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correct_award_00058
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FactBench
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0
| 0
|
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1967/asturias/biographical/
|
en
|
Miguel Angel Asturias – Biographical
|
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The Nobel Prize in Literature 1967 was awarded to Miguel Angel Asturias "for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America"
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en
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NobelPrize.org
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https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1967/asturias/biographical/
|
Miguel Angel Asturias
Biographical
Miguel Angel Asturias (1899-1974) was born in Guatemala and spent his childhood and adolescence in his native country. He studied for his baccalaureate at the state high school and later took a law degree at the University of San Carlos. His thesis on “The Social Problem of the Indian” was published in 1923.
After he finished his law studies, he founded with fellow students the Popular University of Guatemala, whose aim was to offer courses to those who could not afford to attend the national university. In 1923 he left for Europe, intending to study political economy in England. He spent a few months in London and then went to Paris, where he was to stay for ten years. At the Sorbonne he attended the lectures on the religions of the Mayas by Professor Georges Raynaud, whose disciple he became. Also, as correspondent for several important Latin American newspapers, he travelled in all the Western European countries, in the Middle East, in Greece, and in Egypt.
In 1928 Asturias returned for a short time to Guatemala, where he lectured at the Popular University. These lecture were collected in a volume entitled La arquitectura de la vida nueva (Architecture of the New Life), 1928. He then went back to Paris, where he finished his Leyendas de Guatemala (Legends of Guatemala), 1930. Published in Madrid, the book was translated into French by Francis de Miomandre, who sent his translation to Paul Valéry. The French poet was greatly impressed, and his letter to Miomandre was used as the preface to the 1931 edition published in the Cahiers du Sud series. The same year, Leyendas de Guatemala received the Silla Monsegur Prize, a reward for the best Spanish-American book published in France.
During his stay in Paris from 1923 to 1933, Asturias wrote his novel El Señor Presidente (The President), which slashed at the social evil and malignant corruption to which an insensitive dictator dooms his people. Because of its political implications Asturias was unable to bring the book with him when, in 1933, he returned to Guatemala, which at the time was ruled by the dictator Jorge Ubico. The original version was to remain unpublished for thirteen years. The fall of Ubico’s regime in 1944 brought to the presidency Professor Juan José Arévalo, who immediately appointed Asturias cultural attaché to the Guatemalan Embassy in Mexico, where the first edition of El Señor Presidente appeared in 1946.
In late 1947, Asturias went to Argentina as cultural attaché to the Guatemalan Embassy and, two years later, obtained a ministerial post. While in Buenos Aires, he published Sien de alondra (Temple of the Lark), 1949, an anthology of his poems written between 1918 and 1948. In 1948 he returned to Guatemala for a few months, during which time he wrote his novel Viento fuerte (Strong Wind), 1950, an indictment of the effect of North American imperialism on the economic realities of his country. That same year, the second edition of El Señor Presidente was published in Buenos Aires.
When the government of President Jacobo Arbenz Guzman fell in 1954, Asturias went into exile in Argentina, his wife’s native country, where he remained until 1962. A year later, the Argentine publisher Losada brought out his novel Mulata de tal (Mulata). This story, a surrealistic blend of Indian legends, tells of a peasant whose greed and lust consign him to a dark belief in material power from which, Asturias warns us, there is only one hope for salvation: universal love.
In 1966 Asturias was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize. In the same year, he was appointed the Guatemalan ambassador to France by President Julio Mendez Montenegro.
From Nobel Lectures, Literature 1901-1967, Editor Horst Frenz, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1969
This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.
Miguel Asturias died on June 9, 1974.
Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1967
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correct_award_00058
|
FactBench
|
0
| 93
|
https://www.bestbookstore.ca/products/mr-president-paperback-by-miguel-angel-asturias-a-new-translation-by-david-unger-foreword-by-mario-vargas-llosa-introduction-by-gerald-martin
|
en
|
Mr. President Paperback by Miguel Ángel Asturias; A New Translation by David Unger; Foreword by Mario Vargas Llosa; Introduction by Gerald Martin
|
http://www.bestbookstore.ca/cdn/shop/products/9780143136385.jpg?v=1692456149
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Shop now Mr. President Paperback by Miguel Ángel Asturias; A New Translation by David Unger; Foreword by Mario Vargas Llosa; Introduction by Gerald Martin (9780143136385) at Best Bookstore Canada
|
en
|
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|
www.bestbookstore.ca
|
https://www.bestbookstore.ca/products/mr-president-paperback-by-miguel-angel-asturias-a-new-translation-by-david-unger-foreword-by-mario-vargas-llosa-introduction-by-gerald-martin
|
Product Details
Publisher: Penguin Classics (2022-07-12)
Language: English
Paperback: 320 pages
ISBN-13: 9780143136385
Item Weight: 215.46 grams
Dimensions: 7.72 x 5.08 x 0.58 cm
“[A] brilliant translation . . . Electrifying vividness animates every page.” ―Claire Messud, Harper’s Magazine
“A formidable new English translation.” ―The New Yorker
“[A] masterful translation.” ―The Washington Post
Nobel Prize–winning Guatemalan author Miguel Ángel Asturias’s masterpiece—the original Latin American dictator novel and pioneering work of magical realism—in its first new English translation in more than half a century, featuring a foreword by Nobel laureate Mario Vargas Llosa
A Penguin Classic
In an unnamed country, an egomaniacal dictator schemes to dispose of a political adversary and maintain his grip on power. As tyranny takes hold, everyone is forced to choose between compromise and death. Inspired by life under the regime of President Manuel Estrada Cabrera of Guatemala, where it was banned for many years, and infused with exuberant lyricism, Mayan symbolism, and Guatemalan vernacular, Nobel Prize winner Miguel Ángel Asturias’s magnum opus is at once a surrealist masterpiece, a blade-sharp satire of totalitarianism, and a gripping portrait of psychological terror.
For more than seventy-five years, Penguin has been the leading publisher of classic literature in the English-speaking world. With more than 2,000 titles, Penguin Classics represents a global bookshelf of the best works throughout history and across genres and disciplines. Readers trust the series to provide authoritative texts enhanced by introductions and notes by distinguished scholars and contemporary authors, as well as up-to-date translations by award-winning translators.
About the Author
|
||
correct_award_00058
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FactBench
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2
| 65
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https://www.myheritage.com/names/miguel_asturias
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en
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correct_award_00058
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FactBench
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2
| 32
|
https://www.revuemag.com/miguel-angel-asturias/
|
en
|
Miguel Ángel Asturias – Revue Magazine
|
[
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2011-06-01T03:00:48-06:00
|
en
|
https://www.revuemag.com/miguel-angel-asturias/
|
written by Anna-Claire Bevan photo by Jacobo Blijdenstein
One hundred years after his birth, Guatemala honored the life of its exiled, Nobel Prize-winning poet, Miguel Ángel Asturias, by placing a statue of him on one of the main streets of its capital city. Made entirely of bronze, the full-body sculpture was the masterpiece of Max Leiva and celebrates the memory of the prolific writer.
Depicted in formal clothing with his head held high, the 10-foot-tall statue of Asturias appears to be strolling down Avenida La Reforma with papers billowing out from the books he is holding. Originally, the sheets cascaded from his hands all the way down to the ground, but shortly after the sculpture was completed, vandals pilfered the bronze pieces.
Historians have since remarked that the defacing of the controversial poet’s statue only serves to increase its symbolism throughout the country. Carlos René García Escobar commented that: “Miguel without pages is a paradox;” just as people tried to silence his work in life, they are now trying to do the same in death.
Born in Guatemala City in 1899, Asturias studied law at the University of San Carlos before moving to Paris in the 1920s. While in Europe, he wrote one of his most famous novels, El Señor Presidente, which remained unpublished until 1946 due to its political content. After decades of living in exile as a result of his radical views, Asturias received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1967.
It was only after his death in Madrid seven years later that Guatemala acknowledged its award-winning poet and novelist’s contribution to writing. However, despite being credited as modernizing Latin American literature, Miguel Ángel Asturias remains relatively unknown among the majority of schoolchildren across the country today.
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correct_award_00058
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FactBench
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3
| 68
|
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/list-of-american-nobel-prize-winners/
|
en
|
List of American Nobel Prize Winners
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2024-03-13T12:54:18
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Since 1901, 954 people and 27 groups have received the Nobel Prize. The United States has the most winners, with over 400. Nearly 40% of all Nobel Prizes have gone to Americans, and about 35% of them were born in other countries.
|
en
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GeeksforGeeks
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https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/list-of-american-nobel-prize-winners/
|
1901 chemistry Jacobus Henricus van ‘t Hoff Netherlands laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure literature Sully Prudhomme France peace Henri Dunant Switzerland Frédéric Passy France physics Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Germany discovery of X-rays physiology/medicine Emil von Behring Germany work on serum therapy 1902 chemistry Emil Fischer Germany work on sugar and purine syntheses literature Theodor Mommsen Germany peace Élie Ducommun Switzerland Charles-Albert Gobat Switzerland physics Hendrik Antoon Lorentz Netherlands investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation Pieter Zeeman Netherlands investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation physiology/medicine Sir Ronald Ross U.K. discovery of how malaria enters an organism 1903 chemistry Svante Arrhenius Sweden theory of electrolytic dissociation literature Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson Norway peace Sir Randal Cremer U.K. physics Henri Becquerel France discovery of spontaneous radioactivity Marie Curie France investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel Pierre Curie France investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel physiology/medicine Niels Ryberg Finsen Denmark treatment of skin diseases with light 1904 chemistry Sir William Ramsay U.K. discovery of inert gas elements and their places in the periodic system literature José Echegaray y Eizaguirre Spain Frédéric Mistral France peace Institute of International Law (founded 1873) physics Lord Rayleigh U.K. discovery of argon physiology/medicine Ivan Pavlov Russia work on the physiology of digestion 1905 chemistry Adolf von Baeyer Germany work on organic dyes, hydroaromatic compounds literature Henryk Sienkiewicz Poland peace Bertha, baroness von Suttner Austria-Hungary physics Philipp Lenard Germany research on cathode rays physiology/medicine Robert Koch Germany tuberculosis research 1906 chemistry Henri Moissan France isolation of fluorine; introduction of Moissan furnace literature Giosuè Carducci Italy peace Theodore Roosevelt U.S. physics Sir J.J. Thomson U.K. researches into electrical conductivity of gases physiology/medicine Camillo Golgi Italy work on the structure of the nervous system Santiago Ramón y Cajal Spain work on the structure of the nervous system 1907 chemistry Eduard Buchner Germany discovery of noncellular fermentation literature Rudyard Kipling U.K. peace Ernesto Teodoro Moneta Italy Louis Renault France physics A.A. Michelson U.S. spectroscopic and metrological investigations physiology/medicine Alphonse Laveran France discovery of the role of protozoa in diseases 1908 chemistry Ernest Rutherford U.K. investigations into the disintegration of elements and the chemistry of radioactive substances literature Rudolf Christoph Eucken Germany peace Klas Pontus Arnoldson Sweden Fredrik Bajer Denmark physics Gabriel Lippmann France photographic reproduction of colours physiology/medicine Paul Ehrlich Germany work on immunity Élie Metchnikoff Russia work on immunity 1909 chemistry Wilhelm Ostwald Germany pioneer work on catalysis, chemical equilibrium, and reaction velocities literature Selma Lagerlöf Sweden peace Auguste-Marie-François Beernaert Belgium Paul-H.-B. d’Estournelles de Constant France physics Ferdinand Braun Germany development of wireless telegraphy Guglielmo Marconi Italy development of wireless telegraphy physiology/medicine Emil Theodor Kocher Switzerland physiology, pathology, and surgery of the thyroid gland 1910 chemistry Otto Wallach Germany pioneer work in alicyclic combinations literature Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse Germany peace International Peace Bureau (founded 1891) physics Johannes Diederik van der Waals Netherlands research concerning the equation of state of gases and liquids physiology/medicine Albrecht Kossel Germany researches in cellular chemistry 1911 chemistry Marie Curie France discovery of radium and polonium; isolation of radium literature Maurice Maeterlinck Belgium peace Tobias Michael Carel Asser Netherlands Alfred Hermann Fried Austria-Hungary physics Wilhelm Wien Germany discoveries regarding laws governing heat radiation physiology/medicine Allvar Gullstrand Sweden work on dioptrics of the eye 1912 chemistry Victor Grignard France discovery of the Grignard reagents Paul Sabatier France method of hydrogenating organic compounds literature Gerhart Hauptmann Germany peace Elihu Root U.S. physics Nils Dalén Sweden invention of automatic regulators for lighting coastal beacons and light buoys physiology/medicine Alexis Carrel France work on vascular suture; transplantation of organs 1913 chemistry Alfred Werner Switzerland work on the linkage of atoms in molecules literature Rabindranath Tagore India peace Henri-Marie Lafontaine Belgium physics Heike Kamerlingh Onnes Netherlands investigation into the properties of matter at low temperatures; production of liquid helium physiology/medicine Charles Richet France work on anaphylaxis 1914 chemistry Theodore William Richards U.S. accurate determination of the atomic weights of numerous elements physics Max von Laue Germany discovery of diffraction of X-rays by crystals physiology/medicine Robert Bárány Austria-Hungary work on vestibular apparatus 1915 chemistry Richard Willstätter Germany pioneer researches in plant pigments, especially chlorophyll literature Romain Rolland France physics Sir Lawrence Bragg U.K. analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays Sir William Bragg U.K. analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays 1916 literature Verner von Heidenstam Sweden 1917 literature Karl Adolph Gjellerup Denmark Henrik Pontoppidan Denmark peace International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863) physics Charles Glover Barkla U.K. discovery of characteristic X-radiation of elements 1918 chemistry Fritz Haber Germany synthesis of ammonia literature Erik Axel Karlfeldt (declined) Sweden physics Max Planck Germany discovery of the elemental quanta 1919 literature Carl Spitteler Switzerland peace Woodrow Wilson U.S. physics Johannes Stark Germany discovery of Doppler effect in positive ion rays and division of spectral lines in electric field physiology/medicine Jules Bordet Belgium work on immunity factors in blood serum 1920 chemistry Walther Hermann Nernst Germany work in thermochemistry literature Knut Hamsun Norway peace Léon Bourgeois France physics Charles Édouard Guillaume Switzerland discovery of anomalies in alloys physiology/medicine August Krogh Denmark discovery of capillary motor-regulating mechanism 1921 chemistry Frederick Soddy U.K. chemistry of radioactive substances; occurrence and nature of isotopes literature Anatole France France peace Karl Hjalmar Branting Sweden Christian Lous Lange Norway physics Albert Einstein Switzerland work in theoretical physics 1922 chemistry Francis William Aston U.K. work with mass spectrograph; whole-number rule literature Jacinto Benavente y Martínez Spain peace Fridtjof Nansen Norway physics Niels Bohr Denmark investigation of atomic structure and radiation physiology/medicine A.V. Hill U.K. discoveries concerning heat production in muscles Otto Meyerhof Germany work on metabolism of lactic acid in muscles 1923 chemistry Fritz Pregl Austria method of microanalysis of organic substances literature William Butler Yeats Ireland physics Robert Andrews Millikan U.S. work on elementary electric charge and the photoelectric effect physiology/medicine Sir Frederick Grant Banting Canada discovery of insulin J.J.R. Macleod U.K. discovery of insulin 1924 literature Władysław Stanisław Reymont Poland physics Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn Sweden work in X-ray spectroscopy physiology/medicine Willem Einthoven Netherlands discovery of electrocardiogram mechanism 1925 chemistry Richard Zsigmondy Austria elucidation of the heterogeneous nature of colloidal solutions literature George Bernard Shaw Ireland peace Sir Austen Chamberlain U.K. Charles G. Dawes U.S. physics James Franck Germany discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom Gustav Hertz Germany discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom 1926 chemistry Theodor H.E. Svedberg Sweden work on disperse systems literature Grazia Deledda Italy peace Aristide Briand France Gustav Stresemann Germany physics Jean Perrin France work on discontinuous structure of matter physiology/medicine Johannes Fibiger Denmark contributions to cancer research 1927 chemistry Heinrich Otto Wieland Germany researches into the constitution of bile acids literature Henri Bergson France peace Ferdinand-Édouard Buisson France Ludwig Quidde Germany physics Arthur Holly Compton U.S. discovery of wavelength change in diffused X-rays C.T.R. Wilson U.K. method of making visible the paths of electrically charged particles physiology/medicine Julius Wagner-Jauregg Austria work on malaria inoculation in dementia paralytica 1928 chemistry Adolf Windaus Germany constitution of sterols and their connection with vitamins literature Sigrid Undset Norway physics Sir Owen Willans Richardson U.K. work on electron emission by hot metals physiology/medicine Charles-Jules-Henri Nicolle France work on typhus 1929 chemistry Hans von Euler-Chelpin Sweden investigations in the fermentation of sugars and the enzyme action involved Sir Arthur Harden U.K. investigations in the fermentation of sugars and the enzyme action involved literature Thomas Mann Germany peace Frank B. Kellogg U.S. physics Louis de Broglie France discovery of the wave nature of electrons physiology/medicine Christiaan Eijkman Netherlands discovery of the antineuritic vitamin Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins U.K. discovery of growth-stimulating vitamins 1930 chemistry Hans Fischer Germany hemin, chlorophyll research; synthesis of hemin literature Sinclair Lewis U.S. peace Nathan Söderblom Sweden physics Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman India work on light diffusion; discovery of Raman effect physiology/medicine Karl Landsteiner U.S. grouping of human blood types 1931 chemistry Friedrich Bergius Germany invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods Carl Bosch Germany invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods literature Erik Axel Karlfeldt (posthumous award) Sweden peace Jane Addams U.S. Nicholas Murray Butler U.S. physiology/medicine Otto Warburg Germany discovery of nature and action of respiratory enzyme 1932 chemistry Irving Langmuir U.S. discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry literature John Galsworthy U.K. physics Werner Heisenberg Germany creation of quantum mechanics physiology/medicine Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian U.K. discoveries regarding function of neurons Sir Charles Scott Sherrington U.K. discoveries regarding function of neurons 1933 literature Ivan Bunin U.S.S.R. peace Sir Norman Angell U.K. physics P.A.M. Dirac U.K. introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanics Erwin Schrödinger Austria introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanics physiology/medicine Thomas Hunt Morgan U.S. heredity transmission functions of chromosomes 1934 chemistry Harold C. Urey U.S. discovery of heavy hydrogen literature Luigi Pirandello Italy peace Arthur Henderson U.K. physiology/medicine George Richards Minot U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia William P. Murphy U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia George H. Whipple U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia 1935 chemistry Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie France synthesis of new radioactive elements peace Carl von Ossietzky Germany physics Sir James Chadwick U.K. discovery of the neutron physiology/medicine Hans Spemann Germany organizer effect in embryo 1936 chemistry Peter Debye Netherlands work on dipole moments and diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases literature Eugene O’Neill U.S. peace Carlos Saavedra Lamas Argentina physics Carl David Anderson U.S. discovery of the positron Victor Francis Hess Austria discovery of cosmic radiation physiology/medicine Sir Henry Dale U.K. work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses Otto Loewi Germany work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses 1937 chemistry Sir Norman Haworth U.K. research on carbohydrates and vitamin C Paul Karrer Switzerland research on carotenoids, flavins, and vitamins literature Roger Martin du Gard France peace Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil U.K. physics Clinton Joseph Davisson U.S. experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electrons Sir George Paget Thomson U.K. experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electrons physiology/medicine Albert Szent-Györgyi Hungary work on biological combustion 1938 chemistry Richard Kuhn (declined) Germany carotenoid and vitamin research literature Pearl Buck U.S. peace Nansen International Office for Refugees (founded 1931) physics Enrico Fermi Italy disclosure of artificial radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation physiology/medicine Corneille Heymans Belgium discovery of role of sinus and aortic mechanisms in respiration regulation 1939 chemistry Adolf Butenandt (declined) Germany work on sexual hormones Leopold Ruzicka Switzerland work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes literature Frans Eemil Sillanpää Finland physics Ernest Orlando Lawrence U.S. invention of the cyclotron physiology/medicine Gerhard Domagk (declined) Germany antibacterial effect of Prontosil 1943 chemistry Georg Charles von Hevesy Hungary use of isotopes as tracers in chemical research physics Otto Stern U.S. discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton physiology/medicine Henrik Dam Denmark discovery of vitamin K Edward Adelbert Doisy U.S. discovery of chemical nature of vitamin K 1944 chemistry Otto Hahn Germany discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei literature Johannes V. Jensen Denmark peace International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863) physics Isidor Isaac Rabi U.S. resonance method for registration of various properties of atomic nuclei physiology/medicine Joseph Erlanger U.S. researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibres Herbert Spencer Gasser U.S. researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibres 1945 chemistry Artturi Ilmari Virtanen Finland invention of fodder preservation method literature Gabriela Mistral Chile peace Cordell Hull U.S. physics Wolfgang Pauli Austria discovery of the exclusion principle of electrons physiology/medicine Sir Ernst Boris Chain U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative value Sir Alexander Fleming U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative value Howard Walter Florey, Baron Florey Australia discovery of penicillin and its curative value 1946 chemistry John Howard Northrop U.S. preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure form Wendell Meredith Stanley U.S. preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure form James Batcheller Sumner U.S. discovery of enzyme crystallization literature Hermann Hesse Switzerland peace Emily Greene Balch U.S. John R. Mott U.S. physics Percy Williams Bridgman U.S. discoveries in the domain of high-pressure physics physiology/medicine Hermann Joseph Muller U.S. production of mutations by X-ray irradiation 1947 chemistry Sir Robert Robinson U.K. investigation of alkaloids and other plant products literature André Gide France peace American Friends Service Committee U.S. Friends Service Council (FSC) U.K. physics Sir Edward Victor Appleton U.K. discovery of Appleton layer in upper atmosphere physiology/medicine Carl and Gerty Cori U.S. discovery of how glycogen is catalytically converted Bernardo Alberto Houssay Argentina pituitary hormone function in sugar metabolism 1948 chemistry Arne Tiselius Sweden researches in electrophoresis and adsorption analysis; serum proteins literature T.S. Eliot U.K. physics Patrick M.S. Blackett U.K. discoveries in the domain of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation physiology/medicine Paul Hermann Müller Switzerland properties of DDT 1949 chemistry William Francis Giauque U.S. behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures literature William Faulkner U.S. peace John Boyd Orr, Baron Boyd-Orr of Brechin Mearns U.K. physics Yukawa Hideki Japan prediction of the existence of mesons physiology/medicine António Egas Moniz Portugal therapeutic value of leucotomy in psychoses Walter Rudolf Hess Switzerland discovery of function of interbrain 1950 chemistry Kurt Alder West Germany discovery and development of diene synthesis Otto Paul Hermann Diels West Germany discovery and development of diene synthesis literature Bertrand Russell U.K. peace Ralph Bunche U.S. physics Cecil Frank Powell U.K. photographic method of studying nuclear processes; discoveries concerning mesons physiology/medicine Philip Showalter Hench U.S. research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects Edward Calvin Kendall U.S. research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects Tadeus Reichstein Switzerland research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects 1951 chemistry Edwin Mattison McMillan U.S. discovery of and research on transuranium elements Glenn T. Seaborg U.S. discovery of and research on transuranium elements literature Pär Lagerkvist Sweden peace Léon Jouhaux France physics Sir John Douglas Cockcroft U.K. work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton Ireland work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles physiology/medicine Max Theiler South Africa yellow fever discoveries 1952 chemistry A.J.P. Martin U.K. development of partition chromatography R.L.M. Synge U.K. development of partition chromatography literature François Mauriac France peace Albert Schweitzer Alsace physics Felix Bloch U.S. discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids E.M. Purcell U.S. discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids physiology/medicine Selman Abraham Waksman U.S. discovery of streptomycin 1953 chemistry Hermann Staudinger West Germany work on macromolecules literature Sir Winston Churchill U.K. peace George C. Marshall U.S. physics Frits Zernike Netherlands method of phase-contrast microscopy physiology/medicine Sir Hans Adolf Krebs U.K. discovery of coenzyme A–citric acid cycle in metabolism of carbohydrates Fritz Albert Lipmann U.S. discovery of coenzyme A–citric acid cycle in metabolism of carbohydrates 1954 chemistry Linus Pauling U.S. study of the nature of the chemical bond literature Ernest Hemingway U.S. peace Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (founded 1951) physics Max Born U.K. statistical studies of atomic wave functions Walther Bothe West Germany invention of coincidence method physiology/medicine John Franklin Enders U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures Frederick Chapman Robbins U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures Thomas H. Weller U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures 1955 chemistry Vincent du Vigneaud U.S. first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone literature Halldór Laxness Iceland physics Polykarp Kusch U.S. measurement of magnetic moment of electron Willis Eugene Lamb, Jr. U.S. discoveries in the hydrogen spectrum physiology/medicine Axel Hugo Teodor Theorell Sweden nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes 1956 chemistry Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood U.K. work on the kinetics of chemical reactions Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov U.S.S.R. work on the kinetics of chemical reactions literature Juan Ramón Jiménez Spain physics John Bardeen U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor Walter H. Brattain U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor William B. Shockley U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor physiology/medicine André F. Cournand U.S. discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes Werner Forssmann West Germany discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes Dickinson Woodruff Richards U.S. discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes 1957 chemistry Alexander Robertus Todd, Baron Todd U.K. work on nucleotides and nucleotide coenzymes literature Albert Camus France peace Lester B. Pearson Canada physics Tsung-Dao Lee China discovery of violations of the principle of parity Chen Ning Yang China discovery of violations of the principle of parity physiology/medicine Daniel Bovet Italy production of synthetic curare 1958 chemistry Frederick Sanger U.K. determination of the structure of the insulin molecule literature Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (declined) U.S.S.R. peace Dominique Pire Belgium physics Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect Ilya Mikhaylovich Frank U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect physiology/medicine George Wells Beadle U.S. genetic regulation of chemical processes Joshua Lederberg U.S. genetic recombination Edward L. Tatum U.S. genetic regulation of chemical processes 1959 chemistry Jaroslav Heyrovský Czechoslovakia discovery and development of polarography literature Salvatore Quasimodo Italy peace Philip John Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker U.K. physics Owen Chamberlain U.S. confirmation of the existence of the antiproton Emilio Segrè U.S. confirmation of the existence of the antiproton physiology/medicine Arthur Kornberg U.S. work on producing nucleic acids artificially Severo Ochoa U.S. work on producing nucleic acids artificially 1960 chemistry Willard Frank Libby U.S. development of radiocarbon dating literature Saint-John Perse France peace Albert John Luthuli South Africa physics Donald A. Glaser U.S. development of the bubble chamber physiology/medicine Sir Macfarlane Burnet Australia acquired immunity to tissue transplants Sir Peter B. Medawar U.K. acquired immunity to tissue transplants 1961 chemistry Melvin Calvin U.S. study of chemical steps that take place during photosynthesis literature Ivo Andric Yugoslavia peace Dag Hammarskjöld Sweden physics Robert Hofstadter U.S. determination of shape and size of atomic nucleons Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer West Germany discovery of the Mössbauer effect physiology/medicine Georg von Békésy U.S. functions of the inner ear 1962 chemistry Sir John Cowdery Kendrew U.K. determination of the structure of hemoproteins Max Ferdinand Perutz U.K. determination of the structure of hemoproteins literature John Steinbeck U.S. peace Linus Pauling U.S. physics Lev Davidovich Landau U.S.S.R. contributions to the understanding of condensed states of matter physiology/medicine Francis Harry Compton Crick U.K. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA James Dewey Watson U.S. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA Maurice Wilkins U.K. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA 1963 chemistry Giulio Natta Italy structure and synthesis of polymers in the field of plastics Karl Ziegler West Germany structure and synthesis of polymers in the field of plastics literature George Seferis Greece peace International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863) League of Red Cross Societies physics J. Hans D. Jensen West Germany development of shell model theory of the structure of the atomic nuclei Maria Goeppert Mayer U.S. development of shell model theory of the structure of the atomic nuclei Eugene Paul Wigner U.S. principles governing interaction of protons and neutrons in the nucleus physiology/medicine Sir John Carew Eccles Australia study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre Sir Alan Hodgkin U.K. study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley U.K. study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre 1964 chemistry Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin U.K. determining the structure of biochemical compounds essential in combating pernicious anemia literature Jean-Paul Sartre (declined) France peace Martin Luther King, Jr. U.S. physics Nikolay Gennadiyevich Basov U.S.S.R. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Prokhorov U.S.S.R. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles Charles Hard Townes U.S. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles physiology/medicine Konrad Bloch U.S. discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty-acid metabolism Feodor Lynen West Germany discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty-acid metabolism 1965 chemistry R.B. Woodward U.S. synthesis of sterols, chlorophyll, and other substances literature Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov U.S.S.R. peace United Nations Children’s Fund (founded 1946) physics Richard P. Feynman U.S. basic principles of quantum electrodynamics Julian Seymour Schwinger U.S. basic principles of quantum electrodynamics Tomonaga Shin’ichiro Japan basic principles of quantum electrodynamics physiology/medicine François Jacob France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of the body cells André Lwoff France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of the body cells Jacques Monod France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of the body cells 1966 chemistry Robert Sanderson Mulliken U.S. work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules literature S.Y. Agnon Israel Nelly Sachs Sweden physics Alfred Kastler France discovery of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms physiology/medicine Charles B. Huggins U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancer Peyton Rous U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancer 1967 chemistry Manfred Eigen West Germany studies of extremely fast chemical reactions Ronald George Wreyford Norrish U.K. studies of extremely fast chemical reactions Sir George Porter U.K. studies of extremely fast chemical reactions literature Miguel Ángel Asturias Guatemala physics Hans Bethe U.S. discoveries concerning the energy production of stars physiology/medicine Ragnar Arthur Granit Sweden discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye Haldan Keffer Hartline U.S. discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye George Wald U.S. discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye 1968 chemistry Lars Onsager U.S. work on theory of thermodynamics of irreversible processes literature Kawabata Yasunari Japan peace René Cassin France physics Luis W. Alvarez U.S. work with elementary particles, discovery of resonance states physiology/medicine Robert William Holley U.S. deciphering of the genetic code Har Gobind Khorana U.S. deciphering of the genetic code Marshall William Nirenberg U.S. deciphering of the genetic code 1969 chemistry Sir Derek H.R. Barton U.K. work in determining actual three-dimensional shape of molecules Odd Hassel Norway work in determining actual three-dimensional shape of molecules economics Ragnar Frisch Norway work in econometrics Jan Tinbergen Netherlands work in econometrics literature Samuel Beckett Ireland peace International Labour Organisation (founded 1919) physics Murray Gell-Mann U.S. classification of elementary particles and their interactions physiology/medicine Max Delbrück U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases A.D. Hershey U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases Salvador Luria U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases 1970 chemistry Luis Federico Leloir Argentina discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates economics Paul Samuelson U.S. work in scientific analysis of economic theory literature Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn U.S.S.R. peace Norman Ernest Borlaug U.S. physics Hannes Alfvén Sweden work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism Louis-Eugène-Félix Néel France work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism physiology/medicine Julius Axelrod U.S. discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmission Ulf von Euler Sweden discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmission Sir Bernard Katz U.K. discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmission 1971 chemistry Gerhard Herzberg Canada research in the structure of molecules economics Simon Kuznets U.S. extensive research on the economic growth of nations literature Pablo Neruda Chile peace Willy Brandt West Germany physics Dennis Gabor U.K. invention of holography physiology/medicine Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. U.S. action of hormones 1972 chemistry Christian B. Anfinsen U.S. fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry Stanford Moore U.S. fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry William H. Stein U.S. fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry economics Kenneth J. Arrow U.S. contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory Sir John R. Hicks U.K. contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory literature Heinrich Böll West Germany physics John Bardeen U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity Leon N. Cooper U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity John Robert Schrieffer U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity physiology/medicine Gerald Maurice Edelman U.S. research on the chemical structure of antibodies Rodney Robert Porter U.K. research on the chemical structure of antibodies 1973 chemistry Ernst Otto Fischer West Germany organometallic chemistry Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson U.K. organometallic chemistry economics Wassily Leontief U.S. input-output analysis literature Patrick White Australia peace Henry A. Kissinger U.S. Le Duc Tho (declined) North Vietnam physics Leo Esaki Japan tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors Ivar Giaever U.S. tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors Brian D. Josephson U.K. tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors physiology/medicine Karl von Frisch Austria discoveries in animal behaviour patterns Konrad Lorenz Austria discoveries in animal behaviour patterns Nikolaas Tinbergen U.K. discoveries in animal behaviour patterns 1974 chemistry Paul J. Flory U.S. studies of long-chain molecules economics Friedrich von Hayek U.K. pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomena Gunnar Myrdal Sweden pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomena literature Eyvind Johnson Sweden Harry Martinson Sweden peace Seán MacBride Ireland Sato Eisaku Japan physics Antony Hewish U.K. work in radio astronomy Sir Martin Ryle U.K. work in radio astronomy physiology/medicine Albert Claude U.S. research on structural and functional organization of cells Christian René de Duve Belgium research on structural and functional organization of cells George E. Palade U.S. research on structural and functional organization of cells 1975 chemistry Sir John Warcup Cornforth U.K. work in stereochemistry Vladimir Prelog Switzerland work in stereochemistry economics Leonid Vitalyevich Kantorovich U.S.S.R. contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources Tjalling C. Koopmans U.S. contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources literature Eugenio Montale Italy peace Andrey Dmitriyevich Sakharov U.S.S.R. physics Aage N. Bohr Denmark work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion Ben R. Mottelson Denmark work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion James Rainwater U.S. work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion physiology/medicine David Baltimore U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell Renato Dulbecco U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell Howard Martin Temin U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell 1976 chemistry William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr. U.S. structure of boranes economics Milton Friedman U.S. consumption analysis, monetary theory, and economic stabilization literature Saul Bellow U.S. peace Mairéad Corrigan Northern Ireland Betty Williams Northern Ireland physics Burton Richter U.S. discovery of new class of elementary particles (psi, or J) Samuel C.C. Ting U.S. discovery of new class of elementary particles (psi, or J) physiology/medicine Baruch S. Blumberg U.S. studies of origin and spread of infectious diseases D. Carleton Gajdusek U.S. studies of origin and spread of infectious diseases 1977 chemistry Ilya Prigogine Belgium widening the scope of thermodynamics economics James Edward Meade U.K. contributions to theory of international trade Bertil Ohlin Sweden contributions to theory of international trade literature Vicente Aleixandre Spain peace Amnesty International (founded 1961) physics Philip W. Anderson U.S. