were multiple. At an international level, Asiago cheese appeared to be a highly requested product, but the narrowed site of production (DOP protection) did not allow for the complete satisfaction of the constantly increasing demand, leaving promising opportunities for counterfeiters. The role of the blockchain for the consortium is not to “create” trust but to maintain the high level of trust built over many years of hard work. This aim is quite controversial because, in the early literature, the blockchain was viewed as a means for creating trust, while it is now widely held that blockchain provides a way to transact in a trustless environment [74,75]. For the consortium, the technology should work in an environment where trust is at a maximum, defending it from external threats. When prompted about this issue, the quality manager affirmed: “We firmly believe in the quality of our products … blockchain ensures that third parties will not alter client awareness”. From the data gathered, there was not strong evidence of the blockchain’s capability of defending trust in those environments; however, theoretically, this remains quite a robust conjecture. Regarding the intra/interorganizational environment, by definition, it acts more as a monitoring authority than a trust enhancer, as assumed in Mendling et al. [28]. The associates and the quality manager stressed that they were surprised about the high level of blockchain involvement in business processes. As a consequence of its structure and functionality, the adoption of blockchain required the company to clearly map and divide all their business processes for information to be uploaded to the ledger. One of those interviewed stated: “Yes, blockchain requires mapping for all business processes. It clearly helps to define the supply chain”. The quality manager stressed that, although the technology was helpful for that task, its compliance with the “disciplinare” (policy document) already required a high level of understanding and control of company processes. Conversely, applying the technology, the consortium realized that some of its processes needed to be changed to remain consistent with blockchain’s potential. The participants noticed that blockchain’s adoption required the packaging process to be internalized. Outsourcing the packaging process created some doubts about the last “steps” of the supply chain’s traceability. Since the tracking devices are on the packaging, the outsourcing of this last step is perceived as a threat to the whole traceability process. One of the associates who interacts with large-scale retailers stated: “Retailers strongly believe in the potential of the technology, but they offer only standardized packaging … we must focus on products that we can pack ourselves”. To ensure the trustworthiness of the process, the packaging step cannot be outsourced. Further, in opposition to the expectations of previous literature [28,76], the business process (at least for this case study) was not automated through blockchain smart contracts but remained a function of human action; while the immutability of the ledger created the “trigger” for an ease in monitoring activity. The blockchain manager proudly stated: “We can enjoy a double outcome for [the] blockchain application, first to reach our clients and also to detect potential malfunctions and loss of efficiency”. However, the adaptation of processes constitutes a limitation for this technology. While BPM is aimed at the continuous improvement of processes [74], blockchain technology, as a result of its very origin and purpose, offers fewer degrees of freedom in the field, since, when a process changes it may be detected by the blockchain as invalid. A private blockchain would probably prove to be more efficient, as the quality manager declared: “For now, it works … but sooner or later we may have to build our own system” [23]. One critical further contribution to the literature is to analyze how and whether the organization was able to effectively address the oracle problem, which greatly affects the meaning of non-financial smart contract based blockchain projects. As specified in Section 2, the oracle problem arises when connecting a physical asset or commodity to a virtual token that tracks it on a blockchain [77,78,79]. Although other papers/articles describe practical cases of blockchain technology for product traceability, none are robust in relation to the oracle problem, keeping the blockchain community firmly skeptical about the reliability of non-financial applications. When blockchain is implemented for sustainability reasons, trustworthiness and transparency are often pointed to as being the core characteristics that makes it suitable for purpose [3,80,81]. However, since information on smart contract based blockchain comes from oracles [22,23], trustworthiness and transparency should be no longer given nor guaranteed. As a matter of fact, studies on sustainability driven blockchain should focus on oracles and not only on the mere technology. Conversely, whether the company operates directly on the blockchain or with an external consultant, whether the blockchain is proprietary or public, or whether a Bitcoin or Ethereum blockchain is utilized, the oracle problem remains unmentioned in the literature because it has clearly still not been sufficiently addressed. In our case study, we noticed an important implication for trust involving a specific type of product, which may greatly affect the extent of the oracle problem. For high-quality products, and precisely, for products with a certified provenance (especially DOP or DOCG), trustworthiness has rarely been questioned. The Italian Government, for instance, imposes strict laws on food producers that are among the most severe in the world. Companies producing DOP products, for example, must precisely track all production phases to ensure the correct provenance of all raw materials used in the production. Utilizing blockchain in these supply chains requires the oracle to upload only information that has been strictly verified by the certification authority. Consequently, there are no apparent incentives for the oracle to alter data. Oracles should be extra cautious when inserting information into the blockchain, as they are definitely under the “eyes” of the authority. From those interviewed, it emerged that the choice of the Asiago as a pilot for the blockchain project arose from the policy surrounding DOP products, which requires information to be already tracked and secure. One of the executives declared: “The choice of tracing our Asiago DOP on the blockchain derives also from the large availability of data on the supply chain that it is strictly supervised by the authority and has to comply with the “disciplinare” [policy document]”. The aim of the blockchain utilization was not to guarantee the safety of the product, which was already supervised by the authorities, but to fight counterfeiters operating outside the domain of the authorities. The trust involving information uploaded to the blockchain is then shifted from the firm to the certification authority. Basically, in that “protected environment,” the information on products’ traceability uploaded to the blockchain falls under the supervision of the certification authority. Being on the blockchain, information can hardly be altered by counterfeiters even outside the authority’s domain. This dualistic protection system created by the blockchain is explained in Figure 2. Any other addition, such as implementing the IoT in the blockchain (sensors or probes), requested by the “disciplinare”, will be verified by the authority, ensuring that only trustworthy information is uploaded to the blockchain. The quality manager further explained: “Once the Asiago DOP project reaches an appropriate speed, we will then start with the Grana Padano DOP, which is another product with a strong ‘disciplinare’”. It is quite clear that, for the consortium, the blockchain does not represent a certification authority by itself, but a means to defend the integrity of information gathered and supervised in compliance with the “disciplinare”. Implementing blockchain with this aim clearly reduces the impact of the oracle problem, as the need for trusted, third-party input is fulfilled by the certification authority (especially the DOP or DOCG). Without a trusted third-party, external to the firm, the information uploaded to the blockchain is no more trustworthy that that written by the company itself on the labels of its products and does not really improve quality or consumer protection. 5. Conclusions This paper sought to address the oracle problem for a smart contract based blockchain implemented in the traceability of specific non-fungible products. To do so, we first contextualized the issue through a case study of a dairy company in northeastern Italy, whose interest in blockchain was mainly related to marketing. As the literature lacks empirical studies involving blockchain technology’s adoption, our first research question addressed its impact on organizational effectiveness, building on three precise literature streams: KM [38], knowledge infrastructure [27], and trust [52]. Data show that successful technological implementation is strictly connected to a firm’s attitude to innovation and to employee involvement in the innovation process. However, highly specialized consultants are probably required for the process to be undertaken smoothly and in a reasonable time frame. Company culture does not seem to be affected by blockchain’s adoption. However, reaching clients and spreading firm culture is one of the main reasons for firms to undertake blockchain projects. From the interviews, it emerged that blockchain does not really affect governance structures, but requires the introduction of new professional figures, or role extensions for existing employees, creating conditions for job enrichment and promotions. Processes are also affected by the implementation of the technology in three different ways. First, the blockchain’s structure helps the quality managers to better rationalize processes and the supply chain. Second, consensus mechanisms can create a “trigger” for faulty processes to be promptly located and addressed. Third, blockchain may constitute an obstacle to process innovation, as updates are by nature more difficult on (public) blockchains. Regarding the concept of trust, we may say that, from this research, no clear evidence emerges on trust improvement. On the contrary, blockchain seems to be useful only in environments where trust is already established, enabling defense mechanisms against external threats such as counterfeiters. With a clear vision of how blockchain affected organizational effectiveness, we were able to narrow our second research question as to how the oracle problem could be overcome in sustainable supply chain environments. As already stated by blockchain experts [22], the oracle problem has the lowest impact in cases with trusted, third-party mechanisms that supervise and certify in a coercive manner information uploaded to and stored on the blockchain (although it may lead to counterparty risk). As information on the blockchain is immutable but not necessarily true, without a trusted third party to verify the data to be inserted, the details provided should not be considered any more trustworthy that those contained in a legacy database. Furthermore, even though in such environments the impact of the oracle problem is low, doubts arise as to the need for a blockchain to be implemented at all. To enlighten possible solutions to this dilemma, the case study analyzed in this paper, by way of example, involved a blockchain project undertaken by San Rocco’s Dairy for the traceability of the Asiago DOP (non-fungible product). In this specific case, the certification authority (DOP) constituted a strong third party whose verified data, when inserted into the blockchain, became public and highly secure. The presence of a highly trusted third-party reduced the impact of the oracle problem. Nonetheless, blockchain technology proved to be more effective than legacy technologies, since it guaranteed the protection of products outside the domain of the authority. The results provided in this research should be useful for academics to build on, allowing further studies on non-financial blockchains and the oracle problem. Managers can also exploit these results to decide whether their company might benefit from blockchain’s application and how to implement it in the most profitable way. When addressing sustainable development, it may be useful to consider this case study so as to understand how blockchain implementation can also be economically viable. Conversely, limitations regarding the qualitative approach and the single case study need to be taken into consideration when making inferences at a broader scale. Further studies may try to replicate the results of this paper, addressing a different sector and market, or perhaps comparing countries where authorities have multiple degrees of enforcement or different certifications. Samples could also include more structured companies as results on processes are highly influenced by company size, which, in this paper, is small to medium. As soon as there are enough data to undertake a quantitative study, it would be interesting to compare companies utilizing blockchain to see which sector benefits more from the adoption of the technology. Author Contributions Conceptualization, G.C.; methodology, software, validation, formal analysis G.C., and A.Z.; investigation, resources, data curation, G.C., and C.R.; writing—original draft preparation, G.C., A.Z. and C.R.; supervision, C.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding This research received no external funding. Acknowledgments The authors thank the peer reviewers for their valuable comments on ways to improve this paper. We would also to thank Caseificio San Rocco, and EZ Lab srl for the data, and their contribution to this research. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. References Perego, A.; Sciuto, D.; Portale, V.; Bruschi, F. Blockchain & Distributed Ledger 2019. 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Collected DataNumberNoteInterviews19Four informal interviews collected during a first visit to San Rocco Dairy. Eleven direct, semi-structured interviews during two official visits and four phone calls to the technology provider. Direct interviews and phone calls were digitally recorded and transcribed.Direct observation5The authors attended the San Rocco Dairy three times, visiting the offices, the farms, and the shops. Two of the associates also came to the authors’ office twice.Notes from observations and interviews47 pagesThe authors collected 34 pages of notes from the interviews and 13 pages of direct observations.Data collected online4The authors searched for data on the cooperative website and social media.Data from the press1616 articles were analyzed to find information about the firm’s awards and the blockchain project. Table 2. Data analysis. Data TypePeriodPurposeInformal interviewsJune 2018Verify the genuineness of the project and the availability to cooperate.First round of semi-structured interviewsSeptember 2018Understand motives leading to blockchain implementation and the roles of people involved.Second round of semi-structured interviewsSeptember 2019Through targeted questions, analyze the impact of blockchain on organizational effectiveness.Phone interviews to service providerNovember 2019Check consistency with the aims of the cooperative and the limits of the technology.Direct observation and interviews notes2018–2019Understand the usefulness of the blockchain application and its implications for the oracle problem.Online and press data2018–2019Analyze the way the cooperative tries to spread its core values through the blockchain. Table 3. Blockchain effects on organizational effectiveness. Components of the “Modified” Gold et al. Model [3]Blockchain EffectsQuoteTechnologyRequires high levels of technological understanding or delegation to a specialized company.“The cooperative is always open for innovation … although not aware of the technology, they understood its potential!”StructureNot directly affected by the technology. If the company is unable to hire specialized professionals, employees are required to receive more tasks and responsibilities.“It was not easy to present the new technology to the employees, since it means more work for people already overburdened.”CultureTechnology does not affect culture but helps to spread the firm’s core values effectively.“Blockchain will help us promote our company values directly to the client.”DiscoveryData rationalization can easily lead to process discovery.“Yes, blockchain requires mapping for all business processes. It clearly helps to define the supply chain.”MonitoringEven if not automated, the blockchain constitutes a “trigger” for faulty processes.“[Blockchain] detects potential malfunctions and loss of efficiency.”Adaptation and evolutionBlockchain hardly adapts to process innovations.“For now, it works … but sooner or later we may have to build our own system.”TrustUnlike the financial sector, traceability can only work in highly trusted environments.“We firmly believe in the quality of our products … blockchain ensures that third parties will not alter clients’ awareness.” © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Share and Cite MDPI and ACS Style Caldarelli, G.; Rossignoli, C.; Zardini, A. Overcoming the Blockchain Oracle Problem in the Traceability of Non-Fungible Products. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2391. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062391 AMA Style Caldarelli G, Rossignoli C, Zardini A. Overcoming the Blockchain Oracle Problem in the Traceability of Non-Fungible Products. Sustainability. 2020; 12(6):2391. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062391 Chicago/Turabian Style Caldarelli, Giulio, Cecilia Rossignoli, and Alessandro Zardini. 2020. "Overcoming the Blockchain Oracle Problem in the Traceability of Non-Fungible Products" Sustainability 12, no. 6: 2391. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062391 Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here. Article Metrics No No Article Access Statistics For more information on the journal statistics, click here. Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	0	55	https://www.enterprisedb.com/company/leadership	en	Leadership Team	https://enterprisedb.com…ult-og-image.png	https://enterprisedb.com…ult-og-image.png	[ "https://www.enterprisedb.com/themes/custom/edb_theme/logo.svg", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/2024-05/trust_center.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/kevin_dallas.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/ryan_blackwell.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/herve_timsit.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/marybeth_donovan.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/chandler_hosington.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/jozef_de_vries.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/michael_gale.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/einav_lavi-2.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/brickley2.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/reb_feldman.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/ln_profile_city.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/icon_Rating_0.svg", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/images/EDB-logo-highres.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/themes/custom/edb_theme/favicon.ico	EDB	https://www.enterprisedb.com/company/leadership	Kevin Dallas is responsible for all aspects of the EDB business globally. EDB is a Bain Capital and Great Hill Partners portfolio company. Kevin brings over three decades of experience driving digital innovation and growth at technology companies, most recently as CEO at Wind River, a TPG portfolio company. As CEO, Dallas accelerated the software company’s growth culminating in its $3.5 billion acquisition by Aptiv in 2022. Previously, Kevin spent nearly 25 years with Microsoft, where he most recently served as the corporate vice president for cloud and AI business development. Prior roles demonstrated his customer-focused approach to delivering advanced intelligent cloud and edge product innovation, and enabling customer digital transformation. Kevin is a recipient of the 2022 Gold Stevie Award, American Business Award, Entrepreneur of the Year, and the 2022 Globee Awards Gold Winner for Executive of the Year. Kevin currently serves as a director on the board of Align Technology, Inc. He holds a B.S.c. degree in electrical and electronic engineering from Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England. A driven Operations & Revenue Executive with more than 20 years of achievements in public and private equity-structured organizations, Ryan Blackwell joined EDB in 2024. Most recently, Ryan served as CRO of Renaissance Learning where he led all aspects of GTM. Prior to Renaissance Learning he was the Global Head of Revenue Operations/Enablement at Refinitiv (now LSEG) overseeing all GTM Operations . In addition to those roles Ryan was an operating executive at Cerberus Capital Management were he was responsible for improving GTM execution and revenue growth within Cerberus’s wide range of portfolio companies. Ryan has been instrumental in GTM transformations and core product growth as both a GTM and operating executive. He holds a BSBA from the school of Industrial Technology at Eastern Michigan University and is currently on the Board of Let's Get Ready. Mary-Beth Donovan is Chief Customer Officer, responsible for driving EDB’s customer value creation and customer experience strategy. In this role, Mary-Beth leads a global team of customer success, professional services, customer support and PostgreSQL experts united in our mission to enable and accelerate value realization to our customers and strategic partners. Mary-Beth executes with more than 25 years of senior leadership experience at SaaS and enterprise software companies with a predominant focus on establishing a customer-centric culture of technology adoption through customer journey management and building for-scale best practices. Prior to joining EDB, Mary-Beth was the VP of Customer Success Management and Experience at VMware. Before VMware, Mary-Beth successfully held numerous leadership roles in customer success, strategy, and operations at PTC. Mary-Beth holds a B.S. in Finance and an MBA from Babson College, Wellesley, Massachusetts. Chandler Hoisington is EDB’s Chief Product Officer. Chandler is responsible for product definition, vision, design and strategy, supporting a portfolio of Global 5000 customers. A software executive with nearly two decades of experience, Chandler thrives in leading highly technical and complex products and teams. As the former GM Kubernetes Hybrid & Edge for AWS, Chandler led key Kubernetes businesses for Amazon. Helping marque customers move business critical workloads to modern software platforms allowing them to improve reliability and time to market. Prior to AWS, Chandler was the SVP of Product and Engineering at D2iQ, formerly Mesosphere. While at D2iQ, an a16z and Khosla backed startup that has raised over $200 million, he led the strategy and execution to transition the company from a Mesos foundation to Kubernetes as the core offering. Before D2iQ he held the role of VP of Engineering for Risk Management Solutions, a 30+ year old enterprise leader in the catastrophe modeling space. Michael Gale is the Chief Marketing Officer for EDB. He is based in Seattle, WA. Michael leads the brand, Go-to-Market marketing functions and strategic marketing direction as the company leads its own digital transformation and the digital transformation journeys of our customers. Michael is the Wall Street Journal best-selling author of the number one selling book on Digital Transformation, The Digital Helix and hosts the Futures in Focus podcast about the world of ten years from now, (on Forbes for four years). He is a Thinkers360 top 10 influencer for AI, and on sustainability technologies. Prior to EDB, Michael was at Wind River as the CMO and led the company’s complete rebranding as it went from being an embedded software company to a leading intelligent systems company, which led to the company being sold to Aptiv for over $3bn. His team won the platinum dot.com marketing award for the intelligent systems campaign in 2022. He has founded and sold two marketing SaaS companies (Strategic Oxygen, PulsePoint) that were used to plan complex integrated marketing programs in the technology industry. He was a group Partner at Monitor Group (now part of Deloitte) and was the CWO at Micron when it became a top three internet e-commerce company. Michael holds a degree in economics and history from the UK. Einav is the Chief Human Resources Officer at EDB. She is based in San Diego, CA. Einav is an Innovative advisor and mentor to CEOs, C-Suite leaders, and the Board, in areas of human capital strategy, full Talent cycle, Human capital in Intelligent systems and AI driven workplace, Change Management, Mergers & Acquisitions and Organizational scaling for growth. Prior to EDB, Einav spent over 20+ years in developing and leading world-class HR departments internationally to complement corporate strategy in fast growing, PE backed companies. Einav is a recent recipient of 2 awards – Finalist of the “2023 CHRO of the Year” from HRO Today Magazine and 2022 “Women that Build - Inspiring Executive” award from Globant. Einav's thought leadership has also been featured in several articles she has published in Business and HR magazines, in areas of Diversity, Talent Transformation and AI at the workplace. Einav holds a Bachelor’s degree in Economics and Cognitive Science, and a Masters’ degree in Financial Economics from Israel. Patrick is responsible for all finance-related functions for EDB worldwide. Patrick brings over 25 years of experience with building global high-growth businesses while playing financial, strategic, and operational roles. Most recently, Patrick was CFO of Everbridge, a publicly-traded SaaS business. During Patrick's time at Everbridge, the company IPO'd, created the fast-growing global Critical Event Management category while achieving profitable growth, and exited successfully to Thoma Bravo. Patrick has also worked at Google, ITA Software, and PwC. Patrick holds a BS in Accounting from Lehigh University, and an MBA from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. Kevin Dallas is responsible for all aspects of the EDB business globally. EDB is a Bain Capital and Great Hill Partners portfolio company. Kevin brings over three decades of experience driving digital innovation and growth at technology companies, most recently as CEO at Wind River, a TPG portfolio company. As CEO, Dallas accelerated the software company’s growth culminating in its $3.5 billion acquisition by Aptiv in 2022. Previously, Kevin spent nearly 25 years with Microsoft, where he most recently served as the corporate vice president for cloud and AI business development. Prior roles demonstrated his customer-focused approach to delivering advanced intelligent cloud and edge product innovation, and enabling customer digital transformation. Kevin is a recipient of the 2022 Gold Stevie Award, American Business Award, Entrepreneur of the Year, and the 2022 Globee Awards Gold Winner for Executive of the Year. Kevin currently serves as a director on the board of Align Technology, Inc. He holds a B.S.c. degree in electrical and electronic engineering from Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England. Ed served as EDB's CEO for 15 years, in addition to serving as President and Chairman of the Board of Directors. As CEO, he drove the development and execution of EDB’s strategic vision and growth in the database industry. He joined EDB in 2008, and steered the company through 54 consecutive quarters of growth, and a majority investment in the company from Bain Capital in 2022. Prior to that, he led EDB’s acquisition of 2ndQuadrant, which brought together the world’s top Postgres experts and positioned EDB as the largest dedicated provider of Postgres solutions and services worldwide. A veteran of the open source software movement, Ed is a seasoned enterprise software executive who emphasizes a technology-first business approach in order to lead the open source data movement. Prior to EDB, Ed served as Vice President and General Manager of North America at Red Hat, where he played a central leadership role in the development of the modern business model for bringing open source to enterprises. He is known for his passion, relentless energy, and strategic leadership. Prior to his business career, Ed honed his leadership skills as a Captain in the U.S. Army. He earned his MBA from Harvard Business School and BA from Boston University. Chris Gaffney is a co-founder of Great Hill Partners. He is responsible for transaction origination, investment policy, fundraising, investor relations and the general management of the firm. His investment experience covers a broad group of industries, including business and IT software and services, information services, eCommerce, consumer and online services, financial services and insurance, digital publishing, telecommunications, logistics, education, and cable and broadcasting. Chris serves on the board of directors of EnterpriseDB, G/O Media, Ikon Science, Mission, Evolve IP and Intapp. He formerly served on the boards of All Web Leads, BuscaPé, Central Security Group, Credibility Corp., IGN Entertainment, Recruiting.com, SheKnows Media, SmartMail, Vitacost.com, Ziff Davis and ZoomInfo. Chris has participated in the private equity business since 1986, serving as an associate, principal and general partner for M/C Partners. Chris began his career as a commercial lending officer for the First National Bank of Boston in the specialized media lending unit. Chris earned a degree in accounting and economics summa cum laude from Boston College. Drew is responsible for originating and evaluating investments in the Internet infrastructure, software communications, IOT, and tech-enabled managed services sectors. He is a director of EnterpriseDB, Examity, Mission, Evolve IP, Reward Gateway and Symmetry. He is a former director of Ascenty, Reflexis and Latisys. Prior to joining Great Hill Partners, Drew was an associate at Tudor Ventures, the $700 million private equity arm of Tudor Investment Corporation. As an associate at Tudor Ventures, Drew was responsible for originating and evaluating investment opportunities in the financial technology, business services, and software sectors. Prior to Tudor, Drew worked in various roles at Jefferies Investment Bank in the capital markets division. Drew earned a degree in economics and government from Bowdoin College and an MBA from the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth. Max is a Partner on Bain Capital’s North America Private Equity team and is responsible for originating and evaluating investments in the Infrastructure, Cybersecurity, Horizontal Applications, Internet and EdTech sectors. He is a director of EnterpriseDB, ExtraHop, Nutanix, and Rocket Software. He was previously involved with a number of other Bain Capital investments including BMC Software, Symantec, and NortonLifeLock among others. Prior to joining Bain Capital in 2010, Max was a consultant at the Boston Consulting Group, where he consulted in the technology, financial services, and healthcare practice areas. Max received an MBA from Harvard Business school where he was a Baker Scholar and graduated summa cum laude with a degree in Finance from the University of Minnesota.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	1	35	https://www.enterprisedb.com/company/leadership	en	Leadership Team	https://enterprisedb.com…ult-og-image.png	https://enterprisedb.com…ult-og-image.png	[ "https://www.enterprisedb.com/themes/custom/edb_theme/logo.svg", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/2024-05/trust_center.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/kevin_dallas.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/ryan_blackwell.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/herve_timsit.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/marybeth_donovan.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/chandler_hosington.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/jozef_de_vries.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/michael_gale.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/einav_lavi-2.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/brickley2.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/reb_feldman.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/ln_profile_city.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/icon_Rating_0.svg", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/images/EDB-logo-highres.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/themes/custom/edb_theme/favicon.ico	EDB	https://www.enterprisedb.com/company/leadership	Kevin Dallas is responsible for all aspects of the EDB business globally. EDB is a Bain Capital and Great Hill Partners portfolio company. Kevin brings over three decades of experience driving digital innovation and growth at technology companies, most recently as CEO at Wind River, a TPG portfolio company. As CEO, Dallas accelerated the software company’s growth culminating in its $3.5 billion acquisition by Aptiv in 2022. Previously, Kevin spent nearly 25 years with Microsoft, where he most recently served as the corporate vice president for cloud and AI business development. Prior roles demonstrated his customer-focused approach to delivering advanced intelligent cloud and edge product innovation, and enabling customer digital transformation. Kevin is a recipient of the 2022 Gold Stevie Award, American Business Award, Entrepreneur of the Year, and the 2022 Globee Awards Gold Winner for Executive of the Year. Kevin currently serves as a director on the board of Align Technology, Inc. He holds a B.S.c. degree in electrical and electronic engineering from Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England. A driven Operations & Revenue Executive with more than 20 years of achievements in public and private equity-structured organizations, Ryan Blackwell joined EDB in 2024. Most recently, Ryan served as CRO of Renaissance Learning where he led all aspects of GTM. Prior to Renaissance Learning he was the Global Head of Revenue Operations/Enablement at Refinitiv (now LSEG) overseeing all GTM Operations . In addition to those roles Ryan was an operating executive at Cerberus Capital Management were he was responsible for improving GTM execution and revenue growth within Cerberus’s wide range of portfolio companies. Ryan has been instrumental in GTM transformations and core product growth as both a GTM and operating executive. He holds a BSBA from the school of Industrial Technology at Eastern Michigan University and is currently on the Board of Let's Get Ready. Mary-Beth Donovan is Chief Customer Officer, responsible for driving EDB’s customer value creation and customer experience strategy. In this role, Mary-Beth leads a global team of customer success, professional services, customer support and PostgreSQL experts united in our mission to enable and accelerate value realization to our customers and strategic partners. Mary-Beth executes with more than 25 years of senior leadership experience at SaaS and enterprise software companies with a predominant focus on establishing a customer-centric culture of technology adoption through customer journey management and building for-scale best practices. Prior to joining EDB, Mary-Beth was the VP of Customer Success Management and Experience at VMware. Before VMware, Mary-Beth successfully held numerous leadership roles in customer success, strategy, and operations at PTC. Mary-Beth holds a B.S. in Finance and an MBA from Babson College, Wellesley, Massachusetts. Chandler Hoisington is EDB’s Chief Product Officer. Chandler is responsible for product definition, vision, design and strategy, supporting a portfolio of Global 5000 customers. A software executive with nearly two decades of experience, Chandler thrives in leading highly technical and complex products and teams. As the former GM Kubernetes Hybrid & Edge for AWS, Chandler led key Kubernetes businesses for Amazon. Helping marque customers move business critical workloads to modern software platforms allowing them to improve reliability and time to market. Prior to AWS, Chandler was the SVP of Product and Engineering at D2iQ, formerly Mesosphere. While at D2iQ, an a16z and Khosla backed startup that has raised over $200 million, he led the strategy and execution to transition the company from a Mesos foundation to Kubernetes as the core offering. Before D2iQ he held the role of VP of Engineering for Risk Management Solutions, a 30+ year old enterprise leader in the catastrophe modeling space. Michael Gale is the Chief Marketing Officer for EDB. He is based in Seattle, WA. Michael leads the brand, Go-to-Market marketing functions and strategic marketing direction as the company leads its own digital transformation and the digital transformation journeys of our customers. Michael is the Wall Street Journal best-selling author of the number one selling book on Digital Transformation, The Digital Helix and hosts the Futures in Focus podcast about the world of ten years from now, (on Forbes for four years). He is a Thinkers360 top 10 influencer for AI, and on sustainability technologies. Prior to EDB, Michael was at Wind River as the CMO and led the company’s complete rebranding as it went from being an embedded software company to a leading intelligent systems company, which led to the company being sold to Aptiv for over $3bn. His team won the platinum dot.com marketing award for the intelligent systems campaign in 2022. He has founded and sold two marketing SaaS companies (Strategic Oxygen, PulsePoint) that were used to plan complex integrated marketing programs in the technology industry. He was a group Partner at Monitor Group (now part of Deloitte) and was the CWO at Micron when it became a top three internet e-commerce company. Michael holds a degree in economics and history from the UK. Einav is the Chief Human Resources Officer at EDB. She is based in San Diego, CA. Einav is an Innovative advisor and mentor to CEOs, C-Suite leaders, and the Board, in areas of human capital strategy, full Talent cycle, Human capital in Intelligent systems and AI driven workplace, Change Management, Mergers & Acquisitions and Organizational scaling for growth. Prior to EDB, Einav spent over 20+ years in developing and leading world-class HR departments internationally to complement corporate strategy in fast growing, PE backed companies. Einav is a recent recipient of 2 awards – Finalist of the “2023 CHRO of the Year” from HRO Today Magazine and 2022 “Women that Build - Inspiring Executive” award from Globant. Einav's thought leadership has also been featured in several articles she has published in Business and HR magazines, in areas of Diversity, Talent Transformation and AI at the workplace. Einav holds a Bachelor’s degree in Economics and Cognitive Science, and a Masters’ degree in Financial Economics from Israel. Patrick is responsible for all finance-related functions for EDB worldwide. Patrick brings over 25 years of experience with building global high-growth businesses while playing financial, strategic, and operational roles. Most recently, Patrick was CFO of Everbridge, a publicly-traded SaaS business. During Patrick's time at Everbridge, the company IPO'd, created the fast-growing global Critical Event Management category while achieving profitable growth, and exited successfully to Thoma Bravo. Patrick has also worked at Google, ITA Software, and PwC. Patrick holds a BS in Accounting from Lehigh University, and an MBA from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. Kevin Dallas is responsible for all aspects of the EDB business globally. EDB is a Bain Capital and Great Hill Partners portfolio company. Kevin brings over three decades of experience driving digital innovation and growth at technology companies, most recently as CEO at Wind River, a TPG portfolio company. As CEO, Dallas accelerated the software company’s growth culminating in its $3.5 billion acquisition by Aptiv in 2022. Previously, Kevin spent nearly 25 years with Microsoft, where he most recently served as the corporate vice president for cloud and AI business development. Prior roles demonstrated his customer-focused approach to delivering advanced intelligent cloud and edge product innovation, and enabling customer digital transformation. Kevin is a recipient of the 2022 Gold Stevie Award, American Business Award, Entrepreneur of the Year, and the 2022 Globee Awards Gold Winner for Executive of the Year. Kevin currently serves as a director on the board of Align Technology, Inc. He holds a B.S.c. degree in electrical and electronic engineering from Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England. Ed served as EDB's CEO for 15 years, in addition to serving as President and Chairman of the Board of Directors. As CEO, he drove the development and execution of EDB’s strategic vision and growth in the database industry. He joined EDB in 2008, and steered the company through 54 consecutive quarters of growth, and a majority investment in the company from Bain Capital in 2022. Prior to that, he led EDB’s acquisition of 2ndQuadrant, which brought together the world’s top Postgres experts and positioned EDB as the largest dedicated provider of Postgres solutions and services worldwide. A veteran of the open source software movement, Ed is a seasoned enterprise software executive who emphasizes a technology-first business approach in order to lead the open source data movement. Prior to EDB, Ed served as Vice President and General Manager of North America at Red Hat, where he played a central leadership role in the development of the modern business model for bringing open source to enterprises. He is known for his passion, relentless energy, and strategic leadership. Prior to his business career, Ed honed his leadership skills as a Captain in the U.S. Army. He earned his MBA from Harvard Business School and BA from Boston University. Chris Gaffney is a co-founder of Great Hill Partners. He is responsible for transaction origination, investment policy, fundraising, investor relations and the general management of the firm. His investment experience covers a broad group of industries, including business and IT software and services, information services, eCommerce, consumer and online services, financial services and insurance, digital publishing, telecommunications, logistics, education, and cable and broadcasting. Chris serves on the board of directors of EnterpriseDB, G/O Media, Ikon Science, Mission, Evolve IP and Intapp. He formerly served on the boards of All Web Leads, BuscaPé, Central Security Group, Credibility Corp., IGN Entertainment, Recruiting.com, SheKnows Media, SmartMail, Vitacost.com, Ziff Davis and ZoomInfo. Chris has participated in the private equity business since 1986, serving as an associate, principal and general partner for M/C Partners. Chris began his career as a commercial lending officer for the First National Bank of Boston in the specialized media lending unit. Chris earned a degree in accounting and economics summa cum laude from Boston College. Drew is responsible for originating and evaluating investments in the Internet infrastructure, software communications, IOT, and tech-enabled managed services sectors. He is a director of EnterpriseDB, Examity, Mission, Evolve IP, Reward Gateway and Symmetry. He is a former director of Ascenty, Reflexis and Latisys. Prior to joining Great Hill Partners, Drew was an associate at Tudor Ventures, the $700 million private equity arm of Tudor Investment Corporation. As an associate at Tudor Ventures, Drew was responsible for originating and evaluating investment opportunities in the financial technology, business services, and software sectors. Prior to Tudor, Drew worked in various roles at Jefferies Investment Bank in the capital markets division. Drew earned a degree in economics and government from Bowdoin College and an MBA from the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth. Max is a Partner on Bain Capital’s North America Private Equity team and is responsible for originating and evaluating investments in the Infrastructure, Cybersecurity, Horizontal Applications, Internet and EdTech sectors. He is a director of EnterpriseDB, ExtraHop, Nutanix, and Rocket Software. He was previously involved with a number of other Bain Capital investments including BMC Software, Symantec, and NortonLifeLock among others. Prior to joining Bain Capital in 2010, Max was a consultant at the Boston Consulting Group, where he consulted in the technology, financial services, and healthcare practice areas. Max received an MBA from Harvard Business school where he was a Baker Scholar and graduated summa cum laude with a degree in Finance from the University of Minnesota.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	0	79	https://www.airliquide.ca/	en		https://www.airliquide.c…h-icon-57x57.png	https://www.airliquide.c…h-icon-57x57.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/file/v8853038611739443561/general/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png		https://www.airliquide.ca
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	0	5	https://www.rttnews.com/400024/mergers-acquisitions-a-weekly-recap.aspx	en	Mergers & Acquisitions - A Weekly Recap	https://cdn.rttnews.com/…logo-512x512.png	https://cdn.rttnews.com/…logo-512x512.png	[ "https://cdn.rttnews.com/images/v2/rttnews-logo.gif", "https://cdn.rttnews.com/images/v3/Search-button.png", "https://cdn.rttnews.com/images/v4/whatsapp.png", "https://cdn.rttnews.com/images/v4/FollowUsOn150x38-04Nov2023.png", "https://cdn.rttnews.com/articleimages/ustopstories/2024/may/fda-may23.jpg", "https://cdn.rttnews.com/articleimages/ustopstories/2024/march/fda-mar22.jpg", "https://cdn.rttnews.com/articleimages/slideshow/2024/february/marchcalendar-feb20.jpg", "https://cdn.rttnews.com/images/v3/Facebook.png", "https://cdn.rttnews.com/images/v3/Twitter.png", "https://cdn.rttnews.com/images/v3/Instagram.png", "https://cdn.rttnews.com/images/v3/RSS.png", "https://cdn.rttnews.com/images/v3/Loading.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "RTTNews Staff" ]	2007-10-12T17:42:00	The week ended October 12 saw two software giants making the biggest splash in the acquisition scene, with Germany-based SAP AG revealing a $6.7 billion definitive agreement on Sunday to buy business intelligence software maker Business Objects.			RTTNews	https://www.rttnews.com/400024/mergers-acquisitions-a-weekly-recap.aspx	The week ended October 12 saw two software giants making the biggest splash in the acquisition scene, with Germany-based SAP AG revealing a $6.7 billion definitive agreement on Sunday to buy intelligence software maker Business Objects. SAP's rival Oracle Corp. on Friday disclosed an unsolicited offer worth almost the same amount for business-management software maker BEA Systems, Inc. While the former deal is expected to close in the first quarter of 2008, the latter might trigger off a bidding war, as BEA Systems has indicated that Oracle's offer is low. Newmont Mining Corp., which is trying to increase its reserves in the context of rising gold prices, on Tuesday revealed an agreement to buy Canadian gold company Miramar Mining Corp. for about C$1.5 billion. In another deal, NBC Universal, a unit of General Electric Co., agreed to purchase Oxygen Media to strengthen its position in the lucrative female demographic. Among others, technology solutions provider Textron Inc., mobile phone service provider Vodafone Group plc and telecommunication services provider AT&T Inc. also revealed acquisition agreements. SAP to acquire Business Objects for $6.7 bln Late Sunday, German software company SAP AG (SAP) revealed an agreement to acquire French business intelligence software maker Business Objects (BOBJ) in a 4.8 billion euro or $6.7 billion deal. The acquisition will be made through an open tender offer that values each share of Business Objects at 42 euros. It appeared in the columns of French newspaper Le Figaro on September 17 that Business Objects hired Goldman Sachs to find a buyer for the company, sending the stock up over 7%. SAP was quoted as one among the five interested in a deal. On Monday, SAP stock fell the most in eight months to close 4.78% lower at 39.87 euros in Frankfurt, while Business Objects surged 17.34% to 41.07 euros in Paris. The offer price represents a 20% premium over Business Objects' closing price on Friday. The transaction is expected to close in the first quarter of 2008. It will be accretive to SAP's earnings per share on a U.S. GAAP basis in 2009 and beyond. However, due to acquisition-related one-time effects in 2008, SAP, the world's largest maker of business-management software, expects the transaction to be dilutive by mid-single digits Euro cents to its earnings per share on a U.S. GAAP basis in fiscal year 2008. For the 35-year-old company, the purchase is the biggest in its history. The acquisition is in line with SAP's strategy of doubling its market by 2010. Additionally, business intelligence is a fast growing market and Business Objects already has nearly 44000 corporate clients, including Walt Disney Co. and Unilever NV, for it business intelligence tools that help track the performance of companies. SAP has so far been concentrating on growth sans acquisitions. However, SAP's competitor Oracle Corp. (ORCL) recently acquired Hyperion, a peer of Business Objects, for $3.3 billion, which probably had an effect on SAP. Ovum analysts David Bradshaw and Helena Schwenk reportedly said in a research note that SAP's move was in retaliation to Oracle buying Hyperion. Some analysts view SAP's offer as very attractive, whereas some others feel the acquisition might stretch SAP, as it has little experience in absorbing acquisitions. Bloomberg quoted Papassavvas, a fund manager at Allianz Global Investors in Frankfurt, that SAP is overpaying and that it's the U-turn strategy. Bloomberg added that Adam Wood, an analyst at Exane BNP Paribas, cut his rating on SAP to ``Neutral'' from ``Outperform'' because of the ``high price'' paid for Business Objects. He also lowered his recommendation on Business Objects to ``under-perform'' from ``neutral.'' Business Objects also announced third quarter preliminary results on Sunday. The company said it expects U.S. GAAP earnings per share for the quarter in a range of $0.04-$0.06, while non-GAAP earnings per share is expected to be between $0.36 and $0.39. On average, twenty-three analysts polled by First Call/Thomson Financial expect the company to earn $0.46 per share for the quarter. The company anticipates revenue in a range of $366-$370 million. Analysts expect the company to report revenues of $385.16 million for the quarter. Textron To Buy United Industrial For About $1.1 Bln Monday morning, Textron Inc. (TXT), a technology solutions provider to the defense and aerospace communities, said it agreed to purchase United Industrial Corp. (UIC) for $81 per share or a total value of $1.1 billion in cash. The per share offer marks 7.1% premium to United Industrial's closing price on October 5. The deal is expected to be completed by the end of the year. Textron stock dropped $1.37 or 2.1% at $64.01 at the close of the regular trade on New York Stock Exchange. The shares have gained 37% this year. United Industrial shares surged $4.77 or 6.3% at $80.39. The stock has so far gained 58% this year. As per the agreement, Textron will make a cash tender offer for all outstanding United Industrial shares at $81 per share. This will be followed by a second-step merger where any untendered United Industrial shares will be converted into the right to receive the same price per share as shareholders who tendered in the cash tender offer. United Industrial makes aerospace and defense systems, including unmanned aircraft, ground control stations and counter-sniper devices. Textron Systems manufacturers precision weapons, surveillance systems, complex intelligence and communications systems, aircraft control systems, specialty marine craft and armored vehicles for the defense, homeland security and aerospace markets. The acquisition will benefit Textron in expanding its unmanned-aircraft products to secure more military contracts. According to Robert Stallard, a New York-based analyst with Bank of America, as quoted by Bloomberg, who has a ``Buy'' rating for Textron, the deal would add to Bell's nascent unmanned capabilities. Tyler Hojo, an analyst with Sidoti & Co. who rates United Industrial a ``Buy'' said UIC brings to the table exposure to unmanned aerial vehicles. He views it as a growing piece of projected budgets. Vodafone to acquire Tele2 Italia SpA, Tele2 Telecommunication Services British mobile phone giant Vodafone Group plc (VOD, VOD.L, VODPF.PK) agreed to acquire Tele2 Italia SpA and Tele2 Telecommunication Services SLU from Tele2 AB for a cash consideration of 775 million euros or GBP 537 million, on a debt free basis, it was revealed on Monday. The deal is expected to close by the end of the calendar year. Vodafone said the deal is expected to be broadly neutral to adjusted earnings per share in the first full year, which excludes the impact of acquired intangible asset amortization. Including this impact, the deal is expected to be about 1.5% dilutive to adjusted earnings per share in the first full year after purchase. The combination will help Vodafone, the world's largest mobile phone operator by revenue, benefit from the attractive, high growth broadband markets in Spain and Italy. The deal will also immediately deliver the infrastructure and broadband expertise necessary for a competitive broadband offering in these key European markets. At present, Vodafone does not have a broadband network in Spain or Italy. Sweden's Tele2 offers fixed-line and Internet services to over 2.6 million clients in Italy, whereas in Spain, it provides broadband and fixed-line telephone services. Over the past year, the company has shifted its focus to selling mobile phone services. In order to achieve this, it has been divesting parts of its European fixed-line business. Newmont Mining to acquire Miramar Mining for C$1.5 bln Newmont Mining Corp. (NEM) on Tuesday said it agreed to buy all the outstanding common shares of Canadian gold company Miramar Mining Corp. (MNG, MAE.TO) for C$6.25 per share, which amounts to about C$1.5 billion. The offer price marks a 20% premium to Miramar's stock price as of October 8. Miramar stock soared C$1.09 or over 20% to C$6.28 in the midday trading at Toronto Stock Exchange. MNG closed Tuesday's regular trading session at $6.38, up from Monday's close of $5.15, on 326,000 shares. Newmont stock that began trading at $44.80, closed higher at $46.02, compared to the previous close of $44.83, on 5.50 million shares. The acquisition is aimed at strengthening reserves and increasing production as gold prices have hit the highest since 1981. With global output dropping and investors more often going for gold against the declining dollar, bullion has gained for the past 6 straight years now. Through the deal, Newmont will gain control over Miramar's 10.7 million-ounce Hope Bay gold resource in Canada's Nunavut region. Miramar had planned to start construction this year and have annual output of about 600,000 ounces of gold by 2012. Bloomberg quoted Joe Foster, a fund manager at New York-based Van Eck Associates Corp., as stating that the deal is a great one for Newmont. Mark Smith, an analyst at Dundee Securities, reportedly said the offer price was just below his own price target for Miramar. NBC Universal To Buy Oxygen Media For $925 Mln NBC Universal, the media arm of diversified industrial corporation General Electric Co. (GE), on Tuesday agreed to purchase women-oriented cable television network Oxygen Media for $925 million. The company's stock closed Tuesday's regular trade at $42.02, up $0.49 or 1.18%, on 19.55 million shares. In the extended trade, the stock added 8 cents and was at $42.10. The transaction is expected to close in November and is estimated to be earnings accretive after the first full year and create savings of about $35 million in the following year. The acquisition will help NBC Universal in positioning itself better in the young, upscale, female demographic, a sought after segment by advertisers. AT&T to buy spectrum licenses from Aloha Partners Telecommunication services provider AT&T Inc. (T) said on Tuesday that it agreed to buy spectrum licenses, for delivering television to mobile phones, from Aloha Partners, L.P. for about $2.5 billion in cash. The company expects to complete the transaction within six to nine months. T, which opened the regular trade on Tuesday at $41.82, moved between $41.70 and $42.16, before closing at $41.98 on 14.30 million shares. Aloha Partners LP holds licenses for UHF channels 54 and 59 covering 196 million people in 281 markets, which includes 72 of the top 100 U.S. markets in the 700-megahertz frequency band. The move will give the largest phone company in the U.S. 12 megahertz of spectrum in the 700 MHz range. AT&T can use the new licenses to expand wireless phone and data services or to add video content for mobile phones. Many of the new licenses are intended for third-generation network services. Patrick Comack, a Zachary Research Investment analyst, told the Associated Press that AT&T might buy as much of the spectrum as it can at good prices. Terming the deal with Aloha as "a steal," he said it is an incredible purchase. According to Soleil Securities analyst Gregory Lundberg, reported The Wall Street Journal, AT&T acquired the Aloha spectrum to make one of the first moves on the spectrum chess board and to ensure acquisition at a price it viewed as attractive. SABMiller, Molson Coors To Merge U.S. Operations U.K.-based brewer SABMiller plc (SAB.L, SBMRY.PK) and Canada-based Molson Coors Brewing Co. (TAP) on Tuesday revealed that they agreed to combine the U.S. and Puerto Rico operations of their respective subsidiaries, Miller and Coors, in a joint venture. Structured as a merger of equals, the financial terms of the deal were not disclosed. The transaction is expected to close by the end of 2007. Shares of Molson Coors went up 9% in morning trading at $55.62, while SABMiller rose 2.6% in midday London trading. TAP moved further ahead to close at $56.15, up from Monday's close of $50.83, on 6.71 million shares. SAB.L finished up Tuesday's regular session at 1,487 pence, up from Monday's close of 1,466 pence on 19.58 million shares. While SABMiller will hold 58% economic interest in the new MillerCoors company, Molson Coors will have 42%. The joint venture is expected to have annual revenues of about $6.6 billion. The companies expect to achieve synergies of $50 million in the first year, $350 million in the second year and another $100 million in the third year. Also, the teaming up will help both companies take on rival Anheuser-Busch Companies Inc. (BUD), the biggest brewer. JPMorgan Chase-led group to buy Southern Water Beating off competition from rival bidders including one led by Goldman Sachs, a group of infrastructure funds led by JPMorgan Chase & Co (JPM) called Greensands on Tuesday said it agreed to buy UK water company Southern Water from Royal Bank of Scotland for about $2.7 billion. Additionally, about $5.7 billion will be assumed in debt. JPM closed Tuesday's regular trade at $47.57, up from the previous close of $47.44, on 12.97 million shares. The stock, which opened at $47.59, moved between $46.99 and $47.70 during the course of trading. Southern Water provides water to more than 2 million people in southern England. It is the seventh largest water and sewage company in England and Wales. After the deal, JPMorgan takes a 32% stake, while Sydney-based Challenger Infrastructure Fund will hold 27%. UBS AG will hold 18%, Hermes 4%, Paceweald Ltd. 1% and Australian funds 18%. According to Geraint Anderson, analyst at Dresdner Kleinwort, said a report, the price marked a 30% premium to Southern's regulatory asset value. Anderson also believes that the deal might re-ignite bid speculation around Southern's competitors. Several analysts are of the opinion that the deal is a sign of the growing interest in utility companies, especially from pension funds and private equity firms, due to their steady cash flow. Southern becomes particularly coveted as it is expected to increase its regulated assets at an annual 13% in real terms by 2010, compared to a 5.5% sector average. McAfee to buy SafeBoot for $350 mln McAfee, Inc. (MFE) on Tuesday said it entered into a definitive agreement to acquire privately owned SafeBoot B.V. for $350 million in cash to become a key player in an under-penetrated multi-billion data protection market. The acquisition is expected to close in the fourth quarter of 2007. MFE added $0.43 to close at $39.62 at the close of regular trade on Tuesday. The stock has increased 40% this year. McAfee expects the transaction to be dilutive to its earnings per share on a GAAP basis in 2008. However, it will be neutral to earnings per share on a non-GAAP basis. McAfee is the second-largest maker of security programs and SafeBoot has the third-highest share in the full-disk encryption market. SafeBoot protects corporate data as well as private information in cell phones. Its software prevents information from getting downloaded, printed or e-mailed. Through the acquisition, McAfee will gain 4,200 large corporate customers. On Tuesday, analysts at Credit Suisse said they maintain their "Outperform" rating on MFE, while raising the target price to $45 from $41. The brokerage said in a research note that after the SafeBoot acquisition and the expected purchase of DLP technology, McAfee would be well positioned to gain market share from single-product vendors. Kohlberg Kravis Roberts to buy U.N. Ro-Ro Isletmeleri In the biggest private-equity acquisition of a Turkish company, New York-based buyout firm Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. on Tuesday agreed to buy shipping company U.N. Ro-Ro Isletmeleri AS, the owner of nine ro- ro ships, for EUR 910 million or $1.3 billion. In its first purchase in Turkey, KKR bought 97.6% of U.N. Ro-Ro, which transports over a third of the truck traffic from Turkey to Europe. Turkey has become an attractive destination for investors. The country's economy grew at an average of 7% in the last five and a half years. Also the government has created a situation conducive for investment by reducing the bureaucratic red tape and introducing huge corporate tax cuts. Steven Brooker, an analyst at Enskilda Securities in Copenhagen, said, reported Bloomberg, shipping companies are providing good opportunity for investors as traffic jams on land are prompting companies to move more goods by sea. Electronic Arts inks pact with Elevation Partners to buy two studios The world's No.1 video game publisher Electronic Arts Inc. (ERTS) on Thursday said it signed an agreement with private equity firm Elevation Partners to acquire two studios - BioWare Corp. and Pandemic Studio - for up to $825 million in cash and stock. The deal is expected to close in January. ERTS closed Thursday's regular trade at $58.69, down $1.22 or 2.04% from the previous close, on 2.41 million shares. However, the shares added $0.81 in extended trading and were at $59.50. According to the agreement, Electronic Arts will pay up to $620 million in cash to the shareholders of VG Holding. The company will also issue about $155 million in equity to some of the employees of VG Holding on a time/performance-based vesting criterion. Additionally, the company will assume about $50 million in outstanding VG Holding options. It has also agreed to lend VG Holding up to $35 million until the acquisition is completed. The studios, units of VG Holding Corp. that is owned by Elevation, are reputed for their action, adventure and role-playing games, areas where Electronic Arts often had only less than 10% share. The acquisition will strengthen Electronic Arts' position in these key fields. The two studios have 10 games under development and together employ 800 people. Electronic Arts expects the deal to reduce its earnings per share in 2008 by 30-40 cents per share on a GAAP basis. Excluding charges, the purchase will reduce the company's earnings by about 5 cents per share in the fourth quarter. The acquisition will reportedly break even in fiscal 2009 and add to earnings after that. According to Mike Hickey, an analyst with Janco Partners in Greenwood Village, Colorado, as reported by Bloomberg, the deal continues the company's strategy of growth through acquisitions. ``They're looking for growth and have a lot of cash and decided basically to acquire that growth,'' said Hickey. Independent Bank to buy Slade's Ferry for about $105 mln Independent Bank Corp. (INDB), parent of Rockland Trust Co., and Slade's Ferry Bancorp. (SFBC), parent of Slades Bank, on Thursday said they have entered into a definitive merger agreement for Independent Bank to acquire Slade's Ferry in a deal worth about $105 million. INDB closed Thursday's regular trading session at $30.25, down 92 cents or 2.95%, on the Nasdaq. In after-hours trading, the stock rose 48 cents or 1.60% to $30.73. SFBC closed at $15.30, up 30 cents or 2%, also on the Nasdaq. According to the agreement, Independent Bank will buy 25% of Slade's outstanding shares for $25.50 per share. From the remaining 75%, each Slade's Ferry common share will be converted to 0.818 shares of Independent Bank. The acquisition of Somerset-based Slade's Ferry will help Independent Bank expand wider in Massachusetts. Slade's Ferry has nine retail branches in southeast Massachusetts. Independent Bank expects that the deal will be accretive to its earnings in 2008 before one-time acquisition transaction charges. The transaction is expected to close in the first quarter of 2008. Independent Bank also announced third quarter financial results on Thursday. The company posted marginal fall in earnings on lower interest income. Net income slipped to $8.3 million from $8.6 million in the same quarter a year ago. However, on a per share basis, earnings grew to $0.60 from $0.58 in the previous year period. Total interest income declined to $24.3 million from $25.8 million last year. Non-interest income grew 9.5% to $7.7 million from $7.0 million. Oracle offers to buy BEA Systems for $6.7 bln Enterprise software company Oracle Corp. (ORCL) on Friday said it offered to acquire business-management software maker BEA Systems, Inc. (BEAS) for $17 per share or about $6.7 billion in cash. Following the buyout proposal announcement, BEAS stock jumped 33.33% in the pre-market activity on Nasdaq. The stock closed the regular trade over 38% higher at $18.82 on 217.81 million shares. ORCL closed the day's regular trade at $22.44, down $0.02 or 0.09%, on 39.71 million shares. In the extended trade, the shares added two more cents. The offer is 25% more than BEA Systems' closing price on Thursday. Billionaire investor Carl Icahn, who owns 13.2% of BEA Systems, is exerting pressure on the company to consider strategic alternatives. However, late Friday, after reviewing the offer, BEA Systems said it believed that the offer was very much under-valued. BEA Systems' software solutions are engaged in supporting business activities like billing, supply-chain management and securities trading. The deal will increase Oracle's engineering resources and help it compete better with IBM in middleware software. Analysts believe that the offer by Oracle could attract companies such as Business Machines Corp. (IBM) or SAP AG (SAP) into offering counter proposals, triggering a bidding war. Ray Wang, a Forrester Research Inc. analyst in Foster City, California, said this is too much of a crown jewel to let go without a fight, reported Bloomberg. The analyst felt there are many more vendors that need BEA Systems more than Oracle does. Bloomberg also said, quoting Chris Hickey, an analyst at Atlantic Equities in London, that the offer from Oracle is surprisingly high. It shows they want to get this deal done and want to force BEA's hands, he said. Also, it is perceived that if Oracle and BEA Systems combine, some customers of BEA Systems may shift to the new combination from Oracle's rival SAP. Foreseeing this, SAP might make a rival bid, feels Richard Williams at Summit Analytic Partners LLC, as reported by Bloomberg. On Tuesday, Oracle, the third-largest software company, said it entered into an agreement to purchase LogicalApps for undisclosed terms. LogicalApps provides automated Governance, Risk and Compliance & controls management solutions. The deal is expected to be finalized by November 2007. For comments and feedback contact: editorial@rttnews.com
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	1	54	http://www.maine.gov/dafs/bbm/procurementservices/reports/contract-search	en	Division of Procurement Services	http://www.maine.gov/dafs/bbm/procurementservices/sites/maine.gov.dafs.bbm.procurementservices/files/favicon.ico	http://www.maine.gov/dafs/bbm/procurementservices/sites/maine.gov.dafs.bbm.procurementservices/files/favicon.ico	[ "http://www.maine.gov/dafs/bbm/procurementservices/sites/maine.gov.dafs.bbm.procurementservices/files/inline-images/InforME_1.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Master Agreements (MAs) The following is a list of Master Agreement contracts set up by The Division of Procurement Services for use by State Departments. Municipalities and school districts in the State of Maine are also eligible to participate on many of these contracts. Introducing Procurated: A Vendor Performance Management Tool!! Share your experience working with Maine suppliers!	en	/dafs/bbm/procurementservices/sites/maine.gov.dafs.bbm.procurementservices/files/favicon.ico		http://www.maine.gov/dafs/bbm/procurementservices/reports/contract-search	Master Agreements (MAs) The following is a list of Master Agreement contracts set up by The Division of Procurement Services for use by State Departments. Municipalities and school districts in the State of Maine are also eligible to participate on many of these contracts. Introducing Procurated: A Vendor Performance Management Tool!! Share your experience working with Maine suppliers! With Procurated, the Division of Procurement Services will receive aggregated data about the performance of Maine suppliers based on feedback submitted by you, our agency procurement partners. Procurement Services will then use this data to address any performance issues with our suppliers during business review meetings and as needed if there are immediate concerns. All you need to do is click this Procurated.com/Maine, select your vendor from the list provided, and respond to a few review questions. Instructions for the sortable table below: Click on the header arrow to sort columns by ascending or descending order. You have the option of viewing up to 100 entries at a time by using the Show entries drop down box located at the top left of the table. You can search any information in the Contract Listings table by using the Search box located at the top right of the table. To contact a Division of Procurement Services’ Buyer for a specific contract, click on the Buyer’s name to send that person an email. “Dept” column: Under the “Dept” column, the code provided indicates if the contract was put in place for “All” State Departments or just the specific Department code listed. If another Department would like to utilize the contract, that Department should contact the Buyer listed. “Muni” column: Under the “Muni” column, a “Y” indicates that municipalities can participate in the contract pricing, but will need to develop their own, individual contract with the vendor. A “N” indicates that the contract and pricing are not available for municipality participation. Municipalities should contact the Buyer listed for more information. COMMODITIES/SERVICES CONTRACT #/DOCUMENT PRICE LIST EXPDATE VENDOR BUYER DEPT MUNI Agriculture, Lab Testing MA - 17082800000000000027 12/31/2024 State of Montana BILL ALLEN 01A N Law Enforcement, Ammunition, Lightfield LLR MA - 17041400000000000113 Price List 03/31/2025 Lightfield LLR SUE GARCIA 03A N Law Enforcement, Ammunition, Select Federal & Speer, 4 Items MA - 23061200000000000179 Price List 05/31/2025 Thomas J Morris/Eagle Point SUE GARCIA 16A, ALL Y Law Enforcement, Ammunition, Select Federal & Speer, 14 Item MA - 23061300000000000181 Price List 5/31/2025 Thomas J Morris/Eagle Point SUE GARCIA 03A, ALL Y #2 Heating Fuel, All Regions EXCEPT Midcoast MA - 23061400000000000182 08/31/2024 DEAD RIVER CO, LLC MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL Y #2 Heating Fuel, MIDCOAST REGION ONLY MA - 23071400000000000010 08/31/2024 MARITIME ENERGY MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL N Security and Fire Protection Services MA - 23071000000000000005 07/01/2028 A3 Communications JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Supplies & Toiletries, Inmates, Patient MA - 2307120000000000006 Price List 08/31/2028 Bob Barker Co. Inc THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL Y Computer Equipment, Peripherals and Related Services MA - 2307120000000000007 06/30/2025 HP JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Law Enforcement, Ammunition, Select Hornady MA - 20012300000000000100 Price List 12/31/2024 Dedham Sportsmen's Ctr. Inc. DBA AAA Police Supply SUE GARCIA 16A Y Law Enforcement, AR15 Uppers/Suppressors MA - 230106000000000000091 Price List 12/31/2025 Yankee Hill Machine Co. Inc. SUE GARCIA 16A N Law Enforcement, Sniper Scope MA - 23042600000000000144 Price List 04/30/2025 Clyde Armory Inc. SUE GARCIA 16A Y Fish Food - Bio-Oregon MA - 21112900000000000032 Price List 11/30/2025 MooreClark USA Inc, BIO OREGON MARTHA VERHILLE 09A N Specialized Trap Tags/Seals MA - 21112900000000000031 12/31/2025 E J BROOKS CO/TYDENBROOKS BILL ALLEN 13A Y Animals, GPS Tracking Collars MA - 19110600000000000067 01/30/2025 Vectronic Aerospace Inc BILL ALLEN 09A N Absorb-M TL3 Energy Absorb Crash Cushion MA - 22082900000000000042 Price List 09/30/2024 CA Newcomb & Sons Fence & Guardrail Co BILL ALLEN ALL Y Technology Products, Solutions, Services MA - 23070500000000000001 04/30/2026 Insight Public Sector JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Lock Bags and Lockboxes MA - 23070600000000000003 Price List 07/23/2027 Ace Office Supplies JUSTIN FRANZOSE 18B Y Qjagen Supplies MA - 23070700000000000004 07/09/2025 Qjagen JUSTIN FRANZOSE 16A N IT Research and Advisory Services MA - 23071300000000000008 01/18/2025 ISG Public Sector JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Janitorial, Trash Bags MA - 23072100000000000011 Price List 08/31/2028 Interboro Packaging Corporation THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL Y Concessions,Catering, Vending MA - 23072600000000000015 06/30/2026 Big Cats Catering LLC MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL N Software Value Added Reseller (SVAR) MA - 23072600000000000016 04/24/2027 Accel BI JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Condoms and Related Products MA - 23072500000000000012 06/30/2025 Global Protection JUSTIN FRANZOSE 18B Y Condoms MA - 23072500000000000013 Price List 06/30/2025 Lifestyles DBA SXWELL USA JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Concessions,Catering, Vending MA - 23072600000000000014 06/30/2026 ROLLIE'S BAR & GRILL MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL N Software Value-Added Reseller MA - 23072800000000000017 04/24/2027 CDW Government JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Microsoft Training Services MA - 23080100000000000018 Price List 10/31/2027 New Horizons JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y eProcurement Solutions and Services MA - 23081100000000000020 12/31/2027 Ivalua Inc JOSEPH ZRIOKA ALL N Vehicle Lifts and Garage Equipment MA - 23081500000000000024 Price List 03/31/2028 Mohawk Lifts LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Vehicle Lifts and Garage Equipment MA - 23081500000000000025 Price List 03/31/2028 Vehicle Service Group LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Software Value Added Reseller (SVAR) MA - 23081400000000000022 04/24/2027 Solai & Cameron JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Office Supplies MA - 24061100000000000143 Price List 06/30/2025 W.B. Mason JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y PQVL Conference and Meeting Facilities MA - 24061800000000000144 09/30/2025 Schoodic Institute at Acadia National Park MICHELLE FOURNIER 18P N Holsters & Quick Kits, - State Police MA - 24060400000000000141 Price List 05/31/2026 Atlantic Tactical, Inc. SUE GARCIA 16A N Road Salt - Select Municipalities MA - 24062600000000000151 06/30/2025 Kingsco Transport Ltd THOMAS PAQUETTE 17A N Road Salt - Select Municipalities MA - 24062600000000000164 06/30/2025 Morton Salt, Inc. THOMAS PAQUETTE 17A N Road Salt - Select Municipalities MA - 24062600000000000165 06/30/2025 Eastern Salt Company Inc. THOMAS PAQUETTE 17A N Road Salt - Select Municipalities MA - 24062600000000000166 06/30/2025 New England Salt Co., LLC THOMAS PAQUETTE 17A N Foam Compression Joint System MA - 24070900000000000002 Price List 07/31/2026 FIBRERCRETE PRESERVATION TECHNOLOGIES INC BILL ALLEN ALL Y MDOT Fleet Parts & Supply Inventory Management Program MA - 23082400000000000026 09/30/2026 MANCON LLC BILL ALLEN 17A, 17D N Truck Accessories, Caps, Cargo Boxes, Slides, Tonneau Covers MA - 23082400000000000027 Price List 08/31/2025 Spray IT-207 LLC dba Line X of Augusta BILL ALLEN ALL Y Repair & Preventative Maintenance, Light & Heavy-Duty Vehicle MA - 24032100000000000112 03/31/2025 BEAUREGARD EQUIPMENT INC BILL ALLEN 17D Y HVAC Products Installation Labor Based Solutions MA - 24032800000000000117 08/31/2027 TRANE US INC MICHELLE FOURNIER 18P Y Repair & Preventative Maintenance, Light & Heavy-Duty Vehicles MA - 24032800000000000118 03/31/2025 O'CONNOR GMC INC BILL ALLEN ALL N Repair & Preventative Maintenance, Light & Heavy-Duty Vehicle MA - 24032200000000000115 03/31/2025 AT Maine, LLC BILL ALLEN 17D Y Gas Cylinders required for Intoxylizers MA - 24032500000000000116 Price List 04/30/2026 GUTH LAB INC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Snow Posts for Guardrail Marking MA - 23082800000000000028 Price List 09/30/2025 Eberl Iron Works, Inc BILL ALLEN ALL Y IT Equipment and Services MA - 23090500000000000030 08/16/2025 Computer Coach 4U JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Computer Equipment, Peripherals, and Related Services MA - 23090600000000000032 06/30/2025 Dell JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Select Ford One Ton Trucks MA - 23091800000000000035 Price List 08/31/2024 Quirk Ford of Augusta BILL ALLEN ALL Y Chevrolet Tahoe CK15706 4WD PPV Black MA - 23091900000000000036 Price List 06/30/2024 McGovern Commercial HQ BILL ALLEN ALL Y Law Enforcement Vehicle Set-Ups MA - 23092700000000000037 Price List 10/31/2024 Justin Milair dba Dynamic Upfit BILL ALLEN 16A Y Conference and Meeting Space MA - 19040100000000000136 09/30/2024 University of Maine - Orono MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL N Auto, Car Seats MA - 19042300000000000161 10/31/2024 EVENFLO CO, INC MARTHA VERHILLE 16A, 10A Y LED Emergency Light Bars (NASPO ValuePoint) MA- 19122700000000000092 08/31/2024 WHELEN ENGINEERING CO BILL ALLEN ALL Y Augusta Area Fiber Optic Connectivity MA - 18022200000000000090 10/31/2027 Biddeford Internet JUSTIN FRANZOSE 18B N Lubricants, DEF, Antifreeze, Windshield Washer Fluid MA - 22122000000000000085 Price List 12/31/2024 Dennison Lubricants Inc BILL ALLEN ALL Y Reflective License Plate Sheeting MA - 20122100000000000061 Price List 12/31/2026 3M BILL ALLEN 29B N Tires, Goodyear MA - 19011000000000000080 Price List 06/30/2024 Goodyear Tire & Rubber BILL ALLEN ALL Y Tires, Bridgestone NASPO ValuePoint #19102 MA - 19011000000000000081 Price List 03/31/2024 Bridgestone Americas Tire BILL ALLEN ALL Y Auto, Tires & Tubes (Continental) MA - 19012800000000000090 03/31/2024 Continental Tire the Americas BILL ALLEN ALL Y Autobahn Series LED Roadway Lights, ATB0 MA - 23010500000000000089 Price List 12/31/2024 Solarmax LED. Inc BILL ALLEN ALL Y Windshield, Side, Rear, Back Glass and Repairs and Mirrors MA - 23010500000000000088 12/31/2024 Glass Operating LLC dba Portland Glass/Doctor BILL ALLEN ALL Y Law Enforcement - Ballistic Vest MA - 24020800000000000076 Price List 12/31/2024 DCF Investigative Services, LLC SUE GARCIA 16A, ALL Y PQVL for Conference and Meeting Facilities MA - 24051600000000000132 09/30/2025 THOMAS COLLEGE MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL Y Repair & Preventative Maintenance, Light & Heavy-Duty Vehicle MA - 24051600000000000134 05/31/2025 IMPACT AUTO INC BILL ALLEN ALL N Repair & Preventative Maintenance, Light & Heavy-Duty Vehicle MA - 24051600000000000133 05/31/2025 MAINE COMMERCIAL TIRE BILL ALLEN ALL N AGGREGATES FOR THIN POLYMER OVERLAYS MA - 24050800000000000130 Price List 05/31/2025 WASHINGTON ROCK QUARRIES INC BILL ALLEN ALL N Clothing, Uniform Rental, Vet Cem. MA - 24050300000000000128 Price List 03/31/2026 Cintas Corporation SUE GARCIA 15A N Clothing - Uniform Rental - DDPC Kitchen MA - 24050300000000000127 Price List 04/30/2026 Cintas Corporation SUE GARCIA 10A N Emulsified Asphalt for Pug Mill Operations MA - 24050300000000000126 12/31/2024 ALL STATES CONSTRUCTION INC BILL ALLEN ALL N Cement For Pug Mill Operations MA - 24052100000000000135 Price List 12/31/2024 DRAGON PRODUCTS COMPANY LLC BILL ALLEN ALL N Support Services, Fleet Management Technologies & Software MA - 24052300000000000137 07/01/2026 Samsara JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Backhoe Loader, HD Industrial 4x4 Diesel MA - 23031000000000000110 Price List 3/31/2025 Beauregard Equipment Inc BILL ALLEN ALL N Basic Exchange, Centrex, ISDN, DDSII MA - 17110100000000000053 10/31/2024 Consolidated Communications of Northern New England JUSTIN FRANZOSE 18B N Break-Safe Replacement Parts for Transpo Signposts MA - 22110200000000000070 Price List 11/30/2024 Transpo Industries Inc BILL ALLEN ALL Y Adult Ring-necked Pheasants MA - 21080500000000000008 Price List 07/31/2025 Full Flight Game Farm BILL ALLEN 09A N Boiler & Cooling Tower Chemicals MA - 21032600000000000094 Price List 04/30/2025 AQUA LABORATORIES, INC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Clothing, BDU's, Propper Brand MA - 21051700000000000124 Price List 05/31/2025 Admiral Fire & Safety Inc. SUE GARCIA 16A, ALL Y Clothing, Boots, Danner, Select Styles MA - 23021400000000000099 Price List 2/28/2025 Admiral Fire & Safety Inc. SUE GARCIA All N Clothing, Carhartt MA - 19053100000000000184 Price List 04/30/2025 Masterman's LLP SUE GARCIA ALL Y Clothing, DOC Special 5.11 Uniforms MA - 18110900000000000060 Price List 10/31/2024 Admiral Fire & Safety Inc SUE GARCIA 03A N Clothing, Inmates, Patient MA - 16100500000000000042 Price List 12/31/2024 Bob Barker Co. SUE GARCIA 03, 14 Y Clothing, Hi-Vis Safety Jacket, Liner MA - 17120700000000000064 Price List 12/31/2024 Mountain Uniforms SUE GARCIA 16A N Clothing, Jackets, 5.11 No. 48017, 48099 MA - 19080600000000000016 Price List 08/31/2025 Admiral Fire & Safety Inc SUE GARCIA 03A, ALL Y Clothing, Jacket, 5.11 IFW Valiant Duty MA - 19080600000000000017 Price List 08/31/2025 Admiral Fire & Safety Inc SUE GARCIA 09A, ALL Y Clothing, PS Class A Dress Blouse Tunic MA - 20061000000000000158 Price List 12/31/2024 Neptune Uniforms & Equip. SUE GARCIA 16A N Clothing, Select Elbeco Shirts, Pants MA - 19011700000000000084 Price List 12/31/2024 Neptune Uniforms & Equip. SUE GARCIA 03A N Clothing, Athletic-Screen Print- Embroidered MA - 19032600000000000135 Price List 02/28/2024 LT's SUE GARCIA 09A, ALL Y Clothing, Uniform Pants, Vertx 1000,8000 MA - 17010400000000000080 Price List 07/31/2024 Hanging By A Thread SUE GARCIA ALL Y Clothing, Uniform Rental, Riverview MA - 20052100000000000146 Price List 05/31/2025 Cintas Corp. SUE GARCIA 14B N Clothing, Warden Service Dress Tunics MA - 19013000000000000092 Price List 01/31/2024 Neptune Uniforms & Equip SUE GARCIA 09A N Interpreting Written Document MA - 24020500000000000073 Price List 02/28/2026 LCAL INTERPRETING & TRANSLATIONS INC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Culvert Liner, Solid & Profile Wall MA - 24040400000000000120 Price List 04/30/2026 ISCO INDUSTRIES INC BILL ALLEN ALL Y R:Base Database MA - 24043000000000000125 04/30/2029 Ram-Data Systems JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Production Mail Equipment, Including Inserters, Sorters MA - 24041900000000000121 05/14/2025 BlueCrest JUSTIN FRANZOSE 18P N Hearing Aids MA - 24020700000000000074 08/31/2024 WS Audiology JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Written Document Translation Services MA - 24020700000000000075 Price List 02/28/2026 IDEA LANGUAGE SERVICES LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Supplies, Reagents, and Kits MA - 24021200000000000077 06/22/2026 Bio-Rad Labs JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Technology Products, Solutions and Related Services MA - 24021200000000000078 05/31/2025 World Wide Technology JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Fentanyl and Xylazine Test Strips MA - 24021400000000000079 Price List 02/28/2025 JUSTIN FRANZOSE 10A Y Clothing, Rental Class 2 ARK Flash Rated MA - 20121000000000000057 Price List 10/31/2024 Unifirst Corp. SUE GARCIA 17A, ALL Y Clothing, Uniform Shirts - First Tactica MA - 22120100000000000078 Price List 11/30/2024 Hanging By A Thread SUE GARCIA 01A Y Honeywell EBI, Licence,Install,Prog,Upgr MA - 20102600000000000044 10/31/2025 Honeywell International INC JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Socrata Cloud Services and Docusign MA - 18022600000000000092 09/15/2026 Carahsoft Technology Corp. JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Consulting Serv/Disaster Planning MA - 22110900000000000074 10/31/2027 Tidal Basin SUE GARCIA 15A, ALL N Consulting Serv/Disaster Planning MA - 22110900000000000075 10/31/2025 iParametrics SUE GARCIA 15A, ALL N Consulting Services/Strategic Work MA - 22112300000000000077 06/30/2025 Brimstone Consulting JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Computer Equipment, Peripherals, Service MA - 23042000000000000143 02/28/2025 IMMIX TECHNOLOGY JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Copiers, Multi-Function Devices MA - 21081700000000000011 4/19/2025 Ricoh USA, Inc. MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL Y Oracle Software, Support, Cloud Services MA - 21081900000000000012 06/30/2028 Oracle America JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Disposable Gloves, Nitrile and Vinyl MA-22081600000000000040 Price List 8/31/2024 Overton & Company LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Disposable Gloves, Nitrile and Vinyl MA-22081600000000000039 Price List 8/31/2024 Hemera Holding LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Disposable Gloves, Nitrile and Vinyl MA-22081600000000000038 Price List 8/31/2024 Hand Safety LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Energy, Electrical Supply MA - 18122000000000000074 12/26/2023 Constellation New Energy MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL N Emergency Bio-Hazard Cleaning Service MA - 20052200000000000147 8/31/2024 AWSP, Inc dba SERVPRO of Augusta/Waterville BILL ALLEN ALL N eProcurement Solutions and Services MA - 23020300000000000096 12/31/2027 Bonfire Interactive LTD JOSEPH ZRIOKA ALL Y eProcurement Solutions and Services MA - 22120900000000000079 12/31/2027 Civic Initiatives, LLC JOSEPH ZRIOKA ALL Y eProcurement Solutions and Services MA - 22120900000000000080 12/31/2027 Periscope Holdings, INC. JOSEPH ZRIOKA ALL Y E-transit Electric Van MA - 21110300000000000029 Price List 11/30/2024 Quirk Kennebec Co dba Quirk Ford of Augusta BILL ALLEN 18P Y Flags, State of Maine and U.S. MA - 21050700000000000118 Price List 05/25/2025 Ace Office Supplies JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Janitorial, Floor Mats, Entrance MA - 20101300000000000042 Price List 10/31/2024 Unifirst Corp. THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL N Ferry Service Parts/Supplies MA - 2208020000000000032 8/31/2024 Southworth Milton Inc. BILL ALLEN 17A N Food, Dairy Products MA - 20011000000000000097 01/31/2025 Sysco Food Serv. of NNE THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL Y Food General, Prime Food Vendor Services MA - 23120700000000000061 02/28/2029 Sysco Food Serv. of NNE THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL Y Fuel, Aviation MA - 15091600000000000049 10/03/2025 Defense Fin/Acctg SVC MICHELLE FOURNIER 01A N Fuel, Unleaded - DOT, State Prison, MVMC MA - 19041900000000000157 09/30/2024 Dennis K Burke Inc MICHELLE FOURNIER 03C, 15A, 17D N Furniture, Office, New Modular, Open Concept & Stand-Alone MA- 19121700000000000083 Price List 12/31/2024 Creative Office Interiors THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL Y Furniture, Office, New Modular, Open Concept & Stand Alone MA- 19121700000000000086 Price List 12/31/2024 WB Mason THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL Y Furniture, Office, New Modular, Open Concept & Stand-Alone MA- 19121700000000000085 Price List 12/31/2024 Office Furniture Dist. of NE/Union Office THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL Y Furniture, Office, New Modular, Open Concept & Stand-Alone MA- 22021700000000000068 Price List 12/31/2024 Vallee Configurations Inc. THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL Y Furniture, Office Furniture, Seating MA - 18031600000000000104 Price List 03/31/2025 WB Mason THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL Y Furniture, Office Furniture, Seating MA - 18031600000000000106 Price List 03/31/2025 Creative Office Pavilion THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL Y Furniture, Used/Refurbished Modular & Moving Services MA - 19082800000000000035 Price List 08/31/2024 PRO Moving Services THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL N Furniture, Used/Refurbished Modular & Moving Services MA - 22021700000000000069 Price List 08/31/2024 Vallee Configurations Inc. THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL N Furniture, Used/Refurbished Modular & Moving Services MA - 19082800000000000037 Price Sheet 08/31/2024 Bisson Moving & Storage THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL N Bulk Liquid Oxygen - Fish Hatcheries MA - 21072100000000000005 Price List 07/31/2025 Maine Oxy Acetylene BILL ALLEN 09A N Geotextile Fabric, Mirafi 180N and 600X MA - 23051100000000000149 Price List 5/31/2025 HD Supply Construction Supply LTD dba White Cap BILL ALLEN ALL Y Grass Seed - DOT Mix MA - 23010400000000000087 Price List 01/31/2025 Paris Farmers Union BILL ALLEN ALL N HETL Bulk Liquid Argon and Nitrogen MA - 22112100000000000076 Price List 11/30/2025 Maine Oxy Acetylene Supply Inc BILL ALLEN 10A N Select Lab Gases MA - 24032000000000000093 Price List 04/30/2026 Maine Oxy Acetylene Supply Inc BILL ALLEN ALL Y Law Enforcement, Gun Accessory, Mount etc. MA - 15060200000000000246 Price List 06/30/2024 Ossipee Mountain Electronics SUE GARCIA 16A N Hazardous Waste Disposal Services MA - 22040400000000000103 09/26/2024 Clean Harbors Environmental Sciences JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Hearing Aids MA - 22092900000000000056 8/31/2024 GN ReSound JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Hearing Aids MA - 22092900000000000060 8/31/2024 Sonova USA Inc. JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Hearing Aids MA - 22092900000000000057 08/31/2024 Oticon, Inc. JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Hearing Aids MA - 22092900000000000061 8/31/2024 Starkey Laboratories, Inc. JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Hearing Aids MA - 22092900000000000062 8/31/2024 Widex USA, Inc. JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Select Herbicides MA - 24022900000000000082 Price List 03/31/2026 Nutrien AG Solutions Inc BILL ALLEN ALL Y Lab Equipment & Supplies MA - 24022200000000000080 02/28/2029 VWR International JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Lab Equipment & Supplies MA - 24022200000000000081 02/28/2024 Fisher Scientific JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Ilios Infrastructure Support, Develop MA - 17060600000000000147 06/30/2027 Ilios Inc JUSTIN FRANZOSE 40A N Industrial Supplies - NASPO MA 8497 (WSCA-NASPO) MA - 18062500000000000152 12/31/2024 Fastenal BILL ALLEN ALL Y Industrial Supplies - NASPO MA 8496 MA - 18061200000000000150 12/31/2024 GRAINGER BILL ALLEN ALL Y Industrial Supplies - NASPO MA - 18062600000000000155 12/31/2024 MSC Industrial Supply Co BILL ALLEN ALL Y Internet and Web Site Software MA - 22081600000000000036 09/15/2026 AT & T JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Intelligent Software, Hardware Solutions MA - 23061200000000000173 2/28/2026 Quadient JUSTIN FRANZOSE 18B Y Mailing/Shipping Software, Solutions MA - 23061200000000000171 02/28/2026 Pitney Bowes JUSTIN FRANZOSE 18B N Interpreting - ASL & VRI MA - 19082700000000000034 ASL Prices 12/31/2025 KEWL ASL KATHY PAQUETTE ALL N Interpreting - ASL & VRI MA - 19082700000000000033 Price List 12/31/2025 Mary Jane Grant Sign Language Interpreting LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Interpreting - ASL & VRI MA - 19082700000000000031 ASL Prices VRI Prices Informational Material 12/31/2025 Pine Tree Society Inc BILL ALLEN ALL N Consulting Services MA - 23100300000000000039 10/31/2025 Maximus US Services Inc MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL N Industrial Gases MA - 23100500000000000040 Price List 12/31/2025 AIRGAS USA LLC dba AIRGAS EAST INC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Bus-Cutaway Access 24+2 F550 Turtle Top MA - 23101100000000000041 Price List 10/31/2028 DATTCO INC dba DeVivo Bus Sales BILL ALLEN 17A Y Hearing Aids MA - 23101100000000000043 08/31/2024 WS Audiology JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Building Materials for Small Projects MA - 23120600000000000060 12/31/2025 S W COLLINS CO INC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Vehicle Lifts & Garage Equipment NASPO MA Contract CW7260 MA - 2312070000000000062 03/31/2028 Stertil-Koni USA, Inc. BILL ALLEN ALL Y Emergency LED Light Bars NASPO MA#165263 MA - 2312080000000000063 08/14/2024 FEDERAL SIGNAL CORP BILL ALLEN ALL Y Sale of Surplus Scrap MA - 2312210000000000064 12/31/2025 Clarks Cars & Parts BILL ALLEN ALL N Master Agreement for APC Uninterruptible Power Supplies MA - 23122700000000000066 01/17/2027 Ace Office Supplies JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Law Enforcement, Ammo Select Winchester No Subs MA - 23122800000000000067 Price List 11/30/2025 Jurek Bros. Inc. SUE GARCIA 16A/ALL N Interpreting - ASL & VRI MA - 223101600000000000048 ASL Prices VSL Prices Informational Material 10/31/2025 Language Partners, LLC BILL ALLEN ALL N Interpreting In Person Spoken Language MA - 23031600000000000111 Price List 12/31/2024 Language Partners BILL ALLEN ALL N Interpreting In Person Spoken Language MA - 19011700000000000085 Price List 12/31/2024 House of Languages BILL ALLEN ALL N Interpreting In Person Spoken Language MA - 19011700000000000086 Price List 12/31/2024 Maine Language Connect, LLC BILL ALLEN ALL N Interpreting Telephonic MA- 1912600000000000077 Price List 12/31/2024 CTS / Language Link BILL ALLEN ALL Y Interpreting Telephonic MA- 19121600000000000081 Price List 12/31/2024 Interpreters Unlimited BILL ALLEN ALL Y Interpreting Telephonic MA- 19121600000000000080 Price List 12/31/2024 SLUSA BILL ALLEN ALL Y Interpreting Telephonic MA- 23020300000000000097 Price List 12/31/2024 Propio LS, LLC BILL ALLEN All Y Interpreting Written Document MA - 18031600000000000105 Price List 06/30/2024 Latin American Translators Network BILL ALLEN ALL Y Implement, Maintain, and Support Tableau MA - 23020100000000000095 1/31/2025 Passerelle JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N IT Staff Augmentation Services MA - 20041600000000000130 06/30/2025 GuideSoft, Inc. dba Knowledge Services JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Janitorial, Cleaners, Concentrated Liquid MA - 22021000000000000064 Price List 02/28/2025 Portion Pac Chemical Corp. THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL N Janitorial, Cleaners, Compounds, Dispensers MA - 22021000000000000065 Price List 02/28/2025 Ecolab Inc. THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL Y Janitorial Paper Products MA - 21120300000000000035 Price List 12/31/2024 WB Mason THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL Y Long Term Resource Support Services MA - 21120900000000000039 12/31/2026 Medical Care Development BILL ALLEN 10A N Long Term Resource Support Services MA - 21120900000000000040 12/31/2026 Diskriter, Inc. BILL ALLEN 10A N Long Term Resource Support Services MA - 21120900000000000041 12/31/2026 LanaSoft, Inc. BILL ALLEN 10A N Long Term Resource Support Services MA - 21120900000000000042 12/31/2026 PUBLIC CONSULTING GROUP LLC BILL ALLEN 10A N Long Term Resource Support Services MA - 21120900000000000043 12/31/2026 Maxim Healthcare Staffing BILL ALLEN 10A N Lab Supplies - Test Tubes MA - 18070300000000000001 11/08/2025 CPI International JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Lottery Supplies, Instant Ticket Dispensers MA - 18102300000000000050 Price List 11/30/2024 Schafer Systems JOAN BOLDUC 18L N Lottery Supplies, Instant Ticket Dispensers MA - 16111000000000000050 Price List 10/31/2023 Take a Ticket JOAN BOLDUC 18L N Med/Lab/Sci, DNA Promega Kits MA - 13052900000000000282 Price List 05/31/2025 Promega Corporation JUSTIN FRANZOSE 16A N Med/Lab/Sci, Pharmaceuticals Dist. MA - 19121900000000000088 10/31/2024 CARDINAL HEALTH JUSTIN FRANZOSE 10A Y Med/Lab/Sci, Water Testing Kits & Supp. MA - 11090700000000000058 09/30/2024 IDEXX DISTRIBUTION CORP JUSTIN FRANZOSE 10A N Clothing, Embellishments, Resale On Line MA - 17051700000000000132 Price List 05/31/2024 LT's, Inc. SUE GARCIA 09A N On-Line Surplus Auction Services (NASPO ValuePoint) MA - 22091200000000000048 Price List 09/01/2024 Liquidity Services Operations, LLC BILL ALLEN 18P Y Portland Webworks 7/1/17 to 6/30/27 MA - 17052500000000000138 06/30/2027 Portland Webworks Inc JUSTIN FRANZOSE 40A N Preventive Maintenance and Services MA - 23032400000000000113 03/31/2026 Santech Power JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Printing and Mailing Services MA - 17033000000000000111 02/28/2025 MPX MARTHA VERHILLE ALL N Printing, Business Cards Gold Seal MA - 22051300000000000128 Price List 05/31/2023 Envelopes & Printed Products, Inc. MARTHA VERHILLE ALL N Printing, Business Cards Flat & Raised Print MA - 22050300000000000123 Price List 05/31/2023 CB Ventures LLC dba Business Card Express MARTHA VERHILLE ALL N Printing, Court Forms and Envelopes MA - 22032900000000000096 Price List 03/31/2023 Armstrong Family Industries dba Snowman Printing MARTHA VERHILLE 40A Y Printing, EHB Postcards & Mailers MA - 19043000000000000165 Price List 04/30/2023 Armstrong Family Industries dba Snowman Printing MARTHA VERHILLE 18S N Printing, Envelopes #9 and #10 MA - 18062100000000000151 Price List 07/31/2023 Armstrong Family Industries dba Snowman Printing MARTHA VERHILLE ALL N Printing, Letterhead Stationary MA - 18101600000000000044 Price List 10/31/2022 Armstrong Family Industries dba Snowman Printing MARTHA VERHILLE ALL N Printing, MMMP Patient Certification Form MA - 19041800000000000154 Price List 04/30/2023 Michael Patrick Pulaski/Columbia Business Forms MARTHA VERHILLE 18M N Printing, Print Services Contract MA - 22030400000000000085 Price List 03/31/2024 The Copy Center MARTHA VERHILLE ALL N eProcurement Solutions and Services/Purchasing Software MA - 23011700000000000093 12/31/2027 Carahsoft Technology Corp. JOSEPH ZRIOKA ALL Y Equipment Rentals - Sourcewell 0623320-URI MA - 20100600000000000040 Price List 08/27/2024 United Rentals BILL ALLEN ALL Y Aluminum Sign Blanks MA - 22110200000000000071 Price List 11/30/2024 US Standard Sign BILL ALLEN ALL Y Culverts, HDPE, PP DW MA - 23021700000000000100 Price List 03/31/2025 Advanced Drainage Systems Inc. BILL ALLEN ALL N Culvert - Metal, Steel Reinforced HDPE MA - 24042400000000000122 Price List 04/30/2026 CONTECH ENGINEERED SOLUTIONS, LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Travel Management Services MA - 24042400000000000123 06/07/2024 CORPORATE TRAVEL MANAGEMENT MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL Y Trailer, Tilt Bed Split-Deck Tag-along MA - 24042600000000000124 Price List 05/31/2025 JORDAN EQUIP CO BILL ALLEN ALL Y Bridge Deck Sealant, Deck-Sil 1700 MA - 20111900000000000054 Price List 11/30/2024 Advanced Chemical Technologies Inc BILL ALLEN 17A Y Corrosion Inhibit Liquid Magnesium Chloride MA - 21101400000000000025 Price List 08/31/2025 Innovative Municipal U.S. Inc BILL ALLEN 17A Y Reflective Adhesive Sheeting for Signs MA - 21092000000000000023 Price List 09/30/2025 3M BILL ALLEN 17A Y Road/Hwy, Paint Applicator Parts MA - 16032400000000000144 05/15/2025 M-B CO INC BILL ALLEN 17A Y Concrete Cold Patch, High Performance MA - 22031700000000000090 Price List 03/31/2025 Phoscrete Corporation BILL ALLEN 17A Y Ply-Krete Elastomeric Concrete MA - 22051100000000000126 Price List 04/30/2026 HD Supply Construction Supply LTD BILL ALLEN 17A Y Silane Concrete Sealant MA - 21102500000000000027 Price List 10/31/2025 HD Supply Construction Supply LTD dba White Cap BILL ALLEN 17A Y Traffic Cones 28" 7lb MDOT Stenciled and Plain, Traffic Drum, 25lb Plain with 6” or “4 Reflective Stripes MA - 23033100000000000115 Price List 04/30/2025 Eastern Metal of Elmira Inc BILL ALLEN ALL N Screening Kits and Controls for OUI Test MA - 22092700000000000055 10/04/2025 Randox Laboratories JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Shredding Services MA - 21082400000000000013 Price List 09/30/2025 ShredSafe LLC DBA Shredding On Site JOAN BOLDUC ALL N SIP Trunking Services MA - 17050400000000000126 11/14/2024 Consolidated Communications Enterprise Services JUSTIN FRANZOSE 18B N Small Package Delivery - NASPO MA454 MA - 21120100000000000033 Price List 11/27/2026 FEDEX CORPORATION SERVICES BILL ALLEN ALL Y Software Value Added Reseller (SVAR) MA - 23031700000000000112 4/24/2027 SHI International Corp JUSTIN FRANZOSE 18B N Spike Mats and Spikes MA - 23021000000000000098 Price List 3/31/2025 Central Equipment, LLC. BILL ALLEN ALL Y Telephone Services, Long Distance/Local MA - 22100500000000000063 2/14/2027 Consolidated Communications JUSTIN FRANZOSE 18B N Temporary Staffing Services MA - 16070700000000000004 Price List 12/31/2025 Atlantic Staffing and Payroll Services BILL ALLEN ALL N Temporary Staffing Services MA - 16070700000000000003 Price List 12/31/2024 Manpower BILL ALLEN ALL N Temporary Staffing Services MA - 16070700000000000002 Price List 12/31/2025 Project Staffing Inc. dba Maine Staffing Group BILL ALLEN ALL N Temporary Staffing Services MA - 16070700000000000005 Price List 12/31/2025 Tri State Staffing BILL ALLEN ALL N Tools, Small Hand, Power & Diagnostic (NASPO/OK) MA - 18072700000000000010 Price List 06/30/2024 IDSC Holdings Snap-On BILL ALLEN ALL Y Transcor Master Agreement MA - 15080500000000000024 12/31/2027 Haywood Associates Inc JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Unmanned Vehicle Systems MA - 23050300000000000145 03/24/2027 Unmanned Vehicle Technologies, LLC JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Vehicle Reg Val Sticker Printing System MA - 22122000000000000084 Price List 12/31/2026 Surys Inc dba Securemark Decal Corp BILL ALLEN 29B N Concessions, Catering, Vending MA - 23060600000000000166 06/30/2028 BELL THE CAT INC MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL N Concessions,Catering, Vending MA - 23060600000000000167 06/30/2026 Jeff's Catering Banquet & conv MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL N Roadside & Encampment Bio-Hazard Clean-up Services MA - 23051900000000000158 5/31/2025 New England Trauma Services LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Clothing, Waders, Muck, LaCrosse Styles MA - 23060900000000000170 Price List 05/31/2024 Maine-ly Red Wing Inc SUE GARCIA ALL Y Law Enforcement, Pistols, HK45 MA - 19010300000000000078 Price List 10/31/2024 Clyde Armory Inc SUE GARCIA 16A, ALL Y Clothing, Jacket & Sweatshirt MA - 18110700000000000058 Price List 11/30/2024 LT's Inc SUE GARCIA 17A, All N Break-Away Assemblies & Parts for Highway Lighting MA - 22110800000000000073 Price List 11/30/2025 Safety Base USA Inc BILL ALLEN 17A N Clothing, PS Dress Uniforms, Shirts, Trousers MA - 17120600000000000063 Price List 07/01/2024 Neptune Uniforms & Equipment SUE GARCIA 16A N Hardware, Software, Managed Services MA - 18110500000000000057 02/28/2025 SHI International Corp JUSTIN FRANZOSE 18B N Communications, Avaya Products MA - 17110100000000000054 10/31/2024 Carousel Industries of North America, Inc JUSTIN FRANZOSE 18B N Roll-Up Signs, Barricades, Other Items MA - 22010300000000000056 Price List 12/31/2025 Eastern Metal of Elmira Inc BILL ALLEN All Y Road/Highway, Snowplow Cutting Edges (NASPO ValuePoint) MA - 15080300000000000020 03/31/2024 Valk Manufacturing Co BILL ALLEN 17A, 17D Y Conference/Meeting Space, Senator Inn MA - 18090500000000000024 09/30/2024 Senator Inn & Spa MICHELLE FOURNIER All Y Conference/Meeting Space, Sunday River MA - 18090500000000000025 09/30/2024 Sunday River MICHELLE FOURNIER All Y Conference/Meeting Space, Augusta Civic Center MA - 18090500000000000023 09/30/2024 Augusta Civic Center MICHELLE FOURNIER All Y Conference/Meeting Space, Sugarloaf MA - 19052300000000000182 09/30/2024 Sugarloaf Mountain Corp MICHELLE FOURNIER All Y Conference/Meeting Space, Jeff's Catering MA - 190523*0000000000183 09/30/2024 Jeff's Catering MICHELLE FOURNIER All Y Absorbent Pads - Oil Only MA - 22010500000000000057 Price List 02/28/2026 Butler Brothers Supply Division Inc BILL ALLEN All Y Paint & Accessories - Sourcewell 121219-SHW MA - 23053000000000000162 11/08/2027 The Sherwin Williams Company BILL ALLEN ALL Y eProcurement Solutions and Services MA - 23053100000000000163 12/31/2027 DELOITTE JOSEPH ZRIOKA ALL Y eProcurement Solutions and Services MA - 23053100000000000164 12/31/2027 NB VENTURES, INC dba GEP JOSEPH ZRIOKA ALL Y Glass Beads for Traffic Paint MA - 21123000000000000054 Price List 01/31/2024 Potters Industries BILL ALLEN 17A Y Vinyl EC Transparent Overlay Film MA - 22021500000000000067 Price List 02/28/2026 American Traffic Safety Materials BILL ALLEN 17A Y International Heavy Duty Plow Trucks MA - 22012400000000000062 Price List 03/31/2024 AT Maine, LLC BILL ALLEN 17D Y Computer Forensics Analysis Services MA - 19022600000000000114 12/31/2024 Compass IT Compliance JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Auto, MDOT HD Plow Trucks - Freightliner MA - 19021900000000000107 Price List 03/31/2024 Freightliner of Maine Inc BILL ALLEN 17D Y Industrial Electric General Supplies MA - 19041100000000000150 Price List 04/30/2024 Graybar Electric Co Inc BILL ALLEN ALL Y Laserlux Calibration & Repair Services MA - 19051400000000000174 04/01/2026 Gamma Scientific Inc JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Dive Equipment Services and Training MA - 24071200000000000011 06/30/2026 Academy BILL ALLEN ALL Y Striping Guidance Unit Calibration MA - 19051400000000000173 04/01/2026 Laserline MFG INC JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Fuel Card Services MA - 22110400000000000072 12/31/2025 WEX Bank SUE GARCIA ALL Y Food, Bread, Various Agencies MA - 23062200000000000186 Price List 06/30/2028 Lepage Bakeries Park St LLC THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL Y Tires, Goodyear NASPO ValuePoint MA - 19072400000000000009 Price List 03/31/2024 VIP Auto Parts BILL ALLEN ALL Y Road/Highway, Base Snowplow Attachments & Bodies MA - 19081400000000000020 Price List 09/30/2024 Howard P Fairfield Inc BILL ALLEN 17A 17D Y Road/Highway, Base Snowplow Attachments & Bodies MA - 19081400000000000023 Price List 09/30/2024 Cives Corp dba Viking-Cives BILL ALLEN 17A 17D Y eProcurement Solutions and Services MA - 23040600000000000119 12/31/2027 Infosys Public Services Inc JOSEPH ZRIOKA ALL N eProcurement Solutions and Services MA - 23040600000000000120 12/31/2027 Nitor JOSEPH ZRIOKA ALL Y Hyd Control Valve Sections & Pump MA - 23040600000000000121 Price List 09/09/2024 Certified Power Inc BILL ALLEN 17A 17D Y Auto Grease Lubricating System MA - 22031500000000000088 Price List 09/30/2025 AT Maine, LLC BILL ALLEN 17A 17D Y Secondary Backup Storage MA - 19090600000000000039 02/28/2026 Cybernorth LLC JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Law Enforcement - Radar MA - 19090500000000000038 Price List 09/30/2025 Applied Concepts Inc SUE GARCIA 16A, ALL Y Viking Two Stage RH One Way Plow MA - 19092600000000000053 Price List 09/30/2024 Cives Corp dba Viking-Cives BILL ALLEN 17A 17D Y Clothing, Shirts, Pants, 5.11 - No Subs MA - 19092300000000000052 Price List 09/30/2025 Trident Armory SUE GARCIA 09A, 13A N Clothing, Wool Jackets, Vests & Pants MA - 23050400000000000146 Price List 06/30/2025 1842, LLC - DBA Johnson Woolen SUE GARCIA 01A 09A N Vehicle Rental Services - NASPO MA 9409 MA - 19092700000000000055 05/20/2025 Hertz Corp BILL ALLEN ALL Y Fuel, BioDiesel MA - 19120200000000000072 05/31/2025 Maine Bio-Fuel Inc MICHELLE FOURNIER 17,17D N Clothing, Uniform Shirts, Elbeco MA - 19120200000000000074 Price List 12/31/2023 Admiral Fire & Safety SUE GARCIA 13A N Clothing, Coverall Rental - DPT M&O MA - 20012400000000000102 Price List 01/31/2024 Cintas Corp SUE GARCIA 17A N Clothing, Jacket & Bib Pants MA - 20021400000000000107 Price List 01/31/2024 Trident Armory SUE GARCIA 17C, 17A N Cisco Equipment, Maintenance, & Support MA - 19110400000000000066 Price List 12/31/2024 Presidio Networked Solutions JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Lab Testing, CWD Maine Cervids MA - 18092400000000000038 10/31/2024 Colorado St Univ JUSTIN FRANZOSE 09A N Med/Lab/Sci, Media/Supplies MA - 17022700000000000098 02/14/2025 ILLUMINA INC JUSTIN FRANZOSE 10A N Oracle Products and Services MA - 20031200000000000119 12/31/2024 Mythics JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Filters - Automotive MA - 23052400000000000159 Price List 05/31/2025 Advance Auto Parts BILL ALLEN ALL Y Emergency Bio-Hazard Cleaning Service MA - 20040100000000000122 08/31/2024 Octagon Cleaning and Restoration BILL ALLEN ALL N Tires, Goodyear MA - 20040800000000000125 Price List 03/31/2024 Sullivan Tire Co BILL ALLEN ALL Y Clothing, Uniform Boots HAIX MA - 20062400000000000173 Price List 05/31/2025 Hanging By A Thread SUE GARCIA ALL Y Clothing, Warden Service Dress Uniform MA - 20042900000000000139 Price List 12/31/2024 Neptune Uniforms & Equip SUE GARCIA 09A N Medical Supplies and Accessories MA - 23050800000000000148 05/02/2025 McKesson Medical-Surgery JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Clothing, Promotion for Resale - Parks MA - 20052700000000000148 Price List 05/31/2025 LT's Inc. 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Prescott, INC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Radio Support Services MA - 20062400000000000168 06/30/2025 Radio Communications JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Radio Support Services MA - 20062500000000000174 06/30/2025 Tilson Technology Management JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Radio Support Services MA - 20062400000000000169 06/30/2025 Yankee CT JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N EV Charging Stations MA - 20073000000000000004 07/31/2025 CD, LLC dba Carbon Day Automotive BILL ALLEN 17D, 18P N Snowplow Blades/Cutting Edges MA - 15100700000000000065 03/31/2024 Kueper North America BILL ALLEN 17D/17A N Interpreting ASL and VRI MA - 20090100000000000024 Price List 12/31/2025 Bangor Chinese School BILL ALLEN ALL Y Payroll Services Psych DRPC-21-800 MA - 20090100000000000023 11/30/2026 Liberty Healthcare Corp BILL ALLEN 10A N Interpreting VRI MA - 20090200000000000025 Price List 12/31/2025 Sign Language USA (SLUSA) BILL ALLEN ALL Y Plexiglass Barriers, Sales/Installation MA - 20092100000000000031 09/30/2025 PRO Moving Services BILL ALLEN ALL N Exterior Election Ballot Boxes MA - 20092900000000000035 Price List 11/20/2022 Maine Source Machining Co. Inc. SUE GARCIA 29A, ALL Y Aircraft Parts MA - 15091600000000000048 06/30/2024 Defense Fin/Acctg SVC BILL ALLEN 01A N Supplies and Reagents MA - 20121400000000000058 08/31/2025 QIAGEN INC JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Pulse Secure Appliance, Support & License MA - 18100100000000000040 10/07/2024 OPTIV SECURITY INC JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Wireless Cellular Service & Equipment MA - 20093000000000000039 08/30/2024 T-Mobile USA JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Wireless Cellular Service & Equipment MA - 20093000000000000036 08/30/2024 US Cellular JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Wireless Services & Accessories MA - 20093000000000000037 08/30/2024 Verizon Wireless JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Industrial Hygiene Testing and Forensic MA - 20110300000000000045 11/30/2024 Air Quality Management Services INC JUSTIN FRANZOSE 18A N Wireless Cellular Service & Accessories MA - 20093000000000000038 08/30/2024 AT&T Mobility JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Imprinted Pedestrian Safety Slap Bands MA - 20123100000000000063 Price List 01/31/2023 C. Lausier Family Inc MARTHA VERHILLE 17A N Printing, License Renewal Postcards MA - 20122200000000000062 Price List 01/31/2023 Armstrong Family Industries dba Snowman Printing MARTHA VERHILLE 29B N Law Enforcement, Night Vision Binoculars MA - 21012600000000000068 Price List 01/31/2024 Night Fighter Tactical Inc. SUE GARCIA 16A, ALL Y Broom - 8FT Long Frt Mount Truck MA - 21011300000000000066 Price List 02/28/2025 Allied Equipment LLC BILL ALLEN 17D Y Bus, Small Cutaway Accessible 12+2 MA - 22102500000000000066 11/30/2027 Coach & Equipment Bus Sales, Inc. BILL ALLEN 17A Y Bus, Small Cutaway Accessible 12+2 MA - 22102500000000000067 11/30/2027 Creative Bus Sales, Inc. BILL ALLEN 17A Y Bus, Small Cutaway Accessible 12+2 MA - 22102500000000000068 11/30/2027 DATTCO Inc BILL ALLEN 17A Y Bus, Small Cutaway Accessible Low Floor - 10+2 MA - 23011000000000000092 Price List 12/31/2027 Creative Bus Sales, Inc BILL ALLEN 17A Y DVEM HVAC Service MA - 21031500000000000091 09/30/2024 XL Mechanical & Energy Services BILL ALLEN 15A N Disposable Kitchen Products MA - 21030400000000000089 Price List 03/31/2025 Sysco Food Service of NNE THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL Y Locum Tenens MA - 21021800000000000081 04/14/2025 Vista Staffing Solutions BILL ALLEN 10A N Locum Tenens MA - 23031000000000000108 04/12/2025 LocumTenens.com BILL ALLEN 10A N Locum Tenens MA - 23031000000000000107 04/12/2025 AB Staffing Solutions BILL ALLEN 10A N Locum Tenens MA - 22033100000000000097 04/15/2025 Cross Country Staffing BILL ALLEN 10A N Locum Tenens MA - 21022300000000000086 04/14/2025 22nd Century Technologies BILL ALLEN 10A N Data Breach and Credit Monitoring MA - 21031800000000000092 01/18/2025 Identity Theft Guard Solutions, Inc. JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Web Based Auctions MA - 21052700000000000128 04/30/2025 IRONPLANET dba GovPlanet BILL ALLEN 18P N Law Enforcement, Ballistic Vest MA - 21051300000000000123 Price List 05/31/2025 Admiral Fire & Safety Inc. SUE GARCIA 03A, ALL N Bus, 16+2, Lo Floor Kneel & Non-kneel MA - 21050300000000000114 05/31/2026 Creative Bus Sales, Inc. BILL ALLEN 17A, 17D Y Clothing, DEP - Embroidered - Screen Print MA - 21052700000000000127 Price List 05/31/2024 LT's Inc. SUE GARCIA 06A N Tires, COOPER MA - 21061500000000000140 Price List 05/31/2025 Summit of New England BILL ALLEN ALL Y Auction Service: Firearm, In Person/Online MA - 21060400000000000130 07/31/2025 Somerset Auction Company BILL ALLEN 18P N Culvert, High Str Reinforced HDPC, SRPE MA - 21061500000000000139 Price List 07/31/2025 Kanaflex Corporation BILL ALLEN ALL Y Staff Augmentation Services MA - 21050300000000000112 06/30/2022 US Tech Staff Augmentation Services BILL ALLEN 10A N Computer Equipment, Peripherals, Service MA - 21062300000000000145 01/31/2028 CDW Government JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Signs, Traffic, Warning & Regulatory MA - 21081100000000000009 Price List 08/31/2025 Vulcan Inc BILL ALLEN 17A Y Computer Equipment, Peripherals, Service MA - 21071600000000000003 01/31/2028 GovConnection, Inc. JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Computer Equipment, Peripherals, Service MA - 21081600000000000010 01/31/2028 Hewlett-Packard Enterprise Company JUSTIN FRANZOSE 18B Y Mercury Marine Outboard Engines, Parts MA - 20112300000000000056 11/30/2026 Mercury Marine BILL ALLEN 13A N Copiers, Printers, Multifunction Devices MA - 21060300000000000129 04/19/2025 HP Inc. JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Audio Visual Room Design, Engineering MA - 21090100000000000016 08/31/2024 Pro AV Systems JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Victim Sexual Assault Kits MA - 21091000000000000019 08/30/2024 Sirchie Acquisition Co LLC JUSTIN FRANZOSE 16A N Audio Visual Room Design, Engineering MA - 21090100000000000017 08/31/2024 Headlight Audio Visual JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Signs, LED Flash Stop, Stop AHD, Speed MA - 22041500000000000112 Price List 09/30/2025 Traffic and Parking Control Co BILL ALLEN ALL Y 4 Ton Trailer Mntd Asphalt Dumping Recyl MA - 21092000000000000022 Price List 12/31/2024 Howard P Fairfield Inc BILL ALLEN 17D/17A N Maine Heat Fusion Cigarette Tax Stamps MA - 21090300000000000018 Price List 09/30/2022 Ashton Potter Ltd MARTHA VERHILLE 18F N Meteorological Forecasting Services MA - 21092900000000000024 09/30/2024 WSP USA Environment & Infrastructure Inc. BILL ALLEN ALL N Calibration & Testing Services MA - 21091300000000000020 09/28/2024 Northeast Technical Services JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y IT Equipment and Services MA - 15091100000000000044 08/16/2025 Mainely Access JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Audio Visual Room Design, Engineering MA - 21090100000000000015 08/31/2024 Connectivity Point Design & Installation JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Radio Support Services MA - 21102900000000000028 06/30/2025 Northern Pride Communications JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Reagents, Consumables, Support Products MA - 21062800000000000146 04/30/2025 Roche Diagnostics JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Cloud Solutions MA - 21120700000000000036 09/15/2026 Insight Public Sector JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Cloud Solutions MA - 23030900000000000106 9/15/2026 Presidio Networked Solutions JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Sand Blasting Sand (Garnet) MA - 21122000000000000051 Price List 12/31/2025 Greenhill supply, LLC BILL ALLEN 17A N Vehicle Rental Services MA - 24030800000000000085 Price List 09/15/2025 ENTERPRISE HOLDINGS INC dba ENTERPRISE RENT-A-CAR BILL ALLEN ALL Y Expert Advice and Support Services for ARPA MA - 22011100000000000058 12/31/2026 Eide Bailly LLP BILL ALLEN ALL N Equipment Rentals - Sourcewell 062320 MA - 24031500000000000091 08/27/2025 SUNBELT RENTALS, INC. BILL ALLEN ALL Y Wood Products for MSP Industries Program MA - 24031900000000000092 Price List 03/31/2026 Rex Lumber Co BILL ALLEN 03A N Wood Chippers, 12", Trailer Mount ,Self Feeding MA - 23053000000000000161 Price List 6/30/2025 United Ag & Turf NE LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Printing, Ferry Service Ticket Stock MA - 22012600000000000063 Price List 03/31/2025 Canada Ticket Inc MARTHA VERHILLE 17A N UPS Small Package Delivery, NASPO MA - 22030200000000000081 Price List 11/27/2026 United Parcel Service, Inc. BILL ALLEN ALL Y Helicopter Parts, Repairs, Mods, Overhaul MA - 22030200000000000082 02/28/2025 Summit Helicopters Inc BILL ALLEN ALL Y Energy Consulting Services MA - 22122100000000000086 12/31/2026 Competitive Energy Services, LLC MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL N Traffic Paint - Fast Dry Waterbourne MA - 22031500000000000089 Price List 03/31/2026 Ennis-Flint Inc BILL ALLEN ALL Y Traffic Barrel, Orange, 40LB, W/6" Reflective Stripe MA - 23033100000000000114 Price List 4/30/2025 Castine Inc BILL ALLEN ALL Y Traffic Drums, 25lbs, 4" or 6" Reflective Stripe, MDOT Stenciled MA - 23033100000000000117 Price List 04/30/2025 RA United Enterprises BILL ALLEN ALL Y Traffic Cones, 28" 10Lbs, MDOT & Plain MA - 23033100000000000118 Price List 04/30/2025 Safety Zone Holdings, Inc BILL ALLEN ALL Y Traffic Drum 40lb Drum,4"Str/MDOT&Plain MA - 23033100000000000116 Price List 04/30/2025 Northeast Traffic Control Services, LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Equipment, Installation, and Services MA - 23050800000000000147 06/30/2028 Newcom Wireless Services JUSTIN FRANZOSE 18B Y Erosion Control Blankets MA - 22030400000000000084 Price List 02/28/2026 Seedway LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Computer Equipment, Peripherals, Service MA - 22032100000000000092 06/30/2026 Dell Marketing, LP JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y EV Charging Stations, Service, Maintenance MA - 22040500000000000107 7/20/2025 FreeWire Technologies Inc BILL ALLEN ALL Y Guardrail Parts MA - 22040500000000000106 Price List 3/31/2024 CA Newcomb & Sons Fence and Guardrail Co BILL ALLEN All N Portable Hot Water Hi-Pressure Washer MA - 22032900000000000095 Price List 4/30/2026 R N Craft Inc BILL ALLEN All Y HVAC PM and Repair Services, Public Safe MA - 22041500000000000113 04/30/2026 AAA Energy Service BILL ALLEN 16A N Dog Tags MA - 22050200000000000122 Price List 01/31/2025 International Identification BILL ALLEN 01A N Captioning, Audio Description, CART Services MA - 22050500000000000124 Price List 06/30/2025 Simply Captions LLC BILL ALLEN ALL N Captioning, Audio Description, CART Services MA - 22042200000000000114 Price List 06/30/2025 Karasch and Associates BILL ALLEN ALL N Captioning, Audio Description, CART Services MA - 52042200000000000115 Price List 06/30/2025 Linguabee LLC BILL ALLEN ALL N Captioning, Audio Description, CART Services MA - 22040400000000000105 Price List 06/30/2025 Automatic Synch Technologies, LLC BILL ALLEN ALL N Diesel Fuel for Ferry Services MDOT MA - 21121000000000000049 06/30/2025 Dead River Company LLC MICHELLE FOURNIER 17D N Fuel - Bulk Diesel for MDOT, DOC, DVEM MA - 22051900000000000129 06/30/2025 Dead River Company LLC MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL N SQII Portable Traffic Lights w/Trailer MA - 22052600000000000132 Price List 04/30/2026 John Thomas Company BILL ALLEN ALL Y ADA Beach Access Mats - UV-Resistant Polyester & Accessories MA - 22070800000000000001 Price List 07/31/2024 AccessRec, LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Road Salt, DOT Areas 5-A, 5-B MA - 22061300000000000139 Price List 07/31/2025 Kingsco Transport Ltd BILL ALLEN 17A N Road Salt, BGS MA - 22061300000000000140 Price List 07/31/2025 New England Salt Co. LLC BILL ALLEN 17A N Road Salt, DOT Areas 1, 2, 3 & 4 MA - 22061300000000000138 Price List 07/31/2025 Morton Salt Inc BILL ALLEN 17A N Communications Development & Services MA - 22071100000000000002 07/31/2026 Maine Information Network LLC JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N LED Emergency Light Bars - Whelan MA - 22041100000000000110 08/31/2024 Coastal Electronics BILL ALLEN ALL N Dog Food, Select Eukanuba, Purina, Inuks MA - 22080300000000000033 Price List 07/31/2024 Legend + White Animal Health Corp BILL ALLEN ALL Y Law Enforcement, Rifle Clipon Night Sights MA - 22080400000000000034 Price List 07/31/2025 Strack, Inc SUE GARCIA 16A N Flexible Delineators - Select PEXCO MA - 22082900000000000043 Price List 8/31/2024 Safety Zone Holdings BILL ALLEN ALL Y Copiers, Printers, Multifunctional Devices MA - 21123000000000000055 04/19/2025 Xerox JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Segmental Plow Blades MA - 22101400000000000065 Price List 10/31/2024 Jimar Construction Products BILL ALLEN 17A, 17D Y Supplies, Reagents, and Kits MA - 23010600000000000090 06/22/2026 Bio-Rad Labs JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Select 2024 GM Vehicles MA - 23062200000000000184 Price List 06/30/2024 O'Connor's GMC INC BILL ALLEN ALL Y School Bus, Select Type A-Gas, LPG, Type C-Gas, LPG, Type D-Rear Engine Electric MA - 23051600000000000153 Price List 06/30/2025 O'Connor's GMC INC BILL ALLEN ALL Y School Bus, Select Type C Diesel & Electric, Type A Gas MA - 23051600000000000151 Price List 06/30/2025 DATTCO INC BILL ALLEN ALL Y School Bus Type C Electric 77 Capacity MA - 23051600000000000152 06/30/2025 H.K. Truck Services Inc BILL ALLEN ALL Y School Bus, Select Type A-Gas, Type C Diesel, Elect, Gas, Type D Front & Rear Engine MA - 23051600000000000154 Price List 06/30/2025 W.C. Cressey & Son BILL ALLEN ALL Y School Bus, Select Electric Type A, Type C, Type D Front Engine MA - 23061200000000000172 Price List 06/30/2025 BYD Coach & Bus LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y BACTEC Rental and Consumables MA - 23070500000000000002 07/18/2026 Becton Dickinson JUSTIN FRANZOSE 10A N Vehicle, Select Ford MA - 23101300000000000044 Price List 07/31/2024 Quirk Kennebec CO dba Quirk Ford of Augusta BILL ALLEN 18P Y Vehicle-Select 2023-24, ICE,Hyb,BEV,PHEV MA - 23051900000000000155 Price List 09/30/2024 Fleet Vehicle Source, Inc dba US Fleet Source BILL ALLEN 18P Y Onsite Solar Photovoltaics Services MA - 23101600000000000047 10/31/2028 Sundog Solar LLC MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL N Onsite Solar Photovoltaics Services MA - 23102300000000000050 10/31/2028 EDF RENEWABLES DISTRIBUTED SOLUTIONS INC MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL N Onsite Solar Photovoltaics Services MA - 23102300000000000051 10/31/2028 Verogy Holdings LLC MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL N Medical Supplies MA - 23110600000000000053 05/01/2025 Henry Schein JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Clothing, Parks Uniform Shirts MA - 23110800000000000055 Price List 10/31/2025 Hanging by A thread SUE GARCIA 01A N Computer Equipment (Desktops, laptops, tablets, etc.) MA - 23110100000000000052 06/30/2025 Lenovo JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Platform (Rack) Body, 9ft 3in & 12ft MA - 23112700000000000059 Price List 11/30/2025 Hews Company, LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Medical Supplies MA - 23111500000000000058 Price List 03/01/2025 Medline Industries, Inc. JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Multiwall Paper Bags MA - 24011900000000000070 Price List 01/31/2025 Clean-O-Rama THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL Y Printer, Scanner, and Equipment Repair Services MA - 24012300000000000071 03/19/2025 Vary Technologies JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Market Research Option The Division of Procurement Services encourages State and local public entities to conduct market research ahead of making a purchasing decision. State and local entities may decide to participate in a cooperative procurement agreement to increase efficiency or reduce administrative expenses.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	1	0	https://www.oracle.com/corporate/acquisitions/	en	Oracle Strategic Acquisitions	https://www.oracle.com/a…ult-1200x628.png	https://www.oracle.com/a…ult-1200x628.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	By combining with strategic companies, Oracle strengthens its product offerings, accelerates innovation, meets customer demand more rapidly, and expands partner opportunity.	en	https://www.oracle.com/a…s/favicon-32.png		https://www.oracle.com/corporate/acquisitions/	AddThis On January 5, 2016, Oracle announced that it signed an agreement to acquire AddThis, a leading provider of publisher personalization, audience insight and activation tools that powers 15 million websites and enables unmatched audience segment quality, scale and insight. Login Adi Insights On May 6, 2022, Oracle announced that it has entered into an agreement to acquire Adi Insights. Adi Insights is a leading provider of workforce management solutions. The acquisition will bring overtime management, time capture, demand forecasting and shift scheduling capabilities to SuitePeople, NetSuite’s human resource management solution. Cerner On June 8, 2022, Oracle’s acquisition of Cerner became official. With the addition of Cerner to Oracle Health’s portfolio, we will advance how health happens by providing secure and reliable solutions that deliver better health insights and people-centric experiences. Support CrowdTwist On October 2, 2019, Oracle announced it signed an agreement to acquire CrowdTwist, the leading cloud-native customer loyalty solution to empower brands to offer personalized customer experiences. The CrowdTwist solution offers over 100 out-of-the-box engagement paths, providing rapid time-to-value for marketers to develop a more complete view of the customer. Login DataFox On October 22, 2018, Oracle announced that it has signed an agreement to acquire DataFox, whose cloud-based artificial intelligence (AI) data engine and derived business content provide the most current, precise and expansive set of company-level information and insightful data to optimize business decisions. Login DataScience.com On May 16, 2018, Oracle announced it has entered into an agreement to acquire DataScience.com. DataScience customers leverage their industry-leading tools to organize work, easily access data and computing resources, and execute end-to-end model development workflows. Dyn On November 21, 2016, Oracle announced that it signed an agreement to acquire Dyn, the leading cloud-based Internet Performance and DNS provider that monitors, controls, and optimizes Internet applications and cloud services to deliver faster access, reduced page load times, and higher end-user satisfaction. Logins \| Support Dyn Customer Logins HOME USER PORTALS Dynamic DNS (DDNS) Standard DNS PRODUCT PORTALS (DYNID) Managed DNS Email Delivery FarApp On April 6, 2021, Oracle announced that it has entered into an agreement to acquire FarApp. FarApp is a leading provider of eCommerce, logistics, retail and hospitality connectors for Oracle NetSuite. The acquisition is expected to enable a more seamless and unified experience for NetSuite customers. Support FOEX On August 3, 2022, Oracle entered into an agreement to acquire FOEX. The acquisition extends Oracle APEX capabilities by adding a longtime partner that brings deep expertise in modernizing application user interfaces with APEX. Support GloriaFood On June 25, 2021, Oracle completed the acquisition of GloriaFood. The acquisition extends the Oracle MICROS Simphony Cloud POS platform by adding a global online ordering system and marketing solutions to enable restaurants of all sizes to go digital and serve customers directly through the web, mobile, and apps. Support Grapeshot On April 24, 2018, Oracle announced that it signed an agreement to acquire Grapeshot, a provider of brand safety and pre-bid contextual solutions to over 5,000 of the world’s leading marketers. Grapeshot’s Contextual Intelligence Platform enables the rapid creation of highly-customized segments that allow marketers and their agencies to confidently avoid unsafe content and extend global audience reach. Login Iridize On September 20, 2018, Oracle announced that it has signed an agreement to acquire Iridize, a leading enterprise platform for personalized and contextual user onboarding and training for cloud applications. Login LiveData Utilities On March 31, 2020, Oracle announced that it has entered into an agreement to acquire LiveData Utilities. The acquisition extends Oracle Utilities’ Network Management System by adding a long-standing partner that provides leading operational technology (OT) middleware solutions and SCADA capabilities to monitor and control utility equipment while reducing the complexity of real-time systems. MICROS Systems On June 23, 2014, Oracle announced that it had entered into an agreement to acquire MICROS Systems, a provider of integrated software and hardware solutions to the Hospitality and Retail industries. Hospitality and Food & Beverage Support \| Retail Support Moat On April 18, 2017, Oracle acquired Moat, the fastest-growing digital measurement cloud company that uses data and analytics to enhance media for leading marketers and publishers. Moat will remain an independent platform within Oracle Data Cloud, providing trusted measurement, analytics, and intelligence to the world’s largest brands. Login NetSuite On November 7, 2016, Oracle’s acquisition of NetSuite became official, bringing together the reach of NetSuite’s cloud ERP solutions for small to midsize businesses with the breadth and depth of Oracle's enterprise-grade cloud solutions for the back and front office. Login \| Support Newmetrix In October 2022, Oracle completed the acquisition of certain assets of Smartvid.io, Inc. (d/b/a Newmetrix). The acquisition included specific intellectual property underlying Newmetrix’s AI-enabled construction safety product suite, which Oracle intends to incorporate into its Construction Intelligence Cloud. Newmetrix’s former CEO/Co-founder and key leaders joined Oracle as part of the acquisition. Next Technik On September 25, 2023, Oracle announced that it has entered into an agreement to acquire Next Technik. Next Technik provides field service management capabilities for NetSuite customers, which enable businesses to digitize and streamline scheduling and dispatch and the management of inventory and assets for increased productivity, and customer satisfaction. Nor1 On November 18, 2020, Oracle announced that it has entered into an agreement to acquire Nor1. The acquisition extends Oracle Hospitality’s OPERA Cloud Suite by adding Nor1’s Merchandising platform that enables hotels to provide personalized offers throughout the guest journey using AI & machine learning. Support Oxygen Systems On June 26, 2019, Oracle announced its acquisition of Oxygen Systems, a NetSuite SuiteCloud Developer Network partner that provides localization solutions to address the complex tax and reporting requirements for companies with operations in Brazil. RightNow On October 24, 2011, Oracle announced that it signed an agreement to acquire RightNow Technologies, Inc. RightNow's Customer Service Cloud helps organizations deliver exceptional customer experiences across call centers, the web and social networks. Support Sauce Video On April 27, 2020, Oracle completed the acquisition of Sauce Video, a content creation and sourcing solution that allows companies to collaborate with their employees, customers, and fans. Sauce Video’s solution reduces the complexity and cost of video creation, enabling customers to easily capture, collect, and create videos for a wide range of use cases, including marketing, sales enablement, recruiting, and employee engagement. Login Textura On April 28, 2016, Oracle announced that it has entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Textura, a leading provider of construction contracts and payment management cloud services. Textura offers its cloud services in a consumption model preferred by the engineering and construction industry whereby the companies involved pay based on project activity. Logins \| Support \| Webinar Training TOA Technologies On July 31, 2014, Oracle announced that it signed an agreement to acquire TOA Technologies (TOA), adding the leading Field Service SaaS to Oracle Service Cloud and Oracle ERP cloud solutions to deliver effective and timely home- and facility-based customer service. Verenia On January 4, 2022, Oracle announced that it has entered into an agreement to acquire Verenia’s NetSuite CPQ business. This acquisition will bring NetSuite customers native configure, price and quote (CPQ) functionality to enable fast and accurate guided selling. Verenia’s non-NetSuite CPQ and CRM product lines and customers are retained by Verenia LLC. Support
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	0	59	https://www.stocktitan.net/news/SNNC/sibannac-inc-acquires-global-rights-to-sell-oracle-naturals-line-of-tvuk7snssw6r.html	en	Sibannac, Inc. Acquires Global Rights to Sell Oracle Naturals' Line of Organic Immune and Detox Products	https://static.stocktita…logo/snnc-lg.png	https://static.stocktita…logo/snnc-lg.png	[ "https://www.stocktitan.net/img/stock-titan-logo.webp", "https://static.stocktitan.net/company-logo/enph-sm-ext.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/company-logo/tsla-sm-ext.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/company-logo/vstm-sm-ext.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/company-logo/v-sm-ext.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/company-logo/serv-sm-ext.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/company-logo/llap-sm-ext.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/company-logo/enph-sm-ext.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/company-logo/tsla-sm-ext.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/company-logo/vstm-sm-ext.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/company-logo/v-sm-ext.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/company-logo/serv-sm-ext.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/company-logo/llap-sm-ext.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/img/icons/x-icon.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/img/icons/reddit-icon.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/img/icons/facebook-icon.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/img/icons/link-icon.png", "https://images.newsfilecorp.com/files/7785/170723_2a3ed31e54b2f945_logo.jpg", "https://api.newsfilecorp.com/newsinfo/170723/375", "https://static.stocktitan.net/company-logo/snnc.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "SNNC stock news", "SNNC news", "SNNC stock", "SNNC latest news", "SNNC earnings", "stock market updates", "stock market feed", "financial news", "company news", "press releases", "financial disclosures", "multimedia content", "day trading", "investment community", "individual investors", "stock market quotes", "stock market trends", "stock market data", "stock market analysis", "stock market insights", "market commentary", "investment opportunities" ]	null	[ "Sibannac, Inc", "StockTitan" ]	2023-06-21T12:00:00+00:00	Sibannac, Inc. announces the launch of Let's Go Health and Immunity, a new product line consisting of health and immune-boosting products. The lineup includes DNA Genesis, O2 On The Go, ZLife, Master Detox, Adrenal Complex, and Colostrum. These products are formulated with natural ingredients and offer various benefits such as inhibiting viral proteins, increasing oxygen levels, balancing pH levels, improving sleep quality, and supporting adrenal and spleen health.	en	/img/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png		https://www.stocktitan.net/news/SNNC/sibannac-inc-acquires-global-rights-to-sell-oracle-naturals-line-of-tvuk7snssw6r.html	06/21/2023 - 08:00 AM Scottsdale, Arizona--(Newsfile Corp. - June 21, 2023) - Sibannac, Inc. (OTC Pink: SNNC), a Nevada corporation (the "Company"), announced the following: Sibannac, Inc., through its Oklahoma City based subsidiary, Immersive Brand Concepts, Inc., is proud to unveil the launch of its latest product line, Let's Go Health and Immunity. This new addition to Sibannac's offerings consists of a diverse range of health and immune-boosting products. Let's Go Health and Immunity products are formulated with natural elements such as Fulvic Acid, Humic Acid, Zinc, Vitamin D, Silver, and more, harnessing the power of these ingredients to support overall well-being. The Let's Go Health and Immune product lineup features several key offerings, each with unique benefits and meticulously selected ingredients. Here are some highlights: DNA Genesis Ingredients: Quercetin, Star Anise, Fennel Seed Extract, Fulvic Zeolite, Zinc Sulfate, Red Ginseng, Vitamin D3, Colloidal Silver, Gold and Platinum, Ascorbic Acid, Wormwood, Pine Needle Extract. Major Selling Points: DNA Genesis contains Quercetin, which inhibits the binding of specific spike proteins and neutralizes viral proteins critical for replication. The inclusion of Star Anise provides anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. Fennel Seed Extract offers various benefits such as anti-inflammatory effects, immunity boosting, T-cell production stimulation, liver health protection, digestion aid, improved sleep, and reduced anxiety. Additionally, Pine Needle Extract acts as an excellent detoxifier, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal agent, while Wormwood supports digestion and aids in parasite removal. O2 On The Go Ingredients: Fulvic Acid, Zeolite (Clinoptilolite), Activated Oxygen, Natural Cherry Flavor, Colloidal Silver, Gold and Platinum, Sodium Benzoate, Potassium Sorbate, and Phosphoric Acid. O2 on the Go increases oxygen levels in the blood, enhancing mental acuity, stamina, and endurance. This product also aids in clearing brain fog, providing an overall boost to cognitive function. ZLife Ingredients: Humic Acid and Zeolite (Clinoptilolite). ZLife is designed to increase energy levels, balance pH levels, enhance bioavailability (100% bioavailable), improve assimilation, stimulate metabolism, support immune function, eliminate heavy metals and toxins, cross the blood-brain barrier rapidly, act as an adjuvant, and provide assistance in autism-related concerns. Master Detox Ingredients: Humic and Fulvic Acid. Master Detox is a powerful blend that increases energy, remineralizes the body when deficient in minerals, improves sleep quality, enhances immune function, and acts as an adjuvant. Adrenal Complex (2 oz liquid) Ingredients: Adrenal Tissue Extract, Spleen Tissue Extract, Vitamin A (fish liver oil), Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic Acid), Thiamin (Vit B1), Riboflavin (Vit B2), Niacinamide, Pyridoxine (Vit B6), Pantothenic Acid (Vit B5), Zinc Sulfate, DHEA. Adrenal Complex is a carefully formulated liquid solution that supports adrenal and spleen health while providing essential vitamins and minerals necessary for optimal functioning. Colostrum Colostrum is a popular supplement among athletes and health enthusiasts. It is a rich source of protein and contains all of the essential amino acids that are necessary for muscle growth and repair. Additionally, colostrum has been shown to support the immune system, reduce inflammation, and improve gut health. Some studies have also suggested that colostrum may help improve athletic performance by increasing muscle strength and endurance. Colostrum is a versatile and nutrient-dense supplement with a range of potential benefits for overall health and wellness. Sibannac continues to prioritize the development of innovative, science-backed products that promote healthy energy and well-being. The Let's Go Health and Immune product line represents the company's commitment to offering reliable, natural solutions for individuals seeking to enhance their health and bolster their energy and immune systems. "It all ties together, because a healthy immune system often leads to more energy and less pain leads to better focus. Our products make people feel better and when you feel better, you live better," said David Mersky, CEO of Sibannac. About Sibannac Sibannac, Inc. (OTC Pink: SNNC) is a Nevada corporation founded in 1999 and located in Scottsdale, Arizona. Sibannac currently specializes in creating and selling premium next generation wellness products in the consumer packaging goods space. In addition to mainstream supplements, the Company is producing Kratom and Hemp-derived Delta-8/9 products, Kratom, and Amanita mushroom edibles for wholesale and retail sales and distribution. Sibannac provides contract manufacturing and white labeling services for independent firms and creates and manages its own brands from the concept phase through to distribution. Sibannac has opened its platform to outside clients to offer its marketing and brand-building assets, through its wholly owned subsidiary, The Campus Co., led by Eric Stoll, Sibannac's Chief Marketing Officer. The Campus is already providing services to leading wellness brands. More from Sibannac - For additional information and product updates, please follow us at The Campus Co. and follow us on Twitter at www.twitter.com/sibannacinc. Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements. This press release contains statements that constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These statements appear in a number of places in this release and include all statements that are not statements of historical fact regarding the intent, belief or current expectations of Sibannac, Inc. (the "Company"), its directors or its officers with respect to, among other things: (i) financing plans; (ii) trends affecting its financial condition or results of operations; (iii) growth strategy and operating strategy. The words "may," "would," "will," "expect," "estimate," "can," "believe," "potential" and similar expressions and variations thereof are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Investors are cautioned that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond the Company's ability to control, and actual results may differ materially from those projected in the forward looking statements as a result of various factors. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements since they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which are, in some cases, beyond the Company's control and which could, and likely will, materially affect actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. The Company assumes no obligation to publicly update or revise these forward-looking statements for any reason, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the company's expectations include, but are not limited to, those factors that are disclosed under the heading "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in documents filed by the company from time to time with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission and other regulatory authorities. Media Contact: IR@theCampusCo.com Twitter: @SibannacInc To view the source version of this press release, please visit https://www.newsfilecorp.com/release/170723
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	2	17	https://bbbprograms.org/media-center/dd/63	en	BBB National Programs	http://bbbprograms.org/ResourcePackages/Main/assets/dist/images/resources/bbbNP.png	http://bbbprograms.org/ResourcePackages/Main/assets/dist/images/resources/bbbNP.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/ResourcePackages/Main/assets/dist/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png	BBBPrograms	https://bbbprograms.org/media-center/dd/63	Subscribe to the Ad Law Insights or Privacy Initiatives newsletters for an exclusive monthly analysis and insider perspectives on the latest trends and case decisions in advertising law and data privacy. New York, NY – July 17, 2024 – In a Fast-Track SWIFT challenge, the National Advertising Division determined that use of a flag image on product packaging for Kendal Nutricare’s Kendamil infant formula reasonably conveys a supported message about the products’ origin. New York, NY – July 16, 2024 – The National Advertising Division has closed a Fast-Track SWIFT challenge regarding claims that GuruNanda’s coconut pulling oil products can “naturally reverse a cavity” and “reverse cavities.” New York, NY – July 15, 2024 – The National Advertising Division will refer advertising claims made by Prolacta Bioscience for its Human Milk Fortifier to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for review. New York, NY – July 11, 2024 – In a Fast-Track SWIFT challenge brought by T-Mobile, the National Advertising Division recommended that AT&T Services, Inc. discontinue or modify the claim that its Supplemental Coverage from Space (SCS) is presently available to consumers.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	3	2	https://www.fitchratings.com/research/corporate-finance/fitch-places-oracle-ratings-on-rating-watch-negative-on-cerner-acquisition-announcement-21-12-2021	en		https://www.fitchratings…f36bdbb9f4d8a203	https://www.fitchratings…f36bdbb9f4d8a203	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null			/favicon-32x32.png?v=b699907ea1d10d61f36bdbb9f4d8a203		null
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	1	81	https://yro.slashdot.org/story/06/12/06/1356239/the-dojs-new-spin-on-blocking-software	en	The DOJ's New Spin on Blocking Software	https://a.fsdn.com/sd/topics/usa_64.png	https://a.fsdn.com/sd/topics/usa_64.png	[ "https://a.fsdn.com/con/images/sandiego/sf-ad-unit.png", "https://a.fsdn.com/sd/topics/usa_64.png", "https://a.fsdn.com/sd/topics/government_64.png", "https://a.fsdn.com/sd/topics/court_64.png", "https://a.fsdn.com/sd/topics/news_64.png", "https://a.fsdn.com/sd/topics/business_64.png", "https://a.fsdn.com/sd/topics/intel_64.png", "https://a.fsdn.com/sd/ccpa-optout.png", "https://slashdot.org/images/njs.gif?620" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Bennett Haselton has writes "In recent arguments over the constitutionality of the Child Online Protection Act, both sides have argued over the efficiency of Internet blocking software. While COPA would prohibit commercial U.S. websites from publishing freely available material that is "harmful to ...	en	/favicon.ico		https://yro.slashdot.org/story/06/12/06/1356239/the-dojs-new-spin-on-blocking-software	"For example," said DOJ attorney Eric Beane during opening arguments, "one filter even blocked a website promoting a marathon to raise funds for breast cancer research. Part of the CIA's World Fact Book was blocked. And a page with an ACLU calendar. [Blocking software blocks] a significant portion of other materials on the World Wide Web, materials that in many cases are necessary for a child to complete his homework." (Opening arguments transcript, p. 37.) As someone who has been publishing critiques of blocking software for years, I read those words and felt like cheering, despite the fact that I'm sitting in the other side's fan section for this match. (Beane is right, but he's missing the point, which is that whatever problems exist with blocking software, are minor compared to the problems with COPA -- because blocking software raises no constitutional issues when it's used by a private party in their own house, whereas COPA affects everyone in the U.S.) The irony, of course, is that three years ago, in the trial over the similarly-named Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA) which required blocking software in all schools and libraries that receive federal funds, it was the ACLU pointing out the flaws in blocking software and the Department of Justice claiming that blocking software was accurate and effective. At first it would seem that both sides are now guilty of flip-flopping. But reviewing what was said then and what was said now, my conclusion is that the ACLU did nothing more than shift their focus to a different set of facts, while the government did contradict themselves. And the source of this seeming flip-flop actually comes down to something pretty simple: two different ways of stating one set of numbers. Now before going further I can't resist saying that I think the whole debate over "harmful to minors" material is pretty silly, because I don't think the pro-censorship side has ever put forth a reason why they think that pictures of naked people, or even people having sex with each other, are harmful to people under 18. I disagree with some people on matters like abortion and the death penalty, but I at least think they have some facts on their side; but I don't know of any facts supporting people who think that pornography is dangerous. Why is a woman's nipple harmful but a man's nipple isn't? How are the majority of high school students who have already had sex anyway, supposed to be harmed by pictures of other people having sex? And apart from the logical paradoxes, the pervasiveness of the Internet has now given us empirical data too: virtually all minors have now have access to anything they want to get on the Internet (either at home, or by sneaking to a friend's house), and where's the evidence that adolescents' brains have been hormonally turned to mush any more than they always have been? But for the remainder of the discussion, suppose you're addressing people who believe that nudity and sexual material really are harmful to people under 18. (In any case, the judges probably believe it, and even if they don't, they're bound by legal precedents that assume as much.) The question is how accurately blocking software achieves this goal. Blocking software has two types of error rates: underblocking (failure to block porn sites) and overblocking (blocking of non-pornographic sites). Underblocking errors are usually expressed one way: the percentage of porn sites in a given sample that are not blocked. But overblocking errors can be stated in two ways: the percentage of non-porn sites that are blocked, or the percentage of blocked sites that are not pornographic. (There are borderline cases like nude art sites, but it turns out they're not common enough to affect the margin of error much; the vast majority of sites are either clearly porn or clearly not.) The key is that if you want the overblocking rate to sound low, you talk about the percentage of non-porn sites that are blocked. If you want it to sound high, you talk about the percentage of blocked sites that are non-porn. For example, in the 2003 Supreme Court arguments over CIPA, Department of Justice attorney Theodore Olson downplayed the error rates of blocking software by saying: "But even if it's tens of thousands of the -- of the 2 billion pages of material that is on the Internet, we're talking about one two-hundredths of 1 percent, even if it's 100,000, of materials would be blocked." Here he's referring to the percentage of non-porn sites that are filtered. Attorney Paul Smith, arguing against the law, countered: "And so we have -- on these lists is a proportion, a huge proportion, perhaps 25, perhaps 50 percent of the sites that are blocked that are not illegal even for children." and: "And the evidence is that there's about 11 million websites on the Internet, in --in the accessible part of the Internet and that 100,000 of those are the sexually explicit ones and that the --there are at least tens of thousands more that are on the list. So it's --the Government also says in their brief that about one percent of the Internet is over- blocked, which would be about 100,000 sites. So it is a substantial percentage. It is also a substantial amount. And most importantly, it's a very large percentage of what they're blocking is not what they intend to block." -- that is, talking about the percentage of blocked sites that were non-pornographic. Both sides cited the same figure (100,000 non-pornographic sites blocked, apparently referring to an average across all blocking programs) -- but that same number could be seen as an "error rate" of either one hundredth of one percent, or 50%, depending on which formula you use. Then in this year's COPA trial, the ACLU called CMU professor Lorrie Faith Cranor who testified that in tests that she reviewed, "[blocking software programs] correctly blocked an average of approximately 92 percent of objectionable content. And they incorrectly blocked an average of 4 percent of content not matching the test criteria." (Oct. 24th transcript, p. 57.) Back to talking about the percentage of non-porn sites that are blocked -- which, again, when you put it that way, sounds low. On the other hand, although I couldn't find exact numbers cited by the DOJ's lawyers on the number of sites that were incorrectly blocked, in the portions of his opening argument quoted above, Eric Beane focused on the sad fact of the sites that were blocked -- not the fact that they comprised only a tiny fraction of sites on the Web. The two sides simply swapped formulas. As for Peacefire's own studies over the years of blocking software error rates, one of the legitimate criticisms that could be made about our efforts was that we focused almost exclusively on the second number, the percentage of blocked sites that were non-porn. If you were interested in how blocking software actually affects the surfing experience of minors who are forced to use it, perhaps you would focus more on the first number, the percentage of non-porn sites that are blocked. Perhaps, you might say, that as an organization addressing the blocking software issue specifically from a minors' rights point of view, we really should have focused on that number quite a bit! But I did get a bit preoccupied with playing "gotcha" with the blocking companies, focusing on the percentage of blocked sites that were obvious mistakes, because it was frankly too much fun publicizing the absurdly high error rates of their programs, which belied the claims made by most blocking companies that all sites on their blacklist were examined by a human at their company before being added. (Although it seems to have done some good -- as far as I know, no blocking company is making that claim about their product today.) The error rates were indeed absurdly high; we took a sample of the first 1,000 .com domains in an alphabetical list, ran them through several programs, and found that of the sites blocked, between 20% and 80% (!) were errors. (The median error rate was about 50%, which corresponds to the figure given by Paul Smith in the CIPA trial oral arguments quoted above.) This surprised even critics of blocking software, and skeptics complained that we must have made mistakes or simply fudged the numbers. (The whole point of using the first 1,000 .com domains was that if we had used a random sample and gotten error rates like that, we could have been accused of "stacking the deck" and using a fake random sample that was loaded with known errors and not truly random.) Years later, it came out that the companies whose products we'd tested, had been following a policy that if they found an objectionable site on a given IP address, all sites on that IP would be blocked, on the theory that hosting companies often group porn sites together on the same machine. Trouble was, while this may have often been true for bona fide porn sites, it was not true for most sites that featured just an incidental shot of someone's bare breasts or a large amount of profanity -- but this would also be enough to get all sites blocked at a given IP. So the 80% error rate was about what you'd expect after all. You might think that a product with an 80% error rate could never survive in the marketplace, but consider who was buying the software. On the one hand, you had schools and companies buying the programs -- but they didn't care whether it worked so much as they cared about being able to show, for liability reasons, that they did something. On the other hand, you had parents who really did care about keeping porn off their computer -- but how many parents really did any thorough testing of the product, other than making sure it blocks the obvious sites like Playboy.com? A serious test could take days. Their kids are the only ones who would end up doing any thorough "testing" of the product, and if they found a way around it, it's not likely that they would tell their parents. With no market pressure to fix problems, an 80% error rate wasn't really surprising. But even the most vocal critics of blocking software only pointed out that blocking software sometimes blocked sites about plumbing, or soccer, or aluminum siding; we never claimed that most of those sites would be blocked. Even with our high numbers of wrongly blocked sites, if they had been expressed as a percentage of non-porn sites that are blocked, they would have still sounded like a "low error rate". The moral is, always keep track of what the "error rate" refers to in these debates. By moving around a few variables in a formula, the Department of Justice was able to go from saying in 2003 that blocking software was minimally intrusive, to making a speech in 2006 that made blocking software sound so tragically limiting that you could practically hear the violins playing. (I know, people who live in glass houses... ahem) And what about the ACLU? If the Department of Justice is guilty of flip-flopping, from saying in 2003 that blocking software is a reasonable and narrowly tailored solution, to saying in 2006 that it's clumsy, ineffective, and overbroad, is the ACLU guilty of flip-flopping in the opposite direction? Actually, the ACLU's position has always been consistent: blocking software has First Amendment problems when used in a school or library, due to overblocking and underblocking errors, but if used in the home it is still a lot more effective than a law like COPA, which would score pathetically on the same scale. As ACLU attorney Chris Hansen stated in opening arguments: "COPA does not reach the 50% of all speech that is overseas... Filters are the most effective. Almost all of the filters that [expert witness] Mr. Mewett tested were at least 95% effective. Think about the 5% ineffectiveness compared to where we start with COPA being 50% ineffective..." (Opening arguments, p. 22. Note: Chris Hansen has confirmed that the official transcript is wrong; it has him saying "35%" instead of "95%", which wouldn't make any sense.) As for overbreadth, COPA would criminalize speech by adults, intended for adults, something that no blocking program could ever do -- and as for minimizing collateral damage to innocent sites, does anyone think that even if COPA is upheld, parents will throw out their blocking software? Even though the ACLU focused on different statistics in the two trials, in both cases they were focusing on the numbers that were relevant to the issue. When talking about constitutional problems with blocking software in schools and libraries, the percentage of blocked sites that are incorrectly blocked, is important, because it's their First Amendment rights that are at issue. The DOJ lawyer talking about all the sites that weren't blocked, was missing the point. If your site is being blocked, it hardly matters to you that for every blocked site there are hundreds that are not. "Hey, your site is not accessible, but don't worry, your competitors' sites are!" On the other hand, when talking about the use of blocking software in the home, the publisher's First Amendment rights are not at issue; the issues that most parents would care about, are how effective it is, and whether most clean sites are still accessible. Well of course most of them are. Blocking software is not that bad. Confused? The option to just stop making a big deal out of porn on the Internet is looking better all the time, isn't it?
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	3	3	https://www.fitchratings.com/research/corporate-finance/fitch-affirms-oracle-idr-at-bbb-revises-outlook-to-stable-09-01-2024	en		https://www.fitchratings…f36bdbb9f4d8a203	https://www.fitchratings…f36bdbb9f4d8a203	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null			/favicon-32x32.png?v=b699907ea1d10d61f36bdbb9f4d8a203		null
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	3	21	https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2857376/difference-between-java-se-ee-me	en	Difference between Java SE/EE/ME?	https://cdn.sstatic.net/…g?v=73d79a89bded	https://cdn.sstatic.net/…g?v=73d79a89bded	[ "https://i.sstatic.net/SimhT.jpg?s=64", "https://i.sstatic.net/SprKq.jpg?s=64", "https://i.sstatic.net/wqgvy.jpg?s=64", "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/c96d0a5727ef776712216db70b1b30f0?s=64&d=identicon&r=PG&f=y&so-version=2", "https://i.sstatic.net/3fN7W.jpg?s=64", "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/eeec80237213c91e5bab56b77ac5b8ca?s=64&d=identicon&r=PG", "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/3b03d21276ae07910a1ab8f22f7bf282?s=64&d=identicon&r=PG", "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/34ac8a5f0e4e6068545751b760b7e719?s=64&d=identicon&r=PG&f=y&so-version=2", "https://i.sstatic.net/SimhT.jpg?s=64", "https://i.sstatic.net/ZWEI3.jpg?s=64", "https://i.sstatic.net/2PXUu.jpg?s=64", "https://i.sstatic.net/q3JFs.jpg?s=64", "https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-rdnCFNv-obk/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAEA/S2i-2hsoayw/photo.jpg?sz=64", "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/29d7c49f6f174710788c79011219bae1?s=64&d=identicon&r=PG", "https://graph.facebook.com/995719613823916/picture?type=large", "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f50a0a88ac9eb69a5abb3fd3db58edf2?s=64&d=identicon&r=PG", "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f9d4663fa7d82a21f3817d54e9db8b34?s=64&d=identicon&r=PG", "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d46242a5213958604b9d260d5bd9cba4?s=64&d=identicon&r=PG", "https://i.sstatic.net/ewxrk.jpg?s=64", "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/0e4900638412a1f5a87e35f3a9e5943d?s=64&d=identicon&r=PG", "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/6adf4983a5feab2001067740ff94b6db?s=64&d=identicon&r=PG&f=y&so-version=2", "https://stackoverflow.com/posts/2857376/ivc/e4ad?prg=0d87b7c3-1383-4532-82b2-3c84bc6e21d4" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2010-05-18T12:53:12	Which one should I install when I want to start learning Java? I'm going to start with some basics, so I will write simple programs that create files, directories, edit XML files and so on, nothing...	en	https://cdn.sstatic.net/Sites/stackoverflow/Img/favicon.ico?v=ec617d715196	Stack Overflow	https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2857376/difference-between-java-se-ee-me	Java SE = Standard Edition. This is the core Java programming platform. It contains all of the libraries and APIs that any Java programmer should learn (java.lang, java.io, java.math, java.net, java.util, etc...). Java EE = Enterprise Edition. From Wikipedia: The Java platform (Enterprise Edition) differs from the Java Standard Edition Platform (Java SE) in that it adds libraries which provide functionality to deploy fault-tolerant, distributed, multi-tier Java software, based largely on modular components running on an application server. In other words, if your application demands a very large scale, distributed system, then you should consider using Java EE. Built on top of Java SE, it provides libraries for database access (JDBC, JPA), remote method invocation (RMI), messaging (JMS), web services, XML processing, and defines standard APIs for Enterprise JavaBeans, servlets, portlets, Java Server Pages, etc... Java ME = Micro Edition. This is the platform for developing applications for mobile devices and embedded systems such as set-top boxes. Java ME provides a subset of the functionality of Java SE, but also introduces libraries specific to mobile devices. Because Java ME is based on an earlier version of Java SE, some of the new language features introduced in Java 1.5 (e.g. generics) are not available. If you are new to Java, definitely start with Java SE. According to the Oracle's documentation, there are actually four Java platforms: Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE) Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) Java Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME) JavaFX Java SE is for developing desktop applications and it is the foundation for developing in Java language. It consists of development tools, deployment technologies, and other class libraries and toolkits used in Java applications. Java EE is built on top of Java SE, and it is used for developing web applications and large-scale enterprise applications. Java ME is a subset of the Java SE. It provides an API and a small-footprint virtual machine for running Java applications on small devices. JavaFX is a platform for creating rich internet applications using a lightweight user-interface API. It is a recent addition to the family of Java platforms. Strictly speaking, these platforms are specifications; they are norms, not software. The Java Platform, Standard Edition Development Kit (JDK) is an official implementation of the Java SE specification, provided by Oracle. There are also other implementations, like OpenJDK and IBM's J9. People new to Java download a JDK for their platform and operating system (Oracle's JDK is available for download here.) As I come across this question, I found the information provided on the Oracle's tutorial very complete and worth to share: The Java Programming Language Platforms There are four platforms of the Java programming language: Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE) Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) Java Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME) JavaFX All Java platforms consist of a Java Virtual Machine (VM) and an application programming interface (API). The Java Virtual Machine is a program, for a particular hardware and software platform, that runs Java technology applications. An API is a collection of software components that you can use to create other software components or applications. Each Java platform provides a virtual machine and an API, and this allows applications written for that platform to run on any compatible system with all the advantages of the Java programming language: platform-independence, power, stability, ease-of-development, and security. Java SE When most people think of the Java programming language, they think of the Java SE API. Java SE's API provides the core functionality of the Java programming language. It defines everything from the basic types and objects of the Java programming language to high-level classes that are used for networking, security, database access, graphical user interface (GUI) development, and XML parsing. In addition to the core API, the Java SE platform consists of a virtual machine, development tools, deployment technologies, and other class libraries and toolkits commonly used in Java technology applications. Java EE The Java EE platform is built on top of the Java SE platform. The Java EE platform provides an API and runtime environment for developing and running large-scale, multi-tiered, scalable, reliable, and secure network applications. Java ME The Java ME platform provides an API and a small-footprint virtual machine for running Java programming language applications on small devices, like mobile phones. The API is a subset of the Java SE API, along with special class libraries useful for small device application development. Java ME applications are often clients of Java EE platform services. JavaFX JavaFX is a platform for creating rich internet applications using a lightweight user-interface API. JavaFX applications use hardware-accelerated graphics and media engines to take advantage of higher-performance clients and a modern look-and-feel as well as high-level APIs for connecting to networked data sources. JavaFX applications may be clients of Java EE platform services. I guess Java SE (Standard Edition) is the one I should install on my Windows 7 desktop Yes, of course. Java SE is the best one to start with. BTW you must learn Java basics. That means you must learn some of the libraries and APIs in Java SE. Difference between Java Platform Editions: Java Micro Edition (Java ME): Highly optimized runtime environment. Target consumer products (Pagers, cell phones). Java ME was formerly known as Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition or J2ME. Java Standard Edition (Java SE): Java tools, runtimes, and APIs for developers writing, deploying, and running applets and applications. Java SE was formerly known as Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition or J2SE. (everyone/beginners starting from this) Java Enterprise Edition(Java EE): Targets enterprise-class server-side applications. Java EE was formerly known as Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition or J2EE. Now known as Jakarta EE, after donation by Oracle Corp to the Eclipse Foundation. Another duplicated question for this question. Lastly, about J.. confusion JVM (Java Virtual Machine): JVM is a part of both the JDK and JRE that translates Java byte codes and executes them as native code on the client machine. JRE (Java Runtime Environment): It is the environment provided for the java programs to get executed. It contains a JVM, class libraries, and other supporting files. It does not contain any development tools such as compiler, debugger and so on. JDK (Java Development Kit): JDK contains tools needed to develop the java programs (javac, java, javadoc, appletviewer, jdb, javap, rmic,...) and JRE to run the program. Java SDK (Java Software Development Kit): SDK comprises a JDK and extra software, such as application servers, debuggers, and documentation. Java SE: Java platform, Standard Edition (Java SE) lets you develop and deploy Java applications on desktops and servers (same as SDK). J2SE, J2ME, J2EE Any Java edition from 1.2 to 1.5 Read more about these topics: Differences between JDK and Java SDK Java JDK, SDK, SE? What is the difference between JVM, JDK, JRE & OpenJDK? Developers use different editions of the Java platform to create Java programs that run on desktop computers, web browsers, web servers, mobile information devices (such as feature phones), and embedded devices (such as television set-top boxes). Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE): The Java platform for developing applications, which are stand-alone programs that run on desktops. Java SE is also used to develop applets, which are programs that run in web browsers. Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE): The Java platform for developing enterprise-oriented applications and servlets, which are server programs that conform to Java EE’s Servlet API. Java EE is built on top of Java SE. Java Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME): The Java platform for developing MIDlets, which are programs that run on mobile information devices, and Xlets, which are programs that run on embedded devices.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	0	74	https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200327005099/en/%25E2%2580%2598Oracle-Water%25E2%2580%2599-with-Outstanding-Cleansing-and-Sterilizing-Power-Demonstrates-Effect-of-Preventing-COVID-19-in-Korea	en	‘Oracle Water’ with Outstanding Cleansing and Sterilizing Power Demonstrates Effect of Preventing COVID-19 in Korea	https://mms.businesswire…939/23/PHOTO.jpg	https://mms.businesswire…939/23/PHOTO.jpg	[ "https://www.businesswire.com/images/bwlogo_extreme.png", "https://mms.businesswire.com/media/20200327005099/en/781939/4/PHOTO.jpg?download=1", "https://mms.businesswire.com/media/20200327005099/en/781939/4/PHOTO.jpg", "https://mms.businesswire.com/media/20200327005099/en/781938/4/mak+logo.jpg", "https://cts.businesswire.com/ct/CT?id=bwnews&sty=20200327005099r1&sid=web02&distro=nx&lang=en", "https://mms.businesswire.com/media/20200327005099/en/781938/2/mak+logo.jpg", "https://www.businesswire.com/images/icons/icon_search.gif", "https://www.businesswire.com/images/icons/icon-close-default.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2020-03-27T12:00:00+00:00	Oracle Water developed by MAK demonstrated the remarkable effect of preventing COVID-19 in Korea with outstanding cleansing and sterilizing power.	en			https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200327005099/en/%E2%80%98Oracle-Water%E2%80%99-with-Outstanding-Cleansing-and-Sterilizing-Power-Demonstrates-Effect-of-Preventing-COVID-19-in-Korea	HWASEONG, South Korea--(BUSINESS WIRE)--‘Oracle Water’, produced with Oracle Water System which is a powerful epidemics prevention solution developed by MAK, demonstrated the remarkable effect of preventing COVID-19. ‘Oracle Water’ was begun to be used on March 7, 2020 as sterilizing water in Daegu, Korea. The number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in the city decreased from 390 on March 7 when the sterilizing water was begun to be used to 297 cases on March 8, 190 cases on March 9 and to 32 cases on March 17, showing a reduction by 91.7%. Developed by MAK leveraging 11 related patents to cope with the emergence of variants of harmful viruses, ‘Oracle Water’ provides outstanding sterilizing effects as ozone is dissolved in nano-micro bubble in water, and it shows dissolution rate of 70%, the highest rate in the world. Unlike chemical disinfectants, it is eco-friendly and can be applied to wide areas as ozone is decomposed into oxygen molecules in water. “The most important task now is to prevent epidemics that can rapidly eradicate Coronavirus,” said Byung Joon Chun, President of MAK. “As it provides 6~7 times* stronger sterilizing power compared to other disinfectants, Oracle Water can rapidly prevent epidemics. And sterilization effect of Oracle Water was already recognized by removing anthrax bacteria and H1N1 viruses.” As it acquired 2 patent rights in the United States for sterilizing effects of ozone water, the Oracle Water System is widely recognized with its unique technology for sterilizing rapidly and efficiently by maintaining sterilization effect for 24 hours and showing excellent catalyst effect. Oracle Water can be used in areas with heavy traffic of people, such as streets, parks, and urban lakes and densely populated commercial facilities like airports, factories, and shopping centers, as well as living places including schools, hospitals, and apartments. Having concluded a contract with GW in China, a disinfection service company designated by Hangzhou city government, to supply 18 units of Oracle Water System, MAK is scheduled to ship the systems at the end of March. “We are frequently receiving inquiries from countries impacted by COVID-19. Together with employees, we are concentrating efforts on manufacturing Oracle Water Systems, day and night, to help countries getting over COVID-19 across the world,” added Byung Joon Chun. After having strived to develop plasma technology since its establishment in 2004, MAK produces plasma technology-adopted equipment that can be applied to a range of areas, including semiconductor, display, healthcare and beauty treatment as well as to textile and waste disposal. In particular, MAK first developed in the world the technology of generating plasma in CDA Chamber, and it is supplying plasma devices to BOE in China. Having successfully developed USC technology for the third time in the world, the company is supplying it to BOE, Tianma, Jintuo, and Etmade in China and HIRATA in Japan. Possessing proprietary patent rights for vacuum plasma equipment for MLCC, the company is exclusively supplying the equipment to Samsung Electro-Mechanics, and it is working closely with multiple companies in Korea, including Samsung Electronics and LG Display. MAK owns a variety of product lines, including vacuum Descum equipment for wafer and plasma for processing curved touch screen panel (TSP) used for vehicles. The company is funneling research resources into nano textile equipment targeting the nano textile market and environment protection equipment to explore the wastewater treatment market. *Source: Kim So-yeon (2001) ‘Studies on the Disinfection of Bacteria by Ozonization’, Inha University, Korea, p12~14
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	2	16	https://patentcenter.uspto.gov/applications/18164116	en	Patent Center	https://patentcenter.uspto.gov/applications/favicon.ico	https://patentcenter.uspto.gov/applications/favicon.ico	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	PatentCenter UI	en	favicon.ico		null
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	0	58	https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/xbrl-in-oracle-11i-and-r12/4923197	en	XBRL in Oracle 11i and R12	https://cdn.slidesharecd…t=640&fit=bounds	https://cdn.slidesharecd…t=640&fit=bounds	[ "https://public.slidesharecdn.com/images/next/logo-slideshare-scribd-company.svg?w=128&q=75 1x, https://public.slidesharecdn.com/images/next/logo-slideshare-scribd-company.svg?w=256&q=75 2x", "https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/profile-photo-mvallamp-48x48.jpg?cb=1678459427", "https://image.slidesharecdn.com/xbrloaug2010v3-100808084232-phpapp01/85/XBRL-in-Oracle-11i-and-R12-1-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/xbrloaug2010v3-100808084232-phpapp01/85/XBRL-in-Oracle-11i-and-R12-1-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/xbrloaug2010v3-100808084232-phpapp01/75/XBRL-in-Oracle-11i-and-R12-1-2048.jpg 2048w" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2010-08-08T08:42:28+00:00	XBRL in Oracle 11i and R12 - Download as a PDF or view online for free	en	https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/favicon.7bc3d920.ico	SlideShare	https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/xbrl-in-oracle-11i-and-r12/4923197	1. XBRL in Oracle 11i and R12-The journey begins Mahesh Vallampati Coach America 2. About the Presenter Mahesh Vallampati Presented several papers at IOUG and OAUG Worked at Oracle for 9 years Started out as a DBA/Apps DBA/Developer Now GL/AP/FA/PO techno functional expert DW/OBIEE Development and Support Microsoft CRM Manager Director of Oracle Applications and Technologies at Coach America in Dallas, TX Also worked at SmartDog, Hotsos and Eagle Global Logistics 3. Survey How many did XBRL filings to SEC last year? How many have to do it this year? Next year? Don’t have a timeline Have not heard about XBRL 4. Agenda How XBRL will change reporting XBRL XBRL in 11i and R12 XBRL Example walkthrough Next Steps/How XBRL will impact you 5. First the bad News Metalink Note: 744514.1 Solution XBRL is not supported for use with FSGs in Applications Release 12. Or in Release 11i for that matter Why I will explain later 6. Metalink note 744514.1 Are XBRL Taxonomies Provided and Are Any Patches Required for XBRL for R12? [ID 744514.1] Goal It appears that the R12 tables and table modifications are present in 12.0.5 for XBRL. However, the modified forms for Row Set, Report and Run Report do not appear to be present. Also, no seeded taxonomies are provided. 1. Are any patches necessary for XBRL reporting in 12.0.5? 2. Does Oracle provide seeded taxonomies? Solution XBRL is not supported for use with FSGs in Applications Release 12. 7. The Good News XBRL is XML. The XML output of FSG’s and reports can be used just as fine. Several Vendors have solutions in the marketplace Oracle has other options 8. HOW XBRL WILL CHANGE REPORTING 9. Before 10. After 11. One way this could work 12. XBRL 13. What is XBRL? e X tensible B usiness R eporting L anguage 14. XBRL is An XML language Open Standard Free of License fees A modern method for communicating business information Open Data Standard for Financial Reporting 15. XBRL History 1998 - Conceived by Charlie Hoffman in 1998 2000 - V1 – Based on DTD’s 2001 - V2 – Moved from DTD’s to XML Schema 2003 - V2.1 – Conformance and Strengthening 2003 - SBR – Standard Business Reporting XBRLS – XBRL Simple Application Profile 16. XBRL Document XBRL is an XML Document All XML Documents have two pieces Definition Document Data Type Definitions – DTD XML Schema – used by XBRL Instance Document An instance of a document The data the document seeks to represent Validation Well formed (Syntax Check) Valid (Conforms to the vocabulary of the document) 18. Why do we need XBRL or XML The separation of a document data from it specification is key The data and the specification can be read and interpreted by a machine. A spreadsheet is readable by a specific kind of application designed for it. An XML Document and the instance of the document which conforms to the syntax can be read by any program that can process XML 19. XBRL Architecture © 2010 International Accounting Standards Committee Foundation. 20. XBRL Architecture Taxonomy Schema Element Linkbase (Relationship between elements) Presentation Calculation Definition Reference Label Taxonomy Extension 21. Taxonomy A kind of classification For example, an income statement is a taxonomy It identifies specific accounts Derives new accounts by specifying relationships Provides context Presents the data in a specific way Profit=Revenue-Expense is a taxonomy 22. Taxonomy According to XBRL 2.1 Specification “ A Taxonomy is defined as an XML Schema and the set of directly referenced extended links and any extended links that are nested within the XML Schema.” Taxonomy-A collection of interrelated files Schema File: xsd files Linkbase Files: xml files 23. Schema 24. XBRL Element or Concept Copyright © 2010 All rights reserved. XBRL US, Inc 26. Linkbase Label - Associate different roles and languages to (is a concept) Reference - Attach external information to concepts Presentation - Nesting and Ordering of Concepts Calculation - How calculations are performed with concepts to create new concepts Definition - Define additional meaning and relationships Footnote - Associate footnote’s to a concept 27. Taxonomy Extension An extension is a customization to an existing base taxonomy It can add or remove elements from the base taxonomy DTS is a Discoverable Taxonomy Set 28. XBRL Benefits Improved access to Financial Information Increased Productivity Improved data quality and validity 31. Load Taxonomy 32. Associate XBRL in RowSet 33. Run Report 34. So what’s the problem? This will work for simple XSD’s and instances of XBRL Documents But XBRL Documents are quite comprehensive They have a lot more components than the schema and the instance So you really need a solution which incorporates all the parts of XBRL 35. NEXT STEPS/HOW XBRL WILL IMPACT YOU? 36. SEC Mandate Securities and Exchange commission got on the XBRL bandwagon SEC will require by law for all public companies/non-profit’s to post Financial information in XBRL format Phased Implementation 2009 – S & P 500 companies 2010 – Another 1800 companies 2011 – All companies 37. SEC Accountant/Controller This is the person who gets impacted the most They have to migrate to a new way of doing reporting There is a cottage industry of software/service firms ready to “help” 38. Even if you are privately held… Even if you are privately held Your investors may ask for XBRL reports Your bank may ask for it too Any other serious large scale stakeholder 39. US GAAP Taxonomy http://ww.xbrl.org/ 40. OPTIONS FOR XBRL REPORTING 41. Oracle Technologies Hyperion supports the generation of XBRL from its reporting engine Hyperion has been a part of XBRL for a while However, it will involve licensing Hyperion technologies and solutions http://blogs.oracle.com/FinancialsMkting/2010/01/how_oracle_supports_xbrl.html 42. Other Options A third party software that maps FSG output to XBRL SEC taxonomies will work This will be a quick way of doing it. Look for vendors who will provide a software/service solution Have strict SLA’s around generation of these documents It is usually a one time investment Your SEC accountant is a key stakeholder 43. What to look for in XBRL Software Ready made packages for SEC reporting for your industry taxonomy A good XBRL Processor A viewer of XBRL output Be able to create and edit XBRL documents by business users as well as technical users Be able to analyze XBRL documents A version control mechanism would be nice to have 44. What to look for in XBRL Software Good Mapping tools Mapping tools will help map your FSG elements back to the taxonomy that you will use Ease of mapping should be a key determinant Focus on objective first, process next Financial Statements need to be submitted in a timely manner. First time can be iterative and ad-hoc, but eventually you want to be predictable and time-bound Your deadlines will not change for the SEC Proof of Concept is more important than vision 46. XBRL Process Perspective XBRL Preparer’s Guide
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	1	1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Oracle	en	List of acquisitions by Oracle	https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico	https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2007-05-22T21:05:26+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Oracle	November, 2006 Stellent Inc Enterprise content management, Digital rights management. Stellent was previously named Intranet Solutions, and its product was initially IntraDoc!. The product was then briefly renamed Xpedio! before both the company and the product were renamed Stellent in 2001. At the time of the acquisition, Stellent had 575 employees.[39] Stellent was a publicly traded company (NASDAQ: STEL)[40] with trailing twelve month revenues in excess of $130 million.[citation needed] Stellent's primary product was known as Universal Content Management (UCM), which formed the foundation of most of its other content management products. This product and its related products were rolled into Oracle Fusion Middleware as part of the Oracle WebCenter Content product line. However, the term Stellent is still commonly used for this suite of applications. $440
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	0	81	https://yro.slashdot.org/story/23/01/12/225234/apple-watch-patent-infringement-confirmed-as-masimo-seeks-import-ban	en	Apple Watch Patent Infringement Confirmed, As Masimo Seeks Import Ban	https://a.fsdn.com/sd/to…s/patents_64.png	https://a.fsdn.com/sd/to…s/patents_64.png	[ "https://a.fsdn.com/con/images/sandiego/sf-ad-unit.png", "https://a.fsdn.com/sd/topics/patents_64.png", "https://a.fsdn.com/sd/topics/apple_64.png", "https://a.fsdn.com/sd/topics/chromium_64.png", "https://a.fsdn.com/sd/topics/bitcoin_64.png", "https://a.fsdn.com/sd/ccpa-optout.png", "https://slashdot.org/images/njs.gif?718" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	An anonymous reader quotes a report from 9to5Mac: Apple has suffered a setback in its long-running Apple Watch patent infringement battle with medical technology company Masimo. A court has ruled that Apple has indeed infringed one of Masimo's patents in the Apple Watch Series 6 and up. Masimi is se...	en	/favicon.ico		https://yro.slashdot.org/story/23/01/12/225234/apple-watch-patent-infringement-confirmed-as-masimo-seeks-import-ban	Your new power browser: Check out Shift, the newest and most powerful and productive web browser available. Unite everything you do on your desktop into one browser window and get more done. Download Shift for free! × 170107058 story Apple Watch Patent Infringement Confirmed, As Masimo Seeks Import Ban (9to5mac.com) An anonymous reader quotes a report from 9to5Mac: Apple has suffered a setback in its long-running Apple Watch patent infringement battle with medical technology company Masimo. A court has ruled that Apple has indeed infringed one of Masimo's patents in the Apple Watch Series 6 and up. Masimi is seeking a US import on all current Apple Watches. If granted, this would effectively end Apple Watch sales in the US, as the company would not be allowed to bring in the devices from China. The battle between the two companies has a long history. Back in 2013, Apple reportedly contacted Masimo to discuss a potential collaboration between the two companies. Instead, claims Masimo, Apple used the meetings to identify staff it wanted to poach. Masimo later called the meetings a "targeted effort to obtain information and expertise." Apple did indeed hire a number of Masimo staff, including the company's chief medical officer, ahead of the launch of the Apple Watch. Masimo CEO Joe Kiano later expressed concern that Apple may have been trying to steal the company's blood oxygen sensor technology. The company describes itself as "the inventors of modern pulse oximeters," and its tech is used in many hospitals. In 2020, the company sued Apple for stealing trade secrets and infringing 10 Masimo patents. The lawsuit asked for an injunction on the sale of the Apple Watch. Apple has consistently denied the claims, and recently hit back with a counterclaim of its own, alleging that Masimo's own W1 Advanced Health Tracking Watch infringes multiple Apple patents. Reuters reports that a US court has ruled against Apple on one of the patent claims.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	3	83	https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/jul/13/spaceship-earth-arizona-biosphere-2-lockdown	en	Eight go mad in Arizona: how a lockdown experiment went horribly wrong	https://i.guim.co.uk/img…4ff16070997d117c	https://i.guim.co.uk/img…4ff16070997d117c	[ "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=6035250&cv=2.0&cj=1&cs_ucfr=0&comscorekw=Film%2CExploration%2CEnvironment%2CHuman+biology%2CSpace%2CCulture%2CSocial+history%2CPlants%2CSociety%2CScience%2CArchitecture%2CArt+and+design%2CArizona%2CDocumentary+films%2CUS+news%2CWorld+news", "https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/a90eb67f6b19d0dcaf7ea76f13e852f85677bade/104_934_2889_1733/master/2889.jpg?width=465&dpr=1&s=none", "https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2022/08/26/Steve_Rose.png?width=75&dpr=1&s=none", "https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/14864900f2c87cd4b5681bb6c01321cdc8c2105c/0_0_1988_1314/master/1988.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none", "https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/fdc1d8804b0366870fd32158a92363ea8a84c69b/0_0_5318_3577/master/5318.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none", "https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/1f6ff2333f9e300a3090e310e4d2601b688b671b/0_0_7240_4827/master/7240.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none", "https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/5009a4c2717d447d315dac692363bf9404c04895/0_0_4000_3200/master/4000.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none" ]	[ "https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/mGvYFB6GHRY?wmode=opaque&feature=oembed" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Steve Rose", "www.theguardian.com" ]	2020-07-13T00:00:00	In the 1990s, a troupe of hippies spent two years sealed inside a dome called Biosphere 2. They ended up starving and gasping for breath. As a new documentary Spaceship Earth tells their story, we meet the ‘biospherians’	en	https://assets.guim.co.u…e-touch-icon.svg	the Guardian	https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/jul/13/spaceship-earth-arizona-biosphere-2-lockdown	It sounds like a sci-fi movie, or the weirdest series of Big Brother ever. Eight volunteers wearing snazzy red jumpsuits seal themselves into a hi-tech glasshouse that’s meant to perfectly replicate Earth’s ecosystems. They end up starving, gasping for air and at each other’s throats – while the world’s media looks on. But the Biosphere 2 experiment really did happen. Running from 1991 to 1993, it is remembered as a failure, if it is remembered at all – a hubristic, pseudo-scientific experiment that was never going to accomplish its mission. However, as the new documentary Spaceship Earth shows, the escapade is a cautionary tale, now that the outside world – Biosphere 1, if you prefer – is itself coming to resemble an apocalyptic sci-fi world. Looking back, it’s amazing that Biosphere 2 even happened at all, not least because the people behind it started out as a hippy theatre group. “Just the fact that the same number of people came out as went in is a triumph,” says Mark Nelson, one of the original eight “biospherians”. Far from a failure, he regards Biosphere 2 as an unsung achievement in human exploration, as do many others. “I like to say we built it not because we had the answers. We built it to find out what we didn’t know.” Biosphere 2’s origins lie in late-1960s San Francisco, and a man named John P Allen. Already in his 40s by then, Allen was something of a renaissance man: a Harvard graduate, a metallurgist, a union organiser, a beat poet, and a traveller studying indigenous cultures. He founded an idealistic performance group called the Theatre of All Possibilities. As the name suggests, they wanted to change the world but weren’t sure where to start. Art? Business? Ecology? Technology? In classic counterculture fashion, they decided: “Let’s do all of it!” They didn’t actually know how to do any of it, save for staging somewhat freeform performances, but “learn by doing” was Allen’s philosophy – and it took them surprisingly far. In 1969, Allen’s troupe relocated to New Mexico and founded Synergia Ranch, named after the great architect Richard Buckminster Fuller’s concept of synergy, where the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. “He was a ball of energy,” says Nelson, who joined Allen’s troupe around that time, when he was 22. “He had a great feel for both ecology and theatre. And frankly, he was a very charismatic guy. We’d accomplish one thing, then say, ‘What’s the new challenge?’ He was forever upping the ante.” They turned their desert ranch into a self-sufficient homestead, planting trees and raising buildings, including a Buckminster Fuller geodesic dome. They founded an art gallery in London (it is still running) and bought another ranch in Australia. In 1975, they even decided to build a ship. Their chief designer was a 19-year-old student with no experience of boatbuilding, but it proved perfectly seaworthy. They sailed around the world for several years, researching the Earth’s ecosystems. Having learned how these worked, they were ready to build their own. If humankind was going to settle other planets, they reasoned, it would need to learn how to replicate Earth. For a generation that came of age with the moon landings and such films as 2001: A Space Odyssey and Silent Running, this was not a particularly far-fetched notion. Helpfully, Allen and co had a benefactor: Ed Bass, an oil billionaire from Texas, whose own journey of self-discovery had brought him into Allen’s orbit. The Biosphere 2 launch was staged like a space mission. The media descended on the $150m Arizona facility, all gleaming white panels and ziggurats of glass, filled with forests, deserts, laboratories, recycling systems, pigs, chickens, hummingbirds, bush babies, and even a coral reef. There were speeches and fireworks as the jumpsuited volunteers (four women, four men, all white) sealed themselves in for the two-year journey into the unknown. After a stable start, problems began to emerge. Food, for one. “We really could have used more calories,” says Linda Leigh, another biospherian. Leigh had been involved with stocking Biosphere 2 with wild plants, but many of the food crops were too slow or too labour-intensive to be worthwhile. The wild coffee bushes took a fortnight to produce enough for one cup. Rather than luxuriating in a Garden of Eden, the biospherians became more like subsistence farmers. There was a lot of beetroot and sweet potato. “It was a challenge to make exciting meals,” says Leigh. “We’d rotate the cooking duties. Some people created new things like a taco-shaped like a dinosaur. Some people made horrible things like cold potato leaf soup.” Everyone lost a lot of weight. On top of that, oxygen levels decreased faster than anticipated, with a corresponding build-up of carbon dioxide. Earth’s atmosphere is about 21% oxygen, but inside the biosphere it fell to 14.2 %. “It felt like mountain-climbing,” Nelson recalls. “Some of the crew started getting sleep apnoea. I noticed I couldn’t finish a long sentence without stopping and taking a breath of air. We worked in a kind of slow-motion dance, with no energy wasted. If the oxygen levels had dropped any lower, there could have been serious health issues.” Understandably, morale deteriorated. Living under biosphere conditions was a challenge at the best of times. If the coronavirus lockdown feels restrictive, imagine spending two years with the same seven people and no internet. Nelson likens it to “a marathon group therapy session”. Added to which, true to their theatrical origins, the biospherians were on permanent display. Coachloads of tourists and schoolchildren arrived daily to tap on the glass and take pictures of the emaciated crew. Leigh remembers anthropologist Jane Goodall coming to visit. “She observed us like we were captive primates.” Cups were thrown and people were spat at, but thankfully there was no violence. “It was more of a coldness,” says Leigh. “Of not wanting to be around each other.” The team split into two camps of four: “Our group was all for bringing in extra food and more oxygen just to keep things going, so our own suffering didn’t impact the work that needed to be done. The other group had other ideas.” In other words, keep the biosphere closed and retain the purity of the experiment, no matter the cost. A similar debate was going on outside. Biosphere 2’s difficulties had not gone unnoticed, though Allen and the team had tried to conceal them. Eventually extra food was smuggled in and two oxygen pop-ups followed. The biospherians were overjoyed. “People starting laughing like crazy and running around,” recalls Nelson. “I felt like I’d been 90 years old and now I was a teenager again. I realised I hadn’t seen anybody running for months.” But on the outside, as debate raged in the media, the project started to be dismissed as non-science, or as one commentator put it, “trendy ecological entertainment”. Nelson certainly doesn’t see it that way. “Somehow or other, it all got truncated into: ‘This is a survival test for this colony, and the one and only measure of success is whether everything works perfectly, and there’s no necessity to bring in anything from the outside.’ That was never the intention.” The intention, in fact, was to continue the experiment, learning from their mistakes. A second mission went into the biosphere in March 1994, and looked to be faring better. A month later, though, out of the blue, Ed Bass decided on a mass purge. The purpose was to make the project more businesslike, it seems. Allen and his team were swiftly ejected and a new CEO was literally helicoptered in: Steve Bannon. Yes, that Steve Bannon. Investment banker, future right-wing operator and Donald Trump strategist. As a metaphor for the fate of the planet, it could hardly be more apt. “I look at it as a story about human ambition, its possibilities and limitations,” says Matt Wolf, director of Spaceship Earth. “I think the experiment revealed that humans are the most unstable element of a closed system.” Like many, Wolf was only dimly aware of the project before he started looking into it. Many of the original biospherians still live together on Synergia Ranch, he discovered, including Nelson and Allen, now in his 90s. Fortunately, they recorded everything: Wolf had access to over 600 hours of 16mm film and video. Biosphere 2 is now managed by the University of Arizona. Linda Leigh runs a community garden project in Oracle, a few miles away. Both Nelson and Leigh would happily volunteer to go back in. Both were transformed by the experience, in a way they wish society as a whole could emulate. “Inside Biosphere 2, everything made sense,” says Nelson. “Everything you did, you could see the impact of it. No anonymous actions. It was like my body suddenly got the message: every time you breathe, these plants are waiting for your CO2. They are your third lung. I thought, ‘My God, this is keeping me alive! I am absolutely metabolically connected to the life here.’” Even if history does judge Biosphere 2 a failure, is that really so bad? “The media can be very dismissive of people trying new things,” says Wolf. “So much so that people hesitate to try for fear of criticism or failure. If everybody feared failure, they would never try new and ambitious things.”