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids Sir Nevill F. Mott U.K. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids John H. Van Vleck U.S. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids physiology/medicine Roger Charles Louis Guillemin U.S. research on pituitary hormones Andrew Victor Schally U.S. research on pituitary hormones Rosalyn S. Yalow U.S. development of radioimmunoassay 1978 chemistry Peter Dennis Mitchell U.K. formulation of a theory of energy transfer processes in biological systems economics Herbert Alexander Simon U.S. decision-making processes in economic organizations literature Isaac Bashevis Singer U.S. peace Menachem Begin Israel Anwar el-Sadat Egypt physics Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa U.S.S.R. invention and application of helium liquefier Arno Penzias U.S. discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theory Robert Woodrow Wilson U.S. discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theory physiology/medicine Werner Arber Switzerland discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA Daniel Nathans U.S. discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA Hamilton Othanel Smith U.S. discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA 1979 chemistry Herbert Charles Brown U.S. introduction of compounds of boron and phosphorus in the synthesis of organic substances Georg Wittig West Germany introduction of compounds of boron and phosphorus in the synthesis of organic substances economics Sir Arthur Lewis U.K. analyses of economic processes in developing nations Theodore William Schultz U.S. analyses of economic processes in developing nations literature Odysseus Elytis Greece peace Mother Teresa India physics Sheldon Lee Glashow U.S. unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles Abdus Salam Pakistan unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles Steven Weinberg U.S. unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles physiology/medicine Allan MacLeod Cormack U.S. development of the CAT scan Sir Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield U.K. development of the CAT scan 1980 chemistry Paul Berg U.S. first preparation of a hybrid DNA Walter Gilbert U.S. development of chemical and biological analyses of DNA structure Frederick Sanger U.K. development of chemical and biological analyses of DNA structure economics Lawrence Robert Klein U.S. development and analysis of empirical models of business fluctuations literature Czesław Miłosz U.S. peace Adolfo Pérez Esquivel Argentina physics James Watson Cronin U.S. demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries Val Logsdon Fitch U.S. demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries physiology/medicine Baruj Benacerraf U.S. investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances Jean-Baptiste-Gabriel-Joachim Dausset France investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances George Davis Snell U.S. investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances 1981 chemistry Fukui Kenichi Japan orbital symmetry interpretation of chemical reactions Roald Hoffmann U.S. orbital symmetry interpretation of chemical reactions economics James Tobin U.S. portfolio selection theory of investment literature Elias Canetti Bulgaria peace Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (founded 1951) physics Nicolaas Bloembergen U.S. applications of lasers in spectroscopy Arthur Leonard Schawlow U.S. applications of lasers in spectroscopy Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn Sweden electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis physiology/medicine David Hunter Hubel U.S. processing of visual information by the brain Roger Wolcott Sperry U.S. functions of the cerebral hemispheres Torsten Nils Wiesel Sweden processing of visual information by the brain 1982 chemistry Aaron Klug U.K. determination of structure of biological substances economics George J. Stigler U.S. economic effects of governmental regulation literature Gabriel García Márquez Colombia peace Alfonso García Robles Mexico Alva Myrdal Sweden physics Kenneth Geddes Wilson U.S. analysis of continuous phase transitions physiology/medicine Sune K. Bergström Sweden biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins Bengt Ingemar Samuelsson Sweden biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins John Robert Vane U.K. biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins 1983 chemistry Henry Taube U.S. study of electron transfer reactions economics Gerard Debreu U.S. mathematical proof of supply and demand theory literature Sir William Golding U.K. peace Lech Wałęsa Poland physics Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar U.S. contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of stars William A. Fowler U.S. contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of stars physiology/medicine Barbara McClintock U.S. discovery of mobile plant genes that affect heredity 1984 chemistry Bruce Merrifield U.S. development of a method of polypeptide synthesis economics Sir Richard Stone U.K. development of national income accounting system literature Jaroslav Seifert Czechoslovakia peace Desmond Tutu South Africa physics Simon van der Meer Netherlands discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the electroweak theory Carlo Rubbia Italy discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the electroweak theory physiology/medicine Niels K. Jerne U.K.-Denmark theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies Georges J.F. Köhler West Germany theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies César Milstein Argentina theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies 1985 chemistry Herbert A. Hauptman U.S. development of a way to map the chemical structures of small molecules Jerome Karle U.S. development of a way to map the chemical structures of small molecules economics Franco Modigliani U.S. analyses of household savings and financial markets literature Claude Simon France peace International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (founded 1980) physics Klaus von Klitzing West Germany discovery of the quantized Hall effect, permitting exact measurements of electrical resistance physiology/medicine Michael S. Brown U.S. discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolism Joseph L. Goldstein U.S. discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolism 1986 chemistry Dudley R. Herschbach U.S. development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactions Yuan T. Lee U.S. development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactions John C. Polanyi Canada development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactions economics James M. Buchanan U.S. public-choice theory bridging economics and political science literature Wole Soyinka Nigeria peace Elie Wiesel U.S. physics Gerd Binnig West Germany development of special electron microscopes Heinrich Rohrer Switzerland development of special electron microscopes Ernst Ruska West Germany development of special electron microscopes physiology/medicine Stanley Cohen U.S. discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells Rita Levi-Montalcini Italy discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells 1987 chemistry Donald J. Cram U.S. development of molecules that can link with other molecules Jean-Marie Lehn France development of molecules that can link with other molecules Charles J. Pedersen U.S. development of molecules that can link with other molecules economics Robert Merton Solow U.S. contributions to the theory of economic growth literature Joseph Brodsky U.S. peace Oscar Arias Sánchez Costa Rica physics J. Georg Bednorz West Germany discovery of new superconducting materials Karl Alex Müller Switzerland discovery of new superconducting materials physiology/medicine Tonegawa Susumu Japan study of genetic aspects of antibodies 1988 chemistry Johann Deisenhofer West Germany discovery of structure of proteins needed in photosynthesis Robert Huber West Germany discovery of structure of proteins needed in photosynthesis Hartmut Michel West Germany discovery of structure of proteins needed in photosynthesis economics Maurice Allais France contributions to the theory of markets and efficient use of resources literature Naguib Mahfouz Egypt peace United Nations Peacekeeping Forces physics Leon Max Lederman U.S. research in subatomic particles Melvin Schwartz U.S. research in subatomic particles Jack Steinberger U.S. research in subatomic particles physiology/medicine Sir James Black U.K. development of new classes of drugs for combating disease Gertrude Belle Elion U.S. development of new classes of drugs for combating disease George Herbert Hitchings U.S. development of new classes of drugs for combating disease 1989 chemistry Sidney Altman U.S. discovery of certain basic properties of RNA Thomas Robert Cech U.S. discovery of certain basic properties of RNA economics Trygve Haavelmo Norway development of statistical techniques for economic forecasting literature Camilo José Cela Spain peace Dalai Lama Tibet physics Hans Georg Dehmelt U.S. development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for study Wolfgang Paul West Germany development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for study Norman Foster Ramsey U.S. development of the atomic clock physiology/medicine J. Michael Bishop U.S. study of cancer-causing genes called oncogenes Harold Varmus U.S. study of cancer-causing genes called oncogenes 1990 chemistry Elias James Corey U.S. development of retrosynthetic analysis for synthesis of complex molecules economics Harry M. Markowitz U.S. study of financial markets and investment decision-making Merton H. Miller U.S. study of financial markets and investment decision-making William F. Sharpe U.S. study of financial markets and investment decision-making literature Octavio Paz Mexico peace Mikhail Gorbachev U.S.S.R. physics Jerome Isaac Friedman U.S. discovery of atomic quarks Henry Way Kendall U.S. discovery of atomic quarks Richard E. Taylor Canada discovery of atomic quarks physiology/medicine Joseph E. Murray U.S. development of kidney and bone-marrow transplants E. Donnall Thomas U.S. development of kidney and bone-marrow transplants 1991 chemistry Richard R. Ernst Switzerland improvements in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy economics Ronald Coase U.S. application of economic principles to the study of law literature Nadine Gordimer South Africa peace Aung San Suu Kyi Myanmar physics Pierre-Gilles de Gennes France discovery of general rules for behaviour of molecules physiology/medicine Erwin Neher Germany discovery of how cells communicate, as related to diseases Bert Sakmann Germany discovery of how cells communicate, as related to diseases 1992 chemistry Rudolph A. Marcus U.S. explanation of how electrons transfer between molecules economics Gary S. Becker U.S. application of economic theory to social sciences literature Derek Walcott St. Lucia peace Rigoberta Menchú Guatemala physics Georges Charpak France inventor of detector that traces subatomic particles physiology/medicine Edmond H. Fischer U.S. discovery of class of enzymes called protein kinases Edwin Gerhard Krebs U.S. discovery of class of enzymes called protein kinases 1993 chemistry Kary B. Mullis U.S. inventors of techniques for gene study and manipulation Michael Smith Canada inventors of techniques for gene study and manipulation economics Robert William Fogel U.S. contributions to economic history Douglass C. North U.S. contributions to economic history literature Toni Morrison U.S. peace F.W. de Klerk South Africa Nelson Mandela South Africa physics Russell Alan Hulse U.S. identifying binary pulsars Joseph H. Taylor, Jr. U.S. identifying binary pulsars physiology/medicine Richard J. Roberts U.K. discovery of “split,” or interrupted, genetic structure Phillip A. Sharp U.S. discovery of “split,” or interrupted, genetic structure 1994 chemistry George A. Olah U.S. development of techniques to study hydrocarbon molecules economics John C. Harsanyi U.S. development of game theory John F. Nash U.S. development of game theory Reinhard Selten Germany development of game theory literature Oe Kenzaburo Japan peace Yasser Arafat Palestinian Shimon Peres Israel Yitzhak Rabin Israel physics Bertram N. Brockhouse Canada development of neutron-scattering techniques Clifford G. Shull U.S. development of neutron-scattering techniques physiology/medicine Alfred G. Gilman U.S. discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins Martin Rodbell U.S. discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins 1995 chemistry Paul Crutzen Netherlands explanation of processes that deplete Earth’s ozone layer Mario Molina U.S. explanation of processes that deplete Earth’s ozone layer F. Sherwood Rowland U.S. explanation of processes that deplete Earth’s ozone layer economics Robert E. Lucas, Jr. U.S. incorporation of rational expectations in macroeconomic theory literature Seamus Heaney Ireland peace Pugwash Conferences (founded 1957) Joseph Rotblat U.K. physics Martin Lewis Perl U.S. discovery of tau subatomic particle Frederick Reines U.S. discovery of neutrino subatomic particle physiology/medicine Edward B. Lewis U.S. identification of genes that control the body’s early structural development Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Germany identification of genes that control the body’s early structural development Eric F. Wieschaus U.S. identification of genes that control the body’s early structural development 1996 chemistry Robert F. Curl, Jr. U.S. discovery of new carbon compounds called fullerenes Sir Harold W. Kroto U.K. discovery of new carbon compounds called fullerenes Richard E. Smalley U.S. discovery of new carbon compounds called fullerenes economics James A. Mirrlees U.K. contributions to theory of incentives under conditions of asymmetric information William Vickrey U.S. contributions to theory of incentives under conditions of asymmetric information literature Wisława Szymborska Poland peace Carlos Felipe Ximenes Belo Timorese José Ramos-Horta Timorese physics David M. Lee U.S. discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3 Douglas D. Osheroff U.S. discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3 Robert C. Richardson U.S. discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3 physiology/medicine Peter C. Doherty Australia discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells Rolf M. Zinkernagel Switzerland discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells 1997 chemistry Paul D. Boyer U.S. explanation of the enzymatic conversion of adenosine triphosphate Jens C. Skou Denmark discovery of sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase John E. Walker U.K. explanation of the enzymatic conversion of adenosine triphosphate economics Robert C. Merton U.S. methods for determining the value of stock options and other derivatives Myron S. Scholes U.S. methods for determining the value of stock options and other derivatives literature Dario Fo Italy peace International Campaign to Ban Landmines (founded 1992) Jody Williams U.S. physics Steven Chu U.S. process of trapping atoms with laser cooling Claude Cohen-Tannoudji France process of trapping atoms with laser cooling William D. Phillips U.S. process of trapping atoms with laser cooling physiology/medicine Stanley B. Prusiner U.S. discovery of the prion, a type of disease-causing protein 1998 chemistry Walter Kohn U.S. development of the density-functional theory John A. Pople U.K. development of computational methods in quantum chemistry economics Amartya Sen India contribution to welfare economics literature José Saramago Portugal peace John Hume Northern Ireland David Trimble Northern Ireland physics Robert B. Laughlin U.S. discovery of fractional quantum Hall effect Horst L. Störmer U.S. discovery of fractional quantum Hall effect Daniel C. Tsui U.S. discovery of fractional quantum Hall effect physiology/medicine Robert F. Furchgott U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system Louis J. Ignarro U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system Ferid Murad U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system 1999 chemistry Ahmed H. Zewail Egypt/U.S. study of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy economics Robert A. Mundell Canada analysis of optimum currency areas and of policy under different exchange rate regimes literature Günter Grass Germany peace Doctors Without Borders (founded 1971) physics Gerardus ‘t Hooft Netherlands study of quantum structure of electroweak interactions Martinus J.G. Veltman Netherlands study of quantum structure of electroweak interactions physiology/medicine Günter Blobel U.S. discovery that proteins have signals governing cellular organization 2000 chemistry Alan J. Heeger U.S. discovery of plastics that conduct electricity Alan G. MacDiarmid U.S. discovery of plastics that conduct electricity Shirakawa Hideki Japan discovery of plastics that conduct electricity economics James J. Heckman U.S. development of methods of statistical analysis of individual and household behaviour Daniel L. McFadden U.S. development of methods of statistical analysis of individual and household behaviour literature Gao Xingjian France peace Kim Dae-Jung South Korea physics Zhores I. Alferov Russia development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics Jack S. Kilby U.S. development of the integrated circuit (microchip) Herbert Kroemer Germany development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics physiology/medicine Arvid Carlsson Sweden discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain Paul Greengard U.S. discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain Eric R. Kandel U.S. discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain 2001 chemistry William S. Knowles U.S. work on chirally catalyzed hydrogenation reactions Noyori Ryoji Japan work on chirally catalyzed hydrogenation reactions K. Barry Sharpless U.S. work on chirally catalyzed oxidation reactions economics George A. Akerlof U.S. analysis of markets with asymmetric information A. Michael Spence U.S. analysis of markets with asymmetric information Joseph E. Stiglitz U.S. analysis of markets with asymmetric information literature Sir V.S. Naipaul Trinidad peace United Nations (founded 1945) Kofi Annan Ghana physics Eric A. Cornell U.S. achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates Wolfgang Ketterle Germany achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates Carl E. Wieman U.S. achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates physiology/medicine Leland H. Hartwell U.S. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle R. Timothy Hunt U.K. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle Sir Paul M. Nurse U.K. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle 2002 chemistry John B. Fenn U.S. development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large molecules Tanaka Koichi Japan development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large molecules Kurt Wüthrich Switzerland development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large molecules economics Daniel Kahneman U.S./Israel integration of psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty Vernon L. Smith U.S. establishment of laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis literature Imre Kertész Hungary peace Jimmy Carter U.S. physics Raymond Davis, Jr. U.S. detection of neutrinos Riccardo Giacconi U.S. seminal discoveries of cosmic sources of X-rays Koshiba Masatoshi Japan detection of neutrinos physiology/medicine Sydney Brenner U.K. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis) H. Robert Horvitz U.S. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis) John E. Sulston U.K. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis) 2003 chemistry Peter Agre U.S. discoveries regarding water channels and ion channels in cells Roderick MacKinnon U.S. discoveries regarding water channels and ion channels in cells economics Robert F. Engle U.S. development of techniques for the analysis of time series data Clive W.J. Granger U.K. development of techniques for the analysis of time series data literature J.M. Coetzee South Africa peace Shirin Ebadi Iran physics Alexei A. Abrikosov U.S. discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures Vitaly L. Ginzburg Russia discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures Anthony J. Leggett U.S. discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures physiology/medicine Paul Lauterbur U.S. development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Sir Peter Mansfield U.K. development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 2004 chemistry Aaron Ciechanover Israel discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation Avram Hershko Israel discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation Irwin Rose U.S. discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation economics Finn E. Kydland Norway contributions to dynamic macroeconomics Edward C. Prescott U.S. contributions to dynamic macroeconomics literature Elfriede Jelinek Austria peace Wangari Maathi Kenya physics David J. Gross U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction H. David Politzer U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction Frank Wilczek U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction physiology/medicine Richard Axel U.S. discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system Linda B. Buck U.S. discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system 2005 chemistry Yves Chauvin France development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis Robert H. Grubbs U.S. development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis Richard R. Schrock U.S. development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis economics Robert J. Aumann Israel contributions to game-theory analysis Thomas C. Schelling U.S. contributions to game-theory analysis literature Harold Pinter U.K. peace Mohamed ElBaradei Egypt International Atomic Energy Agency (founded 1957) physics Roy J. Glauber U.S. contributions to the field of optics John L. Hall U.S. contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy Theodor W. Hänsch Germany contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy physiology/medicine Barry J. Marshall Australia discovery of bacteria’s role in peptic ulcer disease J. Robin Warren Australia discovery of bacteria’s role in peptic ulcer disease 2006 chemistry Roger D. Kornberg U.S. work on the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription economics Edmund S. Phelps U.S. analysis of intertemporal trade-offs in macroeconomic policy literature Orhan Pamuk Turkey peace Grameen Bank (founded 1976) Muhammad Yunus Bangladesh physics John C. Mather U.S. discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation George F. Smoot U.S. discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation physiology/medicine Andrew Z. Fire U.S. discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA Craig C. Mello U.S. discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA 2007 chemistry Gerhard Ertl Germany studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces economics Leonid Hurwicz U.S. work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory Eric S. Maskin U.S. work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory Roger B. Myerson U.S. work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory literature Doris Lessing U.S. peace Al Gore U.S. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (founded 1988) physics Albert Fert France discovery of giant magnetoresistance Peter Grünberg Germany discovery of giant magnetoresistance physiology/medicine Mario R. Capecchi U.S. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells Sir Martin J. Evans U.K. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells Oliver Smithies U.S. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells 2008 chemistry Martin Chalfie U.S. discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP Osamu Shimomura U.S. discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP Roger Y. Tsien U.S. discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP economics Paul Krugman U.S. analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity literature Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio France peace Martti Ahtisaari Finland physics Kobayashi Makoto Japan discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature Maskawa Toshihide Japan discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature Yoichiro Nambu U.S. discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics physiology/medicine Françoise Barré-Sinoussi France discovery of human immunodeficiency virus Luc Montagnier France discovery of human immunodeficiency virus Harald zur Hausen Germany discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer 2009 chemistry Venkatraman Ramakrishnan U.S. studies of the structure and function of the ribosome Thomas Steitz U.S. studies of the structure and function of the ribosome Ada Yonath Israel studies of the structure and function of the ribosome economics Elinor Ostrom U.S. analysis of economic governance, especially the commons Oliver E. Williamson U.S. analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm literature Herta Müller Germany peace Barack Obama U.S. physics Willard Boyle Canada/U.S. invention of the CCD sensor, an imaging semiconductor circuit Charles Kao U.K./U.S. achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibres for optical communication George E. Smith U.S. invention of the CCD sensor, an imaging semiconductor circuit physiology/medicine Elizabeth H. Blackburn U.S. discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase Carol W. Greider U.S. discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase Jack W. Szostak U.S. discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase 2010 chemistry Richard F. Heck U.S. development of techniques to synthesize complex carbon molecules Negishi Ei-ichi Japan development of techniques to synthesize complex carbon molecules Suzmediuki Akira Japan development of techniques to synthesize complex carbon molecules economics Peter A. Diamond U.S. analysis of markets with search frictions Dale T. Mortensen U.S. analysis of markets with search frictions Christopher A. Pissarides Cyprus/U.K. analysis of markets with search frictions literature Mario Vargas Llosa Peru peace Liu Xiaobo China physics Andre Geim Netherlands experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene Konstantin Novoselov Russia/U.K. experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene physiology/medicine Robert Edwards U.K. development of in vitro fertilization 2011 chemistry Daniel Shechtman Israel discovery of quasicrystals economics Thomas J. Sargent U.S. empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy Christopher A. Sims U.S. empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy literature Tomas Tranströmer Sweden peace Leymah Gbowee Liberia Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Liberia Tawakkul Karmān Yemen physics Saul Perlmutter U.S. discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae Adam G. Riess U.S./Australia discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae Brian P. Schmidt U.S. discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae physiology/medicine Bruce A. Beutler U.S. discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity 2012 chemistry Brian K. Kobilka U.S. studies of G-protein-coupled receptors Robert J. Lefkowitz U.S. studies of G-protein-coupled receptors economics Alvin E. Roth U.S. work on market design and matching theory Lloyd S. Shapley U.S. work on market design and matching theory literature Mo Yan China peace European Union (founded 1993) Shinya Yamanaka Japan discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent 2013 chemistry Martin Karplus Austria/U.S. development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems Michael Levitt U.K./U.S./Israel development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems Arieh Warshel Israel/U.S. development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems economics Eugene F. Fama U.S. empirical analysis of asset prices Lars P. Hansen U.S. empirical analysis of asset prices Robert J. Shiller U.S. empirical analysis of asset prices literature Alice Munro Canada peace Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (founded 1997) physics François Englert Belgium theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to the understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles Peter Higgs U.K. theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to the understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles physiology/medicine James E. Rothman U.S. discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells Randy W. Schekman U.S. discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells Thomas C. Südhof Germany/U.S. discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells 2014 chemistry Eric Betzig U.S. development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy Stefan W. Hell Germany development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy William E. Moerner U.S. development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy economics Jean Tirole France analysis of market power and regulation literature Patrick Modiano France peace Kailash Satyarthi India Malala Yousafzai Pakistan physics Akasaki Isamu Japan invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes, which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources Amano Hiroshi Japan invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes, which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources Shuji Nakamura U.S. invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes, which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources physiology/medicine Edvard I. Moser Norway discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain May-Britt Moser Norway discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain John O’Keefe U.S./U.K. discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain 2015 chemistry Tomas Lindahl Sweden mechanistic studies of DNA repair Paul Modrich U.S. mechanistic studies of DNA repair Aziz Sancar Turkey/U.S. mechanistic studies of DNA repair economics Angus S. Deaton U.K. analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare literature Svetlana Alexievich Belarus peace National Dialogue Quartet (founded 2013) physics Kajita Takaaki Japan discovery of neutrino oscillations, which show that neutrinos have mass Arthur B. McDonald Canada discovery of neutrino oscillations, which show that neutrinos have mass physiology/medicine William C. Campbell Ireland discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites Ōmura Satoshi Japan discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites Tu Youyou China discoveries concerning a novel therapy against malaria 2016 chemistry Jean-Pierre Sauvage France design and synthesis of molecular machines J. Fraser Stoddart U.K. design and synthesis of molecular machines Bernard Feringa Netherlands design and synthesis of molecular machines economics Oliver Hart U.K. contributions to contract theory Bengt Holmström Finland contributions to contract theory literature Bob Dylan U.S. peace Juan Manuel Santos Colombia physics David Thouless U.K. theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter Duncan Haldane U.K. theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter Michael Kosterlitz U.K. theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter physiology/medicine Yoshinori Ohsumi Japan discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy 2017 chemistry Jacques Dubochet Switzerland development of cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution Joachim Frank Germany/U.S. development of cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution Richard Henderson U.K. development of cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution economics Richard H. Thaler U.S. contributions to behavioral economics literature Kazuo Ishiguro U.K. peace International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (founded 2007) physics Barry C. Barish U.S. decisive contributions to the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory detector and the observation of gravitational waves Kip S. Thorne U.S. decisive contributions to the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory detector and the observation of gravitational waves Rainer Weiss U.S. decisive contributions to the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory detector and the observation of gravitational waves physiology/medicine Jeffrey C. Hall U.S. discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm Michael Rosbash U.S. discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm Michael W. Young U.S. discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm 2018 chemistry Frances Arnold U.S. first directed evolution of enzymes George P. Smith U.S. development of phage display, a method in which a bacteriophage can be used to evolve new proteins Gregory P. Winter U.K. work using the phage display method for the directed evolution of antibodies economics William Nordhaus U.S. integration of climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis Paul Romer U.S. integration of technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis literature** Olga Tokarczuk Poland peace Denis Mukwege Democratic Republic of the Congo Nadia Murad Iraq physics Arthur Ashkin U.S. invention of optical tweezers and their application to biological systems Gérard Mourou France invention of a method of generating high-intensity ultrashort optical pulses Donna Strickland Canada invention of a method of generating high-intensity ultrashort optical pulses physiology/medicine James P. Allison U.S. discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation Tasuku Honjo Japan discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation 2019 chemistry John B. Goodenough U.S. development of lithium-ion batteries M. Stanley Whittingham U.K./U.S. development of lithium-ion batteries Yoshino Akira Japan development of lithium-ion batteries economics Abhijit Banerjee U.S. experimental approach to alleviating global poverty Esther Duflo French/U.S. experimental approach to alleviating global poverty Michael Kremer U.S. experimental approach to alleviating global poverty literature Peter Handke Austria peace Abiy Ahmed Ethiopia physics James Peebles Canada/U.S. theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology Michel Mayor Switzerland discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star Didier Queloz Switzerland discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star physiology/medicine William G. Kaelin, Jr. U.S. discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability Peter J. Ratcliffe U.K. discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability Gregg L. Semenza U.S. discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability 2020 chemistry Emmanuelle Charpentier France development of a method for genome editing Jennifer Doudna U.S. development of a method for genome editing economics Paul R. Milgrom U.S. improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats Robert B. Wilson U.S. improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats literature Louise Glück U.S. peace World Food Programme (founded 1961) physics Reinhard Genzel Germany discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy Andrea Ghez U.S. discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy Roger Penrose U.K. discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity physiology/medicine Harvey J. Alter U.S. discovery of hepatitis C virus Michael Houghton U.K. discovery of hepatitis C virus Charles M. Rice U.S. discovery of hepatitis C virus 2021 chemistry Benjamin List Germany development of asymmetric organocatalysis David W.C. MacMillan U.K./U.S. development of asymmetric organocatalysis economics Joshua Angrist Israel/U.S. methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships David Card Canada/U.S. empirical contributions to labour economics Guido W. Imbens Neth./U.S. methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships literature Abdulrazak Gurnah Tanz. peace Dmitry Muratov Russia Maria Ressa Phil./U.S. physics Klaus Hasselmann Germany physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming Manabe Syukuro Japan/U.S. physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming Giorgio Parisi Italy discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales physiology/medicine David Julius U.S. discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch Ardem Patapoutian U.S. discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch 2022 chemistry Carolyn R. Bertozzi U.S. development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry Morten P. Meldal Neth. development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry K. Barry Sharpless U.S. development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry economics Ben Bernanke U.S. research on banks and financial crises Douglas Diamond U.S. research on banks and financial crises Philip Dybvig U.S. research on banks and financial crises literature Annie Ernaux France peace Ales Bialiatski Belarus Center for Civil Liberties Ukraine Memorial Russia physics Alain Aspect France experiments with quantum entanglement that laid the foundation for a new era of quantum technology John F. Clauser U.S. experiments with quantum entanglement that laid the foundation for a new era of quantum technology Anton Zeilinger Austria experiments with quantum entanglement that laid the foundation for a new era of quantum technology physiology/medicine Svante Pääbo Sweden discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution 2023 chemistry Moungi Bawendi France/U.S. discovery and synthesis of quantum dots Louis Brus U.S. discovery and synthesis of quantum dots Alexei Ekimov Russia/U.S. discovery and synthesis of quantum dots economics Claudia Goldin U.S. research on women’s labour market outcomes literature Jon Fosse U.S. peace Narges Mohammadi Iran physics Pierre Agostini France development of experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter Ferenc Krausz Hungary development of experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter Anne L’Huillier France development of experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter physiology/medicine Katalin Karikó Hungary/U.S. discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19
|
|||||
correct_award_00058
|
FactBench
|
2
| 73
|
https://americasquarterly.org/article/a-guatemalan-classic-on-the-nightmare-of-dictatorship/
|
en
|
A Guatemalan Classic On the Nightmare of Dictatorship
|
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[
"Chapman Caddell"
] |
2022-07-26T10:00:00+00:00
|
Miguel Ángel Asturias’s masterpiece achieved lasting fame by trading political specifics for tragic grandeur.
|
en
|
Americas Quarterly
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https://americasquarterly.org/article/a-guatemalan-classic-on-the-nightmare-of-dictatorship/
|
Reading Time: 3 minutes
This article is adapted from AQ’s special report on supply chains
The president in Miguel Ángel Asturias’s novel Mr. President rarely appears in person. His regime is despotic, his power is boundless, but the man himself is a mystery. We know him by his works: show trials, police roundups, surveillance reports and despairing conversations in prison cells across Asturias’s native Guatemala City. Torture is par for the course. Without any knowledge of the president’s habits, politics, or inner life, we see him most vividly in his citizens’ nightmares.