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	0	4	https://nypost.com/2024/04/24/business/oracle-announces-plans-to-move-world-headquarters-to-nashville/	en	Oracle founder Larry Ellison announces plans to move world headquarters to Nashville	https://nypost.com/wp-co…713919768&w=1024	https://nypost.com/wp-co…713919768&w=1024	[ "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=6390601&c3=NYPOST&cj=1&cv=3.6", "https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/02/button_3_bg-2.png?w=206", "https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/08/fox-business.png?w=840", "https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/04/GettyImages-1175129150.jpg?w=1024", "https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/04/sign-posted-front-oracle-headquarters-78216922_8051fd.jpg?w=1024", "https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2013/08/author-jennifer-gould.png?w=600", "https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/moynihan.png?w=400", "https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2013/08/steve-cuozzo.png?w=76", "https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/07/amazons-dot-alexa-device-shown-85865097.jpg?quality=75&strip=all&w=260&h=174&crop=1", "https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/07/85872160.jpg?quality=75&strip=all&w=260&h=174&crop=1", "https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/07/newspress-collage-2j8k7qvdj-1721660753218.jpg?quality=75&strip=all&1721646371&w=260&h=174&crop=1", "https://pagesix.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2024/07/85889361.jpg?quality=75&strip=all&w=1024", "https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/07/85882899.jpg?quality=75&strip=all&crop=1&w=341&h=227 1x, https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/07/85882899.jpg?quality=75&strip=all&crop=1&w=682&h=454 2x", "https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/07/17-paris-held-sjr-theater-85879298_7cdbe7.jpg?quality=75&strip=all&crop=1&w=341&h=227 1x, https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/07/17-paris-held-sjr-theater-85879298_7cdbe7.jpg?quality=75&strip=all&crop=1&w=682&h=454 2x", "https://nypost.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/vip-helpers/images/vip-powered-dark-small.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "Business", "companies", "moving", "nashville", "oracle", "software", "tennessee" ]	null	[ "Fox Business" ]	2024-04-24T00:00:00	Oracle founder Larry Ellison announced Tuesday that he plans to move the software giant’s corporate headquarters to Nashville, Tennessee, which he added is at the center of the healthcare industry.	en	https://nypost.com/wp-co…t/apple-icon.png	New York Post	https://www.foxbusiness.com/technology/oracle-ceo-announces-plans-move-world-headquarters-nashville	Oracle founder Larry Ellison announced Tuesday that he plans to move the software giant’s corporate headquarters to Nashville, Tennessee, which he added is at the center of the healthcare industry. Ellison sat down with former Senate majority leader Bill Frist for an onstage conversation in Nashville, which was shared by Oracle Health on the social media platform LinkedIn on Tuesday. The founder and executive chairman told Frist his company was moving its “huge campus” to Nashville, and it will “ultimately be our world headquarters.” “I shouldn’t have said that,” Ellison quickly said, but there was no turning back because he disclosed information on his company’s future. Ellison said Oracle’s move to Nashville will position his company as one of the major players in the healthcare industry, an industry Oracle is looking to expand its position in. Back in 2022, Oracle acquired Cerner for $28 billion. The Kansas City, Missouri-based company provides software for managing electronic health records. As Ellison elaborated on the company’s plans to move, he said Nashville is “a fabulous place to live.” “It’s a great place to raise a family. It’s got a unique and vibrant culture. And as we surveyed our employees, large numbers of employees, Nashville ticked all the boxes,” Ellison said. He also said Nashville is “the center of the industry we’re most concerned about, which is the healthcare industry.” Norman Foster, who designed Apple Park in Cupertino, California, is designing the new Oracle campus in Nashville, which will be “right on the river.” The CEO said the new campus will not look anything like a corporate campus, but instead it will be a park with buildings on it. Ellison said the news site will have office buildings, a community clinic, restaurants, hotels and a concert venue — a floating stage on the lake for concerts to be held for the community. “We want to be part of the community,” he said. “Our people love it here. And we think it’s the center of our future.” Oracle did not immediately respond to inquiries from Fox News Digital on the announcement. Oracle’s headquarters is currently located in Austin, Texas. It moved there in 2020, after leaving Redwood Shores, California.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	0	78	https://gazette.govt.nz/notice/id/2023-ds104	en	Notice of Intention to Remove Companies From the Register	https://gazette.govt.nz/favicon.ico	https://gazette.govt.nz/favicon.ico	[ "https://gazette.govt.nz/images/nzgovt-logo@2x.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/favicon.ico		null	I intend to remove the following companies from the Register under section 318(1)(b) of the Companies Act 1993, on the grounds that the Registrar has reasonable grounds to believe that the company is not carrying on business and there is no proper reason for the company to continue in existence. #STYLA LIMITED ĀHUA LIMITED ĀKU RINGA LIMITED @PACE CANTERBURY SERVICES LIMITED 008 MEDIA LIMITED 0800 WEPAINT LIMITED 1 + 1 EDUCATION LIMITED 100HEALTH LIMITED 102 HOLDINGS LIMITED 1046 ADMIN LIMITED 1053 LIMITED 10US LIMITED 11TEN LIMITED 12 WILLIAM BLAKE LIMITED 123 HALIFAX EAST LIMITED 128 BEDFORD STREET LIMITED 13AM LIMITED 150 FLOORING LIMITED 15TH AVE RENTALS LIMITED 168 ENERGY LIMITED 18 PINEWOOD LIMITED 187 BRIDGE TRUSTEES 130 LIMITED 195 THE TRIBE LIMITED 19BUILDERZ LIMITED 1MINUTEDEALS.CO.NZ LIMITED 1NINE7TWO LIMITED 1ST CHOICE FLOORING LIMITED 1ST ELECTRIX LIMITED 1ST RESPONSE LIMITED 2 BIRDS TAPUI LIMITED 2 CARDINAL PLACE DEVELOPMENT LIMITED 2021 SALES LIMITED 203 LEITH LIMITED 24 STURM AVE LIMITED 26SECURELABS LIMITED 29 WATERLOO ROAD LIMITED 2GOOD CONSTRUCTION LIMITED 2GOOD4U LIMITED 2LBC LIMITED 3 RIVEZ LIMITED 3 STAR HOTELS LIMITED 3 STONE LIMITED 3 U LIMITED 300 PT CHEV ROAD LIMITED 303 INDUSTRIES LIMITED 36 WILLOW ST LIMITED 360 ENTERTAINMENT LIMITED 365 LIMITED 375 NORTH LIMITED 39 CAULTON LIMITED 3AUI LIMITED 3C'S LIMITED 3RDAVE PRODUCTIONS LIMITED 3S GROUP LIMITED 3TREES GROUP LIMITED 3V & R INVESTMENTS LIMITED 3Z UNION LIMITED 4 C LIMITED 4 STARS LIMITED 4 UNION STREET LIMITED 4 YOU GROUP LIMITED 491 PARNELL RD LIMITED 4KIDS NZ LIMITED 4M BEL AIR PARTNER LIMITED 4M INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 4M ORCHID LIMITED 4MD SOLUTIONS LIMITED 5 VICTORIA TERRACE PROPRIETARY LIMITED 501INC LIMITED 56 PRODUCTIONS LIMITED 56ROCKET LIMITED 58 PRODUCTIONS LIMITED 60 GUY LIMITED 6PMFRIDAY LIMITED 7 CHILLIES LIMITED 7SET GROUP LIMITED 8 GATES SOLUTION NZ LIMITED 8 GROUP LIMITED 818 ABEL TASMAN LIMITED 83SMR LIMITED 852 LIMITED 888 INVESTMENTS LIMITED 8D18 TOV LIFE LIMITED 9 GLENFERN LIMITED 9 PROJECTS LIMITED 90MILE LIMITED 95 SOUTH FAMILY TRUST LIMITED 984 FRANKTON ROAD LIMITED A - TECH DESIGN SOLUTIONS LIMITED A & A FAIRWEATHER LIMITED A & H FARM MAINTENANCE LIMITED A & J MERCHANDISE EXCHANGE LIMITED A & K RENTALS LIMITED A & M DYNAMICS (N.Z.) LIMITED A & M PEAT LIMITED A & P CIVIL LIMITED A & P MAINTENANCE LIMITED A & R PLASTERING LIMITED A & S DEVELOPERS LIMITED A & Y INVESTMENT LIMITED A B & J E FARMING LIMITED A BROWN LIMITED A CLASS GLASS (2016) LIMITED A CUT ABOVE THE REST LIMITED A GOOD LIFE LIMITED A GUIDE TO CLOUD LIMITED A J MCPHERSON & ASSOCIATES LIMITED A K LANDSCAPING LIMITED A K SIBAL LIMITED A KITCHENS LIMITED A MOUSE CALLED BEAN LIMITED A R KHAN COURIERS LIMITED A STAR CONSTRUCTION LIMITED A T HAA CONSULTING LIMITED A TAYLOR CONTRACTING LIMITED A THOMAS LIMITED A TO Z WAIRARAPA LIMITED A V TRUSTEE LIMITED A Z TRUSTS CO LIMITED A&A ENTERPRISES LIMITED A&G POMARE LANDSCAPES LIMITED A&P BHARDWAJ LIMITED A. V. SHINAE HOLDINGS LIMITED A.B.K SPORTS MANAGEMENT LIMITED A.J.S.S. TRUSTEE LIMITED A+ PRODUCTIONS LIMITED A1 AIRSOLUTIONS LIMITED A1 ASPHALT CANTERBURY LIMITED A1 CARS 2014 LIMITED A1 CONCRETE LAYERS LIMITED A1 DIGITAL GROUP LIMITED A1 INFOTECH LIMITED A1 PROFESSIONALZ LIMITED A1 RENTALS NORTHLAND 2015 LIMITED A1 ROOFS LIMITED A2B TOWING LIMITED A2Z IMPACT ELECTRICAL LIMITED A2Z PLUMBING & DRAINAGE LIMITED A346 MUSIC INTERNATIONAL LIMITED AA AUTOMOTIVE IMPORTS LIMITED AA FRESH EXPERTS LIMITED AA HMT LIMITED AA+ RENOVATION LIMITED AAA AAA ABACK 24HR EMERGENCY LOCKSMITHS 2006 LIMITED AAC COURIERS LIMITED AAC INVESTMENTS LIMITED AADHYA CLEANING SERVICES LIMITED AADHYA ENTERPRISES LIMITED AAG GROUP LIMITED AANYA PARUSOMULA LIMITED AASIS ENTERPRISES LIMITED AB MACKINTOSH TRUST LIMITED ABA PROJECT MANAGEMENT LIMITED ABBEY HEIGHTS REST HOME LIMITED ABBOTT & ASSOCIATES LIMITED ABBOTT INDUSTRIES LIMITED ABBY & PAUL TRUSTEES LIMITED ABC ELECTRICAL CONTRACTING LIMITED ABCL LIMITED ABCOMMS LIMITED ABEL DEVELOPMENTS LIMITED ABEL TASMAN VILLA LIMITED ABF CONTRACTS LIMITED ABHAYA COMMERCIAL CLEANING LIMITED ABLAZE FIRE AND PROPERTY SERVICES LIMITED ABLE ELEMENTS LIMITED ABODE ELEVATORS NZ LIMITED ABP LIMITED ABR GROUP LIMITED ABROAD HEALTH SUPPLIES LIMITED ABROAD NZ (SOUTH ISLAND) LIMITED ABSOLOODLE TRUST COMPANY LIMITED ABSOLUT LEGAL LIMITED ABSOLUTE ENGINEERING AND MAINTENANCE LIMITED ABSOLUTE ZERO LIMITED ABSOLUTE-BEE NZ LIMITED ABSTRACT-ED LIMITED ABUNDANCE FORTUNE LIMITED AC NET TRUSTEES 54 LIMITED ACACIA LILLY PHOTOGRAPHY LIMITED ACCENT DRIVE LIMITED ACCENTA INTERNATIONAL LIMITED ACCO PROPERTY CLEANING LIMITED ACCOUNTING CAREER CONNECT (AUSTRALASIA) LIMITED ACCOUNTING PRACTICES LIMITED ACCOUNTING PROFESSIONALS GROUP LIMITED ACCURATE INSTALLATIONS LIMITED ACDB TRUSTEE LIMITED ACE ADVISORS LIMITED ACE CHIROPRACTIC LIMITED ACE CLINIC LIMITED ACE EDUCATION AND CONSULTING LIMITED ACE ENGINEERING WESTPORT LIMITED ACE OF TAXES LIMITED ACE WELDING WORKZ LIMITED ACES PLUMBING LIMITED ACF LIMITED ACFUN TECHNOLOGY LIMITED ACKERMERC LIMITED ACTION POTENTIAL CONSULTING LIMITED ACTIVATED CARBON LIMITED ACTIVE ATTRACTIONS & EVENTS LIMITED ACTIVE MOBILITY VEHICLES LIMITED ACUMEN FINANCIAL SOLUTIONS LIMITED ACYONIX STUDIOS LIMITED ADAM PROPERTY MANAGEMENT LIMITED ADDICTIVEVISIONS LIMITED ADDISON-SAIPE FAMILY TRUST LIMITED ADE ANAESTHESIA LIMITED ADEPT RESTRUCTURING LIMITED ADICOM HOLDINGS LIMITED ADIMON TRUSTEE COMPANY LIMITED ADISEL TRUSTEE COMPANY LIMITED ADK INVESTMENTS LIMITED ADLAB LIMITED ADLEY HOLDINGS LIMITED ADMIN X LIMITED ADMINWORKS LIMITED ADNIV LIMITED ADORE HAIR & BEAUTY LIMITED ADRENALIN MOTORSPORT LIMITED ADRENALINE MTB NZ LIMITED ADS ELECTRICAL SERVICES LIMITED ADVANCE AUTOMATICS (CANTERBURY & WESTLAND) LIMITED ADVANCE WAY CONSULTING LIMITED ADVANCED BUILDERS 2014 LIMITED ADVANCED DRIVING SYSTEMS LIMITED ADVANCED PLASTERING & PAINTING SERVICES LIMITED ADVANTAGEOUS VENTURES LIMITED ADVEN LIMITED ADVENTURE REELS PTY LIMITED ADVENTURE TRAILERS LIMITED ADVENTURES IN GUMBOOTS LIMITED ADVOCO MORTGAGES AND INSURANCE LIMITED AEFT HOLDINGS LIMITED AEGEAN HOMES (2006) LIMITED AEGEAN SUPPLY CONSTRUCTION LIMITED AEGIS CERAMICS LIMITED AERO PARTS NZ LIMITED AFEB LIMITED AFFINITY MOTOR SPORTS LIMITED AFFORDABLE BACHES LIMITED AFFORD-A-COM LIMITED AFTER RAIN STUDIO LIMITED AFTER TRUSTEE LIMITED AG CUSTOMS LIMITED AG GROUP LIMITED AG IN ACTION LIMITED AGA ENTERPRISES 2021 LIMITED AGAAZ AND ANSH SEKHON HORTICULTURE LIMITED AGB MCDOUGALL LIMITED AGC LIMITED AGELOC BEAUTY STUDIO LIMITED AGENT FAMILY TRUSTEE COMPANY LIMITED AGENTAUCTION LIMITED AGENTS TV LIMITED AGFIRST GLOBAL HB LIMITED AGILE ONE LIMITED AGILE PLUS LIMITED AGM LIMITED AGRI GLOBAL TRADERS NZ LIMITED AGRI WORKS LIMITED AGRITECH SERVICES LIMITED A'GROUP NZ LIMITED AGSEHJAL LIMITED AHAAN ENTERPRISE LIMITED AHI KAA ONE HOMES LIMITED AHURU CANDLES LIMITED AIMAI DESIGN LIMITED AINSWORTH DEVELOPMENT LIMITED AIR CON DUNEDIN LIMITED AIR-BORN PADDLING LIMITED AIRBORNE SURVEYING LIMITED AIRLAND LIMITED AITKENS ROAD DAIRIES LIMITED AIW CONSTRUCTION LIMITED AJ & ELIJAH COMPANY LIMITED AJ & JD MATHEWSON LIMITED AJ & X TRADE LIMITED AJ PEAKE CONSULTING LIMITED AJA KAVA TRADING LIMITED AJR RESIDENTIAL BUILDERS LIMITED AK & CS INVESTMENTS LIMITED AK AIR CONDITIONING & REFRIGERATION LIMITED AKAAL PURAKH LIMITED AKASH HOMES LIMITED AKATSUKI CONSULTING LIMITED AKHAAL BUILDERS LIMITED AKIO LIMITED AKL MOVING LIMITED AKM LIMITED AKS SOLUTIONS LIMITED AKSHAR CLEANING SERVICES LIMITED AKSHAR TIRTH HOLDING LIMITED AL BUILDERS LIMITED AL FURQAN LIMITED AL WADUD CORPORATION LIMITED ALACRITY MANAGEMENT LIMITED ALANS MOTORS LIMITED ALBERT ACCOMMODATION LIMITED ALBERT ALLOO & SONS LAWYERS NOMINEE COMPANY LIMITED ALBERT TOWN PROPERTY LIMITED ALCOHOL LICENSING LIMITED ALCON BUILDING & MAINTENANCE LIMITED ALDD LIMITED ALEMANN ARCHITECTURE LIMITED ALETHEA INVESTMENTS LIMITED ALEX FAMILY TRUSTEES LIMITED ALFA MEDICS NEW ZEALAND LIMITED ALFARO CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED ALHILALI LIMITED ALI SPEC LIMITED A-LIFE INVESTMENT LIMITED ALIMAUR HOLDINGS LIMITED A-LINE CONSULTING LIMITED ALINEIL LIMITED ALINIANT LIMITED ALL 4 KIWIS PROPERTY LIMITED ALL ABOUT BEES LIMITED ALL BEST ROLLESTON LIMITED ALL DAY CONSTRUCTION LIMITED ALL DAY LONG LIMITED ALL ENGINEERING & REPAIR LIMITED ALL EURO PARTS LIMITED ALL FORM BUILDERS LIMITED ALL NATURAL ALPACA LIMITED ALL ROOF LIMITED ALL ROUNDERS MAINTENANCE AND CLEANING CREW LIMITED ALL TALK PRODUCTIONS LIMITED ALL TRADE SERVICES NZ LIMITED ALLANPAT LIMITED ALLDWELL LIMITED ALLETTE ROSE LIMITED ALLGAS LIMITED ALLGOODS SMALLGOODS LIMITED ALLIANCE WORLDWIDE LIMITED ALLIED ACCOUNTING LIMITED ALLIED BUSINESS EQUIPMENT LIMITED ALLIED BUSINESS EQUIPMENT WHOLESALE LIMITED ALLIED EQUIPMENT LIMITED ALLOCATE SERVICES LIMITED ALLROUND BUILDING & MAINTENANCE LIMITED ALL-ROUNDER PLUMBING, GASFITTING AND DRAINLAYING LIMITED ALLURE BEAUTY SALON ORMISTON LIMITED ALLURE PROPERTY LIMITED ALMAJO LIMITED ALMAK HOLDINGS NO 2 LIMITED ALMOS LIMITED ALO VENTURES LIMITED ALODENDRON NZ LIMITED ALPHA ATHLETES LIMITED ALPHA CLEANING SERVICES LIMITED ALPHA NZ LIMITED ALPHA PLUS LIMITED ALPHAMIND PLUS LIMITED ALPINE STORAGE PARK LIMITED ALTA CONSTRUCTION LIMITED ALTA INTERNATIONAL COMPANY LIMITED ALTERBUILD LIMITED ALTERNATE MEDICINE HOLDINGS LIMITED ALTHAUS HOLDINGS LIMITED ALTRAFIVE LIMITED ALUX LIMITED ALWAYS CREATIVE LIMITED AM & PM HOSPITALITY LIMITED AM SHARP CUT ENTERPRISE LIMITED AMALEA TRADING CO LIMITED AMALGAM CONSTRUCTION LIMITED AMANDA CLEANING SERVICES LIMITED AMARANTH LIMITED AMAZE BEAUTY LIMITED AMAZE DECORATING NZ LIMITED AMBIANCE HAIRTRADE LIMITED AMC HARDWOOD DESIGNS LIMITED AMD AIRCRAFT LIMITED AMEND NEW ZEALAND INCORPORATED LIMITED AMER DICE GOBLIN LIMITED AMERCE PROPERTY LIMITED AMERICAN OUTLET NZ LIMITED AMERICAN VINTAGE NZ LIMITED AMIE JANE LIMITED AMIGO TRIO LIMITED AMIKET HOSPITALITY LIMITED AMIR CONSTRUCTION LIMITED AMNEEL TECHNOLOGY LIMITED AMON LIMITED AMORA KRISHNA LIMITED AMORAS TOYBOX LIMITED AMOS SKITO LIMITED AMOY HOLDING LIMITED AMP SOLUTIONS LIMITED AMRIK SERVICES LIMITED AMT AUTO ELECTRICAL 2021 LIMITED AMT GROUP LIMITED AMT RESIDENTIAL LIMITED AMV SERVICES CO LIMITED AMYU LIMITED AN QI LIMITED ANAAD2020 LIMITED ANANTGUR LIMITED ANCHOR FISHING LIMITED ANCHOVY TACKLE LIMITED ANCIENT EARTH SKILLS LIMITED ANCIENT SPORTS LIMITED ANDCO PROPERTY LIMITED ANDER TRUSTEE LIMITED ANDISH LIMITED ANDRASSY LIMITED ANDREW P. WISE LIMITED ANDREW SMITH PROCESS LIMITED ANDREW'S PAINTING & PLASTERING LIMITED ANDSHELL LIMITED ANG BEAUTY STUDIO LIMITED ANGEL STAR PUBLISHING HOUSE LIMITED ANGROVE INVESTMENTS LIMITED ANH TRUSTEES LIMITED ANIKA MILLINGTON LIMITED ANIKETOS TRUSTEE COMPANY LIMITED ANIMAL SKIN TANNING SERVICES LIMITED ANIME WELLINGTON LIMITED ANIRAM DEVELOPMENTS LIMITED ANIRAM INVESTMENTS LIMITED ANJIA CONSTRUCTION LIMITED ANJIA HOMES DECORATION LIMITED ANKUR ENTERPRISES LIMITED ANM BUILDING LIMITED ANMOL HOTELS & RESORTS LIMITED ANNA FLOWERS LIMITED ANNAVOCADO LIMITED ANNIE WALKER TRUSTEES LIMITED ANONYMOUS KITCHENS LIMITED ANORA CONSTRUCTION LIMITED ANORA MAINTENANCE LIMITED ANP HOLDINGS LIMITED AN'S GROUP LIMITED ANS HOLDINGS (NZ) LIMITED ANSAC LIMITED ANTARIS LIMITED ANTEATER INVESTMENT LIMITED ANTHONY'S (2021) LIMITED ANTIPODEAN HOME LIMITED ANTIQUE GOLF NEW ZEALAND LIMITED ANTIQUES ON VICTORIA LIMITED ANTON ROSS ENTERPRISES LIMITED ANU MA TRUSTEE LIMITED ANVIL PLUMBING LIMITED ANY ELECTRICAL & MAINTENANCE LIMITED ANZ FOREST PRODUCTS LIMITED ANZ TECH LIMITED ANZED HEALTHCARE LIMITED AOL RENTALS (2020) LIMITED AORAKI/MOUNT COOK SPA LIMITED AORANGI GLASS LIMITED AOTEA HEALTH SERVICES LIMITED AOTEA RETAIL LIMITED AOTEAROA GUEST HOME LIMITED AOTEAROA IE TRADERS LIMITED AOTEAROA LINE MARKERS (2020) LIMITED AP & JC LIMITED AP & RF MEEK TRUSTEE COMPANY LIMITED AP BUDD CORPORATE TRUSTEE LIMITED AP WELDERS LIMITED AP9 DIGITAL MEDIA LIMITED AP9 HOMES LIMITED APACHE RENEWABLE ENERGY CORPORATION NEW ZEALAND LIMITED APE IT LIMITED APEX HIKERS LIMITED APEX MARINE FARM LIMITED APEX PLASTERING LIMITED APFB LIMITED APIMAX LIMITED APJ LEGACY LIMITED APL DATA AND COMMUNICATIONS LIMITED APM HOLDINGS LIMITED APOLLON DESIGN & MEDIA LIMITED APPLE & SMITH LIMITED APPLIED PROJECT SOLUTIONS LIMITED APPROACH ACCOUNTING LIMITED APPZEALAND LIMITED APR NZ LIMITED APS CONTRACTING (2020) LIMITED AQUA CLEANSE LIMITED AQUA INSTALLATIONS & MAINTENANCE LIMITED AQUA TECH PLUMBING LIMITED AQUAMARK LIMITED AQUARIUS PLUMBING LIMITED AR & RRK PROPERTIES LIMITED AR & RRK PROPERTY RENOVATIONS AND MAINTENANCE LIMITED AR PRODUCE LIMITED ARABELLA'S SWEET BOXES LIMITED ARABESQUE ENTERPRISES LIMITED ARADOSA LIMITED ARAI LIMITED ARAKOTINGA LIMITED ARANZ LIMITED ARATAKI FARMS LIMITED ARBORVITAE HEALTH AND WELLBEING (NEW ZEALAND) PTY LIMITED ARCHIMEDES FUND MANAGEMENT LIMITED ARCHIMEDES GLOBAL INVESTMENTS LIMITED ARCHSTONE HOLDINGS LIMITED ARCOS LIMITED ARCTIC ALCO LIMITED ARCTIC GROUP LIMITED ARDEALUL LIMITED ARDENT EDUCATION LIMITED ARGYLE CORPORATE TRUSTEE LIMITED ARIA CONCRETE SERVICES LIMITED ARIEL INVESTMENTS (WANGANUI) LIMITED ARIKI FRESH NEW ZEALAND COMPANY LIMITED ARK GLOBAL EDUCATION LIMITED ARKOBILO LIMITED ARL BUTLER TRUST LIMITED ARMAND & MARLI LIMITED ARMIGER SOLUTIONS LIMITED ARMOUR TRUSTEES LIMITED ARMSTRONG PROJECTS LIMITED ARNOS GROVE INVESTMENTS LIMITED AROHA HEALTH LIFE LIMITED ARONET COMMODITIES LIMITED ARROW CONTRACTING LIMITED ARROW MAX PANEL & PAINT 2021 LIMITED ART & NAOMI LIMITED ART BY EG, LIMITED ART INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY GENERAL PARTNER LIMITED ART NEW ZEALAND 2009 LIMITED ART THAI LIMITED ARTHOUSE BED & BREAKFAST LIMITED ARTHUR ANDERSEN NOMINEES LIMITED ARTHUR FOX LAND CONSULTANT LIMITED ARTISAN STONE LIMITED ARTISANS DIGITAL LIMITED ARTRITE SCREENPRINTING LIMITED ARUNMONI LIMITED AS RESIDENTIAL LIMITED AS WELL AS LIMITED ASAK OIL SUPPLY & SERVICES LIMITED ASBESTOS SURVEYING SOLUTIONS LIMITED ASC PROPERTIES LIMITED ASENDIA OCEANIA NZ LIMITED ASG LIMITED ASG2020 LIMITED ASGK HOLDINGS LIMITED ASHGROVE MARKETING LIMITED ASHINHURST LIMITED ASHREYA LIMITED ASIA CONSULTING SERVICES LIMITED ASIA MAGNIFIERS COMPANY (NZ) LIMITED ASIA VENTURES LIMITED ASPECT PLASTERING LIMITED ASPEN LIMITED ASPEN SAUNAS LIMITED ASPIRE HOME LOANS AND INSURANCES LIMITED ASPIRE RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS ACADEMY LIMITED ASQUITH BUSINESS CONSULTING LIMITED ASQUITH DEVELOPMENT LIMITED ASSEMBLY SERVICES NORTHLAND LIMITED ASSISTME LIMITED AST CONSULTING LIMITED ASTLEY INVESTMENTS LIMITED ASTROLAB CAPITAL LIMITED ASTROLAB NOMINEES LIMITED ASV LIMITED AT HOME LIMITED AT PLUMBING LIMITED AT1 LIMITED ATARUA CHARTERS LIMITED ATCOM NZ LIMITED ATHARVA BROTHER AND SISTER LIMITED ATHEA CONSULTING LIMITED ATKINS ENTERPRISES LIMITED ATLANTIC TRUST LIMITED ATLAS GLOBAL TRADING LIMITED ATLAS WORLD HEALTH CLINIC LIMITED ATMOS PLATFORM LIMITED ATNZ 2000 LIMITED ATOM WORX LIMITED ATOPIA INVESTMENT LIMITED ATTEST.NZ. LIMITED ATTIC INSTALLATIONS LIMITED ATTRACTHQ LIMITED AU AND NZ INTERIOR PLASTERING LIMITED AU HOMES LIMITED AUAHA EVENTS LIMITED AUAHA LIMITED AUBURN TRUSTEES 1 LIMITED AUCANZ MIGRATION AND EDUCATION CONSULTANTS LIMITED AUCKLAND (2014) PROPERTY HOLDINGS LIMITED AUCKLAND APPLIANCE SERVICES LIMITED AUCKLAND AUTO GATES LIMITED AUCKLAND CENTRAL DANCE STUDIOS LIMITED AUCKLAND CITY TAXIS LIMITED AUCKLAND COLLECTIVE LIMITED AUCKLAND DANCE ACADEMY LIMITED AUCKLAND FENCE WORX LIMITED AUCKLAND FINANCIAL HOLDINGS LIMITED AUCKLAND FLOWERS LIMITED AUCKLAND GLASS 2022 LIMITED AUCKLAND HALAL ABATTOIR LIMITED AUCKLAND HORIZON LIMITED AUCKLAND INTERNAL SPOUTING LIMITED AUCKLAND LANDSCAPE MAINTENANCE LIMITED AUCKLAND LOSS ADJUSTERS & INSURANCE SERVICES LIMITED AUCKLAND MB MOTORS LIMITED AUCKLAND PROFESSIONAL BRICK & BLOCK LAYING LIMITED AUCKLAND PROPERTY COMPANY LIMITED AUCKLAND SEAPLANES LIMITED AUCKLAND SECURITY SERVICES LIMITED AUCKLAND SMART PROPERTY SERVICES LIMITED AUCKLAND STORAGE LIMITED AUCKLAND TRAVEL LOGISTICS LIMITED AUCKLAND VEHICLE GROOM LIMITED AUCKLAND WIDE CONCRETE PUMPS (2011) LIMITED AUGUSTA PROPERTY INVESTMENT LIMITED AUKAHA LIMITED AULD HOOSE LIMITED AULT ELECTRICAL LIMITED AUM CONSULTING LIMITED AURA LANDSCAPING LIMITED AURASHINE CLEANING SERVICES LIMITED AURORA CONSULTANTS LIMITED AURORA CORPORATE TRUSTEE LIMITED AURUM GROUP NZ LIMITED AURYN LIMITED AUSGATE LEGAL LIMITED AUSTIN FEATHER LIMITED AUSTRAL CA LIMITED AUSTRAL GRR LIMITED AUSTRAL NL LIMITED AUSTRAL PR LIMITED AUSTRAL STELLAR INVESTMENT LIMITED AUSTRALASIA DAIRY LIMITED AUSTRALASIAN TRADING CO LIMITED AUSTRALEC SWITCHGEAR (NZ) LIMITED AUTHENTIC CLEANS LIMITED AUTHORITY LIMITED AUTO BATT HAWKES BAY LIMITED AUTO BEAUTY SERVICES LIMITED AUTO CAR HUB LIMITED AUTO DEALS DIRECT LIMITED AUTO MANIA NZ LIMITED AUTO ONE CARS AND VANS LIMITED AUTO ONE MANUKAU LIMITED AUTO PART EXPRESS 2020 LIMITED AUTO SUPER SHOPPE MARTON LIMITED AUTO TOUCH GROOMING LIMITED AUTO4LESS LIMITED AUTONZ LIMITED AUTOTECHNZ LIMITED AUWAY.CO. LIMITED AV CONCEPTS LIMITED AVAIKI FLOORING LIMITED AVANT-GARDEN LANDSCAPES LIMITED AVASHIA FINANCIAL SERVICES LIMITED AVEERA DHILLON PROPERTIES LIMITED AVENIR GROUP (NZ) LIMITED AVG INVESTMENTS LIMITED AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY CONSULTANTS LIMITED AVICE LIMITED AVINESH PRASAD TRANSPORT LIMITED AVINOOR BAINS ENTERPRISES LIMITED AVLABS LIMITED AVON HOUSING LIMITED AVONLEA LIMITED AVONSTORM INTERACTIVE LIMITED AVOS SPEED CUP LIMITED AWA RECREATIONS LIMITED AWARE DESIGN LIMITED AWC DEVELOPMENTS LIMITED AWESOME CLEANING NZ (2020) LIMITED AWESOME EATS LIMITED AWESTAR HOME LIMITED AWP DESIGNS LIMITED AXE CAPITAL LIMITED AXJ HOLDING LIMITED AXJ TRANSPORT LIMITED AY PROPERTY COOPERATION LIMITED AYAN & SISTERS TRUSTEES LIMITED AYANA ENTERPRISES LIMITED AYMAN COLLECTIONS LIMITED AYUSH MAINTENANCE CO. LIMITED AYUTA LIMITED A-Z DEBT COLLECTIONS LIMITED A-Z HOME RENOVATORS LIMITED AZIZ HOMES LIMITED AZN PANEL BEATERS LIMITED AZTECH LIMITED AZTECH SUPPLEMENTS LIMITED B & B TRUSTS LIMITED B & W HOLDINGS NZ LIMITED B G & J K LIMITED B G PARTNERSHIP LIMITED B K & KOREA LIMITED B K RUIJNE HOLDINGS LIMITED B MARINE LIMITED B S PAINTERS LIMITED B T CONSULTING 2018 LIMITED B TAYLOR CONSULTING LIMITED B&B KHATNAWLIA LIMITED B&D HOLDINGS HOME LIMITED B&S TRADE CORPORATION LIMITED B. & B. LEABOURN LIMITED B.K. AND SONS (N.Z.) LIMITED B4NSI LIMITED BA & AJ DALZELL TRUSTEE LIMITED BA ACCOUNTING LIMITED BAAZ HORTICULTURE LIMITED BABA MATI LIMITED BABY & I NZ LIMITED BABY00 LIMITED BABYCOOL LIMITED BABYLON (2015) LIMITED BACHARI LIMITED BACK YARD CRICKET LIMITED BAD FOOD LIMITED BAD MOTHER MOTORSPORT LIMITED BAD NANNAS LIMITED BADA NEWO LIMITED BADWAL CONTRACTOR LIMITED BAG A BEAN LIMITED BAGLEYS LIMITED BAHADUR PROPERTIES LIMITED BAI INVESTMENTS TRUSTEE LIMITED BAILEY & LUKE INVESTMENTS LIMITED BAILEY REID LIMITED BAINNE LIMITED BAINS BROS LIMITED BAJ TOURS AND TRANSFERS LIMITED BAJWA13 LIMITED BAKER FAMILY CORPORATE TRUSTEE LIMITED BAKER IMPORTING LIMITED BALA TRANSPORT LIMITED BALANCE BETTER AOTEAROA LIMITED BALI HAI DEER STUD LIMITED BALI STARTUP SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE ONE STOP SHOP LIMITED BALLANTYNE ROAD WATER SUPPLY LIMITED BALLOONS AND BEYOND LIMITED BAMBOULA INVESTMENTS LIMITED BAMFORD HOMES (COMMERCIAL) LIMITED BANDANA LIMITED BANDITS MUSIC TUITION LIMITED BANG ON PEST CONTROL LIMITED BANISIDDS 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wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	2	6	https://startuptalky.com/oracle-interesting-facts/	en	11 Unknown Facts About Oracle	https://static.startupta…startuptalky.jpg	https://static.startupta…startuptalky.jpg	[ "https://static.startuptalky.com/2022/07/StartupTalky_Final_Logo-1.png", "https://static.startuptalky.com/2022/11/Sushree-Sangeeta-Behera-StartupTalky-Writer--1-.jpg", "https://static.startuptalky.com/2022/06/oracle-interesting-facts-startuptalky.jpg 320w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2022/06/oracle-interesting-facts-startuptalky.jpg 600w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2022/06/oracle-interesting-facts-startuptalky.jpg 960w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2022/06/oracle-interesting-facts-startuptalky.jpg 1200w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2022/06/oracle-interesting-facts-startuptalky.jpg 2000w", "https://static.startuptalky.com/2021/08/Oracle-logo-StartupTalky.jpg", "https://static.startuptalky.com/2022/06/oracle-interesting-facts-founders-startuptalky.jpg", "https://startuptalky.com/assets/icon-192x192.png?v=3867a75d2e", "https://static.startuptalky.com/2021/06/Story-of-Meenu-Agarwal-wife-of-oracles-director-StartupTalky.jpg", "https://static.startuptalky.com/2022/06/oracle-interesting-facts-larry-ellison-startuptalky.jpg", "https://startuptalky.com/assets/icon-192x192.png?v=3867a75d2e", "https://static.startuptalky.com/2021/08/Richest-People-in-Dubai-list-StartupTalky.jpg", "https://static.startuptalky.com/2022/06/oracle-interesting-facts-team-startuptalky--1-.jpg", "https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/Hardik-Pandya-FanCode-StartupTalky.jpg 160w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/Hardik-Pandya-FanCode-StartupTalky.jpg 320w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/Hardik-Pandya-FanCode-StartupTalky.jpg 600w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/Hardik-Pandya-FanCode-StartupTalky.jpg 960w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/Hardik-Pandya-FanCode-StartupTalky.jpg 1200w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/Hardik-Pandya-FanCode-StartupTalky.jpg 2000w", "https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/ravanth-Aluru--Avataar-Co-Founder---CEO.png 160w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/ravanth-Aluru--Avataar-Co-Founder---CEO.png 320w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/ravanth-Aluru--Avataar-Co-Founder---CEO.png 600w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/ravanth-Aluru--Avataar-Co-Founder---CEO.png 960w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/ravanth-Aluru--Avataar-Co-Founder---CEO.png 1200w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/ravanth-Aluru--Avataar-Co-Founder---CEO.png 2000w", "https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/FirstCry-Success-Story-StartupTalky.png 160w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/FirstCry-Success-Story-StartupTalky.png 320w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/FirstCry-Success-Story-StartupTalky.png 600w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/FirstCry-Success-Story-StartupTalky.png 960w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/FirstCry-Success-Story-StartupTalky.png 1200w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/FirstCry-Success-Story-StartupTalky.png 2000w", "https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/Frigates-Order-Cleared-Defence-Ministry-StartupTalky.jpg 160w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/Frigates-Order-Cleared-Defence-Ministry-StartupTalky.jpg 320w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/Frigates-Order-Cleared-Defence-Ministry-StartupTalky.jpg 600w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/Frigates-Order-Cleared-Defence-Ministry-StartupTalky.jpg 960w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/Frigates-Order-Cleared-Defence-Ministry-StartupTalky.jpg 1200w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/Frigates-Order-Cleared-Defence-Ministry-StartupTalky.jpg 2000w", "https://static.startuptalky.com/2022/07/StartupTalky_Final_Logo-1.png" ]	[ "https://www.youtube.com/embed/fniDGgm8HM8?feature=oembed" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Sushree Sangeeta Behera", "www.facebook.com" ]	2022-06-29T13:43:00+00:00	Oracle comes as a powerful tech-based company. It holds a number of unique facts that only a few are aware of. Read here to learn more about it.	en	https://static.startupta…logo_V03--2-.png	StartupTalky	https://startuptalky.com/oracle-interesting-facts/	The worth of computers and software has reached sky-high in this present era. Technology holds an equal necessity in a person's life as oxygen. Instinctively the competition to maintain a firm grip in the market prevails too. That's where the software companies come in. Oracle corporation among them grabs our focus. Oracle is a computer technology corporation. It's an America-based company that has its headquarters in Austin, Texas. Initially, Redwood shores, California was where the company had its headquarters. It was in December 2020 when Texas housed its new headquarters. Software and technology databases, systems usually operable by cloud, and database management systems precisely of its brands are some of the things which this company sells. Now before diving into some of the unknown facts about Oracle, let's have a look at the stars. Now every material in this universe has its own story, its history, accurately it’s unknown or interesting facts if we say. So following are some of the fascinating facts that magnets our interest: 1. The Original Name of Oracle 2. The Story Behind “Oracle” 3. Oracle Has More Than One Founder 4. Oracle Founder-Ellison's Attendees 5. Oracle Faced bankruptcy 6. Co-founder of Oracle- The Richest Man in California 7. The Different Oracle Team 8. Oracle and Its Reach to Java 9. The Prime Oracle 10. The Feud Between Oracle and Google 11. A Difference in the Thoughts of Two Great Personalities 1. The Original Name of Oracle One of the most popular software companies in today's world addressed as "Oracle" was not intended to be named Oracle. Instead, the name Oracle can be considered the third name was given to the firm. In 1977 originally the company was addressed as a "Software Development Laboratory". Following this, in 1979 the name was reshaped to "Relational Software Inc". Later in 1995 the company finally was named Oracle corporation after a winning success over a project. 2. The Story Behind “Oracle” The company was renamed Oracle after completing its first assignment in 1995. The earlier company was known as Relational Software Incorporation. However, when the CIA handed the company its first project, the firm went on to change its name after the completion of the task. The first project was assigned to design a relational database system. The code name assigned for this project was “Oracle" hence the company drew its name from this project. 3. Oracle Has More Than One Founder Oracle is highly addressed by its former CEO Larry Ellison. However, the company Oracle took more than one person's effort to be built up. Oracle originally has three founders named Bob Miner, Ed Oates, and Larry Ellison. Yet, the firm is known by the name of its sole former CEO only named Larry Ellison. 4. Oracle Founder-Ellison's Attendees Ellison was brought up by his single mother's uncle and aunt. The status of Oracle was highly maintained and developed by its co-founder Larry. However, the unknown fact about Larry Ellison is that he was not a normal kid and was counted amongst the sick kids. It is reported that at the age of nine months, Larry fell prey to pneumonia and hence was given up to his aunt for adoption by his mother. Lillian Spellman and Louis Ellison his aunt and uncle officially adopted him and raised him in the middle-class neighborhood. Irrespective of the odds, Larry Ellison made up his future. 5. Oracle Faced Bankruptcy Irrespective of the name and fame achieved by Oracle today. Oracle also owns some of the downs to get to the position it stands today. In the 1990s bankruptcy hit Oracle with full force due to some legal lawsuits making them discharge employees. However, this phase soon passed by and Oracle grew stronger and better than before. 6. Co-founder of Oracle- The Richest Man in California The 22.5% shareholder of his company, Larry Ellison is titled the richest man in California. The majority of his wealth takes birth from these shares. Larry Ellison holds a 22.5% share of his company Oracle creates a way for other wealth to be created from the available shares. Along with that, Larry is known to own 98% of an Island. Hawaii's sixth-largest island, "the Lanai" is estimated to be owned by Larry Ellison. Along with the beneficiary shares and some splendid properties, Larry Ellison is also known to own two military jets with some number of aircraft. The most interesting point is that he is a certified pilot. Apart from being rich, Larry is counted amongst the most influential people across the globe. As per the reports, it was rumored that the wedding picture of Larry Ellison and Melanie craft was taken by another most influential personality in the world, "Steve Job". Even for a brief period, Larry Ellison topped the list of being the richest person around the world in the year 2000. In addition to that, he was also ranked as the highest-paid CEO on the Forbes list in 2014. 7. The Different Oracle Team The Golden state warriors, a professional basketball team, is known to be sponsored by the Oracle. The team is in Oakland, California. With its home court at Oracle Arena previously addressed as Oakland Arena. The first-ever commercial version of Oracle was titled Oracle 2. This was Larry's idea to make people believe that any unwanted bugs were already dumped out of the product. 8. Oracle and Its Reach to Java Computer languages are quite complicated to excel at. However, if to be believed. It is estimated that Oracle was the first company to excel at Java Programming. It is believed that Oracle was the first and foremost company to fully embrace Java programming in 1998. 9. The Prime Oracle Oracle itself is a huge franchise and now stands on the supremacy of owning 57 different companies. With this Oracle as of today has more than 70 million users worldwide. Contrary to the time of bankruptcy, Oracle now employs 143,000 employees (2022) around the world. 10. The Feud Between Oracle and Google Oracle is a well-established company highly acknowledged for its terms and policies. Irrespective of the opposite party, Oracle believes in following the rules. In 2010 Oracle sued the world's popular Google for using Java APIs without the prior consent of Oracle. 11. A Difference in the Thoughts of Two Great Personalities A deep unknown fact lives that Larry deeply hated Microsoft. Apart from being a proud former CEO, believed that his reasons for hating Microsoft were justifiable. He thought that Bill Gates and Microsoft suppressed the full use of the internet. Moreover, they failed to provide a complete service on the internet. In other words, they were not using the internet to its full capacity but rather were fooling people by misleading them. Conclusion Therefore, can it be concluded that for a super successful company it is necessary to have an arrogant CEO? Yes, probably or probably not. But having a clear vision of what we want, and what we are determined for would always help us achieve our goals in the long run. Check the above context for some mind-blowing facts on Oracle. At the same time leveling up with our rivals, not making the mistake to underestimate them, or giving them any chance to overtake us is what makes us an ultimate competitor. Hence stands “The Oracle" helping this world to keep up the pace with advanced technology and convert every complex 24 hours into simpler and convenient ones. FAQs What is Oracle most known for? The Oracle company is best known for its Oracle database software, a relational database management system. How did Oracle get its name? Oracle got its name from the first successfully completed project of the company. The project was given the code name Oracle and then the company was given the same name after the completion of the project. Is Oracle a top tech company? Yes, Oracle can be listed amongst the top tech companies across the globe. Who invented Oracle? Oracle was invented by the joint efforts of three people named Larry Ellison, Bob Miner, and Ed Oates.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	1	6	https://www.oracle.com/emea/news/announcement/nibio-selects-oci-to-improve-sustainable-forest-management-2023-04-13/	en	NIBIO Selects Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Services to Improve Sustainable Forest Management	https://www.oracle.com/a…social-nibio.jpg	https://www.oracle.com/a…social-nibio.jpg	[ "https://www.oracle.com/a/pr/img/rc24inline-nibio.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2023-04-13T00:00:00	Norwegian forestry research organization is using Oracle Autonomous Database and AI on Oracle Cloud Infrastructure to better understand the forest value chain and improve long-term sustainability	en	https://www.oracle.com/a…s/favicon-32.png	Oracle	https://www.oracle.com/emea/news/announcement/nibio-selects-oci-to-improve-sustainable-forest-management-2023-04-13	The Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), an independent research organization, has chosen Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) and its powerful data platform, including Oracle Autonomous Database and OCI Data Science, to support key developments in the SmartForest initiative. SmartForest is a NIBIO-led center for research-based innovation carried out in conjunction with other organizations in the Norwegian forest-based value chain. SmartForest aims to improve the efficiency and impact of the Norwegian forest sector by using advanced technologies to transform forest information, silviculture, wood supply, and forest operations. The SmartForest initiative will enable interdisciplinary scientific researchers to harness forest data and improve forest care and management. For example, researchers will be able to use AI to analyze forest imagery from drones and laser scanning data to support decisions on forestry tasks such as tree identification and mapping, environmental impact of forest operations, and forest damage detection. “The big issues in today’s world, such as climate change or loss of biodiversity, need to be tackled now with the right technology and tools. A forest has a lifespan of hundreds of years, and the decisions we make have very long-lasting effects on the future,” said Rasmus Astrup, Head of Research at Division of Forest and Forest Resources, NIBIO. “We use OCI to receive data from our sensors, apply the AI algorithms that we've developed to transform the data into information to support better decisions, and then store it in Oracle Autonomous Database to make it easily accessible for the end users.” Drone imagery and scanning data will be uploaded to Oracle Autonomous Database on OCI. Using OCI Data Science with Autonomous Database to develop and manage machine learning models for rapid, low-code application development, researchers should be able to deploy large-scale, readily available AI capacity for sustainable forest management. As a converged database, Oracle Autonomous Database will enable researchers to store all data, including images and image metadata, such as geospatial information. “Forests are diverse and dynamic, and we depend on them to provide oxygen, shelter, food, and warmth for nearly 80 percent of the earth’s species. More than ever, it's imperative we look after them,” said Richard Smith, executive vice president for Technology at Oracle EMEA. “NIBIO’s SmartForest initiative perfectly illustrates how cloud technologies can help preserve these vital support systems for life across the planet.”