Asturias finished the novel in 1933 but was prevented from publishing it until 1946 by the dictatorship of Jorge Ubico, whom he feared would identify his own regime with the president’s. But in fact, the novel’s president was modeled on Manuel Estrada Cabrera, whose rule ended in 1920.
Unfortunately, Estrada Cabrera’s authoritarian style long outlived his regime. By the time an English translation of Asturias’s book was published in 1963, the United States-backed overthrow of Jacobo Árbenz’s social democracy had delivered Guatemala into new nightmares, eerily similar to the old. The rightist dictatorships of Carlos Castillo Armas and Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes resembled the president’s reign of terror as nearly as Estrada Cabrera’s did. With continued U.S. support, even more repressive regimes would follow.
Perhaps understandably, the book’s portrait of life under dictatorship has resonated more with Latin Americans over the decades than with readers in the United States. Overshadowed in the U.S. by the Latin American literary “boom” of the 1960s, the novel was effusively received by Spanish-language critics after its republication in Argentina in 1948.
Mr. President owes its longevity in part to the way it skirts specific detail. It is primarily a novel of atmosphere—the atmosphere of Guatemala’s bleak 20th century. Centered on the fall from grace of Miguel Angel Face, the president’s closest confidant, the narrative unfolds in an elegant series of repetitions and tragic symmetries. Miguel Angel Face stages the kidnapping of a prominent general’s daughter to help her father flee into exile. He becomes smitten with the daughter, and—against the backdrop of a purge overseen by the regime’s enforcer, the nameless Judge Advocate—he falls from the president’s favor, into ruin.
The plot is less an end in itself, however, than a vehicle for lyrical depiction of a people under psychological siege. We begin in the company of beggars who witness the murder of an officer. Asturias follows the beggars from the streets into a prison, where they are herded by the police. In the epilogue, an anonymous student, fresh from prison himself, watches a chain gang march the same path. If Miguel Angel Face’s story risks tipping into melodrama, it is saved by the stark, surreal enormity of Asturias’s penetrating vision.
A modernist triumph like Asturias’s deserves a translation of similar caliber. In the preface to his new translation, David Unger purports to correct his predecessor’s errors and omissions. But what he gains in narrow fidelity, Unger loses in poetry. The English text is full of mangled idioms and stilted, sometimes bizarre dialogue. A hypothetical flag is “in titters and tatters,” and a prostitute is nicknamed, anachronistically, “Boombox Ears.” A secret policeman exclaims to a friend, “This is my night to be happy, my night to be snappy, I’m telling you, my happy snappy night!”
Still, across the uncanny valley of Unger’s translation, we catch startling glimpses of the original’s brilliant imagery. That so much poetry survives this treatment is a testament to the staggering, lasting beauty of Asturias’s harrowing masterwork.
—
Caddell is a writer based in Santa Monica, California
Tags: Asturias, book, Cultura, Literature, Mister President, Señor Presidente
|
|||||
correct_award_00058
|
FactBench
|
0
| 85
|
https://consuladodeguatemalaenusa.com/en/success-stories/emblematic-figures-of-guatemala-miguel-angel-asturias-and-rigoberta-menchu-tum/
|
en
|
Emblematic Figures of Guatemala: Miguel Ángel Asturias and Rigoberta Menchú Tum
|
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[
"Carlos"
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2024-05-08T21:06:34+02:00
|
Guatemala has given the world several outstanding figures in different fields such as the arts, science and politics. Among Guatemala’s most famous men, some have left an indelible mark both nationally and internationally. Here is a brief report on one of Guatemala’s most famous and emblematic men: Miguel Ángel Asturias. Miguel Ángel Asturias: A Giant […]
|
en
|
Consulados de Guatemala en Estados Unidos
|
https://consuladodeguatemalaenusa.com/en/success-stories/emblematic-figures-of-guatemala-miguel-angel-asturias-and-rigoberta-menchu-tum/
|
Guatemala has given the world several outstanding figures in different fields such as the arts, science and politics. Among Guatemala’s most famous men, some have left an indelible mark both nationally and internationally.
Here is a brief report on one of Guatemala’s most famous and emblematic men: Miguel Ángel Asturias.
Miguel Ángel Asturias: A Giant of Literature
Miguel Ángel Asturias (1899-1974) was a Guatemalan writer and diplomat who played a crucial role in bringing the culture and problems of Latin America to the world stage through his literary work.
Born in Guatemala, Asturias became one of the most influential figures in 20th century Latin American literature.
Literary Contributions
Asturias is best known for his profound use of indigenous myth and folklore to address social and political injustices in his native country.
His most famous novel, “El Señor Presidente”, explores tyranny and the effects of authoritarianism in Guatemalan society, and is considered a masterpiece of magical realism, although it was written before the term was popularized.
Nobel Prize in Literature
In 1967, Miguel Ángel Asturias was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, becoming one of the first Latin American writers to receive this honor.
The Nobel committee awarded him the prize for his ability to combine fantasy-rich storytelling with profound social and political criticism.
Impact and Legacy
Asturias was not only a renowned novelist, but also a poet and playwright whose work inspired generations of writers in Guatemala and beyond. His commitment to social justice and his deep empathy for Guatemala’s cultural roots have secured him a permanent place in the cultural history of Latin America.
Miguel Ángel Asturias is not only an emblematic figure in Guatemala; his legacy continues to influence scholars, writers and readers around the world, standing out as a bridge between cultures and a spokesman for the voiceless.
Another of Guatemala’s most famous and influential men is Rigoberta Menchú Tum, a global icon of human rights and social justice. Although technically not a man, the transcendence of his work deserves to be highlighted in any discussion of notable Guatemalan figures.
Rigoberta Menchú Tum: Human Rights Defender and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate
Rigoberta Menchú Tum, born in 1959 into an indigenous Quiché family in Guatemala, has stood out as a fervent defender of civil rights and the rights of indigenous peoples not only in Guatemala, but around the world.
Struggle for Indigenous Rights
From a young age, Menchú became involved in social movements, mainly motivated by the injustices her community faced.
Her activism gained international notoriety with the publication of her book “My name is Rigoberta Menchú and this is how my conscience was born”, in which she recounts the struggles and suffering of indigenous Guatemalans during the internal armed conflict in her country.
Nobel Peace Prize
In 1992, Rigoberta Menchú was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of her tireless struggle for the promotion of human rights and social reconciliation in Guatemala, especially in contexts of oppression and violence.
She was the first indigenous woman in history to receive this honor.
Political and Cultural Impact
In addition to her activism, Menchú has been involved in politics, always looking for ways to promote indigenous causes at the legislative and governmental levels.
His work has contributed significantly to the visibility of the problems faced by indigenous peoples and has inspired numerous organizations and social movements around the world.
Legacy and Global Recognition
Rigoberta Menchú’s legacy goes beyond her personal achievements; she has served to educate and raise awareness about the importance of human rights and cultural dignity. Today, she remains active in her commitment to peace and justice, participating in international forums and leading initiatives that seek to improve the living conditions of indigenous peoples.
Rigoberta Menchú Tum remains one of Guatemala’s most respected and admired figures, whose life and work continue to inspire fighters for justice around the world.
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correct_award_00058
|
FactBench
|
1
| 51
|
https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-timely-return-of-a-dictator-novel
|
en
|
The Timely Return of a Dictator Novel
|
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2022-08-10T12:57:37.739000-04:00
|
Graciela Mochkofsky writes about the Guatemalan author Miguel Ángel Asturias and a new English translation of his novel “El Señor Presidente,” known in English as “Mr. President,” by David Unger and published by Penguin Classics.
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en
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https://www.newyorker.com/verso/static/the-new-yorker/assets/favicon.ico
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The New Yorker
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https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-timely-return-of-a-dictator-novel
|
The life of a writer is buoyed, fraught, consumed, or scarred by the drama of recognition. Most writers never achieve it. Some are ahead of their time and miss it. Others will not see their work published before they die. And some simply suffer from bad timing. The Guatemalan novelist Miguel Ángel Asturias was among the latter. He invented an entirely new literary language, feeding on European avant-garde movements of the nineteen-twenties, that combined political reality, myth, poetry, theatre, silent cinema, indigenous cultures, and dreams. It’s not as if he didn’t get rosettes: he was the first Latin American novelist to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, and one of only three writers to be awarded both a Nobel and the Lenin Peace Prize. But, “from the very moment” he received the Nobel, his “star began to wane, and he has never again been at the center of Latin American literary attention,” according to Gerald Martin, the Andrew W. Mellon Professor Emeritus of Modern Languages at the University of Pittsburgh and an expert on Asturias’s work.
Still, a formidable new English translation of his crucial work, the dictator novel “El Señor Presidente” —“Mr. President” in this edition—by the Guatemalan American writer David Unger, published in July by Penguin Classics, with an introduction by Martin, may return him to the status that is his due. This time, the story speaks not only to Latin America’s cycles of tyranny but to a United States and a Europe confronting, for the first time since it was published, in 1946, a new wave of authoritarian leaders on the rise.
Asturias was born in Guatemala City, in 1899, a year after President Manuel Estrada Cabrera took office. Estrada Cabrera ruled by terror, running a network of secret police, and persecuting, torturing, and killing political opponents, while delivering control of the country’s resources to the United Fruit Company, the American corporation that acted as a de-facto colonial power in Central America during the early and mid-twentieth century. Asturias’s father, a judge, opposed Estrada Cabrera’s abuses at the cost of his job and, when Asturias was a child, was sent to internal exile in a rural area, where the future writer first encountered indigenous cultures. Estrada Cabrera was finally ousted, in 1920, and was tried and sentenced. Asturias discovered the full brutality of Estrada Cabrera’s regime while working as a secretary for the tribunal that condemned him; Asturias was even with a group that interviewed the former dictator in prison. That experience informed a short story, “Political Beggars,” that Asturias wrote in the early twenties and which, in time, became the first chapter of “El Señor Presidente.”
After another dictator, General José María Orellana, seized power, in 1921, Asturias moved first to London and then to Paris, where he spent the next decade. He studied Popol Vuh, a sacred text of the Maya, at the Sorbonne, and connected with Surrealism and the avant garde. He met Picasso, James Joyce, Paul Valéry, Arthur Conan Doyle, and Jiddu Krishnamurti. Asturias did some of his best writing during that time: “Legends of Guatemala,” a collection of nine stories based on Mayan myths, which was published in Spanish in 1930, and, two years later, in a French translation with a preface by Valéry; a draft of “The Bejeweled Boy,” a novel that is also a memoir of his childhood; parts of the novel “Men of Maize,” which was eventually published in 1949; and “El Señor Presidente,” which he finished in 1932. Sergio Ramírez, Nicaragua’s best-known living writer and a former Vice-President of the country, told me that Asturias “transposed the experimentation of the Surrealist language into Spanish, just as Rubén Darío had done with the French language during the Modernist era.” He added that, in Paris, Asturias and Darío“discovered the atmosphere and reality of Latin America,” as have so many others from the region, the Cuban Alejo Carpentier and the Argentine Julio Cortázar, among them.
“El Señor Presidente” tells the story of an unnamed country ruled by an unnamed man, who makes very few appearances in the novel himself, but whose presence configures and dooms every breath of life in the country. Nothing, including dreams and inner feelings, escapes his touch. Everyone lives in terror. The story begins, in a stunningly poetic opening scene, with the accidental murder of a colonel who is close to the President, and the President’s decision to frame two men he wants to see dead—a retired general and a lawyer—for the colonel’s death. He tasks his confidant, Miguel Angel Face, with alerting the retired general to his imminent capture—the President plans to have him killed as he flees, an action he will point to as proof of the general’s guilt. The novel follows a number of other characters, including the general’s daughter, Camila, with whom Miguel Angel Face falls in love, tragically. But what makes “El Señor Presidente” a “tour de force of great originality,” as the Peruvian novelist Mario Vargas Llosa notes in a foreword to the new translation, is not its plot but its use of language, with invented words, songs, rhythms, and “astonishing metaphors”:
A drum beats where noses aren’t blown, tracing drumsticks in the wind academy, it is a drum . . . top, it isn’t a drum; it’s a handkerchief knocking on a door and the hand of a brass knocker! The knocks penetrate like drill bits, perforating all sides of the house’s intestinal silence . . . knock . . . knock . . . knock . . . house drum. Each house has its own door-knocker to call its dwellers and when it’s closed, they’re living death . . . shebang of the house . . . door . . . shebang of the house . . . The fountain water becomes all eyes when it hears the doorknockdrum angrily telling servants . . . “Knocking again!” and the walls echo back over and over again: “Knocking again! Go ooopen!” “Knocking again! Gooo ooopen! and the ashes grow restless, not able to stir the cat, the lookout, with a soft shiver sent behind the bars of the grate, and the roses grow agitated, innocent victims of the inflexibility of thorns, and mirrors speak lively like a rapt medium through the souls of the dead furniture: “Knocking! Gooo open!”
Asturias seemed bound for success. But Latin American dreams tend to soar and collapse as quickly as the continent’s commodities. A slump in the price of coffee worsened the economic crisis in Guatemala, making it, Martin writes, “impossible for middle-class Guatemalans to sustain themselves abroad,” and forcing Asturias to make an unhappy return home, in 1933. By then, the country was ruled by yet another dictator, Jorge Ubico, who remained in power for more than a decade. Stuck in Guatemala, Asturias did not publish any of his work during that time, including “El Señor Presidente,” which, though based on Estrada Cabrera, could easily have been read to refer to Ubico.
It wasn’t until after the Second World War, and after Asturias had published a Mexican edition of the novel to little notice, in 1946, and had moved to Argentina the following year, that he managed to get the book out to international acclaim. Recognition, however, did not equal comprehension: appearing in a completely different context from the one in which it was created, “El Señor Presidente” was cheered not as an extraordinary literary achievement but as an “engaged” (the Sartrean term then in vogue) exposé of Latin American injustice. Asturias himself contributed to this reading of his work by publishing three novels, sometimes called the “Banana Trilogy”—“Strong Wind” (1950), “The Green Pope” (1954), and “The Eyes of the Interred” (1960)—about the United Fruit Company’s nefarious role in Guatemala. When Argentina came under military rule in 1962, Asturias was forced to relocate again, this time to Italy. In 1966, he was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize for the “Banana Trilogy,” and he won the Nobel the next year, just as the Latin American Boom was booming.
The Boom was a period of almost two decades, the nineteen-sixties and seventies, during which a group of relatively young writers produced hugely innovative and influential work. Cortázar; Vargas Llosa; Gabriel García Márquez, of Colombia; and Carlos Fuentes, of Mexico, are its best-known authors, although there were many others. Asturias was their natural predecessor. To begin with, he is credited with the invention, especially in “Legends of Guatemala” and “Men of Maize,” of Latin American magical realism—a genre widely identified with the Boom, owing to García Márquez’s prominence in it—specifically as a way to depict the region’s sense of absurdity in confronting its reality. Martin, who is the author of a celebrated biography of García Marquez (and is at work on a biography of Vargas Llosa), asks in his prologue to “Mr. President”: “What is magical realism, if not the solution to writing novels about hybrid societies in which a dominant culture of European origin is juxtaposed in multiple ways with one or more different cultures that in many cases are ‘premodern’?” He concludes, “It was not Gabriel García Márquez who invented magical realism; it was Miguel Ángel Asturias.” “Guatemalans are a mestizo culture; we live between two cultures,” Lucrecia Méndez de Penedo, a Guatemalan literary scholar and critic who is a member of the Guatemalan Academy of the Language, told me. “Asturias lived in an indigenous rural area as a child. Through magical realism, he tried to explain this identity, which has been referred to as a ‘split identity.’ ”
“El Señor Presidente,” for its part, is widely considered to be the first Latin American dictator novel. (Some literary historians also cite “Tirano Banderas,” a 1926 novel about the demise of a dictator in a fictitious Latin American country, by the Spanish writer Ramón del Valle-Inclán.) The genre is quintessentially Latin American, and is explored in a number of works by Boom authors, such as Carpentier’s “El Recurso del Método” (1974), translated into English as “Reasons of State”), Augusto Roa Bastos’s “I, the Supreme” (1974), García Márquez’s “The Autumn of the Patriarch” (1975), and Vargas Llosa’s “The Feast of the Goat” (2000).
For all these reasons, Martin says, “El Señor Presidente” is “an archetypal Latin American novel,” and its first lines “are the first lines of the Boom.” And yet, many of the Boom authors, starting with García Márquez, dismissed Asturias’s work as archaic, and denied that it had any influence on their writing. Asturias didn’t help matters when, during an interview, he agreed with a suggestion that García Márquez, in “One Hundred Years of Solitude,” had been heavily influenced by Balzac’s “The Quest of the Absolute,” a comment for which he was widely denounced. He was also accused of political opportunism for serving as Guatemala’s Ambassador to France, from 1966 to ’70, under President Julio Méndez Montenegro, who was democratically elected but ended up conducting a repressive government. (Asturias thought the government offered a chance to save democracy in Guatemala, and had consulted with the exiled President Jacobo Árbenz about remaining in the position.) But Martin and Ramírez both say that part of the reason for the literary “parricide” was that the major figures of the Boom saw themselves as belonging to a completely new movement—one that had no precedent. Asturias died in Spain, in 1974, and was largely forgotten. According to Ramírez and Méndez de Penedo, his work is mostly read in Guatemala today only because it’s suggested reading in high school.
“El Señor Presidente” never had a big following in this country. It was first introduced to English-speaking audiences in 1962, as “The President,” in a translation by Frances Partridge, an English writer associated with the Bloomsbury Group. David Unger, who is a novelist, a poet, as well as a translator—and runs the publishing-certificate program at City College—told me that Partridge’s version is “full of Anglicisms,” and doesn’t feel authentic to Asturias’s voice. Francisco Goldman, a Guatemalan American author whose work includes the novel “Monkey Boy,” and who was a finalist for the 2022 Pulitzer Prize in fiction, agrees. “If I remember correctly,” he said, “she has the beggar shouting Cockney East End slang—something like, ‘Blimey, here come the coppers!’ ” There was also a problem, again, of timing: Partridge’s translation came out nearly twenty years after the book’s release, forty years after Asturias had begun writing it, and five years before he won the Nobel. And his anti-imperialism would not have been widely appreciated in the U.S. at the time. “The original translation predates everything we know in this country about what the C.I.A. did: the different coups it was responsible for in Iran, Guatemala, the Dominican Republic,” Unger said.
In 2014, Unger was awarded the Miguel Ángel Asturias National Prize in Literature for lifetime achievement, the most important literary prize in Guatemala. In gratitude, he decided to take on a new translation, in the hopes of giving Guatemala’s most important writer another chance of recognition in the U.S. He got a translation grant from the New York State Council on the Arts, and set to work. Once he had completed a few chapters, his agent, Andrea Montejo, contacted John Siciliano, the executive editor of Penguin Classics. Siciliano was interested, but rights issues meant that publication of Asturias’s work was, once again, delayed several years.
But the timing may finally be right. “I wanted the novel to really speak to our generation and our time,” Unger said. Esther Allen, a respected translator of Latin American literature into English, and a professor at Baruch College, told me that the choice to translate the title as “Mr. President” had surprised her. “ ‘Mr. President’ is specifically American,” she said, adding, “Nobody translates ‘Madame Bovary’ as ‘Mrs. Bovary.’ ” (It was Penguin’s decision, Siciliano told me, “because of the additional power it confers on the title character.”) Still, Allen ventured, when we spoke—the day before the final summer hearing of the January 6th committee—“ ‘Mr. President’ might work as an indictment: you Americans shouldn’t think this is foreign to you.”
A new wave of repressive regimes is also again taking hold in Central America, including in Guatemala, where there is an increasing crackdown on political dissent, and in Nicaragua. Sergio Ramírez was forced to leave that country a year ago, and, last September, the government of President Daniel Ortega—whom Ramírez had served under as Vice-President during his first Administration, after the Sandinista revolution had toppled the dictator Anastasio Somoza—issued a warrant for his arrest. (Ortega returned to office in 2007, and in the years since has himself become increasingly autocratic.) Ramírez now lives in Spain. A new batch of dictator novels is coming, he told me. These days, “We all have our ‘Señor Presidente.’ ” ♦
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correct_award_00058
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https://www.bridgemanimages.com/en-US/noartistknown/1967-nobel-laureate-for-literature-guatemalan-poet-miguel-angel-asturias-receives-congratulations/black-and-white-photograph/asset/2924801
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en
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Image of 1967 Nobelpreisträger für Literatur, Guatemaltekische Dichter Miguel Angel Asturias erhält
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Download von Stock-Bild von 1967 Nobelpreisträger für Literatur, Guatemaltekische Dichter Miguel Angel Asturias erhält Glückwünsche. Okt. 1967- Stock Bildmaterial und historische Fotos von Bridgeman Images.
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Classification class: or # class:57 or #57. Use # for unclassified assets Year year: year:1850 or year:[1700 TO 1800]
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correct_award_00058
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FactBench
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1
| 5
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https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/llilas/news/benson-acquires-archive-of-nobel-laureate-miguel-angel-asturias
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en
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Benson Acquires Archive of Nobel Laureate Miguel Ángel Asturias>
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"Teresa Lozano Long Institute of Latin American Studies"
] |
1969-12-31T18:00:00-06:00
|
The Nettie Lee Benson Latin American Collection is thrilled to announce the acquisition of the Miguel Ángel Asturias Papers. Asturias, the 1967 Nobel Laureate in Literature from Guatemala, was a precursor to the Latin American Boom. A prolific writer of poetry, short stories, children’s literature, plays, and essays, he is perhaps best known as a novelist, with El Señor Presidente (1946) and Hombres de maíz (1949) garnering the most acclaim. Asturias’s portrayal of Guatemala and the different peoples that live there—their beliefs, their interactions, their frustrations, and their hopes—mark the profundity of his texts.
The Benson is the third repository to house materials pertaining to Asturias’s life work, the other two being the Bibliothèque nationale in Paris and El Archivo General de Centroamérica in Guatemala City. What differentiates this particular collection is the role that Asturias’s son, Miguel Ángel Asturias Amado, played in compiling it over the course of fifty years. Indeed, in many ways the collection is just as much the son’s as it is the father’s. It features years of correspondence between the two, who were separated after the elder had to leave Argentina in 1962. This was not the writer’s first time in exile: his stay in Argentina was due to the Guatemalan government, led by Carlos Castillo Armas, stripping his citizenship in 1954. The letters provide insight into Asturias as a father, writer, and eventual diplomat when democratically elected Guatemalan President Julio César Méndez Montenegro restored his citizenship and made him Ambassador to France in 1966. Moreover, scholars will find within these letters a number of short stories for children that would eventually be collected in the book El alhajadito (1962).
In addition to correspondence with his son, Asturias maintained a longstanding relationship with his mother via letter during his first stay in Paris in the 1920s. Detailed within are the family’s economic hardship as a result of the country-wide crisis in Guatemala caused by the plummeting price of coffee internationally, and information pertaining to the publication of his first collection of short stories, Leyendas de Guatemala (1930). Other communication from this era demonstrates the role that Asturias played in facilitating the publication of other Guatemalan authors and as a journalist for El imparcial.
Beyond letters, scholars will find a multifaceted collection. Manuscripts of poetic prose, such as “Tras un ideal” (1917), and an early theater piece titled “Madre” (1918) are included with loose-leaf fragments from El señor presidente. News clippings are also prominent. Those written by Asturias reflect his time at El imparcial while those written about him focus on his Nobel Prize. Perhaps an unexpected highlight is the audiovisual component of the collection. The author contributed an array of caricatures, doodles, and portraits, as well as a robust collection of photographs. Furthermore, there are several audio recordings of Asturias reading his work.
Finally, scholars will also be able to access studies dedicated to the work of Asturias and first, rare, and special editions of his books. These editions, meticulously collected and cared for by his son, reflect the author’s continued popularity.
The addition of the Miguel Ángel Asturias Papers will bolster a growing collection of prominent Central American subject matter at the Benson that includes the Ernesto Cardenal Papers, the Pablo Antonio Cuadra Papers, the Victoria Urbano Papers, the Arturo Taracena Flores Collection, and the Digital Archive of the Guatemalan National Police Historical Archive. Once Benson staff can safely return to our offices, we will announce plans to process the collection . In the meantime, questions can be directed to Daniel Arbino, Head of Collection Development at the Benson Latin American Collection.
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https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/news/benson-acquires-archive-of-nobel-laureate-miguel-angel-asturias
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https://www.facebook.com/TN23NOTICIAS/videos/familiares-de-miguel-%25C3%25A1ngel-asturias-detallan-los-planes-para-su-repatriaci%25C3%25B3n/377254832003635/
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Familiares de Miguel Ángel Asturias detallan los planes para su repatriación
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Familiares de Miguel Ángel Asturias detallan los planes para su repatriación
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https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yT/r/aGT3gskzWBf.ico
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https://www.facebook.com/TN23NOTICIAS/videos/familiares-de-miguel-%C3%A1ngel-asturias-detallan-los-planes-para-su-repatriaci%C3%B3n/377254832003635/
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FactBench
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2
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https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/authors/2240400/miguel-angel-asturias/
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en
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Miguel Ángel Asturias
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https://images4.penguinrandomhouse.com/author/2240400
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https://images4.penguinrandomhouse.com/author/2240400
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Miguel Ángel Asturias (1899-1974) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1967. A poet, diplomat, and novelist from Guatemala, he studied law...
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en
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PenguinRandomhouse.com
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https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/authors/2240400/miguel-angel-asturias/
|
Miguel Ángel Asturias (1899-1974) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1967. A poet, diplomat, and novelist from Guatemala, he studied law in his home country before continuing his studies in Paris, where he encountered the surrealist writings that would deeply influence his work. In addition to being a prolific writer, he worked as a newspaper correspondent in western Europe and later as an ambassador for Guatemala in Europe and Latin America. He wrote numerous works of fiction, poetry, drama, and essays, including the novels Mr. President and Men of Maize.
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correct_award_00058
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FactBench
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0
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https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1967/asturias/speech/
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en
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Miguel Angel Asturias – Banquet speech
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The Nobel Prize in Literature 1967 was awarded to Miguel Angel Asturias "for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America"
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en
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NobelPrize.org
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https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1967/asturias/speech/
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Miguel Angel Asturias
Banquet speech
English
Spanish
Miguel Angel Asturias’ speech at the Nobel Banquet at the City Hall in Stockholm, December 10, 1967
(Translation)
My voice on the threshold. My voice coming from afar. On the threshold of the Academy. It is difficult to become a member of a family. And it is easy. The stars know it. The families of luminous torches. To become a member of the Nobel family. To become an heir of Alfred Nobel. To blood ties, to civil relationship, a new consanguinity is added, a more subtle kinship, born of the spirit and the creative task. And this was perhaps the unspoken intention of the founder of this great family of Nobel Prize winners. To enlarge, through time, from generation to generation, the world of his own kin. As for me, I enter the Nobel family as the least worthy to be called among the many who could have been chosen.
I enter by the will of this Academy, whose doors open and close once a year in order to consecrate a writer, and also because of the use I made of the word in my poems and novels, the word which, more than beautiful, is responsible, a concern not foreign to that dreamer who with the passing of time would shock the world with his inventions – the discovery of the most destructive explosives then known – for helping man in his titanic chores of mining, digging tunnels, and constructing roads and canals.
I do not know if the comparison is too daring. But it is necessary. The use of destructive forces, the secret which Alfred Nobel extracted from nature, made possible in our America the most colossal enterprises. Among them, the Panama Canal. A magic of catastrophe which could be compared to the thrust of our novels, called upon to destroy unjust structures in order to make way for a new life. The secret mines of the people, buried under tons of misunderstanding, prejudices, and taboos, bring to light in our narrative – between fables and myths – with blows of protest, testimony, and denouncement, dikes of letters which, like sands, contain reality to let the dream flow free or, on the contrary, contain the dream to let reality escape.
Cataclysms which engendered a geography of madness, terrifying traumas, such as the Conquest: these cannot be the antecedents of a literature of cheap compromise; and, thus, our novels appear to Europeans as illogical or aberrant. They are not shocking for the sake of shock effects. It is just that what happened to us was shocking. Continents submerged in the sea, races castrated as they surged to independence, and the fragmentation of the New World. As the antecedents of a literature these are already tragic. And from there we have had to extract not the man of defeat, but the man of hope, that blind creature who wanders through our songs. We are peoples from worlds which have nothing like the orderly unfolding of European conflicts, always human in their dimensions. The dimensions of our conflicts in the past centuries have been catastrophic.