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	1	44	https://www.au.dk/en/csn%40chem.au.dk	en	Cecilie Schmidt Herø	https://www.au.dk/filead…tandard_logo.jpg	https://www.au.dk/filead…tandard_logo.jpg	[ "https://cdn.au.dk/2016/assets/img/au_segl.svg", "https://ipure8.au.dk/current/photos/73f7967d-4d87-4686-ab1c-eaafdcd636ef-new.jpg", "https://cdn.au.dk/2016/assets/img/au_segl.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-03-11T14:30:42+01:00	Academic Technical Staff at Department of Chemistry at Aarhus University. See job responsibilities and contact information.	en	https://cdn.au.dk/favicon.ico		https://www.au.dk/en/show/person/csn@chem.au.dk	Common pages for staff members at AU staff.au.dk Employee portals Find the local staff portal for your department or division.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	3	71	https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/6/2391	en	Overcoming the Blockchain Oracle Problem in the Traceability of Non-Fungible Products	https://pub.mdpi-res.com…0.jpg?1585769368	https://pub.mdpi-res.com…0.jpg?1585769368	[ "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1721387811", "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1721387811", "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/sustainability-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14", "https://www.mdpi.com/profiles/969074/thumb/Giulio_Caldarelli.jpg", "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1721387811", "https://www.mdpi.com/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png", "https://www.mdpi.com/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png", "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1721387811", "https://www.mdpi.com/sustainability/sustainability-12-02391/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-12-02391-g001-550.jpg", "https://www.mdpi.com/sustainability/sustainability-12-02391/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-12-02391-g001.png", "https://www.mdpi.com/sustainability/sustainability-12-02391/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-12-02391-g002-550.jpg", "https://www.mdpi.com/sustainability/sustainability-12-02391/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-12-02391-g002.png", "https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png", "https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png", "https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png", "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-white-small.png?71d18e5f805839ab?1721387811" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Giulio Caldarelli", "Cecilia Rossignoli", "Alessandro Zardini" ]	2020-03-19T00:00:00	Blockchain implications within the sustainability domain are rapidly arousing the interest of researchers and institutions. However, despite the avalanche of articles, papers, and recently published books, innovation in the blockchain domain is still heavily influenced by light literature, such as news, articles, opinion posts, and white papers. Lacking a homogeneous literature background, case studies often fall into storytelling, providing mere descriptions of the facts according to the writers’ impressions and opinions. We therefore investigate blockchain adoption for sustainable purposes through a case study while remaining firmly grounded in three main theoretical literature streams: knowledge management, knowledge infrastructure, and trust. Since blockchain interaction with the real world is managed by oracles, addressing the oracle problem is essential in order to evaluate the effectiveness of blockchain for sustainability issues. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no other paper has efficiently addressed this subject or even mentioned it. Recognizing its scarce consideration in the literature, the oracle problem will be analyzed in both theoretical and practical terms, thereby providing a way to solve the issues related to non-fungible products in the supply chain. Choice over the selected case study was made in light of the divergence in motives for the adoption of blockchain (economic over social), which makes the results more inferable at a broader scale and offers an insight into how sustainable innovations can also be economically viable.	en	https://pub.mdpi-res.com…d7013?1721387811	MDPI	https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/6/2391	Department of Business Administration, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Sustainability 2020, 12(6), 2391; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062391 Submission received: 30 January 2020 / Revised: 17 February 2020 / Accepted: 17 March 2020 / Published: 19 March 2020 (This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Business Model and Digital Transformation) Abstract : Blockchain implications within the sustainability domain are rapidly arousing the interest of researchers and institutions. However, despite the avalanche of articles, papers, and recently published books, innovation in the blockchain domain is still heavily influenced by light literature, such as news, articles, opinion posts, and white papers. Lacking a homogeneous literature background, case studies often fall into storytelling, providing mere descriptions of the facts according to the writers’ impressions and opinions. We therefore investigate blockchain adoption for sustainable purposes through a case study while remaining firmly grounded in three main theoretical literature streams: knowledge management, knowledge infrastructure, and trust. Since blockchain interaction with the real world is managed by oracles, addressing the oracle problem is essential in order to evaluate the effectiveness of blockchain for sustainability issues. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no other paper has efficiently addressed this subject or even mentioned it. Recognizing its scarce consideration in the literature, the oracle problem will be analyzed in both theoretical and practical terms, thereby providing a way to solve the issues related to non-fungible products in the supply chain. Choice over the selected case study was made in light of the divergence in motives for the adoption of blockchain (economic over social), which makes the results more inferable at a broader scale and offers an insight into how sustainable innovations can also be economically viable. 1. Introduction As recently shown by the Politecnico di Milano Observatory [1], at an international level, more than 580 projects involving blockchain as the main subject can be observed, with an increment of 76% since 2017, although the number of real applications barely exceeds 10%. Many blockchain applications involve financial technology, whereas we are assisting with a slight but progressive increase in non-financial projects such as logistics, production, and traceability [2,3]. Recent literature has shown that blockchain is being tested [4,5,6], mainly in the Chinese and US markets, to track product information and to improve product traceability. In 2011, China experienced a massive mislabeling of pork meat, together with a contamination problem where donkey meat was secretly mixed with fox meat [7,8]. In 2017, Papayas in the US were linked with a multi-state outbreak of salmonella, leading to 173 cases of salmonellosis, 53 hospitalizations, and one death across 21 states [9]. Traceability improves food safety and public confidence, pinpointing the exact product to be discarded without compromising the entire supply line [10]. Kamath [11], Mearian [12], and Corkery and Popper [13], extensively described Walmart’s efforts involving the adoption of blockchain and cryptography to trace the products sold in their stores. Supported by government entities, cooperating with IBM and utilizing Linux Hyperledger [14], they managed to improve the time taken to trace a product from one week to a few seconds, in addition to providing updated information, such as temperature, humidity, and a roadmap. Their pilot project concerning mangos aimed to demonstrate transferability and accountability across borders; while successful, the maintenance costs for the whole system were quite high [15]. Blockchain for a sustainable agri-food market is mostly intended to solve social problems rather than technical or economic problems [16]. In contrast, in Italian markets, non-financial blockchain applications are considered a valuable resource for the protection of the “Made-in-Italy” brand. Federalimentare’s (2018) data show that the capitalization of agri-food products utilizing the “Made-in-Italy” brand is around 135 billion euros [17], with an added value of more than 61 billion euros. Italian agri-food products are protected by the “Designation of Origin” (DOP, DOCG), which reached the value of 15 billion euros in early 2017, representing nearly 18% of the entire agri-food sector and comprising 822 products subject to regulations and checks. However, the same protection system limits the growth of production, exponentially enlarging the gap between demand and offer. As the solution cannot involve production adjustments, as a result of DOP constraints, Italian small to medium enterprises (SMEs) are fighting the phenomenon, incentivizing client awareness of product provenance and transportation, lately also considering blockchain. As sustainable innovation should also be economically viable, we build on this divergence of aims for blockchain’s adoption to effectively address our research questions. Sustainability driven blockchain adoption involves a very narrow but important aspect of the economy, making models and inference less applicable on a broader scale [18,19]. In contrast, a value-driven approach to blockchain adoption undertaken by Italian SMEs could be easier to replicate for companies entering the market or simply changing their business model to a blockchain orientation. Further, for managers trying to replicate a sustainable supply chain, being aware of how it can also promote financial sustainability could represent the right incentive for the investment to be promoted. Further, food-safety designed blockchain models are more expensive than value-driven blockchains, which, designed for value creation, are by definition “cost effective”. Early evidence supports the usefulness of blockchain in the financial sector to lower costs and facilitate faster transactions [20,21]. Non-financial applications are still in the pilot/early stages, and no robust findings have been produced so far. What the literature neglects about blockchain implication for traceability and sustainability is the so-called oracle problem, and the trustworthiness of information written in smart contracts [22,23]. Few have made attempt to address the problem, and those who have work mainly in the light literature of the insurance/finance sector [24,25]. Although the problem is less worrying for fungible products [26], in non-fungible products it can undermine the worthiness of entire projects. Seeking to make a solid contribution to the literature addressing blockchain social and economic implications, this paper focuses on two main research questions. First, how does blockchain technology adoption affect organizational effectiveness and, second, how can the oracle problem be effectively overcome for sustainable supply chains? Undoubtedly, addressing the critical gap in the literature that neglects the oracle problem is mandatory when developing further empirical/theoretical papers on traceability and smart-contract-driven blockchain. Above all, the concept is critical when smart contracts are used for sustainability purposes where information reliability and transparency constitute essential aspects. To answer our two research questions, we will take a knowledge-based view of a modified Gold et al. model to analyze a single case study of an Italian agri-food company undertaking a blockchain-based traceability project [27]. The paper proceeds as follows. Section 2 provides a background on the literature on blockchain technology and the oracle problem, addressing streams of literature by Gold et al. [27], and on the implications of knowledge process capabilities [28]. In Section 3, the methodology of this research is explained, along with a detailed illustration of the data gathered. In Section 4, an in-depth analysis of the research questions is provided, along with the most significative data. Section 5 provides the concluding remarks, limitations, implications for academics and practitioners, and hints for further research. 2. Theoretical Background The concept of blockchain was introduced by Haber and Stornetta’s [29] paper that promoted the idea of the digital stamping of documents “in a sequence” (one at a time) to authenticate Intellectual Property Rights. In a subsequent work, they, along with other authors, proposed bundling large volumes of transactions together into blocks and arranging them in a chronological sequence according to a hash code. The first to refer to this particular “chain of block” appears to be Nakamoto in 2008 [30], who connected the concept of blockchain to a public ledger, constantly updated by multiple users. Motivated by distrust in financial establishments, Nakamoto [30] introduced a blockchain framework for his cryptocurrency (Bitcoin) with no central organization to supervise the creation of blocks [30,31]. Blockchain technology is defined as a distributed ledger [32,33], able to record transactions (of any kind) in a secure, transparent, efficient, decentralized, and low-cost way [34]. There are several types of blockchain (public, private, hybrid) that vary according to the degree of freedom to access information [35,36]. Swan presents a list of potential blockchain applications [37], divided into three categories: The first area is related to currencies, payments, and invoices; the second regards smart contracts in financial and non-financial markets; and the third pertains to social applications, such as voting and healthcare identification. Regarding the second type of application, smart contracts are defined by Morkunas et al. as a self-executing code on a blockchain that automatically implements the terms of an agreement between parties [2]. When operating with smart contracts, a problem related to the insertion of data on the blockchain arises. Smart contracts for non-financial/real-world applications involve the role of an oracle (human or artificial intelligence) to actually insert critical data drawn from an external environment into the blockchain. As the role of oracles is critical when evaluating smart contracts for sustainable supply chains, further explanations and examples of financial and non-financial smart contracts involving the oracle are provided. When dealing with cryptocurrencies, the provenance of a bitcoin, or another token on a smart-contract platform, is certain because the token itself is in the blockchain and, therefore, all of its information is available to the smart-contract. For example, if the smart-contract pertains to a swap between two different cryptocurrencies, all the requisite information will be drawn from the two respective blockchains, which are “true and immutable”. For non-financial applications, such as food traceability, the tracking of information about things that are not part of the “locked chain” but happen outside (such as weather effects, temperature, or product provenance) constitutes an externality to the blockchain. In the case of, for example, a pack of cheese sitting on a store shelf, the information about that product is not present in any of the available blockchains, and so it has to be inserted by an oracle. An oracle is essentially a gateway between a smart-contract environment and the external world [22,23]. It obtains information about something that has occurred outside the blockchain and then provides that information to the smart contract through a specific communication channel (e.g., platforms, probes). The main difference between financial and non-financial/real-world smart-contract applications is that, for financial applications, the information is true and immutable (if the system has not been compromised) because it is drawn from other blockchain environments, while, for non-financial/real-world applications, the information is immutable because it is protected by the blockchain (Experts [22] consider immutable, Proof-of-Work based blockchains like Bitcoin or Ethereum), but its truth or trustworthiness is dependent on the trustworthiness of the oracle that inserted it. Many blockchain communities are skeptical about non-financial applications, especially for sustainable domains, because of the problem of the oracle’s credibility, also pointing out the following arguments. If the oracle is trusted, then it becomes a single trusted party, which produces a “counterparty risk” because if lies can be fed to the oracle, or if it is compromised, then the smart contract will work on data that is “untrue”. There are significant financial incentives to compromise such systems because they are perceived to be safer and more trustworthy than the legacy ones. The implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT) is considered to have solved the problem using sensors to track various physical objects as they move through the supply chain. However, the problem of trust still applies to the sensor, as well as its placement, its scanning ability, and its communication channels with the oracle, returning us again to the problem of the oracle. For fungible goods, such as crude oil, this problem can be efficiently addressed because the product is easier to track [26]. Think of a certain amount of crude oil loaded onto a tanker and then tracked on the other side as it is unloaded from a ship—all of which information is recorded to the blockchain. Since crude oil is fungible, it does not matter whether the same molecules of oil are tracked or not. Unfortunately, to date, there is still not an efficient way to address the problem of non-fungible products, and, to the best of our knowledge, many of the current applications in the supply chain suffer from the oracle problem, leading to the risk of creating a false trustworthy environment in which the consumer is not sufficiently safeguarded, further mining sustainability. To address this problem, and more broadly, the two research questions of this paper, we decided to utilize the knowledge-based view and, in particular, a modified Gold et al. model (see Figure 1), as knowledge management and information sharing are the main aspects affected by the oracle problem [27]. A further explanation of the theoretical construct is provided below. The construct of knowledge management (KM), as Gao declares [28], embodies a higher value than the separate concepts of knowledge and management alone. It is defined as a formal and well-defined way to shape information that will advantage companies over others while, at the same time, crafting information to be freely available for those who require it [38,39,40,41,42,43]. Confirming the importance of KM, Gharakhani and Mousakhani suggested that knowledge management creates new capabilities for organizations, enables superior performance, encourages innovation, and enhances customer value [44]. Cho added that an effective KM helps organizations to become flexible, respond quickly to changing conditions, become innovative, and improve decision-making capacities and productivity [45]. Denford [46], in his dissertation on KM capabilities, distinguished resource-based capability as comprising a technological structure and a culture of knowledge-based capabilities, including expertise, learning, and information, that are needed for organizations to efficiently manage knowledge. Resource-based capabilities were renamed by Gold et al. as “knowledge infrastructure,” and will constitute a central part of this article’s analysis [27] because we are investigating how they are affected by the adoption of blockchain. As Smith stated [47], the concept of KM infrastructure is mostly associated with modular products that support KM actions in organizations. KM infrastructure analysis is divided into two main capabilities: technical and social. The technical capabilities comprise IT infrastructure, physical devices, and components, whereas social capacity comprises cultural, human, and governance resources [48]. We then analyze the technical and social capabilities separately according to their blockchain implications, finding that organizations should make every effort to expand their infrastructure capabilities, not only in terms of hardware and software, but also in terms of technology, structure, people, and culture. Regarding the concept of culture, Masa’deh [49] stated that “Organizational culture not only defines the value and advantage of knowledge for organizations, it also influences the ability of employees to share knowledge” [50]. Organizational culture is necessary for encouraging interaction and collaboration between individuals to facilitate the flow of knowledge. It also provides individuals with the ability to self-organize their personal knowledge and to facilitate problem solving and the sharing of knowledge [51]. We contribute to the literature by showing how blockchain adoption affects a firm’s culture and also how that culture determines successful blockchain implementation. As extensively underlined by researchers, one of the most important elements of culture for knowledge sharing is trust [52]. Kushwaha and Rao stated that high levels of trust reduce the reluctance of individuals to share knowledge and decrease the associated risk of losing competitiveness [48]. Further, organizational culture influences the way strategic decisions are implemented in firms [53]. Barney and Hansen have asserted that trust is beneficial to interfirm exchanges and can be a source of competitive advantage [54]. However, the literature reveals ambiguity in the nature of trust, as transaction cost theory, for example, implies that firms tend to behave opportunistically [55,56]. A fundamental challenge in conceptualizing the role of trust lies in extending the micro-foundational phenomenon to the organizational level. Many authors have agreed that viewing opportunism and trust as characteristics of firms anthropomorphizes organizations [57,58]. With the advent of blockchain, the element of trust has been digitalized and separated by the idiosyncratic human correlation. Trust in blockchain is no longer an exclusive outcome of a micro level; it can be generated directly at the macro level. A recent study by Zaheer et al. showed a direct link between interorganizational trust and performance [52], but not between interpersonal trust and performance, whereby even if interpersonal trust is low, interorganizational trust remains high. This perfectly supports the modifications that we are applying to Gold et al.’s model [27], in which trust is included in organizational effectiveness and seen as one of the major drivers of firm performance. 3. Methodology To answer our research questions, we decided to build on Gold et al.’s model to conduct our case study [27], as a quantitative data analysis still did not constitute a valid alternative. The first part of the research involved a thorough investigation of the existing literature to locate the keywords needed to build the model. As demonstrated by Lin et al. [59], the literature lacks seminal papers associating blockchain technology with sustainable agri-food or agribusiness. Switching from a broad analysis to a more in-depth investigation, segmenting “management” and “business” keywords, Lin et al. identified only ten papers [59]. The same results were obtained by Bermeo-Almeida et al. [6], who added that most of the papers (seven out of ten) were written by Asiatic authors. Aware of the limited background, we decided to address the situation using the Scopus platform. We used a specific string—“blockchain” AND “food” (OR “agriculture” OR “agricultural delivery” OR “agricultural supply chain”)—obtaining more than 130 potential results. Controlling for knowledge management, we arrived at slightly more than 20 papers (22), of which 14 were published in peer-reviewed journals and eight had been presented at international conferences. From the most influential and available literature, we were able to identify the following keywords: blockchain technology [60], information structure [61], and firm culture [62]. In our knowledge process capability model, we included products and production processes [63], along with their management insertion rules [64]. Finally, to the “organizational effectiveness” construct, we added the value of trust [65], as well as transparency, auditability, and immutability characteristics—these latter constructs bearing a dual interpretation. We considered trust as a higher grade of consumer faith when evaluating product acquisition and consumption. Further, with blockchain, companies benefit from increased levels of trust among their supply-chain partners, as even the smallest non-compliance episode can be tracked and registered [59]. Because Gold et al.’s sample was quite extensive and mainly involved large companies [27], some modifications were required. First, as stated above, large companies are not the main sources of KM activity, and drivers for knowledge management innovation are also less evident in large organizations. Second, items generating knowledge are reduced according to the sample because of developments in the literature over recent years [66,67,68]. However, since the most intriguing part of the paper is the model (as also stated by the same authors), we gave high priority to the drawing process. The model was slightly adapted, although the scope of its application remained the same in focusing on the relation between knowledge infrastructure capabilities, knowledge process capabilities, and organizational effectiveness/trust. The major changes regarding knowledge infrastructure capability were implemented according to Mendling et al. [28], who introduced, in theoretical terms, the possible impacts of blockchain technology adoption on business process management (BPM). Further developing Mendling et al. [28], we inserted into the model the parts that, according to our case study, seemed most affected by the application of blockchain technology, specifically, discovery, monitoring, adaptation, and evolution. Guided by Pettigrew [69], our approach to the case study involved team visits to the site. We managed three visits to the case study site and conducted a total of nineteen interviews. Our team comprised two professors from the organization department of Business Administration who led and conducted the face to face interviews, one PhD student from the same department who submitted the research questionnaires, and two master’s degree students who transcribed the notes and interviews. The registered interviews were conducted in a semi-structured form. According to prior studies [70,71,72,73], our dataset retained a certain degree of flexibility, along with our research questions, which were often updated according to ongoing feedback and unexpected events. The semi-structured interviews lasted 50 min on average and were conducted with directors involved with the blockchain project, entrepreneurs associated with the cooperative, and service providers. The data and results were presented to the main actors in the organization and to its directors. The analysis of the case study commenced in June 2018 and finished in November 2019. This research was undertaken without preconceptions and without the need to prove anything in advance; we were solely moved by the disinterested aim of contributing to the agri-food sector and the academic literature. 3.1. Data Collection For our case study, we decided to analyze the “San Rocco Dairy” cooperative in Tezze sul Brenta (VI). The company was founded on August 25, 1966, from a congregation of breeders with the aim of producing homogeneous local food, while maintaining excellence (mainly in cheese). At the time of the study, the cooperative counted 19 associates across three different districts of the Veneto region. Its main aggregations were in Vicenza, Treviso, and Padova. The size of the companies was, on average, quite small, and their most common structure was that of a family business that occasionally employed external staff, but rarely more than two. All the companies shared the same structure, except for two that were more prominent. Trusting the quality of their products, the employees suggested competing at national and international levels to increase awareness of the food’s excellence. Since then, the cooperative has received countless prizes, including the Caseus Veneti and the World Cheese Award; it has also been included in the Super Gold Ranking of “Asiago DOP (Fresh and Aged),” and is thus listed among the best cheeses in the world. To defend its strong brand, strengthened through many years of hard work, the cooperative agreed to test the potential of blockchain (public/ETH), and the IoT technology, utilizing a specific quick response (QR) code to guarantee its certification information and to be directly validated by institutions, company partners, and final consumers. In Table 1, it is highlighted the main data used in the analysis of this article. The underlying strategy adopted by the consortium was to redefine the information systems to create a completely tracked supply chain. Data were monitored from the production of milk to the finished products (blocks of cheese), guaranteeing a secure and certified product provenance to consumers. Improvements involved, not only monitoring the safety and quality of products, but also information awareness and procedure compliance, so that well-informed consumers, aware of the supply chain, had become the best contributors to the processes of optimization and engagement. As studies on traceability are few but increasing, our research contributes to the literature as its motivations and the products being analyzed differ slightly from those of other studies. 3.2. Data Analysis The examined consortium began blockchain integration in September 2018, introducing the first blocks of Asiago DOP cheese to the market by January 2019. The consortium also implemented an IoT system based on a QR code to facilitate interaction with its main stakeholders. Data were collected from the beginning of April 2019 (see Table 2). The main data stored in the blockchain and retrievable through the QR code comprised the company ID code (for General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) compliance), the liters of milk provided, data about milk entry, and milk analysis. Regarding the specific activities for transformation and storage, the cooperative decided to include in the blockchain temporal identification data about the entry and exit of every semi-finished product according to the different phases that characterized the critical activities. All information relative to a specific process was stored in a single block to ensure easier trackability of the entire supply-chain process. The QR code was utilized, both by clients and intermediaries, returning precious information to San Rocco’s Dairy. When a user scans the QR code, that user releases critical data to the network, such as their gender, their job, the device used, their location, the time, and the number of times the specific QR has been scanned. Extracted data from the 100 blocks for Asiago cheese show that almost 87% of the products scanned were consumed by Italian clients. Around 10% were French users and the remaining 3% were north-European consumers. The product was most often scanned on Fridays during the daytime (10.00–13.00 h), and the most frequently requested information was from the timeline in reference to the production, the history of the firm, and the prizes awarded. In relation to customer retention, it was discovered that nearly 10% of clients observed the same type of product once a week for at least four weeks. Aware that the value of the data on the blockchain was quite low for consumers, we focused on the changes that this implementation made to organizational effectiveness and whether its application violated the insidious oracle problem. In the first round of informal interviews, we concentrated on company availability to cooperate with our department and on business acquaintance with this new technology, to be sure that the decision for undertaking the project was not merely based on marketing benefits, driven by the hype that blockchain has lately experienced. To clarify the intentions, the first official round of semi-structured interviews had the goal of understanding why the cooperative had chosen to undertake a blockchain-based project and whether they had evaluated it in relation to other alternatives. We asked participants about their plans for the future, and of course, whether they were experiencing any unpredicted issues. After exactly one year, we started a second round of semi-structured interviews, with the aim of understanding what had changed in the organization after the project had been executed and whether the cooperative was planning to improve or abandon it. Considering it necessary to double-check the information provided by the firms, we also contacted the technology provider via phone-call interviews to understand whether there was an alignment between what the firms aimed to obtain through the technology and the exact potential of the implemented service. Further information was taken from the company website and social media, as well as from newspapers, in which San Rocco’s project is often described. The authors transcribed all the interviews and details from direct observations, writing nearly 50 pages of notes that were used to link the data gathered with the Gold et al. model and to understand its implications for the oracle problem [6]. 4. Discussions To better clarify how the company addressed the insidious oracle problem in a sustainable supply chain context, details on the blockchain’s impact on organizational effectiveness must first be provided. Drawing from the informal interviews with the consortium directors, problems linked to the valorization of the brand and to the internalization of products emerged. As underlined by one participant: The “dairy market bears some difficulties generated by the presence of small wholesalers, and the large-scale retail trade”. The constant presence of intermediaries with high commercial competence was helpful in compensating for the low levels of territorial and market control because San Rocco only has two registered shops. Dealers help consumers to receive the product, but the issue of ensuring that the quality is linked with the San Rocco brand has not been solved. One common vision of the consortium’s top management involved the need to more directly reach final consumers and to reduce the information bias generated by intermediaries. Further, one interviewed executive extensively underlined the issues related to the internationalization and safety of the products/brand as a result of the massive presence of counterfeiters: “Asiago is very famous in California … but only a few wheels of cheese are genuine Asiago”. A massive presence of counterfeit products not only undermines company trustworthiness but can also have negative social implications. As a matter of fact, counterfeit products do not differ from the original in terms of just taste and shape. Not subject to strict regulation and checks, they constitute a threat for consumer health. The outcome of blockchain application in terms of value creation cannot be detected at present because the data is insufficient; however, extensive results were already visible in the effects of the blockchain’s application at the organizational level. To obtain these results, many areas were addressed according to the Gold et al. model [27]. The blockchain impacts on organizational effectiveness are summarized in Table 3. The appeal of blockchain technology arises from its distinctive characteristics, which make it a valuable implementation for sustainability purposes [18,19], such as the immutability of its data, the availability of the information, and its transparence, as well as its distributed certification and reliability. During the first official round of interviews, the quality manager stated, “we are a peculiar dairy company, since every employee has the passion for information technology”. Although able to create its own blockchain, the company decided to outsource the technical aspects to limit the chances of failure. As the project grows, they plan to fully automate it with probes and microchips. One of the associates that operates the blockchain remarked, “we need to automatize the system as soon as possible, since if we produce milk today, the data needs to be immediately inserted on the blockchain. Delays of any sort can affect the reliability of data”. Of course, the company also utilized Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), but they preferred to invest in local software houses rather than using the best-known alternatives. As one of the directors declared: “We always tried to cooperate with the local companies … even for services not directly related to our production”. Further, the cooperative installed a remote-control system for the “CASARO” (Mainly used in northern Italy, it describes highly specialized cheesemakers, in charge of guarding high-quality cheeses’ secret recipes), which allowing for the checking of every production site in real time to quickly adjust production gaps. According to the participants, the limitations of the cloud with respect to blockchain involved the “malleability” of the data, and having a very delicate raw material, the date of production of which should be immediately known and certain. The firm’s structure was quite controversial. As one of the directors indicated: “Our cooperative has a pretty controversial governance structure, since the board of the director’s members are also the shareholders”. Every member had to choose whether to defend the cooperative’s interests, his company’s interests, or his own. This could easily create conflicts of interests and difficulties in making decisions; it could also lead to associates’ withdrawal. Despite this, the director had managed to govern the cooperative for more than 40 years without any major issues and, as he stated, the hardest problem to solve consisted of finding a successor. In San Rocco’s Dairy, employees were considered part of the decision-making team, and they also introduced valuable innovations such as blockchain technology, because their mean age was very low. The blockchain adoption was actually promoted by one of the youngest associates, who had studied its application during his master’s degree and had proposed the innovation to the directors. He stated: “The cooperative is always open for innovation … although not aware of the technology, they understood its potential!” The blockchain adoption required no considerable changes to the company structure, as all those interviewed agreed during the second round. However, some changes were made in task distribution after the blockchain’s adoption. As well as contracting a consultant for the implementation, management also awarded employees specific roles and responsibilities related to the blockchain. Further, they planned to hire highly qualified professionals when the project reached a significant level of growth. Nonetheless, changes were not always welcomed, as one of the associates remarked: “It was not easy to present the new technology to the employees, since it means more work for people already overburdened”. The culture of the consortium was stable and strong, and it aimed to strengthen coordination between producers and processers, exploiting the firm’s core sustainability values (economic, social, environmental, cultural, and ethical). Identifying these common values, the cooperative invested in the project of defining a common information structure, transferring to its clients and associates the positive elements that the company pursued, such as the absence of chemical agents, environmental protection, and employee protection. Blockchain implementation, as agreed by almost all those interviewed, brought no changes to the company culture, but the participants also stressed that one of the main motives to undertake this adventure was to better reach the customers and make them aware of the consortium’s core values. One of the associates stated: “Blockchain will help us promote our company values directly to the client and deliver product information at 360 degrees”. Further, the company culture fostered the adoption of the blockchain as its type of innovation was technologically driven. The company’s will to reach clients did not just have a promotional role; it also served as a canvas to build and strengthen trust. Trust was a critical value for San Rocco’s Dairy that participants were eagerly trying to defend. The threats to this trust were multiple. At an international level, Asiago cheese appeared to be a highly requested product, but the narrowed site of production (DOP protection) did not allow for the complete satisfaction of the constantly increasing demand, leaving promising opportunities for counterfeiters. The role of the blockchain for the consortium is not to “create” trust but to maintain the high level of trust built over many years of hard work. This aim is quite controversial because, in the early literature, the blockchain was viewed as a means for creating trust, while it is now widely held that blockchain provides a way to transact in a trustless environment [74,75]. For the consortium, the technology should work in an environment where trust is at a maximum, defending it from external threats. When prompted about this issue, the quality manager affirmed: “We firmly believe in the quality of our products … blockchain ensures that third parties will not alter client awareness”. From the data gathered, there was not strong evidence of the blockchain’s capability of defending trust in those environments; however, theoretically, this remains quite a robust conjecture. Regarding the intra/interorganizational environment, by definition, it acts more as a monitoring authority than a trust enhancer, as assumed in Mendling et al. [28]. The associates and the quality manager stressed that they were surprised about the high level of blockchain involvement in business processes. As a consequence of its structure and functionality, the adoption of blockchain required the company to clearly map and divide all their business processes for information to be uploaded to the ledger. One of those interviewed stated: “Yes, blockchain requires mapping for all business processes. It clearly helps to define the supply chain”. The quality manager stressed that, although the technology was helpful for that task, its compliance with the “disciplinare” (policy document) already required a high level of understanding and control of company processes. Conversely, applying the technology, the consortium realized that some of its processes needed to be changed to remain consistent with blockchain’s potential. The participants noticed that blockchain’s adoption required the packaging process to be internalized. Outsourcing the packaging process created some doubts about the last “steps” of the supply chain’s traceability. Since the tracking devices are on the packaging, the outsourcing of this last step is perceived as a threat to the whole traceability process. One of the associates who interacts with large-scale retailers stated: “Retailers strongly believe in the potential of the technology, but they offer only standardized packaging … we must focus on products that we can pack ourselves”. To ensure the trustworthiness of the process, the packaging step cannot be outsourced. Further, in opposition to the expectations of previous literature [28,76], the business process (at least for this case study) was not automated through blockchain smart contracts but remained a function of human action; while the immutability of the ledger created the “trigger” for an ease in monitoring activity. The blockchain manager proudly stated: “We can enjoy a double outcome for [the] blockchain application, first to reach our clients and also to detect potential malfunctions and loss of efficiency”. However, the adaptation of processes constitutes a limitation for this technology. While BPM is aimed at the continuous improvement of processes [74], blockchain technology, as a result of its very origin and purpose, offers fewer degrees of freedom in the field, since, when a process changes it may be detected by the blockchain as invalid. A private blockchain would probably prove to be more efficient, as the quality manager declared: “For now, it works … but sooner or later we may have to build our own system” [23]. One critical further contribution to the literature is to analyze how and whether the organization was able to effectively address the oracle problem, which greatly affects the meaning of non-financial smart contract based blockchain projects. As specified in Section 2, the oracle problem arises when connecting a physical asset or commodity to a virtual token that tracks it on a blockchain [77,78,79]. Although other papers/articles describe practical cases of blockchain technology for product traceability, none are robust in relation to the oracle problem, keeping the blockchain community firmly skeptical about the reliability of non-financial applications. When blockchain is implemented for sustainability reasons, trustworthiness and transparency are often pointed to as being the core characteristics that makes it suitable for purpose [3,80,81]. However, since information on smart contract based blockchain comes from oracles [22,23], trustworthiness and transparency should be no longer given nor guaranteed. As a matter of fact, studies on sustainability driven blockchain should focus on oracles and not only on the mere technology. Conversely, whether the company operates directly on the blockchain or with an external consultant, whether the blockchain is proprietary or public, or whether a Bitcoin or Ethereum blockchain is utilized, the oracle problem remains unmentioned in the literature because it has clearly still not been sufficiently addressed. In our case study, we noticed an important implication for trust involving a specific type of product, which may greatly affect the extent of the oracle problem. For high-quality products, and precisely, for products with a certified provenance (especially DOP or DOCG), trustworthiness has rarely been questioned. The Italian Government, for instance, imposes strict laws on food producers that are among the most severe in the world. Companies producing DOP products, for example, must precisely track all production phases to ensure the correct provenance of all raw materials used in the production. Utilizing blockchain in these supply chains requires the oracle to upload only information that has been strictly verified by the certification authority. Consequently, there are no apparent incentives for the oracle to alter data. Oracles should be extra cautious when inserting information into the blockchain, as they are definitely under the “eyes” of the authority. From those interviewed, it emerged that the choice of the Asiago as a pilot for the blockchain project arose from the policy surrounding DOP products, which requires information to be already tracked and secure. One of the executives declared: “The choice of tracing our Asiago DOP on the blockchain derives also from the large availability of data on the supply chain that it is strictly supervised by the authority and has to comply with the “disciplinare” [policy document]”. The aim of the blockchain utilization was not to guarantee the safety of the product, which was already supervised by the authorities, but to fight counterfeiters operating outside the domain of the authorities. The trust involving information uploaded to the blockchain is then shifted from the firm to the certification authority. Basically, in that “protected environment,” the information on products’ traceability uploaded to the blockchain falls under the supervision of the certification authority. Being on the blockchain, information can hardly be altered by counterfeiters even outside the authority’s domain. This dualistic protection system created by the blockchain is explained in Figure 2. Any other addition, such as implementing the IoT in the blockchain (sensors or probes), requested by the “disciplinare”, will be verified by the authority, ensuring that only trustworthy information is uploaded to the blockchain. The quality manager further explained: “Once the Asiago DOP project reaches an appropriate speed, we will then start with the Grana Padano DOP, which is another product with a strong ‘disciplinare’”. It is quite clear that, for the consortium, the blockchain does not represent a certification authority by itself, but a means to defend the integrity of information gathered and supervised in compliance with the “disciplinare”. Implementing blockchain with this aim clearly reduces the impact of the oracle problem, as the need for trusted, third-party input is fulfilled by the certification authority (especially the DOP or DOCG). Without a trusted third-party, external to the firm, the information uploaded to the blockchain is no more trustworthy that that written by the company itself on the labels of its products and does not really improve quality or consumer protection. 5. Conclusions This paper sought to address the oracle problem for a smart contract based blockchain implemented in the traceability of specific non-fungible products. To do so, we first contextualized the issue through a case study of a dairy company in northeastern Italy, whose interest in blockchain was mainly related to marketing. As the literature lacks empirical studies involving blockchain technology’s adoption, our first research question addressed its impact on organizational effectiveness, building on three precise literature streams: KM [38], knowledge infrastructure [27], and trust [52]. Data show that successful technological implementation is strictly connected to a firm’s attitude to innovation and to employee involvement in the innovation process. However, highly specialized consultants are probably required for the process to be undertaken smoothly and in a reasonable time frame. Company culture does not seem to be affected by blockchain’s adoption. However, reaching clients and spreading firm culture is one of the main reasons for firms to undertake blockchain projects. From the interviews, it emerged that blockchain does not really affect governance structures, but requires the introduction of new professional figures, or role extensions for existing employees, creating conditions for job enrichment and promotions. Processes are also affected by the implementation of the technology in three different ways. First, the blockchain’s structure helps the quality managers to better rationalize processes and the supply chain. Second, consensus mechanisms can create a “trigger” for faulty processes to be promptly located and addressed. Third, blockchain may constitute an obstacle to process innovation, as updates are by nature more difficult on (public) blockchains. Regarding the concept of trust, we may say that, from this research, no clear evidence emerges on trust improvement. On the contrary, blockchain seems to be useful only in environments where trust is already established, enabling defense mechanisms against external threats such as counterfeiters. With a clear vision of how blockchain affected organizational effectiveness, we were able to narrow our second research question as to how the oracle problem could be overcome in sustainable supply chain environments. As already stated by blockchain experts [22], the oracle problem has the lowest impact in cases with trusted, third-party mechanisms that supervise and certify in a coercive manner information uploaded to and stored on the blockchain (although it may lead to counterparty risk). As information on the blockchain is immutable but not necessarily true, without a trusted third party to verify the data to be inserted, the details provided should not be considered any more trustworthy that those contained in a legacy database. Furthermore, even though in such environments the impact of the oracle problem is low, doubts arise as to the need for a blockchain to be implemented at all. To enlighten possible solutions to this dilemma, the case study analyzed in this paper, by way of example, involved a blockchain project undertaken by San Rocco’s Dairy for the traceability of the Asiago DOP (non-fungible product). In this specific case, the certification authority (DOP) constituted a strong third party whose verified data, when inserted into the blockchain, became public and highly secure. The presence of a highly trusted third-party reduced the impact of the oracle problem. Nonetheless, blockchain technology proved to be more effective than legacy technologies, since it guaranteed the protection of products outside the domain of the authority. The results provided in this research should be useful for academics to build on, allowing further studies on non-financial blockchains and the oracle problem. Managers can also exploit these results to decide whether their company might benefit from blockchain’s application and how to implement it in the most profitable way. When addressing sustainable development, it may be useful to consider this case study so as to understand how blockchain implementation can also be economically viable. Conversely, limitations regarding the qualitative approach and the single case study need to be taken into consideration when making inferences at a broader scale. Further studies may try to replicate the results of this paper, addressing a different sector and market, or perhaps comparing countries where authorities have multiple degrees of enforcement or different certifications. Samples could also include more structured companies as results on processes are highly influenced by company size, which, in this paper, is small to medium. As soon as there are enough data to undertake a quantitative study, it would be interesting to compare companies utilizing blockchain to see which sector benefits more from the adoption of the technology. Author Contributions Conceptualization, G.C.; methodology, software, validation, formal analysis G.C., and A.Z.; investigation, resources, data curation, G.C., and C.R.; writing—original draft preparation, G.C., A.Z. and C.R.; supervision, C.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding This research received no external funding. Acknowledgments The authors thank the peer reviewers for their valuable comments on ways to improve this paper. We would also to thank Caseificio San Rocco, and EZ Lab srl for the data, and their contribution to this research. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. References Perego, A.; Sciuto, D.; Portale, V.; Bruschi, F. Blockchain & Distributed Ledger 2019. 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Collected DataNumberNoteInterviews19Four informal interviews collected during a first visit to San Rocco Dairy. Eleven direct, semi-structured interviews during two official visits and four phone calls to the technology provider. Direct interviews and phone calls were digitally recorded and transcribed.Direct observation5The authors attended the San Rocco Dairy three times, visiting the offices, the farms, and the shops. Two of the associates also came to the authors’ office twice.Notes from observations and interviews47 pagesThe authors collected 34 pages of notes from the interviews and 13 pages of direct observations.Data collected online4The authors searched for data on the cooperative website and social media.Data from the press1616 articles were analyzed to find information about the firm’s awards and the blockchain project. Table 2. Data analysis. Data TypePeriodPurposeInformal interviewsJune 2018Verify the genuineness of the project and the availability to cooperate.First round of semi-structured interviewsSeptember 2018Understand motives leading to blockchain implementation and the roles of people involved.Second round of semi-structured interviewsSeptember 2019Through targeted questions, analyze the impact of blockchain on organizational effectiveness.Phone interviews to service providerNovember 2019Check consistency with the aims of the cooperative and the limits of the technology.Direct observation and interviews notes2018–2019Understand the usefulness of the blockchain application and its implications for the oracle problem.Online and press data2018–2019Analyze the way the cooperative tries to spread its core values through the blockchain. Table 3. Blockchain effects on organizational effectiveness. Components of the “Modified” Gold et al. Model [3]Blockchain EffectsQuoteTechnologyRequires high levels of technological understanding or delegation to a specialized company.“The cooperative is always open for innovation … although not aware of the technology, they understood its potential!”StructureNot directly affected by the technology. If the company is unable to hire specialized professionals, employees are required to receive more tasks and responsibilities.“It was not easy to present the new technology to the employees, since it means more work for people already overburdened.”CultureTechnology does not affect culture but helps to spread the firm’s core values effectively.“Blockchain will help us promote our company values directly to the client.”DiscoveryData rationalization can easily lead to process discovery.“Yes, blockchain requires mapping for all business processes. It clearly helps to define the supply chain.”MonitoringEven if not automated, the blockchain constitutes a “trigger” for faulty processes.“[Blockchain] detects potential malfunctions and loss of efficiency.”Adaptation and evolutionBlockchain hardly adapts to process innovations.“For now, it works … but sooner or later we may have to build our own system.”TrustUnlike the financial sector, traceability can only work in highly trusted environments.“We firmly believe in the quality of our products … blockchain ensures that third parties will not alter clients’ awareness.” © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Share and Cite MDPI and ACS Style Caldarelli, G.; Rossignoli, C.; Zardini, A. Overcoming the Blockchain Oracle Problem in the Traceability of Non-Fungible Products. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2391. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062391 AMA Style Caldarelli G, Rossignoli C, Zardini A. Overcoming the Blockchain Oracle Problem in the Traceability of Non-Fungible Products. Sustainability. 2020; 12(6):2391. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062391 Chicago/Turabian Style Caldarelli, Giulio, Cecilia Rossignoli, and Alessandro Zardini. 2020. "Overcoming the Blockchain Oracle Problem in the Traceability of Non-Fungible Products" Sustainability 12, no. 6: 2391. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062391 Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here. Article Metrics No No Article Access Statistics For more information on the journal statistics, click here. Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	3	10	https://startuptalky.com/oracle-interesting-facts/	en	11 Unknown Facts About Oracle	https://static.startupta…startuptalky.jpg	https://static.startupta…startuptalky.jpg	[ "https://static.startuptalky.com/2022/07/StartupTalky_Final_Logo-1.png", "https://static.startuptalky.com/2022/11/Sushree-Sangeeta-Behera-StartupTalky-Writer--1-.jpg", "https://static.startuptalky.com/2022/06/oracle-interesting-facts-startuptalky.jpg 320w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2022/06/oracle-interesting-facts-startuptalky.jpg 600w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2022/06/oracle-interesting-facts-startuptalky.jpg 960w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2022/06/oracle-interesting-facts-startuptalky.jpg 1200w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2022/06/oracle-interesting-facts-startuptalky.jpg 2000w", "https://static.startuptalky.com/2021/08/Oracle-logo-StartupTalky.jpg", "https://static.startuptalky.com/2022/06/oracle-interesting-facts-founders-startuptalky.jpg", "https://startuptalky.com/assets/icon-192x192.png?v=3867a75d2e", "https://static.startuptalky.com/2021/06/Story-of-Meenu-Agarwal-wife-of-oracles-director-StartupTalky.jpg", "https://static.startuptalky.com/2022/06/oracle-interesting-facts-larry-ellison-startuptalky.jpg", "https://startuptalky.com/assets/icon-192x192.png?v=3867a75d2e", "https://static.startuptalky.com/2021/08/Richest-People-in-Dubai-list-StartupTalky.jpg", "https://static.startuptalky.com/2022/06/oracle-interesting-facts-team-startuptalky--1-.jpg", "https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/Hardik-Pandya-FanCode-StartupTalky.jpg 160w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/Hardik-Pandya-FanCode-StartupTalky.jpg 320w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/Hardik-Pandya-FanCode-StartupTalky.jpg 600w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/Hardik-Pandya-FanCode-StartupTalky.jpg 960w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/Hardik-Pandya-FanCode-StartupTalky.jpg 1200w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/Hardik-Pandya-FanCode-StartupTalky.jpg 2000w", "https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/ravanth-Aluru--Avataar-Co-Founder---CEO.png 160w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/ravanth-Aluru--Avataar-Co-Founder---CEO.png 320w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/ravanth-Aluru--Avataar-Co-Founder---CEO.png 600w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/ravanth-Aluru--Avataar-Co-Founder---CEO.png 960w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/ravanth-Aluru--Avataar-Co-Founder---CEO.png 1200w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/ravanth-Aluru--Avataar-Co-Founder---CEO.png 2000w", "https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/FirstCry-Success-Story-StartupTalky.png 160w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/FirstCry-Success-Story-StartupTalky.png 320w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/FirstCry-Success-Story-StartupTalky.png 600w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/FirstCry-Success-Story-StartupTalky.png 960w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/FirstCry-Success-Story-StartupTalky.png 1200w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/FirstCry-Success-Story-StartupTalky.png 2000w", "https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/Frigates-Order-Cleared-Defence-Ministry-StartupTalky.jpg 160w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/Frigates-Order-Cleared-Defence-Ministry-StartupTalky.jpg 320w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/Frigates-Order-Cleared-Defence-Ministry-StartupTalky.jpg 600w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/Frigates-Order-Cleared-Defence-Ministry-StartupTalky.jpg 960w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/Frigates-Order-Cleared-Defence-Ministry-StartupTalky.jpg 1200w, https://static.startuptalky.com/2024/07/Frigates-Order-Cleared-Defence-Ministry-StartupTalky.jpg 2000w", "https://static.startuptalky.com/2022/07/StartupTalky_Final_Logo-1.png" ]	[ "https://www.youtube.com/embed/fniDGgm8HM8?feature=oembed" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Sushree Sangeeta Behera", "www.facebook.com" ]	2022-06-29T13:43:00+00:00	Oracle comes as a powerful tech-based company. It holds a number of unique facts that only a few are aware of. Read here to learn more about it.	en	https://static.startupta…logo_V03--2-.png	StartupTalky	https://startuptalky.com/oracle-interesting-facts/	The worth of computers and software has reached sky-high in this present era. Technology holds an equal necessity in a person's life as oxygen. Instinctively the competition to maintain a firm grip in the market prevails too. That's where the software companies come in. Oracle corporation among them grabs our focus. Oracle is a computer technology corporation. It's an America-based company that has its headquarters in Austin, Texas. Initially, Redwood shores, California was where the company had its headquarters. It was in December 2020 when Texas housed its new headquarters. Software and technology databases, systems usually operable by cloud, and database management systems precisely of its brands are some of the things which this company sells. Now before diving into some of the unknown facts about Oracle, let's have a look at the stars. Now every material in this universe has its own story, its history, accurately it’s unknown or interesting facts if we say. So following are some of the fascinating facts that magnets our interest: 1. The Original Name of Oracle 2. The Story Behind “Oracle” 3. Oracle Has More Than One Founder 4. Oracle Founder-Ellison's Attendees 5. Oracle Faced bankruptcy 6. Co-founder of Oracle- The Richest Man in California 7. The Different Oracle Team 8. Oracle and Its Reach to Java 9. The Prime Oracle 10. The Feud Between Oracle and Google 11. A Difference in the Thoughts of Two Great Personalities 1. The Original Name of Oracle One of the most popular software companies in today's world addressed as "Oracle" was not intended to be named Oracle. Instead, the name Oracle can be considered the third name was given to the firm. In 1977 originally the company was addressed as a "Software Development Laboratory". Following this, in 1979 the name was reshaped to "Relational Software Inc". Later in 1995 the company finally was named Oracle corporation after a winning success over a project. 2. The Story Behind “Oracle” The company was renamed Oracle after completing its first assignment in 1995. The earlier company was known as Relational Software Incorporation. However, when the CIA handed the company its first project, the firm went on to change its name after the completion of the task. The first project was assigned to design a relational database system. The code name assigned for this project was “Oracle" hence the company drew its name from this project. 3. Oracle Has More Than One Founder Oracle is highly addressed by its former CEO Larry Ellison. However, the company Oracle took more than one person's effort to be built up. Oracle originally has three founders named Bob Miner, Ed Oates, and Larry Ellison. Yet, the firm is known by the name of its sole former CEO only named Larry Ellison. 4. Oracle Founder-Ellison's Attendees Ellison was brought up by his single mother's uncle and aunt. The status of Oracle was highly maintained and developed by its co-founder Larry. However, the unknown fact about Larry Ellison is that he was not a normal kid and was counted amongst the sick kids. It is reported that at the age of nine months, Larry fell prey to pneumonia and hence was given up to his aunt for adoption by his mother. Lillian Spellman and Louis Ellison his aunt and uncle officially adopted him and raised him in the middle-class neighborhood. Irrespective of the odds, Larry Ellison made up his future. 5. Oracle Faced Bankruptcy Irrespective of the name and fame achieved by Oracle today. Oracle also owns some of the downs to get to the position it stands today. In the 1990s bankruptcy hit Oracle with full force due to some legal lawsuits making them discharge employees. However, this phase soon passed by and Oracle grew stronger and better than before. 6. Co-founder of Oracle- The Richest Man in California The 22.5% shareholder of his company, Larry Ellison is titled the richest man in California. The majority of his wealth takes birth from these shares. Larry Ellison holds a 22.5% share of his company Oracle creates a way for other wealth to be created from the available shares. Along with that, Larry is known to own 98% of an Island. Hawaii's sixth-largest island, "the Lanai" is estimated to be owned by Larry Ellison. Along with the beneficiary shares and some splendid properties, Larry Ellison is also known to own two military jets with some number of aircraft. The most interesting point is that he is a certified pilot. Apart from being rich, Larry is counted amongst the most influential people across the globe. As per the reports, it was rumored that the wedding picture of Larry Ellison and Melanie craft was taken by another most influential personality in the world, "Steve Job". Even for a brief period, Larry Ellison topped the list of being the richest person around the world in the year 2000. In addition to that, he was also ranked as the highest-paid CEO on the Forbes list in 2014. 7. The Different Oracle Team The Golden state warriors, a professional basketball team, is known to be sponsored by the Oracle. The team is in Oakland, California. With its home court at Oracle Arena previously addressed as Oakland Arena. The first-ever commercial version of Oracle was titled Oracle 2. This was Larry's idea to make people believe that any unwanted bugs were already dumped out of the product. 8. Oracle and Its Reach to Java Computer languages are quite complicated to excel at. However, if to be believed. It is estimated that Oracle was the first company to excel at Java Programming. It is believed that Oracle was the first and foremost company to fully embrace Java programming in 1998. 9. The Prime Oracle Oracle itself is a huge franchise and now stands on the supremacy of owning 57 different companies. With this Oracle as of today has more than 70 million users worldwide. Contrary to the time of bankruptcy, Oracle now employs 143,000 employees (2022) around the world. 10. The Feud Between Oracle and Google Oracle is a well-established company highly acknowledged for its terms and policies. Irrespective of the opposite party, Oracle believes in following the rules. In 2010 Oracle sued the world's popular Google for using Java APIs without the prior consent of Oracle. 11. A Difference in the Thoughts of Two Great Personalities A deep unknown fact lives that Larry deeply hated Microsoft. Apart from being a proud former CEO, believed that his reasons for hating Microsoft were justifiable. He thought that Bill Gates and Microsoft suppressed the full use of the internet. Moreover, they failed to provide a complete service on the internet. In other words, they were not using the internet to its full capacity but rather were fooling people by misleading them. Conclusion Therefore, can it be concluded that for a super successful company it is necessary to have an arrogant CEO? Yes, probably or probably not. But having a clear vision of what we want, and what we are determined for would always help us achieve our goals in the long run. Check the above context for some mind-blowing facts on Oracle. At the same time leveling up with our rivals, not making the mistake to underestimate them, or giving them any chance to overtake us is what makes us an ultimate competitor. Hence stands “The Oracle" helping this world to keep up the pace with advanced technology and convert every complex 24 hours into simpler and convenient ones. FAQs What is Oracle most known for? The Oracle company is best known for its Oracle database software, a relational database management system. How did Oracle get its name? Oracle got its name from the first successfully completed project of the company. The project was given the code name Oracle and then the company was given the same name after the completion of the project. Is Oracle a top tech company? Yes, Oracle can be listed amongst the top tech companies across the globe. Who invented Oracle? Oracle was invented by the joint efforts of three people named Larry Ellison, Bob Miner, and Ed Oates.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	0	3	https://www.forbes.com/forbes/1999/0726/6402028a.html	en	Forgotten founders	https://imageio.forbes.c…es-thumb/0x0.jpg	https://imageio.forbes.c…es-thumb/0x0.jpg	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	1999-07-26T00:00:00-04:00		en	https://i.forbesimg.com/48X48-F.png	Forbes	https://www.forbes.com/forbes/1999/0726/6402028a.html	Some companies have been brought to greatness by people who took over after the founders left. We tracked down the founders. What lessons did they learn? Do they regret having moved on? Nickelodeon Geraldine Laybourne, now head of Oxygen Media, gave the kids cable service its sizzle. Its founder, Vivian Horner, is now a partner in media consultants Construction Crew LLC. I conceptualized Nickelodeon and got it off the ground. I left Warner in 1983, when the cable programming division was sold off to Viacom. Gerri came to Viacom in the 1980s, when cable was beginning to be big business. It was a totally different game than the noncommercial cable channel that I started. The new programming had to have broadcast formats for commercials and syndication. She really understands what kids want: Her Nickelodeon has an attitude, like Angelica from Rugrats. I appreciate it, but I like softer programming myself. Im a bit old-fashioned. Im not sure if I could have made Nickelodeon such a big hit. Oracle Corp. Larry J. Ellison is one reason this company is so successful. Hes also one reason cofounder Bruce Scott left and eventually started PointBase, a software developer. When we started Oracle, I was writing code and Larry Ellison was the first salesman. I sold my shares two years before Oracle went public because I didnt share Larrys vision of success for the company, and I didnt like the culture he created. I want to get rid of the misconception that success only comes from being hurried, tense, terse and full of stress. As chief executive of PointBase, I want to create an organization that shows respect for all individuals. Our receptionists should feel just as respected for their contribution as our vice presidents. 1-800-Flowers Chief Executive James McCann is the ubiquitous face of this company in its advertising. Nobody would recognize founder John F. Davis III, now chief executive of Pegasus Systems, a hotel industry transaction- processing and reservation system. My partner Jim Poage and I raised $15 million and set up a business, but we made many mistakes. We spent way too much money too fast, most of it to build our own network of florists. It would have been cheaper to use FTDs existing florist network instead. We ended up selling the company in the mid-1980s to Jim McCann. He has learned from our mistakes and has done a hell of a job with it. But I would not be where I am today without all the lessons I learned from 1-800-Flowers. So it has worked out very well for both of us. America Online Chief Executive Steven Case gets the spotlight today, while cofounder Marc Seriff is merely a passive investor in it. Im an entrepreneurial engineer--once the idea is on the table, its my role to make it a reality. I consciously maintained a low profile during my years at AOL. Steve is a natural when it comes to being the face of the company, and I am not. After I left AOL in 1996, my wife and I moved back to central Texas, where I grew up. We live on a lake in the Hill Country, and I divide my time between nonprofit work and investing in Austin-based startups. In this way, I can share in the excitement of a startup without being encumbered by managing.
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Abbo President and Chief Technology Officer Ed Abbo has served as the Chief Technology Officer of C3.ai since July 2011. He previously served as the Chief Executive Officer from September 2009 to July 2011 and a member of the board of directors from August 2009 to November 2020. Prior to joining C3.ai, Mr. Abbo served as Senior Vice President of Engineering and Chief Technology Officer for Siebel Systems from July 1994 until it merged with Oracle Corporation in January 2006, and Senior Vice President of Oracle Corporation from January 2006 to July 2009. Mr. Abbo holds a B.S. in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering from Princeton University and an M.S. in Mechanical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Houman Behzadi Executive Vice President Houman Behzadi serves as the Executive Vice President at C3 AI, contributing to the company’s strategic direction and growth. Since 2010, Mr. Behzadi has held various leadership roles across the company including President and Chief Product Officer, where he oversaw key strategic functions, including Products, Engineering, Global Services, Pre-Sales, Alliances, IT, Operations, and Human Resources. Prior to joining the company, he held leadership positions at Siebel Systems and Oracle Corporation in Products. Mr. Behzadi holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics from the University of California, Santa Barbara. Hitesh Lath Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Prior to his appointment as Chief Financial Officer, Mr. Hitesh Lath served as the C3 AI’s Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer from December 2023 to February 2024. Before joining C3 AI, Mr. Lath spent over 22 years with EY and was most recently a partner in their San Jose, CA office. At EY, he served several technology clients ranging from Fortune 100 companies to Silicon Valley startups. Mr. Lath holds a Bachelor of Commerce degree from Shri Ram College of Commerce, Delhi University and Master of Business Administration from The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He is a Certified Public Accountant in the State of California. Merel Witteveen Group Vice President, Alliances Merel Witteveen is Group Vice President of Alliances at C3 AI. Having held multiple roles within the company over her eight-year tenure, Ms. Witteveen has deep experience within products, marketing, operations, and now alliances. In her current role, she is focused on programs and partnerships to accelerate the evolution of C3 AI as a company that serves hundreds of customers to a company that serves thousands of customers. She leads a team that has established a strong and growing global partner and system integrator network with companies such as Google Cloud, AWS, Microsoft, and Booz Allen Hamilton. Before C3 AI, Ms. Witteveen was a consultant at McKinsey & Company. She was also a member of the Dutch Olympic Sailing Team for six years and holds a silver medal from the 2008 Beijing Olympics. She holds a B.S. in Physics and Astronomy from the University of Amsterdam, an M.S. in Applied Physics from Utrecht University, and an MBA from Stanford University Graduate School of Business. Thomas M. Siebel Mr. Siebel is the founder of our company and has served as the Chairman of our board of directors since January 2009, and as our Chief Executive Officer since July 2011. Prior to founding our company, Mr. Siebel founded and served as the Chief Executive Officer of Siebel Systems, a global CRM software company, from 1993 until it merged with Oracle Corporation in January 2006. Mr. Siebel served in various leadership positions with Oracle Corporation from January 1984 to September 1990. Mr. Siebel currently serves as a member of the College of Engineering boards at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and the University of California, Berkeley. He was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in April 2013. Mr. Siebel holds a B.A. in History, an M.B.A., and an M.S. in Computer Science, each from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He is the author of four books, including most recently the best-selling Digital Transformation: Survive and Thrive in an Era of Mass Extinction (RosettaBooks, 2019). Honors and Awards Entrepreneur of the Year – EY, 2018 Glassdoor Top CEO – 2018 Honorary Ph.D. – Politecnico di Torino, 2018 Entrepreneur of the Year – EY, 2017 Best Places to Work, 100% CEO approval rating – Glassdoor, 2017 Most Admired CEO Lifetime Achievement Award – San Francisco Business Times, 2016 Academy of Arts and Sciences, Elected Member – April 2013 #3 of the World’s Top 25 Philanthropists – Barron’s, November 2010 Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship Engineering at Illinois Hall of Fame – University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2010 #5 of the World’s Top 25 Philanthropists – Barron’s, 2009 Top 50 Philanthropists – BusinessWeek 2007, 2008 Honorary Ph.D. Engineering – University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2006 Thomas M. Siebel, Master Entrepreneur of the Year – Ernst & Young, 2003 Entrepreneurial Company of the Year – Harvard Business School, 2003 Hall of Fame – CRM Magazine, 2003 CEO of the Year – Industry Week, 2002 Top 25 Managers in Global Business – BusinessWeek, 1999 to 2002 Top 10 CEOs of 2000 – Investor’s Business Daily, 2000 The World’s Most Influential Software Company – BusinessWeek, 2000 The Most Influential Company in IT – Intelligent Enterprise, 2000 Fastest Growing Technology Company – Deloitte & Touche, 1999 Fastest Growing Company in America – Fortune, 1999 Publications Digital Transformation: Survive and Thrive in an Era of Mass Extinction, RosettaBooks, July 2019 “Digital Transformation: The Post-Industrial Utility,” Aspenia Magazine, June 2018 “Why Digital Transformation Is Now on the CEO’s Shoulders,” McKinsey Quarterly 2018 Number 1 “Thought Leaders Speak Out: Key Trends Driving Change in the Electric Power Industry,” The Edison Foundation Institute for Electric Innovation (IEI), 2015 Advanced Smart Grid, introduction, Artech House, 2015 “The Internet of Energy,” Electric Perspectives magazine, 2015 Written Testimony to the United States House of Representatives Energy and Commerce Committee, Subcommittee on Energy and Power, 2015 “Big Data and the Smart Grid: Is Hadoop the Answer?”, Stanford Energy Journal, 2014 Taking Care of eBusiness, Doubleday, 2001 Cyber Rules, Doubleday, 1999 Virtual Selling, Free Press, 1996 Condoleezza Rice Dr. Rice has served as a member of our board of directors since December 2009. Since September 2020, Dr. Rice has served as the Tad and Dianne Taube Director of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. In addition, Dr. Rice has served as the Denning Professor of Global Business and the Economy for the Stanford Graduate School of Business since September 2010. Since March 2009, Dr. Rice has served as the Thomas and Barbara Stephenson Senior Fellow of Public Policy for the Hoover Institution, Stanford University, as a Senior Fellow for the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, and as a Professor of Political Science for Stanford University. Dr. Rice has also served as a partner at RiceHadleyGates LLC, an international strategic consulting firm that Dr. Rice founded, since November 2009. From January 2005 to January 2009, Dr. Rice served as the Secretary of State of the United States of America and from January 2001 to January 2005, Dr. Rice served as Chief National Security Advisor to President George W. Bush. Dr. Rice currently serves on the boards of directors of C3 AI and Makena Capital Management, LLC, a private endowment firm. Dr. Rice holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Denver, an M.A. in Political Science from the University of Notre Dame, and a B.A. in Political Science from the University of Denver. Richard C. Levin Dr. Levin has served as a member of our board of directors since August 2010. From April 2014 until June 2017, Dr. Levin was the Chief Executive Officer of Coursera, an online learning platform company. Prior to his role at Coursera, Dr. Levin served as President of Yale University from July 1993 to June 2013. Dr. Levin is currently a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society and is a former trustee of The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. Dr. Levin served as a director of American Express Co. from January 2007 to May 2019. Dr. Levin also served as an advisor on President Obama’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology. Dr. Levin holds a B.A. from Stanford University, a B.Litt. from Oxford University, and a Ph.D. in Economics from Yale University. Michael G. McCaffery Mr. McCaffery has served as a member of our board of directors since March 2009. Since December 2005, Mr. McCaffery has served as the Managing Director for Makena Capital Management, an investment management firm, and was Chief Executive Officer of Makena Capital Management from December 2005 to January 2013. Since February 2015, Mr. McCaffery has also served on the board of directors for NVIDIA Corporation, a technology company. Mr. McCaffery holds a B.A. from the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University, a B.A. Honours and an M.A. in Politics, Philosophy and Economics from Merton College at Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar, and an M.B.A. from Stanford Graduate School of Business. Bruce Sewell Mr. Sewell has served as a member of our board of directors since May 2017. Mr. Sewell served as the Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of Apple Inc., a technology company, from September 2009 to December 2017. From October 1996 to September 2009, Mr. Sewell served in various leadership positions with Intel Corporation, including as Senior Vice President, General Counsel from September 2002 to September 2009. Since January 2013, Mr. Sewell has served on the board of directors for Vail Resorts, Inc., a mountain resort company. Mr. Sewell holds a B.S. from Lancaster University (U.K.) and a J.D. from The George Washington University Law School. Lisa A. Davis Ms. Davis has served as a member of our board of directors since December 2021. From August 2014 to March 2020, Ms. Davis served as a member of the Managing Board for Siemens AG, the largest industrial manufacturing company in Europe, with responsibility as CEO for Siemens Gas and Power, which includes Power Generation, Power Services, Oil and Gas, Transmission and New Fuels, and operates in over 80 countries. During her tenure at Siemens, she also served as Chair and Chief Executive Officer of Siemens Corporation USA and as a member of the Board of Directors of Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy SA. From 2012 to August 2014, Ms. Davis served as Executive Vice President, Strategy, Portfolio & Alternative Energy of Royal Dutch Shell, UK. Prior to that, Ms. Davis served in various capacities and leadership positions with Royal Dutch Shell, Texaco USA and Exxon Corporation in upstream and downstream operations and project development. Ms. Davis currently serves as a member of the board of directors of Penske Automotive Group, an international transportation services company; Kosmos Energy Limited, an international E&P company; Air Products and Chemicals, an international industrial gasses product and project company; and Phillips 66, an international downstream oil and gas company. Ms. Davis previously served on the board of directors of Spectris plc, an industrial productivity enhancement products company. Ms. Davis holds a B.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University of California, Berkeley. Jim Hagemann Snabe Jim Hagemann Snabe is the former co-CEO of SAP AG. He is now Chairman A. P. Moller Maersk (DK), and Nominated Chairman Siemens AG (D) Vice Chairman Allianz SE (D). He is member of the Board of Trustees at World Economic Forum (CH). With 25 years of experience in the IT industry, Jim Hagemann Snabe is focused on leadership around innovation, digitization and societal progress. As co-CEO of SAP Jim, together with Bill McDermott, was instrumental in driving the strategic development of SAP to double the value of the company and play a more responsible role in society. In 2013 he and co-CEO Bill McDermott were ranked #2 on Glassdoor.com’s listing of the top fifty highest rated CEOs, based on their 99 percent approval rating from employees. In his capacity as a global business leader, Jim is involved in a number of activities focused on societal progress and the role of business in society. Snabe’s views on leadership is shaped by his commitment to solving societal issues and his trust in human potential. Snabe received a master’s degree in operational research from the Aarhus School of Business in Denmark. In 2016 Jim was appointed Adjunct Professor at Copenhagen Business School based on his work around digital transformation and its impact on business and society. He lives with his family in Copenhagen, Denmark. Jim Hagemann Snabe has a master’s degree in Operational Research, University of Aarhus; Adjunct Professor at Copenhagen Business School, Denmark. Stephen M. Ward Jr. Mr. Ward has served as a member of our board of directors since January 2009. Mr. Ward served as the Chief Executive Officer for Lenovo Group Limited, the international personal computer company formed by the acquisition of IBM’s personal computer division by Lenovo, from April 2005 to January 2006. Prior to that acquisition, Mr. Ward held a number of management positions with IBM from September 1978 to April 2005, including Senior Vice President and General Manager of the Personal Systems and Retail Systems Group from March 2003 to April 2005, General Manager of the Industrial Sector from February 2000 to March 2003, General Manager of the Thinkpad and Mobile division from January 1998 to March 2000 and Chief Information Officer from February 1997 to March 2000. Mr. Ward has also served as a member of the board of directors for Carpenter Technology Corporation, a specialty metals company, since March 2001. From December 2014 until its sale to The Boeing Company in October 2018, Mr. Ward served as a member the board of directors of KLX Inc., an aerospace solutions and supply chain company, and since September 2018, he served as a member of the board of directors of KLX Energy Services Holdings, Inc., an oilfield services company spun out from KLX Inc. Mr. Ward also previously served as a member of the board of directors of E2Open, a supply chain SAS company he co-founded, from January 2001 to March 2015, E-Ink Corporation, a maker of electronic paper displays, from December 2006 to December 2009 and QD Vision, Inc., a nanomaterials product company, from June 2014 until its sale to Samsung in November 2016. Mr. Ward holds a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. KR Sridhar KR Sridhar is the Founder, Chairman, and Chief Executive Officer of Bloom Energy. Prior to founding Bloom Energy, KR Sridhar was Director of the Space Technologies Laboratory (STL) at the University of Arizona where he was also a Professor of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering. Under his leadership, STL won several nationally competitive contracts to conduct research and development for Mars exploration and flight experiments to Mars. KR has served as an advisor to NASA and has led major consortia of industry, academia, and national labs. His work for the NASA Mars program to convert Martian atmospheric gases to oxygen for propulsion and life support was recognized by Fortune Magazine, where he was cited as “one of the top five futurists inventing tomorrow, today.” As one of the early pioneers in green tech, KR also serves as a strategic limited partner at Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and as a special advisor to New Enterprise Associates. He has also served on many technical committees, panels and advisory boards and has several publications and patents. KR received his bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering with honors from the University of Madras (now called NIT, Trichy), India, as well as his master’s degree in nuclear engineering and PhD in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. He is also a member of the National Academy of Engineering. Alan Murray Alan Murray is a business thought leader and media executive, most recently serving as CEO of Fortune Media for over five years where he oversaw all of the company’s operations. He is the author of five books, including most recently Tomorrow’s Capitalist: My Search for the Soul of Business. Prior to joining Fortune in 2015, Murray led the Pew Research Center. Before that, he was at the Wall Street Journal for many years, serving as Deputy Managing Editor, Executive Editor Online, Washington Bureau Chief, and author of the Political Capital and Business columns. He also served for a time as Washington bureau chief of CNBC, and co-host of the network’s Capitol Report. Kevin McCarthy Advisory Board Kevin McCarthy has served as a member of our advisory board since June 2024. From January 2023 to October 2023, Mr. McCarthy served as the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, leading the legislative agenda and representing the Republican majority in the House. Mr. McCarthy has had a distinguished career in public service. He was first elected to the House of Representatives in 2006, representing California’s 22nd congressional district, and later the 23rd district, following redistricting. Over his tenure in Congress, Mr. McCarthy has held several key leadership positions, including House Majority Leader from 2014 to 2019, and House Minority Leader from 2019 to 2023. In addition to his legislative career, Mr. McCarthy has been actively involved in various public policy initiatives and has been a vocal advocate for technology and innovation in government. His leadership in Congress has been marked by efforts to promote economic growth, national security, and technological advancements. Mr. McCarthy holds a B.S. in Marketing from California State University, Bakersfield, and an M.B.A. from the same institution. Jacques Attali Advisory Board Professor, writer, Honorary Member of the Council of State, Special Adviser to the President of the Republic from 1981 to 1991, founder and first President of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in London from 1991 to 1993, Jacques Attali (www.attali.com) is currently CEO of A&A, an international consulting firm (www.aeta.net) specialised in new technologies, based in Paris, and President of PlaNet Finance (www.planetfinance.org), an international non-profit organisation assisting microfinance institutions all over the world. PlaNet Finance is the most important world institution of support to the microfinance. PlaNet Finance advises and finances the development of the microfinance in 80 countries. He founded Action Contre la Faim in 1980 and the European programme Eurêka (a major European programme on new technologies that invented, among other things, the MP3). In 1989, he also launched an international programme of action against the disastrous floods in Bangladesh. Jacques Attali then advised the Secretary General of the United Nations on the risks of nuclear proliferation. He is at the origin of the higher education reform, known as LMD, to bring all European degrees into line. Jacques Attali has a doctorate in Economics and is a graduate of the Ecole Polytechnique (first in the class of 1963), the Ecole des Mines, the Institut d’Etudes Politiques and the Ecole Nationale de l’Administration. He taught Economic Theory at the Ecole Polytechnique, the Ecole des Ponts et Chaussées and the University of Paris-Dauphine. He has received honorary doctorates from several foreign universities and is a member of the Universal Academy of Cultures. Jacques Attali is a columnist for the magazine L’Express. He has written 65 books, translated into more than 30 languages, with over eight million copies sold all over the world, including essays (dealing with a wide variety of subjects ranging from mathematical economics to music), biographies, novels, children’s tales and plays. Dr. Attali has been designated as one of the three most influential intellectuals in France and one of the 100 most influential worldwide. On April 2011, he was honored with the Corporate Citizenship award from the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Lord Aamer Sarfraz Advisory Board Lord Aamer Sarfraz is a Member of the House of Lords, the upper house of United Kingdom Parliament. He is a Member of the Joint Committee on National Security Strategy (JCNSS) and the AI in Weapon Systems Committee. He is a graduate of the Royal College of Defence Studies and Armed Forces Parliamentary Scheme. Lord Sarfraz is the Prime Ministerial Trade Envoy to Singapore and co-chairs the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Sovereign Wealth Funds. His earlier career was in venture capital and sustainable agriculture. He is Patron of The Lord Sarfraz Foundation and sits on several voluntary boards including at Texas A&M, Boston University and Panthera. He was previously a Treasurer of the Conservative Party. On his appointment to the Lords, he became its third youngest member. Sir Gordon Messenger Advisory Board General Sir Gordon Messenger KCB DSO* OBE DL General Sir Gordon Messenger served as a Royal Marine from 1983 to 2019, in a career that spanned operational command, capability development, public communications and the strategic leadership of Defence. His career was notable for two reasons: he was the first Royal Marine to be promoted to 4-star rank for 50 years, and the first member of the naval service since the Korean War to receive a Bar to the Distinguished Service Order. His operational tours include Kosovo, Iraq, Lebanon and Afghanistan, culminating in command of 3 Commando Brigade in Helmand from 2008 to 2009. He was appointed Vice Chief of Defence Staff in May 2016, acting as the Chief of Defence Staff’s principal deputy for operational matters and leading on the management and oversight of military capability, including nuclear and cyber issues. Since retiring from the military in October 2019, he has established a portfolio career in both the public and private sectors. He is a Board member of UK Health Security Agency and a Patron of several military charities. He supported the Department of Health and Social Care on the Community Testing and Managed Quarantine programmes as part of the pandemic response. In October 2021, he was commissioned by the Government to lead a Review into leadership and management in the Health and Social Care sectors, which reported successfully in June 2022. He was appointed Rear Admiral of the UK by the Sovereign in December 2021. He was installed as His Majesty’s Constable of the Tower of London in October 2022, a role which includes trusteeships of Royal Historic Palaces and the Royal Armouries.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	1	64	https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2004/08/05/business-leaders-for-kerry/	en	BUSINESS LEADERS FOR KERRY	https://www.tampabay.com…mes-fallback.png	https://www.tampabay.com…mes-fallback.png	[ "https://www.tampabay.com/pf/resources/images/icons/sports/icon--bucs-logo.png?d=578", "https://www.tampabay.com/pf/resources/images/icons/sports/icon--rays-logo.png?d=578", "https://www.tampabay.com/pf/resources/images/icons/sports/icon--lightning-logo.png?d=578", "https://www.tampabay.com/pf/resources/images/icons/sports/icon--bulls-logo.png?d=578", "https://www.tampabay.com/pf/resources/images/icons/sports/icon--gators-logo.png?d=578", "https://www.tampabay.com/pf/resources/images/icons/sports/icon--seminoles-logo.png?d=578", "https://files.tampabay.com/resources/images/florida-public-notices-verfied.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Times Staff" ]	2004-08-05T00:00:00	In a sign from Corporate America of support for their campaign, John Kerry and John Edwards were endorsed Wednesday by 200 business leaders. They are, in alphabetical order:	en	/pf/favicon.ico	Tampa Bay Times	https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2004/08/05/business-leaders-for-kerry/	Advertisement ONLY AVAILABLE FOR SUBSCRIBERS The Tampa Bay Times e-Newspaper is a digital replica of the printed paper seven days a week that is available to read on desktop, mobile, and our app for subscribers only. To enjoy the e-Newspaper every day, please subscribe.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	2	30	https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Home/Shipyards/PHNS-IMF/Careers/Apprenticeship/	en	Apprentice Program	https://www.navsea.navy.…-N-EL904-002.jpg		[ "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/103/banner_logo.png?ver=GRXsa8VLtHze-F8hQxcm5w%3d%3d", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Desktopmodules/DigRotate/templates/JCS2/banner_top_left.png", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Desktopmodules/DigRotate/templates/JCS2/banner_top_right.png", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/103/Images/PHNSY_IMF/220701-N-EL904-002.jpg", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/103/Images/PHNSY_IMF/220701-N-EL904-003.jpg", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/103/Images/PHNSY_IMF/220701-N-EL904-001.jpg", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Desktopmodules/DigRotate/templates/JCS2/banner_bottom_left.png", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Desktopmodules/DigRotate/templates/JCS2/banner_bottom_right.png", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/_default/Containers/DarkKnight/Images/Title-BG-Blue.png", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/portals/103/Images/PHNSY_IMF/Apprentice%20Banner.JPG?ver=2017-01-11-201410-617", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/max.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/min.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/max.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/min.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/max.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/min.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/max.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/min.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/max.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/min.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/max.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/min.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/max.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/min.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/max.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/min.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/max.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/min.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/max.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/min.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/max.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/min.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/max.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/min.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/max.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/min.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/max.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/min.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/_default/Containers/DarkKnight/Images/Title-BG-Grey2.png", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/_default/Containers/DarkKnight/Images/Title-BG-Grey2.png", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/DesktopModules/SharedLibrary/Images/VCL 988_Hoz_CMYK.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/Portals/103/corporate-color.ico?ver=qvILZLTMg24Q7LFsXu3X2g%3d%3d		null	Students are selected for various blue-collar trades listed below: Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Mechanic - Installs, troubleshoots, maintains, and repairs air conditioning and refrigeration systems aboard submarines, surface crafts, and ashore to include, but not limited to chillers, refrigeration plants, dehumidifiers, and dehydrators. Fabricates temporary cooling manifolds to support repairs of shipboard systems. Accomplish vacuum and pressure tests of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration systems. Conducts operational testing of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration systems. Electrician - Construct, remove/install, test, troubleshoot, maintain and repair various electrical wiring systems and components, electrical controls, electrically-operated equipment or instruments; light and heavy electrical machinery. Install, maintain and remove temporary electrical and casualty control systems. May be assigned to shop work, surface craft, crane electrical, or submarine non-nuclear/nuclear electrical work. Electronic Industrial Controls Mechanic - Provides a comprehensive equipment maintenance program to ensure support needs are continuously met. Performs periodic maintenance; uses the latest technology to troubleshoot, repair, align and test Computer Numerical Controlled (CNC) equipment throughout the shipyard such as mills, lathes, electric discharge machines and water jet cutting machines. Uses schematic diagrams and various types of test equipment including oscilloscopes, multi-meters and integrated circuit testers. Electronic Measurement Equipment Mechanic - Inspect, troubleshoot, repair, overhaul, modify, test, align, measure, and calibrate complex electrical/electronic/electro-mechanical/physical-dimensional/mechanical test instruments and equipment. Electronics Mechanic - Install, troubleshoot, repair and test shipboard electronic equipment and systems including radar, sonar, fire control, communications, and radio. Manufacture, repair, and test various sonar transducers and arrays. Fabric Worker - Plan, design, layout, construct, and install containments using clear PVC sheeting, herculite, and other flexible materials. Reupholster furniture, manufacture tool bags, banners, tents, leather articles, items of canvas, naugahyde, herculite and linen. Heavy Mobile Equipment Mechanic - Maintain heavy mobile cranes and equipment. Repair and modify combustion powered heavy-duty vehicles and heavy mobile equipment such as portal, truck, and floating cranes. Disassemble, repair, and modify heavy-duty engines, transmissions, and heavy-duty drive and brake systems. Troubleshoot causes of malfunction, and determine the best repair methods on complex mechanical, pneumatic, and hydraulic control systems. Industrial Equipment Mechanic - Overhaul, operate, repair, and perform operational maintenance and security checks on stationary equipment situated on various graving docks, floating docks, marine railways, and caissons. Equipment, maintained and operated, is located dockside or afloat. Equipment includes various types of pumps, flooding gates, flooding valves, capstans, winches, motor, and other related equipment needed to provide the necessary docking services. Insulator - Measure, fabricate, remove and install insulation materials on steam turbines, distillation plants, refrigeration plants, ventilation ducts, and other submarine or surface craft piping and component systems to prevent heat loss, to minimize condensation, and to protect personnel from extreme temperatures. Machinist - Manufacture and/or refurbish ship parts/components using machinery such as lathes, milling machines, boring machines, drilling presses, and computer numerical controlled machines. Disassemble, inspect, repair, machine, reassemble, and test components such as valves, compressors, shafting, pumps, and hydraulic equipment. Marine Machinery Mechanic - Involves the use of the latest technology to install, remove, test, overhaul, and repair the main propulsion machinery, pumps, valves, steam turbines, engines, pumps, and propeller shafts on submarines and surface craft. Optically align and test steam/gas turbines, internal combustion engines, reduction gears, propeller shafts, pumps, valves, auxiliary engines, masts and antennas, torpedo tubes and associated ordnance equipment, and other shipboard components. NDT Inspector - Perform Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) of welds and other components on surface craft and submarines. Use visual, liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, eddy current, radiography, and ultrasonic-testing methods to inspect work accomplished by welders, shipfitters, pipefitters, riggers, marine machinery mechanics, and machinists. Inspect existing shipboard components to determine if repair or replacement is required due to wear and fatigue. Painter - Properly removes contaminants from substrate prior to prep work with various degreasers and solvents. Properly prepares various substrates by abrasive blasting, power tool and/or hand prepping to remove corrosion prior to application of coating. Apply various types of coatings such as enamels, epoxy, powder coating and aluminum flame spray, to prepared surfaces by spraying, brushing and/or rolling to preserve the substrate from corrosion. All work is done to Navy Preservation Standards. Plastic Fabricator - Remove, layout, manufacture, and reinstall hull insulation. Perform Portsmouth plug encapsulation and pre-pots using polyurethane. Apply Plastisol coating to various metal items. Various rubber applications. Remove, layout, and install sound vibration damping tiles. Fabricate acrylic and polycarbonate plastic sheets and round stock. Install laminate composites to wood and metal items. Work with high pressure laminates. Prep, layout, and install Terrazzo, vinyl tile, rubber matting, carpet, and ceramic tile flooring on decking. Build wooden molds, work platforms, stairs, crates, and boxes. Work with reinforced fiberglass objects using fiberglass cloth and epoxy resin. Pipefitter - Remove, repair, install, test/flush, and silver braze piping to all propulsion, auxiliary, and weapons systems aboard submarines and surface craft. Manufacture, install, repair, maintain, and remove all ship-to-shore temporary piping services. Production Machinery Mechanic - Provides a comprehensive equipment maintenance program to ensure support needs are continuously met. Performs periodic maintenance, installs and removes shop equipment. Follows schematics diagrams/drawings to overhaul, troubleshoot, repair and test industrial plant equipment including mills, lathes, presses, compressors, generators and other wood working and metal forming/removing equipment. Equipment are powered by hydraulics, electricity, pneumatic, manual and other mechanical principles. Sheet Metal Mechanic - Reading blueprints for all sheet metal work. Mechanic manufactures, installs, repairs and modifies ventilation systems, furniture’s, light gage bulkheads, lockers, stowage’s and doors on surface craft, submarines, and in the shop. Removes, installs, maintains, modifies and certifies temporary environmental control ventilation systems. Sketches and lays out utilizing an NX4 modeling system to program a numerically- controlled turret punch and plasma-cutting machine prior to manual forming. Manufacture various types of label plates using Laser and mechanical engravers on metal and plastic. Work with different types and thicknesses of metal including stainless steel, copper, monel, brass, carbon steel and aluminum. Shipfitter - Following blueprints, layout, fabricate, install, remove, and repair structural parts on naval ships and support equipment. Utilizes similar principles as a carpenter while working with Welders to assemble various types of metal plates, beams, angles, and pipes. Shapes materials to conform to existing ship structures. Work may require use of heavy presses, saws, drill press, and assorted pneumatic and standard hand tools (hammer, wrenches, etc.). Shipwright - Install, maintain, modify and remove all staging associated with ship work. Use transits and levels to establish working lines and reference points. Check vessel alignment during docking evolution. Construct docking blocks and shoring. Other work includes rough and finish woodwork, and building mock-ups. Tool Room Mechanic - Assures the proper quality tools are available to allow workers to safely, efficiently and effectively accomplish assigned tasks. Performs periodic maintenance, overhauls, troubleshoots, repairs and tests hand held and portable power tools and mechanical/electrical equipment. Inspects and maintains personnel protective equipment such as respirators and fall protection gear. Employs shop's standard operating procedures and operates tool rooms to issue such equipment along with various hand tools and precision measuring equipment. Maintains record, reports and conducts periodic inventories. Rigger - Select, install, and use cables, ropes and other weight handling gear to lift, move and position heavy loads in crane and critical rigging operations. Use complex multi-point suspension techniques to maneuver over, under, and around obstacles by tilting, dipping and turning suspended loads. Other duties include the fabrication, installation, testing, maintenance, and repair of standing and running rigging, wire cable, or fiber rope articles such as slings, towing bridles, and wire rope nets, lines and centering gear to control all ship movements within the dry dock.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	3	9	https://hbr.org/2013/12/how-google-sold-its-engineers-on-management	en	How Google Sold Its Engineers on Management	https://hbr.org/resource…raph_940x490.png	https://hbr.org/resource…raph_940x490.png	[ "https://hbr.org/resources/css/images/HBR_logo_black.svg", "https://hbr.org/resources/css/images/cart-icon.png", "https://hbr.org/resources/css/images/HBR_logo_black.svg", "https://hbr.org/resources/images/article_assets/hbr/1312/R1312D_HAGEN.jpg", "https://hbr.org/resources/images/article_assets/hbr/1312/R1312D_A.gif", "https://hbr.org/resources/images/article_assets/hbr/1312/R1312D_B.gif", "https://hbr.org/resources/images/article_assets/2015/07/2015.png", "https://hbr.org/resources/css/images/hbr_logo.svg", "https://hbr.org/resources/images/2018/new_logo_May11.png", "http://b.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=14457509&cv=2.0&cj=1" ]	[ "/resources/html/infographics/2013/12/R1312D-sidebar/GarvinInteractive.html" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "David A. Garvin" ]	2013-12-01T05:00:00+00:00	Reprint: R1312D High-performing knowledge workers often question whether managers actually contribute much, especially in a technical environment. Until recently, that was the case at Google, a company filled with self-starters who viewed management as more destructive than beneficial and as a distraction from “real work.” But when Google’s people analytics team examined the value of managers, applying the same rigorous research methods the company uses in its operations, it proved the skeptics wrong. Mining data from employee surveys, performance reviews, and double-blind interviews, the team verified that managers indeed had a positive impact. It also pinpointed exactly how, identifying the eight key behaviors of great Google managers. In this article, Harvard Business School professor Garvin describes how Google has incorporated the detailed findings from the research into highly specific, concrete guidelines; classes; and feedback reports that help managers hone their essential skills. Because these tools were built from the ground up, using the staff’s own input, they’ve been embraced by Google employees. Managers say that they’ve found their training to be invaluable, and managers’ ratings from direct reports have steadily risen across the company.		