Scaffoldings. Ladders. New vocabularies. The primitive recitation of the texts. The rhapsodists. And later, once again, the broken trajectory. The new tongue. Long chains of words. Thought unchained. Until arriving, once again, after the bloodiest lexical battles, at one’s own expressions. There are no rules. They are invented. And after much invention, the grammarians come with their language-trimming shears. American Spanish is fine with me, but without the roughness. Grammar becomes an obsession. The risk of anti-grammar. And that is where we are now. The search for dynamic words. Another magic. The poet and the writer of the active word. Life. Its variations. Nothing prefabricated. Everything in ebullition. Not to write literature. Not to substitute words for things. To look for word-things, word-beings. And the problems of man, in addition. Evasion is impossible. Man. His problems. A continent that speaks. And which was heard in this Academy. Do not ask us for genealogies, schools, treatises. We bring you the probabilities of a word. Verify them. They are singular. Singular is the movement, the dialogue, the novelistic intrigue. And most singular of all, throughout the ages there has been no interruption in the constant creation.
Prior to the speech, Hugo Theorell, Professor at the Caroline Institute, made the following remarks: «One of our most competent literary critics has pointed out that this year’s Nobel Prize winner in Literature, Miguel Angel Asturias, in one of his most important books, El Senor Presidente, produces a strong effect by skilfully working with time and light – again our common ‹theme with variations›. Asturias paints in dark colours – against this background the rare light makes a so much stronger impression with his passionate, but artistically well balanced, protest against tyranny, injustice, slavery, and arbitrariness. He transforms glowing indignation into great literary art. This is indeed admirable.
May times come when conditions like those condemned by Mr. Asturias belong to history; when human beings live peacefully and happily together. This was indeed what Alfred Nobel hoped to promote by his Prizes.
Mr. Asturias – We sincerely admire your literary craftsmanship, and we hope that your work will contribute to ending the shameful social conditions that you have described with such impressive intensity. We congratulate you on your Nobel Prize, which you so very much deserve.»
From Nobel Lectures, Literature 1901-1967, Editor Horst Frenz, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1969
Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1967
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correct_award_00058
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FactBench
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3
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https://fourteenlines.blog/2020/05/page/2/
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en
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May 2020 – Page 2 – Fourteen Lines
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5 posts published by Fourteen Lines: A Sonnet Obsession during May 2020
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Fourteen Lines
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“A radical is he who has no sense…fights without reason…I have a reason. I am authentic. Yes, that’s what I am”
Fela Kuti
Beware, Soul Brother
by Chinua Achebe
We are the men of soul
men of song we measure out
our joys and agonies
in paces of the dance.
Beware, soul brother, beware,
for others there will be
lying in waiting, leaden-footed, tone deaf,
passionate to despoil the devour.
Take care then, mother’s son, take care
hanging a lame foot in air like the hen
in a strange unfamiliar compound.
Protect this patrimony to which
you must return when the song is finished
and the dancers disperse;
Remember also your children
for they in their time will want a
place for their feet when they come of age
and the dance of the future is born for them.
The concept of artist transforming society is most visible among rock stars. But when those artists change the way we think there is something profound that goes beyond their music. Bob Dylan never wanted to take credit that his music had a message. Fela Kuti did. Kuti didn’t pull any punches in regard to what he was singing and why. Kuti wanted to bring down the corruption endemic in politics in post colonial Africa and move Africa forward. So did Achebe. Poetry and music is most powerful when it moves beyond the words to a regenerative truth. When it strives to create a new understanding, even an imperfect understanding of ways to improve our world.
Tony Allen was the rhythm that drove Fela Kuti’s sound for decades. Allen died in April at age 79. If you don’t recognize the name, you should recognize the beat, because it has been imitated by drummers in jazz and rock and roll for the past 50 years. Allen created the Afro beat and was the coolest jazz drummer of our generation. No one played a lick like Allen. His timing, his rhythm is sheer poetry, sheer jazz. I have shared a few links below. Enjoy.
Beasts of No Nation
by Fela Kuti
Ah- Let’s get now into another, underground spiritual game
Just go to help me the answer, go to say, “Aiya-kata”- Oh ya
O’feshe-Lu
AIYA-KATA *(after each line)
O’feshe- g’Ba
O’feshe-Woh
AIYA-KATA *(after each line)
O’feshe-Weng
Aiya kata
Aiya Koto
Aiya Kiti
Aiya Kutu
O’feshe-Lu
AIYA-KATA *(after each line)
O’feshe- g’Ba
Oh—–…
Basket mouth wan start to leak again, oh-
BASKET MOUTH WAN OPEN MOUTH AGAIN, OH
Abi** you don forget I say I sing, ee-oh **(is it not)
BASKET MOUTH WAN OPEN MOUTH AGAIN, OH
Oh, I sing, I say, I go my mouth like basket, ee-oh, Malan Bia-gbe-re
(2x)
Basket mouth wan start to leak again, oh-
BASKET MOUTH WAN OPEN MOUTH AGAIN, OH
Fela, wetin you go sing about?
DEM GO WORRY ME… *(after each line)
(3x)
Dem go worry me, worry me– worry, worry, worry, worry
DEM GO WORRY ME *(After each line)
Dey wan to make us sing about prison
Dem go worry me, worry me– worry, worry all over da town
Dey wan to know about prison life
Dem go worry me, worry me– worry, worry all over da town
*(repeat stanza)
Fela, wetin you go sing about?
DEM GO WORRY ME
Dem go worry me, worry me– worry, worry, worry, worry
The time weh I dey, for prison, I call am “inside world”
The time weh I dey outside prison, I call am “outside world”
Na craze world, na be outside world
CRAZE** WORLD *(after each line) / **(crazy)
Na be outside- da police-i dey
Na be outside- da soldier dey
Na be outside- da court dem dey
Na be outside- da magistrate dey
Na be outside- da judge dem dey
Na craze world be dat
Na be outside- Buhari dey
Na craze man be dat
Animal in craze-man skin-i
Na craze world be dat
Na be outside- Idia-gbon dey
Na craze man be dat- oh
Animal in craze-man skin-i
Na craze world be dat
Na be outside- dem find me guilty
Na be outside- dem jail me five years
——————I no do nothing
Na be outside-dem judge dey beg ee-o
Na craze world be dat, Na craze world be dat
Na be outside- dem kill dem students
Soweto, Zaria, and Ife
Na craze world be dat, ee-oh
Na craze world be dat
Na be outside- all dis dey happen
Na craze world be dat, ee-oh
Na craze world be dat, ee-oh
Na craze world be dat, ee-oh
Na craze world be dat, ee-oh
Na craze world be dat, ee-oh…
Make you hear this one
War against indiscipline, ee-oh
Na Nigerian government, ee-oh
Dem dey talk ee-oh
“My people are us-e-less, My people are sens-i-less, My people are indiscipline”
Na Nigerian government, ee-oh
Dem dey talk be dat
“My people are us-e-less, My people are sens-i-less, My people are indiscipline”
I never hear dat before- oh
Make Government talk, ee-oh
“My people are us-e-less, My people are sens-i-less, My people are indiscipline”
Na Nigerian government, ee-oh
Dem dey talk be dat
Which kind talk be dat- oh?
Craze talk be dat ee-oh
Na animal talk be dat
“It is not society that is to guide and save the creative hero, but precisely the reverse. It is the hero or artist who is the true avatar of civilization; the individual, not the group, preserves and advances culture.”
Joseph Campbell – The Hero With A Thousand Faces
The Fortune
by Miguel Ángel Asturias
To give is to love,
To give prodigiously:
For every drop of water
To return a torrent.
We were made that way,
Made to scatter
Seeds in the furrow
And stars in the ocean.
Woe to him, Lord,
who doesn’t exhaust his supply,
And, on returning, tells you:
“Like an empty satchel
Is my heart.”
Caudal
Dar es amar,
dar prodigiosamente
por cada gota de agua
devolver un torrente.
Fuimos hechos asi,
hechos para botar
semillas en el surco
y estrellas en el mar
Y ¿ay! del que no agote,
Señor, su provisión Y al regresar te diga:
¿Como alforja vacía
está mi corazón!
The concept of a poet diplomat may sound foreign to our current world view of where artists fit into political discourse, but it was common 100 years ago and a requirement 1,000 years ago to be recorded in history. The idea that oration and words, creativity and inspiration were a personal trait of leaders to get a mandate from the populace to be fit to lead seems incredulous given the way some of our leaders torture the English language and have abandoned all measure of civility. If good leadership and poetry in the way a leader – leads, the way in which they speak, the way in which they think, is something to be admired, respected and even required than how should we evaluate the fitness of the candidates we will be choosing from this fall in the upcoming election? An idea that poetry is not something foreign on pages of obscure books, but lives and breathes in the words we use, is a concept I would argue that is precisely what is in short supply in our current endeavors.
If you do a search on google on Miguel Ángel Asturias and click on images, there is not a one that I could find where he is smiling. His was not an easy life. Born and raised in Guatemala, he was forced to live in exile much of his adult life abroad, so dangerous were the socialist notions of social justice and importance of protecting indigenous cultures in Latin America that he espoused and were prominent themes in his poetry, novels and plays. His most famous novel El Senor Presidente, was a scathing description of life under a ruthless dictator, common to much of Latin America unfortunately both then and now.
Asturias was involved with the Surrealist movement in Europe while living abroad and is credited with bringing the concepts of magical realism and a modernist style to Latin American literature, inspiring a generation of writers. After years of exile and marginalization for his political views he received broad recognition in the 1960’s when he was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize from the Soviet Union and the Nobel Peace Prize for Literature, becoming only the second Latin America Nobel winner, following Gabriela Mistral who I showcased in the previous blog.
What lessons could poetry teach us about how to speak at this uncertain and difficult time? What examples can we take from difficult periods in the past and how did poets and poet diplomats navigate those times with their words to inspire change and point a direction to a hopeful future? What words should we be using to avoid marginalization of the powerless and keep hope where it belongs, in our minds and hearts? For our problems are man made, and can be solved by man….And we are all mortal.
Gesture with Both Hands Tied
Marcelo Hernandez Castillo (1988 – )
I’m going to open the borders of my hunger
and call it a parade.
But I’m lying if I said I was hungry.
If dying required practice,
I could give up the conditions for being alone.
I undress in the sun and stare at it
until I can stand its brightness no longer.
Why is it always noon in my head?
I’m going to run outside and whisper,
or hold a gun and say bang,
or hold a gun and not do anything at all.
The lamps that wait inside me say
come, the gift is the practice,
the price is the door
Death Sonnets I
by Gabriela Mistral (1889 – 1957)
From the icy niche where men placed you
I lower your body to the sunny, poor earth.
They didn’t know I too must sleep in it
and dream on the same pillow.
I place you in the sunny ground, with a
mother’s sweet care for her napping child,
and the earth will be a soft cradle
when it receives your hurt childlike body.
I scatter bits of earth and rose dust,
and in the moon’s airy and blue powder
what is left of you is a prisoner.
I leave singing my lovely revenge.
No hand will reach into the obscure depth
to argue with me over your handful of bones.
Los Sonetos de la Muerte
by Gabriela Mistral
I
Del nicho helado en que los hombres te pusieron,
te bajaré a la tierra humilde y soleada.
Que he de dormirme en ella los hombres no supieron,
y que hemos de soñar sobre la misma almohada.
Te acostaré en la tierra soleada, con una
dulcedumbre de madre para el hijo dormido,
y la tierra ha de hacerse suavidades de cuna
al recibir tu cuerpo de niño dolorido.
Luego iré espolvoreando tierra y polvo de rosas,
y en la azulada y leve polvareda de luna,
los despojos livianos irán quedando presos.
Me alejaré cantando mis venganzas hermosas
¡porque a ese hondor recóndito la mano de ninguna
bajará a disputarme tu puñado de huesos!
Gabriel Mistral was the pseudonym for Lucila Godoy y Alcayaga, Mistral began writing poetry in her early twenties following the tragic death of her lover. Mistral was an educator by profession, teaching elementary, secondary school until her poetry made her famous. Her status in Latin America literature afforded her the opportunity to become an advocate for education in both Mexico and Chile. Mistral was active on cultural committees of the League of Nations, becoming the Chilean consul in Naples, Madrid and Lisbon. Mistral later taught Spanish literature in the United States at Columbia University, Middlebury College, Vassar College, and at the University of Puerto Rico.
Mistral’s Sonetos de la muerte (love poems in memory of the dead), made her known throughout Latin America, but her first heralded collection of poems, Desolación [Despair], was published in 1922. Mistral wrote poetry about many themes, but her volumes published in 1924 and 1938 dealt with childhood and maternity and tenderness. Mistral was recognized for her contributions to literature and won the Nobel Prize in 1948.
I share below two translations of her poem Alondras, one by Langston Hughes and one by Ursula K. Le Guin. It’s interesting to see how each poet approached the poem and their different interpretations. I regret that my Spanish is not good enough to read it in the original and understand it more fully, but I am grateful that Mistral’s work inspired great minds to translate it into English. Do you have a favorite Mistral poem?
Alondras
by Gabriela Mistral
Bajaron a mancha de trigo
y al acercarnos, voló la banda,
y la alamede sd quedó
del azoro como rasgada.
En matorrales parcecen fuego;
cuando suben, plata lanzada,
y passan antes de que passen,
y te rebanan la alabanza.
Saben no más los pobres ojos
que passó toda la bandada,
y gritando llaman “alondras!”
a lo que sube, se pierde y canta.
Y en este aire malherido
nos han dejado llenos de ansia,
con el asombro y el tremblor
a mitad del cuerpo y el alma….
Alondras, hijo, nos cruzamos
las alondras, por la llanda!
Larks
by Gabriela Mistral
translated by Langston Hughes
They came down in a patch of wheat,
and, as we drew near,
the flock flew away
and left the startled field quite empty.
In the thicket they look like fire;
when they rise, like silver darting.
And they go by even before they go,
cutting through your wonder.
Our poor eyes, knowing only
that the whole flock has gone,
cry “Larks!” to those who rise,
and are lost, and sing.
In the sorely wounded air
they leave us full of yearning,
with a wonder and a quiver
in body and in soul…
Larks, son! Above us sweep
the larks across the plain!
Larks
Translated by Ursula K. Le Guin
They were in the scattered wheat.
As we came near, the whole flock
flew, and the poplars stood
as if struck by a hawk.
Sparks in stubble: when they rise,
silver thrown up in air.
They’re past before they pass,
too quick for praise.
Eyes are too slow to see
the whole flock’s taken wing,
and we shout, “Larks!”
at what’s up–lost–singing.
In the air they wounded
they’ve left us with a longing,
a tremor, a wonder
half of the body, half of the soul.
Larks, child–see,
larks rise from the wheat!
“That deeper meaning is where poetry approaches music, because you cannot put that meaning in words in an intellectually comprehensible way.”
Ursula K. Le Guin
Hymn To Time
by Ursula K. Le Guin
Time says “Let there be”
every moment and instantly
there is space and the radiance
of each bright galaxy.
And eyes beholding radiance.
And the gnats’ flickering dance.
And the seas’ expanse.
And death, and chance.
Time makes room
for going and coming home
and in time’s womb
begins all ending.
Time is being and being
time, it is all one thing,
the shining, the seeing,
the dark abounding.
I first came across Ursula K. Le Guin as a teenager in one of the new/used bookstores in Minneapolis. These were combination comic book, sci-fi fantasy, news stand and porn that existed back in the 1970’s and 1980’s. They were a little seedy and exactly the kind of thing as a teenager I found exciting. I came across a well read copy of the The Left Hand of Darkness and from there I looked to read Le Guin when ever I bumped into her again.
Le Guin wrote fantasy, children’s books, novels, poetry and translations and did it all brilliantly. She won both the Hugo and Nebula awards for best novel, becoming the first woman to do so. Her book Cat Wings was a favorite of my daughter when she was little. Her translation of The Tao is completely unique of all that I have come across and the details around her choice of words in the translation provides insight that goes far beyond any other translation I have read. ( I think I own 4 or 5 different translations.) Her novels explore themes that are as relevant today as when they were written on topics like the environment, social justice, sexual liberation, gender equality, technological responsibility, and a moral code of right and wrong even if right does not always prevail.
Le Guin’s writing career spanned more than 60 years and in that time she published 12 volumes of poetry along with everything else. If you know her for only her science fiction or novels, I recommend you check out some of her poetry, including her final volume of poetry – Finding My Elegy. Le Guin wrote poetry in a variety of styles, both highly structured and free verse. I completely agree with her sentiments that writing sonnets is difficult in part because so many brilliant ones already exist, its hard to think anything you write is unique. In several interviews, Le Guin shared some of her approach to writing poetry, here’s a quote from one below.
The sonnet is probably the form most people think of when you talk about poetic form, and I find them terribly difficult. I write very, very few anymore. Maybe because there are so many very very good sonnets. I don’t know, that does’t usually worry me. It’s just not a form that I work with very well. The quatrain, on the other hand, is a straight form in a way – just four lines, that’s it. There’s no other definition, but you can make it just as strict as you please with rhythm and rhyme and so on.
Ursula K. Le Guin
The Fine Arts
by Ursula K. Le Guin
JUDGING BEAUTY, which is keenest,
Eye or heart or mind or penis?
Lust is blindest, feeling kindest,
Sight is strongest, thought goes wrongest.
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correct_award_00058
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FactBench
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0
| 66
|
https://www.hachette.com.au/miguel-asturias/
|
en
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Miguel Asturias Books
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https://www.hachette.com.au/miguel-asturias/
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Miguel Angel Asturias was born in 1899 in Guatemala. After studying there he lived in Paris between 1923 and 1933, where he wrote El Senor Presidente (The President). It was unpublished for thirteen years until the fall of Guatemalan dictator Jorge Ubico. From 1944 until 1954, Asturias held various government positions until the fall of President Jacobo Arbenz Guzman, when he went into exile in Argentina. In 1966, Asturias was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize, and in 1967 he won the Nobel Prize for Literature. He died in 1974 in Madrid, Spain.
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correct_award_00058
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FactBench
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2
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https://libguides.asu.edu/nobel-prize-literature/last-name-ascending
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en
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Nobel Prize in Literature
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LibGuides: Nobel Prize in Literature: Last Name Ascending
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https://libguides.asu.edu/nobel-prize-literature/last-name-ascending
|
The ASU Library acknowledges the twenty-three Native Nations that have inhabited this land for centuries. Arizona State University's four campuses are located in the Salt River Valley on ancestral territories of Indigenous peoples, including the Akimel O’odham (Pima) and Pee Posh (Maricopa) Indian Communities, whose care and keeping of these lands allows us to be here today. ASU Library acknowledges the sovereignty of these nations and seeks to foster an environment of success and possibility for Native American students and patrons. We are advocates for the incorporation of Indigenous knowledge systems and research methodologies within contemporary library practice. ASU Library welcomes members of the Akimel O’odham and Pee Posh, and all Native nations to the Library.
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correct_award_00058
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FactBench
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2
| 74
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https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/biography-of-miguel-angel-asturias
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en
|
Biography of Miguel Angel Asturias timeline
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[] |
1899-10-19T00:00:00+00:00
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
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Timetoast Timelines
|
https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/biography-of-miguel-angel-asturias
|
He and his family
He and his family was forced to move to the town of Salama. He started living on his grandparent's farm, it was here that Asturias first came into contact with the guatemalan indigenous people that have a great influence in his work.
He started writing his first draft
He began writing as a student and wrote the first draft of a story that would later become his novel, "El senor presidente".
Uprising against dictator Manuel Estrada
Asturias participated in the uprising against dictator Manuel Estrada Cabrera. He took an active role, such as organizing strikes in his high school and formed a group with his fellow classmates called "La generacion 20"
His first novel and prize in france
Asturias published his first novel "Leyendas de Guatemala" and received the Sylla Monsegur Prize for tjhe french translations of "Leyendas de Guatemala".
His novel "Men of maze"
His novel "Men of maze" was published, during his time as ambassador to Mexico.
|
|||
correct_award_00058
|
FactBench
|
1
| 21
|
http://almaz.com/nobel/literature/1967a.html
|
en
|
Miguel Angel Asturias Winner of the 1967 Nobel Prize in Literature
|
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Miguel Angel Asturias, a Nobel Prize Laureate in Literature, at the Nobel Prize Internet Archive.
| null | ||||||||
correct_award_00058
|
FactBench
|
1
| 76
|
https://www.americasquarterly.org/tag/asturias/
|
en
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Americas Quarterly
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en
|
Americas Quarterly
|
https://americasquarterly.org/tag/asturias/
|
A Guatemalan Classic On the Nightmare of Dictatorship
Miguel Ángel Asturias’s masterpiece achieved lasting fame by trading political specifics for tragic grandeur.
|
||||||
correct_award_00058
|
FactBench
|
2
| 35
|
https://www.csmonitor.com/Books/2010/1007/Nobel-Prize-in-Literature-Which-Latin-American-writers-have-won/Miguel-Angel-Asturias-Guatemala-1967
|
en
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Nobel Prize in Literature: Which Latin American writers have won?
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[
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"Christian Science Monitor",
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[
"Nora Dunne",
"The Christian Science Monitor"
] |
2010-10-07T14:47:00-04:00
|
Mario Vargas Llosa is the first Latin American to win the honored literary prize in 12 years. Of the 102 awards presented since 1901, only eight have gone to Latin American writers.
|
en
|
/extension/csm_base/design/standard/images/favicon.ico
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The Christian Science Monitor
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https://www.csmonitor.com/Books/2010/1007/Nobel-Prize-in-Literature-Which-Latin-American-writers-have-won/Miguel-Angel-Asturias-Guatemala-1967
|
Why is Christian Science in our name?
Our name is about honesty. The Monitor is owned by The Christian Science Church, and we’ve always been transparent about that.
The Church publishes the Monitor because it sees good journalism as vital to progress in the world. Since 1908, we’ve aimed “to injure no man, but to bless all mankind,” as our founder, Mary Baker Eddy, put it.
Here, you’ll find award-winning journalism not driven by commercial influences – a news organization that takes seriously its mission to uplift the world by seeking solutions and finding reasons for credible hope.
Explore values journalism About us
|
||||
correct_award_00058
|
FactBench
|
1
| 60
|
https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/writer/miguel-angel-asturias/
|
en
|
Miguel Ángel Asturias – Writer(s) – Asymptote Blog
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This week, our editors take us through Central America, France, and China to explore the reaches of literature, from a transcendent event honouring the poems of Robert Bolaño, to the new World Book Capital in France, and works featuring vital new voices from the Chinese language. Read on to find out more!
Rubén López, Editor-at-Large, reporting from Central America
When I entered the room, it looked like a coven: a group of people gathered around an edition of Roberto Bolaño’s Complete Poetry. Each member of the group would take turns to step into the centre, leaf through the text for a moment, and then recite one of the Chilean author’s poems at random, like a poetic Russian roulette. As I took my seat, one of the young men was reading the final verses of “The Romantic Dogs”. I had arrived at the event without much certainty about what it would be like; the poster from Perjura Proyecto, a cultural and artistic dissemination space, only said “The Poetry Came” and had a sketch of Bolaño’s silhouette. And, of course, it also mentioned the date and time—May 23, 17:00.
When it was my turn, I decided I wanted to read “Godzilla in Mexico”, my favorite poem by Bolaño. I clumsily flipped through the text while trying to make conversation with the rest of the participants, but I couldn’t find it. I apologised to the group because I would break the Russian roulette and put the bullet in the centre; I searched for it on my phone. As I recited “Yo leía en la habitación de al lado cuando supe que íbamos a morir”, I was overcome with a deep tenderness. I saw us, in the midst of a vertiginous and infamous city—a group of no more than ten people gathered to read Bolaño’s poems to each other. I thought about the infinite forms of cultural resistance in which we exist, all self-managed, all on the margins, all filled with beauty. READ MORE…
Guatemalan scholar Rita M. Palacios’ body of work reexamines the hegemonies that mediate literary, cultural, and knowledge production, particularly in Maya oral storytelling, literature, and material culture. In the book she co-authored with Asymptote’s former editor-at-large for Mexico, Paul M. Worley, Unwriting Maya Literature: Ts’íib as Recorded Knowledge (University of Arizona Press, 2019), they argued for a decentering from the Euro-American critical vocabulary of literary theory and arts criticism through the lens of ts’íib—”an understanding of Maya artistic and cultural production that includes and exceeds the written word.” Drawing from Maya artists and authors such as Calixta Gabriel Xiquín, Waldemar Noh Tzec, and Humberto Ak’abal, whose œuvre range from murals to textiles, from cha’anil (‘performatic’) to ceramics, from monuments to poetry, Palacios and Worley make the case for the ts’íib as one of the various Indigenous-centric departures from and unlearnings of our colonial worldviews on literary production and knowledge systems.
In this interview, I conversed with Dr. Palacios on ts’íib as a form of autohistorical knowledge production that is beyond the Western imaginary, the Maya and non-Ladino writers and writings within Guatemalan and Central American literatures, and the rightful refusals against translation.
Alton Melvar M Dapanas (AMMD): In a conversation on Mexican and Guatemalan literatures with Paul M. Worley, you said
[T]he many challenges (structural racism, censorship, a lack of government funding, to name a few) that writers in countries in the Majority World face directly impact how and what is written, how it’s published, and who it reaches, and so we, readers and critics, would do well to pay attention.
Can you speak more about these gaps and dissimilarities in terms of knowledge production, especially in literature, in the Global Majority versus the North Atlantic?
Rita M. Palacios (RMP): Given the way Western political and economic powers have shaped our world, the anglophone North Atlantic enjoys a certain monopoly over the manner in which we think and write about each other, privileging certain modes of artistic production over others, as well as creators, reading publics, and even the critics. This is not to say that we are helpless or that we are wholly bound by a system that privileges and rewards those who uphold it. It does mean that things are much more challenging for those who live, think, and create outside those parameters.
Generally, when it comes to literature, that which is written, packaged, and sold by the millions is not a literature that aims to represent us all, but a literature that affirms the places (real and imagined) we already occupy and the systems built around them so that we continue to inhabit these spaces, sustaining those big great powers. Despite the challenges their authors face, the literatures of the Global Majority are rich, diverse, and challenging; they are multilingual, multivocal, and multiversal. Rarely are these literatures sold in the same manner as blockbuster novels because of the threat they pose. And these authors recognize the danger of being subsumed into “national” or canonical literatures, as is the case with Mikel Ruíz (Tsotsil) who notes the tokenization of Indigenous literatures in Mexico (2019). READ MORE…
Join us this week with a new batch of literary dispatches covering a new Palestinian literary and culture magazine, the 2023 PEN Open Book Award longlist, and more. From a Palestinian literary festival to the birthday celebration for the “national poet” of Romania, read on to learn more!
Carol Khoury, Editor-at-Large, reporting from Palestine
A first is always exciting, always an event; in fact, it’s called “a first” even if a second never comes. And when there is a second time, it’s an opportunity to celebrate and to remember the first.
This week the Palestinian literary community is anticipating both a first and a second.
The Palestinian literary scene is witnessing the birth of Fikra Magazine, an online Palestinian cultural and literary magazine – writing and art by and for Palestinians. According to partners and co-founders Aisha and Kevin, Fikra is dedicated to “high-quality content that doesn’t conform to stereotypes and old-fashioned ideas about Palestine. It’s original, it’s inspiring, it’s bold.” What is exciting about this new publication is that every piece is professionally translated from Arabic to English—or vice versa. Since “Palestinians in the Diaspora often don’t read Arabic as their mother tongue,” the creators say in their promotional materials, “we want our writers to become part and parcel of the international writing-guild as well.” In Fikra, the creators promise, “you’ll find Palestinian writers and artists from all corners of the word – from Gaza, the West-Bank, East-Jerusalem, 48, and the diaspora.”
READ MORE…
In 1946, Nobel Prize laureate and Guatemalan author Miguel Ángel Asturias published his magnum opus, El señor presidente, which would become one of the boldest and most inventive works of Latin American literature, an important predecessor for literary giants including Gabriel García Marquez, Mario Vargas Llosa, Isabel Allende, and Roberto Bolaño. However, the text remains relatively unknown in the English-speaking world. In this intimate and revelatory interview, Editor-at-Large José Garcia Escobar speaks with Guatemalan American author and translator David Unger on the complexities of translating Asturias’s great work into English, balancing authenticity and readability, and its political and artistic legacy.
In 2015, I was living in New York and often got together with the Guatemalan-American writer David Unger. A year prior, he had won the Miguel Ángel Asturias National Prize (Guatemala’s highest literary honor), and his novel The Mastermind (Akashic Books) had just come out.
We met every other month, more or less.
We would go to Home Sweet Harlem, on the corner of Amsterdam and 136th, or Chinelos, a Mexican restaurant just around the corner, and talk about books, translation, and life.
He told me he was flattered that Cristina García had agreed to blurb The Mastermind. He told me of the time he met and had a strong disagreement with Nicanor Parra. When Parra died in 2018, David wrote a piece for The Paris Review. He told me to go see Andrés Neuman at McNally Jackson and read more of his work. Then one day, as we walked back to his office at City College, he said, “I’m translating El señor presidente.”
READ MORE…
This week, our editors around the world report on the exciting developments in publishing and journalism. From expressions of the free press to Nobel laureates, read on for the latest from the ground in world literature!
Peera Songkünnatham, Editor-at-Large, reporting from Thailand
Launching this week, the web publication series Justice in Translation brings together urgent works from Southeast Asian languages; its first releases include an incendiary poem about children’s rights translated from Malay, a short story about how to write about dispossession translated from Filipino, and essays on legal reform and educational equity translated from Indonesian. Part of a five-year initiative on Social Justice in Southeast Asia at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the series brings the institutional capacity of the academy in sustaining the practice of translation as advocacy in the region, giving both international exposure and small honorariums.
What “international exposure” looks like is being reconfigured through digital academy-fueled efforts like this one. As the anti-dictatorship three-finger salute drawn from The Hunger Games has spilled over Thai borders to Myanmar and other countries, so has the “broad” English-speaking audience for domestic issues, which increasingly includes people in one’s neighboring countries.
And as the “Milk Tea Alliance” spreads beyond East Asia, a sense of transregional solidarity has also pervaded public works of scholarship. Last week, the Southeast Asia-focused academic blog New Mandala, hosted by the Australian National University’s Coral Bell School of Asia Pacific Affairs, announced a partnership with the Indo-Pacific-focused independent platform 9DashLine. One can hope to see more transregional essays such as this recent one by Show Ying Xin about literary translation in plurilingual Malaysia and Singapore, which troubles the distinction between translating “within” and translating “out.” READ MORE…
Wearing a thin sweater, a colorful scarf, and a dazzling smile, Ana María welcomed us to her house in Zone 15, Guatemala City. Outside it was pouring, much like when she presented her famed Poemas de la izquierda erótica (Poems from the Erotic Left), forty-six years ago. She offered us tea—“To fight back the cold,” she said, still smiling—and told us we had to do the interview in the living room, not upstairs, because, “There are books scattered everywhere; imagine, a lifetime spent collecting books.” And, yes, one can only imagine.
Ana María Rodas, born in 1937, is a veteran Guatemalan poet, journalist, and teacher. Her career spans more than sixty years. She has released close to twenty books, and her work has been translated into English, German, and Italian. In 1990, she simultaneously won the poetry and short story categories of the Juegos Florales de México, Centroamérica y el Caribe. In 2000, she won the prestigious Miguel Ángel Asturias National Prize in Literature for her life’s work. She is also one of the leading figures of Guatemalan and Central American feminism. She has lived her whole life in Guatemala. And one cannot say this lightly. She grew up during the Jorge Ubico dictatorship (1931–1944), admired how the Guatemalan Revolution toppled Ubico in 1944, thrived during the so-called Ten Years of Spring, lamented the 1954 CIA-backed coup that removed the democratically elected, progressive president Jacobo Árbenz, and witnessed the atrocities of the Civil War (1960–1996). Many of her friends and colleagues were killed during that time. Alaíde Foppa, Irma Flaquer, and her dear friend, Luis de Lión, author of El tiempo principia en Xibalbá—considered one of the cornerstones of contemporary Central American literature. Even if she never picked up a rifle or joined the militarized resistance, her feminist struggle and intellectual defiance have influenced many generations.
She’s not a cynic, though. Or bitter. She’s hopeful. “Even though we have a brute for president,” she says, “I believe in resisting.” And resisting, Ana María has done.
But as much as Ana María is grandmotherly and warm, as much as she’s a jokester and amicable, she is also analytical, astute, and disarmingly agile. She’s a force of nature, a rising tide, and an unmovable object. Her poetry is sensitive, electric, and subversive.
READ MORE…
This week’s dispatches report on a four-day literature festival in Italian-speaking Bellinzona in Switzerland, a new podcast dedicated exclusively to Guatemalan and Central American literature, as well as news of the arrest of journalist Hajar Raissouni in Morocco and a theatre group resisting such censorship and freedom of the press violation with a performance of Don Quixote.
Anna Aresi, Copy Editor, reporting from Switzerland
An interest in mapping (often the result of conquests and colonization) and remapping—rethinking what was erased and systematically left out in the mapping process—is at the core of Lost Children Archive, Valeria Luiselli’s latest novel. In Lost Children Archive, mapping is related to sound: “Focusing on sound forced me to hear as opposed to seeing, it forced me into a different rhythm. You cannot consume sound immediately,” she explains, “when focusing on sound, you have to sit with it, let it unfold.” It is within this rhythm, she adds, that English emerged as the language that was conducive to the writing of this novel, which she had begun writing in both English and Spanish simultaneously.
Luiselli reflects on this and other aspects of her writing in an intense conversation with Italian writer Claudia Durastanti, in the intimate setting of Bellinzona’s social theater.
Every year, Bellinzona—the capital of Swiss Italophone Canton Ticino—hosts Babel Festival, a four-day event entirely dedicated to literature and translation. This year’s fourteenth edition, entitled “You will not speak my language,” explored the limits and boundaries of language and literature, as well as languages that are “imagined, invented, despised, censored, regional, silent, visual, and enigmatic.”
READ MORE…
This year marks the twenty-fifth anniversary of Guatemala’s longest-lasting publishing house, Magna Terra Editores. Founded in November 1994 by poet and novelist Gerardo Guinea—and now run by him and his son Paolo—Magna Terra has published more than two thousand books and has propelled the careers of writers across three generations. As the press nears its bodas de plata, early this month I sat down with the two editors to talk about Magna Terra’s beginnings, the press’s many houses, and transitioning from a hectic McPress to a much more Zen indie house that boasts some of the best books produced in the country. Its author list is undoubtedly proof of this.
—José García Escobar
In the early 1990s, when Magna Terra was nothing more than a dream, its founder, Gerardo Guinea, and his family were exiled to Mexico City by the Guatemalan Civil War (1960-1996). He was one of many. Other famed Guatemalan writers, such as Luis Cardoza y Aragón and Raúl Leiva, also chose to live abroad given the local political climate. After all, the government often persecuted writers. Otto René Castillo, Luis de Lión, and Alaíde Foppa are just a few of the many intellectuals the government and army killed during the war. While in Mexico, Gerardo had the chance to visit and become familiar with local publishing houses. He met with Joaquín Diez-Canedo of Joaquín Mortiz Editorial, now part of Grupo Planeta, and Carlos López of Editorial Praxis. As he watched the editors working, the books piling up on the shelves enthralled him. He wondered, as the talks of peace in Guatemala became more frequent, if he could create something similar at home. READ MORE…
Last October, the Spanish publishing house Alfaguara put out Ya nadie llora por mí, the most recent novel from the acclaimed Nicaraguan writer, Sergio Ramírez and sequel to his 2009 novel, El cielo llora por mí (The Sky Cries for Me). A couple of weeks later, the Spanish Ministry of Culture announced that Sergio was the winner of the 2017 Miguel de Cervantes Prize, the most important literary award for Spanish-language writers. Other laureates include Jorge Luis Borges, Carlos Fuentes, and Mario Vargas Llosa. Sergio is the first Central American writer to receive this distinction. He has published around thirty books, two of which have been translated into English: Divine Punishment (McPherson & Company) and the 1998 Alfaguara Prize winning novel Margarita, How Beautiful the Sea (Curbstone Books).
Three months later, Sergio and I—his umpteenth interviewer since November—got together at a fancy hotel on the misty mountains of Guatemala City, hours before he presented Ya nadie llora por mí in SOPHOS bookstore. I imagined all the questions Sergio had answered during the past few months. What does it feel like to have won it? Where were you when you got the news? Can you give us a preview of your acceptance speech? I should ask him about his favorite Guatemalan dish, I thought, to shake things up.
Sergio is kind but equally incisive, serene, and voracious. He speaks with care and potency about Central American literature, being a writer, and Centro América Cuenta. Hosted in Nicaragua, this is the biggest literary festival of the region that seeks to strengthen Central American writers and bring them closer to the rest of Ibero-America. Sergio, with a cup of coffee in his hand, is also critical of the contaminated reality of his country. A reality from which his work often comes to life.
In Ya nadie llora por mí (Nobody cries for me anymore) inspector Dolores Morales has been discharged from the National Police, and he now works as a private investigator. He mostly handles cases about adultery for clients with no money. Then the disappearance of a millionaire’s daughter takes him out of his routine. In Sergio’s latest novel we also get to see how corruption and abuse of power underlie the revolutionary discourse of contemporary Nicaragua.
“As a citizen, I desire a different reality,” he says. “As a writer, I take advantage of it.”
Sergio is arguably the most important Central American writer today.
José García Escobar (JGE): What was it like to revisit detective Dolores Morales for your latest book? Did you have the story for Ya nadie llora por mí first, and then realized you needed Dolores to tell it? Or was it the other way around?
Sergio Ramírez (SR): I came up with the story first. I wanted to write about Nicaragua today, and for this, I needed a character like Dolores: a detective and former guerrilla. Noir fiction, or novela negra, as we call it, gives me the opportunity to look at the events I’m writing about from afar. With this distance I can add humor, irony. Also, given his background, this character helped work around that distance. Dolores is often bound by his ethic, a type of ethic he picked up from his years as a guerrillero; he uses that critical thought and critical distance for his work, but at the same time he’s always at risk of getting contaminated by that environment. He observes the situations as he would have in the past and is that moral nostalgia and critical distance that allows my character to lead the book.
READ MORE…
Your weekly shot of global literary news is here! Today we travel to Austria, Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Morocco to find out about the latest prizes, performances and literary festivals.
Contributor Flora Brandl reporting from Austria:
In the southern state of Styria, the oldest Austrian festival for contemporary art, Steirischer Herbst (Styrian Autumn), recently opened with a powerful speech by the Austrian composer Georg Friedrich Haas. Styrian-born, Haas is one of the most renowned figures of the international New Music scene and currently teaches at Columbia University.
In his opening speech, Haas reflected on the dynamics of the remnants of Nazism and the burgeoning avant-garde art scene in Styria. While Nazism was always at the forefront of fighting so-called “degenerate art”—“for they knew: art is dangerous for them”—it also provided fertile grounds for a creative form of resistance: “We [artists] were spurred by the pain and the rage and the grief,” Haas recounted. He ended with an invocation that the role of artists today is to “spread the virus of humanitarianism” in the wake of a worldwide rise of fundamentalism. A political speech with a very personal note, the entire speech can be read in the original German here.
READ MORE…
Another week full of exciting news! Paul and Kelsey bring us up to speed on what’s happening in Mexico and Guatemala. We also have José García providing us with all the updates about Central American literary festivals you could wish for. Finally, we are delighted to welcome aboard our new team-members, Valent and Norman, who share news from Indonesia.
Paul Worley and Kelsey Woodbury, Editors-at-Large for Mexico, report:
In conjunction with partners such as the Forum of Indigenous Binational Organizations (FIOB) and the Indigenous Community Leadership (CIELO), the LA Public Library in California, US, recently announced that it will host the second annual Indigenous Literature Conference on July 29 and 30. As stated on Facebook, the conference’s “first day will be dedicated to the indigenous literature from (the Mexican state of) Oaxaca,” with “the second (being) broader in scope.” Among those slated to participate are the Oakland, California-based Zapotec writer and artist Lamberto Roque Hernández, Zapotec poet Natalia Toledo, and Me’phaa poet Hubert Matiuwaa, whose Xtámbaa was recently reviewed here in Asymptote.
On July 14 in Guatemala, K’iche’/Kaqchikel Maya poet Rosa Chávez announced the publication of a new poetry fanzine entitled AB YA YA LA. Limited to 40 in number, each copy is unique and contains different details.
READ MORE…
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Citation preview
FPT $29.95 $44.95 in Canada
In this provocative and utterly engaging his¬ tory, Burton Feldman opens wide the carefully guarded doors of the world’s most highly cele¬ brated and coveted honor.
Founded
by
the
brilliant,
misanthropic
inventor of dynamite, the Nobel Prize has for a hundred years claimed to identify the summit of human achievement. But what exactly is the Nobel Institution? How does it choose its winners? Has it ever made a mistake? And why does the prize hold such importance? With deft insight and sparkling wit, The Nobel Prize considers these questions while taking us on a fascinating tour of every aspect of Alfred Nobel’s grand legacy: its founder, its aura, its fields of award — literature, physics, chemistry, medicine, peace, and economics — and its laure¬ ates’ personalities and rivalries, as well as its biases, controversies, and blunders. We learn, for example, that a mistaken cure for >
cancer was honored in 1926, and that, just a few years earlier, the renowned physicist Max Planck was overlooked for the 1912 physics prize in favor of a Swedish engineer who improved lighthouse illumination. Leo Tolstoy, James Joyce, Marcel Proust, Virginia Woolf, and Bertolt Brecht (among many others)
never won a Nobel. Nor did
Sigmund Freud, although as Feldman stingingly reveals, the Nobel did honor the treatment of mental illness by lobotomy and malaria inocula¬ tions. More generally, we discover how the Nobel Foundation’s shaky finances in the 1920s led it arbitrarily to exclude astrophysics and geophysics from the physics prizes for decades, while in recent years calls have multiplied for abolishing the economics award altogether. The Nobel has reshaped itself over time, as Feldman points out. For example, in a radical departure from Alfred Nobel’s conception, the peace prize has shifted from recognizing global disarmament to honoring social reform within a 10002945
N
The
Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prize A History of Genius, Controversy, and Prestige
Burton Feldman
Arcade Publishing • New York
Copyright © 2000 by Burton Feldman All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer, who may quote brief passages in a review. FIRST EDITION
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Feldman, Burton. The Nobel prize : a history of genius, controversy, and prestige / Burton Feldman, p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-55970-537-X 1. Nobel Prizes—History. I. Title. AS911.N9 F38 2000 001.4'4—dc21
00—42002
Published in the United States by Arcade Publishing, Inc., New York Distributed by Time Warner Trade Publishing Visit our Web site at www.arcadepub.com 10 98765432 1 Designed by API EB PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
For Peggy My brave, life-loving, and witty wife, and my life’s treasure
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Kahle/Austin Foundation
https://archive.org/details/nobelprizehistorOOfeld
Contents Preface Introduction
ix 1
1.
The Founding Father
25
2.
The Nobel Prize Invents Itself
40
3.
The Nobel Prize in Literature
55
4.
The Nobel Prize and the Sciences
114
5.
The Nobel Prize in Physics
125
6.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
201
7.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
237
8.
The Peace Prize
290
9.
The Economics Memorial Prize
328
Conclusion
356
Chronology of Prizes
363
Appendix A: Value'of Prizes
397
Appendix B: Prizes by Nation
398
Appendix C: Women Laureates
403
Appendix D: Family Laureates
405
Appendix E: Jewish Laureates
407
Notes
411
Selected Bibliography
449
Index
471
PREFACE
O
ne might expect that in the century since the Nobel Prize began, histories and interpretations would have piled up, so that the present book would be pressed to justify adding itself to an already long shelf. Yet the opposite is true. I began this book because, to my surprise, no comprehensive and critical history of the prizes has yet been written in any language. I soon discovered why. To begin, the account must start with Alfred Nobel himself and his bequest, and then follow the five major prizes from 1901 to the present, as well as the prize in economics beginning in 1969. Additionally, such a book, intended for the general reader who knows something but not enough (someone like myself, for ex¬ ample), must also try to make clear the essence of the prizewinning work of an Einstein and the rest, while maintaining a sense of the relevant lines of scientific research, literary creativity, and peace issues — and cultural outbranchings — across a long century. But the Nobel Prize is more than the sum of its six separate fields: it is a mysterious incarnation of power and authority, an anointed ritual whose claims are accepted as part of the order of things. The Nobel Prize is at once a relic of the past (evidenced by the Swedish king who bestows the awards) and a self-admiring mir¬ ror of our democratized, scientized, secularized modern culture. After a century of existence, the Nobel has become a problematic part of modern history: it helps shape our perception of ourselves, for better or worse. Like monarchy, the Nobel Prize surrounds itself with mystery and extraordinary secretiveness. Indeed, the media have more easily breached the privacy of the British royal family than that of the Nobel institution. The prizes present themselves as if handed down from eternity. But as even a cursory inspection will reveal, the juries that pick the laureates have often shown bias, lapses of judgment, and bitter infighting. In the sciences, a number of quarrels, scandals, and even lawsuits have erupted over claims to priority or credit for collaborations honored by Nobels. And while widely admired, the science prizes have also been charged with swaying research goals
X
Preface
and funding, however inadvertently, and more insidiously with cor¬ rupting scientific ambitions by the lure of Nobel fame. Such contro¬ versies, together with public dissent from several prizes, have been part of the Nobel history since its beginning. All prizes stir argument; the Nobel’s fame simply magnifies this hugely. But to report, as Mon¬ taigne said, “only what is canonical and reverend” is to omit half of any subject. This is the case here: the uncanonical and irreverend need notice if the Nobel institution and its awards are to be approached as the living, changing, and complex things they are. The very glory and stature of the Nobel Prizes prompt some sharp questions. Should such high endeavors of the human spirit as science, literature, and peace be treated as competitions, however exalted? Should these priceless efforts be paid the enormous, though “honorary,” price lavished on the winners? Would it matter if there never had been a Nobel Prize? Or if it vanished tomorrow? The problem is that the prizes are not merely awards and medals but are aspects of power woven into our lives: it was once and future Nobelists who built the nuclear bombs that still hang fate¬ fully over us; Nobelists now play an important part in public and military policy; the cachet of the Nobel Prizes to DNA research gives incalculable support to the possibility of genetic engineering; the Nobel Peace Prizes reverberate today in Israel and the Mideast, in Indonesia, in South Africa, in the civil rights movement in the U.S., and they played a role in the collapse of the USSR. It is also true that the Nobel Prizes show modern fame at its most dignified: the Nobel Prize pays honor to some of the highest human adventures in nature and matter, creativity and justice. Where else, moreover, can both the informed and the general public find a replacement for the authority and coherence, to whatever degree, the Nobel has come to possess? In a world and age as inwardly frac¬ tured as ours, this is a question not lightly dismissed. Such issues thread through this book, though taking them up directly at length would make the book unmanageably large. There is another reason, however, for not addressing them exhaustively. Before judging an institution as complex and formidable as this, one had better first know its history and the achievements it has honored. I have tried to make that history as clear and interesting and full as space permits. I am under no illusions about the problems involved in writing this book. The Nobel Prizes spread across quantum mechanics and
Preface
xi
molecular biology, literature in many genres and languages, peace awards from Teddy Roosevelt to Mother Teresa. To dare to survey and, at times, criticize prizes in six such intricate fields is to take one’s life in one’s hands. Specialists will notice imprecisions (or worse) despite every effort to be lucid and accurate. But when it comes to grasping the volatile, elusive, but potent matters of mod¬ ern fame and authority bodied forth in the Nobel Prize, and how they modify and are modified by ourselves and our times, special¬ ists are in the same leaky boat with the rest of us. I owe debts of all kinds to many people. To Tug Yourgrau, first, whose gift for happiness is outdone only by his gift for generosity — I thank him for launching this book in the right direc¬ tion. To Richard Seaver for believing in this book enough to want to publish it, showing that publishing is still an independent and courageous enterprise. To Webster Younce, my wizardly editor, for his wonderfully cheerful patience and benign surgeon’s eye for improving my writing. To my other editor, Ann Marlowe, this book is blessedly in debt to her extraordinary skill, learning, and passion¬ ate dedication. To Baruch Hochman for his buoying humanity and a couple of helpful miracles. To Katherine Williams for a cherished friendship; no one helped as selflessly with this book. To Allen Mandelbaum, Robert Richardson, and Maria Katzenbach for early and lasting encouragement. To Elizabeth Richardson for her staunch support and her skill as a photographer. To David Markson and Werner Dannhauser for going out of their way to help. To Annie Dillard for a kindness and Garry Trudeau for a favor that saved me much work. To Roald Hoffmann, a Nobelist in chemistry, who has helped me understand the poetry of chemistry, and the chemistry of poetry. To Professor Ze’ev Rosenkrantz of the Ein¬ stein Archives at Hebrew University in Jerusalem for granting me permission to use Einstein’s Nobel medal. To Tad Spencer and Tom Kite for help. To the Nobel Foundation for assistance, espe¬ cially to Fredrick Skog. To Professor Milton Wainwright of Sheffield University for cordial assistance about his original research. I am indebted as well to too many others to name. My debt to my wife would take a book longer than this one. I have had to settle for the dedication.
The
Nobel Prize
J
1
INTRODUCTION
T
he Nobel Prizes are the most coveted and most potent awards of our time. Only “Nobel Prize winner” bestows instant recognition, lifelong celebrity, and unrivaled authority around the globe. In the media the prizes, along with wars and politics and major disasters, command front-page and prime-time treatment. The public (though not always the experts) accepts the selections as supremely authoritative about the most important scientific dis¬ coveries, the “best” writers, the most significant peace work. To people bewildered by arcane science or strange literary experi¬ ments or “peace” perplexities, the Nobel annually declares with Olympian assurance what is of surpassing importance. In fields that few have the time or ability to follow, the prizes convey a sense that coherence somehow does exist out there. To say “prizes” scarcely conveys the meaning of the Nobel awards. Some view these as only another scramble up the greasy pole of celebrity. But the Nobels are really knighthoods of a new and unusual kind, perhaps the only true aristocracy in our democratic, leveling age. Winning a war for Britain can make you a knight of that realm, but so can being a rich brewer or a winning jockey. To capture the Nobel’s exalted sort of nobility, far greater achievements are needed. And why have an aristocracy unless it is very exclusive? The Nobel group is surely that. From 1901 through 1999 the Nobel Prize has bestowed only 687 awards upon its designees: for peace 87, medicine 169, literature 96, physics 159, chemistry 132, and eco¬ nomics 44. (These figures do not include nineteen awards to peace organizations such as the Red Cross; in many years, no awards were given: see chronology.) Millions may dream of being selected, but few are called and fewer are chosen — in literature and peace an average of one per year, in the sciences an average of fewer than two. The Nobel confers its titles in a ceremony conducted by the king of Sweden. This ritual takes place always on 10 December, the anniversary of the death of Alfred Nobel, its benefactor. Two thou¬ sand dignitaries, tuxedoed and gowned, gather in the Stockholm Concert Hall. At 4 p.m. the ceremony begins. As the Stockholm
2
Introduction
Philharmonic plays selections by Mozart and Mendelssohn (or Grieg and Sibelius), laureates from earlier years enter to applause. The king and queen take their places on the stage while the audience sings the Royal Hymn. Then appear the new laureates, also tuxedoed or gowned. They sit on the left of the stage in a fixed order of precedence, according to how Alfred Nobel listed their fields in his 1895 will — first physics, then chemistry, medicine, literature, and peace — with economics, an award established only in 1968, bring¬ ing up the rear. A great blue carpet covers the stage. At stage center, presiding over all, is an enlarged image of Alfred Nobel. The investiture is brief, its script unchanging. One by one the laureates are named, rise, and come forward. A Swedish aca¬ demician in the appropriate field delivers a brief laudatory descrip¬ tion of the achievement honored, addressed to “Your Majesty, Your Royal Highnesses, ladies and gentlemen.” To the laureate he then intones: “I now invite you to receive your prize from the hands of the king.” The king shakes hands and presents the laureate with a leather box that contains a gold medal bearing a replica of Alfred Nobel’s profile and engraved with the laureate’s name (the eco¬ nomics medal somewhat disdainfully inscribes the laureate’s name only on the rim), a diploma, and a certificate for the prize money, to be exchanged the next day for a check. The laureate steps back. Later, in the Stockholm city hall, the king hosts a banquet where the plates are gold-leafed and decorated with replicas of the Nobel medals; the meat is traditionally venison, provided by the king’s own hunters. Each laureate is toasted and returns the honor, speak¬ ing a few minutes in good spirits (Isaac Bashevis Singer, the Yiddish writer and 1978 Nobelist, said he liked writing Yiddish, that dying language, because he liked to write ghost stories). The next day, the laureates give a major address, in which the scientists explain their technical work and the writers and peace laureates speak as the spirit moves. The Israeli novelist S. Y. Agnon included all the animals in his thanks; the Italian dramatist Dario Fo handed out not the text of an address but a booklet of drawings. On following days there are celebrations in other Swedish towns. All the laureates stay up to a week at the Grand Hotel, as guests of Sweden. The media meanwhile fill us in on what the Nobel institution deco¬ rously omits. We learn that the 1995 economics laureate, Robert Lucas of the University of Chicago, had agreed to pay half his
Introduction
3
Nobel prize money to his ex-wife if he won within seven years of their divorce, specifically by 31 October 1995; he won in the sev¬ enth year on 10 October, when the announcements are made, and by that thin margin she got half the $600,000 award. All of Ein¬ stein’s Nobel money of 1921 went to his ex-wife by prior agree¬ ment. The Indian government agreed not to tax Mother Teresa’s 1979 Nobel Prize of $193,000, though she was based in Calcutta. But in 1923, when Fritz Pregl won in chemistry, the Austrian gov¬ ernment took two-thirds of his $30,000 award in taxes. In 1986 the U.S. passed a law taxing Nobel awards as ordinary income, thus cut¬ ting heavily into American winners’ receipts since then. The molecular biologist Max Delbruck (Nobel in Medicine, 1969) donated his prize money to Amnesty International. Georg von Bekesy (medicine, 1961) made the Nobel Foundation heir to his art estate worth almost half a million dollars, at least ten times what his actual prize had been worth. Delbruck also at first consid¬ ered rejecting the prize as pointless and distracting, as did the physicists Paul A. M. Dirac and Richard Feynman. They all even¬ tually accepted. Newspaper readers in 1946 learned that James B. Sumner, who shared that year’s chemistry Nobel, had lost his left arm at seventeen while hunting; although left-handed, he trained himself to do laboratory work right-handed. King Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden, an ardent tennis player, was very curious about how Sumner managed to serve the ball during a game. In 1980 a reposi¬ tory of sperm from Nobel laureates was proposed for interested women. Three laureates were rumored to have enrolled and one even made his name public. But for lack of Nobelized sperm, the scheme dropped off. Such tidbits, gossip, and a few scandals swirl about the prize. Child molesters do not usually make national news, but they do if one is a Nobel Prize winner: in 1996 a laureate in medicine was convicted of molesting a child he had brought to the U.S. from an overseas research trip that won him the prize. But even the most deserved fame sometimes reaches only so far. A famous football star happened to attend a speech by William Faulkner, was puzzled by the hushed attention, and asked the person next to him why. “He won the Nobel Prize.” “Oh, the Mobil Prize,” said the footballer, impressed. The Nobel judges have also made mistakes. The wrong codis¬ coverer of insulin may have been honored in the Nobel Prize for Medicine of 1923. A mistaken cure for cancer was honored in 1926.
■*V
4
Introduction
In 1952 the codiscoverer of streptomycin was omitted in the Nobel Prize for Medicine, although the evidence was on legal record and the Nobel jury could easily have obtained it. In 1912 Nils Dalen, a Swedish engineer, won the physics prize for improving lighthouse illumination, chosen over the great physicist Max Planck, among others. But generally the science prizes are greatly admired, by those who understand them, and by the rest precisely because they don’t. The literature awards, however, have sometimes raised gales of complaints, and several peace prizes have set off official repression or dissident protest. And a far more unsettling question haunts all the prizes: Are blue ribbons, no matter how exalted, relevant to intellectual or artistic or even peace work? If the Nobels disappeared tomorrow, would it make the slightest difference? And if prizes are indeed useful, is the Nobel system the way to decide them? How excellent is the Nobel’s own record? How much has it mattered? And whence these prizes that cause so much fuss? The Nobel Prizes’ celebrity is itself extraordinary. When the awards began, no one could have predicted it. Indeed, they have been forced to live up to their own unique success. This has not always been easy, but it has made the inner life of that institution far more interesting than one would have expected. Alfred Nobel himself provoked most of the interest at first. Quite unexpectedly, even to his family, the inventor of dynamite left his entire immense fortune to fund the prizes. That an inventor should bequeath prizes for science might be expected, but a prize for liter¬ ature was surprising, and a peace prize from a “merchant of death” was startling. Nobel died in 1896; five years later, the first Nobel Prizes were awarded. Only a few years after that, they began to spi¬ ral into ever-widening fame. What helped here was an extremely lucky accident in 1903. In 1901 and 1902, what mainly interested the public and laureates was Nobel’s glamorous name and the huge monies he bestowed. The literature and peace prizes drew most of the public attention, at least when one of the winners was a compatriot. But the first sci¬ ence prizes honored either already well-known discoveries, such as immunization against diphtheria and tetanus or Rontgen’s discov¬ ery of X-rays back in 1895, or work like the synthesis of purines or
Introduction
5
electromagnetic theory, intelligible only to a few specialists. Much interest was prompted by national competition, as if the prizes were an exalted kind of modern Olympic Games, begun in 1896. But interest of a different kind quickened dramatically in 1903 when the Nobel Physics Prize was shared by Henri Becquerel and Marie and Pierre Curie. Becquerel was a well-known professor in Paris, who had discovered radioactivity in uranium in 1896. But who were these Curies who had discovered two new radioactive elements? The French press took it up partly because this was the first Nobel Prize awarded to French scientists: national pride was grati¬ fied. But the reporters, and then the world press, also found a most satisfying rags-to-riches story, which some then described as a minor national scandal. The Curies turned out to be a devoted couple in early middle age (Pierre was forty-four, Marie thirty-six), shy, unworldly, utterly absorbed in their work. The reporters were captivated. This couple that had just won two-thirds of the munificent Nobel Prize, worth $40,000 in 1903 buying power, absentmindedly took meager meals when they remembered to eat. Marie, too busy with her science, had never bothered to learn to cook; Pierre never looked away from his experiments long enough to notice. She wore the plainest, most drab dresses. They lived in a little garret on the sixth floor, one hundred long steps up, so cold in winter that they had to sleep fully clothed. Both also had drab jobs, though both had doctorates. Pierre taught at a small and obscure technical institute, and Marie in a girls’ academy — a far cry from Becquerel at the grand Sorbonne. The reporters were especially taken with the shabbiness of the lab¬ oratory in which the great discoveries had taken place. It was a small decrepit workshop with greenhouse windows. There was no heat. The old walls and floor were damp, the roof dripped. The lab¬ oratory equipment was primitive and patched together — the ion¬ ization chamber was made from a jelly can, though Marie had luckily been able to borrow a good electrometer.1 She had begun her work asking if the rays given off by Becquerel’s uranium also came from other elements, and coined the word “radioactivity” to describe their common property. To test this, she begged and bor¬ rowed samples of every element she could from other scientists or obliging museums — and finally discovered that thorium was also radioactive. Working furiously, and meanwhile raising an infant
3 6
Introduction
daughter, Marie and Pierre also found the new radioactive elements polonium and radium. To get more precise measurements and confirm Marie’s findings, the Curies bought as much pitchblende and chalcite (uranium ores that contain minute traces of other radioactive elements) as they could afford. It was cheap, and so many gunnysacks of the stuff arrived that they had to expand their workshop across the back court¬ yard into a little shack. This shack was in even worse shape than the workshop: the walls were crumbling, drafts whistled through window cracks, the ceiling threatened to tumble down. But it had an old table, a blackboard, and a treasure — a cast-iron stove. The eminent German chemist and later Nobelist Wilhelm Ostwald, who visited this “laboratory” to pay his respects, could hardly believe he was at the right address; he described it as part stable and part potato cellar.2 Marie set out to purify radium. She did all the work herself. She filled iron cauldrons with the black ore, set them boiling, stirred the noxious mess with a long iron rod for hours, and did the tedious dis¬ tillation procedure. The cauldrons were open and gave off nauseat¬ ing fumes, so she moved them outside into the open courtyard. With every heavy rain, she had to push the cauldrons hastily back into the shed. The dirt, dust, and plaster from the shack tainted the purity of the distillations, forcing her to start over. Meanwhile she began to feel constantly fatigued and ill — the effects of radiation, which were of course then unknown. Her fingertips were soon painfully scorched from touching the radium. But she and Pierre finally proved polonium and radium were new radioactive elements. Bits of scientific recognition came to them. In 1898 Marie won the Gegner Prize, worth almost what Pierre earned in a year. Pierre was made a member of the French Academy of Sci¬ ences after being rejected a few years earlier. Marie got the job in the girls’ academy. In 1903, Pierre was appointed to a chair at the Sorbonne, where Marie received her Ph.D. in physics, summa cum laude — the first woman in Europe ever to earn a doctorate in science (first place in the science examinations, second place in mathematics). In 1903, too, came the Nobel Prize. Theirs was a success story to delight any newspaper reader. The prize suddenly made them sev¬ enty thousand francs richer, almost twice their salaries for the next ten years. In 1891 Marie Sklodowska had been a penniless student just arrived from Poland to enroll in the Sorbonne. Now she and her
Introduction
7
husband were a pride of France’s scientific community — and the French press insisted she was now entirely French. While praising the Curies, the press could lament the stinginess with which France treated its scientific treasures. Le Figaro said: “We do not know our scientists, foreigners have to discover them for us.”3 The decrepit workshop, shack, and open courtyard were pictured and described over and over again, like icons. In fact, French science had not really stinted in funding the Curies’ work, there was just not enough to buy them a good laboratory. Marie Curie, more than Pierre, attracted attention. She was Pol¬ ish and thus slightly exotic; she was a mother who was raising a daughter despite heroic hours stirring the boiling cauldrons; she was selfless, wholly absorbed in her quest for knowledge. It was not difficult to portray her as a kind of saint of science. At thirty-six, she was also fairly young. Indeed, compared to prizewinners in other fields often in their sixties or even eighties, she was refreshingly young, and a new face. Radium with its mysterious rays and promise of curing any or all diseases helped swell the publicity. It was also recent enough news to compete with Marconi’s new “wireless telegraphy” for popular atten¬ tion.4 Humorous and serious journals took it up. Loie Fuller, the American “art” dancer, performed a popular “radium dance” in Paris. Marie welcomed the prestige from the prize. After Pierre’s death, she was appointed to the Sorbonne to teach Pierre’s courses — the first woman ever to teach at the Sorbonne. Other rich prizes came in, and she later made a successful tour of the United States to raise a large sum for her new laboratory. That Marie was a working scien¬ tist caused defenders of the home to berate her and feminists to defend her. One biographer, Susan Quinn, notes that this ambiva¬ lence about Marie likely was why four French scientists, including the great mathematician Poincare and the 1908 physics laureate Gabriel Lippmann, tried to persuade the Nobel jury to exclude her from the prize by claiming the discoveries were Pierre’s alone — which was untrue: Lippmann knew their joint work intimately.3 Like later laureates, the Curies found the celebrity at times infuri¬ ating, at times amusing. Marie’s great fame from the physics prize was doubled when she won the Nobel chemistry prize in 1911, specifi¬ cally for the discovery of radium and polonium. But her celebrity at that time almost brought her to disastrous public scandal — which in turn fed more publicity to the Nobel Prize.