/resources/images/favicon.ico	Harvard Business Review	https://hbr.org/2013/12/how-google-sold-its-engineers-on-management	Since the early days of Google, people throughout the company have questioned the value of managers. That skepticism stems from a highly technocratic culture. As one software engineer, Eric Flatt, puts it, “We are a company built by engineers for engineers.” And most engineers, not just those at Google, want to spend their time designing and debugging, not communicating with bosses or supervising other workers’ progress. In their hearts they’ve long believed that management is more destructive than beneficial, a distraction from “real work” and tangible, goal-directed tasks. A few years into the company’s life, founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin actually wondered whether Google needed any managers at all. In 2002 they experimented with a completely flat organization, eliminating engineering managers in an effort to break down barriers to rapid idea development and to replicate the collegial environment they’d enjoyed in graduate school. That experiment lasted only a few months: They relented when too many people went directly to Page with questions about expense reports, interpersonal conflicts, and other nitty-gritty issues. And as the company grew, the founders soon realized that managers contributed in many other, important ways—for instance, by communicating strategy, helping employees prioritize projects, facilitating collaboration, supporting career development, and ensuring that processes and systems aligned with company goals. Google now has some layers but not as many as you might expect in an organization with more than 37,000 employees: just 5,000 managers, 1,000 directors, and 100 vice presidents. It’s not uncommon to find engineering managers with 30 direct reports. Flatt says that’s by design, to prevent micromanaging. “There is only so much you can meddle when you have 30 people on your team, so you have to focus on creating the best environment for engineers to make things happen,” he notes. Google gives its rank and file room to make decisions and innovate. Along with that freedom comes a greater respect for technical expertise, skillful problem solving, and good ideas than for titles and formal authority. Given the overall indifference to pecking order, anyone making a case for change at the company needs to provide compelling logic and rich supporting data. Seldom do employees accept top-down directives without question. Google downplays hierarchy and emphasizes the power of the individual in its recruitment efforts, as well, to achieve the right cultural fit. Using a rigorous, data-driven hiring process, the company goes to great lengths to attract young, ambitious self-starters and original thinkers. It screens candidates’ résumés for markers that indicate potential to excel there—especially general cognitive ability. People who make that first cut are then carefully assessed for initiative, flexibility, collaborative spirit, evidence of being well-rounded, and other factors that make a candidate “Googley.” So here’s the challenge Google faced: If your highly skilled, handpicked hires don’t value management, how can you run the place effectively? How do you turn doubters into believers, persuading them to spend time managing others? As it turns out, by applying the same analytical rigor and tools that you used to hire them in the first place—and that they set such store by in their own work. You use data to test your assumptions about management’s merits and then make your case. Analyzing the Soft Stuff To understand how Google set out to prove managers’ worth, let’s go back to 2006, when Page and Brin brought in Laszlo Bock to head up the human resources function—appropriately called people operations, or people ops. From the start, people ops managed performance reviews, which included annual 360-degree assessments. It also helped conduct and interpret the Googlegeist employee survey on career development goals, perks, benefits, and company culture. A year later, with that foundation in place, Bock hired Prasad Setty from Capital One to lead a people analytics group. He challenged Setty to approach HR with the same empirical discipline Google applied to its business operations. Setty took him at his word, recruiting several PhDs with serious research chops. This new team was committed to leading organizational change. “I didn’t want our group to be simply a reporting house,” Setty recalls. “Organizations can get bogged down in all that data. Instead, I wanted us to be hypothesis-driven and help solve company problems and questions with data.” People analytics then pulled together a small team to tackle issues relating to employee well-being and productivity. In early 2009 it presented its initial set of research questions to Setty. One question stood out, because it had come up again and again since the company’s founding: Do managers matter? To find the answer, Google launched Project Oxygen, a multiyear research initiative. It has since grown into a comprehensive program that measures key management behaviors and cultivates them through communication and training. By November 2012, employees had widely adopted the program—and the company had shown statistically significant improvements in multiple areas of managerial effectiveness and performance. Google is one of several companies that are applying analytics in new ways. Until recently, organizations used data-driven decision making mainly in product development, marketing, and pricing. But these days, Google, Procter & Gamble, Harrah’s, and others take that same approach in addressing human resources needs. (See “Competing on Talent Analytics,” by Thomas H. Davenport, Jeanne Harris, and Jeremy Shapiro, HBR October 2010.) Unfortunately, scholars haven’t done enough to help these organizations understand and improve day-to-day management practice. Compared with leadership, managing remains understudied and undertaught—largely because it’s so difficult to describe, precisely and concretely, what managers actually do. We often say that they get things done through other people, yet we don’t usually spell out how in any detail. Project Oxygen, in contrast, was designed to offer granular, hands-on guidance. It didn’t just identify desirable management traits in the abstract; it pinpointed specific, measurable behaviors that brought those traits to life. That’s why Google employees let go of their skepticism and got with the program. Project Oxygen mirrored their decision-making criteria, respected their need for rigorous analysis, and made it a priority to measure impact. Data-driven cultures, Google discovered, respond well to data-driven change. Making the Case Project Oxygen colead Neal Patel recalls, “We knew the team had to be careful. Google has high standards of proof, even for what, at other places, might be considered obvious truths. Simple correlations weren’t going to be enough. So we actually ended up trying to prove the opposite case—that managers don’t matter. Luckily, we failed.” To begin, Patel and his team reviewed exit-interview data to see if employees cited management issues as a reason for leaving Google. Though they found some connections between turnover rates and low satisfaction with managers, those didn’t apply to the company more broadly, given the low turnover rates overall. Nor did the findings prove that managers caused attrition. As a next step, Patel examined Googlegeist ratings and semiannual reviews, comparing managers on both satisfaction and performance. For both dimensions, he looked at the highest and lowest scorers (the top and bottom quartiles). Essential Background Evidence-Based Management Decision Making Feature When you act on better logic and evidence, your company can trump the competition. Save Share “At first,” he says, “the numbers were not encouraging. Even the low-scoring managers were doing pretty well. How could we find evidence that better management mattered when all managers seemed so similar?” The solution came from applying sophisticated multivariate statistical techniques, which showed that even “the smallest incremental increases in manager quality were quite powerful.” For example, in 2008, the high-scoring managers saw less turnover on their teams than the others did—and retention was related more strongly to manager quality than to seniority, performance, tenure, or promotions. The data also showed a tight connection between managers’ quality and workers’ happiness: Employees with high-scoring bosses consistently reported greater satisfaction in multiple areas, including innovation, work-life balance, and career development. In light of this research, the Project Oxygen team concluded that managers indeed mattered. But to act on that finding, Google first had to figure out what its best managers did. So the researchers followed up with double-blind qualitative interviews, asking the high- and low-scoring managers questions such as “How often do you have career development discussions with your direct reports?” and “What do you do to develop a vision for your team?” Managers from Google’s three major functions (engineering, global business, and general and administrative) participated; they came from all levels and geographies. The team also studied thousands of qualitative comments from Googlegeist surveys, performance reviews, and submissions for the company’s Great Manager Award. (Each year, Google selects about 20 managers for this distinction, on the basis of employees’ nominations.) It took several months to code and process all this information. After much review, Oxygen identified eight behaviors shared by high-scoring managers. (See the sidebar “What Google’s Best Managers Do” for the complete list.) Even though the behaviors weren’t terribly surprising, Patel’s colead, Michelle Donovan, says, “we hoped that the list would resonate because it was based on Google data. The attributes were about us, by us, and for us.” What Google’s Best Managers Do By examining data from employee surveys and performance reviews, Google’s people analytics team identified eight key behaviors demonstrated by the company’s most effective managers. A good manager: 1. Is a good coach 2. Empowers the team and does not micromanage (See the sidebar “How Google Defines One Key Behavior”) 3. Expresses interest in and concern for team members’ success and personal well-being 4. Is productive and results-oriented 5. Is a good communicator—listens and shares information 6. Helps with career development 7. Has a clear vision and strategy for the team 8. Has key technical skills that help him or her advise the team The key behaviors primarily describe leaders of small and medium-sized groups and teams and are especially relevant to first- and second-level managers. They involve developing and motivating direct reports, as well as communicating strategy and eliminating roadblocks—all vital activities that people tend to overlook in the press of their day-to-day responsibilities. Putting the Findings into Practice The list of behaviors has served three important functions at Google: giving employees a shared vocabulary for discussing management, offering them straightforward guidelines for improving it, and encapsulating the full range of management responsibilities. Though the list is simple and straightforward, it’s enriched by examples and descriptions of best practices—in survey participants’ own words. These details make the overarching principles, such as “empowers the team and does not micromanage,” more concrete and show managers different ways of enacting them. (See the exhibit “How Google Defines One Key Behavior.”) How Google Defines One Key Behavior Drawing on companywide survey responses, Google breaks down each essential management behavior into specific activities and best practices. Best practice: Assign stretch assignments to empower the team to tackle big problems “My manager was able to see my potential and gave me opportunities that allowed me to shine and grow. For example, early on in my role, she asked me to pull together a cross-functional team to develop a goal-setting process. I was new to the role, so she figured it would be a great way for me to get to know the team and also to create accountability and transparency. Once it was developed, she sent me to one of our Europe offices—on my own!—to deliver the training to people managers there.” Source:The Google Internal Presentation “Investigating Why Managers Matter and What Our Best Ones Do,” January 2010 The descriptions of the eight behaviors also allow considerable tailoring. They’re inclusive guidelines, not rigid formulas. That said, it was clear early on that managers would need help adopting the new standards, so people ops built assessments and a training program around the Oxygen findings. To improve the odds of acceptance, the group customized the survey instrument, creating an upward feedback survey (UFS) for employees in administrative and global business functions and a tech managers survey (TMS) for the engineers. Both assessments asked employees to evaluate their managers (using a five-point scale) on a core set of activities—such as giving actionable feedback regularly and communicating team goals clearly—all of which related directly to the key management behaviors. The first surveys went out in June 2010—deliberately out of sync with performance reviews, which took place in April and September. (Google had initially considered linking the scores with performance reviews but decided that would increase resistance to the Oxygen program because employees would view it as a top-down imposition of standards.) People ops emphasized confidentiality and issued frequent reminders that the surveys were strictly for self-improvement. “Project Oxygen was always meant to be a developmental tool, not a performance metric,” says Mary Kate Stimmler, an analyst in the department. “We realized that anonymous surveys are not always fair, and there is often a context behind low scores.” Though the surveys weren’t mandatory, the vast majority of employees completed them. Soon afterward, managers received reports with numerical scores and individual comments—feedback they were urged to share with their teams. (See the exhibit “One Manager’s Feedback” for a representative sample.) The reports explicitly tied individuals’ scores to the eight behaviors, included links to more information about best practices, and suggested actions each manager could take to improve. Someone with, say, unfavorable scores in coaching might get a recommendation to take a class on how to deliver personalized, balanced feedback. People ops designed the training to be hands-on and immediately useful. In “vision” classes, for example, participants practiced writing vision statements for their departments or teams and bringing the ideas to life with compelling stories. In 2011, Google added Start Right, a two-hour workshop for new managers, and Manager Flagship courses on popular topics such as managing change, which were offered in three two-day modules over six months. “We have a team of instructors,” says people-development manager Kathrin O’Sullivan, “and we are piloting online Google Hangout classes so managers from around the world can participate.” Managers have expressed few concerns about signing up for the courses and going public with the changes they need to make. Eric Clayberg, for one, has found his training invaluable. A seasoned software-engineering manager and serial entrepreneur, Clayberg had led teams for 18 years before Google bought his latest start-up. But he feels he learned more about management in six months of Oxygen surveys and people ops courses than in the previous two decades. “For instance,” he says, “I was worried about the flat organizational structure at Google; I knew it would be hard to help people on my team get promoted. I learned in the classes about how to provide career development beyond promotions. I now spend a third to half my time looking for ways to help my team members grow.” And to his surprise, his reports have welcomed his advice. “Engineers hate being micromanaged on the technical side,” he observes, “but they love being closely managed on the career side.” Improving Management at Google: An Audio Interview Harvard Business School professor David Garvin interviews Google software-engineering manager Eric Clayberg, a winner of the company’s Great Manager Award. They discuss how Clayberg and others at Google have benefitted from Project Oxygen, an internal research initiative that has evolved into a comprehensive management-feedback and -training program. Download this podcast To complement the training, the development team sets up panel discussions featuring high-scoring managers from each function. That way, employees get advice from colleagues they respect, not just from HR. People ops also sends new managers automated e-mail reminders with tips on how to succeed at Google, links to relevant Oxygen findings, and information about courses they haven’t taken. And Google rewards the behaviors it’s working so hard to promote. The company has revamped its selection criteria for the Great Manager Award to reflect the eight Oxygen behaviors. Employees refer to the behaviors and cite specific examples when submitting nominations. Clayberg has received the award, and he believes it was largely because of the skills he acquired through his Oxygen training. The prize includes a weeklong trip to a destination such as Hawaii, where winners get to spend time with senior executives. Recipients go places in the company, too. “In the last round of promotions to vice president,” Laszlo Bock says, “10% of the directors promoted were winners of the Great Manager Award.” Measuring Results The people ops team has analyzed Oxygen’s impact by examining aggregate survey data and qualitative input from individuals. From 2010 through 2012, UFS and TMS median favorability scores rose from 83% to 88%. The lowest-scoring managers improved the most, particularly in the areas of coaching and career development. The improvements were consistent across functions, survey categories, management levels, spans of control, and geographic regions. In an environment of top achievers, people take low scores seriously. Consider vice president Sebastien Marotte, who came to Google in 2011 from a senior sales role at Oracle. During his first six months at Google, Marotte focused on meeting his sales numbers (and did so successfully) while managing a global team of 150 people. Then he received his first UFS scores, which came as a shock. “I asked myself, ‘Am I right for this company? Should I go back to Oracle?’ There seemed to be a disconnect,” he says, “because my manager had rated me favorably in my first performance review, yet my UFS scores were terrible.” Then, with help from a people ops colleague, Marotte took a step back and thought about what changes he could make. He recalls, “We went through all the comments and came up with a plan. I fixed how I communicated with my team and provided more visibility on our long-term strategy. Within two survey cycles, I raised my favorability ratings from 46% to 86%. It’s been tough but very rewarding. I came here as a senior sales guy, but now I feel like a general manager.” Overall, other managers took the feedback as constructively as Marotte did—and were especially grateful for its specificity. Here’s what Stephanie Davis, director of large-company sales and another winner of the Great Manager Award, says she learned from her first feedback report: “I was surprised that one person on my team didn’t think I had regularly scheduled one-on-one meetings. I saw this person every day, but the survey helped me realize that just seeing this person was different from having regularly scheduled individual meetings. My team also wanted me to spend more time sharing my vision. Personally, I have always been inspired by Eric [Schmidt], Larry, and Sergey; I thought my team was also getting a sense of the company’s vision from them. But this survey gave my team the opportunity to explain that they wanted me to interpret the higher-level vision for them. So I started listening to the company’s earnings call with a different ear. I didn’t just come back to my team with what was said; I also shared what it meant for them.” Chris Loux, head of global enterprise renewals, remembers feeling frustrated with his low UFS scores. “I had received a performance review indicating that I was exceeding expectations,” he says, “yet one of my direct reports said on the UFS that he would not recommend me as a manager. That struck me, because people don’t quit companies—they quit managers.” At the same time, Loux struggled with the question of just how much to push the lower performers on his team. “It’s hard to give negative feedback to a type-A person who has never received bad feedback in his or her life,” he explains. “If someone gets 95% favorable on the UFS, I wonder if that manager is avoiding problems by not having tough conversations with reports on how they can get better.” Loux isn’t the only Google executive to speculate about the connection between employees’ performance reviews and their managers’ feedback scores. That question came up multiple times during Oxygen’s rollout. To address it, the people analytics group fell back on a time-tested technique—going back to the data and conducting a formal analysis to determine whether a manager who gave someone a negative performance review would then receive a low feedback rating from that employee. After looking at two quarters’ worth of survey data from 2011, the group found that changes in employee performance ratings (both upward and downward) accounted for less than 1% of variability in corresponding manager ratings across all functions at Google. “Managing to the test” doesn’t appear to be a big risk, either. Because the eight behaviors are rooted in action, it’s difficult for managers to fake them in pursuit of higher ratings. In the surveys, employees don’t assess their managers’ motivations, values, or beliefs; rather, they evaluate the extent to which their managers demonstrate each behavior. Either the manager has acted in the ways recommended—consistently and credibly—or she has not. There is very little room for grandstanding or dissembling. This article also appears in: “We are not trying to change the nature of people who work at Google,” says Bock. “That would be presumptuous and dangerous. Instead, we are saying, ‘Here are a few things that will lead you to be perceived as a better manager.’ Our managers may not completely believe in the suggestions, but after they act on them and get better UFS and TMS scores, they may eventually internalize the behavior.” Project Oxygen does have its limits. A commitment to managerial excellence can be hard to maintain over the long haul. One threat to sustainability is “evaluation overload.” The UFS and the TMS depend on employees’ goodwill. Googlers voluntarily respond on a semiannual basis, but they’re asked to complete many other surveys as well. What if they decide that they’re tired of filling out surveys? Will response rates bottom out? Sustainability also depends on the continued effectiveness of managers who excel at the eight behaviors, as well as those behaviors’ relevance to senior executive positions. A disproportionate number of recently promoted vice presidents had won the Great Manager Award, a reflection of how well they’d followed Oxygen’s guidelines. But what if other behaviors—those associated with leadership skills—matter more in senior positions? Further, while survey scores gauge employees’ satisfaction and perceptions of the work environment, it’s unclear exactly what impact those intangibles have on such bottom-line measures as sales, productivity, and profitability. (Even for Google’s high-powered statisticians, those causal relationships are difficult to establish.) And if the eight behaviors do actually benefit organizational performance, they still might not give Google a lasting edge. Companies with similar competitive profiles—high-tech firms, for example, that are equally data-driven—can mimic Google’s approach, since the eight behaviors aren’t proprietary. Still, Project Oxygen has accomplished what it set out to do: It not only convinced its skeptical audience of Googlers that managers mattered but also identified, described, and institutionalized their most essential behaviors. Oxygen applied the concept of data-driven continuous improvement directly—and successfully—to the soft skills of management. Widespread adoption has had a significant impact on how employees perceive life at Google—particularly on how they rate the degree of collaboration, the transparency of performance evaluations, and their groups’ commitment to innovation and risk taking. At a company like Google, where the staff consists almost entirely of “A” players, managers have a complex, demanding role to play. They must go beyond overseeing the day-to-day work and support their employees’ personal needs, development, and career planning. That means providing smart, steady feedback to guide people to greater levels of achievement—but intervening judiciously and with a light touch, since high-performing knowledge workers place a premium on autonomy. It’s a delicate balancing act to keep employees happy and motivated through enthusiastic cheerleading while helping them grow through stretch assignments and carefully modulated feedback. When the process works well, it can yield extraordinary results. That’s why Prasad Setty wants to keep building on Oxygen’s findings about effective management practice. “We will have to start thinking about what else drives people to go from good to great,” he says. His team has begun analyzing managers’ assessment scores by personality type, looking for patterns. “With Project Oxygen, we didn’t have these endogenous variables available to us,” he adds. “Now we can start to tease them out, using more of an ethnographic approach. It’s really about observations—staying with people and studying their interactions. We’re not going to have the capacity to follow tons of people, but what we’ll lose in terms of numbers, we’ll gain in a deeper understanding of what managers and their teams experience.” That, in a nutshell, is the principle at the heart of Google’s approach: deploying disciplined data collection and rigorous analysis—the tools of science—to uncover deeper insights into the art and craft of management.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	1	65	https://www.globenewswire.com/en/news-release/2023/07/11/2703057/0/en/Latest-Global-Social-Media-Analytics-Market-Size-Share-Worth-USD-10-2-Billion-by-2030-at-a-14-CAGR-Custom-Market-Insights-Analysis-Outlook-Leaders-Report-Trends-Forecast-Segmentati.html	en	[Latest] Global Social Media Analytics Market Size/Share Worth USD 10.2 Billion by 2030 at a 14% CAGR: Custom Market Insights (Analysis, Outlook, Leaders, Report, Trends, Forecast, Segmentation, Growt	https://ml.globenewswire.com/Resource/Download/74609d89-5437-4826-b7b8-31238ea2e65c	https://ml.globenewswire.com/Resource/Download/74609d89-5437-4826-b7b8-31238ea2e65c	[ "https://ml.globenewswire.com/Resource/Download/d4a6dded-438b-41e5-9a6a-361ba2a38f0c", "https://ml.globenewswire.com/Resource/Download/7e34b79b-c531-4fd7-93c5-6c6b5c816dcf", "https://ml.globenewswire.com/Resource/Download/0f22ab51-2018-48af-ba3d-ac7ce4cb2bc5", "https://ml.globenewswire.com/media/YmZkYjVhMDgtN2JmZC00ZjM2LThjZTAtZjg5MWE3MDlhY2YxLTEyNjI3ODU=/tiny/CMI-MARKET-RESEARCH-PRIVATE-LI.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "CMI MARKET RESEARCH PRIVATE LIMITED", "Solution", "Services", "On-Premises", "Predictive", "Prescriptive", "Diagnostics", "Descriptive", "Analytics", "SMEs", "Social Media", "Defense", "Travel", "BFSI", "IT", "CMI" ]	null	[ "CMI MARKET RESEARCH PRIVATE LIMITED" ]	2023-07-11T00:00:00	[220+ Pages Latest Report] According to a market research study published by Custom Market Insights, the demand analysis of Global Social Media Analytics...	en	/Content/logo/favicon.ico	GlobeNewswire News Room	https://www.globenewswire.com/en/news-release/2023/07/11/2703057/0/en/Latest-Global-Social-Media-Analytics-Market-Size-Share-Worth-USD-10-2-Billion-by-2030-at-a-14-CAGR-Custom-Market-Insights-Analysis-Outlook-Leaders-Report-Trends-Forecast-Segmentati.html	Austin, TX, USA, July 11, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Custom Market Insights has published a new research report titled “Social Media Analytics Market Size, Trends and Insights By Component (Solution, Services), By Deployment (On-Premises, Cloud), By Analytics (Predictive Analytics, Prescriptive Analytics, Diagnostics Analytics, Descriptive Analytics), By Organization Size (Large Enterprises, SMEs), By Industry (Retail & E-commerce, BFSI, Healthcare, IT & Telecom, Government & Defense, Travel & Hospitality, Others), and By Region - Global Industry Overview, Statistical Data, Competitive Analysis, Share, Outlook, and Forecast 2023–2032” in its research database. “According to the latest research study, the demand for global Social Media Analytics Market size & share was valued at approximately USD 4.5 Billion in 2021 and is expected to reach USD 5.1 Billion in 2023 and is expected to reach a value of around USD 10.2 Billion by 2030, at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of about 14% during the forecast period 2022 to 2030.” Click Here to Access a Free Sample Report of the Global Social Media Analytics Market @ https://www.custommarketinsights.com/request-for-free-sample/?reportid=17447 Social Media Analytics Market: Overview Social Media Analytics includes analyzing data from social conversations in order to comprehend and apply it. Tracking conversations and measuring campaigns are examples of this type of analysis. It also entails determining how social activities affect business results. To get a comprehensive picture of the customer experience, the best brands often combine Social Media Analytics with customer commentary from surveys, call center agent notes, ratings and review sites, and other customer feedback. Growth Factors The rise in the number of social media users is boosting the market for Social Media Analytics One of the key factors boosting Social Media Analytics market growth is the growing need to understand consumer needs and market trends. The widespread use of smartphones, together with the popularity of social media, will further drive market growth in the coming years. Social media has transformed the marketing and promotional actions of businesses. Analytics in social media allows for the distribution of targeted messages via a variety of tools and channels. To realize a company’s full potential, it must first understand the opinions and preferences of its target audience. Thus, Social Media Analytics helps organizations analyze such information by collecting and analyzing data from various platforms. Request a Customized Copy of the Social Media Analytics Market Report @ https://www.custommarketinsights.com/request-for-customization/?reportid=17447 Segmental Overview The market for Social Media Analytics is classified into component, deployment, organization size, analytics, and industry. Based on the organization segment, the SME segment is projected to exhibit tremendous growth during 2022-2030. Because of the availability of specifically designed, less expensive tools, SMEs are increasingly adopting Social Media Analytics. Furthermore, the increased awareness of the value of analytics for competitive advantage and efficiency has opened up a new market for Social Media Analytics in SMEs. Based on analytics, descriptive analytics is expected to witness high demand during the projected period. Descriptive analytics is distinguished by the analysis of past events and behaviours in order to create powerful insights that are useful to the enterprise for future use. By industry, the healthcare segment is projected to witness a high CAGR. Healthcare providers can gather different perceptions and viewpoints by monitoring and analyzing public behaviour via social media, which helps decision-makers, unravel the needs of the patients. (A free sample of the Social Media Analytics report is available upon request; please contact us for more information.) Our Free Sample Report Consists of the following: Introduction, Overview, and in-depth industry analysis are all included in the 2022 updated report. The COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak Impact Analysis is included in the package. About 220+ Pages Research Report (Including Recent Research) Provide detailed chapter-by-chapter guidance on the Request. Updated Regional Analysis with a Graphical Representation of Size, Share, and Trends for the Year 2022 Includes Tables and figures have been updated. The most recent version of the report includes the Top Market Players, their Business Strategies, Sales Volume, and Revenue Analysis Custom Market Insights (CMI) research methodology (Please note that the sample of the Social Media Analytics report has been modified to include the COVID-19 impact study prior to delivery.) Request a Customized Copy of the Social Media Analytics Market Report @ https://www.custommarketinsights.com/report/social-media-analytics-market/ Regional Overview North America to lead the global Social Media Analytics market from 2022-2030 The growing need to generate consumer engagement indicators for organizational growth is expected to drive Social Media Analytics market growth. On the other hand, increased knowledge of benefits such as increased company productivity provided by important regional suppliers is a factor helping the market’s growth. Most businesses and industries in North America consider competitive intelligence, marketing, and sales management extremely successful. The North American Social Media Analytics market is noticing a significant adoption of Social Media Analytics due to expanding digitization and the high spending capability of organizations. Request a Customized Copy of the Social Media Analytics Market Report @ https://www.custommarketinsights.com/report/social-media-analytics-market/ Report Scope Feature of the Report Details Market Size in 2021 USD 4.5 Billion Projected Market Size in 2030 USD 10.2 Billion CAGR Growth Rate 14% CAGR (2022-2030) Base Year 2022 Forecast Period 2023-2032 Prominent Players IBM Corporation, Clarabridge Inc., SAS Institute Inc., GoodData Corporation, Crimson Hexagon Inc., Oracle Corporation, Adobe Systems Inc., Salesforce.com Inc. (Tableau Software Inc.), Sprout Social Inc., Netbase Solutions Inc., and Others Key Segment By Component, Deployment, Analytics, Organization Size, Industry, and Region Report Coverage Revenue Estimation and Forecast, Company Profile, Competitive Landscape, Growth Factors and Recent Trends Regional Scope North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East & Africa, and South & Central America Buying Options Request tailored purchasing options to fulfil your requirements for research. Request a Customized Copy of the Social Media Analytics Market Report @ https://www.custommarketinsights.com/report/social-media-analytics-market/ Key questions answered in this report: What is the size of the Social Media Analytics market and what is its expected growth rate? What are the primary driving factors that push the Social Media Analytics market forward? What are the Social Media Analytics Industry's top companies? What are the different categories that the Social Media Analytics Market caters to? What will be the fastest-growing segment or region? In the value chain, what role do essential players play? What is the procedure for getting a free copy of the Social Media Analytics market sample report and company profiles? Key Offerings: Market Share, Size & Forecast by Revenue \| 2022−2030 Market Dynamics – Growth Drivers, Restraints, Investment Opportunities, and Leading Trends Market Segmentation – A detailed analysis by Types of Services, by End-User Services, and by regions Competitive Landscape – Top Key Vendors and Other Prominent Vendors Buy this Premium Social Media Analytics Research Report \| Fast Delivery Available - [220+ Pages] @ https://www.custommarketinsights.com/report/social-media-analytics-market/ Key Players Insights The Social Media Analytics market is extremely competitive with the presence of numerous regional and global players, resulting in a rather fragmented market. The majority of the top competitors in the Social Media Analytics market offer all-inclusive packages with a wide range of features. Some of the prominent players IBM Corporation Clarabridge Inc. SAS Institute Inc. GoodData Corporation Crimson Hexagon Inc. Oracle Corporation Adobe Systems Inc. com Inc. (Tableau Software Inc.) Sprout Social Inc. Netbase Solutions Inc. Request a Customized Copy of the Social Media Analytics Market Report @ https://www.custommarketinsights.com/report/social-media-analytics-market/ (We customized your report to meet your specific research requirements. Inquire with our sales team about customizing your report.) Still, Looking for More Information? Do OR Want Data for Inclusion in magazines, case studies, research papers, or Media? Email Directly Here with Detail Information: support@custommarketinsights.com Browse the full “Social Media Analytics Market Size, Trends and Insights By Component (Solution, Services), By Deployment (On-Premises, Cloud), By Analytics (Predictive Analytics, Prescriptive Analytics, Diagnostics Analytics, Descriptive Analytics), By Organization Size (Large Enterprises, SMEs), By Industry (Retail & E-commerce, BFSI, Healthcare, IT & Telecom, Government & Defense, Travel & Hospitality, Others), and By Region - Global Industry Overview, Statistical Data, Competitive Analysis, Share, Outlook, and Forecast 2023–2032” Report at https://www.custommarketinsights.com/report/social-media-analytics-market/ Key Insights: As per the analysis shared by our research analyst, the Social Media Analytics market is estimated to grow annually at a CAGR of around 14% over the forecast period (2022-2030). In terms of revenue, the Social Media Analytics market size was valued at around USD 4.5 billion in 2021. Due to a variety of driving factors, the market is predicted to rise at a significant rate. Based on component segmentation, the software segment was estimated to hold the maximum market share in the year 2021. Based on deployment segmentation, the cloud-based segment was the leading revenue-generating category in 2021. Based on analytics segmentation, the descriptive analytics segment is projected to exhibit a higher CAGR during 2022-2030. Based on organization size segmentation, the SME segment is expected to experience tremendous growth during the forecast period. Based on industry segmentation, the retail & e-commerce segment led the market in 2021. On the basis of geography, the North American region was the leading revenue generator in 2021. Recent Development June 2022: Pinterest unveiled real-time analytics elements in Pin Analytics on mobile, providing more information on how Pins are performing at any given time. August 2022: DGTL Holdings Inc. announced new PaaS contracts from two global CPG conglomerates to its wholly-owned subsidiary Engagement Labs. Click Here to Access a Free Sample Report of the Global Social Media Analytics Market @ https://www.custommarketinsights.com/report/social-media-analytics-market/ Spectacular Deals Comprehensive coverage Maximum number of market tables and figures The subscription-based option is offered. Best price guarantee Free 35% or 60 hours of customization. Free post-sale service assistance. 25% discount on your next purchase. Service guarantees are available. Personalized market brief by author. Browse More Related Reports: Insight Engine Market: Insight Engine Market Size, Trends and Insights By Offering Type (Solutions, Services), By Application (Workforce Management, Customer Experience Management, Risk & Compliance Management, Sales & Marketing Management, Operation Management, Other Applications (Search & Discovery and Knowledge Management)), and By Region - Global Industry Overview, Statistical Data, Competitive Analysis, Share, Outlook, and Forecast 2023–2032 Automation Components Market: Automation Components Market Size, Trends and Insights By Components (Rollers, Stages, Linear Shafts, Bushings, Linear Guides, Locating Pins, Bearings, Gears, Others), By End User Industry (Automotive, Consumer Electronics, Pharmaceuticals, Food and Beverage, Packaging , Others), and By Region - Global Industry Overview, Statistical Data, Competitive Analysis, Share, Outlook, and Forecast 2023–2032 Fintech Technologies Market: Fintech Technologies Market Size, Trends and Insights By Application (Payment & Fund Transfer, Loans, Insurance & Personal Finance, Wealth Management, Others), By Technology (Application Programming Interface (API), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Blockchain, Robotic Process Automation, Data Analytics, Others), By End User (Banking, Insurance, Securities, Others), and By Region - Global Industry Overview, Statistical Data, Competitive Analysis, Share, Outlook, and Forecast 2023–2032 Digital Gift Card Market: Digital Gift Card Market Size, Trends and Insights By Channel (Brick and Mortor, Digital), By Application Area (Consumer Goods, Health and Wellness, Restaurants and Bars, Travel and Tourism, Media and Entertainment, Others), By Card Type (Closed Loop, Open Loop), By End Users (Retail Establishments, Corporate Institutions), and By Region - Global Industry Overview, Statistical Data, Competitive Analysis, Share, Outlook, and Forecast 2023–2032 Video Streaming Software Market: Video Streaming Software Market Size, Trends and Insights By Component (Solutions, Services), By Deployment (On-premises, Cloud), and By Region - Global Industry Overview, Statistical Data, Competitive Analysis, Share, Outlook, and Forecast 2023–2032 The global Social Media Analytics market is segmented as follows: By Component Solution Services By Deployment On-Premises Cloud By Analytics Predictive analytics Prescriptive analytics Diagnostics analytics Descriptive analytics By Organization Size Large Enterprises SMEs By Industry Retail & E-commerce BFSI Healthcare IT & Telecom Government & Defense Travel & Hospitality Others Click Here to Get a Free Sample Report of the Global Social Media Analytics Market @ https://www.custommarketinsights.com/report/social-media-analytics-market/ On the basis of Geography North America The U.S. Canada Mexico Europe France The UK Spain Germany Italy Rest of Europe Asia Pacific China Japan India Australia South Korea Rest of Asia Pacific The Middle East & Africa Saudi Arabia UAE Egypt Kuwait South Africa Rest of the Middle East & Africa Latin America Brazil Argentina Rest of Latin America This Social Media Analytics Market Research/Analysis Report Contains Answers to the following Questions. What Developments Are Going On in That Technology? Which Trends Are Causing These Developments? Who Are the Global Key Players in This Social Media Analytics Market? What are Their Company Profile, Product Information, and Contact Information? What Was the Global Market Status of the Social Media Analytics Market? What Was the Capacity, Production Value, Cost and PROFIT of the Social Media Analytics Market? What Is the Current Market Status of the Social Media Analytics Industry? What's Market Competition in This Industry, Both Company and Country Wise? What's Market Analysis of Social Media Analytics Market by Considering Applications and Types? What Are Projections of the Global Social Media Analytics Industry Considering Capacity, Production and Production Value? What Will Be the Estimation of Cost and Profit? What Will Be Market Share, Supply and Consumption? What about imports and exports? What Is Social Media Analytics Market Chain Analysis by Upstream Raw Materials and Downstream Industry? What Is the Economic Impact On Social Media Analytics Industry? What are Global Macroeconomic Environment Analysis Results? What Are Global Macroeconomic Environment Development Trends? What Are Market Dynamics of Social Media Analytics Market? What Are Challenges and Opportunities? What Should Be Entry Strategies, Countermeasures to Economic Impact, and Marketing Channels for Social Media Analytics Industry? Click Here to Access a Free Sample Report of the Global Social Media Analytics Market @ https://www.custommarketinsights.com/report/social-media-analytics-market/ Reasons to Purchase Social Media Analytics Market Report Social Media Analytics Market Report provides qualitative and quantitative analysis of the market based on segmentation involving economic and non-economic factors. Social Media Analytics Market report outlines market value (USD) data for each segment and sub-segment. This report indicates the region and segment expected to witness the fastest growth and dominate the market. Social Media Analytics Market Analysis by geography highlights the consumption of the product/service in the region and indicates the factors affecting the market within each region. The competitive landscape incorporates the market ranking of the major players, along with new service/product launches, partnerships, business expansions, and acquisitions in the past five years of companies profiled. Extensive company profiles comprising company overview, company insights, product benchmarking, and SWOT analysis for the major market players. The Industry's current and future market outlook concerning recent developments (which involve growth opportunities and drivers as well as challenges and restraints of both emerging and developed regions. Social Media Analytics Market Includes in-depth market analysis from various perspectives through Porter's five forces analysis and provides insight into the market through Value Chain. Reasons for the Research Report The study provides a thorough overview of the global Social Media Analytics market. Compare your performance to that of the market as a whole. Aim to maintain competitiveness while innovations from established key players fuel market growth. Buy this Premium Social Media Analytics Research Report \| Fast Delivery Available - [220+ Pages] @ https://www.custommarketinsights.com/report/social-media-analytics-market/ What does the report include? Drivers, restrictions, and opportunities are among the qualitative elements covered in the worldwide Social Media Analytics market analysis. The competitive environment of current and potential participants in the Social Media Analytics market is covered in the report, as well as those companies' strategic product development ambitions. According to the component, application, and industry vertical, this study analyzes the market qualitatively and quantitatively. Additionally, the report offers comparable data for the important regions. For each segment mentioned above, actual market sizes and forecasts have been given. Who should buy this report? Participants and stakeholders worldwide Social Media Analytics market should find this report useful. The research will be useful to all market participants in the Social Media Analytics industry. Managers in the Social Media Analytics sector are interested in publishing up-to-date and projected data about the worldwide Social Media Analytics market. Governmental agencies, regulatory bodies, decision-makers, and organizations want to invest in Social Media Analytics products' market trends. Market insights are sought for by analysts, researchers, educators, strategy managers, and government organizations to develop plans. Request a Customized Copy of the Social Media Analytics Market Report @ https://www.custommarketinsights.com/report/social-media-analytics-market/ About Custom Market Insights: Custom Market Insights is a market research and advisory company delivering business insights and market research reports to large, small, and medium-scale enterprises. We assist clients with strategies and business policies and regularly work towards achieving sustainable growth in their respective domains. CMI provides a one-stop solution for data collection to investment advice. The expert analysis of our company digs out essential factors that help to understand the significance and impact of market dynamics. The professional experts apply clients inside on the aspects such as strategies for future estimation fall, forecasting or opportunity to grow, and consumer survey. Follow Us: LinkedIn \| Twitter \| Facebook \| YouTube Contact Us: Joel John CMI Consulting LLC 1333, 701 Tillery Street Unit 12, Austin, TX, Travis, US, 78702 USA: +1 801-639-9061 India: +91 20 46022736 Email: support@custommarketinsights.com Web: https://www.custommarketinsights.com/ Blog: https://www.techyounme.com/ Blog: https://atozresearch.com/ Blog: https://www.technowalla.com/ Blog: https://marketresearchtrade.com/ Buy this Premium Social Media Analytics Research Report \| Fast Delivery Available - [220+ Pages] @ https://www.custommarketinsights.com/report/social-media-analytics-market/
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"https://dxc.com/nz/en/practices/oracle/modernise-with-oracle-applications/_jcr_content/root/container/enhancedtextimagevid_477130997/parsys/image.coreimg.jpeg/1627886282823/cx.jpeg", "https://dxc.com/nz/en/practices/oracle/modernise-with-oracle-applications/_jcr_content/root/container/enhancedtextimagevid_1527444930/parsys/image.coreimg.jpeg/1627886282876/university-of-wollongong-1050x650.jpeg", "https://dxc.scene7.com/is/image/dxc/DXC-Logo-gray?$landscape_desktop$" ]	[]	[]	[ "Oracle Cloud", "Oracle ERP", "Oracle HCM", "Oracle SCM", "Oracle EPM", "Oracle Enterprise Resource Planning Cloud", "Oracle Human Capital Management Cloud", "Oracle Supply Chain Management Cloud", "Oracle Enterprise Performance Management", "Oracle E-Business Suite", "Oracle PeopleSoft", "Oracle JD Edwards", "Oracle Demantra", "Oracle Primavera", "Oracle Planning", "Oracle PBCS." ]	null	[]	2021-07-26T00:00:00	Reinvent your application landscape with the most complete suite of Oracle applications. We deliver market leading solutions across finance, HR, supply chain & more.	en	/etc.clientlibs/dxc/clientlibs/clientlib-site/resources/images/favicon-16x16.png	DXC Technology	https://dxc.com/nz/en/practices/oracle/modernise-with-oracle-applications	For a long time, the case for switching from relatively costly high-maintenance on-premise ERP systems to the Cloud has been clear. The functional, financial and business benefits of switching is compelling. But once you’ve made the decision to move to Cloud, the migration path isn’t quite as obvious. At DXC Practice for Oracle, we’ve developed Cloud Suite, which streamlines the migration to Oracle® SaaS, focusing on maximising ROI and business value.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	0	64	https://www.au.dk/en/csn%40chem.au.dk	en	Cecilie Schmidt Herø	https://www.au.dk/filead…tandard_logo.jpg	https://www.au.dk/filead…tandard_logo.jpg	[ "https://cdn.au.dk/2016/assets/img/au_segl.svg", "https://ipure8.au.dk/current/photos/73f7967d-4d87-4686-ab1c-eaafdcd636ef-new.jpg", "https://cdn.au.dk/2016/assets/img/au_segl.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-03-11T14:30:42+01:00	Academic Technical Staff at Department of Chemistry at Aarhus University. See job responsibilities and contact information.	en	https://cdn.au.dk/favicon.ico		https://www.au.dk/en/show/person/csn@chem.au.dk	Common pages for staff members at AU staff.au.dk Employee portals Find the local staff portal for your department or division.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	3	5	https://www.infors-ht.com/en/blog/what-the-kla-tells-you-about-the-oxygen-transfer-in-your-bioreactor/	en	What The kLa Tells You About The Oxygen Transfer In Your Bioreactor	https://www.infors-ht.co…le_v2-scaled.jpg	https://www.infors-ht.co…le_v2-scaled.jpg	[ "https://www.infors-ht.com/skin/frontend/rwd/infors/images/infors-logo.svg", "https://www.infors-ht.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Title_v2-1024x768.jpg", "https://www.infors-ht.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/OTR_OUR_CELL-1024x506.jpg", "https://www.infors-ht.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/challkboard_kla_v2-1024x670.jpg", "https://www.infors-ht.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/bubbles-1024x495.jpg", "https://www.infors-ht.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Fig.-4-1024x723.png", "https://www.infors-ht.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Figure_4_v3-1024x603.jpg", "https://www.infors-ht.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Fig6-1024x728.jpg", "https://www.infors-ht.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/chalkboard_kla_2-1024x670.jpg", "https://www.infors-ht.com/skin/frontend/rwd/infors/images/opc-ajax-loader.gif", "https://ui-avatars.com/api/?background=e6e6e6&color=666666&rounded=true&bold=true&font-size=0.4&name=Prasanna Routray", "https://ui-avatars.com/api/?background=e6e6e6&color=666666&rounded=true&bold=true&font-size=0.4&name=OANA dVID", "https://ui-avatars.com/api/?background=e6e6e6&color=666666&rounded=true&bold=true&font-size=0.4&name=Colton Mitchell", "https://ui-avatars.com/api/?background=e6e6e6&color=666666&rounded=true&bold=true&font-size=0.4&name=Panthala raja", "https://ui-avatars.com/api/?background=e6e6e6&color=666666&rounded=true&bold=true&font-size=0.4&name=Sheikh Ziaul Haque", "https://ui-avatars.com/api/?background=e6e6e6&color=666666&rounded=true&bold=true&font-size=0.4&name=Nick M", "https://ui-avatars.com/api/?background=e6e6e6&color=666666&rounded=true&bold=true&font-size=0.4&name=Colton Mitchell", "https://ui-avatars.com/api/?background=e6e6e6&color=666666&rounded=true&bold=true&font-size=0.4&name=Harish Kumar Reddy.Y", "https://ui-avatars.com/api/?background=e6e6e6&color=666666&rounded=true&bold=true&font-size=0.4&name=Divya Chetri", "https://ui-avatars.com/api/?background=e6e6e6&color=666666&rounded=true&bold=true&font-size=0.4&name=aishwarya nadhan", "https://ui-avatars.com/api/?background=e6e6e6&color=666666&rounded=true&bold=true&font-size=0.4&name=Atul Sonawane", "https://ui-avatars.com/api/?background=e6e6e6&color=666666&rounded=true&bold=true&font-size=0.4&name=Valentina Haag", "https://ui-avatars.com/api/?background=e6e6e6&color=666666&rounded=true&bold=true&font-size=0.4&name=hamid mohammadi", "https://ui-avatars.com/api/?background=e6e6e6&color=666666&rounded=true&bold=true&font-size=0.4&name=Valentina Haag", "https://www.infors-ht.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/cell-culture-banner-340x178.jpg", "https://www.infors-ht.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/bioreactor-cost-340x254.jpg", "https://www.infors-ht.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Skizze_minifors_2-340x192.png", "https://www.infors-ht.com/skin/frontend/rwd/infors/images/infors-logo.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "Bioreactors", "Scale-Up" ]	null	[ "Lea Düppe" ]	2020-10-01T08:08:18+00:00	For a successful aerobic cultivation, a good oxygen transfer is vital. The determination of the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa) and the OTR helps you to optimize the bioprocess in...		https://www.infors-ht.co…lt/favicon_1.png	Blog	https://www.infors-ht.com/en/blog/what-the-kla-tells-you-about-the-oxygen-transfer-in-your-bioreactor/	1. kLa, OTR, OUR – What Is The Difference? The kLa (Volumetric Mass Transfer Coefficient) and the OTR (Oxygen Transfer Rate) detail how efficient oxygen is transferred from the gas bubbles into the bioreactor medium, i.e. how much oxygen is available for the cultivated biomass. The rate at which the biomass absorbs the available oxygen is described using the so-called OUR (Oxygen Uptake Rate). 2. What influences the kLa and therefore the OTR? The OTR is defined by the kLa and the difference between the oxygen concentration of the introduced gas and the oxygen concentration in the medium: The driving force being the concentration gradient, the OTR can be elevated considerably as several factors can have an influence on the saturation concentration in the media c*O2: You can either increase the oxygen content of the gassing, or increase the pressure and theoretically also by decreasing the process temperature. The OTR can also be increased by improving the kLa. The kLa actually consists of two coefficients: Mass transfer coefficient kL: describes the transport of oxygen and gas into the liquid phase a: Gas-liquid exchange area per unit of liquid volume Since it is difficult to measure the kL and a value separately, they are combined into one parameter. The two coefficients make the kLa strongly dependent on the process conditions. Generally, the kLa increases with accelerated stirring speed due to the energy input of the stirrer distributing and shredding the bubbles – making them smaller. Smaller bubbles have two advantages for oxygen transport compared with larger bubbles: A larger gas-liquid interface per unit of liquid volume (= large a), as shown in Fig. 3 A longer residence time in the medium, allowing more oxygen to be transferred into the liquid (= large kL) Furthermore, the kLa escalates when the gassing rate is increased as more oxygen is introduced into the medium. The effects of an increased stirring speed and increased gassing are shown in the figures below using the Minifors 2 bioreactor as an example. However, the possibilities to increase these two parameters is limited by the higher shear stress on the cultivated organisms. For this reason, the kLa in bioreactors for the cultivation of sensitive cell cultures is also significantly lower, which is shown in the examples in Figures 4 and 5. In addition to the process parameters, the equipment’s geometric parameters and composition of the culture medium also play an important role. It is therefore the main objective of every bioreactor manufacturer to develop equipment that produces a high kLa: right vessel geometry and sophisticated designed sparger – in combination with suitable energy input and design of the impeller, baffles etc. In consequence, the bioreactor is often rated by its kLa abilities. However, it must be kept in mind that the final oxygen transfer varies between processes and therefore does not have to correspond exactly to the manufacturer’s specifications, since it does not depend solely on the geometry of the bioreactor, but also on the process parameters, medium and the method used to measure the kLa. 3. How Can You Measure the kLA? There are different chemical, biological and physical methods that measure the kLa in bioreactors. However, one has become the standard as it is easy to use and provides accurate measurements. With the “static gassing-out” method, an oxygen sensor is installed in the bioreactor to measure the dissolved oxygen concentration in the medium. The characterization is done with water, but any liquid media can be used. The oxygen concentration of the medium is set to zero by degassing with nitrogen. Afterwards, gassing is performed again under process conditions (with defined gassing rate and stirrer speed). The oxygen sensor then measures the saturation process and the kLa can be determined. 4. Using kLA-Based Scale-Up for Comparable Growth and Production Rate The performance of microorganisms and cells is highly dependent on the conditions and nutrient supply during each process and also on the kLa in the bioreactor. In most cases, the process conditions for a suitable environment are defined on a laboratory scale. The challenge is to ensure that the conditions – including nutrient supply – in other scales required for production are as similar as possible to those on a laboratory scale. In a classical scale-up approach, the geometric properties of the equipment form the basis from scale-up to production scale, e.g. the height to diameter ratio of the vessel (H/D) or the stirrer ratio (d/D). The process conditions are then assumed to be consistent due to the similarity of the equipment. In a kLa – or process-based scale-up, however, the process conditions build the basis for the design of the production scale. Since not all process conditions can be scaled up in the same way, the most critical process parameters, e.g. kLa, power consumption, mixing time, heat transfer and shear rate, are evaluated as the basis for the scale-up, keeping them as constant as possible. The result is reproducible environment and therefore a more comparable growth and production rate etc. 5. What Else Needs To Be Considered For Oxygen Transfer? The advantages of a high air flow rate and high stirring speeds are clear to see. A bench-scale bioreactor with a standard motor is only limited by the laws of physics (and shear stress for the organisms). This has implications for scale-up as it may not be possible to get similar reproducible oxygen transfer rates in larger vessels. There are a range of factors that can affect the oxygen transfer. This makes it difficult to get to the accurate values produced from a simple test. For example: Solubility of oxygen declines with increasing temperature. A test at 20 °C will give better results than at 37 °C. The ionic concentration of a growth media will give different results to deionized water. The type of sensor and use of correction factors make comparisons more difficult. The methods used to measure and calculate kLa influences the value. Take any value presented to you as a probable maximum and be prepared to do some tests for your specific application. A manufacturer cannot cover all possible options. By taking these steps you will benefit from the advantages of generic testing which can be easily reproduced. 6. Take Home Message: Oxygen Transfer is Important for Your Bioprocess For a successful aerobic cultivation, a good oxygen transfer is vital. It can be increased by: Creating a bigger surface of gas bubbles (kLa) by increasing gas flow and stirrer speed and by adding baffles Creating a higher O2 concentration gradient by adding O2 to gasmix and increasing the pressure Furthermore, it is advantageous to know the kLa of the process that is to be upscaled. In a kLa – or process-based scale-up, the process conditions build the basis for the design of the production scale, keeping them as constant as possible. The result is an easily reproducible environment and therefore a more comparable growth and production rate etc.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	1	69	https://gazette.govt.nz/notice/id/2023-ds104	en	Notice of Intention to Remove Companies From the Register	https://gazette.govt.nz/favicon.ico	https://gazette.govt.nz/favicon.ico	[ "https://gazette.govt.nz/images/nzgovt-logo@2x.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/favicon.ico		null	I intend to remove the following companies from the Register under section 318(1)(b) of the Companies Act 1993, on the grounds that the Registrar has reasonable grounds to believe that the company is not carrying on business and there is no proper reason for the company to continue in existence. #STYLA LIMITED ĀHUA LIMITED ĀKU RINGA LIMITED @PACE CANTERBURY SERVICES LIMITED 008 MEDIA LIMITED 0800 WEPAINT LIMITED 1 + 1 EDUCATION LIMITED 100HEALTH LIMITED 102 HOLDINGS LIMITED 1046 ADMIN LIMITED 1053 LIMITED 10US LIMITED 11TEN LIMITED 12 WILLIAM BLAKE LIMITED 123 HALIFAX EAST LIMITED 128 BEDFORD STREET LIMITED 13AM LIMITED 150 FLOORING LIMITED 15TH AVE RENTALS LIMITED 168 ENERGY LIMITED 18 PINEWOOD LIMITED 187 BRIDGE TRUSTEES 130 LIMITED 195 THE TRIBE LIMITED 19BUILDERZ LIMITED 1MINUTEDEALS.CO.NZ LIMITED 1NINE7TWO LIMITED 1ST CHOICE FLOORING LIMITED 1ST ELECTRIX LIMITED 1ST RESPONSE LIMITED 2 BIRDS TAPUI LIMITED 2 CARDINAL PLACE DEVELOPMENT LIMITED 2021 SALES LIMITED 203 LEITH LIMITED 24 STURM AVE LIMITED 26SECURELABS LIMITED 29 WATERLOO ROAD LIMITED 2GOOD CONSTRUCTION LIMITED 2GOOD4U LIMITED 2LBC LIMITED 3 RIVEZ LIMITED 3 STAR HOTELS LIMITED 3 STONE LIMITED 3 U LIMITED 300 PT CHEV ROAD LIMITED 303 INDUSTRIES LIMITED 36 WILLOW ST LIMITED 360 ENTERTAINMENT LIMITED 365 LIMITED 375 NORTH LIMITED 39 CAULTON LIMITED 3AUI LIMITED 3C'S LIMITED 3RDAVE PRODUCTIONS LIMITED 3S GROUP LIMITED 3TREES GROUP LIMITED 3V & R INVESTMENTS LIMITED 3Z UNION LIMITED 4 C LIMITED 4 STARS LIMITED 4 UNION STREET LIMITED 4 YOU GROUP LIMITED 491 PARNELL RD LIMITED 4KIDS NZ LIMITED 4M BEL AIR PARTNER LIMITED 4M INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 4M ORCHID LIMITED 4MD SOLUTIONS LIMITED 5 VICTORIA TERRACE PROPRIETARY LIMITED 501INC LIMITED 56 PRODUCTIONS LIMITED 56ROCKET LIMITED 58 PRODUCTIONS LIMITED 60 GUY LIMITED 6PMFRIDAY LIMITED 7 CHILLIES LIMITED 7SET GROUP LIMITED 8 GATES SOLUTION NZ LIMITED 8 GROUP LIMITED 818 ABEL TASMAN LIMITED 83SMR LIMITED 852 LIMITED 888 INVESTMENTS LIMITED 8D18 TOV LIFE LIMITED 9 GLENFERN LIMITED 9 PROJECTS LIMITED 90MILE LIMITED 95 SOUTH FAMILY TRUST LIMITED 984 FRANKTON ROAD LIMITED A - TECH DESIGN SOLUTIONS LIMITED A & A FAIRWEATHER LIMITED A & H FARM MAINTENANCE LIMITED A & J MERCHANDISE EXCHANGE LIMITED A & K RENTALS LIMITED A & M DYNAMICS (N.Z.) 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wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	3	27	https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-024-08327-y	en	A randomized, embedded, pragmatic, Bayesian clinical trial examining clinical decision support for high flow nasal cannula management in children with bronchiolitis: design and statistical analysis pl	https://static-content.s…27_Fig1_HTML.png	https://static-content.s…27_Fig1_HTML.png	[ "https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?iu=/270604982/bmc/trialsjournal/articles&sz=728x90,970x90&pos=LB1&doi=10.1186/s13063-024-08327-y&type=article&kwrd=Pragmatic trial,Quality improvement,Clinical informatics,Electronic health record,Bronchiolitis&pmc=H00007,B0000X,S17030&", "https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/static/images/bmc/logos/logo-bmc-white-aj-be532aa3f0.svg", "https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/static/images/bmc/logos/logo-bmc-white-strapline-sn-f224388d67.svg", "https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/images/13063/logo.svg", "https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13063-024-08327-y/MediaObjects/13063_2024_8327_Fig1_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13063-024-08327-y/MediaObjects/13063_2024_8327_Fig2_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13063-024-08327-y/MediaObjects/13063_2024_8327_Fig3_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13063-024-08327-y/MediaObjects/13063_2024_8327_Fig4_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13063-024-08327-y/MediaObjects/13063_2024_8327_Fig5_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13063-024-08327-y/MediaObjects/13063_2024_8327_Fig6_HTML.png", "https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?iu=/270604982/bmc/trialsjournal/articles&sz=300x250&pos=MPU1&doi=10.1186/s13063-024-08327-y&type=article&kwrd=Pragmatic trial,Quality improvement,Clinical informatics,Electronic health record,Bronchiolitis&pmc=H00007,B0000X,S17030&", "https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/images/13063/logo.svg", "https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/track/article/10.1186/s13063-024-08327-y", "https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/static/images/logo-springernature-acb40b85fb.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Christopher M", "Rajesh K", "Alicia K", "Robert S. B", "O’brien", "Derek C" ]	2024-07-16T00:00:00	High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) has been increasingly adopted in the past 2 decades as a mode of respiratory support for children hospitalized with bronchiolitis. The growing use of HFNC despite a paucity of high-quality data regarding the therapy’s efficacy has led to concerns about overutilization. We developed an electronic health record (EHR) embedded, quality improvement (QI) oriented clinical trial to determine whether standardized management of HFNC weaning guided by clinical decision support (CDS) results in a reduction in the duration of HFNC compared to usual care for children with bronchiolitis. The design and summary of the statistical analysis plan for the REspiratory SupporT for Efficient and cost-Effective Care (REST EEC; “rest easy”) trial are presented. The investigators hypothesize that CDS-coupled, standardized HFNC weaning will reduce the duration of HFNC, the trial’s primary endpoint, for children with bronchiolitis compared to usual care. Data supporting trial design and eventual analyses are collected from the EHR and other real world data sources using existing informatics infrastructure and QI data sources. The trial workflow, including randomization and deployment of the intervention, is embedded within the EHR of a large children’s hospital using existing vendor features. Trial simulations indicate that by assuming a true hazard ratio effect size of 1.27, equivalent to a 6-h reduction in the median duration of HFNC, and enrolling a maximum of 350 children, there will be a > 0.75 probability of declaring superiority (interim analysis posterior probability of intervention effect > 0.99 or final analysis posterior probability of intervention effect > 0.9) and a > 0.85 probability of declaring superiority or the CDS intervention showing promise (final analysis posterior probability of intervention effect > 0.8). Iterative plan-do-study-act cycles are used to monitor the trial and provide targeted education to the workforce. Through incorporation of the trial into usual care workflows, relying on QI tools and resources to support trial conduct, and relying on Bayesian inference to determine whether the intervention is superior to usual care, REST EEC is a learning health system intervention that blends health system operations with active evidence generation to optimize the use of HFNC and associated patient outcomes. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05909566. Registered on June 18, 2023.	en	/static/img/favicons/bmc/apple-touch-icon-582ef1d0f5.png	BioMed Central	https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-024-08327-y	Bronchiolitis is the most common reason for admission to the hospital in the first year of life and high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is an increasingly common mode of respiratory support for hospitalized children with bronchiolitis [1]. Between 2012 and 2019, the rate of initiation of HFNC for children presenting to a large children’s hospital emergency department with bronchiolitis significantly increased from 1.3 to 17.0%, without any associated change in the rates of hospital or intensive care unit admission [2]. Between 2010 and 2019, the use of HFNC among children admitted to intensive care at another large children’s hospital significantly increased, while over the same period there was a sevenfold increase in encounters receiving an administrative code for noninvasive ventilation, likely explained by an increase in the use of HFNC [3]. Despite this uptrend in use, data regarding the impact of HFNC on outcomes of children with bronchiolitis are mixed [4]. Randomized, controlled trials have both demonstrated HFNC as reducing the need for escalation of care [5, 6], as well as having no effect on the need for escalation in care [7]. The collective findings of observational studies have been similarly inconclusive, with the use of HFNC associated with decreased [8,9,10,11], increased [12], or no difference [13, 14] in the need for intensive care admission or invasive mechanical ventilation. The rise in the use of HFNC for bronchiolitis in the absence of high-quality data regarding efficacy has led to scrutiny regarding the financial costs and personnel time associated with HFNC, while raising the question “is HFNC being overutilized?” [15, 16]. The American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines for the management of bronchiolitis were last updated in 2014 and do not advise on the use of noninvasive respiratory support, underscoring uncertainty regarding how to use HFNC in the management of children with bronchiolitis [17]. In an effort to curb excess HFNC utilization, many children’s hospitals have implemented standard management guidelines, which are increasingly coupled with electronic health record (EHR) workflows, for the use of HFNC for children with bronchiolitis. However, without established best practices for the use of HFNC, it is unclear whether such standardized guidance and related clinical decision support (CDS) meaningfully affect patient outcomes. Moreover, imposing unproven CDS on strained staff risks potentiating burnout in the absence of any benefit to patient care [18]. During the 2022–2023 pediatric respiratory virus surge (“tripledemic”), our own institution experienced an exceptionally high volume of children with respiratory viruses, prompting the development of a local clinical effectiveness guideline outlining a standardized approach to weaning HFNC following its initiation for hospitalized children with bronchiolitis. To promote adherence to the standardized weaning pathway, CDS was designed requiring regular assessments by bedside nurses or respiratory therapists. To ensure that the CDS and related standard weaning pathway is a value-added contribution of patient care, our team designed a randomized, EHR-embedded, pragmatic, Bayesian clinical trial leveraging the support of local quality improvement (QI) teams and processes. We describe the overarching trial design, the embedded electronic workflow, the EHR data informatics pipeline constructed to support trial analyses, the results of trial simulations to inform the trial design, and the statistical analysis plan for the ongoing REspiratory SupporT for Efficient and cost-Effective Care (REST EEC; “rest easy”) trial. Aim The objectives of the REST EEC trial are to (1) determine whether a CDS intervention coupled with a clinical effectiveness guideline is effective at reducing the duration of HFNC for bronchiolitis compared with usual care at a large children’s hospital; (2) demonstrate the utility of embedded randomization and associated EHR data analysis for determining whether CDS is a value-added contribution to patient care; and (3) introduce the concept of “statistically promising,” or a posterior probability of ≥ 0.8, as a meaningful Bayesian statistical conclusion for minimal-risk, QI oriented study questions. Study design and setting REST EEC is a randomized, EHR-embedded, pragmatic, single-center, learning health system trial incorporating QI methodologies. The trial is being conducted at UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh (CHP) in the United Sates and is enrolling hospitalized children with bronchiolitis who require HFNC support during admission. CHP is an approximately 300-bed standalone children’s hospital with approximately 25,000 annual inpatient and observation admissions, including between 2000 and 3000 annual admissions to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). The PICU has 36 dedicated beds but routinely exceeds capacity during the winter and respiratory virus season months, reaching daily censuses as high as 60 during peak patient volumes. CHP policies require children receiving HFNC to be cared for in an intensive care unit and all children with bronchiolitis who are greater than 1 month old, newly admitted to the hospital (not already admitted to the neonatal or cardiac intensive care units) and without unrepaired, cyanotic heart disease are cared for by the PICU service. CHP uses the Cerner Millennium EHR (Oracle Cerner Corporation, Kansas City, MO). A CHP enterprise data warehouse (EDW) relies on an Oracle Data Warehouse solution (Oracle Corporation, Austin, TX), Informatica ETL (extract, transform, and load) software (Redwood City, CA) for movement and transformation of data from local EHR data sources, and Qlik software (Qlik, King of Prussia, PA) for up-to-date data visualization to support QI initiatives. This description of a clinical trial was developed to follow the SPIRIT reporting guidelines (Supplemental Checklist). Data collection processes The design and statistical analysis plan for REST EEC were informed by observational data from the EHR. To inform the Bayesian adaptive design, trial simulations were performed based on current data on bronchiolitis admissions from recent years at CHP. An Informatica ETL pipeline was developed to harvest the initial data to support simulations, with the intent of then leveraging the same pipeline to both monitor trial progress and support ensuing analyses. The CHP EDW has a low latency refresh, harboring data that are commonly only seconds behind the production EHR used by clinicians for patient care. To facilitate data retrieval, a subset of the warehouse contains a “staged” rolling 3–4 years of curated, transformed, and cleansed EHR data that are highly indexed to optimize query times. The Informatica pipeline queries this staged environment and produces a single table output that contains salient patient demographics, covariates of interest, and outcomes data. Queries can be run ad hoc, and the pipeline is also being attached to a Qlik dashboard interface that refreshes nightly and will provide data on enrollment, including total enrolled and summary statistics of treatment assignments. The curated REST EEC data table can be linked with an existing intensive care EDW data mart that automatically refreshes nightly and contains salient critical care data elements such as duration of mechanical ventilation, as well as pediatric risk of mortality IV score, and pediatric logistic organ dysfunction 2 scores, as previously described, to support interim and final trial analyses [19]. As data to support trial analyses are harvested from clinical documentation, data quality is reliant on best patient care practices and periodic external audits from accrediting bodies such as the Joint Commission. Missing data will be reported as such and outliers will be adjudicated by a nurse informaticist member of the study team. Trial conduct, interim analyses, and final analyses are also relying on observational data sources, including both the EHR and local data submitted to the Pediatric Health Information Systems (PHIS) database, which is a large, multicenter, benchmarking database for children’s hospitals that harbors predominantly administrative data including encounter dates, care-related charges, and diagnosis codes. PHIS offers additional data elements not readily retrievable from the EDW, including geographically adjusted costs of care, complex chronic comorbidities flags as defined by Feudtner et al. [20], and an additional set of risk scores providing predicted mortality (based on administrative admission data) and expected mortality (based on administrative data from the entire encounter) for use as additional balance measures. PHIS is maintained by Children’s Hospital Association (Lenexa, KS) and can be accessed using a web application version of SAP Business Objects (SAP, Walldorf, Germany). PHIS data are deidentified but can be linked to local, single center patient data via a decryption key possessed by designated individuals at the site, as we have previously done for observational studies. A data monitoring committee was not deemed necessary as the intervention is minimal risk. Guideline eligibility criteria and patient inclusion plan Clinicians are guided to include patients in the REST EEC trial if the following criteria are met (Fig. 1): (1) a diagnosis of bronchiolitis per the clinical team; (2) less than 2 years of age; (3) a work of breathing (WOB) score > 2 (score calculation displayed in Fig. 1). Because a dysfunctional immune response can result in an atypical and erratic disease course, and because both chronic lung disease and certain congenital heart diseases can sufficiently alter baseline work of breathing in a way not accommodated by the WOB score, guidance is provided to clinicians to exclude patients from the REST EEC trial if any of the following criteria are present: (1) immunocompromised or immunosuppressed status; (2) presence of chronic lung disease; (3) presence of congenital heart disease with cardiorespiratory manifestations. As the REST EEC trial relies on clinicians for assessment of these eligibility criteria, patients will ultimately be included in the primary analysis if clinicians place the orders required for randomization and study entry, the patient age is < 2 years, and the patient encounter is associated with a primary or secondary diagnosis code compatible with a viral lower respiratory tract infection. Randomization The intervention is the provision of clinical decision support to guide bedside nurses and respiratory therapists in the systematic weaning of HFNC for children with bronchiolitis. The control is usual care, which consists of a clinical pathway for HFNC weaning without associated clinical decision support. Ordering clinicians are the target of randomization, but the unit of randomization is a clinician-patient decision moment. Accordingly, each time a clinician has decided to initiate HFNC for a patient eligible for REST EEC, randomization will occur in an unblinded, automated, and 1:1 ratio between the intervention and usual care arms. Only the CDS intervention is randomized and all other components of care are not specified by the study design, instead proceeding according to usual care. As the intervention involves CDS to reinforce an existing standard of care and the endpoint is duration of HFNC, a respiratory support modality that is the focus of de-implementation campaigns and not considered an established standard of care, the University of Pittsburgh Institutional Review Board approved waiver of consent for the REST EEC trial. Randomization is automated and cued by placement of a “HFNC for Bronchiolitis” Cerner PowerPlan (orderset) and based on whether a specific digit in the encounter identifier, which is a Cerner Millennium database key not readily apparent to clinicians and specific to a patient hospital encounter, is even or odd. Encounter identifiers are assigned sequentially as patients are registered for an interaction with the healthcare system, ensuring that the assignments are equally and randomly distributed between the 2 trial arms. Current clinical operations prior to study initiation Figure 1 is the HFNC weaning clinical effectiveness guideline available to clinicians at CHP at the time of REST EEC initiation. HFNC is provided from children < 2 years old using the either the Fisher & Paykel Optiflow circuit or the Airvo 2 heated high flow device with an Airvo circuit and Optiflow junior cannulas (all manufactured by Fisher & Paykel Healthcare, Auckland, New Zealand) and initiated at 1–2 mL/kg of flow per clinician discretion and as indicated in the clinical effectiveness guideline. HFNC management is overseen by board-certified or eligible pediatric intensivists and duration is determined on an individual basis according to patient response and the need for escalation versus weaning. Following development of the guideline, an education session was held with all respiratory therapists detailing the guideline contents and responding to questions. Pediatric clinical effectiveness guidelines are available for all UPMC clinicians on the health system’s intranet and the HFNC weaning guideline was first made available in the winter of 2022–2023. A laminated copy of the guideline is also placed on the HFNC equipment and therefore available in hard copy at the bedside of each patient receiving HFNC. The guideline is revisited at least annually by a committee of intensivists, respiratory therapists, nurses, and informaticians with updates made as needed during those annual reviews. Prior to REST EEC, HFNC was initiated after placement of an “Oxygen Therapy” Cerner PowerPlan in which clinicians could select between 2 options: (1) “Do Not Wean Oxygen Without Physician Order/Modification” (sic); (2) “RT/RN may wean O2, following the weaning order” (sic). The choice of HFNC as the delivery device (as opposed to, for example, a Venturi mask) was specified within the “Oxygen Therapy” PowerPlan. Among the patients receiving HFNC for bronchiolitis in the PICU whose data were used for trial simulations, none received an order for standardized weaning prior to the deployment of the REST EEC study. Study intervention and associated workflow A new electronic workflow was developed to deploy the REST EEC trial. Clinicians, including pediatric intensivists, pediatric intensive care fellows, pediatric emergency medicine physicians, general pediatrics residents, emergency medicine residents, emergency and intensive care nurse practitioners, and emergency and intensive care physician assistants, are responsible for diagnosing bronchiolitis in children. The intervention arm consists of clinical decision support that includes an order bearing instructions for the HFNC weaning process, as outlined in the guidelines, that is placed in the “Respiratory Care” section of the Cerner orders. This order is also linked to a scheduled task that appears on both the nursing and respiratory therapy tasks lists, requesting that a WOB score be documented every 2 h and the ability to wean HFNC assessed by either of those clinicians caring for the patient. This intervention differs from the usual care arm, in which the HFNC weaning guideline is accessible to the clinical team via the UPMC intranet, but decisions to wean HFNC are made ad hoc by the clinical team. By requiring every 2-h assessments, the investigators hypothesize that the duration of HFNC will be shorter among patients randomized to the intervention arm of REST EEC, as compared to the usual care arm. The REST EEC design does not include any guidance on therapies outside the use of HFNC. The decision to discontinue or modify HFNC is left to the bedside clinician responsible for patient care; the CDS serves as a guide. To accommodate the unique patient population of interest, the clinical effectiveness guideline workflow, and the need for randomization, a “HFNC for Bronchiolitis” PowerPlan was constructed leveraging features of Cerner’s PowerFlex PowerPlan technology. PowerFlex PowerPlans allow for dynamic PowerPlan characteristics according to programmed rules that can draw upon individual patient characteristics. To ensure that patients > 2 years of age are not randomized, the “HFNC for Bronchiolitis” PowerFlex PowerPlan cannot be ordered for patients 2 years or older. If attempting to place the PowerPlan, clinicians receive a message stating that the patient is not eligible for the order and asking them to remove the PowerPlan. For patients < 2 years old, the REST EEC trial eligibility criteria are displayed at the top of the PowerPlan and clinicians are instructed to sign the PowerPlan only if patients meet the criteria (Fig. 2). The REST EEC study arms, one for the intervention and one for usual care, are both available as options within the PowerPlan, alongside instructions to clinicians stating “The pre-selected orders below are based on randomization and should only be changed if the physician/APP thinks it is in the best interest of the patient.” The randomized assignment is pre-selected using the PowerFlex feature when the PowerPlan is opened but can be changed if a clinician has a strong preference. The intervention group are those patients for whom CDS is ordered and the control group are those patients who receive usual care without CDS. A new WOB score documentation field was also built in a segment of the electronic flowsheet that overlaps with nursing and respiratory therapist workflows, allowing both disciplines to document the score as requested by the HFNC weaning guideline. REST EEC is deployed as part of usual care and all ancillary and post-trial care occur according to usual care. Endpoints The primary outcome is duration of HFNC measured from the time of initiation of the HFNC PowerPlan to final weaning off of HFNC support evidenced by documentation of nasal cannula flow less than 4 L per minute among patients who do not require noninvasive or invasive ventilation following randomization, up to 30 days. The design is open label with only outcome assessors being blinded so unblinding will not occur. For patients requiring noninvasive or invasive ventilation following randomization, the duration of HFNC will be measured following last documented mode of positive pressure ventilation preceding placement on HFNC. Secondary outcomes include respiratory support free days, organ support free days, PICU length of stay, hospital length of stay, time to oral intake, respiratory distress measured by the WOB score, geographically adjusted cost of care for hospitalization, and mortality. Data to calculate the endpoints will be collected from the EHR and the PHIS database. Follow-up is limited to the hospitalization during which the patient received HFNC and long-term follow-up beyond hospitalization is not planned for the REST EEC trial. Statistical model, simulation results, and statistical analysis plan The primary endpoint analysis will be conducted according to each patient’s randomized assignment. To provide an estimate of the effect of the intervention on the primary outcome of duration of HFNC, we use a semiparametric Bayesian proportional hazards regression model. This model has two components. The baseline hazard component models the underlying chance of weaning off of HFNC over time for standard of care. The hazard ratio (HR) component models the CDS intervention effect as the proportional change in the chance of weaning for those randomized to CDS. Because the exact form of the baseline hazard is unknown, we specify a flexible model which can accommodate a wide range of possibilities. Specifically, the baseline hazard is modeled using cubic M-splines with two boundaries and two internal knots at equally spaced percentiles of the distribution of uncensored HFNC durations with a flat Dirichlet prior distribution over the spline coefficients. A weakly informative N(0, 2.5) prior is used for the intervention log(HR) parameter. This prior is centered at a HR of 1 implying no difference between standard of care and CDS and has a negligible impact on the posterior treatment effect estimate. The model is implemented using the stan_surv() function in the rstanarm modeling package [21]. As REST EEC uses an adaptive Bayesian design, virtual trial simulations were conducted to understand statistical design operating characteristics such as sample size, trial duration, and power for putative trial scenarios with a given intervention effect size and to determine feasibility of the planned design. To inform the Bayesian analysis plan, data were extracted from the CHP EDW staged environment, which contained all CHP encounters for the preceding 3 years. Supplemental Table 1 displays the data dictionary used to define the preliminary data to inform simulations. There were 549 encounters that received HFNC with a primary or secondary diagnosis of bronchiolitis. The estimated median time to weaning was 35 h (Fig. 3). Several trial scenarios were explored, with varied accrual rates and effect sizes as measured by the difference in median time to weaning between the CDS intervention arm versus usual care. For each scenario, 5000 virtual trials were simulated and the behavior of each trial was tracked to determine the design operating characteristics. An anticipated effect evidenced by a HR of 1.27, or a 6-h difference between the median time to weaning in the CDS versus usual care arm, was selected as providing a clinically significant but realistic effect of the intervention. HFNC weaning in the CHP PICU commonly occurs following PICU morning rounds. A 6-h decrease in HFNC duration therefore commonly translates into a morning rather than afternoon discharge out of the PICU, which can subsequently facilitate earlier hospital discharge. Three interim analyses (at 12 months, 18 months, and 24 months after study initiation) and one final analysis (at the maximum sample size) will be performed. At each interim analysis, the study will declare superiority of CDS if the posterior probability of HR > 1 exceeds 0.99 or futility of CDS if the posterior probability of HR < 1.15 exceeds 0.8, meaning that futility will be declared if the probability is > 0.8 that the effect of clinical decision support is less than a 4-h reduction in HFNC duration. If neither condition is met, the study will continue to the next interim or final analysis. At the final analysis, CDS will be declared superior if the posterior probability of HR > 1 exceeds 0.9. A clinically actionable posterior probability threshold at which the CDS would be considered “statistically promising” and left in place following trial conclusion was determined to be 0.8 after conferring among the investigators and clinical leadership. Planning for balanced randomization between the CDS intervention and usual care, with a maximum sample size of 350 over approximately 2–3 years (100–150 patients per year), trial simulations indicate there will be a > 0.75 probability of declaring superiority (either interim analysis posterior probability of HR > 1 greater than 0.99 or final analysis posterior probability of HR > 1 greater than 0.9) and a > 0.85 probability of declaring superiority or the CDS intervention showing promise (final analysis posterior probability of HR > 1 greater than 0.8) (Fig. 4). This design was deemed feasible as approximately 150 children with bronchiolitis < 2 years old receive HFNC annually at the study site. Planned secondary analyses include evaluating the primary endpoint among select subgroups, including children treated with beta agonists therapy, children treated for pneumonia, children with complex chronic conditions, children receiving positive pressure ventilation, and children co-diagnosed with croup. The electronic data collection strategy has been designed to encode missing data as absent, avoiding the need for imputation. The primary analysis will be intention to treat (ITT) and a secondary, modified ITT analysis will be performed based on assignments that may have been altered by the ordering clinicians. Monitoring and ensuring compliance REST EEC is a pragmatic trial embedded within real world workflows and relies on minimal infrastructure components that would be typical in a traditional trial, such as research coordinators tracking compliance with an assigned study intervention. Trial oversight and the steering committee consist of members of relevant hospital operations teams. This includes clinical intensivist leadership, physician informaticians, nurse informaticians, and nurse improvement specialists. Summary enrollment data are emailed and reviewed weekly by a physician informatician and 2 nurse informaticians. To ensure adoption of the “HFNC for Bronchiolitis” order and ongoing adherence to the study workflow, the trial relies on CHP QI resources to support its ongoing conduct. Nurse clinician educators and physician faculty clinical leaders in the emergency department and PICU informed their respective workforces about the trial design and expectations for frontline clinicians. As QI methods emphasize the importance of patient engagement and clinician feedback, the REST EEC trial was integrated into existing patient and clinician QI structures at the study site. Upon admission, a bedside nurse educates all patient caregivers on the caregivers’ ability to advocate and intervene in patient care. This includes questioning care team decisions, including the decision to wean HFNC, as well as calling a “Condition Help” if a parent feels unheard about a patient safety concern. The trial has been iteratively reviewed in PICU physician quality reporting system (PQRS) sessions that serve as the main forum for introducing and updating the PICU physician faculty on the progress of QI initiatives. Biannual updates on trial progress are planned for PQRS sessions, during which time an open forum for discussion and feedback from physicians, nurses, respiratory therapists, pharmacists, and social workers will occur. The PICU QI forum, an in-hospital safety event reporting system, as well as ad hoc communication to PICU clinical leadership, will be used to collect reports of unintended effects of trial interventions or conduct. Assessment and management of any reports of unintended, adverse effects will be handled by the PICU clinical leadership in communication with the REST EEC study team. The data collection strategies are the same used to track progress of other inpatient CHP performance improvement initiatives and are performed by a quality improvement data team at UPMC. This team includes nurse informaticians, a physician informatician who also serves as the study principal investigator, a data analyst, a project manager, and a nurse quality improvement specialist. Iterative plan-do-study-act (PDSA) cycles are used to monitor the trial and provide targeted education to the workforce (Fig. 5). “Study” events within the PDSA cycle will occur following the planned interim analyses and as needed based on ad hoc feedback mechanisms that constitute the trial’s QI processes. In addition to declaring superiority, futility, or the need to continue the trial, the PDSA cycles will also focus on documentation of WOB scores and make a determination regarding whether additional education sessions are needed for nurses and respiratory therapists if documentation is infrequent. Figure 6 displays the schedule of trial activities. Protocol changes will be filed with the study institutional review board and the trial registry information will be updated. Dissemination plan Two manuscripts are planned for the REST EEC trial: (1) this initial description of the study design and statistical analysis plan; (2) reporting the results of the trial. Authorship of the manuscripts will be determined according to guidelines established by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors [22]. Trial status The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT05909566. The present manuscript describes information contained in the REST EEC Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan version 1.0, dated December 6, 2023. The “HFNC for Bronchiolitis” PowerPlan went live in CHP Cerner on December 12, 2023. As of January 9, 2024, the PowerPlan has been used 51 times, or an enrollment rate of 1.8/day. Recruitment is expected to continue until approximately January 1, 2026.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	0	72	https://www.au.dk/en/show/person/franande%40rm.dk	en	Frank Dyekjær Andersen	https://www.au.dk/filead…tandard_logo.jpg	https://www.au.dk/filead…tandard_logo.jpg	[ "https://cdn.au.dk/2016/assets/img/au_segl.svg", "https://cdn.au.dk/2016/assets/img/au_segl.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-03-11T14:30:42+01:00	Consultant at Department of Clinical Medicine - Medical Diagnostical Center, University Clinic for innovative care of patients at Aarhus University. See areas of expertise, research projects and contact information.	en	https://cdn.au.dk/favicon.ico		https://www.au.dk/en/show/person/franande@rm.dk	Common pages for staff members at AU staff.au.dk Employee portals Find the local staff portal for your department or division.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	2	10	https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/jul/13/spaceship-earth-arizona-biosphere-2-lockdown	en	Eight go mad in Arizona: how a lockdown experiment went horribly wrong	https://i.guim.co.uk/img…4ff16070997d117c	https://i.guim.co.uk/img…4ff16070997d117c	[ "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=6035250&cv=2.0&cj=1&cs_ucfr=0&comscorekw=Film%2CExploration%2CEnvironment%2CHuman+biology%2CSpace%2CCulture%2CSocial+history%2CPlants%2CSociety%2CScience%2CArchitecture%2CArt+and+design%2CArizona%2CDocumentary+films%2CUS+news%2CWorld+news", "https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/a90eb67f6b19d0dcaf7ea76f13e852f85677bade/104_934_2889_1733/master/2889.jpg?width=465&dpr=1&s=none", "https://i.guim.co.uk/img/uploads/2022/08/26/Steve_Rose.png?width=75&dpr=1&s=none", "https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/14864900f2c87cd4b5681bb6c01321cdc8c2105c/0_0_1988_1314/master/1988.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none", "https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/fdc1d8804b0366870fd32158a92363ea8a84c69b/0_0_5318_3577/master/5318.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none", "https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/1f6ff2333f9e300a3090e310e4d2601b688b671b/0_0_7240_4827/master/7240.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none", "https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/5009a4c2717d447d315dac692363bf9404c04895/0_0_4000_3200/master/4000.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none" ]	[ "https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/mGvYFB6GHRY?wmode=opaque&feature=oembed" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Steve Rose", "www.theguardian.com" ]	2020-07-13T00:00:00	In the 1990s, a troupe of hippies spent two years sealed inside a dome called Biosphere 2. They ended up starving and gasping for breath. As a new documentary Spaceship Earth tells their story, we meet the ‘biospherians’	en	https://assets.guim.co.u…e-touch-icon.svg	the Guardian	https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/jul/13/spaceship-earth-arizona-biosphere-2-lockdown	It sounds like a sci-fi movie, or the weirdest series of Big Brother ever. Eight volunteers wearing snazzy red jumpsuits seal themselves into a hi-tech glasshouse that’s meant to perfectly replicate Earth’s ecosystems. They end up starving, gasping for air and at each other’s throats – while the world’s media looks on. But the Biosphere 2 experiment really did happen. Running from 1991 to 1993, it is remembered as a failure, if it is remembered at all – a hubristic, pseudo-scientific experiment that was never going to accomplish its mission. However, as the new documentary Spaceship Earth shows, the escapade is a cautionary tale, now that the outside world – Biosphere 1, if you prefer – is itself coming to resemble an apocalyptic sci-fi world. Looking back, it’s amazing that Biosphere 2 even happened at all, not least because the people behind it started out as a hippy theatre group. “Just the fact that the same number of people came out as went in is a triumph,” says Mark Nelson, one of the original eight “biospherians”. Far from a failure, he regards Biosphere 2 as an unsung achievement in human exploration, as do many others. “I like to say we built it not because we had the answers. We built it to find out what we didn’t know.” Biosphere 2’s origins lie in late-1960s San Francisco, and a man named John P Allen. Already in his 40s by then, Allen was something of a renaissance man: a Harvard graduate, a metallurgist, a union organiser, a beat poet, and a traveller studying indigenous cultures. He founded an idealistic performance group called the Theatre of All Possibilities. As the name suggests, they wanted to change the world but weren’t sure where to start. Art? Business? Ecology? Technology? In classic counterculture fashion, they decided: “Let’s do all of it!” They didn’t actually know how to do any of it, save for staging somewhat freeform performances, but “learn by doing” was Allen’s philosophy – and it took them surprisingly far. In 1969, Allen’s troupe relocated to New Mexico and founded Synergia Ranch, named after the great architect Richard Buckminster Fuller’s concept of synergy, where the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. “He was a ball of energy,” says Nelson, who joined Allen’s troupe around that time, when he was 22. “He had a great feel for both ecology and theatre. And frankly, he was a very charismatic guy. We’d accomplish one thing, then say, ‘What’s the new challenge?’ He was forever upping the ante.” They turned their desert ranch into a self-sufficient homestead, planting trees and raising buildings, including a Buckminster Fuller geodesic dome. They founded an art gallery in London (it is still running) and bought another ranch in Australia. In 1975, they even decided to build a ship. Their chief designer was a 19-year-old student with no experience of boatbuilding, but it proved perfectly seaworthy. They sailed around the world for several years, researching the Earth’s ecosystems. Having learned how these worked, they were ready to build their own. If humankind was going to settle other planets, they reasoned, it would need to learn how to replicate Earth. For a generation that came of age with the moon landings and such films as 2001: A Space Odyssey and Silent Running, this was not a particularly far-fetched notion. Helpfully, Allen and co had a benefactor: Ed Bass, an oil billionaire from Texas, whose own journey of self-discovery had brought him into Allen’s orbit. The Biosphere 2 launch was staged like a space mission. The media descended on the $150m Arizona facility, all gleaming white panels and ziggurats of glass, filled with forests, deserts, laboratories, recycling systems, pigs, chickens, hummingbirds, bush babies, and even a coral reef. There were speeches and fireworks as the jumpsuited volunteers (four women, four men, all white) sealed themselves in for the two-year journey into the unknown. After a stable start, problems began to emerge. Food, for one. “We really could have used more calories,” says Linda Leigh, another biospherian. Leigh had been involved with stocking Biosphere 2 with wild plants, but many of the food crops were too slow or too labour-intensive to be worthwhile. The wild coffee bushes took a fortnight to produce enough for one cup. Rather than luxuriating in a Garden of Eden, the biospherians became more like subsistence farmers. There was a lot of beetroot and sweet potato. “It was a challenge to make exciting meals,” says Leigh. “We’d rotate the cooking duties. Some people created new things like a taco-shaped like a dinosaur. Some people made horrible things like cold potato leaf soup.” Everyone lost a lot of weight. On top of that, oxygen levels decreased faster than anticipated, with a corresponding build-up of carbon dioxide. Earth’s atmosphere is about 21% oxygen, but inside the biosphere it fell to 14.2 %. “It felt like mountain-climbing,” Nelson recalls. “Some of the crew started getting sleep apnoea. I noticed I couldn’t finish a long sentence without stopping and taking a breath of air. We worked in a kind of slow-motion dance, with no energy wasted. If the oxygen levels had dropped any lower, there could have been serious health issues.” Understandably, morale deteriorated. Living under biosphere conditions was a challenge at the best of times. If the coronavirus lockdown feels restrictive, imagine spending two years with the same seven people and no internet. Nelson likens it to “a marathon group therapy session”. Added to which, true to their theatrical origins, the biospherians were on permanent display. Coachloads of tourists and schoolchildren arrived daily to tap on the glass and take pictures of the emaciated crew. Leigh remembers anthropologist Jane Goodall coming to visit. “She observed us like we were captive primates.” Cups were thrown and people were spat at, but thankfully there was no violence. “It was more of a coldness,” says Leigh. “Of not wanting to be around each other.” The team split into two camps of four: “Our group was all for bringing in extra food and more oxygen just to keep things going, so our own suffering didn’t impact the work that needed to be done. The other group had other ideas.” In other words, keep the biosphere closed and retain the purity of the experiment, no matter the cost. A similar debate was going on outside. Biosphere 2’s difficulties had not gone unnoticed, though Allen and the team had tried to conceal them. Eventually extra food was smuggled in and two oxygen pop-ups followed. The biospherians were overjoyed. “People starting laughing like crazy and running around,” recalls Nelson. “I felt like I’d been 90 years old and now I was a teenager again. I realised I hadn’t seen anybody running for months.” But on the outside, as debate raged in the media, the project started to be dismissed as non-science, or as one commentator put it, “trendy ecological entertainment”. Nelson certainly doesn’t see it that way. “Somehow or other, it all got truncated into: ‘This is a survival test for this colony, and the one and only measure of success is whether everything works perfectly, and there’s no necessity to bring in anything from the outside.’ That was never the intention.” The intention, in fact, was to continue the experiment, learning from their mistakes. A second mission went into the biosphere in March 1994, and looked to be faring better. A month later, though, out of the blue, Ed Bass decided on a mass purge. The purpose was to make the project more businesslike, it seems. Allen and his team were swiftly ejected and a new CEO was literally helicoptered in: Steve Bannon. Yes, that Steve Bannon. Investment banker, future right-wing operator and Donald Trump strategist. As a metaphor for the fate of the planet, it could hardly be more apt. “I look at it as a story about human ambition, its possibilities and limitations,” says Matt Wolf, director of Spaceship Earth. “I think the experiment revealed that humans are the most unstable element of a closed system.” Like many, Wolf was only dimly aware of the project before he started looking into it. Many of the original biospherians still live together on Synergia Ranch, he discovered, including Nelson and Allen, now in his 90s. Fortunately, they recorded everything: Wolf had access to over 600 hours of 16mm film and video. Biosphere 2 is now managed by the University of Arizona. Linda Leigh runs a community garden project in Oracle, a few miles away. Both Nelson and Leigh would happily volunteer to go back in. Both were transformed by the experience, in a way they wish society as a whole could emulate. “Inside Biosphere 2, everything made sense,” says Nelson. “Everything you did, you could see the impact of it. No anonymous actions. It was like my body suddenly got the message: every time you breathe, these plants are waiting for your CO2. They are your third lung. I thought, ‘My God, this is keeping me alive! I am absolutely metabolically connected to the life here.’” Even if history does judge Biosphere 2 a failure, is that really so bad? “The media can be very dismissive of people trying new things,” says Wolf. “So much so that people hesitate to try for fear of criticism or failure. If everybody feared failure, they would never try new and ambitious things.”
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	1	53	https://frontofficesports.com/newsletter/red-bull-sports-empire/	en	Red Bull’s Sports Empire	https://frontofficesport…-Bull-Racing.jpg	https://frontofficesport…-Bull-Racing.jpg	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=237641034748615&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://frontofficesports.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/FOS-Sunday@2x.png", "https://frontofficesports.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/whoop_v3.png?quality=100&w=300", "https://frontofficesports.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/FOS-Sunday-3.20-Red-Bull-Racing.jpg?quality=100&w=1024", "https://frontofficesports.com/wp-content/themes/fos-4.0/assets/img/icon-fb.png", "https://frontofficesports.com/wp-content/themes/fos-4.0/assets/img/icon-tw.png", "https://frontofficesports.com/wp-content/themes/fos-4.0/assets/img/icon-li.png", "https://frontofficesports.com/wp-content/themes/fos-4.0/assets/img/icon-wa.png", "https://frontofficesports.com/wp-content/themes/fos-4.0/assets/img/icon-em.png", "https://frontofficesports.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/FOS_WHOOP_1500_1000.png?quality=100&w=1024", "https://frontofficesports.com/wp-content/themes/fos-4.0/assets/img/fos-facebook.png", "https://frontofficesports.com/wp-content/themes/fos-4.0/assets/img/fos-twitter.png", "https://frontofficesports.com/wp-content/themes/fos-4.0/assets/img/fos-linkedin.png", "https://frontofficesports.com/wp-content/themes/fos-4.0/assets/img/fos-instagram.png", "https://frontofficesports.com/wp-content/themes/fos-4.0/assets/img/fos-whatsapp.png", "https://frontofficesports.com/wp-content/themes/fos-4.0/assets/img/fos-tiktok.png", "https://frontofficesports.com/wp-content/themes/fos-4.0/assets/img/fos-youtube.png", "https://frontofficesports.com/wp-content/themes/fos-4.0/assets/img/fos-threads.png", "https://frontofficesports.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/FOS-Newsletter@2x.jpg?quality=100&w=1024" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Liam Killingstad" ]	2022-03-20T09:00:43+00:00		en	https://frontofficesport…quality=100&w=32	Front Office Sports	https://frontofficesports.com/newsletter/red-bull-sports-empire/	The stakes have never been higher for Red Bull Racing. After last year’s championship-winning campaign, Max Verstappen takes to the track today for the inaugural race of the 2022 Formula 1 season in Bahrain, where the young Dutchman and his team will be put to the test more than ever before. The stakes have been raised for the entire sport, too. In 2021, F1 had one of its strongest years to date — from both a financial and consumer adoption standpoint — and sponsorship dollars immediately started pouring in for 2022. The numbers are only getting more impressive: F1 brought in $787 million in Q4 2021 revenue and $2.14 billion total for the full year. U.S. viewership has grown to 36 million viewers. Globally, the company said 445 million people watched at least one race in 2021, a 3% uptick year-over-year. The championship is reportedly close to inking a reported five-year, $150 million bumper sponsorship deal with U.S. software behemoth Salesforce. As seen on Netflix’s megahit F1 docuseries “Drive to Survive,” the sport is filled with innumerable characters. The businesses behind many of the teams are equally compelling — and Red Bull is no exception. In February, the team formally changed its name to Oracle Red Bull Racing after a reported $500 million naming rights deal with the tech giant. Beyond F1, Red Bull has extended its reach into several other sports properties ranging from Bundesliga soccer and extreme sports to motosport, esports, and ice hockey. But how did an energy drink company become such an iconic figure in sports? Red Bull’s Marketing Engine You might be surprised — just as I was — to find that Red Bull is essentially a company that makes nothing. Its famed energy drink has long been the staple product in the company’s portfolio, but Red Bull has no hand in manufacturing it. This dates back to the company’s inception, when Austrian businessman Dietrich Maesteshictz first became enamored with a Thai energy drink, Kratig Daeng, the antidote to jet lag incurred by Bangkok travelers. Upon finding the secret formula for the energy drink, Maesteschitz early-partnered with Kratig Daeng founder Chaleo Yoovidhya with one goal in mind — grow the product in Europe. Rather than manufacturing its core product — carbonated energy drinks which had yet to see any market traction — Red Bull outsourced the process, relying on partners like juice producer Rausch to create the product. With that taken care of, Red Bull and Mateschitz were left to deploy capital in the only way they knew how: marketing. Fast-forward nearly three decades, and the company has transformed into a global marketing behemoth with its hands squarely in what feels like several industries — namely sports. Soccer: RB Leipzig, NY Red Bulls, Red Bull Salzburg, Red Bull Ghana, and Red Bull Brazil Formula 1: Oracle Red Bull Racing and Scuderia AlphaTauri Esports: OG Dota 2 and Red Bulls Ice Hockey: EHC Red Bull München Nascar: Team Red Bull Apparel: AlphaTauri Travel Agency: Destination Red Bull Media: Red Bull Media House The story is similar throughout these ventures. Just like Red Bull’s drinks are made by Rausch, their travel agency is run by The Travel Birds, their apparel is made by Schoeller Switzerland, and the engines that power their F1 race cars are built by Honda. So, What Does Red Bull Do? The short answer is marketing. Although Red Bull is a private company, there’s a way to back into their marketing spend. It was reported that Red Bull’s revenues reached $6.37 billion in 2020. It’s also assumed that the company spends roughly 30% of its revenues on marketing, amounting to $1.91 billion. By comparison, PepsiCo spent $1.74 billion on marketing in 2020, representing only 2.5% of the company’s $70.37 billion in revenue during the period. But in many ways, what Red Bull does is bigger than marketing. The operation is more akin to a narrative-building machine whose main goal is to buy distribution and reduce customer acquisition costs. In order to sell their outsourced products — primarily the Red Bull beverage — the company attaches itself to a variety of properties where their large budgets and high-level creative assets are welcome. A traditional company like PepsiCo will utilize its marketing budget to sponsor an event or produce a commercial. The investment shows up as an expense on their income statement with hopes of a future return on ad spend through exposure. Instead of simply paying for sponsorship expenses, Red Bull invests in the distribution it receives by buying sports teams, building media companies, and hosting events. F1’s Return on Investment for Red Bull The purchase of Red Bull Racing from Jaguar in 2004 represented an investment of $1. That’s right — $1. But the agreement also stipulated that Red Bull would be required to invest $400 million over the subsequent three years. The investment in F1 was a bet that a Red Bull car would reach enough eyeballs to earn a strong return on investment. From the look of F1’s most recent financials, it was a well-placed bet. Then there’s the truly innovative part: Red Bull has ostensibly turned an expense into a revenue stream. The company is able to charge other sponsors like Tag Heuer, Puma, and Tezos for distribution. The ultimate flywheel. As for reducing customer acquisition costs? Take for example the famed Stratos project, where an Austrian skydiver jumped from 24 miles above the Earth’s surface — the first-ever instance of a human breaking the sound barrier without the assistance of an engine. The stunt cost Red Bull seven years of R&D and $50 million. The result? In the six months following the stunt, Red Bull saw its sales increase 7%, resulting in $1.6 billion in sales in the U.S. alone. The original video still provides the company with earned media to this day. In a sense, the same strategy is being employed with Red Bull Racing. So when you see their cars on the track this weekend, remember that they’re more than just extraordinary feats of engineering — they’re integral cogs in the distribution machine Red Bull has built.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	0	67	https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2004/08/05/business-leaders-for-kerry/	en	BUSINESS LEADERS FOR KERRY	https://www.tampabay.com…mes-fallback.png	https://www.tampabay.com…mes-fallback.png	[ "https://www.tampabay.com/pf/resources/images/icons/sports/icon--bucs-logo.png?d=578", "https://www.tampabay.com/pf/resources/images/icons/sports/icon--rays-logo.png?d=578", "https://www.tampabay.com/pf/resources/images/icons/sports/icon--lightning-logo.png?d=578", "https://www.tampabay.com/pf/resources/images/icons/sports/icon--bulls-logo.png?d=578", "https://www.tampabay.com/pf/resources/images/icons/sports/icon--gators-logo.png?d=578", "https://www.tampabay.com/pf/resources/images/icons/sports/icon--seminoles-logo.png?d=578", "https://files.tampabay.com/resources/images/florida-public-notices-verfied.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Times Staff" ]	2004-08-05T00:00:00	In a sign from Corporate America of support for their campaign, John Kerry and John Edwards were endorsed Wednesday by 200 business leaders. They are, in alphabetical order:	en	/pf/favicon.ico	Tampa Bay Times	https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2004/08/05/business-leaders-for-kerry/	Advertisement ONLY AVAILABLE FOR SUBSCRIBERS The Tampa Bay Times e-Newspaper is a digital replica of the printed paper seven days a week that is available to read on desktop, mobile, and our app for subscribers only. To enjoy the e-Newspaper every day, please subscribe.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	3	65	https://www.thedailyupside.com/technology/big-tech/metas-blood-pressure-monitor-could-add-to-health-tech-patent-strategy/	en	Meta’s Blood-Pressure Monitor Could Add to Health Tech Patent Strategy	https://www.thedailyupsi…7-15-24_meta.png	https://www.thedailyupsi…7-15-24_meta.png	[ "https://www.thedailyupside.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/07-15-24_meta.png", "https://www.thedailyupside.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/nat-rubio-licht-headshot-circle-400x400.png", "https://www.thedailyupside.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/nat-rubio-licht-headshot-circle-400x400.png", "https://www.thedailyupside.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Peopless-Bank-of-China_07-23-24_istock-undefined-1600x900.png", "https://www.thedailyupside.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Peopless-Bank-of-China_07-23-24_istock-undefined-1600x900.png", "https://www.thedailyupside.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/gm-cruise_07-24-24_iStock-Michael-Vi-1600x900.png", "https://www.thedailyupside.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/gm-cruise_07-24-24_iStock-Michael-Vi-1600x900.png", "https://www.thedailyupside.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/offshore-wind-turbines_07-24-24_unsplash-jesse-de-meulenaere-1600x900.png", "https://www.thedailyupside.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/offshore-wind-turbines_07-24-24_unsplash-jesse-de-meulenaere-1600x900.png", "https://www.thedailyupside.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/meta-ceo-mark-zuckerberg_07-24-24_Anthony-Quintano-1600x900.png", "https://www.thedailyupside.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/meta-ceo-mark-zuckerberg_07-24-24_Anthony-Quintano-1600x900.png", "https://www.thedailyupside.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/ryanair-plane_07-23-24_unsplash-nastya-dulhiier-1600x900.png", "https://www.thedailyupside.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/ryanair-plane_07-23-24_unsplash-nastya-dulhiier-1600x900.png", "https://www.thedailyupside.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/apple-tv_07-23-24_unsplash-omid-armin-1600x900.png", "https://www.thedailyupside.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/apple-tv_07-23-24_unsplash-omid-armin-1600x900.png", "https://www.thedailyupside.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/ai-coding-screen_07-23-24_unsplash-Markus-Spiske-1600x900.png", "https://www.thedailyupside.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/ai-coding-screen_07-23-24_unsplash-Markus-Spiske-1600x900.png", "https://www.thedailyupside.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/investing_07-23-24_unsplash-Joshua-Mayo-1600x900.png", "https://www.thedailyupside.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/investing_07-23-24_unsplash-Joshua-Mayo-1600x900.png", "https://www.thedailyupside.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/wall-street-sign_07-23-24_Toonari-Post-1600x900.png", "https://www.thedailyupside.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/wall-street-sign_07-23-24_Toonari-Post-1600x900.png", "https://www.thedailyupside.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/07-22-24_meta-1600x900.png", "https://www.thedailyupside.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/07-22-24_meta-1600x900.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Nat Rubio-Licht" ]	2024-07-15T15:15:29+00:00	Meta may add health tracking to its smart watch ambitions.	en	https://www.thedailyupsi…strisk-50x50.png	The Daily Upside	https://www.thedailyupside.com/technology/big-tech/metas-blood-pressure-monitor-could-add-to-health-tech-patent-strategy/	Meta’s latest patent may add another piece to the company’s murky smartwatch plans. The tech firm filed a patent application for “obtaining blood pressure measurements.” As the filing’s title implies, Meta’s tech collects biometric signals and displays user health data via a wearable device. Though this would most likely be a smartwatch, Meta listed several applicable wearables, including smart glasses and an artificial reality headset. “Accurate measurements of blood pressure, that are measured quickly and non-invasively, are difficult to obtain,” Meta claimed in the filing. “Such techniques typically determine a relative blood pressure that then need to be scaled to an absolute blood pressure.” Meta’s tech relies on a wearable device that collects “photoplethysmography” signals, or optical measurements collected via the wrist, using sensors positioned within it. Those signals help Meta determine if blood pressure is being measured by a device that is “unassociated with the wearable device,” such as within a clinical setting. In response to determining that a user is getting their blood pressure taken by an unassociated device, Meta’s watch or other wearable may activate, presenting the wearer with a user interface that requests their absolute blood-pressure measurement, helping it scale the relative one collected through its own wrist sensors. Alternatively, that request may be “transmitted to a medical records server,” rather than asking the user to input their blood pressure. This isn’t the first time we’ve seen Meta take an interest in smartwatches. The company previously sought to patent “pressure sensing” for biometric measurements in a “wrist-worn device.” And publicly, the company has included smartwatches as part of its larger artificial reality roadmap as peripheral devices, AR VP Alex Himel told The Verge last year. This patent, however, might say less about what its smartwatch plans are and more about its legal strategy, said Micah Drayton, partner and chair of the technology practice group at Caldwell Intellectual Property Law. “What a patent really covers isn’t so much what you do, but what you don’t want other people doing,” said Drayton.
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"https://dxc.scene7.com/is/image/dxc/sap_1050x650?$landscape_desktop$", "https://dxc.scene7.com/is/image/dxc/servicenow_1050x650?$landscape_desktop$", "https://dxc.scene7.com/is/image/dxc/vmware-grey-1050x650?$landscape_desktop$", "https://dxc.scene7.com/is/image/dxc/DXC-Logo-gray?$landscape_desktop$" ]	[]	[]	[ "IT modernization", "transformation", "cloud computing", "cyber security", "big data", "consulting", "industry focused applications", "technology services", "IT consulting", "information technology", "business process outsourcing", "applications software", "application hosting", "BPM", "Business Process Management", "Cloud Computing Services", "Enterprise Solutions", "IT services" ]	null	[]	2024-07-15T00:00:00	DXC Technology helps global companies run their mission critical systems and operations while modernising IT, optimizing data architectures, and ensuring security and scalability across public, private and hybrid clouds.	en	/etc.clientlibs/dxc/clientlibs/clientlib-site/resources/images/favicon-16x16.png	DXC Technology	https://dxc.com/au/en	DXC Technology (NYSE: DXC) helps global companies run their mission-critical systems and operations while modernizing IT, optimizing data architectures, and ensuring security and scalability across public, private and hybrid clouds. The world's largest companies and public sector organizations trust DXC to deploy services to drive new levels of performance, competitiveness, and customer experience across their IT estates. Learn more about how we deliver excellence for our customers and colleagues at DXC.com.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	3	6	https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/digital-realty-and-oracle-strengthen-partnership-through-second-oracle-cloud-region-in-france-301587763.html	en	Digital Realty and Oracle Strengthen Partnership through Second Oracle Cloud Region in France	https://mma.prnewswire.c…o.jpg?p=facebook	https://mma.prnewswire.c…o.jpg?p=facebook	[ "https://www.prnewswire.com/content/dam/prnewswire/homepage/prn_cision_logo_desktop.png", "https://www.prnewswire.com/content/dam/prnewswire/homepage/prn_cision_logo_mobile.png", "https://rt.prnewswire.com/rt.gif?NewsItemId=LA18984&Transmission_Id=202207180700PR_NEWS_USPR_____LA18984&DateId=20220718", "https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/1930428/Digital_Realty_Black_Logo.jpg?w=300", "https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/1930428/Digital_Realty_Black_Logo.jpg?w=300", "https://www.prnewswire.com/content/dam/prnewswire/subject-and-industry-code-images/CPR.jpg", "https://www.prnewswire.com/content/dam/prnewswire/subject-and-industry-code-images/IOT.jpg", "https://www.prnewswire.com/content/dam/prnewswire/subject-and-industry-code-images/TLS.jpg", "https://www.prnewswire.com/content/dam/prnewswire/subject-and-industry-code-images/ITE.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "Digital Realty" ]	null	[ "Digital Realty" ]	2022-07-18T07:00:00-04:00	/PRNewswire/ -- Interxion: A Digital Realty Company (NYSE: DLR), a leading provider of cloud- and carrier-neutral data center, colocation and interconnection...	en	/content/dam/prnewswire/icons/2019-Q4-PRN-Icon-32-32.png		https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/digital-realty-and-oracle-strengthen-partnership-through-second-oracle-cloud-region-in-france-301587763.html	Oracle Cloud Infrastructure services are now available from Oracle Paris Cloud Region in Interxion's Paris Digital Park (IPDP), the largest data center campus in France, located less than three kilometers from Paris Companies can now implement their digital transformation strategies and deploy hybrid and multi-cloud while reducing their environmental impact PARIS, July 18, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- Interxion: A Digital Realty Company (NYSE: DLR), a leading provider of cloud- and carrier-neutral data center, colocation and interconnection solutions in EMEA, today announced that it is providing its customers located in Interxion's Paris data center campus with direct and secure access to Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) via the new Oracle Cloud Paris Region. Within Interxion Paris Digital Park (IPDP), Interxion's largest campus in France located just three kilometers from Paris, customers can deploy their critical infrastructure and be supported in their digital transformation by gaining access to one of the leading cloud and interconnection hubs in Europe and the fourth largest internet hub in the world as of today. The decision to open Oracle's second cloud region in Paris, France, was made in direct response to the growing demand for hybrid cloud services emanating from the public sector, as well as enterprises and SMEs. This development marks the opening of Oracle's 38th cloud region worldwide, which is one of the fastest expansions of a major cloud provider. Christophe Negrier, SVP EMEA South, Cloud Business and Managing Director, Oracle France, comments: "After the opening of our first cloud region in Marseille, we have selected Interxion again to help deploy our critical infrastructure and offer Oracle Cloud Infrastructure via our newest cloud region in Paris. This relationship is based on a common objective to support the digital transformation of companies by limiting their environmental impact. Interxion France's corporate social responsibility (CSR) policy has thus proved to be an important criterion of choice for us, particularly in view of their contribution to carbon neutrality for scopes one and two. In addition, Interxion's use of renewable energy corresponds to Oracle's commitment to sustainability and its pledge to power all Oracle Cloud regions worldwide with 100 percent renewable energy by 2025, which is already the case in all of our data centers in Europe." The opening of Oracle's second cloud region with Interxion in France is a logical extension of its existing partnership, both at a local level, following the launch of its first cloud region in Marseille last year, and at a global level with Digital Realty. Through PlatformDIGITAL®, Digital Realty's global data center platform, customers have access to top-tier cloud providers like Oracle Cloud Infrastructure, as well a platform of several densely populated connected data communities that includes 1,500+ enterprises, 1,200+ network service providers, and 1,100+ cloud and IT providers as of today, all via a single data center provider. Fabrice Coquio, SVP, Digital Realty & Managing Director, Interxion France, comments: "We are very excited to welcome Oracle's second cloud region in France to Interxion. This partnership enriches our value offering for our customer communities by removing the barriers associated with the adoption of hybrid and multi-cloud environments in the Paris market. It is also satisfying to see that our commitment to reducing the environmental impact of our data centers was a key factor in Oracle's decision to select Interxion again. We are proud to provide this level of service while supporting companies in their digital and environmental transformations." About Interxion: A Digital Realty Company Interxion: A Digital Realty Company is a leading provider of cloud- and carrier-neutral data centre services across EMEA. With more than 700 connectivity providers in 105+ data centres across 13 European countries, Interxion provides communities of connectivity, cloud, and content hubs. As part of Digital Realty, customers now have access to 50 metros across six continents. For more information, please visit interxion.com or follow us on LinkedIn and Twitter. About Digital Realty Digital Realty supports the world's leading enterprises and service providers by delivering the full spectrum of data center, colocation, and interconnection solutions. PlatformDIGITAL®, the company's global data center platform, provides customers a trusted foundation and proven Pervasive Datacenter Architecture (PDx™) solution methodology for scaling digital business and efficiently managing Data Gravity challenges. Digital Realty's global data center footprint gives customers access to the connected communities that matter to them with 290+ facilities in 50 metros across 26 countries on six continents. For more information, please visit digitalrealty.com or follow us on LinkedIn and Twitter. Trademarks Oracle, Java and MySQL are registered trademarks of Oracle Corporation. For more information Press Contacts Claire Chadourne Interxion: A Digital Realty Company +33 (0)6 99 20 90 85 [email protected] Emmanuelle Pionnier / Marie-Hélène Veillon Oxygen RP +33 (0)6 09 09 15 06 / +33 (0)6 07 28 69 43 [email protected] / [email protected] Oracle France Bastien Rousseau – +33 06 27 45 32 06 ([email protected]) Agence LEWIS / PISTON – [email protected] Aesa Langenhove – +33 06 66 41 80 35 Maxence Godefroy – +33 06 18 53 06 12 Grégory Alleaume – +33 07 77 00 56 52 Investor Relations Jordan Sadler/Jim Huseby Digital Realty +1 737 281 0101 [email protected] Safe Harbor Statement This press release contains forward-looking statements which are based on current expectations, forecasts and assumptions that involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual outcomes and results to differ materially, including statements related to PlatformDIGITAL®, Oracle Cloud Infrastructure, expected growth in digital transformation, customer demand, and the French market. For a list and description of risks and uncertainties, see the reports and other filings by the company with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. The company disclaims any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. SOURCE Digital Realty
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	3	73	https://www.manageengine.com/sccm-third-party-patch-management/supported-applications.html	en	Supported Applications l ManageEngine Patch Connect Plus			[ "https://www.manageengine.com/images/logo/patchconnectplus.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "SCCM third party patch management", "SCCM Patch", "SCCM patch deployment", "Microsoft SCCM", "Patch Management Software", "Non microsoft Patching", "Patch non microsoft applications", "Third Party Patch Management", "Microsoft System Configuration Manager extension", "plugin for sccm", "update third party applications", "Patch Windows Desktops", "System vulnerabilities", "client management", "Desktop Management", "Windows Patch Management", "windows 2000", "xp", "2003", "vista", "windows 7", "2008", "update third party applications", "adobe", "java", "7zip", "winRAR", "google chrome", "skype", "opera", "mozilla firefox", "mozilla thunderbird", "itunes" ]	null	[]	null	All the supported applications are listed here which can be patched using Patch Connect Plus.		//www.manageengine.com/favicon.ico		https://www.manageengine.com/sccm-third-party-patch-management/supported-applications.html	Download the list of supported applications (.xlsx) 7 Zip 7 Zip (x64) (.exe package) 7 Zip (x32) (.exe package) 7 Zip (x64) (.msi package) 7 Zip (x32) (.msi package) 8X8, Inc 8X8Click2Pop 8X8 - Virtual Office 8x8 - Virtual Office (x64) AbleWord Adobe Adobe Acrobat Reader DC MUI Extended Asian Language font pack for Adobe Acrobat Reader DC Adobe Acrobat Reader 2020 MUI (Classic Track) Adobe Acrobat 2017 MUI (Classic Track) Adobe Acrobat Reader DC MUI (Classic Track) Adobe Acrobat DC (Continuous Track) Adobe Reader 9 Adobe Acrobat Reader DC MUI (x64) Adobe Reader 10 Adobe Connect Adobe Reader 11 Adobe Acrobat Reader DC (x64) Adobe Acrobat Reader DC Adobe Reader 10 MUI Adobe Acrobat DC (64-bit) Adobe Acrobat DC (Classic Track) Adobe Reader 11 MUI Adobe Acrobat 9 Professional Extended Andrey Gruber PNotes.NET AIMP DevTeam AIMP AirServer Universal AirServer Universal AirServer Universal (x64) AirSquirrels Reflector AirSquirrels Reflector AirSquirrels Reflector (x64) AirSquirrels Reflector Teacher AirSquirrels Reflector Teacher (x64) Airtame Airtame(.exe) ALCPU Core Temp Alexander Koblov Double Commander alfaview Video Conferencing Systems GmbH & Co. KG alfaview msi Alibre LLC Alibre Design Alibre Design (x64) Allway Sync Allway Sync Allway Sync (x64) Amazon Amazon Corretto Amazon Corretto JRE 8 (x64) Amazon Corretto Amazon Corretto 17 Amazon Corretto 11 (x64) Amazon Corretto 11 (x86) Amazon Corretto 8 Amazon Corretto 8 (x64) Amazon Redshift Amazon Redshift Amazon Redshift ODBC Driver Amazon Redshift ODBC Driver(x64) Andrea Vacondio PDFsam Basic Andrey Gruber PNotes.NET Ansgar Becker HeidiSQL Apache Software Foundation Open Office App Dynamic AirServer Universal AirServer Universal (x64) Apple iCloud Apple iTunes Apple iTunes Apple iTunes (x64) Apple Safari Apple QuickTime Apple QuickTime 7 Approximatrix, LLC Simply Fortran Ares Archi Archi Archi (x64) Astonsoft DeepBurner Atlassian Inc SourceTree Enterprise Audacity Team Audacity (x64) Attendant Pro Auslogics Labs Auslogics DiskDefrag Auslogics Registry Cleaner Auslogics Duplicate Filefinder Auslogics Browser Care Autodesk, Inc Autodesk Design Review AutoHotKey Azul Systems Inc Zulu JDK 6 Azul Zulu JDK 7 Azul Zulu JDK 7 (x64) Zulu JDK 7 Zulu JDK 7 (x64) Zulu JDK 8 Zulu JDK 8 (x64) Zulu JDK 11 (x64) Azul Zulu JDK 13 Zulu JRE 8 Zulu JRE 8 (x64) Bandisoft Bandizip Honeyview Honeycam Bandicam Bandicut Beyond Compare Beyond Compare Beyond Compare (.msi) Beyond Compare (.msi) (x64) BigAntSoft BigAntSoft Messenger Binary Fortress Software LogFusion Tray status Biomatters Ltd Geneious Prime (msi package) Geneious Prime (msi package ) (x64) Bitfocus AS Bitfocus Companion Bitfocus Companion (x64) Bjoern Petersen Software Design and Development Silverjuke Bloodshed Software Dev-C++ BlueJ Team BlueJ Blueberry Software (UK) Ltd. FlashBack Pro 5 Blue Jeans Blue Jeans (x64) (All users) Blue Jeans Outlook Addins Botkind Inc Allway Sync Allway Sync (x64) Box Inc Box Sync Box Drive Box Drive (x64) Box Tools Box for Office Brackets.io Brackets Brackets 2.0 Brainwy Software Ltda. LiClipse Brave Brave Brave (x64) Camtasia Camtasia 2018 Camtasia 2019 (.msi) Camtasia 2019 (.exe) CCCP Project Combined Community Codec Pack (x64) CCleaner CDBurnerXP CDBurnerXP (X64) Cereberus Cerberus FTP Server Cerberus FTP Server (x64) Cisco Systems, Inc. Cisco Proximity Cisco WebEx Teams Webex VDI Plugin Webex VDI Plugin (x64) Clamav Network Recording Player WebEx Recorder and Player Citrix Systems, Inc. Citrix Receiver LTSR Citrix Workspace Citrix Files Cobian Soft Cobian Backup 11 Gravity CodeJelly Launchy code4ward GmbH Royal TS Cogin QueueExplorer ColorImpact CollageIt conTEXT ConEmu-Maximus5 ConEmu ConEmu (x64) Contributors JEdit Core FTP CoreFTP LE CoreFTP LE (x64) CPUID, Inc. CPUID CPU-Z CPUID HWMonitor Crystal Dew World CrystalDiskInfo CrystalDiskMark Cyberduck DBeaver DearMob Inc. 5k Player Dell Inc. Dell Peripheral Manager Dell Command Configure Dell Power Manager Service Devoulutions Inc. Remote Desktop Manager Remote Desktop Manager (Enterprise Edition) Digital Creations AS MaxTo MaxTo (Machine-Wide Installer) Dr. J. Rathlev Personal backup (x32) Personal backup (x64) Dropbox Druva Software Pvt Ltd Druva inSync Druva inSync Cloud Duo Security Inc. Duo authentication for Windows logon DVDFab EditPad Lite Ellora Assets Corporation Freemake Video Converter eM Client Inc. eM Client Emurasoft, Inc. EmEditor EmEditor (64 bit) Evernote Corp Evernote Everything Everything (x64) FastStone Soft FastStone Image Viewer Fiddler FileZilla FileZilla Client FileZilla Client (x64) Flashback Express Flashback Pro FlashGet Flash-Integro LLC VSDC Free Video Editor Version VSDC Free Video Editor Version (x64) Florian Heidenreich Mp3tag Florian Hoch DisplayCAL Fookes Holding Ltd NoteTab Light Fotosizer.com Fotosizer Foxit Software Inc. Foxit Reader Foxit Reader Enterprise Foxit Reader (ML) Foxit Reader Enterprise (ML) Foxit PhantomPDF Slim Foxit PhantomPDF 8 Foxit PhantomPDF 8 (ML) Foxit PhantomPDF 9 (EXE) Foxit PhantomPDF 9 (ML) (EXE) Foxit PhantomPDF 9 (MSI) Foxit PhantomPDF 9 (ML) (MSI) Foxit PhantomPDF 10 (MSI) Foxit PhantomPDF 10 (EXE) Foxit PhantomPDF 10 (ML) (MSI) Foxit PhantomPDF 10 (ML) (EXE) Foxit PDF Editor 11 (MSI) Foxit PDF Editor 12 (MSI) Foxit PDF Editor 12 (ML) (MSI) FreeArc FreeDownloadManager.ORG Free Download Manager Free Download Manager (x64) Freemake Video Converter Fresh FreshView FreshDiagnose FreshDownload Fresh Video Downloader FrostWire LLC FrostWire FTPGetter Team FTPGetter Standard GanttProject Gerhard Rohner Java-Editor Java-Editor (x64) GIMP Glarysoft Ltd Glary Utilities GMetric LLC GMetricSms6 GoodSync Google Google Chrome Google Chrome (x64) Google Earth Pro Google Earth Pro (x64) Hangouts Chat Google Drive File Stream Backup and Sync from Google (x64) Google Chrome Remote DesktopHost Backup and Sync from Google Go To Opener Gougelet Pierre-e XnViewMP XnViewMP (x64) XnConvert XnConvert (x64) Greenshot grepWin grepWin (x86) grepWin (x64) Hagel Technologies Ltd DU Meter HaiWenHuZhi ltd. Seafile Hamachi HandBrake community HandBrake HandBrake (x64) HashiCorp Vagrant Vagrant (x64) Hendrik Leppkes LAVFilters HipChat Honeycam Honeyview Huddle IdeaMK AI Viewer STP Viewer Igor Pavlov 7zip (.exe package) 7zip (x64) (.exe package) 7 zip (.msi package) 7 zip (x64) (.msi package) Infocert S.p.A DiKe GoSign Desktop Ingram Content Group VitalSource Bookshelf Inkscape Inkscape (x64) Interactive Intelligence PureCloud International GeoGebra Institute GeoGebra Irfan Skiljan IrfanView IrfanView (64-bit) Ivan Zahariev IZArc JAM Software TreeSize free UltraSearch(x64) Jing Jitsi Jitsi (x64) Kakao Corp. 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Zoom Citrix HDX Media Plugin Zoom Host for VDI Zoom Plugin for Vmware Horizon Client Zoom Rooms Zoom Rooms (x86) Zoom Skype for Business Plugin Zoom Plugin for Windows Virtual Desktop Client * denotes the applications that are supported only in Professional and Enterprise edition. Learn more
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wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	1	46	https://www.newyorker.com/sports/sporting-scene/does-crossfit-have-a-future	en	Does CrossFit Have a Future?	https://media.newyorker.…t-CrossFit-2.jpg	https://media.newyorker.…t-CrossFit-2.jpg	[ "https://www.newyorker.com/verso/static/the-new-yorker/assets/logo-inverted.svg", "https://www.newyorker.com/verso/static/the-new-yorker/assets/logo-header-reverse.svg", "https://media.newyorker.com/photos/60f5e5607c6302058c00c2eb/master/w_2560%2Cc_limit/Hart-CrossFit.jpg", "https://media.newyorker.com/photos/60f5e694d9e6a516d5583ca6/master/w_1600%2Cc_limit/Hart-CrossFit-2.jpg", "https://media.newyorker.com/photos/65ccdd562727e7b5adf2bc6f/4:3/w_480%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.newyorker.com/photos/65ccdd562727e7b5adf2bc6f/4:3/w_480%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.newyorker.com/photos/623b77fe3d162b0f59264a13/4:3/w_480%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.newyorker.com/photos/623b77fe3d162b0f59264a13/4:3/w_480%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.newyorker.com/photos/6696a5f1bf6e69f11069a27e/4:3/w_480%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.newyorker.com/photos/6696a5f1bf6e69f11069a27e/4:3/w_480%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.newyorker.com/photos/668eb8bb012c027ea26bccbc/4:3/w_480%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.newyorker.com/photos/668eb8bb012c027ea26bccbc/4:3/w_480%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://www.newyorker.com/verso/static/the-new-yorker/assets/logo-reverse.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "fitness", "gyms", "workouts", "c.e.o.s" ]	null	[ "Matt Hart", "Andy Kravis", "Caitlin Reid", "Sarah Braunstein", "Ian Frazier", "Condé Nast" ]	2021-07-20T06:00:00-04:00	Matt Hart writes about how the pandemic and accusations of racism against the former owner Greg Glassman almost destroyed the CrossFit gym brand, and the plans of the new owner, Eric Roza.	en	https://www.newyorker.com/verso/static/the-new-yorker/assets/favicon.ico	The New Yorker	https://www.newyorker.com/sports/sporting-scene/does-crossfit-have-a-future	Early on an October morning, I met Eric Roza for a workout at a CrossFit gym in Boulder, Colorado. Roza, who is fifty-three, was a few months into his tenure as the owner and chief executive of CrossFit, Inc., the preëminent gym brand of the twenty-first century. A typical class is an hour long, with a warmup and a cooldown bookending twenty to thirty minutes of punishing strength movements, Olympic lifts, gymnastics, and body-weight exercises. CrossFit is designed for general fitness or, as its disciples say, general physical preparedness for whatever life might throw at you, from helping a friend move a couch to competing in the Olympics. I hadn’t been in a CrossFit gym in years, so I was relieved to find that the session would consist mostly of endurance work: three rounds of a five-hundred-metre row, a four-hundred-metre run, and thirty burpees. My goal was simply to keep moving and, of course, not to finish last. Rowing with a mask made the workout feel considerably harder, but voluntary hardship is the point of CrossFit. Its adherents believe that it leads to human optimization, and willingness to seek out physical adversity has helped build CrossFit’s fervent community. The workout of the day is tough, but everyone is pleasant and supportive. It’s competitive, but not ostensibly. Boulder being Boulder, a National Geographic Adventurer who has climbed Mount Everest without supplemental oxygen finished first. Roza was third in our six-person class, limited because of COVID-19, and I finished a few minutes after him, but not last. The pandemic accelerated a move in the fitness industry from physical locations to streaming, at-home workouts offered by brands such as Peloton, Apple Fitness+, and Mirror. Twenty per cent of CrossFit affiliate gyms closed during the pandemic, and, without a return to larger classes, even the most successful and popular ones would go out of business and stop paying fees to Roza’s company. But the pandemic wasn’t fully to blame for CrossFit’s troubles. Since its inception, in 2000, the company has been both heralded and derided for its intensity, in the gym and outside of it. Last June, in response to the killing of George Floyd, Greg Glassman, CrossFit’s founder, made statements that many people considered racist. Soon afterward, several former employees accused Glassman of sexual harassment. (Glassman denies being a racist and all accusations of sexual impropriety.) The pandemic exposed flaws in the business plan. Societal turmoil exposed flaws in the leadership, and the allegations proved that, when Glassman needed the benefit of the doubt, it was no longer available. The math didn’t work, and he was forced to sell the company. Speaking publicly for the first time since the allegations were levied, Glassman told me, “I ran a gym I would join. Formed an affiliate program that I would participate in, wrote material that, had I seen it twenty years ago, we’d all be a whole lot fitter.” He added, “CrossFit succeeded because I was willing to tell the truth that no one else would tell. The world’s changed and I haven’t.” Now Roza is in the process of attempting to reassemble the company’s early success. It’s difficult to see why Roza, who has an M.B.A. from Stanford, sees any promise in the brand. The answer comes from CrossFit’s long, checkered history of providing life-changing experiences for hundreds of thousands of people. In 1972, when Greg Glassman was a teen-ager, his father bought him a Ted Williams weight-lifting set, so that he could train for gymnastics, a sport that he had become obsessed with. Jeff Glassman, a scientist at Hughes Aircraft, stressed the importance of math and the scientific method to his son. In an attempt to simulate the way in which a difficult ring routine left him gasping for air, Greg combined a barbell-thruster exercise with pullups, twenty-one repetitions of each, then fifteen, then nine. Pressing the pace with an eye on the clock caused him to work so hard that he threw up. Then he recruited a friend to try the workout. He threw up, too. After becoming a serial college dropout, Glassman took a job at a Gold’s Gym in Venice, California. He began putting his clients through circuits—which were made popular in the mid-seventies by Arthur Jones, the founder of Nautilus—using free weights instead of machines. This, he thought, was a way to get strong and build cardiovascular fitness simultaneously, while leaving him with measurable variables: force, distance, and time. But it went against the standard protocol: clients weren’t supposed to drop weights, rush between exercises, monopolize equipment, or climb ropes hung from the ceiling frame. Glassman found that he was also at odds with gyms’ business arrangements, which saw most employers take half of the client’s fee. He bounced between gyms and was often fired, but his clients became remarkably fit. After training a client, Lauren Jenai, to what she called “spectacular results,” Glassman married her. In 2001, the couple opened their own gym—which they named CrossFit, for cross-discipline fitness—focussing on group classes. After Glassman posted the workouts on the Internet, so that clients could stay in shape while travelling, they began to spread through police stations, special forces, and military outposts. Coaching is a confidence game, and it would be an understatement to say that Glassman is self-assured. He calls the name brands of the workout business “globo gyms” and argues that their business model is predicated on people signing up but not showing up. Even when people do show up, CrossFit acolytes claim, they don’t get in shape, because most gyms’ programming relies on exercise machines with pulleys that isolate and strain individual muscles but fail to properly train functional movement patterns. CrossFit ushered in what the physical-cultural historian and author Daniel Kunitz calls the “New Frontier” of fitness. “The New Frontier athlete trains for life—to improve how she meets it and to deal productively with its pathos,” he writes. There is a “widespread embrace of suffering for something other than religious reasons.” Glassman has called CrossFit “a religion run by a biker gang.” In 2002, a former powerlifter and research biochemist named Robb Wolf found Glassman’s Internet posts, and he and two friends began incorporating the designs into their training regimen. The group e-mailed Glassman for advice, visited him in California, and eventually asked to open the first affiliate gym—CrossFit North, in Seattle. Glassman told them he’d be honored and charged them a five-hundred-dollar annual fee to make it official, then promptly waived the payment, knowing the group had limited funds. He developed a training curriculum, which he began teaching across the country. Hundreds of aspiring trainers paid a thousand dollars to be certified by Glassman. “We told a profound and elegant truth about performance, metabolism, and chronic disease,” Glassman said. “It was like throwing a lit cigarette into dried grass.” To open a Gold’s Gym, there are investment requirements of more than two million dollars. The initial franchise fee is forty thousand dollars, and there’s a long list of monthly expenses owed to the franchise. CrossFit affiliates, by contrast, pay only a yearly fee of three thousand dollars for the right to use the name. By 2005, more than fifty affiliates in twenty-one states and five countries had opened, in warehouse spaces called “boxes” for their lack of gym flotsam. To this day, most CrossFit gyms remain simple, utilitarian spaces, without up-sell displays, mirrors, or rows of machines. By doing CrossFit, “you’re saving your life,” Glassman once said. “It’s health. . . . The fitness is a Trojan horse.” Wolf became the brand’s nutrition guru, and taught the CrossFit community the supposed benefits of eating a diet that would be recognizable to our ancestors. His 2010 book, “The Paleo Solution,” became a Times best-seller. When CrossFit began, few women were doing Olympic lifts at their local gym. The workouts effectively removed the chromosome-based gym division, where women work on cardio machines and men strain under barbells. Affiliates promoted female athletes, often pitting them against the men of other workout regimens. They mocked the expectation that women who work out should be concerned only with how small they can become. It’s not hyperbolic to say that CrossFit changed societal notions of beauty. CrossFit also spawned innumerable businesses, as members started ventures in everything from insurance to nutrition. The Ohio-based gym-equipment manufacturer Rogue Fitness was launched to meet the demands of the new CrossFit gyms; it grew to employ hundreds of people. RxBar, which makes energy bars with ingredients that hew to CrossFit’s nutrition guidelines, sold to Kellogg’s, in 2017, for six hundred million dollars. CrossFit’s ascent was not uninterrupted. In December, 2005, the Times published a piece titled “Getting Fit, Even if It Kills You,” which documented a CrossFit athlete who gave himself rhabdomyolysis, a condition in which muscle cells die from overexertion, resulting in possible renal failure and death. Glassman told the Times, “It can kill you. I’ve always been completely honest about that.” In fact, CrossFit had chosen as a mascot a muscular puking clown named Uncle Rhabdo. CrossFit members embraced a narrative of redemption through physical suffering. I heard from many adherents that the daily practice of hard work spilled over into their everyday lives, making them better people, or at least capable of setting goals and achieving them. But, interspersed with aspirational photos, the company posted sexually suggestive images on Facebook, among them images of a woman with her legs spread while climbing a rope, and a woman who tripped and momentarily had her head in position for a sexual act. Photos you wouldn’t post of your friends, basically. Coaches and gym owners with flair or specialized knowledge became independently famous. But former employees told me that, whenever someone grew too big for Glassman’s comfort, he banished them. (Glassman denies this.) After a former CrossFit trainer named Mark Twight began working with Hollywood celebrities, including the cast of the 2006 movie “300,” Glassman accused him of stealing his intellectual property. Wolf, who had a public altercation at a CrossFit seminar with a favored Glassman employee, a former Navy SEAL named Dave Castro, was fired. “You have to kowtow and not let your star shine too brightly,” Wolf said, in 2013, of Glassman. “He’s always had this tendency toward incredible kindness, but he also has this rattlesnake intensity and cruelty.” Gym-goers were undeterred, however, and by 2015 there were eleven thousand affiliate gyms. Forbes estimated CrossFit’s revenues at a hundred million dollars, and wrote, “CrossFit CEO Greg Glassman has turned the fitness industry on its head. He’s done it, I think, by making CrossFit a mirror image of himself.” That’s not entirely true; as many have pointed out, Glassman is less Adonis and more high-school gym teacher, who, at sixty-four years old, walks with a limp from a childhood bout of polio and a gymnastics accident years later. “Once you brand and sell fitness, you have to try to prove your version is better than all the others,” Brad Stulberg, a performance coach who has taken heat online from the CrossFit community about his health-and-fitness writing, told me. In CrossFit’s efforts to set itself apart, its most pious members defended the brand with a mocking élitism that was modelled by Glassman. Until CrossFit, the dominant accreditation body in the fitness industry was the National Strength and Conditioning Association. In 2013, the N.S.C.A.’s Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research published a study about CrossFit’s efficacy. Out of fifty-four people who undertook a CrossFit program for ten weeks, the research claimed, nine had failed to finish, owing to injury. The study quickly spread through the fitness world. Outside published a piece titled “Is CrossFit Killing Us?” and with the subtitle “The CrossFit backlash is in full swing—led by a long list of injured participants.” The article touted the study’s sixteen-per-cent injury rate. Glassman and his community were incredulous, and angry. In their nearly ten thousand gyms, they had never seen such injury rates. CrossFit sued the N.S.C.A. for false advertising and unfair competition. The discovery process revealed that management at the N.S.C.A. had essentially told the researchers to add injury data where there was none. In December, 2019, a court found in CrossFit’s favor and ordered the N.S.C.A. to pay the company four million dollars in sanctions. (The N.S.C.A. declined to comment, except to say that the matter was settled without any admission of liability.) All physical pursuits come with risks. Of my personal obsessions, running has uniquely gruesome statistics. The numbers are imprecise, but it’s often estimated that between forty and eighty per cent of runners will injure themselves in a given year. In my experience, these estimates are likely low. But this does little to diminish the elegance of such a simple and effective mode of exercise. I was injured during my second time in a CrossFit gym. In an off-season effort to regain some foundational strength I had lost after a decade of ultra-endurance racing, I paid to work with a trainer. He began by testing me. Baselines are important in the gym, and essential in CrossFit. We started by doing jump squats with a weighted seven-foot barbell across my shoulders. I didn’t notice that the weight was lifting off my upper back at the top of the jump and coming down on my spine when I landed. Neither did the trainer. The following day I awoke to neck pain and a bruise. More than seven years later, I can’t sleep on my stomach, lest I risk a day of not being able to turn my head. My next foray into CrossFit was more fruitful. Down the street from me in Salt Lake City, where I was living, was a gym run by a former college-football player, Tommy Hackenbruck, who had a vibrant CrossFit community. Hackenbruck, a hulking yet gracious man, coached me to proper form and then provided me with workouts to do on my own. A combination of regular CrossFit classes and Hackenbruck’s individual programming worked well for me, and I became considerably stronger, more agile, and more confident in my athletic abilities that off-season. On June 5, 2020, a co-owner of a Seattle affiliate, Alyssa Royse, posted to her gym’s Web site an e-mail exchange she had with Glassman. She had challenged management about what she considered their “moral ambiguity . . . in the face of both COVID and the massive social unrest the US is now reckoning with,” and added that her gym was likely to de-affiliate because of it. “I sincerely believe the quarantine has adversely impacted your mental health,” Glassman had replied. “You’ve let your politics warp you into something that strikes me as wrong to the point of being evil. I am ashamed of you.” The next day, during a Zoom call with a group of affiliates, an owner in Minnesota asked why corporate headquarters had remained silent during the national unrest over racial injustice. “We’re not mourning for George Floyd. I don’t think me or any of my staff are,” Glassman said, according to a recording of the meeting published by BuzzFeed News and reviewed by The New Yorker. “Can you tell me why I should mourn for him? Other than that it’s the ‘white’ thing to do.” He then mentioned a conspiracy theory about Floyd, who he said was murdered in an effort to silence him over his involvement in a counterfeit-money ring, citing inside information from the F.B.I. in the affiliate’s Minnesota neighborhood. Later that day, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation tweeted that racism and discrimination were “critical public health issues that demand an urgent response.” Frustrated with what he saw as the I.H.M.E.’s role in shutting down the economy, which Glassman believed disproportionately harmed minority communities, he responded, “It’s FLOYD-19.” Within forty-eight hours, a reported three hundred CrossFit boxes had pledged to de-affiliate. Some of the brand’s famous athletes denounced Glassman’s comments and said that they would withdraw from the upcoming CrossFit Games—the company’s annual competition to crown the “Fittest on Earth.” Reebok, which was nearing the end of a ten-year Games sponsorship deal, announced that it would not renew its contract. On June 7th, one of CrossFit’s longest-tenured employees, Nicole Carroll, called Glassman and resigned. “I didn’t see a way forward that I believed in anymore, not on the mission level, but on a leadership level,” she told me. “I can’t align with Greg anymore.” Two days later, Glassman stepped down as C.E.O. and announced his retirement on the CrossFit Web site. He handed over the chief-executive role to Dave Castro, his longtime lieutenant. But many people in the CrossFit community think that Castro can be as abrasive as the founder himself. Commenters on social media called Glassman a racist and Castro (who is Mexican-American) complicit. They demanded that Glassman sell the company to save CrossFit. “I equate being a racist with being stupid,” Glassman told me. Soon, the Times published accusations of workplace sexual harassment by Glassman. Among the claims were an account of a former employee who was paid by Glassman in lieu of a sexual-harassment lawsuit, a lewd Wi-Fi password used in the San Diego CrossFit office (as well as in Glassman’s home, according to his ex-wife), and an environment in which the founder demeaned women, openly assessing whether he’d have sex with them. Glassman denies any accusations of sexual harrassment, and explained to me that there was a sexually charged office environment that was “fucking one-hundred-per-cent consensual in all directions.” Glassman added, of the way in which he ran the business, “I’m proud of the way everyone was treated and the way I treated everyone. I have no regrets.” A couple of months after our workout, I met Roza at the new CrossFit offices, a block from a Whole Foods Market in north Boulder. A row of standing desks is flanked by a kitchen and a mini-gym outfitted with new Rogue equipment. A conference room has a view of Mt. Sanitas, a popular peak named for the sanitarium, an early health resort, that once sat on its lower slopes. In appearance, Roza is everything you’d expect from the chief executive of a global fitness brand. He’s muscular, with a shaved head; he drives a Tesla and has a subscription to The New Yorker but admits that he’s too busy to read it. A self-described “math guy,” Roza attended the University of Michigan, then worked in management consulting for Bain & Company and in the music industry before matriculating at Stanford. His introduction to CrossFit is a familiar story. Caught up in the reinvigorated interest around long-distance running caused by the best-seller “Born to Run,” he hired a coach to get him to his goal of a three-hour marathon. He tried ChiRunning and ran in “barefoot” shoes, but ended up injured. “I had magic the first time,” he said, of CrossFit. He was forty years old, but he found that the varied workouts made him resilient to many of life’s insults. It was such a dramatic, world-changing discovery that Roza started to think about buying the company. But, when he put out feelers, he said, “It was ‘There is no way in hell Glassman will ever sell the company.’ ” Instead, in 2013, Roza opened a CrossFit gym in Boulder with his now ex-wife. At the time, he was the C.E.O. of DataLogix, a marketing data-analytics firm that he had founded. When the company was acquired by Oracle for more than a billion dollars, in 2014, he stayed on to run Oracle’s data-cloud business and brought CrossFit with him, opening two separate gym spaces at the corporate offices in Westminster, Colorado. Roza, who left Oracle in 2019, says that CrossFit improved the data-cloud division’s business relations by breaking down its hierarchy. When Glassman stepped down, a friend of Roza’s named David Woods connected the two men. Now, Glassman was open to selling. He said that he had a number and that, if Roza could meet it, he would consider selling. The founder sent his chief financial officer and his private plane to bring Roza and Woods to Santa Barbara, where, for nine hours, Glassman pontificated, describing the business environment and what he felt CrossFit should focus on. “Business is the art and science of offering uniquely attractive opportunities for other people,” Glassman told me. That night, in his hotel room, Roza felt that he was letting the opportunity slip through his fingers. He hadn’t said much during the meeting, and knew that he hadn’t made a significant impression on the founder. The next day he took the whiteboard marker from Glassman’s hand and laid out a plan for the brand with such passion that he teared up. Roza followed up over text with an offer. Roza said that Glassman wrote back, “Yes!! Yes!! Yes!!.” In late June, Roza visited headquarters, met Castro and the team, then took calls with dozens of people who felt disenchanted with the CrossFit brand. Glassman’s number was two hundred million dollars. He would keep the company’s two corporate planes, and he made it clear that there would be no negotiating. Buoyed by the community’s encouragement, Roza, backed by investment from the private-equity firm Berkshire Partners, signed the paperwork. All of the CrossFit Games athletes who had denounced Glassman returned to compete this past October. Of the three hundred gyms that threatened to de-affiliate, less than half followed through. Nicole Carroll even returned to her role as the head of the CrossFit seminar business. Roza has launched a diversity council and created a seven-million-dollar endowment to fund public-health programs in underserved communities. He aims to have a hundred million people doing CrossFit within ten years, a plan that depends on the success of the affiliate gyms. So far this has included more guidance about class management, along with a program that CrossFit calls “The Affiliate Roundtable,” in which a group of eight gym owners meet twice a week with a moderator, over Zoom, to discuss personal and professional issues in a confidential setting. “It’s peer mentorship, almost like a group therapy session,” Roza said. But it’s not mandatory. “We have a credo of tools over rules.” Yet it’s still to be seen whether Roza can bring CrossFit back from the brink. Glassman ran the business without oversight and turned down innumerable opportunities—from CrossFit-branded fish oil to CrossFit weight-lifting chalk—that Roza may now have to consider in an effort to increase revenue and placate his investors. “I didn’t do this for the money,” Roza told me. “The reason I’m doing this is because I’m completely in love with CrossFit and I want to bring it to other people.” New Yorker Favorites Anthony Bourdain spills secrets from the kitchen. Why are some of us terrible at recognizing faces? The family that built an empire of pain. How Joan Rivers got that way. Was Jeanne Calment the oldest person who ever lived—or a fraud? The Britney Spears conservatorship nightmare. Sign up for our daily newsletter to receive the best stories from The New Yorker.
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The 29 transactions in the week ended Oct. 14 totaled $7.55 billion, down from the $20.67 billion that 61 offers had produced in the prior seven days. What might have become the largest deal, reflecting Oracle Corp.’s $6.7 bid for BEA Systems, didn’t qualify for our list because there was no actual tender offer from the acquisitive, fast-growing business software provider. Wall Street, meanwhile, was expecting rival bidding activity for the attractive BEA in what has become one of the more active markets for M&A. The leading transactions in our survey of the top 10 North American deals was AT&T Inc.’s $2.5-billion agreement to buy 12 megaherz of wireless spectrum capacity from Aloha Partners LP, followed by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co.’s $1.28-billion deal to use a Turkish subsidiary to buy U.N. Ro-Ro Isletmeleri AS of Istanbul. Ro-Ro provides intermodal transportation services. Falling just short of the KKR deal’s size was Newmont Mining Corp.’s agreement to buy Miramar Mining Corp. for $1.24 billion. Both operated gold properties. Year-to-date transaction totals of $1.4 trillion still run far ahead of the $1.1 trillion over the same 2006 period, on the strength of blockbuster dealmaking in this year’s first half. That was before the mid-year credit crunch created a day-and-night scenario, which only occasional flurries of billion-dollar-plus transactions have enlivened. AT&T Inc. to buy 12 MegaHerz of spectrum from Aloha Partners LP for $2.5 billion AT&T’s purchase of wireless spectrum from Providence-based Aloha is designed to enable San Antonio-based AT&T to meet the increasing demand for mobile services. The additional spectrum covers 196 million people in 281 markets. The transaction is expected to close in six to nine months. Seller financial advisor: Internal Bidder financial advisor: Internal Seller legal advisor: Not Disclosed Bidder legal advisor: Arnold & Porter Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. to buy a 97.6 percent stake in U.N. Ro-Ro Isletmeleri AS for $1.28 billion The acquisition is through KKR’s Istanbul-based Trieste Bidco Denizcilik ve Tasimacilik A.S. acquisition vehicle. The Istanbul-based target provides intermodal transportation services. As part of the acquisition, Trieste Bidco also took majority stakes in each of Ro-Ro Isletmeleri’s affiliates: U.N Deniz Tasimaciligi A.S., U.N Deniz Isletmeciligi A.S., and U.N Gemicilik Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S. These companies, together with Ro-Ro Isletmeleri, constitute the U.N Ro-Ro Group. The transaction was for cash, and debt free for KKR, based in New York. Debt financing has been arranged by the Turkish banks Garanti Bankasi and Turkiye Is Bankasi. The transaction is part of KKR’s strategy to invest in Turkey and develop U.N. Ro-Ro’s business. U.N. Ro-Ro will continue to be based in Turkey and keep transporting truckers and exporters between Turkey and Europe. Completion is expected to take place before the end of 2007. Seller financial advisor: Citigroup Bidder financial advisor: Morgan Stanley Seller legal advisor: Norton Rose; and Özel & Özel Bidder legal advisor: White & Case; and Simpson Thacher & Bartlett Newmont Mining Corp. to buy Miramar Mining Corp. for $1.24 billion North Vancouver, B.C.-based Miramar signed a definitive agreement for Denver-based Newmont to pay $6.33 a share, a premium of 19.7 percent. Both boards have approved the merger between Miramar, which explores for and develops gold-bearing mineral properties, and Newmont, primarily a gold producer with significant assets or operations in the U.S., Australia, Peru, Indonesia, Ghana, Canada, Bolivia, New Zealand, and Mexico. Newmont sees prospects for establishing a new core-mining district in Canada’s Nunavut Territory, along with an opportunity to build a focus for Newmont’s exploration and project development teams on a long-term deposit with competitive operating costs. It considers the gold deposits being acquired to be among the top undeveloped deposits globally. It also sees an opportunity to reduce technical risk by drawing on Newmont’s historic investment in, and understanding of, the Hope Bay Project, and the opportunity for Newmont to control and explore a roughly 80-by-20 kilometer greenstone belt with substantial exploration potential. Seller financial advisor: BMO Capital Markets Bidder financial advisor: Citigroup; Genuity Capital Markets; and JPMorgan Seller legal advisor: Dorsey & Whitney; and Gowling Lafleur Henderson Bidder legal advisor: Goodmans; and Wachtell Lipton Rosen & Katz Textron Inc. to buy United Industrial Corp. for $950 million Hunt Valley, Md.-based United Industrial, a designer and producer of aerospace and defense systems, definitively agreed to merge with Providence-based Textron for $81 a share, a premium of 7.1 percent. Textron operates in helicopter, business jet, golf/turf, automotive, and finance markets worldwide. The transaction is expected to close by the end of the year. Seller financial advisor: JPMorgan Bidder financial advisor: Merrill Lynch; and Rothschild Seller legal advisor: Proskauer Rose Bidder legal advisor: Latham & Watkins (Advising Merrill Lynch); and Skadden Arps Slate Meagher & Flom NBC Universal Inc. to buy Oxygen Media LLC from Europ@web for $925 million New York-based NBC Universal, a unit of General Electric that develops and produces entertainment, news, and information, is purchasing Oxygen Media from Paris-based Europ@web, a venture capital fund and a subsidiary of French private equity firm Groupe Arnault SAS. Oxygen, also based in New York, is an Internet portal that provides news, media services, and lifestyle links. LVMH Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton SA, the Paris-based luxury goods and alcoholic beverages group, acquired Oxygen through Europ@web in December 1999. NBC plans to fund the acquisition through the sale of noncore assets, including two independent Telemundo television stations, KWHY in Los Angeles and WKAQ in Puerto Rico. NBC has a strategy of enhancing market reach among young, female viewers, and the acquisition complements NBC’s existing cable channels. Oxygen will be integrated with NBC’s entertainment cable division. The acquisition, which is expected to be accretive for NBC’s full-year earnings up to $35 million for 2008, is expected to close by November. Seller financial advisor: Allen & Company; and Bear Stearns & Co Bidder financial advisor: JPMorgan Seller legal advisor: Debevoise & Plimpton Bidder legal advisor: Weil Gotshal & Manges Blackstone Group Holdings LLC to buy Alliance Hospitality Management LLC from Whitehall Funds for $875 million Blackstone, the New York private equity firm, won an auction to acquire Raleigh-based Alliance, a hotel management company. The seller is New York-based Whitehall Funds, a real estate investment fund managed by Goldman Sachs. Whitehall Funds are managed by Archon Group, a full-service investment management and support-services company that is a wholly owned Goldman subsidiary. Other bidders were French insurer AXA SA and French travel, tourism and hotel business operator Accor SA. Alliance Hospitality manages 46 hotels in Europe. Seller financial advisor: CB Richard Ellis Services; and Goldman Sachs Bidder financial advisor: Not Disclosed Seller legal advisor: Not Disclosed Bidder legal advisor: Kirkland & Ellis Electronic Arts Inc. to buy VG Holding Corp. from Elevation Partners LP for $620 million Menlo Park, Calif.-based Electronic Arts, the gaming software developer, agreed to acquire Menlo Park-based video-game developer VG from private-equity firm Elevation Partners LP, also of Menlo Park, for a price that excludes earnouts of $155 million. Terms call for EA to pay the $620 million in cash and make an additional payment of $155 million in stock to VG employees based on future performance. EA also agreed to lend VGH $35 million at closing, which is expected by January 2008. The acquisition includes the purchase of Canadian electronic entertainment company BioWare Corp. and U.S. gaming entertainment company Pandemic Studios, which together have about 800 employees. The acquisition aims to let EA strengthen its position in the interactive entertainment segment. The transaction has received the approval from VG’s board and from shareholders, and is expected to be completed by January 2008. Seller financial advisor: Not Disclosed Bidder financial advisor: Not Disclosed Seller legal advisor: Simpson Thacher & Bartlett Bidder legal advisor: Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati Rusoro Mining Ltd. to buy the Venezuelan assets of Gold Fields Ltd. for $532 million Vancouver-based Rusoro agreed to a complex deal that includes payment of $150 million in cash, $140 million in equity, and $30 million in convertible debt for the Venezuelan mining assets of Johannesburg-based Gold Fields, a gold exploration and development company. Rusoro also signed an overnight marketing agreement for a vendor take-back loan to raise $160 million for three years at an interest rate of 7 percent, convertible at a premium of 33 percent. The deal includes a stake in Choco 10 gold mines and contiguous mineral rights owned by Gold Fields. Gold Fields will have a stake of 38 percent in Rusoro after the transaction. Rusoro aims to have the ability to expand its market in gold production, while acquisition of the Choco 10 gold mines will help it to increase its production activity while reducing costs and study production ramp-up alternatives. The transaction is expected to close in early December. Seller financial advisor: Orion Securities Bidder financial advisor: Canaccord Adams; and GMP Securities Seller legal advisor: McCarthy Tetrault Bidder legal advisor: Anfield Sujir Kennedy & Durno Hexagon AB to buy NovAtel Inc. for $428 million Stockholm-based Hexagon, which provides engineering technology products and services, agreed pay Alberta, Canada-based NovAtel, a maker Global Positioning System receivers and related components, for $50 per share, a premium of 17.8 percent. Concurrent with offer, Hexagon will acquire 19.9 percent of the current issued and outstanding primary shares of NovAtel in a private placement. The acquisition expected to close in the fourth quarter. Seller financial advisor: Not Disclosed Bidder financial advisor: Morgan Stanley Seller legal advisor: McCarthy Tetrault; and Orrick Herrington & Sutcliffe Bidder legal advisor: Stikeman Elliott; and Paul Weiss Rifkind Wharton & Garrison ABM Industries Inc. to buy OneSource Services Inc. for $379 million San Francisco-based ABM, a services contractor, definitively agreed to acquire Atlanta-based outsourced-facilities service provider OneSource for cash. OneSource has the option as part of the consideration to be paid in the form of a pre-closing dividend of up to $50 million. If the companies choose to do so, before the closing of the transaction OneSource must form a new subsidiary with a capitalization of up to $50 million, with shares of the new entity to be distributed to Onesource holders. After the closing, expected in November, shares of the new entity will then be listed on AIM in London. The transaction has been approved by OneSource’s 74-percent shareholder, Lord Ashcroft KCMG, who also is chairman. Seller financial advisor: Cenkos Securities Bidder financial advisor: Lazard Seller legal advisor: Allen & Overy Bidder legal advisor: Jones Day
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	3	49	https://www.enterprisedb.com/company/leadership	en	Leadership Team	https://enterprisedb.com…ult-og-image.png	https://enterprisedb.com…ult-og-image.png	[ "https://www.enterprisedb.com/themes/custom/edb_theme/logo.svg", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/2024-05/trust_center.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/kevin_dallas.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/ryan_blackwell.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/herve_timsit.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/marybeth_donovan.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/chandler_hosington.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/jozef_de_vries.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/michael_gale.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/einav_lavi-2.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/brickley2.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/reb_feldman.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/two-column/ln_profile_city.png", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/icon_Rating_0.svg", "https://www.enterprisedb.com/sites/default/files/images/EDB-logo-highres.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/themes/custom/edb_theme/favicon.ico	EDB	https://www.enterprisedb.com/company/leadership	Kevin Dallas is responsible for all aspects of the EDB business globally. EDB is a Bain Capital and Great Hill Partners portfolio company. Kevin brings over three decades of experience driving digital innovation and growth at technology companies, most recently as CEO at Wind River, a TPG portfolio company. As CEO, Dallas accelerated the software company’s growth culminating in its $3.5 billion acquisition by Aptiv in 2022. Previously, Kevin spent nearly 25 years with Microsoft, where he most recently served as the corporate vice president for cloud and AI business development. Prior roles demonstrated his customer-focused approach to delivering advanced intelligent cloud and edge product innovation, and enabling customer digital transformation. Kevin is a recipient of the 2022 Gold Stevie Award, American Business Award, Entrepreneur of the Year, and the 2022 Globee Awards Gold Winner for Executive of the Year. Kevin currently serves as a director on the board of Align Technology, Inc. He holds a B.S.c. degree in electrical and electronic engineering from Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England. A driven Operations & Revenue Executive with more than 20 years of achievements in public and private equity-structured organizations, Ryan Blackwell joined EDB in 2024. Most recently, Ryan served as CRO of Renaissance Learning where he led all aspects of GTM. Prior to Renaissance Learning he was the Global Head of Revenue Operations/Enablement at Refinitiv (now LSEG) overseeing all GTM Operations . In addition to those roles Ryan was an operating executive at Cerberus Capital Management were he was responsible for improving GTM execution and revenue growth within Cerberus’s wide range of portfolio companies. Ryan has been instrumental in GTM transformations and core product growth as both a GTM and operating executive. He holds a BSBA from the school of Industrial Technology at Eastern Michigan University and is currently on the Board of Let's Get Ready. Mary-Beth Donovan is Chief Customer Officer, responsible for driving EDB’s customer value creation and customer experience strategy. In this role, Mary-Beth leads a global team of customer success, professional services, customer support and PostgreSQL experts united in our mission to enable and accelerate value realization to our customers and strategic partners. Mary-Beth executes with more than 25 years of senior leadership experience at SaaS and enterprise software companies with a predominant focus on establishing a customer-centric culture of technology adoption through customer journey management and building for-scale best practices. Prior to joining EDB, Mary-Beth was the VP of Customer Success Management and Experience at VMware. Before VMware, Mary-Beth successfully held numerous leadership roles in customer success, strategy, and operations at PTC. Mary-Beth holds a B.S. in Finance and an MBA from Babson College, Wellesley, Massachusetts. Chandler Hoisington is EDB’s Chief Product Officer. Chandler is responsible for product definition, vision, design and strategy, supporting a portfolio of Global 5000 customers. A software executive with nearly two decades of experience, Chandler thrives in leading highly technical and complex products and teams. As the former GM Kubernetes Hybrid & Edge for AWS, Chandler led key Kubernetes businesses for Amazon. Helping marque customers move business critical workloads to modern software platforms allowing them to improve reliability and time to market. Prior to AWS, Chandler was the SVP of Product and Engineering at D2iQ, formerly Mesosphere. While at D2iQ, an a16z and Khosla backed startup that has raised over $200 million, he led the strategy and execution to transition the company from a Mesos foundation to Kubernetes as the core offering. Before D2iQ he held the role of VP of Engineering for Risk Management Solutions, a 30+ year old enterprise leader in the catastrophe modeling space. Michael Gale is the Chief Marketing Officer for EDB. He is based in Seattle, WA. Michael leads the brand, Go-to-Market marketing functions and strategic marketing direction as the company leads its own digital transformation and the digital transformation journeys of our customers. Michael is the Wall Street Journal best-selling author of the number one selling book on Digital Transformation, The Digital Helix and hosts the Futures in Focus podcast about the world of ten years from now, (on Forbes for four years). He is a Thinkers360 top 10 influencer for AI, and on sustainability technologies. Prior to EDB, Michael was at Wind River as the CMO and led the company’s complete rebranding as it went from being an embedded software company to a leading intelligent systems company, which led to the company being sold to Aptiv for over $3bn. His team won the platinum dot.com marketing award for the intelligent systems campaign in 2022. He has founded and sold two marketing SaaS companies (Strategic Oxygen, PulsePoint) that were used to plan complex integrated marketing programs in the technology industry. He was a group Partner at Monitor Group (now part of Deloitte) and was the CWO at Micron when it became a top three internet e-commerce company. Michael holds a degree in economics and history from the UK. Einav is the Chief Human Resources Officer at EDB. She is based in San Diego, CA. Einav is an Innovative advisor and mentor to CEOs, C-Suite leaders, and the Board, in areas of human capital strategy, full Talent cycle, Human capital in Intelligent systems and AI driven workplace, Change Management, Mergers & Acquisitions and Organizational scaling for growth. Prior to EDB, Einav spent over 20+ years in developing and leading world-class HR departments internationally to complement corporate strategy in fast growing, PE backed companies. Einav is a recent recipient of 2 awards – Finalist of the “2023 CHRO of the Year” from HRO Today Magazine and 2022 “Women that Build - Inspiring Executive” award from Globant. Einav's thought leadership has also been featured in several articles she has published in Business and HR magazines, in areas of Diversity, Talent Transformation and AI at the workplace. Einav holds a Bachelor’s degree in Economics and Cognitive Science, and a Masters’ degree in Financial Economics from Israel. Patrick is responsible for all finance-related functions for EDB worldwide. Patrick brings over 25 years of experience with building global high-growth businesses while playing financial, strategic, and operational roles. Most recently, Patrick was CFO of Everbridge, a publicly-traded SaaS business. During Patrick's time at Everbridge, the company IPO'd, created the fast-growing global Critical Event Management category while achieving profitable growth, and exited successfully to Thoma Bravo. Patrick has also worked at Google, ITA Software, and PwC. Patrick holds a BS in Accounting from Lehigh University, and an MBA from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. Kevin Dallas is responsible for all aspects of the EDB business globally. EDB is a Bain Capital and Great Hill Partners portfolio company. Kevin brings over three decades of experience driving digital innovation and growth at technology companies, most recently as CEO at Wind River, a TPG portfolio company. As CEO, Dallas accelerated the software company’s growth culminating in its $3.5 billion acquisition by Aptiv in 2022. Previously, Kevin spent nearly 25 years with Microsoft, where he most recently served as the corporate vice president for cloud and AI business development. Prior roles demonstrated his customer-focused approach to delivering advanced intelligent cloud and edge product innovation, and enabling customer digital transformation. Kevin is a recipient of the 2022 Gold Stevie Award, American Business Award, Entrepreneur of the Year, and the 2022 Globee Awards Gold Winner for Executive of the Year. Kevin currently serves as a director on the board of Align Technology, Inc. He holds a B.S.c. degree in electrical and electronic engineering from Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England. Ed served as EDB's CEO for 15 years, in addition to serving as President and Chairman of the Board of Directors. As CEO, he drove the development and execution of EDB’s strategic vision and growth in the database industry. He joined EDB in 2008, and steered the company through 54 consecutive quarters of growth, and a majority investment in the company from Bain Capital in 2022. Prior to that, he led EDB’s acquisition of 2ndQuadrant, which brought together the world’s top Postgres experts and positioned EDB as the largest dedicated provider of Postgres solutions and services worldwide. A veteran of the open source software movement, Ed is a seasoned enterprise software executive who emphasizes a technology-first business approach in order to lead the open source data movement. Prior to EDB, Ed served as Vice President and General Manager of North America at Red Hat, where he played a central leadership role in the development of the modern business model for bringing open source to enterprises. He is known for his passion, relentless energy, and strategic leadership. Prior to his business career, Ed honed his leadership skills as a Captain in the U.S. Army. He earned his MBA from Harvard Business School and BA from Boston University. Chris Gaffney is a co-founder of Great Hill Partners. He is responsible for transaction origination, investment policy, fundraising, investor relations and the general management of the firm. His investment experience covers a broad group of industries, including business and IT software and services, information services, eCommerce, consumer and online services, financial services and insurance, digital publishing, telecommunications, logistics, education, and cable and broadcasting. Chris serves on the board of directors of EnterpriseDB, G/O Media, Ikon Science, Mission, Evolve IP and Intapp. He formerly served on the boards of All Web Leads, BuscaPé, Central Security Group, Credibility Corp., IGN Entertainment, Recruiting.com, SheKnows Media, SmartMail, Vitacost.com, Ziff Davis and ZoomInfo. Chris has participated in the private equity business since 1986, serving as an associate, principal and general partner for M/C Partners. Chris began his career as a commercial lending officer for the First National Bank of Boston in the specialized media lending unit. Chris earned a degree in accounting and economics summa cum laude from Boston College. Drew is responsible for originating and evaluating investments in the Internet infrastructure, software communications, IOT, and tech-enabled managed services sectors. He is a director of EnterpriseDB, Examity, Mission, Evolve IP, Reward Gateway and Symmetry. He is a former director of Ascenty, Reflexis and Latisys. Prior to joining Great Hill Partners, Drew was an associate at Tudor Ventures, the $700 million private equity arm of Tudor Investment Corporation. As an associate at Tudor Ventures, Drew was responsible for originating and evaluating investment opportunities in the financial technology, business services, and software sectors. Prior to Tudor, Drew worked in various roles at Jefferies Investment Bank in the capital markets division. Drew earned a degree in economics and government from Bowdoin College and an MBA from the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth. Max is a Partner on Bain Capital’s North America Private Equity team and is responsible for originating and evaluating investments in the Infrastructure, Cybersecurity, Horizontal Applications, Internet and EdTech sectors. He is a director of EnterpriseDB, ExtraHop, Nutanix, and Rocket Software. He was previously involved with a number of other Bain Capital investments including BMC Software, Symantec, and NortonLifeLock among others. Prior to joining Bain Capital in 2010, Max was a consultant at the Boston Consulting Group, where he consulted in the technology, financial services, and healthcare practice areas. Max received an MBA from Harvard Business school where he was a Baker Scholar and graduated summa cum laude with a degree in Finance from the University of Minnesota.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	0	1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Oracle	en	List of acquisitions by Oracle	https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico	https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2007-05-22T21:05:26+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Oracle	November, 2006 Stellent Inc Enterprise content management, Digital rights management. Stellent was previously named Intranet Solutions, and its product was initially IntraDoc!. The product was then briefly renamed Xpedio! before both the company and the product were renamed Stellent in 2001. At the time of the acquisition, Stellent had 575 employees.[39] Stellent was a publicly traded company (NASDAQ: STEL)[40] with trailing twelve month revenues in excess of $130 million.[citation needed] Stellent's primary product was known as Universal Content Management (UCM), which formed the foundation of most of its other content management products. This product and its related products were rolled into Oracle Fusion Middleware as part of the Oracle WebCenter Content product line. However, the term Stellent is still commonly used for this suite of applications. $440
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	1	8	https://nypost.com/2024/04/24/business/oracle-announces-plans-to-move-world-headquarters-to-nashville/	en	Oracle founder Larry Ellison announces plans to move world headquarters to Nashville	https://nypost.com/wp-co…713919768&w=1024	https://nypost.com/wp-co…713919768&w=1024	[ "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=6390601&c3=NYPOST&cj=1&cv=3.6", "https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/02/button_3_bg-2.png?w=206", "https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/08/fox-business.png?w=840", "https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/04/GettyImages-1175129150.jpg?w=1024", "https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/04/sign-posted-front-oracle-headquarters-78216922_8051fd.jpg?w=1024", "https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2013/08/author-jennifer-gould.png?w=600", "https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/moynihan.png?w=400", "https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2013/08/steve-cuozzo.png?w=76", "https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/07/amazons-dot-alexa-device-shown-85865097.jpg?quality=75&strip=all&w=260&h=174&crop=1", "https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/07/85872160.jpg?quality=75&strip=all&w=260&h=174&crop=1", "https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/07/newspress-collage-2j8k7qvdj-1721660753218.jpg?quality=75&strip=all&1721646371&w=260&h=174&crop=1", "https://pagesix.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2024/07/85889361.jpg?quality=75&strip=all&w=1024", "https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/07/85882899.jpg?quality=75&strip=all&crop=1&w=341&h=227 1x, https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/07/85882899.jpg?quality=75&strip=all&crop=1&w=682&h=454 2x", "https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/07/17-paris-held-sjr-theater-85879298_7cdbe7.jpg?quality=75&strip=all&crop=1&w=341&h=227 1x, https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/07/17-paris-held-sjr-theater-85879298_7cdbe7.jpg?quality=75&strip=all&crop=1&w=682&h=454 2x", "https://nypost.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/vip-helpers/images/vip-powered-dark-small.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "Business", "companies", "moving", "nashville", "oracle", "software", "tennessee" ]	null	[ "Fox Business" ]	2024-04-24T00:00:00	Oracle founder Larry Ellison announced Tuesday that he plans to move the software giant’s corporate headquarters to Nashville, Tennessee, which he added is at the center of the healthcare industry.	en	https://nypost.com/wp-co…t/apple-icon.png	New York Post	https://www.foxbusiness.com/technology/oracle-ceo-announces-plans-move-world-headquarters-nashville	Oracle founder Larry Ellison announced Tuesday that he plans to move the software giant’s corporate headquarters to Nashville, Tennessee, which he added is at the center of the healthcare industry. Ellison sat down with former Senate majority leader Bill Frist for an onstage conversation in Nashville, which was shared by Oracle Health on the social media platform LinkedIn on Tuesday. The founder and executive chairman told Frist his company was moving its “huge campus” to Nashville, and it will “ultimately be our world headquarters.” “I shouldn’t have said that,” Ellison quickly said, but there was no turning back because he disclosed information on his company’s future. Ellison said Oracle’s move to Nashville will position his company as one of the major players in the healthcare industry, an industry Oracle is looking to expand its position in. Back in 2022, Oracle acquired Cerner for $28 billion. The Kansas City, Missouri-based company provides software for managing electronic health records. As Ellison elaborated on the company’s plans to move, he said Nashville is “a fabulous place to live.” “It’s a great place to raise a family. It’s got a unique and vibrant culture. And as we surveyed our employees, large numbers of employees, Nashville ticked all the boxes,” Ellison said. He also said Nashville is “the center of the industry we’re most concerned about, which is the healthcare industry.” Norman Foster, who designed Apple Park in Cupertino, California, is designing the new Oracle campus in Nashville, which will be “right on the river.” The CEO said the new campus will not look anything like a corporate campus, but instead it will be a park with buildings on it. Ellison said the news site will have office buildings, a community clinic, restaurants, hotels and a concert venue — a floating stage on the lake for concerts to be held for the community. “We want to be part of the community,” he said. “Our people love it here. And we think it’s the center of our future.” Oracle did not immediately respond to inquiries from Fox News Digital on the announcement. Oracle’s headquarters is currently located in Austin, Texas. It moved there in 2020, after leaving Redwood Shores, California.