8
Introduction
s
By then a widow — Pierre had died in a street accident in 1906 — she had an affair with the renowned French physicist Paul Langevin, whose wife was madly jealous. Some Paris newspapers blared the affair and the wife’s recriminations across their front pages. It was a media dream. Love letters were stolen, Langevin fought a duel with a journalist, the wife threatened Marie’s life. The scandal might have cost Marie her second Nobel. But other newspapers rebuked the sensationmongers, Langevin reconciled with his wife, the threat of scandal faded. Marie kept a dignified silence and slipped away to Stockholm to collect her second prize. Marie Curie thus became the first recipient of the Nobel Prize in both of its familiar aspects: honored for the importance of her work, but also instantly transformed into a worldwide celebrity. Because of her, newspapers around the globe changed their way of reporting the Nobel Prize, generating endless publicity, and thereby finally changing the meaning of the awards. We are by now used to idoliz¬ ing accounts of Einstein. But soon after 1903, the press could be as extravagant about the Curies as later about Einstein. One paper hailed their study of radioactivity with these words: “Voila, perpet¬ ual motion, the eternal sun, the supreme inexhaustible force have been at last found through the geniuses of Monsieur and Madame Curie, whose Nobel Prize fits them like a glove.”6 The Curie story also demonstrated that the Nobel Prizes had been born at a very lucky time, when both science and literature were turning “modern” and thus increasingly incomprehensible to the public, and also when the media began its own great expansion and influence. Journalists began to feature the personalities behind the prize. Interviewers poked into the laureates’ private lives, charms and foibles, work habits, and opinions on all subjects, however unre¬ lated to their special knowledge. This remains as true today. Reporters, expectedly enough, also saw what they chose to see. They habitually described Marie Curie as saintly and selfless, though her close friends saw her as refusing joy in life. “The soul of a herring,” said Einstein, who admired her, sadly. She always wore a widow’s black. From the latest lottery winner to yesterday’s pop star, ephemeral celebrity (Andy Warhol’s “everyone is famous for fifteen minutes”) now seems a fact of life. But the fame of a Nobel Prize is one of the
Introduction
9
scarcest and therefore most valuable, not only because great talent is rare, but in this race a miss is as good as a mile. Though up to three can share a single prize, the runners-up — however deserving, how¬ ever possessed of true greatness — never appear on any Nobel list. The Nobel Prize does not teach the noble wisdom that the work is its own reward, but the harsher lesson that many may be truly wor¬ thy but very few will be chosen, and sometimes not even the most deserving. In a single century, the unchosen “many” have multiplied many times over. In 1901 there were about a thousand active physicists in the world.7 Today there may be as many as 200,000. So too with chemists and medical researchers. Judging by the vast increase in published matter, the number of poets and fiction writers in the world is immensely greater than in the nineteenth century, too large to count. As the pool of competitors increases, the Nobel Prize obviously becomes more difficult to win, but thus also more desir¬ able as the only distinction by which one can rise above nearly all others. The pre-Nobel nineteenth century perpetuated ancient meth¬ ods for honoring scholars and artists. Princes gave out laurels, riches, titles, political rank. The pianist Franz Liszt, in his sensa¬ tional virtuoso days of the 1840s, was regularly laden with ceremo¬ nial swords, medals, monetary tributes, trophies, keys to cities, not to mention a title of nobility. Scientists and artists also received once-in-a-lifetime celebrations. In 1890 the pioneering organic chemist August Kekule von Stradonitz was grandly feted in Berlin on the twenty-fifth anniversary of his famous discovery of the ben¬ zene ring structure. In 1892 a more stupendous international jubilee was held for the great bacteriologist Pasteur on his seventi¬ eth birthday. Only a few years later, this was outdone by an even more spectacular commemoration for the chemist Marcellin Berthelot at which the president of the French Republic presented a flattering medal.M Kekule and Pasteur died too soon for a Nobel Prize; Berthelot lived long enough, but never won. Compared to these, the Nobel Prize ceremony is a modest and sober affair. Extravaganzas no longer suit science or literature. In the mid-1800s, scientists had often been gentlemen-amateurs, lone entrepreneurs (Alfred Nobel is a prime example), or government employees such as that prince of mathematicians Karl Gauss. Some were professors, but usually suffered low academic and social status.
10
Introduction
At Yale the science students and faculty were not allowed to sit with regular students in chapel.9 But toward the end of the nineteenth century, science became of crucial value to commerce, government, and the military. German and British industries set up research labo¬ ratories. Scientists entered universities as professors with high standing and began to set up that international network we now call “science.” At the same time, literary scholars started becoming pro¬ fessors and launched societies and journals, turning themselves into professionals quite as respectable as lawyers, ministers, or doctors. The Nobel Prize is the child of all this. It is based in Swedish aca¬ demic institutions, plus a Norwegian committee for the peace prize. Eminent professors and scholars dominate the Nobel committees. But the Nobel ceremony is also and intrinsically a royal cere¬ mony. The king’s presence is symbolically indispensable. In 1901, when the first Nobel Prizes were conferred, many European nations still had monarchs. After World War I, the Swedish ruler kept his throne, if without real power, and his small country on the nothern periphery played a small part in a world dominated by the Great Powers. In the modern world, however, a king is a unique thing, and for Nobel purposes an item of incalculable iconic value. The courtly ceremony over which today’s King Carl XVI Gustav presides is, after all, a vestige of the vanished aristocratic past when princes rewarded artists or political favorites. The Nobel rite is per¬ formed for a modernity nostalgic for such older and vanishing glo¬ ries. The king and queen, the gold medals stamped with Alfred Nobel’s profile and his bas-relief dominating the dais, the royal blue carpet, the atmosphere of ancient nobility: all helps magically trans¬ form laboratory experiments and poems into world-commanding achievements, and for a moment makes its honored individuals imaginably heroic. Nothing is more modern than how the Nobel Prizes marry such old-fashioned individual glory with the flatlands of democratic life — esoteric knowledge with popular opinion. As the works hon¬ ored in science and, latterly, economics have grown increasingly remote and arcane to the general public, the Nobels have become the most important bridge between high intellectual achievement and the marketplace. Where comprehension fails, celebrity fills in. The most dramatic novelty, of course, was the sizable fortunes the Nobel Prizes lavished on the laureates. By one estimate, the
/ ntroduction
11
French Academy of Sciences was disbursing a total of about 100,000 francs (approximately $20,000) per year from 1901 to 1910. But in 1901 each of the five Nobel Prizes was worth about 210,000 francs or $40,000.10 The Nobels have remained the benchmark in prize money, though their value has gone up and down through the century along with inflations and recessions (see Appendix A). The sudden wealth raining on obscure scholars and impoverished artists also became one of the strongest arguments for the Nobels’ integrity and authority. As early-Nobel historian Elisabeth Craw¬ ford notes, the public was likely to think that only truly worthy achievements could command prizes worth so much money.11 The Nobel here stands as ancestor and prototype to the huge publicity generated by the MacArthur Foundation’s so-called genius awards: why would anyone give five straight years of munificent support to anyone other than a “genius”? The Nobel has its rivals, but none combines the wealth and pres¬ tige of the prize, the range of its subjects, and its century-long record. To be sure, the Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion, established by a wealthy Briton in 1972, is richer — precisely because its founder decreed that it should always be worth more than the Nobel Prize of the same year: in 1998, for example, the Templeton Prize was worth $1.24 million as against $978,000 per Nobel Prize. Unlike the Nobel, most awards specialize either in sci¬ ence or in the arts, with political honors excluded altogether. The (British) Royal Society is restricted to science. The Pulitzer Prize confines itself to journalism and a few of the arts; the Prix Goncourt, like the British Booker Prize (worth $31,500 in 1995), to literature. No award has the aura of the Nobel in literature or peace, though the Royal Society medals in science or the Fields Medals in mathe¬ matics are in some ways as prestigious or more among scientists than the Nobels — and harder to win, one might add. The Fields Medal, for example, is awarded only every four years, by the Inter¬ national Mathematical Union. Other prizes have been created as alternatives to the Nobel.12 The Wolf Prize, established in Israel in 1978, gives annual winners $100,000 each in physics, chemistry, medicine, mathematics, and the arts. Some awards, such as the Balzan Prize, are specifically set up for fields like sociology or political science for which no Nobel exists. Some specify no field, as with the Right Uivelihood Award, founded in 1980. The Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences, which
12
Introduction \S
awards the Nobel Prizes in physics, chemistry, and economics, even administers an alternative to itself: the Schock Prize in Philosophy, which honors philosophy, mathematics, music, and fine arts. This award too is bestowed by the king of Sweden; in 1994 the American logician Willard van Orman Quine was the first recipient. But new or old, the Nobel Prize still outranges them all. It was the first important regular prize to include not only the arts and sci¬ ences but politics in the form of “peace.” It was an international prize. “No consideration whatsoever shall be given to the national¬ ity of the candidates,” commanded Alfred Nobel’s will. Earlier lit¬ erary awards had usually restricted eligibility to citizens of their nations, though the eminent scientific awards were open to foreign¬ ers. The Nobel’s internationalism allowed it to include achieve¬ ments anywhere in the world, to reap the harvest of all nations. Inevitably, this appeal to international harmony — like the Olympics — has roused fierce national rivalries. Science may speak a transnational language, but each year, as the new Nobels are announced, national scorecards and rivalries are anxiously scruti¬ nized. When the U.S. swept the prizes in all fields in 1976, the New York Times triumphantly headlined the event on its front page. When, in 1984, the European experimental physicists at the CERN laboratory outraced the U.S. to find the W and Z bosons, American editorialists lamented and warned of falling behind. The unsuc¬ cessful campaign to build the Superconducting Super Collider — at six billion dollars — involved hopes to regain the lead from the Europeans. Statistics are constantly paraded. Americans won 64% of all medicine Nobels in 1983-93, up from 1963-73, when the U.S. won only 50% of the medicine awards. In 1963-73 Americans took 55% of all prizes, but in 1983-93 only 48%, though the chemistry prizes rose from 33% to 60%. That must be progress, since science makes the technology which makes the “future.” So far, it seems, the country is safe. Uuckily for Nobel celebrity, modern science became an interna¬ tional enterprise around 1900. Crawford describes a period of high international cooperation from the 1880s to 1914, followed by dis¬ ruption from the First War through the Second War, and then coop¬ eration again since 1945.13 And since science speaks a language common to all nations, this helps explain why the Nobel record in the sciences has been so good — and the Nobel in literature not so good. Gauging the worth of writing requires knowing a particular
Introduction
13
language most fluently and intimately. But the world has scores of languages, though one would not guess this from the few major European languages that have taken almost all the prizes. The peace prizes, of course, cover every part of the globe: human con¬ flict is the same everywhere, only worse. Two other factors helped boost the Nobel to unmatched renown. Nobels will contained a “most recent'1 clause, requiring awards to go only to the latest scientific discovery, invention, or improvement, or to literary works appearing during the “preceding year.” This could clearly have become an unworkable requirement, and it was relaxed when the Nobel Statutes were drawn up in 1900. But this carried a danger. As mordantly stated by the Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius (Nobel in Chemistry, 1903, and a force on the first science commit¬ tees), the “worst thing would be for the prizes to develop into old-age pensions.”14 The literature prizes have come close. Nonetheless, the “recent” requirement helped make the Nobel Prize an annual source of fresh and exciting news. The discovery of radium or the human genetic code or the transistor — or the Israeli/PLO accord — is newsworthy by any standard. Each fall, the public may hope to learn about astonishing breakthroughs, inge¬ nious new techniques, a bold poet or peacemaker. Such novelty was soon expected in all the prize categories: “discoveries awarded the prize were expected to involve surprises, startling effects, leaps into the unknown.”15 But the literature judges, for the first half century or so, actually fought off such excitement by rejecting almost all “provocative” writers” (Ibsen, Joyce, D. H. Lawrence). Of course, startling novelties are rare. No matter. “Amazing” feats in sports also happen far between, yet all fans keep hoping and believing. On the other side, annual awards can quickly wear out the supply of quality goods. The science prizes have an advantage here, since science progresses by refuting or refining its past successes. If par¬ ticle physics stalls, there is still superconductivity, astrophysics, superstrings, and specialties yet aborning. Peace laureates can always be found, since no one has any clear idea how to delimit that category. The Wright brothers were urged as peace laureates in 1909, Kaiser Wilhelm in 1910, Lindbergh after his solo trans-Atlantic flight, the American socialist Eugene Debs in 1924, Baron Pierre de Coubertin who founded the modern Olympic Games in 1896, several of the popes, Stalin’s henchman Maxim
14
Introduction
Litvinov in 1933. In 1977, U.S. congressman Les Aspin nominated Jerry Lewis for the Nobel Peace Prize for his muscular dystrophy fund-raising on TV; the winner that year was Amnesty Interna¬ tional. Even Hitler! At least, in 1934 the New York Times devoted an entire page, headlined Hitler Nominated for Nobel Prize, to a long essay by Hamilton Fish Armstrong, then editor of the eminent journal Foreign Affairs. His point was that because Hitler had not invaded Austria in 1934 as he threatened, this “helped save the world, in 1934 at any rate, from war.” Armstrong seems to have been writing with heavy-handed irony. But that the sober Times gave it so much space showed that the Nobel Prizes drew public attention. The literature prizes are different. “Great” writers alone should win, but how to determine that? The Nobel abhors a vacuum: each year, a slot opens and another writer must be found to fill it. Nomi¬ nees are of course never lacking. Margaret Mitchell was nominated for Gone with the Wind (and rejected). Charlie Chaplin was nomi¬ nated in 1952 by the prominent Swedish literary critic Olof Lagercrantz, on the grounds that Chaplin was a major “screen author” because he wrote the scripts he acted in his films. Although Chaplin was rejected as primarily an actor rather than a playwright, the 1997 Nobel award went to the Italian Dario Fo, a famous comedian whose playwrighting, like Chaplin’s, mainly consists of scripts for his own performances. Many warn that the economics prize may soon, if not already, face a shortage of worthy candidates. Certainly from Einstein’s prize — in 1922 for the preceding year — the Nobel’s prestige crucially rests on the prestige of its science prizes. Nuclear physics or transfer RNA may puzzle most people, but the wonder and dread inspired by the hydrogen bomb or cloning is inescapably real and obvious. Everyone grasps that these sciences embody vast and revolutionary might of uncertain kind. The violent power crouching in every stick of Mr. Nobel’s dyna¬ mite made this point quite clear earlier. Another reason is that the science juries have long chosen far more impressive laureates than have the literary judges. Planck, Rutherford, Einstein, Bohr, Heisenberg, Dirac, Pauling, Crick and Watson, Feynman — a steady procession of greatness or the nearest
Introduction
15
equivalent. Would the Nobel have much of an aura or any at all without those names? The literature prizes, after fifty years of ignoring the likes of Leo Tolstoy, Bertolt Brecht, James Joyce, and Virginia Woolf, can never catch up with the prestige of the science lists. The prizes in literature, peace, and economics are not unlike pale fires, shining more brightly in the reflected light of Einstein and company.
The Nobel Theater of Fame When the Nobel Prize is awarded, no “short list” of top candidates is ever announced. The decision is final. Glaring mistakes or omis¬ sions have been made, but no award is ever reversed or altered, even when disputes inside the committees occasionally erupt into public sight.16 The effect is of magisterial authority and finality. The Bench is not to be approached. The decisions are rendered as if from eter¬ nity and for eternity. Those honored are forever of the Elect. Aes¬ thetically, this is as it should be. Any sign of inner dissension spilling into public squabbling could bring the whole lofty drama abruptly down to earth. One should never look behind the scenes of any good theater. If one must have prizes for science and art, which is entirely debatable, they should come as from on high. The Nobel Foundation has always been shrewd about this. The invisibility of the machinery heightens the majesty of the prizes. "Phis machinery is so self-effacing that the decisions seem almost to issue not from mere Stockholm but from some timeless Realm of Objective Judgment. The Nobel Foundation has culti¬ vated a very disciplined anonymity, though selecting the laureates is a process that involves hundreds of nominators and evaluators from around the world. The small army of Swedish and Norwegian evaluators who filter this information are sworn to secrecy and have remained extraordi¬ narily tight-lipped for almost a century, and so too the foreign col¬ leagues in whom they doubtless confide. Leaks are extremely rare, and most apt to happen in that highly volatile category called, with unintentional irony, peace. A flagrant breach of Nobel secretiveness came when the 1994 peace committee awarded a share of the prize to the PLO leader Yasir Arafat. A committee member publicly
16
Introduction
denounced Arafat as a terrorist and resigned. Two members publicly resigned when the peace prize was awarded to Henry Kissinger and Le Due Tho in 1973 for a cease-fire in the Vietnam War. The most shocking breach of Nobel secrecy has come from out¬ side. In 1995 the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter, called the most influential in Sweden, printed seven articles charging the Nobel Prize in Medicine with corruption. Dagens Nyheter claimed that Fidia, an Italian pharmaceutical firm, had paid nine million dollars to the medicine judges to make Rita Levi-Montalcini a lau¬ reate: Fidia had funded her research since 1979 on nerve growth factors, and expected great profits if their researcher was a prizewinner. In fact she shared the prize in 1986. A Nobel commit¬ tee member threatened to sue the newspaper. After two weeks of intense protests, Dagens Nyheter printed an editorial retraction, stat¬ ing that bribery had not taken place. Informed sources speculate that the newspaper was trying to boost circulation.17 In Nobel committees as elsewhere, consensus is often hard to reach, much less unanimity. Friction often runs high, and certain committee members operate as power brokers, able to speed up a prize or delay one, sometimes for decades. So can powerful nomina¬ tors: the great physicist Niels Bohr is reported to have personally stalled the physics prize to Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga for almost fifteen years. The identities of the all-important nominators are not publicly disclosed, nor of candidates. The science archives fifty years or older have been opened to outsiders,18 but it may be a long time before anything very accurate is known about why Gandhi never won the peace prize, or why William Golding did win the literature prize. Still, it can come as a slight shock to peer behind the impassively majestic facade of the Nobel Foundation and catch sight of the pro¬ saic Scandinavian professors who actually oil and run the grand machine. The Nobel Foundation is a fair-sized industry. In 1994 the total expenditures on committees, staff, nominators, consultants, and others ran to six million dollars. The selection process is firmly institutional. The key work is done by committees usually of five or six members each, chosen, for literature, by the Royal Swedish Academy in Stockholm; for medicine, by the Karolinska Institute (Caroline Institute) in Stockholm; for physics, chemistry, and eco-
Introduction
17
nomics, by the Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm; for peace, by the Norwegian Storting (parliament). These committees invite nominations from an international list of academics, eminent figures, and all former laureates. The Nobel science committees also seek nominations from directors of important laboratories or journals, and the literature committee from some writers. No candi¬ date can be self-nominated, though many try it. Nominations, due before 1 February, are sifted from a few hun¬ dred to about thirty. By summer, the committee elects its winner and sends the choice to the larger groups of the academies involved — in physics, for example, to all the physicists in the Academy of Sciences, then to the entire academy. The full group can overrule the commit¬ tee recommendation and has done so. The final sessions can get rough: “We have finished murdering each other’s candidates,” one scientific member gleefully put it in the early years.19 The literature decisions are perhaps more contentious, but the setting is more elegant. After the committee has made its nomina¬ tion, the eighteen members of the Swedish Academy meet to vote around an antique table.20 Watched over by a bust of King Gustav III, founder of the Swedish Academy, they drop their ballots into a small silver pitcher. Gustav III ruled from 1771 to 1792, when he was assassinated at a masked ball — Sweden was a more romantic place back then. This stately voting is in keeping with the Swedish Academy’s imitation of the brocaded airs of its model and ancestor, the Academie Frangaise. Three members of the Swedish Academy resigned over the Rushdie affair, but have not had their resigna¬ tions accepted, as appointment is for life. These three have not been attending meetings, but their votes still count if they exercise the right. In 1997 they apparently did not, and barely two-thirds of the members decided on the controversial Dario Fo that year. The good news is telephoned to the laureate, to forestall leaks to the media. How well the hushed process works can be seen by how the world’s experts usually guess wrong. For example, in 1995 the Norwegian media, which must be thought in the best position to hear leaks about the peace prize bestowed by the Norwegian peace committee, came up with these leading candidates: the Indonesian Catholic bishop Belo, the Kurdish leader Leyla Zana, former presi¬ dent Jimmy Garter, Mexican bishop Samuel Ruiz, Russian human rights activist Sergei Kovalyov, a Chinese dissident, negotiators for
18
/ ntroduction
peace in Northern Ireland, and Doctors without Borders. In fact, the prize was shared by the British physicist-peace activist Joseph Rotblat and the Pugwash organization to control nuclear arms.
Nobel Monumentalism The Nobel Foundation itself deserves a drama award for the way it glorifies its laureates. Its monumentalizing process begins with the citation that focuses the spotlight on the laureate’s achievements alone — rarely are any colleagues, predecessors, or helpers men¬ tioned. In this, the Nobel sanctions the kind of history that consists of great deeds and high majesty, with the rest of ordinary life ignored. It is true that writers do their work alone. But the Nobels in physics, chemistry, and medicine can leave an unreal and romanti¬ cized impression of science.21 No one can deny the moment of high individual triumph — Rontgen finding X-rays, or Max Planck dis¬ covering the quantum concept in 1900, so excited that he couldn’t resist telling his young son that he had done something of which even Newton would be proud. But if science requires great talent, it also demands a vast collective effort. For a scientist, winning the prize requires working for years with stimulating colleagues and collaborators, and having an incessant exchange of ideas and sug¬ gestions in conferences, seminars, and hallways; scientists are doubtless the best-traveled of all scholars. The Nobel Prize drama¬ tizes only the moment of success, not the perplexity and blunders, tips and hints, that are really the scientist’s daily bread. Nor would one guess from the prizes how relentlessly competitive science is. The difference beween winning a Nobel and not can be a hairline. And the accidental makeup and views of prize committees can often be a decisive factor. As Bertolt Brecht (never a Nobelist) once put it: Alexander the Great conquered the world. What? By himself? Hadn’t he even a cook along? The effect left by the Nobel awards is often like that, the lone heroic explorer on the stage magnified by the limelight, blocking out all else. The Nobel perpetuates the popular view of the lonely genius: Shakespeare, Mozart, Newton, Einstein do not abide our question.
Introduction
19
Precisely because of this, the molecular biologist Max Delbrtick was tempted to reject his 1969 prize. He relented, but later spoke blunt words about the Nobel Prize: uBy some random selection pro¬ cedure, you pick out a person and you make him an object of a per¬ sonality cult. After all, what does it amount to?”22 Maria Goeppert Mayer must also have asked herself what it amounted to when she shared the 1963 physics prize, and read in a San Diego newspaper — she was then teaching there — the headline: S.D. MOTHER WINS Nobel Prize.
Responding to the Prize During their first ten years, 1901-10, the Nobel Prizes were announced and awarded in Stockholm on the same day, 10 Decem¬ ber. That meant the new laureates had to be secretly notified and then travel to Stockholm on a pretext or incognito. This proved hopelessly impractical and bothersome. And why such secrecy any¬ way? The more publicity, after all, the better. Since then, the new Nobel Prizes have been announced each year in the fall. The usual practice now is that the medicine winners are named on 10 October. On successive days thereafter come the economics award, then physics and chemistry, then literature. The peace prize is usually announced last. The responses follow a well-defined pattern. The new laureates typically declare themselves gratified, astounded, and humbled. The media translate the science awards into digestible terms for the lay audience. In science, colleagues almost always commend the selection for its new benefit to mankind or its deeper understanding of fundamental problems. Very few ever disagree with the choices, at least in public. The literary and political (i.e., peace) communities do not always welcome their new laureates with a choir of approval. A member of the Swedish Academy once publicly resigned when William Gold¬ ing won the literature Nobel. Literary laureates of small countries can become national heroes overnight by winning the prize; they can equally become targets of ideological or religious contempt. The Egyptian novelist Naguib Mahfouz (1988) has been continu¬ ously denounced for his “secularizing” work and status, and in 1994 was stabbed by a religious militant.
x
20
Introduction
The peace prizes, since they involve political matters, naturally cause the most quarrels. Alfred Nobel set up the award to encour¬ age “fraternity among nations . . . abolition or reduction of standing armies, or promotion of peace congresses.” Political disputes regu¬ larly break out, as with the Soviet government’s fury at Sakharov’s peace award, or China’s at the prize to the Dalai Lama for intimat¬ ing that Tibet should regain its freedom from China. Mother Teresa was even accused of pandering to the rich and exploiting the sick for religious purposes. In any case, a rude celebrity springs on every laureate. The media treat the new laureates like universal experts on almost any¬ thing under the sun: scientists are asked to comment on crime or poverty or religion, writers on foreign policy, peace laureates on the arts. In 1988 President Mitterand of France called a conference of laureates to “create an emergency committee with moral authority in crises around the world.” Laureates reported a “pleasant exchange of ideas.”23 Most bow out as quickly as possible, but a few move on to second careers as publicists for favorite causes. Linus Pauling (chemistry, 1954) even won a second Nobel, the peace prize in 1962, for his protests against H-bomb testing. Of course, in the wake of the prize, other rewards stream in. Sci¬ ence laureates soon find their discoveries in up-to-date textbooks, funding gravitates to them, they are invited to endless congresses, conferences, advisory posts, committees, foundations, and insti¬ tutes. The new literary laureates enjoy a certain rise in sales and renown — at least until the next year and the next laureate. But such prestige brings its perils. The great bacteriologist Robert Koch, after winning the 1905 prize in medicine, was made an “Excellenz.” But then, astounding the “entire German nation to whom he appeared almost a god,” he suddenly divorced his wife and married a young actress. He was much reviled; it may even have contributed to his early death.24 Willy-nilly, all winners have the label “Nobelist” affixed to their names in life and in death. In his Humboldt's Gift Saul Bellow, him¬ self a Nobelist in 1976, portrayed a Pulitzer Prize-winning writer who laments that his very obituary will become only another adver¬ tisement for that prize: “Pulitzer Prize-Winner Dies.” Obituaries of Nobel laureates invariably make winning the prize the major event of that person’s life.
Introduction
21
Chewing Over the Bones Nobel Prize winners are proudly and greedily claimed by their nations, universities, hometowns, political causes, professional organizations, and any other interested parties. Nations are of course eager to claim winners, but this can often be confusing. Einstein was born in Germany but left there at six¬ teen and moved to Switzerland. He attended the Swiss scientific university, the ETH (Federal Institute of Technology, something like MIT or CalTech), and became a Swiss citizen. In 1914 he joined the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin. When he won the physics prize for 1921, what nationality was he? In fact, Swiss: that was his legal citizenship. Switzerland was where he grew up from age sixteen, was educated through his doctorate, worked for several years in the Swiss patent office and began teach¬ ing —- and where he made his first great discoveries, including the one the Nobel honored. He kept lifelong Swiss citizenship even after taking U.S. citizenship. But with his Nobel Prize, Einstein’s prestige was so great that the Germans were anxious to claim him as one of their own. They therefore declared that any member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, by German law, had to be considered a Ger¬ man. The Swiss authorities thought otherwise. The Nobel Founda¬ tion finessed the problem by ignoring both the Swiss and the Germans; the Swedish ambassador to Germany presented the Nobel medal directly to Einstein in his home in Berlin. Nonetheless, Ein¬ stein is almost always described as German or German-American. Like all legends, the image of Einstein as German — thus a counter to the hateful face of Nazism — is destined to remain in the books. National gamesmanship and honest confusion are involved here. Many laureates were refugees or emigres at some point in their careers. The German physicist Max Born, who fled Hitler to Britain, is listed in the official Nobel history as British: he was indeed teach¬ ing in Edinburgh in 1954, the year he was awarded a long-delayed prize for work done almost thirty years before in Germany. T. S. Eliot was born in Saint Louis, Missouri, but moved to England before World War I, and became a British citizen in 1927 at age thirtyfive. His greatest poetry was written in Britain, and the Nobel Prize rightly lists him as British. Mother Teresa was born in Albania; she served as a young nun in Calcutta and became an Indian citizen; by any other criterion, she is “global.” Reference works call her Indian.
22
Introduction
The prize list makes little sense unless one knows not simply where but when the Nobel-winning work was done. Otherwise, topsy-turvy errors can result. One might conclude that the Ameri¬ can novelist Pearl Buck (Nobel, 1938) was older and more famous than T. S. Eliot or Ernest Hemingway, since she became a laureate well before Eliot (1948) and Hemingway (1954). In fact, both were world-famous before she even began publishing. The Nobel that Max Born won in physics in 1954 seems to make him young enough to have been the student of Werner Heisenberg, who won the prize back in 1932. In fact Born was one of Heisenberg’s teachers, a gen¬ eration older, and an important collaborator on the theory that won Heisenberg his prize. The American biochemist Peyton Rous became a laureate in 1966 — for research done in 1911. Schools claim any piece of a laureate they can. If the laureate studied there, taught there, did some research there, or was some¬ how affiliated, plaques or bronze scrolls or even oil portraits are apt to be in sight. Schools take Nobel glory very seriously, since a school’s reputation can rise or fail thereby. The Business School of the University of Chicago advertises itself as having “more Nobel Prize winners than any other school.” In the United States, the Nobelists in science come mainly from Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Chicago, MIT, CalTech, and Berkeley. The Bronx High School of Science in 1950 graduated two classmates who later shared the Nobel in physics — Steven Weinberg and Sheldon Glashow — while another graduate is the physics laureate Ueon Cooper. The laureate’s hometown, whether Paris or Sauk Centre, Min¬ nesota (Sinclair Uewis’s birthplace), seizes the opportunity as well, commemorating its illustrious offspring by a bust or museum or street name. Tourist organizations remind all visitors that Nobelist X was born or lived or studied or taught or simply liked to vacation here. Books appear celebrating the Jews or Germans or British or Italians who have won Nobels. But Stockholm itself has no plaques or monuments to Alfred Nobel.
Through a Glass Darkly Whether all these laureled “discoveries, inventions, and improve¬ ments” have proved themselves contributions “most materially of benefit to mankind” — to quote Alfred Nobel — remains an
Introduction
23
entirely open question. Science’s contributions to war, pollution, social blight, and other problems have prompted a decline in the socalled religion of science. Literature’s benefit to the world now often seems confined to a few rather than the multitude: film became by far the dominant popular art in the twentieth century. As for peace, little needs to be said about civilization’s success in reining back war and armies. The Nobel’s own influence — whether beneficial or corrupting to science, literature, and peace — is also entirely unsettled. But no one could ever have accused Alfred Nobel of being unduly optimistic about any of this. It is to that unusual man we now turn.
■N
J
'l
*»
The Founding Father
A
lfred Nobel’s life is a spectacular example of the new type that emerged in the nineteenth century, the capitalist whose energy, ambition, and ingenuity accepted no limits. Nobel invented a motto for himself: “My home is my work and my work is everywhere.” He had no real homeland during his life. This famous Swede left Sweden at age nine and, for the rest of his life, returned only for very brief stays. Nor did he bother to maintain citizenship there. His brothers, too, were rootless, ever ready to migrate as they followed opportunities for profit. Alfred made his millions in the worldwide explosives industry. His father made his fortune, and lost it, manufacturing munitions for the Russian government. Alfred’s two older brothers pioneered in the modern oil industry. Called the Russian Rockefellers, they opened up Russia’s immense Baku oil fields, built a global enterprise, and became wealthier than Alfred. What needs saying first about Alfred Nobel is that he was a singu¬ larly complicated man. He spoke Swedish, German, English, French, Russian, and Italian fluently, wrote plays and poems in En¬ glish, and read far more widely in several languages than most informed people, to say nothing of millionaire inventors. In its time, his dynamite was the most destructive but also constructive weapon ever invented — indeed, one of the great inventions of the century. He gave a fortune to set up a peace prize. But the same man who created that award to alleviate human suffering had a mor¬ dant streak. He liked telling friends about his plan to set up a lavish mansion in Paris where prospective suicides could die amid luxury, rather than drown in the cold, filthy Seine. “A first-class orchestra” would play only “the most beautiful music.”1
26
THE NOBEL PRIZE
Inventor Becomes Millionaire Alfred Nobel was born in 1833 in Stockholm^ the third of four sons. The family traced itself back to peasants from a small town named Nobbelov, whence the name. But a seventeenth-century ancestor married into the family of an Uppsala University professor named Rudbeck, one of Sweden’s famous early scientists, a researcher into the circulatory system. If the Nobels thereafter were poor, they remained educated. Alfred’s grandfather was an army surgeon. His father, Immanuel (born 1800), went to a technical school and became an inventor just as Sweden began to industrialize. By his middle twenties, Immanuel Nobel had patented a planing machine, a press with ten rollers, and a rotary machine. But nothing worked out. The year Alfred was born, a fire put the father into bankruptcy. He experimented with India rubber for surgical uses, and invented a barge; it sank. He invented a floating backpack for soldiers; the army was not interested. Since 1800 there had been many schemes to cut a canal across the Isthmus of Suez. Another surfaced in the 1830s, and this one indirectly gave birth to the invention of dynamite and Alfred Nobel’s fortune. Gunpowder was then the only means of blasting out the millions of tons of earth that had to be removed. But it was highly ineffective. This set Immanuel — who, like his sons, always thought big — to thinking about explosives. He taught himself a little chemistry and built a workshop, and in 1837 succeeded in making some chemicals explode. But they also blew up the work¬ shop and alarmed the neighbors, and the authorities forbade further work. Heavily in debt, he left his family in Sweden and went off to Russia to begin again. This was a common move for a Swede at that time. Through the seventeenth century, Sweden and Russia had been rivals as the two great powers in the north of Europe (the wars continued to the early 1800s, when Russia seized Finland from Sweden). When Peter the Great built the fortress in Saint Petersburg, his prize new city, he faced the cannon toward Sweden. The famous equestrian statue of the Bronze Horseman in Saint Petersburg grinds a snake, symboliz¬ ing Sweden, under its hooves. But Russia lagged behind Sweden industrially and technically, and foreign experts were needed. One was John Paul Jones, who served Catherine the Great as Kontradmiral Pavel Ivanovich Jones.2
The Founding Father
27
In Finland and then Russia, Immanuel kept up his explosives work, successfully inventing an underwater mine. With Russian military backing, he opened a factory in Saint Petersburg to pro¬ duce mines, cannon shells, mortars, and machinery to make wheels. This “Michelin of his time,” as someone called him, expanded into steam engines, iron piping, steam hammers weighing several tons, even window sashes and central heating systems for houses; his own house had the first in Russia. The factory was called Colonel Ogarev’s and Mr. Nobel’s Chartered Mechanical Wheel Factory and Pig Iron Foundry. Ogarev had earlier hired the American engi¬ neer George Washington Whistler — the painter’s father — to build Russia’s first important railroad. In 1842 Immanuel was prosperous enough to bring his family to Saint Petersburg. In Sweden, Alfred had attended school only a year, but was privately tutored. He was quick at languages, soon flu¬ ent in French, German, Russian, but especially in English: as an adolescent he fell in love with Shelley’s poetry and wrote skillful if imitative poems in English throughout his life. He also studied chemistry, mostly on his own. His two older brothers, Ludwig and Robert, went to work in their father’s Russian factory. Alfred, aged seventeen, was sent on a long visit (1850-52) to the United States to work with the famous Swedish engineer Ericsson, already plan¬ ning armored vessels like the Monitor of Civil War fame — perhaps an idea borrowed from Immanuel Nobel. Alfred returned to Saint Petersburg, just in time to take part in his family’s boom in munitions work. Russia’s designs on Turkey were raising war tensions in Britain and France, and the czar wanted to be independent of European war supplies. The Nobel factories thus kept enlarging until they were gigantic by nineteenth-century Rus¬ sian standards, employing a thousand workers — almost all un¬ trained and also not very reliable: all were searched on leaving the premises. When the Crimean War broke out in 1854, Immanuel’s underwater mines helped keep the British fleet away from the naval fortress at Kronstadt, and his shells, mortars, and wheel machinery fed the Russian army. But the Russians lost the war, and the czar decided that Russia should no longer depend on home-grown industries. Immanuel Nobel abruptly had all his military contracts canceled and went bankrupt again, and in 1859 the family returned to Sweden to start over. Immanuel was almost sixty.
x
28
THE NOBEL PRIZE
The decline of the father and ascent of the sons began. The older sons took over the business, and soon headed back for Finland and eventually Russia to try for another fortune. They made projectiles, cannon, rifles. Then in 1873 they saw the enormous oil deposits of Baku lying unexploited. They moved in. Meanwhile Alfred, restless to be on his own, moved to Paris. He had become an inventor himself; his first patent was for a gas meter. That he switched to explosives was mainly due to his father’s new obsession. Immanuel had failed at inventing a self-propelled tor¬ pedo, and even speculated about training seals to carry explosives. But nitroglycerine had become Immanuel’s new passion. An Italian chemist had created nitroglycerine in 1847, then given it up as too dangerously unstable. No one could find a way to handle it safely. Immanuel nonetheless managed to interest the Swedish military in this powerful explosive. Uncontrolled, however, it was useless. Alfred, the chemist, was asked by his brothers to work on the problem, and thus stumbled into his great career. Alfred worked from 1859 to 1863 before he found a partial answer: soaking nitroglycerine in a granular powder added considerable force to the explosion. But this didn’t much decrease the danger of using it. In 1865, however, Alfred made his first major discovery. He invented the detonator. An explosives authority has described the detonator as “certainly the greatest discovery ever made in both the principle and practice of explosives. On it the whole modern practice of blasting has been built.”3 Indeed, the atomic and hydrogen bombs use the same deto¬ nator principle, which is that a small bit of one explosive can ignite another. A tiny amount of mercury fulminate, acting as the firing cap for nitroglycerine, made that dangerously volatile chemical rela¬ tively safe to use. Nobel took out the Swedish patent, quickly fol¬ lowed by others in England, Belgium, France, and Finland. But the personal cost was high. Alfred’s many failures on the way to his discovery had been mocked by his father and older brothers. When triumph did come, the father insulted Alfred by declaring he had had the successful idea first. Even worse, in 1864 the youngest son, Emil, died at twenty-one in a nitroglycerine explosion. Soon after, the father had a severe stroke. He finally recovered enough to keep busy with various schemes. Worried about Swedish emigra¬ tion to the United States, he tried to invent new manufacturing opportunities to keep Swedish workers at home. To this end, he
The Founding Father
29
invented plywood — which, ironically, became a popular industry in the United States. Immanuel died in 1872. Alfred set up a factory in Hamburg to manufacture his new invention, and it gained worldwide sales. But nitroglycerine remained unpredictable and its users often handled it recklessly, with disastrous results. In 1865 a salesman managed to pulverize a building in New York City, injuring eighteen. The next month, in Bremerhaven, twenty-eight were killed and more than two hun¬ dred wounded. Another grisly explosion occured in Sydney, Aus¬ tralia. In 1866 Nobel arrived in New York — with twelve cases of nitroglycerine! — to oversee his New York Blasting Oil Company, only to receive news of another catastrophe in San Francisco, with a dozen or more dead. Other explosions soon left more dead or wounded in California and Liverpool. Nobel transferred control of his U.S. interests to the U.S. Blasting Oil Company, keeping onequarter of the shares. Europe, with wars threatening, was more promising territory anyway, and governments there were less strin¬ gent. In the Prussian-Austrian war of 1866, Nobel made a hand¬ some profit. Soon he was in England, demonstrating the advantages of his nitroglycerine for mining and engineering. In 1866 came Nobel’s greatest invention: dynamite. That year he discovered how liquid nitroglycerine, when absorbed in kieselguhr (a kind of silicified earth formable into a paste), could be shaped into sticks safe to handle. By the middle of the nineteenth century, pub¬ lic works were expanding on an unparalleled scale: mining, harbors, road and bridge building, dam construction, railways, great canals such as the Suez (opened in 1869), and military works. Much of this crucially depended on the new dynamite’s power to move tons of earth, tunnel through mountains, dislodge or pulverize huge rocks. Nobel assiduously patented his dynamite throughout Europe and in America, although nitroglycerine was not protected by patents there. Only eight years after his first patent, he had also built fifteen dynamite factories, crisscrossing Europe and the United States. There were factories in Hamburg and Cologne and Prague, in New York and San Francisco, in Norway, Sweden, Fin¬ land, Scotland, France, Spain, Switzerland, Italy, Portugal, and Hungary. Russia was hard to crack, since dynamite might help ter¬ rorists make bombs to assassinate the czar and other notables. In 1870, during the Franco-Prussian War, Nobel supplied dynamite to both sides. The British Dynamite Company was set up in Scotland
30
THE NOBEL PRIZE
in 1871, half its capital owned by Nobel, the largest dynamite firm in Europe. Nobel still had two important and immensely profitable inven¬ tions ahead of him. In 1875 he lowered the freezing point of nitro¬ glycerine and thus produced “blasting gelatine,” opening a wide variety of new engineering and military uses. In 1887 he patented a smokeless-powder propellant called ballistite, an invention said to have most influenced all weapons design from the 1890s to 1914.4 To his final days, Nobel worked to improve and diversify his inventions and holdings. But he also tried his hand at other things: cannon borings more resistant to wear and tear, and an aerial projec¬ tile that could be used for war or rescue work.5 In the 1870s he patented an automatic brake, a boiler that wouldn’t explode under pressure, and a method of casting iron. Late in life he sought substi¬ tutes for rubber and leather from nitrocellulose, and ways of manu¬ facturing artificial silk. In 1875 Nobel lived in Paris —- or, more accurately, kept a home there between his endless business travels. But troubles arose. His French company, the Societe Centrale de Dynamite, had been involved in a Suez Canal scandal, and though Nobel did not man¬ age or own this company, he was famous or notorious enough to become the storm center. A few years later, after an arms sale to Italy aroused angry French press and parliamentary denunciations, Nobel was accused of being a foreign spy — his laboratory was near the government one — and of doing illegal experiments. His labo¬ ratory was searched by the police and padlocked. Nobel thereupon migrated in 1890 and set up a home and laboratory in San Remo on the Italian Riviera. His last years were not quiet. His giant French company failed. Nobel, as a member of the board, could by French law be held responsible to the full extent of his fortune and thus wiped out. He reorganized the company with great energy and came out whole. A legal battle dragged on with two British inventors whom he had trusted but who now claimed they had independently invented Nobel’s ballistite under the name of cordite. The British court gave the two Britons only a token victory, but Nobel was embittered. Friends, he complained, are “found only among dogs, whom we feed with the flesh of others, and amongst worms, whom we feed with our own. A grateful belly and a grateful heart are twins.”6 He vented his feelings in a satire called The Bacillus Patent.
The Founding Feither
31
Just past sixty, his health began to fail. Rheumatism was the least of it, heart trouble the worst. He was ordered to slow down, but kept on working and visiting his far-flung companies as before. He invested in the Swedish Bofors factory and built a large laboratory there with the latest equipment. He helped finance a dirigible bal¬ loon expedition to the North Pole headed by a Swedish explorer. The balloon vanished in the Arctic; remains were discovered in 1929. As his health got worse, Nobel started writing curious things. One was a drama called Nemesis about the Renaissance nobleman Cenci who forced his daughter into incest. Nobel’s poetic hero, Shelley, had of course written on the same theme in The Cenci. Nobel had not written any poetry since the 1870s, and then in his fluent and force¬ ful English; this play was done in Swedish, which by now he wrote in a stilted manner. After Nobel died, the family tried to have all hectographed copies destroyed, but three copies survived. Then came a massive cerebral hemorrhage which, as so often, reduced its sufferer to his childhood language, Swedish. His French and Italian nurses understood nothing he said. On 10 December 1896 Alfred Nobel died. No member of the family was present; his older brothers had died before him, Robert only a few months earlier, in July 1896, Ludwig in 1888, his mother in 1889. Nor were any friends present. But there is no evidence that Nobel ever had a single close friend.
The Vagabond and Wayward Millionaire During the early 1870s, when Nobel was in his prime, an English business associate described him this way: He was of average height, with a slender stooping figure. He wore his beard, whiskers and mustache untrimmed. His eyes which were small and of light gray color were full of vivacity, and his face, espe¬ cially when engaged in a conversation, betokened great intelli¬ gence.7
One of his personal assistants gave a rather different look: Nobel gave the impression of being somewhat nervous. His move¬ ments were lively, his gait somewhat mincing, his facial expression
32
THE NOBEL PRIZE
very changeable, as was his conversational style, often spiced with odd remarks and strange ideas. At times these remarks seemed almost absurd and appeared deliberately intended to shock old fogies. To his Swedish fellow-countrymen, unaccustomed to his light, French-inspired way of talking, he often seemed a bit bewil¬ dering, to say the least.8
The inner man was elusive: shy, lonely, never allowing anyone close to him, ironic, moodily changeable, in part a Nordic Shelley, in part a master of vituperation who would wickedly tongue-lash associates in public. A razor-sharp businessman indeed, but also aloof, keeping all his employees at a great distance. In contrast, his richer brother Ludwig’s home was right by his Russian factory and he spent off-hours with his engineers, foremen, and draftsmen.9 Ludwig, this report goes on, was not typical of the Swedish disin¬ terest in human beings — the once-popular reason for “why every second Swede is an engineer.” But Alfred, obviously, fit that stereo¬ type in several ways. Insofar as Nobel had any home, it was in Paris. Victor Hugo, in fact, may have been the one to label him the “millionaire vagabond.” He bought a mansion and had it decorated, but typi¬ cally refused to state any preference for color or style. He added on a private laboratory. The house became the stopping-off headquar¬ ters of his complex business interests, the center of a vast corre¬ spondence in most European languages. Nobel never married, and biographers know of his interest in only two women. In 1876 Bertha Kinsky, of an Austrian aristocratic family, adventurously answered one of Nobel’s advertisements for a private secretary to work for a “wealthy, highly educated, elderly gentleman” — he was then forty-three. She was thirty-three, spoke several languages, and was highly cultivated. They seem to have found each other immediately attractive and sympathetic. She very soon confided her story to him. She had had many suitors, some too old or too young or too wild or tame or otherwise unsuitable. Once, when he found her in despair and weeping, Nobel was moved enough to present her with the manuscript of a hundred-page “philosophic poem” written in English, which seems to have been an outpouring of his most private feelings. That so secretive a man would let anyone see such a poem is remarkable; that he let Bertha read it so soon after meeting suggests he must have been more than
The Founding Fdther
33
half in love with the lovely, restless, independent-minded Bertha: a mirror of himself in many ways. But before anything could develop, before she even took up her secretarial duties, Bertha ran off to marry the son of a noble Viennese family When she wrote Nobel the news, she was Bertha von Suttner. He kept contact with her, and when peace later became her crusade, Bertha no doubt persuaded him to add a peace prize to his will. The same year, perhaps on the rebound, he met another woman during a trip to Vienna. She differed from Bertha in every way. Sofie Hess was an eighteen-year-old clerk in a florist’s shop. She was pretty and vulgar and a little stupid, kind-hearted but bored except when talking about herself or gossiping about others. But he was somehow enchanted and bought her an expensive bracelet. He began seeing her whenever in Vienna, and set her up in an apart¬ ment. In one way their liaison was banal: the older rich man keep¬ ing a young mistress with whom he shared a bed and little else. Nobel wrote her continually but was too guarded to reveal much of himself to someone like Sofie. He called her “dear child,” signed himself Brummbar (growling bear — her nickname for him), was avuncular, promised her presents and trips if she was “a good girl.” He moved her into a Paris apartment. And he actually took her to Stockholm to meet his mother, which miraculously went off fairly well. But she was too immature; he shied from marriage or the per¬ sonal intimacy and confidences she wanted. Still, it went on for fifteen years, before ending oddly. He bought her a villa in Ischl, and she began declaring that she was Nobel’s wife. As surprised acquaintances reported this news, Nobel grew more embarrassed. In 1891 the final break came. Sofie announced she was pregnant, not by Nobel but a Hungarian cavalry officer, who had not however proposed marriage. Nobel generously set her up with a comfortable annuity. The cavalry officer, by army code, was obliged to marry Sofie, but the scandal also forced him to resign his commission. He became a champagne salesman and, immedi¬ ately after the marriage ceremony, vanished — or almost: he started writing Nobel for money, in vain. Contemporary Viennese gossip provided an alternative story: that the child was Alfred’s and the cavalry officer only a decoy.10 Nobel seemed most to have loved his inventions and businesses. He was a prodigious, incessant, and single-minded worker who
34
THE NOBEL PRIZE
wandered Europe endlessly, watching over the making of his prod¬ ucts, expanding and consolidating his interests, fending off competi¬ tors. He also preferred to work from the outside rather than within. When inspecting one of his many firms, he always did so unobtru¬ sively; he was said to enter even his own laboratory by the rear door. He chose never to personally own or manage any of the factories that manufactured his inventions. He held the patents and some of the shares, but the factories were all locally owned and managed. This sometimes caused two Nobel firms to compete ruthlessly in the same market, even issuing counterinjunctions against each other. Nobel stood aside: when the German Nobel company started exporting to Britain, Nobel thought the best strategy was for the British company to strike back by exporting to Germany.11 Although on the board and a large shareholder of each of his compa¬ nies, he had no authority to give orders. Yet it was the Nobel name that made the companies rich. This ambiguous role apparently suited Nobel. He was after all wealthy enough to remedy the situa¬ tion at any time, simply by retaining the majority of shares in any of the companies. He chose not to do so. This way of being in but never quite of the great companies built from his inventions, of having it always both ways at once by never committing himself wholly, extended to every side of his life. “I wish I could produce a substance of such frightful efficacy for whole¬ sale devastation that wars should thereby become altogether impos¬ sible,” he said. But then, with equal conviction, he told an assistant, “Well, it is fiendish things we are working on, but they are so inter¬ esting as purely technical problems and . . . clear of all financial and commercial considerations, that they are doubly fascinating.”12 Nobel once toyed with buying a Stockholm newspaper, but denied that it was because he wanted influence. He wrote: If I owned a newspaper, I would oppose my own interests. It is one of my peculiarities never to consider my private interests. My policy as a publisher would be: work against armaments and such medieval remnants.13
If armaments must be made, he went on, then each nation should make its own. This was the same man who insisted on the right to sell his weapons to all buyers, and fought legal battles when a client-nation tried to deny him sales to a military rival.
The Founding Father
35
In the same way, though he was perhaps the prototype of the international capitalist of the later nineteenth century, he was in but not quite of this group. It is striking that, like Nobel, so many of these were born in the 1830s: Rockefeller, Carnegie, Hill, Harriman, Gould, Pullman, J. P. Morgan Sr., and Nobel’s two older brothers, Ludwig and Robert, those Rockefellers of the North. Depending on one’s criteria, these men were either captains of industry or mere predatory capitalists. But there was another contemporary group, variously known as Merchants of Death or armaments titans: Krupp, Skoda, Vickers, the French Schneiders, the older Morgan, the Rothschilds, Bismarck’s banker Bleichroder. Nobel was a charter member of both groups, self-made million¬ aires who became colossi of profits from wars and industrialization. He was probably the first to invent the great monopolistic trust and holding company of the modern kind: family-owned firms were still the norm in Britain and France, and the Germans hadn’t yet orga¬ nized into cartels, only “profit-pooling” alliances.14 Again, Nobel deliberately stood apart from those otherwise like him. Certainly he could be as sharp and ruthless a competitor as any when necessary. His biographer Halasz noted how Nobel hastened to patent his inventions even before they were perfected.15 Yet some¬ thing in Nobel did not always find it necessary to dominate. The sim¬ plest evidence, as noted, is that he could easily have become far richer and more powerful by owning the companies exploiting his name. Few of those named above would have hesitated to do so. Nobel, however, had a fatal gift of introspection, of mordant self¬ observation, which would have crimped the relentless trajectory of a Rockefeller or a Krupp. Nobel once disapprovingly said of an overeager associate, “Nothing is sacred to him except his own interest.” Not that such views kept Nobel himself from selling his explo¬ sives to all buyers indiscriminately. But it slowed him, turned him inward in an unusual, tormented way, making him doubt anything but brainpower, especially his own. He sold to both sides in a war, but could never say with Basil Zaharoff, the later notorious muni¬ tions king, “I made wars so that I could sell to both sides.” Perhaps Nobel at heart really was an idealist, as his Swedish defenders like to insist: a sort of high-minded sheep — or only half-wolf— among the wolves he did business with. Perhaps his dividedness reflected the melancholia he often complained of, and the sardonic tone that sometimes stung others.
•v
36
THE NOBEL PRIZE
Whatever the reason, it is surely difficult to imagine a Rocke¬ feller or Krupp sitting like Nobel in his lonely Paris mansion read¬ ing history, classics, and Shelley and Byron. J. P. Morgan collected rare books, not to read but as beautiful artifacts. Between selling and improving his explosives, Nobel frequented “advanced” intel¬ lectual salons in Paris, talking of radical politics or the latest work of Zola or Maupassant. Would Morgan or the others take time from their busy schedules to attend a dinner, as Nobel did, in order to meet a poet like Victor Hugo? Or periodically take to writing poetry, drama, and novels?
The Will Nowhere is Nobel’s inclination to have it both ways more apparent than in his will. Most of Nobel’s biographers feel that he was greatly influenced by his brother Ludwig’s death — or, rather, the inaccu¬ rate obituaries that followed it. Some of the press mistakenly thought it was Alfred who had died, and he had the strange experi¬ ence of reading his own obituaries, many of which were hardly flat¬ tering. He was scathingly described as a war profiteer who became rich by inventing new ways to kill and maim people. He may have written a will in 1889, but it does not survive. His 1893 will gives part of his estate for scientific discoveries and an award for peace. Literature was not mentioned. In the 1895 and final will, all these came to share equally. He rewrote his earlier wills to vindicate his life: his riches would now go to benefit humankind. Some questions arise immediately. Especially in light of his shock from the mistaken obituaries upon Ludwig’s death, why didn’t Nobel set up prizes while he lived? He was of course rich enough to have done so. “Surplus wealth,” said Andrew Carnegie in 1889, “is a sacred trust which its possessor is bound to administer in his lifetime for the good of the community,” and also: “The man who dies . . . rich dies disgraced.” Carnegie, at least partly prompted by Nobel’s will, established the Carnegie Trusts in 1900. But Nobel, “the man nobody knew,” characteristically also chose to become the philanthropist nobody knew. By arranging to be posthumously generous, he once again avoided any public intrusion into his privacy. His will nowhere directs that his prizes be named after him. Perhaps, as Elisabeth Crawford suggests, entrusting the i
The Founding Father
37
prizes to Swedish institutions increased the distance between him¬ self and those he helped.16 He had always detested celebrity. To a Swedish publisher who simply wanted to publish his picture in a book about famous Swedes, Nobel not only refused but tartly added: “I am not aware that I have deserved fame, and I take no pleasure in its clatter.” To a requested donation for a proposed memorial to Pas¬ teur: “I am sure Pasteur would like to send all such manifestations to the devil, and that he loathes advertising his name.”17 Nobel appar¬ ently valued only two honors given him: election to the Royal Society and to the Swedish Academy of Sciences, which earlier awarded him its Letterstedt Medal for his detonator invention. There is no question here of hypocrisy or false modesty, rather something in Nobel that, while intent on reaping the world’s riches, also distrusted the value of all worldly things. To his nephew’s request for biographical information, he replied sardonically: Alfred Nobel: his miserable half-life should have been terminated at birth by a humane doctor, as he drew his first howling breath. . . . One and only one wish: not to be buried alive. Greatest sin: that he does not worship Mammon.18
The same nephew wanted Nobel to have his portrait painted, and was once more turned down. Nobel claimed he was too old and hadn’t enough vanity to want his “hog-bristle beard” immortalized. Besides, what could a portrait show him that he did not already know about himself, nakedly and painfully? “I am afflicted with a proclivity for self-criticism whereby every blemish is revealed in all its unredeemed ugliness.”19 But his famous will is in fact a kind of self-portrait for the world to see, where his inner tensions are turned outward into criteria of what he thought meaningful in life.
The Laureate as “Expert” Many philanthropists hope to improve social conditions; scientific and literary societies usually honor great individual achievements. Nobel coupled these. His prizes go to individuals, who form an elite to benefit society. He distrusted politics and movements, even the companies that sustained his fortune. He trusted only certain individuals.
38
THE NOBEL PRIZE
The word “expert” perhaps best captures Nobel’s aim here. The term came into wide use by mid-nineteenth century, reflecting the new prestige of scientists, engineers, inventors, and Captains of Industry. Indeed, in the 1880s, a rage began for what would later be called technocracy, where industrial managers and technical work¬ ers saved society — from itself — by controlling and developing it “rationally.” Edward Bellamy’s 1888 novel Looking Backward 2000-1887 promoted such ideas; it sold a million copies in ten years and was translated into a dozen languages. Nobel read Bellamy both with sympathy and in a cross-grained way: reverence about “cooperative production” and political “corporationism” did not escape his scepticism about any such schemes. Nobel’s laureates in one way reflect his lifelong fascination with Shelley. Nobel’s scientists, writers, and peace workers lack the prophetic grandeur of the Shelleyan prophets, whose true benefac¬ tors of humanity are the “unacknowledged legislators” of the world: Plato, Moses, Jesus, Newton, Shakespeare. But the purpose is akin. If great prophets are not possible in bleak modern times, the “expert” will have to do. Nobel, himself the expert inventor of dynamite, probably included himself among these. At least he would honor those after him. Nobel’s “expert” makes the fundamental discoveries and helps create the new morality. Dynamite and ballistite may help abolish war, but that is up to the politicians. (Like the Nobel expert, the atom-bomb scientists built the terrible weapon but let political leaders decide whether to use it.) This possibility seems to have depressed Nobel’s hope for progress. In his 1893 will, Nobel inserted the following telling restriction: that his will and the prizes perhaps should be canceled in thirty years, for “if in thirty years it is not possible to reform the present system, we shall unavoidably fall back into barbarism.”20 Partly he meant the unlikelihood of pre¬ venting war, partly that of reforming modern democracy. He luckily removed this proviso in his final will. Nobel’s perspective here shows most clearly in his many literary efforts. One is titled In Lightest Africa. The wordplay, of course, is on “darkest Africa”: much of Africa was still unexplored by Europeans in the later nineteenth century. Nobel’s subject, however, is obvi¬ ously modern Europe. He means to strike at Europe’s pride in its all-conquering Enlightenment, embodied in its proud bourgeois success.
The Founding Father
39
In Lightest Africa is a fable of politics, ancient and modern. One main character is Avenir (“the future”), a very progressive democrat. T he other is the “I” of the narrative, who favors the sternest, least democratic regimes of the past. Avenir, scorning the past, dismisses as atrocious the three historical forms of government: absolute monarchy, constitutional monarchy, and democracy. Government by heredity is absurd; constitutional monarchy is impotent; democracy is run by those who talk best, the orators and lawyers. When the reactionary “I” urges a return to autocratic powers — ancient Rome was
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correct_award_00058
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FactBench
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0
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https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-timely-return-of-a-dictator-novel
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en
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The Timely Return of a Dictator Novel
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2022-08-10T12:57:37.739000-04:00
|
Graciela Mochkofsky writes about the Guatemalan author Miguel Ángel Asturias and a new English translation of his novel “El Señor Presidente,” known in English as “Mr. President,” by David Unger and published by Penguin Classics.
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en
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The New Yorker
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https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-timely-return-of-a-dictator-novel
|
The life of a writer is buoyed, fraught, consumed, or scarred by the drama of recognition. Most writers never achieve it. Some are ahead of their time and miss it. Others will not see their work published before they die. And some simply suffer from bad timing. The Guatemalan novelist Miguel Ángel Asturias was among the latter. He invented an entirely new literary language, feeding on European avant-garde movements of the nineteen-twenties, that combined political reality, myth, poetry, theatre, silent cinema, indigenous cultures, and dreams. It’s not as if he didn’t get rosettes: he was the first Latin American novelist to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, and one of only three writers to be awarded both a Nobel and the Lenin Peace Prize. But, “from the very moment” he received the Nobel, his “star began to wane, and he has never again been at the center of Latin American literary attention,” according to Gerald Martin, the Andrew W. Mellon Professor Emeritus of Modern Languages at the University of Pittsburgh and an expert on Asturias’s work.