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wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	0	10	https://www.fitchratings.com/research/corporate-finance/fitch-affirms-oracle-idr-at-bbb-revises-outlook-to-stable-09-01-2024	en		https://www.fitchratings…f36bdbb9f4d8a203	https://www.fitchratings…f36bdbb9f4d8a203	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null			/favicon-32x32.png?v=b699907ea1d10d61f36bdbb9f4d8a203		null
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"https://www.duarte.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/logo-DuarteFull-White-2x-200x200.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-04-12T19:30:29+00:00	Duarte training, communication consulting, speaker coaching, and presentation programs that will transform the way your team communicates.	en	https://www.duarte.com/w…-Black-80x80.png	Duarte	https://www.duarte.com/why-duarte/	The Duarte Method™ Communication can make, or break an idea, and even shape the future. Tell your story, influence hearts and minds, and make a bigger impact on your world with our proven, research-driven method for successful communication. Learn about The Duarte Method™ We think diversity makes the world a better place. That’s why we’re honored to be a certified Women’s Business Enterprise (WBE). The Women’s Business Enterprise National Council (WBENC) created this certification to help companies increase their supplier diversity by doing business with organizations like Duarte that are woman-owned, operated, and controlled. #girlpower Our work – Featured case study Growing Veeam’s revenue by training sales to tell a bigger story When the corporate sales team at $1B software company Veeam® realized their enterprise story needed to evolve, they turned to Duarte to lead the renovation. Read on for a blueprint to sales enablement success! Read the full case study View all case studies
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	1	9	https://www.forbes.com/forbes/1999/0726/6402028a.html	en	Forgotten founders	https://imageio.forbes.c…es-thumb/0x0.jpg	https://imageio.forbes.c…es-thumb/0x0.jpg	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	1999-07-26T00:00:00-04:00		en	https://i.forbesimg.com/48X48-F.png	Forbes	https://www.forbes.com/forbes/1999/0726/6402028a.html	Some companies have been brought to greatness by people who took over after the founders left. We tracked down the founders. What lessons did they learn? Do they regret having moved on? Nickelodeon Geraldine Laybourne, now head of Oxygen Media, gave the kids cable service its sizzle. Its founder, Vivian Horner, is now a partner in media consultants Construction Crew LLC. I conceptualized Nickelodeon and got it off the ground. I left Warner in 1983, when the cable programming division was sold off to Viacom. Gerri came to Viacom in the 1980s, when cable was beginning to be big business. It was a totally different game than the noncommercial cable channel that I started. The new programming had to have broadcast formats for commercials and syndication. She really understands what kids want: Her Nickelodeon has an attitude, like Angelica from Rugrats. I appreciate it, but I like softer programming myself. Im a bit old-fashioned. Im not sure if I could have made Nickelodeon such a big hit. Oracle Corp. Larry J. Ellison is one reason this company is so successful. Hes also one reason cofounder Bruce Scott left and eventually started PointBase, a software developer. When we started Oracle, I was writing code and Larry Ellison was the first salesman. I sold my shares two years before Oracle went public because I didnt share Larrys vision of success for the company, and I didnt like the culture he created. I want to get rid of the misconception that success only comes from being hurried, tense, terse and full of stress. As chief executive of PointBase, I want to create an organization that shows respect for all individuals. Our receptionists should feel just as respected for their contribution as our vice presidents. 1-800-Flowers Chief Executive James McCann is the ubiquitous face of this company in its advertising. Nobody would recognize founder John F. Davis III, now chief executive of Pegasus Systems, a hotel industry transaction- processing and reservation system. My partner Jim Poage and I raised $15 million and set up a business, but we made many mistakes. We spent way too much money too fast, most of it to build our own network of florists. It would have been cheaper to use FTDs existing florist network instead. We ended up selling the company in the mid-1980s to Jim McCann. He has learned from our mistakes and has done a hell of a job with it. But I would not be where I am today without all the lessons I learned from 1-800-Flowers. So it has worked out very well for both of us. America Online Chief Executive Steven Case gets the spotlight today, while cofounder Marc Seriff is merely a passive investor in it. Im an entrepreneurial engineer--once the idea is on the table, its my role to make it a reality. I consciously maintained a low profile during my years at AOL. Steve is a natural when it comes to being the face of the company, and I am not. After I left AOL in 1996, my wife and I moved back to central Texas, where I grew up. We live on a lake in the Hill Country, and I divide my time between nonprofit work and investing in Austin-based startups. In this way, I can share in the excitement of a startup without being encumbered by managing.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	2	49	https://stackoverflow.com/questions/219569/best-database-field-type-for-a-url	en	Best database field type for a URL	https://cdn.sstatic.net/…g?v=73d79a89bded	https://cdn.sstatic.net/…g?v=73d79a89bded	[ "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/970cfde558c269cc21cd075ae46731a5?s=64&d=identicon&r=PG", "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/75ffddfe141906b9e4fca7c6b44c681e?s=64&d=identicon&r=PG", "https://i.sstatic.net/4KKZD.jpg?s=64", "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/970cfde558c269cc21cd075ae46731a5?s=64&d=identicon&r=PG", "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/6883cab0dedd4d45544abfc7eb788e82?s=64&d=identicon&r=PG", "https://i.sstatic.net/D2CgS.png?s=64", "https://i.sstatic.net/Of5eR.png?s=64", "https://i.sstatic.net/LVOVA.jpg?s=64", "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/1f996601ecfe39d722db7eedf8ed81e8?s=64&d=identicon&r=PG&f=y&so-version=2", "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/12f470d8288ea322d9eca84b93c2b05c?s=64&d=identicon&r=PG", "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/a007be5a61f6aa8f3e85ae2fc18dd66e?s=64&d=identicon&r=PG", "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/344acc8bc056b59a7ea5d7601684a5d4?s=64&d=identicon&r=PG", "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/de9214b530ec1880860eb3a4ac30fdc7?s=64&d=identicon&r=PG", "https://i.sstatic.net/xUEx5.png", "https://i.sstatic.net/a76T0.jpg?s=64", "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/c11c60c7e6d29cb4b87f3c0a3b692181?s=64&d=identicon&r=PG", "https://i.sstatic.net/Aksmt.jpg?s=64", "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/ccc2b01a6e55723c6b9d3810482dd8cf?s=64&d=identicon&r=PG", "https://stackoverflow.com/posts/219569/ivc/e4ad?prg=68886924-4950-434c-9869-958124d9d64e" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2008-10-20T19:29:04	I need to store a url in a MySQL table. What's the best practice for defining a field that will hold a URL with an undetermined length?	en	https://cdn.sstatic.net/Sites/stackoverflow/Img/favicon.ico?v=ec617d715196	Stack Overflow	https://stackoverflow.com/questions/219569/best-database-field-type-for-a-url	This really depends on your use case (see below), but storing as TEXT has performance issues, and a huge VARCHAR sounds like overkill for most cases. My approach: use a generous, but not unreasonably large VARCHAR length, such as VARCHAR(500) or so, and encourage the users who need a larger URL to use a URL shortener such as safe.mn. The Twitter approach: For a really nice UX, provide an automatic URL shortener for overly-long URL's and store the "display version" of the link as a snippet of the URL with ellipses at the end. (Example: http://stackoverflow.com/q/219569/1235702 would be displayed as stackoverflow.com/q/21956... and would link to a shortened URL http://ex.ampl/e1234) Notes and Caveats Obviously, the Twitter approach is nicer, but for my app's needs, recommending a URL shortener was sufficient. URL shorteners have their drawbacks, such as security concerns. In my case, it's not a huge risk because the URL's are not public and not heavily used; however, this obviously won't work for everyone. safe.mn appears to block a lot of spam and phishing URL's, but I would still recommend caution. Be sure to note that you shouldn't force your users to use a URL shortener. For most cases (at least for my app's needs), 500 characters is overly sufficient for what most users will be using it for. Only use/recommend a URL shortener for overly-long links. You'll want to choose between a TEXT or VARCHAR column based on how often the URL will be used and whether you actually need the length to be unbound. Use VARCHAR with maxlength >= 2,083 as micahwittman suggested if: You'll use a lot of URLs per query (unlike TEXT columns, VARCHARs are stored inline with the row) You're pretty sure that a URL will never exceed the row-limit of 65,535 bytes. Use TEXT if : The URL really might break the 65,535 byte row limit Your queries won't select or update a bunch of URLs at once (or very often). This is because TEXT columns just hold a pointer inline, and the random accesses involved in retrieving the referenced data can be painful. Most browsers will let you put very large amounts of data in a URL and thus lots of things end up creating very large URLs so if you are talking about anything more than the domain part of a URL you will need to use a TEXT column since the VARCHAR/CHAR are limited. You better use varchar(max) which (in terms of size) means varchar (65535). This will even store your bigger web addresses and will save your space as well. The max specifier expands the storage capabilities of the varchar, nvarchar, and varbinary data types. varchar(max), nvarchar(max), and varbinary(max) are collectively called large-value data types. You can use the large-value data types to store up to 2^31-1 bytes of data. See this article on TechNet about using Using Large-Value Data Types
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	0	0	https://www.oracle.com/corporate/acquisitions/	en	Oracle Strategic Acquisitions	https://www.oracle.com/a…ult-1200x628.png	https://www.oracle.com/a…ult-1200x628.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	By combining with strategic companies, Oracle strengthens its product offerings, accelerates innovation, meets customer demand more rapidly, and expands partner opportunity.	en	https://www.oracle.com/a…s/favicon-32.png		https://www.oracle.com/corporate/acquisitions/	AddThis On January 5, 2016, Oracle announced that it signed an agreement to acquire AddThis, a leading provider of publisher personalization, audience insight and activation tools that powers 15 million websites and enables unmatched audience segment quality, scale and insight. Login Adi Insights On May 6, 2022, Oracle announced that it has entered into an agreement to acquire Adi Insights. Adi Insights is a leading provider of workforce management solutions. The acquisition will bring overtime management, time capture, demand forecasting and shift scheduling capabilities to SuitePeople, NetSuite’s human resource management solution. Cerner On June 8, 2022, Oracle’s acquisition of Cerner became official. With the addition of Cerner to Oracle Health’s portfolio, we will advance how health happens by providing secure and reliable solutions that deliver better health insights and people-centric experiences. Support CrowdTwist On October 2, 2019, Oracle announced it signed an agreement to acquire CrowdTwist, the leading cloud-native customer loyalty solution to empower brands to offer personalized customer experiences. The CrowdTwist solution offers over 100 out-of-the-box engagement paths, providing rapid time-to-value for marketers to develop a more complete view of the customer. Login DataFox On October 22, 2018, Oracle announced that it has signed an agreement to acquire DataFox, whose cloud-based artificial intelligence (AI) data engine and derived business content provide the most current, precise and expansive set of company-level information and insightful data to optimize business decisions. Login DataScience.com On May 16, 2018, Oracle announced it has entered into an agreement to acquire DataScience.com. DataScience customers leverage their industry-leading tools to organize work, easily access data and computing resources, and execute end-to-end model development workflows. Dyn On November 21, 2016, Oracle announced that it signed an agreement to acquire Dyn, the leading cloud-based Internet Performance and DNS provider that monitors, controls, and optimizes Internet applications and cloud services to deliver faster access, reduced page load times, and higher end-user satisfaction. Logins \| Support Dyn Customer Logins HOME USER PORTALS Dynamic DNS (DDNS) Standard DNS PRODUCT PORTALS (DYNID) Managed DNS Email Delivery FarApp On April 6, 2021, Oracle announced that it has entered into an agreement to acquire FarApp. FarApp is a leading provider of eCommerce, logistics, retail and hospitality connectors for Oracle NetSuite. The acquisition is expected to enable a more seamless and unified experience for NetSuite customers. Support FOEX On August 3, 2022, Oracle entered into an agreement to acquire FOEX. The acquisition extends Oracle APEX capabilities by adding a longtime partner that brings deep expertise in modernizing application user interfaces with APEX. Support GloriaFood On June 25, 2021, Oracle completed the acquisition of GloriaFood. The acquisition extends the Oracle MICROS Simphony Cloud POS platform by adding a global online ordering system and marketing solutions to enable restaurants of all sizes to go digital and serve customers directly through the web, mobile, and apps. Support Grapeshot On April 24, 2018, Oracle announced that it signed an agreement to acquire Grapeshot, a provider of brand safety and pre-bid contextual solutions to over 5,000 of the world’s leading marketers. Grapeshot’s Contextual Intelligence Platform enables the rapid creation of highly-customized segments that allow marketers and their agencies to confidently avoid unsafe content and extend global audience reach. Login Iridize On September 20, 2018, Oracle announced that it has signed an agreement to acquire Iridize, a leading enterprise platform for personalized and contextual user onboarding and training for cloud applications. Login LiveData Utilities On March 31, 2020, Oracle announced that it has entered into an agreement to acquire LiveData Utilities. The acquisition extends Oracle Utilities’ Network Management System by adding a long-standing partner that provides leading operational technology (OT) middleware solutions and SCADA capabilities to monitor and control utility equipment while reducing the complexity of real-time systems. MICROS Systems On June 23, 2014, Oracle announced that it had entered into an agreement to acquire MICROS Systems, a provider of integrated software and hardware solutions to the Hospitality and Retail industries. Hospitality and Food & Beverage Support \| Retail Support Moat On April 18, 2017, Oracle acquired Moat, the fastest-growing digital measurement cloud company that uses data and analytics to enhance media for leading marketers and publishers. Moat will remain an independent platform within Oracle Data Cloud, providing trusted measurement, analytics, and intelligence to the world’s largest brands. Login NetSuite On November 7, 2016, Oracle’s acquisition of NetSuite became official, bringing together the reach of NetSuite’s cloud ERP solutions for small to midsize businesses with the breadth and depth of Oracle's enterprise-grade cloud solutions for the back and front office. Login \| Support Newmetrix In October 2022, Oracle completed the acquisition of certain assets of Smartvid.io, Inc. (d/b/a Newmetrix). The acquisition included specific intellectual property underlying Newmetrix’s AI-enabled construction safety product suite, which Oracle intends to incorporate into its Construction Intelligence Cloud. Newmetrix’s former CEO/Co-founder and key leaders joined Oracle as part of the acquisition. Next Technik On September 25, 2023, Oracle announced that it has entered into an agreement to acquire Next Technik. Next Technik provides field service management capabilities for NetSuite customers, which enable businesses to digitize and streamline scheduling and dispatch and the management of inventory and assets for increased productivity, and customer satisfaction. Nor1 On November 18, 2020, Oracle announced that it has entered into an agreement to acquire Nor1. The acquisition extends Oracle Hospitality’s OPERA Cloud Suite by adding Nor1’s Merchandising platform that enables hotels to provide personalized offers throughout the guest journey using AI & machine learning. Support Oxygen Systems On June 26, 2019, Oracle announced its acquisition of Oxygen Systems, a NetSuite SuiteCloud Developer Network partner that provides localization solutions to address the complex tax and reporting requirements for companies with operations in Brazil. RightNow On October 24, 2011, Oracle announced that it signed an agreement to acquire RightNow Technologies, Inc. RightNow's Customer Service Cloud helps organizations deliver exceptional customer experiences across call centers, the web and social networks. Support Sauce Video On April 27, 2020, Oracle completed the acquisition of Sauce Video, a content creation and sourcing solution that allows companies to collaborate with their employees, customers, and fans. Sauce Video’s solution reduces the complexity and cost of video creation, enabling customers to easily capture, collect, and create videos for a wide range of use cases, including marketing, sales enablement, recruiting, and employee engagement. Login Textura On April 28, 2016, Oracle announced that it has entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Textura, a leading provider of construction contracts and payment management cloud services. Textura offers its cloud services in a consumption model preferred by the engineering and construction industry whereby the companies involved pay based on project activity. Logins \| Support \| Webinar Training TOA Technologies On July 31, 2014, Oracle announced that it signed an agreement to acquire TOA Technologies (TOA), adding the leading Field Service SaaS to Oracle Service Cloud and Oracle ERP cloud solutions to deliver effective and timely home- and facility-based customer service. Verenia On January 4, 2022, Oracle announced that it has entered into an agreement to acquire Verenia’s NetSuite CPQ business. This acquisition will bring NetSuite customers native configure, price and quote (CPQ) functionality to enable fast and accurate guided selling. Verenia’s non-NetSuite CPQ and CRM product lines and customers are retained by Verenia LLC. Support
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	1	67	https://yro.slashdot.org/story/23/01/12/225234/apple-watch-patent-infringement-confirmed-as-masimo-seeks-import-ban	en	Apple Watch Patent Infringement Confirmed, As Masimo Seeks Import Ban	https://a.fsdn.com/sd/to…s/patents_64.png	https://a.fsdn.com/sd/to…s/patents_64.png	[ "https://a.fsdn.com/con/images/sandiego/sf-ad-unit.png", "https://a.fsdn.com/sd/topics/patents_64.png", "https://a.fsdn.com/sd/topics/apple_64.png", "https://a.fsdn.com/sd/topics/chromium_64.png", "https://a.fsdn.com/sd/topics/bitcoin_64.png", "https://a.fsdn.com/sd/ccpa-optout.png", "https://slashdot.org/images/njs.gif?718" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	An anonymous reader quotes a report from 9to5Mac: Apple has suffered a setback in its long-running Apple Watch patent infringement battle with medical technology company Masimo. A court has ruled that Apple has indeed infringed one of Masimo's patents in the Apple Watch Series 6 and up. Masimi is se...	en	/favicon.ico		https://yro.slashdot.org/story/23/01/12/225234/apple-watch-patent-infringement-confirmed-as-masimo-seeks-import-ban	Your new power browser: Check out Shift, the newest and most powerful and productive web browser available. Unite everything you do on your desktop into one browser window and get more done. Download Shift for free! × 170107058 story Apple Watch Patent Infringement Confirmed, As Masimo Seeks Import Ban (9to5mac.com) An anonymous reader quotes a report from 9to5Mac: Apple has suffered a setback in its long-running Apple Watch patent infringement battle with medical technology company Masimo. A court has ruled that Apple has indeed infringed one of Masimo's patents in the Apple Watch Series 6 and up. Masimi is seeking a US import on all current Apple Watches. If granted, this would effectively end Apple Watch sales in the US, as the company would not be allowed to bring in the devices from China. The battle between the two companies has a long history. Back in 2013, Apple reportedly contacted Masimo to discuss a potential collaboration between the two companies. Instead, claims Masimo, Apple used the meetings to identify staff it wanted to poach. Masimo later called the meetings a "targeted effort to obtain information and expertise." Apple did indeed hire a number of Masimo staff, including the company's chief medical officer, ahead of the launch of the Apple Watch. Masimo CEO Joe Kiano later expressed concern that Apple may have been trying to steal the company's blood oxygen sensor technology. The company describes itself as "the inventors of modern pulse oximeters," and its tech is used in many hospitals. In 2020, the company sued Apple for stealing trade secrets and infringing 10 Masimo patents. The lawsuit asked for an injunction on the sale of the Apple Watch. Apple has consistently denied the claims, and recently hit back with a counterclaim of its own, alleging that Masimo's own W1 Advanced Health Tracking Watch infringes multiple Apple patents. Reuters reports that a US court has ruled against Apple on one of the patent claims.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	1	10	https://www.salary.com/research/company/advanced-oxygen-technologies-inc-overview	en	Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc Overview			[ "https://www.salary.com/research/Styles/Salary/img/salary-logo-reversed.svg", "https://www.salary.com/research/Styles/Salary/img/salary-logo.svg", "https://www.salary.com/research/salary/Images/spinner-typeahead-transparent.gif", "https://www.salary.com/research/company/Images/icon_jobSalary.svg", "https://www.salary.com/research/company/Images/icon-Job Openings.svg", "https://www.salary.com/research/company/Images/icon_Benchmark_Job_Report.svg", "https://www.salary.com/research/company/Images/icon_jobPricing.svg", "https://www.salary.com/research/company/Images/icon-Job Openings.svg", "https://www.salary.com/research/company/Images/sa-topic.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Salary.com" ]	null	Discover essential details about Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc, including address, contact, and journey of our company's evolution.			Salary.com	https://www.salary.com/research/company/advanced-oxygen-technologies-inc-overview	Who is Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc View Company Salary Advanced Oxygen Technologies, Inc., through its subsidiaries, owns and leases a commercial real estate property in Vojens, Denmark. Its property is land only, as well as a parcel that is used as a fuel station. The company also distributes and sells cargo security straps and tie downs. The company w... 1. Where is Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc's headquarters? Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc's headquarters is at 653 Vt Rte 12a, Randolph, Vermont. 2. What is the official website of Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc? The official website of Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc: aoxy-ca.com. 3. What is the revenue of Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc? The revenue of Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc is $0Million - $1Million. 4. What is the SIC code for Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc? The SIC code for Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc is 6531. The SIC Industry means Real Estate Agents and Managers. 5. What is the NAICS code for Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc? The NAICS code for Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc is 5313. This code means Activities Related to Real Estate. 6. How many people does Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc employ? There are 1-5 people at Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc. 7. What industry is Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc in? Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc is in the industry of Business Services. 8. What technologies does Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc rely on? Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc is powered by such technologies as Quali, NetSuite, NetSuite ERP, NTENT Hosting. 9. What social media platforms is Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc on? Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc is on these social media platforms: LinkedIn, Twitter, Fackbook. 10. What is the company type of Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc? Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc can be distinguished as a public company. 11. What is the founding date of Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc? Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc was founded in 1981.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	3	7	https://dxc.com/nz/en/insights/customer-stories/beverage-company-uncorks-innovation-with-oracle-epm	en	Beverage company uncorks innovation with Oracle EPM	https://dxc.com/content/…cle-beverage.jpg	https://dxc.com/content/…cle-beverage.jpg	[ "https://dxc.com/content/dam/dxc/common-library/custom/dxc/images/logo/DXC-Logo.svg", "https://dxc.com/content/dam/dxc/projects/dxc-com/au/practices/practices-overview/landscape-1050x650/practices-banner-1050x650.jpg", "https://dxc.com/content/dam/dxc/projects/dxc-com/au/practices/microsoft-practice/landscape-1050x650/microsoft-practice3-1050x650.jpg", "https://dxc.com/content/dam/dxc/projects/dxc-com/au/practices/sap-practice/landscape-1050x650/sap-oxygen-banner-1050x650.jpg", "https://dxc.com/content/dam/dxc/projects/dxc-com/au/practices/oracle-practice/landscape-1050x650/oracle-red-rock-banner-1050x650.jpg", "https://dxc.scene7.com/is/image/dxc/CloudRight-header-banner?$landscape-x4_desktop$", 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"https://dxc.com/content/dam/dxc/projects/dxc-com/au/Insights/customer-stories/landscape-1050x650/victoria-uni-wellington-customer-story-1050x650.jpg", "https://dxc.scene7.com/is/image/dxc/Careers-Banner-1050x650?$landscape-x4_desktop$", "https://dxc.scene7.com/is/image/dxc/495080926-Graduate-Program-1050x650?$landscape-x4_desktop$", "https://dxc.scene7.com/is/image/dxc/dxc-au-cs-oracle-beverage:banner_desktop", "https://dxc.scene7.com/is/image/dxc/dxc-au-cs-beverage-company-thumbnail-1050x1050?qlt=90&ts=1660124251268&dpr=off", "https://dxc.scene7.com/is/image/dxc/DXC-Logo-gray?$landscape_desktop$" ]	[]	[]	[ "Oracle", "retail and manufacturing case study" ]	null	[]	2022-07-04T00:00:00	Moving to the cloud to simplify finance and operations has revolutionised planning, freeing time for IT and business users to improve the customer experience.	en	/etc.clientlibs/dxc/clientlibs/clientlib-site/resources/images/favicon-16x16.png	DXC Technology	https://dxc.com/nz/en/insights/customer-stories/beverage-company-uncorks-innovation-with-oracle-epm	This leading Australasian beverage company produces, markets, sells and distributes a number of local and international brands spanning beer, cider, wine, spirits and mixers. In addition to operations in Australia and New Zealand, the company also conducts business in various global locations. The company has been investing and expanding into new categories for long-term growth, and is rapidly growing with new international brand acquisitions and new distribution agreements. Business challenge As markets rapidly evolve and competition increases, this leading Australasian beverage company must continuously fine-tune its product offerings and business processes to align with business volatility and changing consumer preferences. This need to remain agile prompted the company’s leadership team to embark on a massive transformation project to simplify finance and operations. While the beverage company’s existing Oracle Hyperion solution had been a brilliant solution when first implemented, it had not been upgraded for many years and had become heavily customised and difficult to maintain. This drove a need for the company’s enterprise planning team to spend significant time after hours on maintenance and performance tuning. In addition, the computing power of on-premise servers was inadequate, with some data aggregations taking up to an hour for a single cube. Since continuous process improvement is part of the beverage company’s DNA, a simple lift-andshift from on-premises to the cloud was not an option. Instead, the company wanted to implement a new financial planning and consolidation solution while also taking the opportunity to reinvent underlying processes. A spokesperson from the enterprise planning team said, “Planning is essential, given we operate in markets where things change rapidly. Often, we have new competitors before we realise. 70-80% of my role is working with the business to align systems and planning strategy to ensure optimum market positioning.” The primary motivations to move were to reduce system maintenance costs, eliminate customisations, and to take advantage of new capabilities as soon as they were released. Also of importance was the need to ensure financial data was perfectly synchronised with core information from the company’s onpremise ERP solution (SAP) to achieve data quality and integrity. It was paramount that any solution chosen was cloud-based for safety and security reasons, but also that maintenance was taken care of by the service provider allowing the beverage company to focus on innovation and continuous improvement. Solution The beverage company selected Oracle’s Enterprise Performance Management (EPM) Cloud to migrate from its on-premise Oracle Hyperion solution and establish a nextgeneration platform for financial performance and data management activities. As a long-standing and trusted partner, DXC Technology’s Practice for Oracle was selected to work closely with the Enterprise Planning team on implementation. DXC’s in-depth understanding of the company’s business processes and Oracle EPM expertise were critical to that decision. The spokesperson commented, “Getting the right people on the job was key. We were using DXC for managed services, and the team had the right mindset and proposed a timeframe that suited us. I wanted to stick with DXC to implement the planning solution since I felt the innovation and expertise they could bring was invaluable.” Implementation The beverage company’s enterprise planning team and DXC worked as a single unit, co-developing the solution together with outstanding synergy. Time to market was fast, with the build performed in sprints. Business requirements were divided into chunks, with quick prototypes built and validated, then models and integration aspects completed simultaneously. The spokesperson said, “The prototypes were crucial for our business. Business users are sometimes entrenched with existing processes - but by demonstrating something new, they can visualise the differences and better appreciate the potential for improvement.” Utilising DXC’s Oracle Planning Accelerate Templates, the Oracle EPM solution was delivered in just three months. DXC’s Accelerate templates, a suite of pre-built templates, leverage DXC’s in-depth knowledge, functional and technical IP built up over many years, and trusted partner relationship with Oracle. Designed to help users take an integrated approach to key tasks such as budgeting and forecasting, workforce planning, strategic modelling, activitybased costing and performance improvement, the templates allow organisations to get up and running quicker, while providing best practice industry guidelines. The best practices in Oracle Cloud EPM enabled the company to immediately automate manual processes that had been established over time, with universal adapters enabling integration with SAP ERP. In addition, users’ existing familiarity and comfort with Oracle Hyperion accelerated adoption and facilitated much simpler change management. The spokesperson commented, “What I like most about the DXC consultants is their ‘out of the box’ thinking. I also really appreciate the effort they put into understanding our users’ needs, and their response times were super fast. They were brave and bold in pointing out things that wouldn’t work in the long term. The advice provided is proving accurate, and I really appreciate their thinking.” Results and benefits The new solution has revolutionised the way the beverage company plans, with Oracle’s in-memory database a gamechanger in delivering microsecond response and extremely high throughput performance. For example, one aggregation that previously took around 60 minutes now happens in five. This is particularly beneficial for complex analytics – where users will be able to answer business questions immediately that may have previously taken hours. The spokesperson sees Oracle EPM as being able to provide the predictive planning aspect that will really help the company, particularly from a group finance perspective. It will offer connected visibility from strategic planning down to operational planning. The spokesperson said, “That’s what will make our forecasting much swifter … and create a long-lasting impact.” By moving to the cloud, system calculation time was reduced by an astonishing 93%. The costs of purchasing and maintaining servers were eliminated, along with the time and expense associated with maintaining the hundreds of customisations that had accumulated over the years within the Hyperion solution. The data enrichment and integrity capabilities established unity between the Oracle and SAP solutions, resulting in immediate trust in the data by users. The spokesperson confirmed, “In the first month after go-live, my key stakeholders told me that they have absolute trust in the numbers we are providing. They’re not fighting over whether the data is right or not. It was really heartening and very satisfying to get that kind of feedback.” Shifting to the cloud has also freed up time spent administering the on-premise Hyperion platform with the previous maintenance and performance tuning issues eliminated. Where Hyperion’s aging user interface didn’t offer an ideal experience, the Oracle EPM UX is outstanding. The aggregate impact of all these results is that staff can now spend more time on data analysis to identify trends and ensure improved planning for the future. As part of its ongoing managed services commitment, DXC keeps the beverage company, informed of continuous improvements and new functionality in the platform each month. Plotting that against potential use cases helps the enterprise planning team better leverage functionality to meet business needs. With this innovation delivered in monthly updates, finance and IT have not broken their stride in their commitment to continuous process improvement. “The company’s biggest asset is its people. That people-centric approach reflects how I interact with my business users – always in a consultative way as a trusted advisor. With this new solution, I can focus on business partnering, engaging with them to develop relevant new capabilities. I help them understand the art of possible.” said the spokesperson. The spokesperson concluded, “The move from Hyperion to Oracle Cloud EPM was so smooth that we were able to immediately close our month-end and quarterly books in just a day and a half, as fast as we had before, with no disruption or loss of data integrity and quality. The depth and breadth of expertise and technical skillset that DXC consultants have is outstanding. The support we receive to continuously simplify our processes and free up time to think about how we can help our business users improve our customers’ experience is a highlight. I haven’t seen this kind of service with any other partner before. It truly is a brilliant team.”
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	0	31	http://www.maine.gov/dafs/bbm/procurementservices/reports/contract-search	en	Division of Procurement Services	http://www.maine.gov/dafs/bbm/procurementservices/sites/maine.gov.dafs.bbm.procurementservices/files/favicon.ico	http://www.maine.gov/dafs/bbm/procurementservices/sites/maine.gov.dafs.bbm.procurementservices/files/favicon.ico	[ "http://www.maine.gov/dafs/bbm/procurementservices/sites/maine.gov.dafs.bbm.procurementservices/files/inline-images/InforME_1.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Master Agreements (MAs) The following is a list of Master Agreement contracts set up by The Division of Procurement Services for use by State Departments. Municipalities and school districts in the State of Maine are also eligible to participate on many of these contracts. Introducing Procurated: A Vendor Performance Management Tool!! Share your experience working with Maine suppliers!	en	/dafs/bbm/procurementservices/sites/maine.gov.dafs.bbm.procurementservices/files/favicon.ico		http://www.maine.gov/dafs/bbm/procurementservices/reports/contract-search	Master Agreements (MAs) The following is a list of Master Agreement contracts set up by The Division of Procurement Services for use by State Departments. Municipalities and school districts in the State of Maine are also eligible to participate on many of these contracts. Introducing Procurated: A Vendor Performance Management Tool!! Share your experience working with Maine suppliers! With Procurated, the Division of Procurement Services will receive aggregated data about the performance of Maine suppliers based on feedback submitted by you, our agency procurement partners. Procurement Services will then use this data to address any performance issues with our suppliers during business review meetings and as needed if there are immediate concerns. All you need to do is click this Procurated.com/Maine, select your vendor from the list provided, and respond to a few review questions. Instructions for the sortable table below: Click on the header arrow to sort columns by ascending or descending order. You have the option of viewing up to 100 entries at a time by using the Show entries drop down box located at the top left of the table. You can search any information in the Contract Listings table by using the Search box located at the top right of the table. To contact a Division of Procurement Services’ Buyer for a specific contract, click on the Buyer’s name to send that person an email. “Dept” column: Under the “Dept” column, the code provided indicates if the contract was put in place for “All” State Departments or just the specific Department code listed. If another Department would like to utilize the contract, that Department should contact the Buyer listed. “Muni” column: Under the “Muni” column, a “Y” indicates that municipalities can participate in the contract pricing, but will need to develop their own, individual contract with the vendor. A “N” indicates that the contract and pricing are not available for municipality participation. Municipalities should contact the Buyer listed for more information. COMMODITIES/SERVICES CONTRACT #/DOCUMENT PRICE LIST EXPDATE VENDOR BUYER DEPT MUNI Agriculture, Lab Testing MA - 17082800000000000027 12/31/2024 State of Montana BILL ALLEN 01A N Law Enforcement, Ammunition, Lightfield LLR MA - 17041400000000000113 Price List 03/31/2025 Lightfield LLR SUE GARCIA 03A N Law Enforcement, Ammunition, Select Federal & Speer, 4 Items MA - 23061200000000000179 Price List 05/31/2025 Thomas J Morris/Eagle Point SUE GARCIA 16A, ALL Y Law Enforcement, Ammunition, Select Federal & Speer, 14 Item MA - 23061300000000000181 Price List 5/31/2025 Thomas J Morris/Eagle Point SUE GARCIA 03A, ALL Y #2 Heating Fuel, All Regions EXCEPT Midcoast MA - 23061400000000000182 08/31/2024 DEAD RIVER CO, LLC MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL Y #2 Heating Fuel, MIDCOAST REGION ONLY MA - 23071400000000000010 08/31/2024 MARITIME ENERGY MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL N Security and Fire Protection Services MA - 23071000000000000005 07/01/2028 A3 Communications JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Supplies & Toiletries, Inmates, Patient MA - 2307120000000000006 Price List 08/31/2028 Bob Barker Co. Inc THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL Y Computer Equipment, Peripherals and Related Services MA - 2307120000000000007 06/30/2025 HP JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Law Enforcement, Ammunition, Select Hornady MA - 20012300000000000100 Price List 12/31/2024 Dedham Sportsmen's Ctr. Inc. DBA AAA Police Supply SUE GARCIA 16A Y Law Enforcement, AR15 Uppers/Suppressors MA - 230106000000000000091 Price List 12/31/2025 Yankee Hill Machine Co. Inc. SUE GARCIA 16A N Law Enforcement, Sniper Scope MA - 23042600000000000144 Price List 04/30/2025 Clyde Armory Inc. SUE GARCIA 16A Y Fish Food - Bio-Oregon MA - 21112900000000000032 Price List 11/30/2025 MooreClark USA Inc, BIO OREGON MARTHA VERHILLE 09A N Specialized Trap Tags/Seals MA - 21112900000000000031 12/31/2025 E J BROOKS CO/TYDENBROOKS BILL ALLEN 13A Y Animals, GPS Tracking Collars MA - 19110600000000000067 01/30/2025 Vectronic Aerospace Inc BILL ALLEN 09A N Absorb-M TL3 Energy Absorb Crash Cushion MA - 22082900000000000042 Price List 09/30/2024 CA Newcomb & Sons Fence & Guardrail Co BILL ALLEN ALL Y Technology Products, Solutions, Services MA - 23070500000000000001 04/30/2026 Insight Public Sector JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Lock Bags and Lockboxes MA - 23070600000000000003 Price List 07/23/2027 Ace Office Supplies JUSTIN FRANZOSE 18B Y Qjagen Supplies MA - 23070700000000000004 07/09/2025 Qjagen JUSTIN FRANZOSE 16A N IT Research and Advisory Services MA - 23071300000000000008 01/18/2025 ISG Public Sector JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Janitorial, Trash Bags MA - 23072100000000000011 Price List 08/31/2028 Interboro Packaging Corporation THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL Y Concessions,Catering, Vending MA - 23072600000000000015 06/30/2026 Big Cats Catering LLC MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL N Software Value Added Reseller (SVAR) MA - 23072600000000000016 04/24/2027 Accel BI JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Condoms and Related Products MA - 23072500000000000012 06/30/2025 Global Protection JUSTIN FRANZOSE 18B Y Condoms MA - 23072500000000000013 Price List 06/30/2025 Lifestyles DBA SXWELL USA JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Concessions,Catering, Vending MA - 23072600000000000014 06/30/2026 ROLLIE'S BAR & GRILL MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL N Software Value-Added Reseller MA - 23072800000000000017 04/24/2027 CDW Government JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Microsoft Training Services MA - 23080100000000000018 Price List 10/31/2027 New Horizons JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y eProcurement Solutions and Services MA - 23081100000000000020 12/31/2027 Ivalua Inc JOSEPH ZRIOKA ALL N Vehicle Lifts and Garage Equipment MA - 23081500000000000024 Price List 03/31/2028 Mohawk Lifts LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Vehicle Lifts and Garage Equipment MA - 23081500000000000025 Price List 03/31/2028 Vehicle Service Group LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Software Value Added Reseller (SVAR) MA - 23081400000000000022 04/24/2027 Solai & Cameron JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Office Supplies MA - 24061100000000000143 Price List 06/30/2025 W.B. Mason JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y PQVL Conference and Meeting Facilities MA - 24061800000000000144 09/30/2025 Schoodic Institute at Acadia National Park MICHELLE FOURNIER 18P N Holsters & Quick Kits, - State Police MA - 24060400000000000141 Price List 05/31/2026 Atlantic Tactical, Inc. SUE GARCIA 16A N Road Salt - Select Municipalities MA - 24062600000000000151 06/30/2025 Kingsco Transport Ltd THOMAS PAQUETTE 17A N Road Salt - Select Municipalities MA - 24062600000000000164 06/30/2025 Morton Salt, Inc. THOMAS PAQUETTE 17A N Road Salt - Select Municipalities MA - 24062600000000000165 06/30/2025 Eastern Salt Company Inc. THOMAS PAQUETTE 17A N Road Salt - Select Municipalities MA - 24062600000000000166 06/30/2025 New England Salt Co., LLC THOMAS PAQUETTE 17A N Foam Compression Joint System MA - 24070900000000000002 Price List 07/31/2026 FIBRERCRETE PRESERVATION TECHNOLOGIES INC BILL ALLEN ALL Y MDOT Fleet Parts & Supply Inventory Management Program MA - 23082400000000000026 09/30/2026 MANCON LLC BILL ALLEN 17A, 17D N Truck Accessories, Caps, Cargo Boxes, Slides, Tonneau Covers MA - 23082400000000000027 Price List 08/31/2025 Spray IT-207 LLC dba Line X of Augusta BILL ALLEN ALL Y Repair & Preventative Maintenance, Light & Heavy-Duty Vehicle MA - 24032100000000000112 03/31/2025 BEAUREGARD EQUIPMENT INC BILL ALLEN 17D Y HVAC Products Installation Labor Based Solutions MA - 24032800000000000117 08/31/2027 TRANE US INC MICHELLE FOURNIER 18P Y Repair & Preventative Maintenance, Light & Heavy-Duty Vehicles MA - 24032800000000000118 03/31/2025 O'CONNOR GMC INC BILL ALLEN ALL N Repair & Preventative Maintenance, Light & Heavy-Duty Vehicle MA - 24032200000000000115 03/31/2025 AT Maine, LLC BILL ALLEN 17D Y Gas Cylinders required for Intoxylizers MA - 24032500000000000116 Price List 04/30/2026 GUTH LAB INC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Snow Posts for Guardrail Marking MA - 23082800000000000028 Price List 09/30/2025 Eberl Iron Works, Inc BILL ALLEN ALL Y IT Equipment and Services MA - 23090500000000000030 08/16/2025 Computer Coach 4U JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Computer Equipment, Peripherals, and Related Services MA - 23090600000000000032 06/30/2025 Dell JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Select Ford One Ton Trucks MA - 23091800000000000035 Price List 08/31/2024 Quirk Ford of Augusta BILL ALLEN ALL Y Chevrolet Tahoe CK15706 4WD PPV Black MA - 23091900000000000036 Price List 06/30/2024 McGovern Commercial HQ BILL ALLEN ALL Y Law Enforcement Vehicle Set-Ups MA - 23092700000000000037 Price List 10/31/2024 Justin Milair dba Dynamic Upfit BILL ALLEN 16A Y Conference and Meeting Space MA - 19040100000000000136 09/30/2024 University of Maine - Orono MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL N Auto, Car Seats MA - 19042300000000000161 10/31/2024 EVENFLO CO, INC MARTHA VERHILLE 16A, 10A Y LED Emergency Light Bars (NASPO ValuePoint) MA- 19122700000000000092 08/31/2024 WHELEN ENGINEERING CO BILL ALLEN ALL Y Augusta Area Fiber Optic Connectivity MA - 18022200000000000090 10/31/2027 Biddeford Internet JUSTIN FRANZOSE 18B N Lubricants, DEF, Antifreeze, Windshield Washer Fluid MA - 22122000000000000085 Price List 12/31/2024 Dennison Lubricants Inc BILL ALLEN ALL Y Reflective License Plate Sheeting MA - 20122100000000000061 Price List 12/31/2026 3M BILL ALLEN 29B N Tires, Goodyear MA - 19011000000000000080 Price List 06/30/2024 Goodyear Tire & Rubber BILL ALLEN ALL Y Tires, Bridgestone NASPO ValuePoint #19102 MA - 19011000000000000081 Price List 03/31/2024 Bridgestone Americas Tire BILL ALLEN ALL Y Auto, Tires & Tubes (Continental) MA - 19012800000000000090 03/31/2024 Continental Tire the Americas BILL ALLEN ALL Y Autobahn Series LED Roadway Lights, ATB0 MA - 23010500000000000089 Price List 12/31/2024 Solarmax LED. Inc BILL ALLEN ALL Y Windshield, Side, Rear, Back Glass and Repairs and Mirrors MA - 23010500000000000088 12/31/2024 Glass Operating LLC dba Portland Glass/Doctor BILL ALLEN ALL Y Law Enforcement - Ballistic Vest MA - 24020800000000000076 Price List 12/31/2024 DCF Investigative Services, LLC SUE GARCIA 16A, ALL Y PQVL for Conference and Meeting Facilities MA - 24051600000000000132 09/30/2025 THOMAS COLLEGE MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL Y Repair & Preventative Maintenance, Light & Heavy-Duty Vehicle MA - 24051600000000000134 05/31/2025 IMPACT AUTO INC BILL ALLEN ALL N Repair & Preventative Maintenance, Light & Heavy-Duty Vehicle MA - 24051600000000000133 05/31/2025 MAINE COMMERCIAL TIRE BILL ALLEN ALL N AGGREGATES FOR THIN POLYMER OVERLAYS MA - 24050800000000000130 Price List 05/31/2025 WASHINGTON ROCK QUARRIES INC BILL ALLEN ALL N Clothing, Uniform Rental, Vet Cem. MA - 24050300000000000128 Price List 03/31/2026 Cintas Corporation SUE GARCIA 15A N Clothing - Uniform Rental - DDPC Kitchen MA - 24050300000000000127 Price List 04/30/2026 Cintas Corporation SUE GARCIA 10A N Emulsified Asphalt for Pug Mill Operations MA - 24050300000000000126 12/31/2024 ALL STATES CONSTRUCTION INC BILL ALLEN ALL N Cement For Pug Mill Operations MA - 24052100000000000135 Price List 12/31/2024 DRAGON PRODUCTS COMPANY LLC BILL ALLEN ALL N Support Services, Fleet Management Technologies & Software MA - 24052300000000000137 07/01/2026 Samsara JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Backhoe Loader, HD Industrial 4x4 Diesel MA - 23031000000000000110 Price List 3/31/2025 Beauregard Equipment Inc BILL ALLEN ALL N Basic Exchange, Centrex, ISDN, DDSII MA - 17110100000000000053 10/31/2024 Consolidated Communications of Northern New England JUSTIN FRANZOSE 18B N Break-Safe Replacement Parts for Transpo Signposts MA - 22110200000000000070 Price List 11/30/2024 Transpo Industries Inc BILL ALLEN ALL Y Adult Ring-necked Pheasants MA - 21080500000000000008 Price List 07/31/2025 Full Flight Game Farm BILL ALLEN 09A N Boiler & Cooling Tower Chemicals MA - 21032600000000000094 Price List 04/30/2025 AQUA LABORATORIES, INC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Clothing, BDU's, Propper Brand MA - 21051700000000000124 Price List 05/31/2025 Admiral Fire & Safety Inc. SUE GARCIA 16A, ALL Y Clothing, Boots, Danner, Select Styles MA - 23021400000000000099 Price List 2/28/2025 Admiral Fire & Safety Inc. SUE GARCIA All N Clothing, Carhartt MA - 19053100000000000184 Price List 04/30/2025 Masterman's LLP SUE GARCIA ALL Y Clothing, DOC Special 5.11 Uniforms MA - 18110900000000000060 Price List 10/31/2024 Admiral Fire & Safety Inc SUE GARCIA 03A N Clothing, Inmates, Patient MA - 16100500000000000042 Price List 12/31/2024 Bob Barker Co. SUE GARCIA 03, 14 Y Clothing, Hi-Vis Safety Jacket, Liner MA - 17120700000000000064 Price List 12/31/2024 Mountain Uniforms SUE GARCIA 16A N Clothing, Jackets, 5.11 No. 48017, 48099 MA - 19080600000000000016 Price List 08/31/2025 Admiral Fire & Safety Inc SUE GARCIA 03A, ALL Y Clothing, Jacket, 5.11 IFW Valiant Duty MA - 19080600000000000017 Price List 08/31/2025 Admiral Fire & Safety Inc SUE GARCIA 09A, ALL Y Clothing, PS Class A Dress Blouse Tunic MA - 20061000000000000158 Price List 12/31/2024 Neptune Uniforms & Equip. SUE GARCIA 16A N Clothing, Select Elbeco Shirts, Pants MA - 19011700000000000084 Price List 12/31/2024 Neptune Uniforms & Equip. SUE GARCIA 03A N Clothing, Athletic-Screen Print- Embroidered MA - 19032600000000000135 Price List 02/28/2024 LT's SUE GARCIA 09A, ALL Y Clothing, Uniform Pants, Vertx 1000,8000 MA - 17010400000000000080 Price List 07/31/2024 Hanging By A Thread SUE GARCIA ALL Y Clothing, Uniform Rental, Riverview MA - 20052100000000000146 Price List 05/31/2025 Cintas Corp. SUE GARCIA 14B N Clothing, Warden Service Dress Tunics MA - 19013000000000000092 Price List 01/31/2024 Neptune Uniforms & Equip SUE GARCIA 09A N Interpreting Written Document MA - 24020500000000000073 Price List 02/28/2026 LCAL INTERPRETING & TRANSLATIONS INC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Culvert Liner, Solid & Profile Wall MA - 24040400000000000120 Price List 04/30/2026 ISCO INDUSTRIES INC BILL ALLEN ALL Y R:Base Database MA - 24043000000000000125 04/30/2029 Ram-Data Systems JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Production Mail Equipment, Including Inserters, Sorters MA - 24041900000000000121 05/14/2025 BlueCrest JUSTIN FRANZOSE 18P N Hearing Aids MA - 24020700000000000074 08/31/2024 WS Audiology JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Written Document Translation Services MA - 24020700000000000075 Price List 02/28/2026 IDEA LANGUAGE SERVICES LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Supplies, Reagents, and Kits MA - 24021200000000000077 06/22/2026 Bio-Rad Labs JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Technology Products, Solutions and Related Services MA - 24021200000000000078 05/31/2025 World Wide Technology JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Fentanyl and Xylazine Test Strips MA - 24021400000000000079 Price List 02/28/2025 JUSTIN FRANZOSE 10A Y Clothing, Rental Class 2 ARK Flash Rated MA - 20121000000000000057 Price List 10/31/2024 Unifirst Corp. SUE GARCIA 17A, ALL Y Clothing, Uniform Shirts - First Tactica MA - 22120100000000000078 Price List 11/30/2024 Hanging By A Thread SUE GARCIA 01A Y Honeywell EBI, Licence,Install,Prog,Upgr MA - 20102600000000000044 10/31/2025 Honeywell International INC JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Socrata Cloud Services and Docusign MA - 18022600000000000092 09/15/2026 Carahsoft Technology Corp. JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Consulting Serv/Disaster Planning MA - 22110900000000000074 10/31/2027 Tidal Basin SUE GARCIA 15A, ALL N Consulting Serv/Disaster Planning MA - 22110900000000000075 10/31/2025 iParametrics SUE GARCIA 15A, ALL N Consulting Services/Strategic Work MA - 22112300000000000077 06/30/2025 Brimstone Consulting JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Computer Equipment, Peripherals, Service MA - 23042000000000000143 02/28/2025 IMMIX TECHNOLOGY JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Copiers, Multi-Function Devices MA - 21081700000000000011 4/19/2025 Ricoh USA, Inc. MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL Y Oracle Software, Support, Cloud Services MA - 21081900000000000012 06/30/2028 Oracle America JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Disposable Gloves, Nitrile and Vinyl MA-22081600000000000040 Price List 8/31/2024 Overton & Company LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Disposable Gloves, Nitrile and Vinyl MA-22081600000000000039 Price List 8/31/2024 Hemera Holding LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Disposable Gloves, Nitrile and Vinyl MA-22081600000000000038 Price List 8/31/2024 Hand Safety LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Energy, Electrical Supply MA - 18122000000000000074 12/26/2023 Constellation New Energy MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL N Emergency Bio-Hazard Cleaning Service MA - 20052200000000000147 8/31/2024 AWSP, Inc dba SERVPRO of Augusta/Waterville BILL ALLEN ALL N eProcurement Solutions and Services MA - 23020300000000000096 12/31/2027 Bonfire Interactive LTD JOSEPH ZRIOKA ALL Y eProcurement Solutions and Services MA - 22120900000000000079 12/31/2027 Civic Initiatives, LLC JOSEPH ZRIOKA ALL Y eProcurement Solutions and Services MA - 22120900000000000080 12/31/2027 Periscope Holdings, INC. JOSEPH ZRIOKA ALL Y E-transit Electric Van MA - 21110300000000000029 Price List 11/30/2024 Quirk Kennebec Co dba Quirk Ford of Augusta BILL ALLEN 18P Y Flags, State of Maine and U.S. MA - 21050700000000000118 Price List 05/25/2025 Ace Office Supplies JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Janitorial, Floor Mats, Entrance MA - 20101300000000000042 Price List 10/31/2024 Unifirst Corp. THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL N Ferry Service Parts/Supplies MA - 2208020000000000032 8/31/2024 Southworth Milton Inc. BILL ALLEN 17A N Food, Dairy Products MA - 20011000000000000097 01/31/2025 Sysco Food Serv. of NNE THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL Y Food General, Prime Food Vendor Services MA - 23120700000000000061 02/28/2029 Sysco Food Serv. of NNE THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL Y Fuel, Aviation MA - 15091600000000000049 10/03/2025 Defense Fin/Acctg SVC MICHELLE FOURNIER 01A N Fuel, Unleaded - DOT, State Prison, MVMC MA - 19041900000000000157 09/30/2024 Dennis K Burke Inc MICHELLE FOURNIER 03C, 15A, 17D N Furniture, Office, New Modular, Open Concept & Stand-Alone MA- 19121700000000000083 Price List 12/31/2024 Creative Office Interiors THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL Y Furniture, Office, New Modular, Open Concept & Stand Alone MA- 19121700000000000086 Price List 12/31/2024 WB Mason THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL Y Furniture, Office, New Modular, Open Concept & Stand-Alone MA- 19121700000000000085 Price List 12/31/2024 Office Furniture Dist. of NE/Union Office THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL Y Furniture, Office, New Modular, Open Concept & Stand-Alone MA- 22021700000000000068 Price List 12/31/2024 Vallee Configurations Inc. THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL Y Furniture, Office Furniture, Seating MA - 18031600000000000104 Price List 03/31/2025 WB Mason THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL Y Furniture, Office Furniture, Seating MA - 18031600000000000106 Price List 03/31/2025 Creative Office Pavilion THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL Y Furniture, Used/Refurbished Modular & Moving Services MA - 19082800000000000035 Price List 08/31/2024 PRO Moving Services THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL N Furniture, Used/Refurbished Modular & Moving Services MA - 22021700000000000069 Price List 08/31/2024 Vallee Configurations Inc. THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL N Furniture, Used/Refurbished Modular & Moving Services MA - 19082800000000000037 Price Sheet 08/31/2024 Bisson Moving & Storage THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL N Bulk Liquid Oxygen - Fish Hatcheries MA - 21072100000000000005 Price List 07/31/2025 Maine Oxy Acetylene BILL ALLEN 09A N Geotextile Fabric, Mirafi 180N and 600X MA - 23051100000000000149 Price List 5/31/2025 HD Supply Construction Supply LTD dba White Cap BILL ALLEN ALL Y Grass Seed - DOT Mix MA - 23010400000000000087 Price List 01/31/2025 Paris Farmers Union BILL ALLEN ALL N HETL Bulk Liquid Argon and Nitrogen MA - 22112100000000000076 Price List 11/30/2025 Maine Oxy Acetylene Supply Inc BILL ALLEN 10A N Select Lab Gases MA - 24032000000000000093 Price List 04/30/2026 Maine Oxy Acetylene Supply Inc BILL ALLEN ALL Y Law Enforcement, Gun Accessory, Mount etc. MA - 15060200000000000246 Price List 06/30/2024 Ossipee Mountain Electronics SUE GARCIA 16A N Hazardous Waste Disposal Services MA - 22040400000000000103 09/26/2024 Clean Harbors Environmental Sciences JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Hearing Aids MA - 22092900000000000056 8/31/2024 GN ReSound JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Hearing Aids MA - 22092900000000000060 8/31/2024 Sonova USA Inc. JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Hearing Aids MA - 22092900000000000057 08/31/2024 Oticon, Inc. JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Hearing Aids MA - 22092900000000000061 8/31/2024 Starkey Laboratories, Inc. JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Hearing Aids MA - 22092900000000000062 8/31/2024 Widex USA, Inc. JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Select Herbicides MA - 24022900000000000082 Price List 03/31/2026 Nutrien AG Solutions Inc BILL ALLEN ALL Y Lab Equipment & Supplies MA - 24022200000000000080 02/28/2029 VWR International JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Lab Equipment & Supplies MA - 24022200000000000081 02/28/2024 Fisher Scientific JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Ilios Infrastructure Support, Develop MA - 17060600000000000147 06/30/2027 Ilios Inc JUSTIN FRANZOSE 40A N Industrial Supplies - NASPO MA 8497 (WSCA-NASPO) MA - 18062500000000000152 12/31/2024 Fastenal BILL ALLEN ALL Y Industrial Supplies - NASPO MA 8496 MA - 18061200000000000150 12/31/2024 GRAINGER BILL ALLEN ALL Y Industrial Supplies - NASPO MA - 18062600000000000155 12/31/2024 MSC Industrial Supply Co BILL ALLEN ALL Y Internet and Web Site Software MA - 22081600000000000036 09/15/2026 AT & T JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Intelligent Software, Hardware Solutions MA - 23061200000000000173 2/28/2026 Quadient JUSTIN FRANZOSE 18B Y Mailing/Shipping Software, Solutions MA - 23061200000000000171 02/28/2026 Pitney Bowes JUSTIN FRANZOSE 18B N Interpreting - ASL & VRI MA - 19082700000000000034 ASL Prices 12/31/2025 KEWL ASL KATHY PAQUETTE ALL N Interpreting - ASL & VRI MA - 19082700000000000033 Price List 12/31/2025 Mary Jane Grant Sign Language Interpreting LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Interpreting - ASL & VRI MA - 19082700000000000031 ASL Prices VRI Prices Informational Material 12/31/2025 Pine Tree Society Inc BILL ALLEN ALL N Consulting Services MA - 23100300000000000039 10/31/2025 Maximus US Services Inc MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL N Industrial Gases MA - 23100500000000000040 Price List 12/31/2025 AIRGAS USA LLC dba AIRGAS EAST INC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Bus-Cutaway Access 24+2 F550 Turtle Top MA - 23101100000000000041 Price List 10/31/2028 DATTCO INC dba DeVivo Bus Sales BILL ALLEN 17A Y Hearing Aids MA - 23101100000000000043 08/31/2024 WS Audiology JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Building Materials for Small Projects MA - 23120600000000000060 12/31/2025 S W COLLINS CO INC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Vehicle Lifts & Garage Equipment NASPO MA Contract CW7260 MA - 2312070000000000062 03/31/2028 Stertil-Koni USA, Inc. BILL ALLEN ALL Y Emergency LED Light Bars NASPO MA#165263 MA - 2312080000000000063 08/14/2024 FEDERAL SIGNAL CORP BILL ALLEN ALL Y Sale of Surplus Scrap MA - 2312210000000000064 12/31/2025 Clarks Cars & Parts BILL ALLEN ALL N Master Agreement for APC Uninterruptible Power Supplies MA - 23122700000000000066 01/17/2027 Ace Office Supplies JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Law Enforcement, Ammo Select Winchester No Subs MA - 23122800000000000067 Price List 11/30/2025 Jurek Bros. Inc. SUE GARCIA 16A/ALL N Interpreting - ASL & VRI MA - 223101600000000000048 ASL Prices VSL Prices Informational Material 10/31/2025 Language Partners, LLC BILL ALLEN ALL N Interpreting In Person Spoken Language MA - 23031600000000000111 Price List 12/31/2024 Language Partners BILL ALLEN ALL N Interpreting In Person Spoken Language MA - 19011700000000000085 Price List 12/31/2024 House of Languages BILL ALLEN ALL N Interpreting In Person Spoken Language MA - 19011700000000000086 Price List 12/31/2024 Maine Language Connect, LLC BILL ALLEN ALL N Interpreting Telephonic MA- 1912600000000000077 Price List 12/31/2024 CTS / Language Link BILL ALLEN ALL Y Interpreting Telephonic MA- 19121600000000000081 Price List 12/31/2024 Interpreters Unlimited BILL ALLEN ALL Y Interpreting Telephonic MA- 19121600000000000080 Price List 12/31/2024 SLUSA BILL ALLEN ALL Y Interpreting Telephonic MA- 23020300000000000097 Price List 12/31/2024 Propio LS, LLC BILL ALLEN All Y Interpreting Written Document MA - 18031600000000000105 Price List 06/30/2024 Latin American Translators Network BILL ALLEN ALL Y Implement, Maintain, and Support Tableau MA - 23020100000000000095 1/31/2025 Passerelle JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N IT Staff Augmentation Services MA - 20041600000000000130 06/30/2025 GuideSoft, Inc. dba Knowledge Services JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Janitorial, Cleaners, Concentrated Liquid MA - 22021000000000000064 Price List 02/28/2025 Portion Pac Chemical Corp. THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL N Janitorial, Cleaners, Compounds, Dispensers MA - 22021000000000000065 Price List 02/28/2025 Ecolab Inc. THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL Y Janitorial Paper Products MA - 21120300000000000035 Price List 12/31/2024 WB Mason THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL Y Long Term Resource Support Services MA - 21120900000000000039 12/31/2026 Medical Care Development BILL ALLEN 10A N Long Term Resource Support Services MA - 21120900000000000040 12/31/2026 Diskriter, Inc. BILL ALLEN 10A N Long Term Resource Support Services MA - 21120900000000000041 12/31/2026 LanaSoft, Inc. BILL ALLEN 10A N Long Term Resource Support Services MA - 21120900000000000042 12/31/2026 PUBLIC CONSULTING GROUP LLC BILL ALLEN 10A N Long Term Resource Support Services MA - 21120900000000000043 12/31/2026 Maxim Healthcare Staffing BILL ALLEN 10A N Lab Supplies - Test Tubes MA - 18070300000000000001 11/08/2025 CPI International JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Lottery Supplies, Instant Ticket Dispensers MA - 18102300000000000050 Price List 11/30/2024 Schafer Systems JOAN BOLDUC 18L N Lottery Supplies, Instant Ticket Dispensers MA - 16111000000000000050 Price List 10/31/2023 Take a Ticket JOAN BOLDUC 18L N Med/Lab/Sci, DNA Promega Kits MA - 13052900000000000282 Price List 05/31/2025 Promega Corporation JUSTIN FRANZOSE 16A N Med/Lab/Sci, Pharmaceuticals Dist. MA - 19121900000000000088 10/31/2024 CARDINAL HEALTH JUSTIN FRANZOSE 10A Y Med/Lab/Sci, Water Testing Kits & Supp. MA - 11090700000000000058 09/30/2024 IDEXX DISTRIBUTION CORP JUSTIN FRANZOSE 10A N Clothing, Embellishments, Resale On Line MA - 17051700000000000132 Price List 05/31/2024 LT's, Inc. SUE GARCIA 09A N On-Line Surplus Auction Services (NASPO ValuePoint) MA - 22091200000000000048 Price List 09/01/2024 Liquidity Services Operations, LLC BILL ALLEN 18P Y Portland Webworks 7/1/17 to 6/30/27 MA - 17052500000000000138 06/30/2027 Portland Webworks Inc JUSTIN FRANZOSE 40A N Preventive Maintenance and Services MA - 23032400000000000113 03/31/2026 Santech Power JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Printing and Mailing Services MA - 17033000000000000111 02/28/2025 MPX MARTHA VERHILLE ALL N Printing, Business Cards Gold Seal MA - 22051300000000000128 Price List 05/31/2023 Envelopes & Printed Products, Inc. MARTHA VERHILLE ALL N Printing, Business Cards Flat & Raised Print MA - 22050300000000000123 Price List 05/31/2023 CB Ventures LLC dba Business Card Express MARTHA VERHILLE ALL N Printing, Court Forms and Envelopes MA - 22032900000000000096 Price List 03/31/2023 Armstrong Family Industries dba Snowman Printing MARTHA VERHILLE 40A Y Printing, EHB Postcards & Mailers MA - 19043000000000000165 Price List 04/30/2023 Armstrong Family Industries dba Snowman Printing MARTHA VERHILLE 18S N Printing, Envelopes #9 and #10 MA - 18062100000000000151 Price List 07/31/2023 Armstrong Family Industries dba Snowman Printing MARTHA VERHILLE ALL N Printing, Letterhead Stationary MA - 18101600000000000044 Price List 10/31/2022 Armstrong Family Industries dba Snowman Printing MARTHA VERHILLE ALL N Printing, MMMP Patient Certification Form MA - 19041800000000000154 Price List 04/30/2023 Michael Patrick Pulaski/Columbia Business Forms MARTHA VERHILLE 18M N Printing, Print Services Contract MA - 22030400000000000085 Price List 03/31/2024 The Copy Center MARTHA VERHILLE ALL N eProcurement Solutions and Services/Purchasing Software MA - 23011700000000000093 12/31/2027 Carahsoft Technology Corp. JOSEPH ZRIOKA ALL Y Equipment Rentals - Sourcewell 0623320-URI MA - 20100600000000000040 Price List 08/27/2024 United Rentals BILL ALLEN ALL Y Aluminum Sign Blanks MA - 22110200000000000071 Price List 11/30/2024 US Standard Sign BILL ALLEN ALL Y Culverts, HDPE, PP DW MA - 23021700000000000100 Price List 03/31/2025 Advanced Drainage Systems Inc. BILL ALLEN ALL N Culvert - Metal, Steel Reinforced HDPE MA - 24042400000000000122 Price List 04/30/2026 CONTECH ENGINEERED SOLUTIONS, LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Travel Management Services MA - 24042400000000000123 06/07/2024 CORPORATE TRAVEL MANAGEMENT MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL Y Trailer, Tilt Bed Split-Deck Tag-along MA - 24042600000000000124 Price List 05/31/2025 JORDAN EQUIP CO BILL ALLEN ALL Y Bridge Deck Sealant, Deck-Sil 1700 MA - 20111900000000000054 Price List 11/30/2024 Advanced Chemical Technologies Inc BILL ALLEN 17A Y Corrosion Inhibit Liquid Magnesium Chloride MA - 21101400000000000025 Price List 08/31/2025 Innovative Municipal U.S. Inc BILL ALLEN 17A Y Reflective Adhesive Sheeting for Signs MA - 21092000000000000023 Price List 09/30/2025 3M BILL ALLEN 17A Y Road/Hwy, Paint Applicator Parts MA - 16032400000000000144 05/15/2025 M-B CO INC BILL ALLEN 17A Y Concrete Cold Patch, High Performance MA - 22031700000000000090 Price List 03/31/2025 Phoscrete Corporation BILL ALLEN 17A Y Ply-Krete Elastomeric Concrete MA - 22051100000000000126 Price List 04/30/2026 HD Supply Construction Supply LTD BILL ALLEN 17A Y Silane Concrete Sealant MA - 21102500000000000027 Price List 10/31/2025 HD Supply Construction Supply LTD dba White Cap BILL ALLEN 17A Y Traffic Cones 28" 7lb MDOT Stenciled and Plain, Traffic Drum, 25lb Plain with 6” or “4 Reflective Stripes MA - 23033100000000000115 Price List 04/30/2025 Eastern Metal of Elmira Inc BILL ALLEN ALL N Screening Kits and Controls for OUI Test MA - 22092700000000000055 10/04/2025 Randox Laboratories JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Shredding Services MA - 21082400000000000013 Price List 09/30/2025 ShredSafe LLC DBA Shredding On Site JOAN BOLDUC ALL N SIP Trunking Services MA - 17050400000000000126 11/14/2024 Consolidated Communications Enterprise Services JUSTIN FRANZOSE 18B N Small Package Delivery - NASPO MA454 MA - 21120100000000000033 Price List 11/27/2026 FEDEX CORPORATION SERVICES BILL ALLEN ALL Y Software Value Added Reseller (SVAR) MA - 23031700000000000112 4/24/2027 SHI International Corp JUSTIN FRANZOSE 18B N Spike Mats and Spikes MA - 23021000000000000098 Price List 3/31/2025 Central Equipment, LLC. BILL ALLEN ALL Y Telephone Services, Long Distance/Local MA - 22100500000000000063 2/14/2027 Consolidated Communications JUSTIN FRANZOSE 18B N Temporary Staffing Services MA - 16070700000000000004 Price List 12/31/2025 Atlantic Staffing and Payroll Services BILL ALLEN ALL N Temporary Staffing Services MA - 16070700000000000003 Price List 12/31/2024 Manpower BILL ALLEN ALL N Temporary Staffing Services MA - 16070700000000000002 Price List 12/31/2025 Project Staffing Inc. dba Maine Staffing Group BILL ALLEN ALL N Temporary Staffing Services MA - 16070700000000000005 Price List 12/31/2025 Tri State Staffing BILL ALLEN ALL N Tools, Small Hand, Power & Diagnostic (NASPO/OK) MA - 18072700000000000010 Price List 06/30/2024 IDSC Holdings Snap-On BILL ALLEN ALL Y Transcor Master Agreement MA - 15080500000000000024 12/31/2027 Haywood Associates Inc JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Unmanned Vehicle Systems MA - 23050300000000000145 03/24/2027 Unmanned Vehicle Technologies, LLC JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Vehicle Reg Val Sticker Printing System MA - 22122000000000000084 Price List 12/31/2026 Surys Inc dba Securemark Decal Corp BILL ALLEN 29B N Concessions, Catering, Vending MA - 23060600000000000166 06/30/2028 BELL THE CAT INC MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL N Concessions,Catering, Vending MA - 23060600000000000167 06/30/2026 Jeff's Catering Banquet & conv MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL N Roadside & Encampment Bio-Hazard Clean-up Services MA - 23051900000000000158 5/31/2025 New England Trauma Services LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Clothing, Waders, Muck, LaCrosse Styles MA - 23060900000000000170 Price List 05/31/2024 Maine-ly Red Wing Inc SUE GARCIA ALL Y Law Enforcement, Pistols, HK45 MA - 19010300000000000078 Price List 10/31/2024 Clyde Armory Inc SUE GARCIA 16A, ALL Y Clothing, Jacket & Sweatshirt MA - 18110700000000000058 Price List 11/30/2024 LT's Inc SUE GARCIA 17A, All N Break-Away Assemblies & Parts for Highway Lighting MA - 22110800000000000073 Price List 11/30/2025 Safety Base USA Inc BILL ALLEN 17A N Clothing, PS Dress Uniforms, Shirts, Trousers MA - 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Inc. SUE GARCIA 29A, ALL Y Aircraft Parts MA - 15091600000000000048 06/30/2024 Defense Fin/Acctg SVC BILL ALLEN 01A N Supplies and Reagents MA - 20121400000000000058 08/31/2025 QIAGEN INC JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Pulse Secure Appliance, Support & License MA - 18100100000000000040 10/07/2024 OPTIV SECURITY INC JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Wireless Cellular Service & Equipment MA - 20093000000000000039 08/30/2024 T-Mobile USA JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Wireless Cellular Service & Equipment MA - 20093000000000000036 08/30/2024 US Cellular JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Wireless Services & Accessories MA - 20093000000000000037 08/30/2024 Verizon Wireless JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Industrial Hygiene Testing and Forensic MA - 20110300000000000045 11/30/2024 Air Quality Management Services INC JUSTIN FRANZOSE 18A N Wireless Cellular Service & Accessories MA - 20093000000000000038 08/30/2024 AT&T Mobility JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Imprinted Pedestrian Safety Slap Bands MA - 20123100000000000063 Price List 01/31/2023 C. Lausier Family Inc MARTHA VERHILLE 17A N Printing, License Renewal Postcards MA - 20122200000000000062 Price List 01/31/2023 Armstrong Family Industries dba Snowman Printing MARTHA VERHILLE 29B N Law Enforcement, Night Vision Binoculars MA - 21012600000000000068 Price List 01/31/2024 Night Fighter Tactical Inc. SUE GARCIA 16A, ALL Y Broom - 8FT Long Frt Mount Truck MA - 21011300000000000066 Price List 02/28/2025 Allied Equipment LLC BILL ALLEN 17D Y Bus, Small Cutaway Accessible 12+2 MA - 22102500000000000066 11/30/2027 Coach & Equipment Bus Sales, Inc. BILL ALLEN 17A Y Bus, Small Cutaway Accessible 12+2 MA - 22102500000000000067 11/30/2027 Creative Bus Sales, Inc. BILL ALLEN 17A Y Bus, Small Cutaway Accessible 12+2 MA - 22102500000000000068 11/30/2027 DATTCO Inc BILL ALLEN 17A Y Bus, Small Cutaway Accessible Low Floor - 10+2 MA - 23011000000000000092 Price List 12/31/2027 Creative Bus Sales, Inc BILL ALLEN 17A Y DVEM HVAC Service MA - 21031500000000000091 09/30/2024 XL Mechanical & Energy Services BILL ALLEN 15A N Disposable Kitchen Products MA - 21030400000000000089 Price List 03/31/2025 Sysco Food Service of NNE THOMAS PAQUETTE ALL Y Locum Tenens MA - 21021800000000000081 04/14/2025 Vista Staffing Solutions BILL ALLEN 10A N Locum Tenens MA - 23031000000000000108 04/12/2025 LocumTenens.com BILL ALLEN 10A N Locum Tenens MA - 23031000000000000107 04/12/2025 AB Staffing Solutions BILL ALLEN 10A N Locum Tenens MA - 22033100000000000097 04/15/2025 Cross Country Staffing BILL ALLEN 10A N Locum Tenens MA - 21022300000000000086 04/14/2025 22nd Century Technologies BILL ALLEN 10A N Data Breach and Credit Monitoring MA - 21031800000000000092 01/18/2025 Identity Theft Guard Solutions, Inc. JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Web Based Auctions MA - 21052700000000000128 04/30/2025 IRONPLANET dba GovPlanet BILL ALLEN 18P N Law Enforcement, Ballistic Vest MA - 21051300000000000123 Price List 05/31/2025 Admiral Fire & Safety Inc. SUE GARCIA 03A, ALL N Bus, 16+2, Lo Floor Kneel & Non-kneel MA - 21050300000000000114 05/31/2026 Creative Bus Sales, Inc. BILL ALLEN 17A, 17D Y Clothing, DEP - Embroidered - Screen Print MA - 21052700000000000127 Price List 05/31/2024 LT's Inc. SUE GARCIA 06A N Tires, COOPER MA - 21061500000000000140 Price List 05/31/2025 Summit of New England BILL ALLEN ALL Y Auction Service: Firearm, In Person/Online MA - 21060400000000000130 07/31/2025 Somerset Auction Company BILL ALLEN 18P N Culvert, High Str Reinforced HDPC, SRPE MA - 21061500000000000139 Price List 07/31/2025 Kanaflex Corporation BILL ALLEN ALL Y Staff Augmentation Services MA - 21050300000000000112 06/30/2022 US Tech Staff Augmentation Services BILL ALLEN 10A N Computer Equipment, Peripherals, Service MA - 21062300000000000145 01/31/2028 CDW Government JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Signs, Traffic, Warning & Regulatory MA - 21081100000000000009 Price List 08/31/2025 Vulcan Inc BILL ALLEN 17A Y Computer Equipment, Peripherals, Service MA - 21071600000000000003 01/31/2028 GovConnection, Inc. JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Computer Equipment, Peripherals, Service MA - 21081600000000000010 01/31/2028 Hewlett-Packard Enterprise Company JUSTIN FRANZOSE 18B Y Mercury Marine Outboard Engines, Parts MA - 20112300000000000056 11/30/2026 Mercury Marine BILL ALLEN 13A N Copiers, Printers, Multifunction Devices MA - 21060300000000000129 04/19/2025 HP Inc. JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Audio Visual Room Design, Engineering MA - 21090100000000000016 08/31/2024 Pro AV Systems JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Victim Sexual Assault Kits MA - 21091000000000000019 08/30/2024 Sirchie Acquisition Co LLC JUSTIN FRANZOSE 16A N Audio Visual Room Design, Engineering MA - 21090100000000000017 08/31/2024 Headlight Audio Visual JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Signs, LED Flash Stop, Stop AHD, Speed MA - 22041500000000000112 Price List 09/30/2025 Traffic and Parking Control Co BILL ALLEN ALL Y 4 Ton Trailer Mntd Asphalt Dumping Recyl MA - 21092000000000000022 Price List 12/31/2024 Howard P Fairfield Inc BILL ALLEN 17D/17A N Maine Heat Fusion Cigarette Tax Stamps MA - 21090300000000000018 Price List 09/30/2022 Ashton Potter Ltd MARTHA VERHILLE 18F N Meteorological Forecasting Services MA - 21092900000000000024 09/30/2024 WSP USA Environment & Infrastructure Inc. BILL ALLEN ALL N Calibration & Testing Services MA - 21091300000000000020 09/28/2024 Northeast Technical Services JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y IT Equipment and Services MA - 15091100000000000044 08/16/2025 Mainely Access JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Audio Visual Room Design, Engineering MA - 21090100000000000015 08/31/2024 Connectivity Point Design & Installation JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Radio Support Services MA - 21102900000000000028 06/30/2025 Northern Pride Communications JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Reagents, Consumables, Support Products MA - 21062800000000000146 04/30/2025 Roche Diagnostics JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Cloud Solutions MA - 21120700000000000036 09/15/2026 Insight Public Sector JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Cloud Solutions MA - 23030900000000000106 9/15/2026 Presidio Networked Solutions JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Sand Blasting Sand (Garnet) MA - 21122000000000000051 Price List 12/31/2025 Greenhill supply, LLC BILL ALLEN 17A N Vehicle Rental Services MA - 24030800000000000085 Price List 09/15/2025 ENTERPRISE HOLDINGS INC dba ENTERPRISE RENT-A-CAR BILL ALLEN ALL Y Expert Advice and Support Services for ARPA MA - 22011100000000000058 12/31/2026 Eide Bailly LLP BILL ALLEN ALL N Equipment Rentals - Sourcewell 062320 MA - 24031500000000000091 08/27/2025 SUNBELT RENTALS, INC. BILL ALLEN ALL Y Wood Products for MSP Industries Program MA - 24031900000000000092 Price List 03/31/2026 Rex Lumber Co BILL ALLEN 03A N Wood Chippers, 12", Trailer Mount ,Self Feeding MA - 23053000000000000161 Price List 6/30/2025 United Ag & Turf NE LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Printing, Ferry Service Ticket Stock MA - 22012600000000000063 Price List 03/31/2025 Canada Ticket Inc MARTHA VERHILLE 17A N UPS Small Package Delivery, NASPO MA - 22030200000000000081 Price List 11/27/2026 United Parcel Service, Inc. BILL ALLEN ALL Y Helicopter Parts, Repairs, Mods, Overhaul MA - 22030200000000000082 02/28/2025 Summit Helicopters Inc BILL ALLEN ALL Y Energy Consulting Services MA - 22122100000000000086 12/31/2026 Competitive Energy Services, LLC MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL N Traffic Paint - Fast Dry Waterbourne MA - 22031500000000000089 Price List 03/31/2026 Ennis-Flint Inc BILL ALLEN ALL Y Traffic Barrel, Orange, 40LB, W/6" Reflective Stripe MA - 23033100000000000114 Price List 4/30/2025 Castine Inc BILL ALLEN ALL Y Traffic Drums, 25lbs, 4" or 6" Reflective Stripe, MDOT Stenciled MA - 23033100000000000117 Price List 04/30/2025 RA United Enterprises BILL ALLEN ALL Y Traffic Cones, 28" 10Lbs, MDOT & Plain MA - 23033100000000000118 Price List 04/30/2025 Safety Zone Holdings, Inc BILL ALLEN ALL Y Traffic Drum 40lb Drum,4"Str/MDOT&Plain MA - 23033100000000000116 Price List 04/30/2025 Northeast Traffic Control Services, LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Equipment, Installation, and Services MA - 23050800000000000147 06/30/2028 Newcom Wireless Services JUSTIN FRANZOSE 18B Y Erosion Control Blankets MA - 22030400000000000084 Price List 02/28/2026 Seedway LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Computer Equipment, Peripherals, Service MA - 22032100000000000092 06/30/2026 Dell Marketing, LP JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y EV Charging Stations, Service, Maintenance MA - 22040500000000000107 7/20/2025 FreeWire Technologies Inc BILL ALLEN ALL Y Guardrail Parts MA - 22040500000000000106 Price List 3/31/2024 CA Newcomb & Sons Fence and Guardrail Co BILL ALLEN All N Portable Hot Water Hi-Pressure Washer MA - 22032900000000000095 Price List 4/30/2026 R N Craft Inc BILL ALLEN All Y HVAC PM and Repair Services, Public Safe MA - 22041500000000000113 04/30/2026 AAA Energy Service BILL ALLEN 16A N Dog Tags MA - 22050200000000000122 Price List 01/31/2025 International Identification BILL ALLEN 01A N Captioning, Audio Description, CART Services MA - 22050500000000000124 Price List 06/30/2025 Simply Captions LLC BILL ALLEN ALL N Captioning, Audio Description, CART Services MA - 22042200000000000114 Price List 06/30/2025 Karasch and Associates BILL ALLEN ALL N Captioning, Audio Description, CART Services MA - 52042200000000000115 Price List 06/30/2025 Linguabee LLC BILL ALLEN ALL N Captioning, Audio Description, CART Services MA - 22040400000000000105 Price List 06/30/2025 Automatic Synch Technologies, LLC BILL ALLEN ALL N Diesel Fuel for Ferry Services MDOT MA - 21121000000000000049 06/30/2025 Dead River Company LLC MICHELLE FOURNIER 17D N Fuel - Bulk Diesel for MDOT, DOC, DVEM MA - 22051900000000000129 06/30/2025 Dead River Company LLC MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL N SQII Portable Traffic Lights w/Trailer MA - 22052600000000000132 Price List 04/30/2026 John Thomas Company BILL ALLEN ALL Y ADA Beach Access Mats - UV-Resistant Polyester & Accessories MA - 22070800000000000001 Price List 07/31/2024 AccessRec, LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Road Salt, DOT Areas 5-A, 5-B MA - 22061300000000000139 Price List 07/31/2025 Kingsco Transport Ltd BILL ALLEN 17A N Road Salt, BGS MA - 22061300000000000140 Price List 07/31/2025 New England Salt Co. LLC BILL ALLEN 17A N Road Salt, DOT Areas 1, 2, 3 & 4 MA - 22061300000000000138 Price List 07/31/2025 Morton Salt Inc BILL ALLEN 17A N Communications Development & Services MA - 22071100000000000002 07/31/2026 Maine Information Network LLC JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N LED Emergency Light Bars - Whelan MA - 22041100000000000110 08/31/2024 Coastal Electronics BILL ALLEN ALL N Dog Food, Select Eukanuba, Purina, Inuks MA - 22080300000000000033 Price List 07/31/2024 Legend + White Animal Health Corp BILL ALLEN ALL Y Law Enforcement, Rifle Clipon Night Sights MA - 22080400000000000034 Price List 07/31/2025 Strack, Inc SUE GARCIA 16A N Flexible Delineators - Select PEXCO MA - 22082900000000000043 Price List 8/31/2024 Safety Zone Holdings BILL ALLEN ALL Y Copiers, Printers, Multifunctional Devices MA - 21123000000000000055 04/19/2025 Xerox JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Segmental Plow Blades MA - 22101400000000000065 Price List 10/31/2024 Jimar Construction Products BILL ALLEN 17A, 17D Y Supplies, Reagents, and Kits MA - 23010600000000000090 06/22/2026 Bio-Rad Labs JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL N Select 2024 GM Vehicles MA - 23062200000000000184 Price List 06/30/2024 O'Connor's GMC INC BILL ALLEN ALL Y School Bus, Select Type A-Gas, LPG, Type C-Gas, LPG, Type D-Rear Engine Electric MA - 23051600000000000153 Price List 06/30/2025 O'Connor's GMC INC BILL ALLEN ALL Y School Bus, Select Type C Diesel & Electric, Type A Gas MA - 23051600000000000151 Price List 06/30/2025 DATTCO INC BILL ALLEN ALL Y School Bus Type C Electric 77 Capacity MA - 23051600000000000152 06/30/2025 H.K. Truck Services Inc BILL ALLEN ALL Y School Bus, Select Type A-Gas, Type C Diesel, Elect, Gas, Type D Front & Rear Engine MA - 23051600000000000154 Price List 06/30/2025 W.C. Cressey & Son BILL ALLEN ALL Y School Bus, Select Electric Type A, Type C, Type D Front Engine MA - 23061200000000000172 Price List 06/30/2025 BYD Coach & Bus LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y BACTEC Rental and Consumables MA - 23070500000000000002 07/18/2026 Becton Dickinson JUSTIN FRANZOSE 10A N Vehicle, Select Ford MA - 23101300000000000044 Price List 07/31/2024 Quirk Kennebec CO dba Quirk Ford of Augusta BILL ALLEN 18P Y Vehicle-Select 2023-24, ICE,Hyb,BEV,PHEV MA - 23051900000000000155 Price List 09/30/2024 Fleet Vehicle Source, Inc dba US Fleet Source BILL ALLEN 18P Y Onsite Solar Photovoltaics Services MA - 23101600000000000047 10/31/2028 Sundog Solar LLC MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL N Onsite Solar Photovoltaics Services MA - 23102300000000000050 10/31/2028 EDF RENEWABLES DISTRIBUTED SOLUTIONS INC MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL N Onsite Solar Photovoltaics Services MA - 23102300000000000051 10/31/2028 Verogy Holdings LLC MICHELLE FOURNIER ALL N Medical Supplies MA - 23110600000000000053 05/01/2025 Henry Schein JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Clothing, Parks Uniform Shirts MA - 23110800000000000055 Price List 10/31/2025 Hanging by A thread SUE GARCIA 01A N Computer Equipment (Desktops, laptops, tablets, etc.) MA - 23110100000000000052 06/30/2025 Lenovo JUSTIN FRANZOSE ALL Y Platform (Rack) Body, 9ft 3in & 12ft MA - 23112700000000000059 Price List 11/30/2025 Hews Company, LLC BILL ALLEN ALL Y Medical Supplies MA - 23111500000000000058 Price List 03/01/2025 Medline Industries, Inc. 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wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	2	28	https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2006124120A2/pt-PT	en	WO2006124120A2 - High temperature direct coal fuel cell - Google Patents			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2005-05-16T00:00:00		en			https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2006124120A2/pt-PT	High temperature direct coal fuel cell Download PDF Info Publication number WO2006124120A2 WO2006124120A2 PCT/US2006/011542 US2006011542W WO2006124120A2 WO 2006124120 A2 WO2006124120 A2 WO 2006124120A2 US 2006011542 W US2006011542 W US 2006011542W WO 2006124120 A2 WO2006124120 A2 WO 2006124120A2 Authority WO WIPO (PCT) Prior art keywords fuel cell carbon anode fuel coal Prior art date 2005-05-16 Application number PCT/US2006/011542 Other languages English (en) French (fr) Other versions WO2006124120A3 (en Inventor Turgut Gur Original Assignee Clean Coal Energy, Llc Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.) 2005-05-16 Filing date 2006-03-27 Publication date 2006-11-23 2006-03-27 Application filed by Clean Coal Energy, Llc filed Critical Clean Coal Energy, Llc 2006-03-27 Priority to EP06739986A priority Critical patent/EP1897160A4/en 2006-03-27 Priority to AU2006248111A priority patent/AU2006248111A1/en 2006-03-27 Priority to CA002608503A priority patent/CA2608503A1/en 2006-11-23 Publication of WO2006124120A2 publication Critical patent/WO2006124120A2/en 2007-10-25 Publication of WO2006124120A3 publication Critical patent/WO2006124120A3/en Links Espacenet Global Dossier PatentScope Discuss Classifications H—ELECTRICITY H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte H01M8/1233—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte with one of the reactants being liquid, solid or liquid-charged H—ELECTRICITY H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants H01M8/0612—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material H01M8/0643—Gasification of solid fuel H—ELECTRICITY H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells H01M8/241—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with solid or matrix-supported electrolytes H01M8/2425—High-temperature cells with solid electrolytes H01M8/243—Grouping of unit cells of tubular or cylindrical configuration H—ELECTRICITY H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues H01M8/0662—Treatment of gaseous reactants or gaseous residues, e.g. cleaning Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology Y02E60/50—Fuel cells Definitions This invention relates to the field of fuel cells, and in particular to the field of high temperature fuel cells for the direct electrochemical conversion of carbon-containing materials (such as coal) to electrical energy. This invention is further directed to fuel cells employing a single temperature zone. This invention is further directed to fuels cells wherein therein is direct physical contact of the anode surface with carbon particles. Coal is the most abundant and inexpensive energy source on our planet with sufficient reserves to meet a large fraction of the world's energy needs for many decades, even centuries to come. Other energy sources such as wind, solar, geothermal, and nuclear offer limited capacity only. molten media that were employed can be grouped of two categories, namely, molten salts and molten metals, both of which serve to hold the carbon source. SARA Scientific Applications and Research Associates, Inc. the cell consists of a carbon anode surrounded by a molten hydroxide electrolyte. Air is forced over the metallic cathode where the reduction of oxygen generates hydroxide ions. The hydroxide ions are transported through the molten NaOH electrolyte to the anode where they react with the carbon anode releasing CO 2 , H 2 O, and electrons. These electrons travel through the external circuit to the cathode, and generate electricity. Suitable metals such as Ni are employed for anode and cathode materials. dispersed carbon particles react with the carbonate ion to form CO 2 and electrons, while oxygen from air react with CO 2 at the cathode to generate carbonate ions. oxygen from air react with CO 2 at the cathode to generate carbonate ions. the carbonate ions formed at the cathode migrate through the molten electrolyte towards the anode, the electrons liberated at the anode travel through the external circuit towards the cathode generating electricity. Yentekakis and co-workers [I. V. Yentekakis, P. G. Debenedetti, and B. Costa, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 28, 1414 (1989)] published a paper-study and proposed the concept for and simulated the expected performance of a direct carbon conversion fuel cell employing a molten Fe anode and an yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) solid electrolyte immersed in the molten anode. the operating temperature of such a cell would necessarily be higher than the melting point of Fe, which is 1535 0 C. Indeed, their modeling was done for extremely high temperatures up to 2227 0 C (or 2500 0 K). the present invention is fundamentally different from these prior approaches. It employs a dense and nonporous solid oxide ceramic electrolyte for selectively transporting oxygen necessary for oxidizing carbon. While others employ either electronically nonconducting molten salt electrolytes or electronically conducting molten metal anodes, the proposed concept uses instead a gas-solid system where mass transport and kinetic rates are significantly higher than for liquid-solid systems. Hence, the expected power densities in this proposal will proportionately be higher. Operationally, it also less complicated to deal with and study reactions in gas-solid interfaces than in the double and triple phase interfaces employed in the molten electrolyte or molten anode gas-solid-liquid systems above. DCFC direct coal fuel cell Zirconium dioxide has three well-defined polymorphs, with monoclinic, tetragonal and cubic structures. the monoclinic phase is stable up to about 1300 0 C and then transforms to the tetragonal phase. the cubic phase is stable above 2200 0 C with a CaF 2 structure. tetragonal-to-monoclinic phase transition is accompanied by a large molar volume (about 4%), which makes the practical use of pure zirconia impossible for high temperature refractory applications. addition of 8-15 m % of alkali or rare earth oxides e.g., CaO, Y 2 â 3 , SC 2 O 3 ) stabilizes the high temperature cubic fluorite phase to room temperature Ionic conduction in these materials is a highly thermally activated process with strong temperature dependence and large activation energy of about 1 eV. ionic conductivity for the oxide ions increases exponentially with temperature, dictating the need of high operating temperatures for fast transport rates. Therefore, it is desirable for the solid oxide electrolyte to operate between 600 to 1100 0 C in order to provide sufficiently fast transport rates for the oxide ions that would make it attractive for practical use. E is the equilibrium potential of the fuel cell under open circuit conditions R is the gas constant F is Faraday's constant n is the number of electrons per mole ( in the case of O 2 , n Figure 1 shows the theoretical conversion efficiency and the expected open circuit voltage as a function of temperature for the electrochemical oxidation reaction of carbon. Note the temperature independence of E and efficiency for the carbon oxidation reaction, while the behavior is strongly dependent on temperature for the case of hydrogen Figure 2. Schematic design and operating principle of the direct carbon fuel cell depicting the details of the cell cross section (not to scale), ionic transport, and electrode reactions. the direct carbon fuel cell may be operated at a single temperature, such that the reaction is in a single temperature zone. FIG. 3 Schematic stalactite design of the agitated bed direct coal fuel cell illustrates the general design features including one-end closed ceramic tubular cell and the capability to capture any entrained coal particles in a cyclone, and recycling the captured coal particles and part of the CO 2 back to the coal bed, the latter in order to enhance mass transport by agitation. FIG. 4 Schematic stalactite design of the agitated bed direct coal fuel cell illustrates the general design features including one-end closed ceramic tubular cell and recycling part of the CO 2 back to the coal bed in order to enhance mass transport by agitation. FIG. 5 Schematic stalactite design of the immersion bed direct coal fuel cell illustrates the general design features including one-end closed ceramic tubular cell. There is no recycling of the CO 2 back to the coal bed for agitation. FIG. 6 Schematic stalagmite design of the immersion bed direct coal fuel cell illustrates the general design features including one-end closed ceramic tubular cell. There is no recycling of the CO 2 back to the coal bed for agitation. Figure 7. Shell-and-tube type design where the pulverized coal bed is outside the tube in touch with the anode surface. This particular schematic does not illustrate CO 2 or captured coal rcycling, but these features can easily be incorporated and falls within the scope of this invention. FIG. 8 Shell-and-tube type design (inverted version of Figure 7) where the pulverized coal bed is now inside the tube in touch with the anode surface that is also inside the tube. the annulus between the metal shell and the cathode surface facing the metal shell allows a flow of air. This particular schematic does not illustrate CO 2 or captured coal recycling, but these features can easily be incorporated and falls within the scope of this invention. FIG. 9 Schematic of the two-chamber flat plate fluidized bed fuel cell design where the pulverized coal bed is in touch with the anode surfaces of the ceramic membrane assemblies. More chambers are possible. This particular schematic also applies to corrugated plate design of ceramic membrane assemblies. It does not illustrate CO 2 or captured coal recycling, but these features can easily be incorporated and falls within the scope of this invention. the invention is directed to a fuel cell for the direct conversion of a carbon-containing fuel into electricity. the fuel cell comprises an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte. the fuel cell operates at elevated temperature, with a single temperature zone. the fuel cell utilizes direct physical contact of an anode surface with carbon-containing particles. the electrochemical conversion of coal into electricity involves a high temperature fuel cell that features an oxide ion selective solid electrolyte that supplies the oxygen required for the electrochemical oxidation of carbon. Pulverized coal is introduced into the anode compartment of the cell with or without other solid constituents, such as sequestering agents for capturing the CO 2 and SO 2 produced. the open circuit voltage of the fuel cell is determined by the carbon-oxygen equilibrium at the anode, since the oxygen activity on the cathode side is fixed by air. Figure 1 shows the theoretical conversion efficiency and the expected open circuit voltage as a function of temperature for the electrochemical oxidation reaction of carbon. The figure also compares the carbon-oxygen couple with that for hydrogen, which shows strong temperature dependence. SOFC solid oxide fuel cell a typical schematic of the fuel cell ceramic tube involves a thick porous ceramic cathode that provides mechanical integrity for the multilayer structure. Another typical schematic of the fuel cell involves fiat or corrugated plates of multilayered ceramic membrane assemblies. Other cell geometries, including flat tubes, rectangular or square tubes, and planar configurations, etc. are also possible and is covered under this invention. a thin, impervious layer of yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) solid electrolyte is coated on the outer surface of the cathode tube. Another thin but preferably porous layer that serves as the anode is then deposited on top of the YSZ as the outermost layer. a schematic of the tube structure and its operating principle is shown in Figure 2. the YSZ and porous anode layers are each 10-50 _m thick, while the cathode support tube may be about 1-2 mm in wall thickness. the porous cathode support tube is made of a mixed conducting perovskite while the porous anode layer is typically made of catalytically active cermet or a mixed conducting oxide. Figure 2 shows an anode 202, a solid oxide electrolyte 204, a cathode 206, oxygen ions 208, air 210, a seal 212, and a metal shell 214. YSZ is the preferred solid electrolyte 204 for its high stability and ionic conductivity. scandia stabilized zirconia (SSZ) has an even higher conductivity than its yttria counterpart [T. M. GOr, I. D. Raistrick and R. A. Huggins , Mat. Sci. Engr., 46, 53 (1980)]. tetragonal zirconia which is known to possess higher conductivity and better thermal shock resistance than cubic zirconia electrolytes. other oxide ion conductors such as doped cerates (e.g. Gd 2 O 3 -CeO 2 ) and doped gallates (e.g., La 2 O 3 -Ga 2 O 2 ) can also be considered for the thin electrolyte 204 membrane. the inner surface of the cathode 206 support tube is in contact with air 210 to furnish the oxygen 208 needed for the oxidation reaction at the anode 202, while the outer surface of the anode 202 is in direct, physical contact with the carbon fuel. the YSZ solid oxide electrolyte 204 film in between serves as a selective membrane for transporting oxygen 208 ions from the air 210, leaving behind the nitrogen. the oxygen 208 picks up electrons from the external circuit through the cathode 206 and is reduced to oxide ions, which are then incorporated into the YSZ solid electrolyte 204. the electrons released during the oxidation reaction at the anode 202 travel through the external circuit towards the cathode 206, producing useful electricity. the oxygen 208 chemical potential difference between the anode 202 and the cathode 206 i.e., air 210) provides nearly 1 volt of open circuit voltage. lattice oxygen i.e., Eq. (3) lattice oxygen is preferred in embodiments involving the single temperature reaction zone and the direct physical contact of the anode 202 surface with the particles of carbon-containing fuel. the desired reaction is (4) for obtaining maximum conversion efficiency. Therefore it is important to bring coal particles in direct physical contact with the active anode 202 surface. This can only be achieved if the anode 202 surfaces and the coal particles reside in immediate physical proximity such that they experience the same temperature regime, and not thermally and spatially separated from one another. Hence, a single temperature zone fuel cell reactor design is the preferred embodiment in this invention where the active surfaces of the anode 202 and the coal particles experience direct physical contact and the same temperature space. the carbon-fuel comprises any carbon rich substance including: all grades and varieties of coal, charcoal, peat, petroleum coke, oil sand, tar sand, coke, char, carbon produced by pyrolysis of a carbonaceous substance, waste plastics, and biomass. carbon-fuel substances listed above may be referred to as "coal" in this document. the coal bed operates in the temperature range 500 to 1300 0 C. This range provides the spectrum for the optimum operation of the coal bed and the oxidation process. conversion of carbon to carbon dioxide has an inverse temperature dependence and hence is favored more with decreasing temperatures. More specifically, the formation of CO 2 is thermodynamically favored at temperatures below about 720 0 C, while the partial oxidation product CO is stable above this temperature. In other words, the thermodynamic cross over between full oxidation and partial oxidation of carbon occurs around 720 0 C. thermodynamics dictate only the natural tendency of a system to change or react, but does not govern how fast the system undergoes change. Kinetics and diffusion dictate collectively how fast a reaction or change will occur, and this is an exponential function of temperature. So higher temperatures offer faster reaction rates. the kinetics and product distribution of the carbon conversion reaction is best optimized when the operating temperature range of the coal bed lies between 500 to 1300 0 C. the coal bed may operate between 600 and 1100 0 C, where the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte 204 membrane is larger than 10 "4 S/cm. To obtain even better performance, the coal bed may optionally operate in a temperature range of 700 to 1000 0 C. FIG. 3 shows coal fuel 302, a resistive load 304, a coal bed 306, electrodes 308, CO 2 310, a membrane assembly 312, recycled CO 2 314, and ash and slag 316. the schematic of the agitated bed direct coal fuel cell shown in Figure 3 illustrates the general design features including the stalactite design of one-end closed ceramic tubular cell. the agitated bed is preferably made of a stainless steel shell with proper ports for feeding the pulverized coal into the bed, and discharging the flue gases. It also has the capability to capture any entrained coal particles in a cyclone, and recycling both the captured coal particles and part of the CO 2 gas 314 back to the coal bed 306, the latter in order to enhance mass transport by agitation of the coal bed 306 by gas flow. FIG. 5 Another design concept shown in Figure 5 is an immersion bed direct coal fuel cell where the coal bed 306 is immobile and there is no forced agitation of the bed caused by the recycling of the CO 2 product gas. FIG 8 shows spent air 802 and an air flow annulus 804. inverted shell-and-tube type design i.e., inverted version of Figure 7 the pulverized coal bed 306 is now inside the tube in touch with the anode 202 surface that is also inside the tube as shown in Figure 8. the annulus between the metal shell and the cathode 206 surface facing the metal shell allows a flow of air 210. This particular schematic does not illustrate CO 2 314 or captured coal recycling, but these features can easily be incorporated and falls within the scope of this invention. FIG. 312 Although similar in operation, another design geometry involves the use of flat or corrugated planar ceramic membrane assemblies 312. These are multilayered structures that consist of porous anode 202 (or cathode 206) support plates coated with thin impervious layers of the oxide conducting solid electrolyte 204 membrane, over which there is coated another thin but porous electrode layer to complete the fuel cell structure. The plates are stacked in parallel fashion in the reactor as shown in Figure 9 such that the anode 202 surfaces face each other. Carbon-fuel 302 is fed in between the anode 202 surfaces in alternating pairs of plates while air 210 is flown along the outer surfaces that act as cathodes for the reduction of oxygen 208. Yet another mode of operating the direct coal fuel cell is to couple it to CO 2 and SO 2 Sequestration of CO 2 and SO 2 can be gettering agents such as calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, dolomite, a variety of micas, clays, and zeolites, or a variety of magnesium silicates (e.g., olivine, serpentine, talc) mixed with pulverized coal and fed directly into the bed. gettering agents such as calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, dolomite, a variety of micas, clays, and zeolites, or a variety of magnesium silicates (e.g., olivine, serpentine, talc) mixed with pulverized coal and fed directly into the bed. gettering agents such as calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, dolomite, a variety of micas, clays, and zeolites, or a variety of magnesium silicates (e.g., olivine, serpentine, talc) mixed with pulverized coal and fed directly into the bed. Mica, clay and zeolite individually refer to large families of minerals and materials. micas examples include muscovite, biotite, lepidolite and phlogopite; clays include montmorillonite, bentonite, hematite, illite, serpentine, and kaolinite; and zeolites include clinoptilolite, chabazite, phillipsite, mordenite, molecular sieves 13X, 5 A, and ZSM-5. zeolites include clinoptilolite, chabazite, phillipsite, mordenite, molecular sieves 13X, 5 A, and ZSM-5. All these inorganic compounds may be used to sequester carbon dioxide and oxides of sulfur. the gettering agents readily react with these oxidation products inside the bed forming solid carbonates and sulfates which eventually settle to the bottom of the bed due to their much denser bodies compared to coal, where they can be extracted. Or the flue gas leaving the bed can be treated with these gettering agents in a separate containment outside the bed where the reaction products CO2 and SO2 can easily be sequestered by fixing them as solid carbonates a fuel cell using a single temperature zone A fuel cell using direct physical contact (or touching) of anode -surface with the coal particles. a fuel cell using immersion or agitated bed to materialize contact A fuel cell using immersion or agitated bed to materialize contact. a fuel cell wherein there is a one step process for direct conversion of coal to electrical energy. a fuel cell that utilizes solid oxide electrolyte to supply the oxygen for the electrochemical oxidation of coal. a fuel cell that produces highly concentrated (85-95% CO 2 ) flue gas that enables easy capturing and sequestration of the carbon dioxide. a fuel cell that offers single source collection of CO 2 . a fuel cell that utilizes mineral carbonization. a fuel cell that offers potentially near-zero emissions and stackless operation. Landscapes Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA) Engineering & Computer Science (AREA) Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA) Sustainable Development (AREA) Sustainable Energy (AREA) Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA) Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA) Electrochemistry (AREA) General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA) Fuel Cell (AREA) Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA) PCT/US2006/011542 2005-05-16 2006-03-27 High temperature direct coal fuel cell WO2006124120A2 (en) Priority Applications (3) Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title EP06739986A EP1897160A4 (en) 2005-05-16 2006-03-27 HIGH TEMPERATURE DIRECT COAL FUEL CELL AU2006248111A AU2006248111A1 (en) 2005-05-16 2006-03-27 High temperature direct coal fuel cell CA002608503A CA2608503A1 (en) 2005-05-16 2006-03-27 High temperature direct coal fuel cell Applications Claiming Priority (4) Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title US68192005P 2005-05-16 2005-05-16 US60/681,920 2005-05-16 US11/372,553 US7799472B2 (en) 2005-05-16 2006-03-09 High temperature direct coal fuel cell US11/372,553 2006-03-09 Publications (2) Publication Number Publication Date WO2006124120A2 true WO2006124120A2 (en) 2006-11-23 WO2006124120A3 WO2006124120A3 (en) 2007-10-25 Family ID=37419486 Family Applications (1) Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date PCT/US2006/011542 WO2006124120A2 (en) 2005-05-16 2006-03-27 High temperature direct coal fuel cell Country Status (5) Country Link US (1) US7799472B2 (pt-PT) EP (1) EP1897160A4 (pt-PT) AU (1) AU2006248111A1 (pt-PT) CA (1) CA2608503A1 (pt-PT) WO (1) WO2006124120A2 (pt-PT) Cited By (1) * Cited by examiner, â Cited by third party Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title US8012453B2 (en) 2007-10-25 2011-09-06 Surendra Saxena Carbon sequestration and production of hydrogen and hydride Families Citing this family (21) * Cited by examiner, â Cited by third party Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title GB0709244D0 (en) * 2007-05-14 2007-06-20 Imp Innovations Ltd Fuel cells WO2009002566A1 (en) * 2007-06-26 2008-12-31 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Integrated dry gasification fuel cell system for conversion of solid carbonaceous fuels KR101010535B1 (ko) 2009-03-06 2011-01-24 ë¶ì°ëíêµ ì°ííë ¥ë¨ ê°ëê°ë³í ìíì°ë£ì ì§ ì ë WO2010141629A1 (en) 2009-06-02 2010-12-09 Thermochem Recovery International, Inc. 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wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	3	64	https://www.au.dk/en/csn%40chem.au.dk	en	Cecilie Schmidt Herø	https://www.au.dk/filead…tandard_logo.jpg	https://www.au.dk/filead…tandard_logo.jpg	[ "https://cdn.au.dk/2016/assets/img/au_segl.svg", "https://ipure8.au.dk/current/photos/73f7967d-4d87-4686-ab1c-eaafdcd636ef-new.jpg", "https://cdn.au.dk/2016/assets/img/au_segl.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-03-11T14:30:42+01:00	Academic Technical Staff at Department of Chemistry at Aarhus University. See job responsibilities and contact information.	en	https://cdn.au.dk/favicon.ico		https://www.au.dk/en/show/person/csn@chem.au.dk	Common pages for staff members at AU staff.au.dk Employee portals Find the local staff portal for your department or division.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	0	82	https://yro.slashdot.org/story/02/07/29/1655222/may-i-have-your-eula-please	en	May I Have Your EULA Please?	https://a.fsdn.com/sd/to…ensorship_64.png	https://a.fsdn.com/sd/to…ensorship_64.png	[ "https://a.fsdn.com/con/images/sandiego/sf-ad-unit.png", "https://a.fsdn.com/sd/topics/censorship_64.png", "https://a.fsdn.com/sd/topics/humor_64.png", "https://a.fsdn.com/sd/topics/science_64.png", "https://a.fsdn.com/sd/ccpa-optout.png", "https://slashdot.org/images/njs.gif?713" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	LionsFate asks: "Just like the subject says. I want End User Licence Agreements (EULAs). I'm starting a database of as many EULAs as I can get. I want to know the first EULA that said we can't reverse engineer their software. I want to know the first that said they can watch our activities. I want t...	en	/favicon.ico		https://yro.slashdot.org/story/02/07/29/1655222/may-i-have-your-eula-please
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	3	80	https://www.vanityfair.com/news/business/2012/08/microsoft-lost-mojo-steve-ballmer	en	How Microsoft Lost Its Mojo: Steve Ballmer and Corporate America’s Most Spectacular Decline	https://media.vanityfair…_limit/image.jpg	https://media.vanityfair…_limit/image.jpg	[ "https://www.vanityfair.com/verso/static/vanity-fair/assets/logo-header.svg", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/54ca8f90f547ce3c06e1c9b9/master/w_2560%2Cc_limit/image.jpg", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/65c9873a6859b4f361c42c44/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/6617fea33e53f7520fc41c50/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/669fda9f4ab733c23fa5ddec/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/65c9873a6859b4f361c42c44/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/6617fea33e53f7520fc41c50/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/669fda9f4ab733c23fa5ddec/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/65c9873a6859b4f361c42c44/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/6617fea33e53f7520fc41c50/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/669fda9f4ab733c23fa5ddec/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/65c9873a6859b4f361c42c44/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/6617fea33e53f7520fc41c50/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/669fda9f4ab733c23fa5ddec/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/65c9873a6859b4f361c42c44/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/6617fea33e53f7520fc41c50/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/669fda9f4ab733c23fa5ddec/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/65c9873a6859b4f361c42c44/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/6617fea33e53f7520fc41c50/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/669fda9f4ab733c23fa5ddec/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/65c9873a6859b4f361c42c44/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/6617fea33e53f7520fc41c50/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/669fda9f4ab733c23fa5ddec/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/65c9873a6859b4f361c42c44/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/6617fea33e53f7520fc41c50/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/669fda9f4ab733c23fa5ddec/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/65c9873a6859b4f361c42c44/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/6617fea33e53f7520fc41c50/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/669fda9f4ab733c23fa5ddec/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66989effed2aeec6b0d7399b/1:1/pass/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66845623fda2db52c6864f62/1:1/pass/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/6697b97a7b41cf12c4c0a35d/1:1/pass/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/667db6739cc427fb165edbe0/1:1/pass/undefined", "https://www.vanityfair.com/verso/static/vanity-fair/assets/logo-small-white.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "technology", "august 2012 issue", "microsoft", "business", "kurt eichenwald", "steve ballmer" ]	null	[ "Kurt Eichenwald", "Kase Wickman", "Rebecca Ford", "Eric Lutz", "Katie Herchenroeder", "Chris Murphy", "Savannah Walsh", "Anthony Breznican", "Condé Nast" ]	2012-07-24T00:00:00-04:00	Since 2000, Microsoft has lost its lead—and its mojo. With the tech giant’s future in question, Kurt Eichenwald computes how bad C.E.O. Steve Ballmer has been for business.	en	https://www.vanityfair.com/verso/static/vanity-fair-global/assets/favicon.ico	Vanity Fair	https://www.vanityfair.com/news/business/2012/08/microsoft-lost-mojo-steve-ballmer	To the saccharine rhythm of a Muzak clip, Steve Ballmer crouched into a tackling stance and dashed across a ballroom stage at the Venetian Las Vegas. A 20-foot wall of video screens flashed his name as the 55-year-old Microsoft chief executive bear-hugged Ryan Seacrest, the ubiquitous television and radio host, who had just introduced Ballmer’s keynote speech for the 2012 International Consumer Electronics Show. More than 150,000 techies and executives were swarming the city’s hotels last January in the annual bacchanalia of cutting-edge gizmos and gadgets. Attendees ran from one vendor to the next, snapping up fistfuls of freebies, inhaling flavored oxygen, and rubbing elbows with stars such as LL Cool J and Justin Bieber. But this night, an air of discomfort filled the Palazzo Ballroom, where Ballmer was about to give the show’s opening presentation, one delivered by Microsoft’s C.E.O. for 14 of the previous 17 years—the first 11 by Bill Gates and the rest by Ballmer. Weeks earlier, the company had declared that this would be its final keynote—and, worse, that it wouldn’t even be back next year as an exhibitor to showcase new innovations. The timing for big news about its products, it said, didn’t match that of the annual high-tech pageant. Rumors had swirled throughout the day that Ballmer planned to go out in a blaze of glory, offering a peek at a yet-to-be-released stunner from a company whose recent innovations had too often been lackluster or worse. Instead, what emerged was a gonzo spectacle, structured as a confab between Seacrest and Ballmer. Cookie Monster showed up, as did a gospel choir that belted out a bizarre song composed entirely of random tweets shot into cyberspace by who-the-hell-knows. As for announcements of quantum leaps into the technological future: nothing. Ballmer applauded the still-long-awaited Windows 8 operating system (which as of this writing is available only as a release preview online). He burbled about his expectations for Xbox, the game console that successfully competed with Sony PlayStation. Out came Windows Phone 7 again, which, despite widespread praise from users, had experienced bleak sales results. A demo followed, which proved an embarrassment; the device’s voice-to-text messaging failed and then another glitch forced a Microsoft staffer to reach for a different phone. The media response was dismal—the company’s last presentation, a prominent blogger wrote, was a “cruel joke.” Microsoft’s low-octane swan song was nothing if not symbolic of more than a decade littered with errors, missed opportunities, and the devolution of one of the industry’s innovators into a “me too” purveyor of other companies’ consumer products. Over those years, inconsequential pip-squeaks and onetime zombies—Google, Facebook, Apple—roared ahead, transforming the social-media-tech experience, while a lumbering Microsoft relied mostly on pumping out Old Faithfuls such as Windows, Office, and servers for its financial performance. Amid a dynamic and ever changing marketplace, Microsoft—which declined to comment for this article—became a high-tech equivalent of a Detroit car-maker, bringing flashier models of the same old thing off of the assembly line even as its competitors upended the world. Most of its innovations have been financial debacles or of little consequence to the bottom line. And the performance showed on Wall Street; despite booming sales and profits from its flagship products, in the last decade Microsoft’s stock barely budged from around $30, while Apple’s stock is worth more than 20 times what it was 10 years ago. In December 2000, Microsoft had a market capitalization of $510 billion, making it the world’s most valuable company. As of June it is No. 3, with a market cap of $249 billion. In December 2000, Apple had a market cap of $4.8 billion and didn’t even make the list. As of this June it is No. 1 in the world, with a market cap of $541 billion. How did this jaw-dropping role reversal happen? How could a company that stands among the most cash-rich in the world, the onetime icon of cool that broke IBM’s iron grip on the computer industry, have stumbled so badly in a race it was winning? The story of Microsoft’s lost decade could serve as a business-school case study on the pitfalls of success. For what began as a lean competition machine led by young visionaries of unparalleled talent has mutated into something bloated and bureaucracy-laden, with an internal culture that unintentionally rewards managers who strangle innovative ideas that might threaten the established order of things. By the dawn of the millennium, the hallways at Microsoft were no longer home to barefoot programmers in Hawaiian shirts working through nights and weekends toward a common goal of excellence; instead, life behind the thick corporate walls had become staid and brutish. Fiefdoms had taken root, and a mastery of internal politics emerged as key to career success. In those years Microsoft had stepped up its efforts to cripple competitors, but—because of a series of astonishingly foolish management decisions—the competitors being crippled were often co-workers at Microsoft, instead of other companies. Staffers were rewarded not just for doing well but for making sure that their colleagues failed. As a result, the company was consumed by an endless series of internal knife fights. Potential market-busting businesses—such as e-book and smartphone technology—were killed, derailed, or delayed amid bickering and power plays. That is the portrait of Microsoft depicted in interviews with dozens of current and former executives, as well as in thousands of pages of internal documents and legal records. “They used to point their finger at IBM and laugh,” said Bill Hill, a former Microsoft manager. “Now they’ve become the thing they despised.” Today, Microsoft stands at a precipice, an all-or-nothing opportunity that may be Ballmer’s last chance to demonstrate to Wall Street that he is the right man with the right plan to lead the sprawling enterprise into the future. With Surface, the recently unveiled tablet, Windows 8, Windows Phone 7, Windows Server 2012, and Xbox 720 in the offing, he could be on the verge of proving his strategies—including last year’s controversial, $8.5 billion acquisition of Skype. But whether these succeed or not, executives say, the Microsoft of old, the nimble player that captured the passions of a generation of techies and software engineers, is dead and gone. “I see Microsoft as technology’s answer to Sears,” said Kurt Massey, a former senior marketing manager. “In the 40s, 50s, and 60s, Sears had it nailed. It was top-notch, but now it’s just a barren wasteland. And that’s Microsoft. The company just isn’t cool anymore.” Cool is what tech consumers want. Exhibit A: today the iPhone brings in more revenue than the entirety of Microsoft. No, really. One Apple product, something that didn’t exist five years ago, has higher sales than everything Microsoft has to offer. More than Windows, Office, Xbox, Bing, Windows Phone, and every other product that Microsoft has created since 1975. In the quarter ended March 31, 2012, iPhone had sales of $22.7 billion; Microsoft Corporation, $17.4 billion. Monopoly Money While Microsoft was once the hippest company on earth, its beginnings could be traced to the Holy Bible for nerds—Popular Electronics. In December 1974, a 21-year-old college dropout named Paul Allen purchased the latest issue of the hobbyist magazine at a newsstand in Harvard Square and was barely able to contain his excitement. In bold letters, the cover headline screamed out that the world’s first minicomputer with the power to rival commercial models had been invented. Allen rushed six blocks to Harvard College, where his high-school chum Bill Gates was a student. The two had long wanted to write an operating program using the computer language called BASIC, but Gates had held off; he would start such a project, he told Allen, only when someone developed a computer with a fast processor. Allen thrust the magazine into Gates’s hands, and the two agreed: the moment had arrived. Things moved quickly. Gates, Allen, and another friend wrote a program they called Altair BASIC and persuaded the company that made the computer—MITS, in Albuquerque—to license it. They named their new company Micro-soft. Soon, the personal-computer market was exploding. Micro-soft began selling its programs to bigger and bigger corporate players. Within two years, the company, renamed Microsoft, was setting the industry standards for microprocessor programming. Working at the young Microsoft was, by all accounts, thrilling, but also unnerving. Gates was relentless, demanding the same intense commitment of everyone he hired. In 1980, IBM—then the world’s largest computer-maker—came to Gates and Allen and licensed their company to write the operating software for their soon-to-be-released product, the IBM P.C. It was Microsoft’s big break, bringing the company the riches it needed to finance its coming blast into the stratosphere. The same year, Gates and Allen decided that neither of them had the management skills or business savvy that Microsoft needed. So Gates turned to a Harvard friend, a boisterous, loud, hard-charging math-and-economics major—Ballmer—to run the business side. Ballmer had worked as an assistant product manager at Procter & Gamble before enrolling at Stanford business school, from which he dropped out to join Microsoft. In his 2011 book, Idea Man, Allen remembers meeting Ballmer: “I thought, This guy looks like an operative for the NKVD [the secret police of the U.S.S.R.]. He had piercing blue eyes and a genuine toughness.” The company started doubling and tripling in size every year, and the operating systems from Microsoft grew in sophistication. MS-DOS was a text-based system, but then came Windows, which brought a graphic interface—desktops, icons, and the like—to P.C.’s and any other computer. On August 24, 1995, Microsoft reached the pinnacle of cool, releasing what would then be its largest-selling operating system ever: Windows 95. Seeking to buy the first copies, computer geeks lined up at midnight around the block outside technology stores. Jay Leno showed up at Microsoft’s campus to celebrate, and the Empire State Building was lit in Microsoft’s colors—red, yellow, and green. Gates paid $3 million to the Rolling Stones for rights to use their classic “Start Me Up” as the theme song for ads and other presentations. Yes, a theme song. For software. By the end of 1997, Windows 95, along with Microsoft’s other operating systems, ran on 86.3 percent of the P.C.’s in the U.S. (Apple’s Mac O.S., by contrast, then had only 4.6 percent of the market.) Worth $6.8 billion, Bill Gates had been named the richest man in the world by Forbes magazine in 1992. Nerds were now chic, and Microsoft exerted unprecedented power over American society. It seemed as if nothing could ever slow the software Goliath. On the other hand, investor Warren Buffett, the “oracle of Omaha,” didn’t get Microsoft. It was August 1997, and Jeff Raikes—the executive responsible for Microsoft’s sales, marketing, and service initiatives—was urging him to buy shares. Microsoft, Raikes wrote in an e-mail, was just like the Coca-Cola Company, one of Buffett’s best-known investments. Coke essentially received a royalty on swallows; Microsoft manned the toll bridge for almost every personal computer sold in the world. Still, Raikes conceded, there was a danger in Microsoft shares. The threat, he wrote, was from some unforeseen transformation of the tech market, the same phenomenon that had crippled IBM, the granddaddy of computer giants, when Microsoft burst onto the scene. “I think [I.B.M’s] addiction to the power they had in previous generations of computing really blindsided them from the paradigm shift of the PC,” he wrote. That concern about Microsoft made sense to Buffett. Would the company fall prey to the arrogance that dethroned IBM? Would there be another paradigm shift that Microsoft didn’t see until it was too late? Raikes acknowledged that he had the same worries. “I do wonder about the time period ten or twenty or more years down the road,” he wrote. He had good reason to fret. Signs that Microsoft would be missing the boat in the next decade were already emerging. That very moment at Microsoft’s headquarters, in Redmond, Washington, a group of executives were developing a device that, in 10 years’ time, would transform a multi-billion-dollar industry: an electronic reader that allowed customers to download digital versions of any written material—books, magazines, newspapers, whatever. But, despite its multi-year head start, Microsoft would not be the one to introduce the game-changing innovation to the market. Instead, the big profits would eventually go to Amazon and Apple. The spark of inspiration for the device had come from a 1979 work of science fiction, The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, by Douglas Adams. The novel put forth the idea that a single book could hold all knowledge in the galaxy. An e-book, the Microsoft developers believed, would bring Adams’s vision to life. By 1998 a prototype of the revolutionary tool was ready to go. Thrilled with its success and anticipating accolades, the technology group sent the device to Bill Gates—who promptly gave it a thumbs-down. The e-book wasn’t right for Microsoft, he declared. “He didn’t like the user interface, because it didn’t look like Windows,” one programmer involved in the project recalled. But Windows would have been completely wrong for an e-book, team members agreed. The point was to have a book, and a book alone, appear on the full screen. Real books didn’t have images from Microsoft Windows floating around; putting them into an electronic version would do nothing but undermine the consumer experience. The group working on the initiative was removed from a reporting line to Gates and folded into the major-product group dedicated to software for Office, the other mammoth Microsoft moneymaker besides Windows. Immediately, the technology unit was reclassified from one charged with dreaming up and producing new ideas to one required to report profits and losses right away. “Our entire plan had to be moved forward three to four years from 2003–04, and we had to ship a product in 1999,” said Steve Stone, a founder of the technology group. “We couldn’t be focused anymore on developing technology that was effective for consumers. Instead, all of a sudden we had to look at this and say, ‘How are we going to use this to make money?’ And it was impossible.” Rushing the product to market cost Microsoft dearly. The software had been designed to run on a pad with touch-screen technology, a feature later popularized with the iPhone. Instead, the company pushed out Microsoft Reader, to run on the Microsoft Pocket PC, a small, phone-size device, and, soon after, on Windows. The plan to give consumers something light and simple that would allow them to read on a book-size screen was terminated. The death of the e-book effort was not simply the consequence of a desire for immediate profits, according to a former official in the Office division. The real problem for his colleagues was that a simple touch-screen device was seen as a laughable distraction from the tried-and-true ways of dealing with data. “Office is designed to inputting with a keyboard, not a stylus or a finger,” the official said. “There were all kinds of personal prejudices at work.” Indeed, executives said, Microsoft failed repeatedly to jump on emerging technologies because of the company’s fealty to Windows and Office. “Windows was the god—everything had to work with Windows,” said Stone. “Ideas about mobile computing with a user experience that was cleaner than with a P.C. were deemed unimportant by a few powerful people in that division, and they managed to kill the effort.” This prejudice permeated the company, leaving it unable to move quickly when faced with challenges from new competitors. “Every little thing you want to write has to build off of Windows or other existing products,” one software engineer said. “It can be very confusing, because a lot of the time the problems you’re trying to solve aren’t the ones that you have with your product, but because you have to go through the mental exercise of how this framework works. It just slows you down.” But the power of the Windows and Office divisions in dictating the direction of product development was only one of the myriad problems unfolding within Microsoft that served to crush innovation. The far bigger issue, executives said, was a corporate culture that by 2001 was heading down the path of self-immolating chaos. The Bubble Bursts In the early 1990s, it seemed as if every Microsoft employee’s computer ran an application that left an image on their screens at all times: a cartoon depiction of a face whose expression changed depending on the direction of the company’s stock price. When shares increased in value, the face smiled; when they fell, it frowned. And no wonder. Almost every employee received a stake in the company through stock options. When the share price went up, everyone got richer. When it went down, everyone was—well, a little less rich. The mythology was true: in the early days Microsoft minted millionaires almost as quickly as it packaged software—the original 11 staff members besides Gates and Allen came away with sums ranging from $1 million to $100 million—and the result was that everyone ran full speed in hopes of pushing up the stock price a little bit more. “People were eager and in a big hurry to capitalize on every opportunity to gather new revenue,” said Ed McCahill, who worked at Microsoft as a marketing manager for 16 years. “In every meeting, there were clear goals and clear outcomes, because everybody knew that the faster they could move the quicker the stock price would go up and the sooner they would be wealthy.” Résumés poured into Microsoft from business-school and engineering students lured by tales of vast riches, and the company went on a hiring binge. Many of the longtime executives let new employees handle the work while they themselves lolled around, waiting for the next vesting period when they could exercise more options—a behavior known derisively by the younger hires as “rest and vest.” Then everything changed. On December 30, 1999, the face from the computer application frowned. Microsoft stock had hit its pre-split all-time high of $119.94 a share the day before, then started to fall. Even Microsoft, it turned out, was not immune to the dot-com crash. Sixteen days later, Bill Gates handed off the C.E.O. reins to Ballmer. “I was stunned when Bill announced that he was stepping aside to become ‘chief software architect’ in January 2000, with Steve Ballmer succeeding him as C.E.O.,” recalled Paul Allen. “While Steve had long served as Bill’s top lieutenant, you got the sense through the nineties that he wasn’t necessarily being groomed for Microsoft’s top spot. I’d say that Bill viewed him as a very smart executive with less affinity for technology than for the business side—that Steve just wasn’t a ‘product guy.’ ” A businessman with a background in deal-making, finance, and product marketing had replaced a software-and-technological genius. Within a year, Microsoft had lost more than half its value, never to return to its soaring heights of the past. The stock options—once the golden key to untold wealth—were underwater. The music had stopped. The Microsoft Millionaires were now working alongside the Microsoft Minions. One came to work bragging about his new Bentley; the other made do with a Dodge Neon. The days of shoulder-to-shoulder teams fighting to beat the world were over. A financial fissure tore at already strained relationships between the Old Guard and the new blood. Small changes in corporate policy began to be perceived as slights to those who hadn’t been lucky enough to land at Microsoft in time to become millionaires. When the company decided in about 2003 to save money by no longer providing towels for employees using the company showers, the response was pure fury. The older employees had millions, and the younger ones couldn’t have towels? “If you just add up the time people spent sending angry e-mails about the towels disappearing … I expect they lost a lot more money than the cost savings from the towels,” a former lead software-design engineer said. The towels returned, but the bitterness about cost-cutting didn’t end. Microsoft abandoned its gold-plated health-insurance plan—the enticement, some former employees told me, that had brought them there in the first place. Whiteboards grew scarcer. It even became harder to find office supplies. Worse, the strategy for success at Microsoft was turned on its head. Where once creating innovations was both the thrill of the job and the path to riches through stock options, guaranteed financial success could now be achieved only the way it was at stodgy old General Motors or IBM—through promotions. “People realized they weren’t going to get wealthy,” one former senior executive said. “They turned into people trying to move up the ladder, rather than people trying to make a big contribution to the firm.” And so, the bureaucratization of Microsoft began. Some executives traced the change to the ascension of Ballmer, but in truth Microsoft’s era of fast cash was almost certainly the actual driving force. More employees seeking management slots led to more managers, more managers led to more meetings, more meetings led to more memos, and more red tape led to less innovation. Everything, one executive said, advanced at a snail’s pace. “There was this institutionalized system, and it was like designing software by committee,” said Prasanna Sankaranarayanan, a former Microsoft engineer. “Things moved too slowly. There were too many meetings.” Just as with e-books, opportunities for major product developments slipped away. Windows CE, an operating system distinct from Windows that was originally used for pocket devices like personal digital assistants, would ultimately be the foundation of the mobile operating system that would power Microsoft’s first smartphones. But despite the fact that Microsoft had the jump on its competitors with Windows CE, it still lost the race for the wildly successful smartphones. “You look at the Windows Phone and you can’t help but wonder, How did Microsoft squander the lead they had with the Windows CE devices?” said McCahill. “They had a great lead, they were years ahead. And they completely blew it. And they completely blew it because of the bureaucracy.” The achingly slow processes at times bordered on the comical. Marc Turkel, a product manager, told me about an initiative he oversaw around 2010 that involved multiple groups. At the same time the new project began, workers were breaking ground for construction of a 12-story building that would occupy a square block; Turkel’s office window looked out on the construction site. Turkel began negotiating with the different managers, then their supervisors, and then their supervisors as he tried to get the project finished. “It was amazing the amount of buyoff that was required,” he said. “It was something, without all that time we wasted, that should have taken six weeks at most.” Finally, one day, Turkel was running another interminable meeting when he looked out the window. The building was finished. The project was not. “I pointed to the building and said, ‘When we started this, that building didn’t exist,’ ” Turkel told me. “It was unbelievable.” Sometimes, though, the problems from bureaucracy came down to a simple reality: The young hotshots from the 1980s, techies who had joined the company in their 20s and 30s, had become middle-aged managers in their 40s and 50s. And, some younger engineers said, a good number of the bosses just didn’t understand the burgeoning class of computer users who had been children—or hadn’t even been born—when Microsoft opened its doors. When younger employees tried to point out emerging trends among their friends, supervisors sometimes just waved them away. “Most senior people were out of touch with the ways the home users were starting to use computers, especially the younger generation,” one software developer said. An example—in 1997, AOL introduced its instant-messenger program, called AIM, a precursor to the texting functions on cell phones. Two years later, Microsoft followed with a similar program, called MSN Messenger. In 2003, a young developer noticed that friends in college signed up for AIM exclusively and left it running most of the time. The reason? They wanted to use the program’s status message, which allowed them to type a short note telling their online buddies what they were doing, even when they weren’t at the computer. Messages like “gone shopping” and “studying for my exams” became commonplace. “That was the beginning of the trend toward Facebook, people having somewhere to put their thoughts, a continuous stream of consciousness,” said the developer, who worked in the MSN Messenger unit. “The main purpose of AIM wasn’t to chat, but to give you the chance to log in at any time and check out what your friends were doing.” The developer concluded that no young person would switch from AIM to MSN Messenger, which did not have the short-message feature. He spoke about the problem to his boss, a middle-aged man. The supervisor dismissed the developer’s concerns as silly. Why would young people care about putting up a few words? Anyone who wanted to tell friends what they were doing could write it on their profile page, he said. Meaning users would have to open the profile pages, one friend at a time, and search for a status message, if it was there at all. “He didn’t get it,” the developer said. “And because he didn’t know or didn’t believe how young people were using messenger programs, we didn’t do anything.” “The Bell Curve” By 2002 the by-product of bureaucracy—brutal corporate politics—had reared its head at Microsoft. And, current and former executives said, each year the intensity and destructiveness of the game playing grew worse as employees struggled to beat out their co-workers for promotions, bonuses, or just survival. Microsoft’s managers, intentionally or not, pumped up the volume on the viciousness. What emerged—when combined with the bitterness about financial disparities among employees, the slow pace of development, and the power of the Windows and Office divisions to kill innovation—was a toxic stew of internal antagonism and warfare. “If you don’t play the politics, it’s management by character assassination,” said Turkel. At the center of the cultural problems was a management system called “stack ranking.” Every current and former Microsoft employee I interviewed—every one—cited stack ranking as the most destructive process inside of Microsoft, something that drove out untold numbers of employees. The system—also referred to as “the performance model,” “the bell curve,” or just “the employee review”—has, with certain variations over the years, worked like this: every unit was forced to declare a certain percentage of employees as top performers, then good performers, then average, then below average, then poor. “If you were on a team of 10 people, you walked in the first day knowing that, no matter how good everyone was, two people were going to get a great review, seven were going to get mediocre reviews, and one was going to get a terrible review,” said a former software developer. “It leads to employees focusing on competing with each other rather than competing with other companies.” Supposing Microsoft had managed to hire technology’s top players into a single unit before they made their names elsewhere—Steve Jobs of Apple, Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook, Larry Page of Google, Larry Ellison of Oracle, and Jeff Bezos of Amazon—regardless of performance, under one of the iterations of stack ranking, two of them would have to be rated as below average, with one deemed disastrous. For that reason, executives said, a lot of Microsoft superstars did everything they could to avoid working alongside other top-notch developers, out of fear that they would be hurt in the rankings. And the reviews had real-world consequences: those at the top received bonuses and promotions; those at the bottom usually received no cash or were shown the door. Outcomes from the process were never predictable. Employees in certain divisions were given what were known as M.B.O.’s—management business objectives—which were essentially the expectations for what they would accomplish in a particular year. But even achieving every M.B.O. was no guarantee of receiving a high ranking, since some other employee could exceed the assigned performance. As a result, Microsoft employees not only tried to do a good job but also worked hard to make sure their colleagues did not. “The behavior this engenders, people do everything they can to stay out of the bottom bucket,” one Microsoft engineer said. “People responsible for features will openly sabotage other people’s efforts. One of the most valuable things I learned was to give the appearance of being courteous while withholding just enough information from colleagues to ensure they didn’t get ahead of me on the rankings.” Worse, because the reviews came every six months, employees and their supervisors—who were also ranked—focused on their short-term performance, rather than on longer efforts to innovate. “The six-month reviews forced a lot of bad decision-making,” one software designer said. “People planned their days and their years around the review, rather than around products. You really had to focus on the six-month performance, rather than on doing what was right for the company.” There was some room for bending the numbers a bit. Each team would be within a larger Microsoft group. The supervisors of the teams could have slightly more of their employees in the higher ranks so long as the full group met the required percentages. So, every six months, all of the supervisors in a single group met for a few days of horse trading. On the first day, the supervisors—as many as 30—gather in a single conference room. Blinds are drawn; doors are closed. A grid containing possible rankings is put up—sometimes on a whiteboard, sometimes on a poster board tacked to the wall—and everyone breaks out Post-it notes. Names of team members are scribbled on the notes, then each manager takes a turn placing the slips of paper into the grid boxes. Usually, though, the numbers don’t work on the first go-round. That’s when the haggling begins. “There are some pretty impassioned debates and the Post-it notes end up being shuffled around for days so that we can meet the bell curve,” said one Microsoft manager who has participated in a number of the sessions. “It doesn’t always work out well. I myself have had to give rankings to people that they didn’t deserve because of this forced curve.” The best way to guarantee a higher ranking, executives said, is to keep in mind the realities of those behind-the-scenes debates—every employee has to impress not only his or her boss but bosses from other teams as well. And that means schmoozing and brown-nosing as many supervisors as possible. “I was told in almost every review that the political game was always important for my career development,” said Brian Cody, a former Microsoft engineer. “It was always much more on ‘Let’s work on the political game’ than on improving my actual performance.” Like other employees I interviewed, Cody said that the reality of the corporate culture slowed everything down. “It got to the point where I was second-guessing everything I was doing,” he said. “Whenever I had a question for some other team, instead of going to the developer who had the answer, I would first touch base with that developer’s manager, so that he knew what I was working on. That was the only way to be visible to other managers, which you needed for the review.” I asked Cody whether his review was ever based on the quality of his work. He paused for a very long time. “It was always much less about how I could become a better engineer and much more about my need to improve my visibility among other managers.” In the end, the stack-ranking system crippled the ability to innovate at Microsoft, executives said. “I wanted to build a team of people who would work together and whose only focus would be on making great software,” said Bill Hill, the former manager. “But you can’t do that at Microsoft.” Why, Jim Allchin wanted to know, was Apple’s technology so much better than Microsoft’s? “I would buy a Mac today if I was not working at Microsoft,” Allchin, a senior member of Microsoft’s leadership team, wrote in a January 7, 2004, e-mail to Gates and Ballmer. “Apple did not lose their way.” Truly, for senior management, the problems didn’t make sense. Microsoft had some of the smartest people in the technology business. It had billions of dollars at its disposal, and the ability to throw that money into any project the executives chose. How was Apple avoiding Microsoft’s pitfalls? The answer wasn’t hard to find. Current and former executives said that, each year, they tried to explain to Microsoft’s top executives why the company was struggling in the quality of its innovation compared with Apple, Google, and other competitors. The information was conveyed through employee surveys conducted every six months. Time and again, the message from the responses was the same: groups at Microsoft that are supposed to be working together aren’t, a symptom of the stack-ranking program. And in response the company did … nothing in particular. “Microsoft keeps surveying the employees, hearing about the problem, trying to fix it the same way every time, and it never works,” said Turkel. And so Microsoft kept getting slammed by the competition. Apple released the iPod music player in 2001; two years later, senior managers at Microsoft were still trying to figure out how to compete. “Because we are going to be so late with a music service, we are going to be behind others almost forever it seems like,” Bill Gates wrote in a November 2, 2003, e-mail to a group of managers. “People won’t want to give up their hardware.” The result, Gates wrote, was that they wouldn’t be able to persuade customers to use a Microsoft system: “I don’t see enough that we are doing that will help us be viewed as a leader People I know (a rich group, I admit) are getting iPods with thousands of songs on them.” Herb Allen Jr., the billionaire investment banker with Allen & Company, had purchased dozens of iPods for his friends, Gates said. “Warren Buffett just loves the thing,” he wrote. Less than two weeks later, Allchin tried out a music device being developed for Microsoft by an independent hardware vendor. He reviewed the experience in a November 13 e-mail to a group of executives. “I have to tell you, my experience with our software and this device is really terrible,” he wrote. “Apple is just so far ahead.” Years passed. Finally, on November 14, 2006, Microsoft introduced its own music player, called Zune. Fifty-four days later, Steve Jobs unveiled the iPhone, which combined a mobile phone, a music player, Internet capability, a camera, and other features not available on Zune. But the iPod was still around for customers who didn’t want a phone. In fact, Apple had already introduced its fifth-generation iPod, its less expensive iPod Mini, and was about a year away from marketing the least costly of its music players, the iPod Nano. Zune was blown away. By 2009, iPod maintained an astonishing 71 percent of the market, the kind of numbers rarely seen anywhere outside of a North Korean election. Meanwhile, Zune limped along with less than 4 percent. Last October, Microsoft discontinued it, in hopes that customers would instead purchase a Windows Phone that, like the iPhone, has a music player. Jobs Creation Apple blasted ahead even on operating systems—Microsoft’s bread and butter—during the lost decade. In May 2001, Microsoft undertook a project code-named Longhorn, which was expected to ship in late 2003 under the name Windows Vista. Executives had a number of objectives for Longhorn, including competing with the free operating system called Linux by supporting a programming language named C#, which allowed for easier development of other software; creating a Windows File System, or WinFS, which could save different types of files into a single database; and creating a display system, code-named Avalon, that would give software the same appearance as a Web site. As development took off, Microsoft engineers dumped a grab bag of functions into Longhorn. Huge teams were assigned to the effort, but despite all the work, the launch was postponed again and again. The program took as long as 10 minutes to boot up. It was unstable and frequently crashed. Then, in June 2004, Steve Jobs announced that Apple was releasing its new operating system, called “Tiger.” And inside Microsoft, jaws dropped. Tiger did much of what was planned for Longhorn—except that it worked. E-mails flew around Microsoft, expressing dismay about the quality of Tiger. To executives’ disbelief, it contained functional equivalents of Avalon and WinFS. “It was fucking amazing,” wrote Lenn Pryor, part of the Longhorn team. “It is like I just got a free pass to Longhorn land today.” Vic Gundotra, another member of the group, tried out Tiger. “Their Avalon competitor (core video, core image) was hot,” he wrote. “I have the cool widgets (dashboard) running on my MAC right now with all the effects [Jobs] showed on stage. I’ve had no crashes in 5 hours.” The videoconferencing function? “Amazing,” Gundotra wrote. Scripting software? “Very cool.” The Gundotra e-mail was sent to executives throughout Microsoft headquarters, including Allchin. He forwarded it to Gates and Ballmer, adding his name and one word: “Sigh … ” Longhorn was doomed. A few months later, Allchin brought together the Longhorn team and made the announcement: Microsoft couldn’t complete Windows Vista in time to hit the latest planned release date. In fact, the company couldn’t foresee any launch date. So a decision had been made at the most senior reaches of Microsoft: after three years of work, throw everything out and start over. It was decided, at least for now, to drop or modify many of the original objectives; no more using C#, abandon WinFS, and revise Avalon. Apple was already in the market with those features; Microsoft was basically giving up in its effort to figure out how to make them work. More than two years passed before Vista was available in stores, and the public response was scathing. PC World, the industry magazine, declared it the biggest tech disappointment of 2007. Apple had won hands down on Microsoft’s playing field for operating systems. Then came Bing. Cue the evil laughter and organ music. By the fall of 2004, Microsoft faced a huge challenge from Google, because the smaller enterprise was snagging so many talented young software designers. Google was emerging as the new “It” company, with lots of cachet. The search-engine titan had gone public in August and, just like the Microsoft of old, was minting millionaires from stock options dished out to employees. And, it seemed, day after day, a few more Microsoft executives announced their plans to jump ship to the upstart competitor. One topflight engineer, Mark Lucovsky, met with Ballmer on November 11, 2004, as a courtesy to let him know that he had accepted an offer from Google, which at the time was led by Eric Schmidt. And, according to a sworn statement submitted by Lucovsky in an unrelated lawsuit, Ballmer exploded. He threw a chair against the wall. “Fucking Eric Schmidt is a fucking pussy!” Ballmer yelled, according to the court document. “I’m going to fucking bury that guy! I have done it before and I will do it again. I’m going to fucking kill Google.” Internet search emerged as Microsoft’s newest top priority. At that point, the company already had a mediocre search engine, called MSN Search, but it didn’t hold a candle to Google. So, Microsoft developed Windows Live Search, which also proved inferior. Following more revisions, with a few features discontinued, Microsoft announced its new platform, called Live Search. Finally, in May 2009, Ballmer unveiled Bing. But by then the unit working on online search had become encrusted with Microsoft bureaucracy and the usual destructiveness that came along with it. “It was a bloated mishmash of folks,” said Johann Garcia, a former Microsoft product manager who worked on the Bing project. “They had two or three times the number of people they needed. There were just so many layers of people.” Working in the online division evolved into a miserable experience, members of that unit said. Most of the homegrown innovations were shoved aside. Instead, managers spent their days studying Google and telling the employees working on Bing to match whatever that competitor brought out. “There was this never-ending demand to keep up with Google, and after a while we saw no more innovation for Bing,” Garcia said. “Google was so far ahead and we had so much infighting. A lot of people became so unhappy and just lost all momentum.” To date, Bing has lost about $6 billion for Microsoft; add in the earlier search products and the amount of money poured into the effort rises to almost $10 billion. Microsoft did have some success making deals for Bing, in particular with Yahoo. In 2009 the two reached an agreement—controversial among investors—under which the Bing search engine would power the Yahoo Web site and the two would share revenues. In the years since, Microsoft has boasted that Bing’s share of the search marketplace has grown significantly. All of Microsoft’s search sites accounted for 15.3 percent of the domestic market in March, according to ComScore Inc., up from 11.7 percent in March 2010. Dig a little deeper, though, and the numbers aren’t quite as impressive. During that same time, Google’s share of the market went up. Most of the increase in business for Bing came from users switching from Yahoo. Bing’s improved performance was coming at the expense of Yahoo, its erstwhile partner. Microsoft was eating its own. When Apple introduced the iPhone, Steve Ballmer laughed. “No chance that the iPhone is going to get any significant market share,” he said in 2007, adding that same year, “iPod is a hot brand—not Apple.” He pooh-poohed the iPad when it came out, in 2010, and it has been busting down the barn doors ever since, selling more than 55 million units. As for Google, Ballmer’s predictions were equally off base—according to court records, in 2005 he proclaimed, “Google’s not a real company. It’s a house of cards.” Plenty of people can make predictions that prove boneheaded. But Ballmer’s bad calls have been particularly damaging for him inside Microsoft. Until his dying days, Steve Jobs could not only predict the direction the marketplace would be heading, but help drive it there. Google continues to pop out feature after feature and is now shooting directly at Microsoft’s main business lines: Google Docs is a free Web program competing with Microsoft Office. Google Chrome OS is a free operating system targeted at Windows. With the competitors showing that kind of success—and winning so many accolades—Ballmer’s confidently proclaimed errors have been hugely embarrassing for Microsoft’s technical specialists, fueling muttered complaints that their C.E.O., a man with little technological background, was undermining them within the techie community. “Steve has a knack for putting his foot in his mouth and being made to look incredibly foolish, and that just always grated on people at Microsoft,” said a former program manager who left the company last year to work at Google. “When he makes these predictions that are so horribly wrong, and you know it at the time, it is hard to forgive that, because it means he is hopelessly out of touch with reality or not listening to the tech staff around him.” Ballmer’s key business philosophy for Microsoft was so antiquated as to be irrelevant. The Microsoft C.E.O. used to proclaim that it would not be first to be cool, but would be first to profit—in other words, it would be the first to make money by selling its own version of new technologies. But that depended on one fact: Microsoft could buy its way into the lead, because it always had so much more cash on hand than any of its competitors. No more. The advantage that Ballmer relied on for so long is now nonexistent. Google has almost the same amount of cash on its books as Microsoft—$50 billion to Microsoft’s $58 billion. Apple, on the other hand, started the year with about $100 billion. Using superior financial muscle to take over a market won’t work for Microsoft or Ballmer anymore.
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"https://www.oxygenxml.com/img/opensource.png", "https://www.oxygenxml.com/img/availability.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/favicon.ico		null	XML IDE Various useful perspectives include: XML Editor, XSLT Debugger, XQuery Debugger, XML Databases, XML Tree Editor The Oxygen XML Editor views can be configured to be dockable, floating, and hideable Manage project-level options, transformation scenarios, and editor layouts to share with others The toolbars in Oxygen XML Editor can be customized according to your specific needs Multiple files can be validated and transformed with a single action Intelligent XML editing Advanced content completion support offers a context-sensitive list of XML elements, attributes, and values and is driven by XML Schema, Relax NG, NVDL, DTD, or the document structure Easily edit XML documents with repetitive patterns using the XML Grid Editing Mode Schema annotations/DTD comments are presented in a documentation window next to the content completion proposals Editing and validation support for NVDL scripts and XML documents associated with NVDL Quickly insert XML code templates using the Content Completion Assistant Powerful tree-based XML Outline view, synchronized in real time with the edited document New XML file wizards allow you to easily create XML documents that specify a schema or DTD Quick Assist and Quick Fix support helps you to quickly resolve errors in XML documents Schema Model View presents schema information about the current XML element XSL/XSLT Support XSLT 1.0, XSLT 2.0, and XSLT 3.0 editing, validation, transformation, debugging, and profiling support Multiple XSLT processors included: Xalan 2.7.1, Saxon 6.5.5, Saxon EE, XSLTProc, and MSXML3.0/4.0/.NET 1.0/2.0 XSLT debugging using various built-in processors: Xalan 2.7.1, Saxon 6.5.5, Saxon Home Edition, Saxon Professional Edition, as well as the Schema-Aware Saxon Enterprise Edition Easy XSLT/XQuery transformation and XML validation management with reusable scenarios Powerful XSLT search and refactoring actions can be performed across multiple files Preview the transformation results as XHTML, XML, or in your default browser Generate XSLT stylesheet documentation in HTML or custom formats XSLT Input view displays the structure of the associated XML document and can be used to create XSLT templates or snippets Single-Source XML Publishing Visual WYSIWYG XML-editing mode, based on W3C CSS stylesheets Ready-to-use visual editing support for DocBook, DITA, TEI, JATS, and XHTML frameworks Visual DITA Maps Manager, closely integrated with the DITA Open Toolkit FO transformations using embedded Apache FOP to generate PDF output from XML files Support for customizing external Formatting Object Processors Complete solution for editing documents in left to right and right to left scripts, offering full Unicode and Multi-lingual editing support Easy to use form controls provide a convenient way to display content and for users to enter data Preconfigured publishing scenarios for HTML, WebHelp, PDF, and Eclipse/Windows Help Support for editing, validating, and creating EPUB files and predefined transformation scenarios allow you to publish DITA and DocBook files to EPUB documents XQuery Support Query, edit, or browse using XQuery and SQL XSLT or XQuery output results are Mapped to the source and stylesheet or XQuery file locations XQuery 1.0/3.0/3.1 editing, validation, transformation debugging, and profiling support Integrated XQuery Debugger and improved complex remote debugging support for MarkLogic XML Database Profile queries to help identify performance issues with the Invocation Tree and Hotspots views XPath Support XPath evaluation and syntax checking, XPath content completion support Content Completion Assistant with functions and annotations for XPath 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 The XPath Builder view assists you with editing multi-line complex expressions The Content Completion Assistant offers XPath functions in Schematron The outcome of XPath queries is presented in a Results panel that offers options for saving, printing, and highlighting the results Availability Oxygen XML Editor is available for multiple operating systems and platforms (as a standalone desktop or JWS app, or Eclipse plugin) A variety of versions and licensing options are available and the same license can be used on any platform with any distribution of Oxygen
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	0	16	https://www.salary.com/research/company/advanced-oxygen-technologies-inc-overview	en	Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc Overview			[ "https://www.salary.com/research/Styles/Salary/img/salary-logo-reversed.svg", "https://www.salary.com/research/Styles/Salary/img/salary-logo.svg", "https://www.salary.com/research/salary/Images/spinner-typeahead-transparent.gif", "https://www.salary.com/research/company/Images/icon_jobSalary.svg", "https://www.salary.com/research/company/Images/icon-Job Openings.svg", "https://www.salary.com/research/company/Images/icon_Benchmark_Job_Report.svg", "https://www.salary.com/research/company/Images/icon_jobPricing.svg", "https://www.salary.com/research/company/Images/icon-Job Openings.svg", "https://www.salary.com/research/company/Images/sa-topic.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Salary.com" ]	null	Discover essential details about Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc, including address, contact, and journey of our company's evolution.			Salary.com	https://www.salary.com/research/company/advanced-oxygen-technologies-inc-overview	Who is Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc View Company Salary Advanced Oxygen Technologies, Inc., through its subsidiaries, owns and leases a commercial real estate property in Vojens, Denmark. Its property is land only, as well as a parcel that is used as a fuel station. The company also distributes and sells cargo security straps and tie downs. The company w... 1. Where is Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc's headquarters? Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc's headquarters is at 653 Vt Rte 12a, Randolph, Vermont. 2. What is the official website of Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc? The official website of Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc: aoxy-ca.com. 3. What is the revenue of Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc? The revenue of Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc is $0Million - $1Million. 4. What is the SIC code for Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc? The SIC code for Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc is 6531. The SIC Industry means Real Estate Agents and Managers. 5. What is the NAICS code for Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc? The NAICS code for Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc is 5313. This code means Activities Related to Real Estate. 6. How many people does Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc employ? There are 1-5 people at Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc. 7. What industry is Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc in? Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc is in the industry of Business Services. 8. What technologies does Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc rely on? Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc is powered by such technologies as Quali, NetSuite, NetSuite ERP, NTENT Hosting. 9. What social media platforms is Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc on? Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc is on these social media platforms: LinkedIn, Twitter, Fackbook. 10. What is the company type of Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc? Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc can be distinguished as a public company. 11. What is the founding date of Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc? Advanced Oxygen Technologies Inc was founded in 1981.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	2	5	https://hbr.org/2013/12/how-google-sold-its-engineers-on-management	en	How Google Sold Its Engineers on Management	https://hbr.org/resource…raph_940x490.png	https://hbr.org/resource…raph_940x490.png	[ "https://hbr.org/resources/css/images/HBR_logo_black.svg", "https://hbr.org/resources/css/images/cart-icon.png", "https://hbr.org/resources/css/images/HBR_logo_black.svg", "https://hbr.org/resources/images/article_assets/hbr/1312/R1312D_HAGEN.jpg", "https://hbr.org/resources/images/article_assets/hbr/1312/R1312D_A.gif", "https://hbr.org/resources/images/article_assets/hbr/1312/R1312D_B.gif", "https://hbr.org/resources/images/article_assets/2015/07/2015.png", "https://hbr.org/resources/css/images/hbr_logo.svg", "https://hbr.org/resources/images/2018/new_logo_May11.png", "http://b.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=14457509&cv=2.0&cj=1" ]	[ "/resources/html/infographics/2013/12/R1312D-sidebar/GarvinInteractive.html" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "David A. Garvin" ]	2013-12-01T05:00:00+00:00	Reprint: R1312D High-performing knowledge workers often question whether managers actually contribute much, especially in a technical environment. Until recently, that was the case at Google, a company filled with self-starters who viewed management as more destructive than beneficial and as a distraction from “real work.” But when Google’s people analytics team examined the value of managers, applying the same rigorous research methods the company uses in its operations, it proved the skeptics wrong. Mining data from employee surveys, performance reviews, and double-blind interviews, the team verified that managers indeed had a positive impact. It also pinpointed exactly how, identifying the eight key behaviors of great Google managers. In this article, Harvard Business School professor Garvin describes how Google has incorporated the detailed findings from the research into highly specific, concrete guidelines; classes; and feedback reports that help managers hone their essential skills. Because these tools were built from the ground up, using the staff’s own input, they’ve been embraced by Google employees. Managers say that they’ve found their training to be invaluable, and managers’ ratings from direct reports have steadily risen across the company.		/resources/images/favicon.ico	Harvard Business Review	https://hbr.org/2013/12/how-google-sold-its-engineers-on-management	Since the early days of Google, people throughout the company have questioned the value of managers. That skepticism stems from a highly technocratic culture. As one software engineer, Eric Flatt, puts it, “We are a company built by engineers for engineers.” And most engineers, not just those at Google, want to spend their time designing and debugging, not communicating with bosses or supervising other workers’ progress. In their hearts they’ve long believed that management is more destructive than beneficial, a distraction from “real work” and tangible, goal-directed tasks. A few years into the company’s life, founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin actually wondered whether Google needed any managers at all. In 2002 they experimented with a completely flat organization, eliminating engineering managers in an effort to break down barriers to rapid idea development and to replicate the collegial environment they’d enjoyed in graduate school. That experiment lasted only a few months: They relented when too many people went directly to Page with questions about expense reports, interpersonal conflicts, and other nitty-gritty issues. And as the company grew, the founders soon realized that managers contributed in many other, important ways—for instance, by communicating strategy, helping employees prioritize projects, facilitating collaboration, supporting career development, and ensuring that processes and systems aligned with company goals. Google now has some layers but not as many as you might expect in an organization with more than 37,000 employees: just 5,000 managers, 1,000 directors, and 100 vice presidents. It’s not uncommon to find engineering managers with 30 direct reports. Flatt says that’s by design, to prevent micromanaging. “There is only so much you can meddle when you have 30 people on your team, so you have to focus on creating the best environment for engineers to make things happen,” he notes. Google gives its rank and file room to make decisions and innovate. Along with that freedom comes a greater respect for technical expertise, skillful problem solving, and good ideas than for titles and formal authority. Given the overall indifference to pecking order, anyone making a case for change at the company needs to provide compelling logic and rich supporting data. Seldom do employees accept top-down directives without question. Google downplays hierarchy and emphasizes the power of the individual in its recruitment efforts, as well, to achieve the right cultural fit. Using a rigorous, data-driven hiring process, the company goes to great lengths to attract young, ambitious self-starters and original thinkers. It screens candidates’ résumés for markers that indicate potential to excel there—especially general cognitive ability. People who make that first cut are then carefully assessed for initiative, flexibility, collaborative spirit, evidence of being well-rounded, and other factors that make a candidate “Googley.” So here’s the challenge Google faced: If your highly skilled, handpicked hires don’t value management, how can you run the place effectively? How do you turn doubters into believers, persuading them to spend time managing others? As it turns out, by applying the same analytical rigor and tools that you used to hire them in the first place—and that they set such store by in their own work. You use data to test your assumptions about management’s merits and then make your case. Analyzing the Soft Stuff To understand how Google set out to prove managers’ worth, let’s go back to 2006, when Page and Brin brought in Laszlo Bock to head up the human resources function—appropriately called people operations, or people ops. From the start, people ops managed performance reviews, which included annual 360-degree assessments. It also helped conduct and interpret the Googlegeist employee survey on career development goals, perks, benefits, and company culture. A year later, with that foundation in place, Bock hired Prasad Setty from Capital One to lead a people analytics group. He challenged Setty to approach HR with the same empirical discipline Google applied to its business operations. Setty took him at his word, recruiting several PhDs with serious research chops. This new team was committed to leading organizational change. “I didn’t want our group to be simply a reporting house,” Setty recalls. “Organizations can get bogged down in all that data. Instead, I wanted us to be hypothesis-driven and help solve company problems and questions with data.” People analytics then pulled together a small team to tackle issues relating to employee well-being and productivity. In early 2009 it presented its initial set of research questions to Setty. One question stood out, because it had come up again and again since the company’s founding: Do managers matter? To find the answer, Google launched Project Oxygen, a multiyear research initiative. It has since grown into a comprehensive program that measures key management behaviors and cultivates them through communication and training. By November 2012, employees had widely adopted the program—and the company had shown statistically significant improvements in multiple areas of managerial effectiveness and performance. Google is one of several companies that are applying analytics in new ways. Until recently, organizations used data-driven decision making mainly in product development, marketing, and pricing. But these days, Google, Procter & Gamble, Harrah’s, and others take that same approach in addressing human resources needs. (See “Competing on Talent Analytics,” by Thomas H. Davenport, Jeanne Harris, and Jeremy Shapiro, HBR October 2010.) Unfortunately, scholars haven’t done enough to help these organizations understand and improve day-to-day management practice. Compared with leadership, managing remains understudied and undertaught—largely because it’s so difficult to describe, precisely and concretely, what managers actually do. We often say that they get things done through other people, yet we don’t usually spell out how in any detail. Project Oxygen, in contrast, was designed to offer granular, hands-on guidance. It didn’t just identify desirable management traits in the abstract; it pinpointed specific, measurable behaviors that brought those traits to life. That’s why Google employees let go of their skepticism and got with the program. Project Oxygen mirrored their decision-making criteria, respected their need for rigorous analysis, and made it a priority to measure impact. Data-driven cultures, Google discovered, respond well to data-driven change. Making the Case Project Oxygen colead Neal Patel recalls, “We knew the team had to be careful. Google has high standards of proof, even for what, at other places, might be considered obvious truths. Simple correlations weren’t going to be enough. So we actually ended up trying to prove the opposite case—that managers don’t matter. Luckily, we failed.” To begin, Patel and his team reviewed exit-interview data to see if employees cited management issues as a reason for leaving Google. Though they found some connections between turnover rates and low satisfaction with managers, those didn’t apply to the company more broadly, given the low turnover rates overall. Nor did the findings prove that managers caused attrition. As a next step, Patel examined Googlegeist ratings and semiannual reviews, comparing managers on both satisfaction and performance. For both dimensions, he looked at the highest and lowest scorers (the top and bottom quartiles). Essential Background Evidence-Based Management Decision Making Feature When you act on better logic and evidence, your company can trump the competition. Save Share “At first,” he says, “the numbers were not encouraging. Even the low-scoring managers were doing pretty well. How could we find evidence that better management mattered when all managers seemed so similar?” The solution came from applying sophisticated multivariate statistical techniques, which showed that even “the smallest incremental increases in manager quality were quite powerful.” For example, in 2008, the high-scoring managers saw less turnover on their teams than the others did—and retention was related more strongly to manager quality than to seniority, performance, tenure, or promotions. The data also showed a tight connection between managers’ quality and workers’ happiness: Employees with high-scoring bosses consistently reported greater satisfaction in multiple areas, including innovation, work-life balance, and career development. In light of this research, the Project Oxygen team concluded that managers indeed mattered. But to act on that finding, Google first had to figure out what its best managers did. So the researchers followed up with double-blind qualitative interviews, asking the high- and low-scoring managers questions such as “How often do you have career development discussions with your direct reports?” and “What do you do to develop a vision for your team?” Managers from Google’s three major functions (engineering, global business, and general and administrative) participated; they came from all levels and geographies. The team also studied thousands of qualitative comments from Googlegeist surveys, performance reviews, and submissions for the company’s Great Manager Award. (Each year, Google selects about 20 managers for this distinction, on the basis of employees’ nominations.) It took several months to code and process all this information. After much review, Oxygen identified eight behaviors shared by high-scoring managers. (See the sidebar “What Google’s Best Managers Do” for the complete list.) Even though the behaviors weren’t terribly surprising, Patel’s colead, Michelle Donovan, says, “we hoped that the list would resonate because it was based on Google data. The attributes were about us, by us, and for us.” What Google’s Best Managers Do By examining data from employee surveys and performance reviews, Google’s people analytics team identified eight key behaviors demonstrated by the company’s most effective managers. A good manager: 1. Is a good coach 2. Empowers the team and does not micromanage (See the sidebar “How Google Defines One Key Behavior”) 3. Expresses interest in and concern for team members’ success and personal well-being 4. Is productive and results-oriented 5. Is a good communicator—listens and shares information 6. Helps with career development 7. Has a clear vision and strategy for the team 8. Has key technical skills that help him or her advise the team The key behaviors primarily describe leaders of small and medium-sized groups and teams and are especially relevant to first- and second-level managers. They involve developing and motivating direct reports, as well as communicating strategy and eliminating roadblocks—all vital activities that people tend to overlook in the press of their day-to-day responsibilities. Putting the Findings into Practice The list of behaviors has served three important functions at Google: giving employees a shared vocabulary for discussing management, offering them straightforward guidelines for improving it, and encapsulating the full range of management responsibilities. Though the list is simple and straightforward, it’s enriched by examples and descriptions of best practices—in survey participants’ own words. These details make the overarching principles, such as “empowers the team and does not micromanage,” more concrete and show managers different ways of enacting them. (See the exhibit “How Google Defines One Key Behavior.”) How Google Defines One Key Behavior Drawing on companywide survey responses, Google breaks down each essential management behavior into specific activities and best practices. Best practice: Assign stretch assignments to empower the team to tackle big problems “My manager was able to see my potential and gave me opportunities that allowed me to shine and grow. For example, early on in my role, she asked me to pull together a cross-functional team to develop a goal-setting process. I was new to the role, so she figured it would be a great way for me to get to know the team and also to create accountability and transparency. Once it was developed, she sent me to one of our Europe offices—on my own!—to deliver the training to people managers there.” Source:The Google Internal Presentation “Investigating Why Managers Matter and What Our Best Ones Do,” January 2010 The descriptions of the eight behaviors also allow considerable tailoring. They’re inclusive guidelines, not rigid formulas. That said, it was clear early on that managers would need help adopting the new standards, so people ops built assessments and a training program around the Oxygen findings. To improve the odds of acceptance, the group customized the survey instrument, creating an upward feedback survey (UFS) for employees in administrative and global business functions and a tech managers survey (TMS) for the engineers. Both assessments asked employees to evaluate their managers (using a five-point scale) on a core set of activities—such as giving actionable feedback regularly and communicating team goals clearly—all of which related directly to the key management behaviors. The first surveys went out in June 2010—deliberately out of sync with performance reviews, which took place in April and September. (Google had initially considered linking the scores with performance reviews but decided that would increase resistance to the Oxygen program because employees would view it as a top-down imposition of standards.) People ops emphasized confidentiality and issued frequent reminders that the surveys were strictly for self-improvement. “Project Oxygen was always meant to be a developmental tool, not a performance metric,” says Mary Kate Stimmler, an analyst in the department. “We realized that anonymous surveys are not always fair, and there is often a context behind low scores.” Though the surveys weren’t mandatory, the vast majority of employees completed them. Soon afterward, managers received reports with numerical scores and individual comments—feedback they were urged to share with their teams. (See the exhibit “One Manager’s Feedback” for a representative sample.) The reports explicitly tied individuals’ scores to the eight behaviors, included links to more information about best practices, and suggested actions each manager could take to improve. Someone with, say, unfavorable scores in coaching might get a recommendation to take a class on how to deliver personalized, balanced feedback. People ops designed the training to be hands-on and immediately useful. In “vision” classes, for example, participants practiced writing vision statements for their departments or teams and bringing the ideas to life with compelling stories. In 2011, Google added Start Right, a two-hour workshop for new managers, and Manager Flagship courses on popular topics such as managing change, which were offered in three two-day modules over six months. “We have a team of instructors,” says people-development manager Kathrin O’Sullivan, “and we are piloting online Google Hangout classes so managers from around the world can participate.” Managers have expressed few concerns about signing up for the courses and going public with the changes they need to make. Eric Clayberg, for one, has found his training invaluable. A seasoned software-engineering manager and serial entrepreneur, Clayberg had led teams for 18 years before Google bought his latest start-up. But he feels he learned more about management in six months of Oxygen surveys and people ops courses than in the previous two decades. “For instance,” he says, “I was worried about the flat organizational structure at Google; I knew it would be hard to help people on my team get promoted. I learned in the classes about how to provide career development beyond promotions. I now spend a third to half my time looking for ways to help my team members grow.” And to his surprise, his reports have welcomed his advice. “Engineers hate being micromanaged on the technical side,” he observes, “but they love being closely managed on the career side.” Improving Management at Google: An Audio Interview Harvard Business School professor David Garvin interviews Google software-engineering manager Eric Clayberg, a winner of the company’s Great Manager Award. They discuss how Clayberg and others at Google have benefitted from Project Oxygen, an internal research initiative that has evolved into a comprehensive management-feedback and -training program. Download this podcast To complement the training, the development team sets up panel discussions featuring high-scoring managers from each function. That way, employees get advice from colleagues they respect, not just from HR. People ops also sends new managers automated e-mail reminders with tips on how to succeed at Google, links to relevant Oxygen findings, and information about courses they haven’t taken. And Google rewards the behaviors it’s working so hard to promote. The company has revamped its selection criteria for the Great Manager Award to reflect the eight Oxygen behaviors. Employees refer to the behaviors and cite specific examples when submitting nominations. Clayberg has received the award, and he believes it was largely because of the skills he acquired through his Oxygen training. The prize includes a weeklong trip to a destination such as Hawaii, where winners get to spend time with senior executives. Recipients go places in the company, too. “In the last round of promotions to vice president,” Laszlo Bock says, “10% of the directors promoted were winners of the Great Manager Award.” Measuring Results The people ops team has analyzed Oxygen’s impact by examining aggregate survey data and qualitative input from individuals. From 2010 through 2012, UFS and TMS median favorability scores rose from 83% to 88%. The lowest-scoring managers improved the most, particularly in the areas of coaching and career development. The improvements were consistent across functions, survey categories, management levels, spans of control, and geographic regions. In an environment of top achievers, people take low scores seriously. Consider vice president Sebastien Marotte, who came to Google in 2011 from a senior sales role at Oracle. During his first six months at Google, Marotte focused on meeting his sales numbers (and did so successfully) while managing a global team of 150 people. Then he received his first UFS scores, which came as a shock. “I asked myself, ‘Am I right for this company? Should I go back to Oracle?’ There seemed to be a disconnect,” he says, “because my manager had rated me favorably in my first performance review, yet my UFS scores were terrible.” Then, with help from a people ops colleague, Marotte took a step back and thought about what changes he could make. He recalls, “We went through all the comments and came up with a plan. I fixed how I communicated with my team and provided more visibility on our long-term strategy. Within two survey cycles, I raised my favorability ratings from 46% to 86%. It’s been tough but very rewarding. I came here as a senior sales guy, but now I feel like a general manager.” Overall, other managers took the feedback as constructively as Marotte did—and were especially grateful for its specificity. Here’s what Stephanie Davis, director of large-company sales and another winner of the Great Manager Award, says she learned from her first feedback report: “I was surprised that one person on my team didn’t think I had regularly scheduled one-on-one meetings. I saw this person every day, but the survey helped me realize that just seeing this person was different from having regularly scheduled individual meetings. My team also wanted me to spend more time sharing my vision. Personally, I have always been inspired by Eric [Schmidt], Larry, and Sergey; I thought my team was also getting a sense of the company’s vision from them. But this survey gave my team the opportunity to explain that they wanted me to interpret the higher-level vision for them. So I started listening to the company’s earnings call with a different ear. I didn’t just come back to my team with what was said; I also shared what it meant for them.” Chris Loux, head of global enterprise renewals, remembers feeling frustrated with his low UFS scores. “I had received a performance review indicating that I was exceeding expectations,” he says, “yet one of my direct reports said on the UFS that he would not recommend me as a manager. That struck me, because people don’t quit companies—they quit managers.” At the same time, Loux struggled with the question of just how much to push the lower performers on his team. “It’s hard to give negative feedback to a type-A person who has never received bad feedback in his or her life,” he explains. “If someone gets 95% favorable on the UFS, I wonder if that manager is avoiding problems by not having tough conversations with reports on how they can get better.” Loux isn’t the only Google executive to speculate about the connection between employees’ performance reviews and their managers’ feedback scores. That question came up multiple times during Oxygen’s rollout. To address it, the people analytics group fell back on a time-tested technique—going back to the data and conducting a formal analysis to determine whether a manager who gave someone a negative performance review would then receive a low feedback rating from that employee. After looking at two quarters’ worth of survey data from 2011, the group found that changes in employee performance ratings (both upward and downward) accounted for less than 1% of variability in corresponding manager ratings across all functions at Google. “Managing to the test” doesn’t appear to be a big risk, either. Because the eight behaviors are rooted in action, it’s difficult for managers to fake them in pursuit of higher ratings. In the surveys, employees don’t assess their managers’ motivations, values, or beliefs; rather, they evaluate the extent to which their managers demonstrate each behavior. Either the manager has acted in the ways recommended—consistently and credibly—or she has not. There is very little room for grandstanding or dissembling. This article also appears in: “We are not trying to change the nature of people who work at Google,” says Bock. “That would be presumptuous and dangerous. Instead, we are saying, ‘Here are a few things that will lead you to be perceived as a better manager.’ Our managers may not completely believe in the suggestions, but after they act on them and get better UFS and TMS scores, they may eventually internalize the behavior.” Project Oxygen does have its limits. A commitment to managerial excellence can be hard to maintain over the long haul. One threat to sustainability is “evaluation overload.” The UFS and the TMS depend on employees’ goodwill. Googlers voluntarily respond on a semiannual basis, but they’re asked to complete many other surveys as well. What if they decide that they’re tired of filling out surveys? Will response rates bottom out? Sustainability also depends on the continued effectiveness of managers who excel at the eight behaviors, as well as those behaviors’ relevance to senior executive positions. A disproportionate number of recently promoted vice presidents had won the Great Manager Award, a reflection of how well they’d followed Oxygen’s guidelines. But what if other behaviors—those associated with leadership skills—matter more in senior positions? Further, while survey scores gauge employees’ satisfaction and perceptions of the work environment, it’s unclear exactly what impact those intangibles have on such bottom-line measures as sales, productivity, and profitability. (Even for Google’s high-powered statisticians, those causal relationships are difficult to establish.) And if the eight behaviors do actually benefit organizational performance, they still might not give Google a lasting edge. Companies with similar competitive profiles—high-tech firms, for example, that are equally data-driven—can mimic Google’s approach, since the eight behaviors aren’t proprietary. Still, Project Oxygen has accomplished what it set out to do: It not only convinced its skeptical audience of Googlers that managers mattered but also identified, described, and institutionalized their most essential behaviors. Oxygen applied the concept of data-driven continuous improvement directly—and successfully—to the soft skills of management. Widespread adoption has had a significant impact on how employees perceive life at Google—particularly on how they rate the degree of collaboration, the transparency of performance evaluations, and their groups’ commitment to innovation and risk taking. At a company like Google, where the staff consists almost entirely of “A” players, managers have a complex, demanding role to play. They must go beyond overseeing the day-to-day work and support their employees’ personal needs, development, and career planning. That means providing smart, steady feedback to guide people to greater levels of achievement—but intervening judiciously and with a light touch, since high-performing knowledge workers place a premium on autonomy. It’s a delicate balancing act to keep employees happy and motivated through enthusiastic cheerleading while helping them grow through stretch assignments and carefully modulated feedback. When the process works well, it can yield extraordinary results. That’s why Prasad Setty wants to keep building on Oxygen’s findings about effective management practice. “We will have to start thinking about what else drives people to go from good to great,” he says. His team has begun analyzing managers’ assessment scores by personality type, looking for patterns. “With Project Oxygen, we didn’t have these endogenous variables available to us,” he adds. “Now we can start to tease them out, using more of an ethnographic approach. It’s really about observations—staying with people and studying their interactions. We’re not going to have the capacity to follow tons of people, but what we’ll lose in terms of numbers, we’ll gain in a deeper understanding of what managers and their teams experience.” That, in a nutshell, is the principle at the heart of Google’s approach: deploying disciplined data collection and rigorous analysis—the tools of science—to uncover deeper insights into the art and craft of management.
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	3	0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Oracle	en	List of acquisitions by Oracle	https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico	https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2007-05-22T21:05:26+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Oracle	November, 2006 Stellent Inc Enterprise content management, Digital rights management. Stellent was previously named Intranet Solutions, and its product was initially IntraDoc!. The product was then briefly renamed Xpedio! before both the company and the product were renamed Stellent in 2001. At the time of the acquisition, Stellent had 575 employees.[39] Stellent was a publicly traded company (NASDAQ: STEL)[40] with trailing twelve month revenues in excess of $130 million.[citation needed] Stellent's primary product was known as Universal Content Management (UCM), which formed the foundation of most of its other content management products. This product and its related products were rolled into Oracle Fusion Middleware as part of the Oracle WebCenter Content product line. However, the term Stellent is still commonly used for this suite of applications. $440
wrong_mix_domain_subsidiary_00002	FactBench	3	22	https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Home/Shipyards/PHNS-IMF/Careers/Apprenticeship/	en	Apprentice Program	https://www.navsea.navy.…-N-EL904-002.jpg		[ "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/103/banner_logo.png?ver=GRXsa8VLtHze-F8hQxcm5w%3d%3d", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Desktopmodules/DigRotate/templates/JCS2/banner_top_left.png", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Desktopmodules/DigRotate/templates/JCS2/banner_top_right.png", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/103/Images/PHNSY_IMF/220701-N-EL904-002.jpg", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/103/Images/PHNSY_IMF/220701-N-EL904-003.jpg", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/103/Images/PHNSY_IMF/220701-N-EL904-001.jpg", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Desktopmodules/DigRotate/templates/JCS2/banner_bottom_left.png", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Desktopmodules/DigRotate/templates/JCS2/banner_bottom_right.png", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/_default/Containers/DarkKnight/Images/Title-BG-Blue.png", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/portals/103/Images/PHNSY_IMF/Apprentice%20Banner.JPG?ver=2017-01-11-201410-617", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/max.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/min.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/max.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/min.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/max.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/min.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/max.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/min.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/max.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/min.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/max.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/min.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/max.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/min.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/max.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/min.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/max.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/min.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/max.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/min.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/max.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/min.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/max.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/min.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/max.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/min.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/max.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/images/min.gif", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/_default/Containers/DarkKnight/Images/Title-BG-Grey2.png", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/_default/Containers/DarkKnight/Images/Title-BG-Grey2.png", "https://www.navsea.navy.mil/DesktopModules/SharedLibrary/Images/VCL 988_Hoz_CMYK.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/Portals/103/corporate-color.ico?ver=qvILZLTMg24Q7LFsXu3X2g%3d%3d		null	Students are selected for various blue-collar trades listed below: Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Mechanic - Installs, troubleshoots, maintains, and repairs air conditioning and refrigeration systems aboard submarines, surface crafts, and ashore to include, but not limited to chillers, refrigeration plants, dehumidifiers, and dehydrators. Fabricates temporary cooling manifolds to support repairs of shipboard systems. Accomplish vacuum and pressure tests of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration systems. Conducts operational testing of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration systems. Electrician - Construct, remove/install, test, troubleshoot, maintain and repair various electrical wiring systems and components, electrical controls, electrically-operated equipment or instruments; light and heavy electrical machinery. Install, maintain and remove temporary electrical and casualty control systems. May be assigned to shop work, surface craft, crane electrical, or submarine non-nuclear/nuclear electrical work. Electronic Industrial Controls Mechanic - Provides a comprehensive equipment maintenance program to ensure support needs are continuously met. Performs periodic maintenance; uses the latest technology to troubleshoot, repair, align and test Computer Numerical Controlled (CNC) equipment throughout the shipyard such as mills, lathes, electric discharge machines and water jet cutting machines. Uses schematic diagrams and various types of test equipment including oscilloscopes, multi-meters and integrated circuit testers. Electronic Measurement Equipment Mechanic - Inspect, troubleshoot, repair, overhaul, modify, test, align, measure, and calibrate complex electrical/electronic/electro-mechanical/physical-dimensional/mechanical test instruments and equipment. Electronics Mechanic - Install, troubleshoot, repair and test shipboard electronic equipment and systems including radar, sonar, fire control, communications, and radio. Manufacture, repair, and test various sonar transducers and arrays. Fabric Worker - Plan, design, layout, construct, and install containments using clear PVC sheeting, herculite, and other flexible materials. Reupholster furniture, manufacture tool bags, banners, tents, leather articles, items of canvas, naugahyde, herculite and linen. Heavy Mobile Equipment Mechanic - Maintain heavy mobile cranes and equipment. Repair and modify combustion powered heavy-duty vehicles and heavy mobile equipment such as portal, truck, and floating cranes. Disassemble, repair, and modify heavy-duty engines, transmissions, and heavy-duty drive and brake systems. Troubleshoot causes of malfunction, and determine the best repair methods on complex mechanical, pneumatic, and hydraulic control systems. Industrial Equipment Mechanic - Overhaul, operate, repair, and perform operational maintenance and security checks on stationary equipment situated on various graving docks, floating docks, marine railways, and caissons. Equipment, maintained and operated, is located dockside or afloat. Equipment includes various types of pumps, flooding gates, flooding valves, capstans, winches, motor, and other related equipment needed to provide the necessary docking services. Insulator - Measure, fabricate, remove and install insulation materials on steam turbines, distillation plants, refrigeration plants, ventilation ducts, and other submarine or surface craft piping and component systems to prevent heat loss, to minimize condensation, and to protect personnel from extreme temperatures. Machinist - Manufacture and/or refurbish ship parts/components using machinery such as lathes, milling machines, boring machines, drilling presses, and computer numerical controlled machines. Disassemble, inspect, repair, machine, reassemble, and test components such as valves, compressors, shafting, pumps, and hydraulic equipment. Marine Machinery Mechanic - Involves the use of the latest technology to install, remove, test, overhaul, and repair the main propulsion machinery, pumps, valves, steam turbines, engines, pumps, and propeller shafts on submarines and surface craft. Optically align and test steam/gas turbines, internal combustion engines, reduction gears, propeller shafts, pumps, valves, auxiliary engines, masts and antennas, torpedo tubes and associated ordnance equipment, and other shipboard components. NDT Inspector - Perform Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) of welds and other components on surface craft and submarines. Use visual, liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, eddy current, radiography, and ultrasonic-testing methods to inspect work accomplished by welders, shipfitters, pipefitters, riggers, marine machinery mechanics, and machinists. Inspect existing shipboard components to determine if repair or replacement is required due to wear and fatigue. Painter - Properly removes contaminants from substrate prior to prep work with various degreasers and solvents. Properly prepares various substrates by abrasive blasting, power tool and/or hand prepping to remove corrosion prior to application of coating. Apply various types of coatings such as enamels, epoxy, powder coating and aluminum flame spray, to prepared surfaces by spraying, brushing and/or rolling to preserve the substrate from corrosion. All work is done to Navy Preservation Standards. Plastic Fabricator - Remove, layout, manufacture, and reinstall hull insulation. Perform Portsmouth plug encapsulation and pre-pots using polyurethane. Apply Plastisol coating to various metal items. Various rubber applications. Remove, layout, and install sound vibration damping tiles. Fabricate acrylic and polycarbonate plastic sheets and round stock. Install laminate composites to wood and metal items. Work with high pressure laminates. Prep, layout, and install Terrazzo, vinyl tile, rubber matting, carpet, and ceramic tile flooring on decking. Build wooden molds, work platforms, stairs, crates, and boxes. Work with reinforced fiberglass objects using fiberglass cloth and epoxy resin. Pipefitter - Remove, repair, install, test/flush, and silver braze piping to all propulsion, auxiliary, and weapons systems aboard submarines and surface craft. Manufacture, install, repair, maintain, and remove all ship-to-shore temporary piping services. Production Machinery Mechanic - Provides a comprehensive equipment maintenance program to ensure support needs are continuously met. Performs periodic maintenance, installs and removes shop equipment. Follows schematics diagrams/drawings to overhaul, troubleshoot, repair and test industrial plant equipment including mills, lathes, presses, compressors, generators and other wood working and metal forming/removing equipment. Equipment are powered by hydraulics, electricity, pneumatic, manual and other mechanical principles. Sheet Metal Mechanic - Reading blueprints for all sheet metal work. Mechanic manufactures, installs, repairs and modifies ventilation systems, furniture’s, light gage bulkheads, lockers, stowage’s and doors on surface craft, submarines, and in the shop. Removes, installs, maintains, modifies and certifies temporary environmental control ventilation systems. Sketches and lays out utilizing an NX4 modeling system to program a numerically- controlled turret punch and plasma-cutting machine prior to manual forming. Manufacture various types of label plates using Laser and mechanical engravers on metal and plastic. Work with different types and thicknesses of metal including stainless steel, copper, monel, brass, carbon steel and aluminum. Shipfitter - Following blueprints, layout, fabricate, install, remove, and repair structural parts on naval ships and support equipment. Utilizes similar principles as a carpenter while working with Welders to assemble various types of metal plates, beams, angles, and pipes. Shapes materials to conform to existing ship structures. Work may require use of heavy presses, saws, drill press, and assorted pneumatic and standard hand tools (hammer, wrenches, etc.). Shipwright - Install, maintain, modify and remove all staging associated with ship work. Use transits and levels to establish working lines and reference points. Check vessel alignment during docking evolution. Construct docking blocks and shoring. Other work includes rough and finish woodwork, and building mock-ups. Tool Room Mechanic - Assures the proper quality tools are available to allow workers to safely, efficiently and effectively accomplish assigned tasks. Performs periodic maintenance, overhauls, troubleshoots, repairs and tests hand held and portable power tools and mechanical/electrical equipment. Inspects and maintains personnel protective equipment such as respirators and fall protection gear. Employs shop's standard operating procedures and operates tool rooms to issue such equipment along with various hand tools and precision measuring equipment. Maintains record, reports and conducts periodic inventories. Rigger - Select, install, and use cables, ropes and other weight handling gear to lift, move and position heavy loads in crane and critical rigging operations. Use complex multi-point suspension techniques to maneuver over, under, and around obstacles by tilting, dipping and turning suspended loads. Other duties include the fabrication, installation, testing, maintenance, and repair of standing and running rigging, wire cable, or fiber rope articles such as slings, towing bridles, and wire rope nets, lines and centering gear to control all ship movements within the dry dock.