Still, a formidable new English translation of his crucial work, the dictator novel “El Señor Presidente” —“Mr. President” in this edition—by the Guatemalan American writer David Unger, published in July by Penguin Classics, with an introduction by Martin, may return him to the status that is his due. This time, the story speaks not only to Latin America’s cycles of tyranny but to a United States and a Europe confronting, for the first time since it was published, in 1946, a new wave of authoritarian leaders on the rise.
Asturias was born in Guatemala City, in 1899, a year after President Manuel Estrada Cabrera took office. Estrada Cabrera ruled by terror, running a network of secret police, and persecuting, torturing, and killing political opponents, while delivering control of the country’s resources to the United Fruit Company, the American corporation that acted as a de-facto colonial power in Central America during the early and mid-twentieth century. Asturias’s father, a judge, opposed Estrada Cabrera’s abuses at the cost of his job and, when Asturias was a child, was sent to internal exile in a rural area, where the future writer first encountered indigenous cultures. Estrada Cabrera was finally ousted, in 1920, and was tried and sentenced. Asturias discovered the full brutality of Estrada Cabrera’s regime while working as a secretary for the tribunal that condemned him; Asturias was even with a group that interviewed the former dictator in prison. That experience informed a short story, “Political Beggars,” that Asturias wrote in the early twenties and which, in time, became the first chapter of “El Señor Presidente.”
After another dictator, General José María Orellana, seized power, in 1921, Asturias moved first to London and then to Paris, where he spent the next decade. He studied Popol Vuh, a sacred text of the Maya, at the Sorbonne, and connected with Surrealism and the avant garde. He met Picasso, James Joyce, Paul Valéry, Arthur Conan Doyle, and Jiddu Krishnamurti. Asturias did some of his best writing during that time: “Legends of Guatemala,” a collection of nine stories based on Mayan myths, which was published in Spanish in 1930, and, two years later, in a French translation with a preface by Valéry; a draft of “The Bejeweled Boy,” a novel that is also a memoir of his childhood; parts of the novel “Men of Maize,” which was eventually published in 1949; and “El Señor Presidente,” which he finished in 1932. Sergio Ramírez, Nicaragua’s best-known living writer and a former Vice-President of the country, told me that Asturias “transposed the experimentation of the Surrealist language into Spanish, just as Rubén Darío had done with the French language during the Modernist era.” He added that, in Paris, Asturias and Darío“discovered the atmosphere and reality of Latin America,” as have so many others from the region, the Cuban Alejo Carpentier and the Argentine Julio Cortázar, among them.
“El Señor Presidente” tells the story of an unnamed country ruled by an unnamed man, who makes very few appearances in the novel himself, but whose presence configures and dooms every breath of life in the country. Nothing, including dreams and inner feelings, escapes his touch. Everyone lives in terror. The story begins, in a stunningly poetic opening scene, with the accidental murder of a colonel who is close to the President, and the President’s decision to frame two men he wants to see dead—a retired general and a lawyer—for the colonel’s death. He tasks his confidant, Miguel Angel Face, with alerting the retired general to his imminent capture—the President plans to have him killed as he flees, an action he will point to as proof of the general’s guilt. The novel follows a number of other characters, including the general’s daughter, Camila, with whom Miguel Angel Face falls in love, tragically. But what makes “El Señor Presidente” a “tour de force of great originality,” as the Peruvian novelist Mario Vargas Llosa notes in a foreword to the new translation, is not its plot but its use of language, with invented words, songs, rhythms, and “astonishing metaphors”:
A drum beats where noses aren’t blown, tracing drumsticks in the wind academy, it is a drum . . . top, it isn’t a drum; it’s a handkerchief knocking on a door and the hand of a brass knocker! The knocks penetrate like drill bits, perforating all sides of the house’s intestinal silence . . . knock . . . knock . . . knock . . . house drum. Each house has its own door-knocker to call its dwellers and when it’s closed, they’re living death . . . shebang of the house . . . door . . . shebang of the house . . . The fountain water becomes all eyes when it hears the doorknockdrum angrily telling servants . . . “Knocking again!” and the walls echo back over and over again: “Knocking again! Go ooopen!” “Knocking again! Gooo ooopen! and the ashes grow restless, not able to stir the cat, the lookout, with a soft shiver sent behind the bars of the grate, and the roses grow agitated, innocent victims of the inflexibility of thorns, and mirrors speak lively like a rapt medium through the souls of the dead furniture: “Knocking! Gooo open!”
Asturias seemed bound for success. But Latin American dreams tend to soar and collapse as quickly as the continent’s commodities. A slump in the price of coffee worsened the economic crisis in Guatemala, making it, Martin writes, “impossible for middle-class Guatemalans to sustain themselves abroad,” and forcing Asturias to make an unhappy return home, in 1933. By then, the country was ruled by yet another dictator, Jorge Ubico, who remained in power for more than a decade. Stuck in Guatemala, Asturias did not publish any of his work during that time, including “El Señor Presidente,” which, though based on Estrada Cabrera, could easily have been read to refer to Ubico.
It wasn’t until after the Second World War, and after Asturias had published a Mexican edition of the novel to little notice, in 1946, and had moved to Argentina the following year, that he managed to get the book out to international acclaim. Recognition, however, did not equal comprehension: appearing in a completely different context from the one in which it was created, “El Señor Presidente” was cheered not as an extraordinary literary achievement but as an “engaged” (the Sartrean term then in vogue) exposé of Latin American injustice. Asturias himself contributed to this reading of his work by publishing three novels, sometimes called the “Banana Trilogy”—“Strong Wind” (1950), “The Green Pope” (1954), and “The Eyes of the Interred” (1960)—about the United Fruit Company’s nefarious role in Guatemala. When Argentina came under military rule in 1962, Asturias was forced to relocate again, this time to Italy. In 1966, he was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize for the “Banana Trilogy,” and he won the Nobel the next year, just as the Latin American Boom was booming.
The Boom was a period of almost two decades, the nineteen-sixties and seventies, during which a group of relatively young writers produced hugely innovative and influential work. Cortázar; Vargas Llosa; Gabriel García Márquez, of Colombia; and Carlos Fuentes, of Mexico, are its best-known authors, although there were many others. Asturias was their natural predecessor. To begin with, he is credited with the invention, especially in “Legends of Guatemala” and “Men of Maize,” of Latin American magical realism—a genre widely identified with the Boom, owing to García Márquez’s prominence in it—specifically as a way to depict the region’s sense of absurdity in confronting its reality. Martin, who is the author of a celebrated biography of García Marquez (and is at work on a biography of Vargas Llosa), asks in his prologue to “Mr. President”: “What is magical realism, if not the solution to writing novels about hybrid societies in which a dominant culture of European origin is juxtaposed in multiple ways with one or more different cultures that in many cases are ‘premodern’?” He concludes, “It was not Gabriel García Márquez who invented magical realism; it was Miguel Ángel Asturias.” “Guatemalans are a mestizo culture; we live between two cultures,” Lucrecia Méndez de Penedo, a Guatemalan literary scholar and critic who is a member of the Guatemalan Academy of the Language, told me. “Asturias lived in an indigenous rural area as a child. Through magical realism, he tried to explain this identity, which has been referred to as a ‘split identity.’ ”
“El Señor Presidente,” for its part, is widely considered to be the first Latin American dictator novel. (Some literary historians also cite “Tirano Banderas,” a 1926 novel about the demise of a dictator in a fictitious Latin American country, by the Spanish writer Ramón del Valle-Inclán.) The genre is quintessentially Latin American, and is explored in a number of works by Boom authors, such as Carpentier’s “El Recurso del Método” (1974), translated into English as “Reasons of State”), Augusto Roa Bastos’s “I, the Supreme” (1974), García Márquez’s “The Autumn of the Patriarch” (1975), and Vargas Llosa’s “The Feast of the Goat” (2000).
For all these reasons, Martin says, “El Señor Presidente” is “an archetypal Latin American novel,” and its first lines “are the first lines of the Boom.” And yet, many of the Boom authors, starting with García Márquez, dismissed Asturias’s work as archaic, and denied that it had any influence on their writing. Asturias didn’t help matters when, during an interview, he agreed with a suggestion that García Márquez, in “One Hundred Years of Solitude,” had been heavily influenced by Balzac’s “The Quest of the Absolute,” a comment for which he was widely denounced. He was also accused of political opportunism for serving as Guatemala’s Ambassador to France, from 1966 to ’70, under President Julio Méndez Montenegro, who was democratically elected but ended up conducting a repressive government. (Asturias thought the government offered a chance to save democracy in Guatemala, and had consulted with the exiled President Jacobo Árbenz about remaining in the position.) But Martin and Ramírez both say that part of the reason for the literary “parricide” was that the major figures of the Boom saw themselves as belonging to a completely new movement—one that had no precedent. Asturias died in Spain, in 1974, and was largely forgotten. According to Ramírez and Méndez de Penedo, his work is mostly read in Guatemala today only because it’s suggested reading in high school.
“El Señor Presidente” never had a big following in this country. It was first introduced to English-speaking audiences in 1962, as “The President,” in a translation by Frances Partridge, an English writer associated with the Bloomsbury Group. David Unger, who is a novelist, a poet, as well as a translator—and runs the publishing-certificate program at City College—told me that Partridge’s version is “full of Anglicisms,” and doesn’t feel authentic to Asturias’s voice. Francisco Goldman, a Guatemalan American author whose work includes the novel “Monkey Boy,” and who was a finalist for the 2022 Pulitzer Prize in fiction, agrees. “If I remember correctly,” he said, “she has the beggar shouting Cockney East End slang—something like, ‘Blimey, here come the coppers!’ ” There was also a problem, again, of timing: Partridge’s translation came out nearly twenty years after the book’s release, forty years after Asturias had begun writing it, and five years before he won the Nobel. And his anti-imperialism would not have been widely appreciated in the U.S. at the time. “The original translation predates everything we know in this country about what the C.I.A. did: the different coups it was responsible for in Iran, Guatemala, the Dominican Republic,” Unger said.
In 2014, Unger was awarded the Miguel Ángel Asturias National Prize in Literature for lifetime achievement, the most important literary prize in Guatemala. In gratitude, he decided to take on a new translation, in the hopes of giving Guatemala’s most important writer another chance of recognition in the U.S. He got a translation grant from the New York State Council on the Arts, and set to work. Once he had completed a few chapters, his agent, Andrea Montejo, contacted John Siciliano, the executive editor of Penguin Classics. Siciliano was interested, but rights issues meant that publication of Asturias’s work was, once again, delayed several years.
But the timing may finally be right. “I wanted the novel to really speak to our generation and our time,” Unger said. Esther Allen, a respected translator of Latin American literature into English, and a professor at Baruch College, told me that the choice to translate the title as “Mr. President” had surprised her. “ ‘Mr. President’ is specifically American,” she said, adding, “Nobody translates ‘Madame Bovary’ as ‘Mrs. Bovary.’ ” (It was Penguin’s decision, Siciliano told me, “because of the additional power it confers on the title character.”) Still, Allen ventured, when we spoke—the day before the final summer hearing of the January 6th committee—“ ‘Mr. President’ might work as an indictment: you Americans shouldn’t think this is foreign to you.”
A new wave of repressive regimes is also again taking hold in Central America, including in Guatemala, where there is an increasing crackdown on political dissent, and in Nicaragua. Sergio Ramírez was forced to leave that country a year ago, and, last September, the government of President Daniel Ortega—whom Ramírez had served under as Vice-President during his first Administration, after the Sandinista revolution had toppled the dictator Anastasio Somoza—issued a warrant for his arrest. (Ortega returned to office in 2007, and in the years since has himself become increasingly autocratic.) Ramírez now lives in Spain. A new batch of dictator novels is coming, he told me. These days, “We all have our ‘Señor Presidente.’ ” ♦
|
||||
correct_award_00058
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FactBench
|
2
| 62
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75603
|
en
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Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales
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Guatemalan writer and diplomat (1899–1974)
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75603
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Guatemalan writer and diplomat (1899–1974)
Cristian Eduardo Castellanos
edit
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correct_award_00058
|
FactBench
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0
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https://web.floridamedicalclinic.com/primo-explore/uploaded-files/HomePages/the_president_miguel_angel_asturias.pdf
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The President Miguel Angel Asturias
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FactBench
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1
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https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/latin-american-literature-biographies/miguel-angel-asturias
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Miguel Angel Asturias
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Miguel Angel Asturias >Miguel Angel Asturias (1899-1974) was a Guatemalan novelist and the Nobel >Prize [1] winner for literature in 1967. His profound interest in the Indian >culture and a prose style inspired by surrealism give his writings a special >character.
|
en
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/sites/default/files/favicon.ico
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https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/latin-american-literature-biographies/miguel-angel-asturias
|
Miguel Angel Asturias (1899-1974) was a Guatemalan novelist and the Nobel Prize winner for literature in 1967. His profound interest in the Indian culture and a prose style inspired by surrealism give his writings a special character.
Miguel Angel Asturias was born in Guatemala City on Oct. 19, 1899, a year after the rise to power of the Guatemalan dictator Manuel Estrada Cabrera. The figure of the dictator was to exert an important influence on his life. The dictatorship forced—for political reasons—the relocation of his family to the small town of Salamá, where Asturias came into close contact with the descendants of the Maya Indians. It thus made him keenly aware of political and social issues from an early age, and it provided him with a model for the dominant presence in his most celebrated novel, Mr. President (1946).
The Asturias family returned to Guatemala City in 1907, but Estrada Cabrera was not removed from office until 1920. By that time the author was a militant university student who could see only oppression stemming from the military regime that had replaced the dictatorship. His family therefore found it expedient to send him to London, from where he soon departed to settle in Paris in 1923.
Maya Works and "Mr. President"
Asturias studied at the Sorbonne with Georges Raynaud, a specialist in the culture of the Mayan Quichés, and eventually finished in 1926 a translation of the Popol Vuh, the sacred book of the Mayas. Caught up in the legends and myths of the Indians of Guatemala, he wrote Legends of Guatemala (1930), a series of eight narratives and an allegorical play. The subject matter and the poetic vision of the author attracted favorable critical attention, especially in France, where the French symbolist poet Paul Valéry praised the book.
In 1933 Asturias returned to Guatemala and encountered another stifling regime—that of Jorge Ubico—which he endured until 1944, publishing only poetry, which was characterized by elegant cynicism. In 1946, with a more liberal government ruling the country, Asturias finally published the novel about an unnamed dictator in an unspecified Central American country that he had been working on as far back as 1922. It was Mr. President, in which the dictator is repeatedly likened to an idol of the type worshiped by the Mayas. A strikingly original novel, Mr. President treats a very real Spanish-American problem in a suggestive, poetic, but at the same time grotesque fashion.
From 1946 to 1954 Asturias served as ambassador to Mexico, Argentina, and El Salvador, continuing to publish throughout this time. Asturias's Men of Corn (1949), a novellike work of six parts, deals both realistically and imaginatively with the crisis that traditional Indian culture experiences when it is faced with modern, "progressive" technology. Here one can see the strong influence of the Popol Vuh, extending even to the title. (According to Maya legend, man was created from sacred corn.)
Asturias next published the three novels that make up his "Banana Cycle." Less imaginative, less artistic than his previous work, they constitute an exposé of the exploitation of the Guatemalan fruit industry by American firms. Strong Wind (1949), The Green Pope (1954), and The Eyes of the Interred (1960) are sincere works that are marred by an excessively aggressive tone of protest. This shortcoming is also evident in Weekend in Guatemala (1957), a group of stories written in anger over an invasion of Guatemala by the exiled leader Carlos Castillo Armas with, Asturias contended, the support of the U.S. government.
Works in Exile
In 1954 Asturias lost his Guatemalan citizenship and went to live in Buenos Aires, where he spent the next 8 years. When a change of government in Argentina made it advisable that he once more seek a new home, Asturias moved to Europe. He was living in Genoa when his novel Mulata (1963) appeared. Here again Asturias deals with Indian myths, spinning a rich and exotic narrative fabric into which he weaves ancient patterns. The moon, the sun, and the devil are all drawn into a story about an Indian peasant who sells his wife to the god of corn for wealth and a sensual concubine called Mulata. The author's poetic prose flows more freely here than in his other fiction, but at the same time it is a difficult, intensely personal book, extracted from his very private world of images.
In 1966, the same year he won the Lenin Peace Prize, Asturias was named the Guatemalan ambassador to France by the new government of President Julio Méndez Montenegro. He held the post until 1970. In 1967 Asturias won the Nobel Prize for literature. He died on June 9, 1974, while on a visit to Madrid, Spain.
Further Reading
An incisive interview with Asturias and an evaluation of his work may be found in Luis Harss and Barbara Dohmann, Into the Mainstream: Conversations with Latin-American Writers (1967). Asturias and his work are also discussed in Enrique Anderson-Imbert, Spanish-American Literature: A History (1954; trans. 1963; 2d ed., 2 vols., 1969), and Jean Franco, The Modern Culture of Latin America: Society and the Artist (1967).
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correct_award_00058
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FactBench
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2
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https://nasseryouthmovement.net/Miguel-Angel-Asturias-Rosales
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en
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Guatemalan author, Miguel Angel Asturias Rosales
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[
"Monahassan",
"Nasser Youth Movement"
] |
2023-11-24T18:12:37+02:00
|
en
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Nasser Youth Movement
|
https://nasseryouthmovement.net/Miguel-Angel-Asturias-Rosales
|
Rewiwed by: Wafaa El-houseiny
Translated by: Nouran Salah Eddin
Guatemalan author, Miguel Angel Asturias Rosales
The great Guatemalan author, Miguel Angel Asturias Rosales was born in Guatemala in the 19th century 1899. Asturias combined being a poet, a novelist, a playwright, a journalist, and a diplomat. He was considered one of the heroes of Latin American literature in the 20th century as he adopted the idea of renewing the magical narrative and realistic techniques which crystallized later and established the " Boom" movement in Spanish-American literature in the 1960s.
Asturias studied law at the University of San Carlos in Guatemala where he participated in the struggle against the dictatorship of “Estrada Cabrera” until he was toppled in 1920. Two years later, he established and ran the People’s university, and at the same time, he began publishing his first writings. He then traveled to Europe where he approached closely the literary movements and intellectual currents that took part in forming and enhancing his literary talent. There, he studied Mayan linguistics and Anthropology at Sorbonne University with the American George Reno.
In 1933, he returned to Guatemala where he taught at the university and founded a magazine called “El Diario del Aire”, which is considered the first broadcasting magazine. That was Asturias's life, a life full of cultivation and academia. During the revolutionary period between 1944 and 1954, Asturias held different diplomatic posts. In 1966, he received the Lenin Peace Prize. In addition, in 1967, he received the Nobel Prize in literature.
The first literary work Asturias excelled at was “Leyendas” Legends in Guatemala (1933) de Guatemala, which is a collection of magical and legendary tales that appeared in Paris with an introduction to Paul Valéry. In addition to other novels like “El Señor Presidente” Mr. President (1946) and “Hombres de maíz” Man of Maize (1949). He also wrote “Week-end en Guatemala” Weekend in Guatemala (1955), “El espejo de Lida Sal” The Mirror of Lida Sal (1967), and “Tres de cuatro soles”. Moreover, he wrote several literary works that varied between fiction, theatrical, and other works.
Regarding his famous novel “El Señor Presidente” Mr. President, it was famous because it tackled life in Guatemala during the dictatorship of “Estrada Cabrera”. He excelled in representing the idea of dictatorship in a rich style and expressive technique that reflected the impact of the period he lived in Europe. The author said of this novel: “The atmosphere of fear, insecurity, and panic reflected in this work affected me profoundly”.
As for his novel “Hombres de maíz” Man of Maize, you can see in it the magical realism underlying his literary creativity. He also represents an example of humanity’s evolution from a primitive and illiterate society, in addition, to the current liberal and capitalist world.
The politician Asturias was a political activist. During his exile to Buenos Aries, he made many tours in Latin America, India, China, and the Soviet Union, in which he was an active lecturer, a conscious witness recording the events of the age, and a fighter against the alliance policy. Asturias standing alongside Castro led to his expulsion from Argentina in 1962. He then returned to France where he was received warmly. After that, he visited Moscow where he received the Lenin Peace Prize in 1966 before receiving the Nobel Prize in 1967. When he was appointed as an Ambassador to Paris by the government of Méndez Montenegro, he organized a great exhibition at the great palace "Le Grand Palais" on Mayan heritage by an initiative from André Malraux, the French Minister of Culture, at that time, and received recognition from Sorbonne University in 1968.
Near the end of his life, Asturias participated in the Helsinki Peace Conference and in the University of Dakar’s “Collége de Dakar” talks on negroes and Latin America. He insisted on the necessity of creating an international understanding of the legitimacy of Mulatto Cultures.
Asturias passed away in Madrid on June 9, 1974. He was at the top of his activity and generosity, especially after gifting his manuscripts to the National Library in Paris, which held a solemn memorial service for him.
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||||||
correct_award_00058
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FactBench
|
0
| 57
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https://inventaire.io/entity/wd:Q75603
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en
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your friends and communities are your best library
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[] | null |
Make the inventory of your books and mutualize it with your friends and communities into an infinite library!
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/public/icon/57.png
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Inventaire
|
https://inventaire.io/
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correct_award_00058
|
FactBench
|
2
| 58
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https://www.facebook.com/dw.culture/posts/710252941129953/%3Fcomment_id%3D723279419659195
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en
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Facebook
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de
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https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yT/r/aGT3gskzWBf.ico
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correct_award_00058
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FactBench
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0
| 41
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https://graves.mf.uni-lj.si/graves/705/miguel-%25C3%25A1ngel-asturias
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en
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Miguel Ángel Asturias
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List of international graves of famous people that I visit.
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sl
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I visit graves of famous people. Not that I plan my travels specifically for graves, but I inform myself about the graves in the vicinity of the places I visit. Sometimes I stretch the definition of vicinity. This page therefore lists only the graves that I visited. All the photos are mine, except for some which just illustrate something else apart from the grave (face of a person, mostly).
If a grave is off limits (like Picasso in France or Hundertwasser in New Zealand) I respect that, and don't try to sneak in.
Janez Stare
|
|||||
correct_award_00058
|
FactBench
|
0
| 16
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http://emuseum-2022.hamilton.edu/objects/7167/miguel-angel-asturias-guatemalan-poet-and-nobel-laureate-in
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en
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Miguel Angel Asturias, Guatemalan Poet and Nobel Laureate in Literature, France
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Artist/Maker Henri Cartier-Bresson (French, 1908 - 2004)
MediumGelatin silver print
DimensionsOverall: 9 7/8 × 6 1/2 in. (25.1 × 16.5 cm) Frame: 19 1/8 × 15 1/8 × 1 1/2 in. (48.6 × 38.4 × 3.8 cm)
Credit LineGift of Dr. Stephen Nicholas
Object number2014.8.27
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Programa: Conexión Académica Tema: Premio Nacional Miguel Ángel Asturias Invitada; Dra. Guísela López Presenta: Edgar Hernández Emisión: Miércoles 05/06/2024
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Programa: Conexión Académica
Tema: Premio Nacional Miguel Ángel Asturias
Invitada; Dra. Guísela López
Presenta: Edgar Hernández
Emisión: Miércoles 05/06/2024
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Nobel prize in_literature
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1. Breathings of a H e a r t ( A Booklet of The Nobel Prize w i n n e r s (laureate) i n English Literature B y the students of Th i rd Ye a r (2017 –2020) Second Ye a r (2018 –2021) First Ye a r (2019 –2022)
2. Preface Among the five prizes provided for in Alfred Nobel’s will (1895), one was intended for the person who, in the literary field, had produced “the most outstanding work in an ideal direction”. The Laureate should be determined by “the Academy in Stockholm”, which was specified by the statutes of the Nobel Foundation to mean the Swedish Academy. These statutes defined literature as “not only belles-lettres, but also other writings which, by virtue of their form and style, possess literary value”. At the same time, the restriction to works presented “during the preceding year” was softened: “older works” could be considered “if their significance has not become apparent until recently”. It was also stated that candidates must be nominated in writing by those entitled to do so before 1 February each year. Alfred Nobel had broad cultural interests. During his early youth, he developed his literary interests which lasted throughout his life. His library consisted of a rich and broad selection of literature in different languages. During the last years of his life, he tried his hand as an author and began writing fiction. Literature was the fourth prize area Nobel mentioned in his will. (Nobel Prize organization) “Breathings of a Heart” contains basic information about Nobel laureates who won Nobel Prize in literature from the year of 1901 to 2019. There are 112 Literature prizes, 15 women got awarded, 41 youngest laureates and 88 oldest laureates, total there 116 laureates who received Nobel Prize in literature. Nobody has received Nobel Prize in literature in the years of 1935, 1940, 1941, 1942, and 1943. “Breathings of a Heart” is prepared by the students of B.A. English literature, under the guidance of Nucleus club, Nandkunvarba Mahila Arts College. It is prepared by the three batches – TY (2017 – 2020), SY (2018 – 2021) and FY (2019 – 2022) using Wikipedia sources. Dedicated to: All the students of English literature in Nandkunvara Mahila College. English Department, Nandkunvarba Mahila Arts College. Title courtesy: “Fill y o u r p a p er w i t h the breathings of y o u r heart” - William Wo r d s w o r t h Booklet Launch date: 14th February, 2020.
3. Nobel Prize in literature - 1901 “The great are only great because w e are on our knees. Let us rise up.” -Sully Prudhomme Born: 16 March 1839 Died: 6 September, 1907 Background: He received first Nobel Prize in literature (1901).Born in Paris, Prudhomme originally studied to be an engineer, but turned to philosophy and later to poetry; he declared it as his intention to create scientific poetry for modern times. In character sincere and melancholic, he was linked to the Parnassus school, although, at the same time, his work displays characteristics of its own. Nobel Prize French poet, who won the first Nobel Prize for Literature in 1901 “in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect” The decision stirred controversy at the time – Sully-Prudhomme had not published much poetry after 1888.
4. Nobel Prize in literature –1902 "The lot fell upon Matthias, a n d he w a s counted w i t h the eleven apostles." - Christian Matthias. Born: 30 November 1817 Died: 1 November 1903 Background: Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen was a German classical scholar, historian, jurist, journalist, politician and archaeologist. He was one of the greatest classicists of the 19th century. His work regarding Roman history is still of fundamental importance for literature. Nobel Prize The Nobel Prize in literature 1902 was awarded to Christian Matthias Theodore Mommsen "The greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, a history of Rome."
5. Nobel Prize in literature–1903 “The t im e is a l w a y s right, To do w h a t is right.” - Bjornstjerne Martins Bjornson Born: December 8, 1832 Died: April 26, 1910 Background: Bjørnson was born at the farmstead of Bjørgan in Kvikne, a secluded village in the Østerdalen district, some sixty miles south of Trondheim. In 1837 Bjørnson's father PederBjørnson, who was the pastor of Kvikne, was transferred to the parish of Nesset, outside Molde in Romsdal. It was in this scenic district that Bjørnson spent his childhood, living at the Nesset Parsonage. Nobel Prize He received Nobel Prize “as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguish by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit.”
6. Nobel Prize in literature – 1904 "Aioli epitom izes the heat, the power, a n d the joy of the Provencal sun, but it has another v i r t u e -- it drives a w a y flies." - Frederic Mistral Born: 8 September, 1930 Died: 25 March 1914 Background: Mistral was born in Maillane in the Bouches-du-Rhône département in southern France. His parents were wealthy landed farmers. His father, François Mistral, was from Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. His mother was Adelaide Poulinet. As early as 1471, his paternal ancestor, Mermet Mistral, lived in Maillane. By 1588, the Mistral family lived in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. Nobel Prize He received Nobel Prize, “In recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a provencal philologist.
7. Nobel Prize in literature – 1904 – (2) “I cannot die, because if I a m going to w r i t e m y m athem atical physics encyclopaedia, I need a t least 25 m ore years.” - José Echegaray Born: April 19, 1832 Died: 4 September, 1916 Background: Theater had always been the love of José Echegaray's life. Although he had written earlier plays (La Hija natural and La ÚltimaNoche, both in 1867), he truly became a dramatist in 1874. His plays reflected his sense of duty, which had made him famous during his time in the governmental offices. Dilemmas centered on duty and morality are the motif of his plays. Nobel Prize José Echegaray, was honored for his Spanish dramas for, “in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama"
8. Nobel Prize in literature – 1905 "He a l w a y s smiles, e v e n w h e n contemplating nothing good." - Henryk Sienkiewicz Born: May 5, 1846 Died: 15 November 1916 Background Sienkiewicz’s family owned a small estate but lost everything and moved to Warsaw, where Sienkiewicz studied literature, history, and philology at Warsaw University. He left the university in 1871 without taking a degree. He had begun to publish critical articles in 1869 that showed the influence of Positivism, a system of philosophy—popular in Poland and elsewhere at the time— emphasizing in particular the achievements of science. Nobel Prize Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius Sienkiewicz, won Nobel Prize "because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer"
9. Nobel Prize in literature – 1906 "Art a n d literature are the m oral e m anation of civilization, the spiritual eradication of peoples." - GIOSUE CARDUCCI Born: July 27, 1835 Died: February 16, 1907 Background The son of a republican country doctor, Carducci spent his childhood in the wild Maremma region of southern Tuscany. He studied at the University of Pisa and in 1860 became professor of Italian literature at Bologna, where he lectured for more than 40 years. He was made a senator for life in 1890 and was revered by the Italians as a national poet. Nobel Prize He received Nobel Prize "not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces"
10. Nobel Prize in literature – 1907 "He travels the fastest w h o travels alone." - RUDYARD KIPLING Born: December 30, 1865 Died: January 18, 1936 Background Rudyard Kipling, in full Joseph Rudyard Kipling, (born December 30, 1865, Bombay [now Mumbai], India—died January 18, 1936, London, England), English short-story writer, poet, and novelist chiefly remembered for his celebration of British imperialism, his tales and poems of British soldiers in India, and his tales for children. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1907. Nobel Prize He received Nobel Prize "in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration that characterize the creations of this world-famous author"
11. Nobel Prize in literature – 1908 "The transform ation of e n v i ronm e nt has become the purpose of h u m a n life, life seems real only insofar as it deals w i t h things." -RUDOLF CHRISTOPH EUCKEN Born: 5 January, 1846 Died: 15 September, 1926 Background Rudolf Christoph Eucken, (born Jan. 5, 1846, Aurich, East Friesland [now in Germany]—died Sept. 14, 1926, Jena, Ger.), German Idealist philosopher, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature (1908), interpreter of Aristotle, and author of works in ethics and religion. Nobel Prize He received Nobel Prize "in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life"
12. Nobel Prize in literature – 1909 “Nothing on earth can m a ke u p for the loss of one w h o has loved you.” ― SELMA LAGERLÖF Born: November 20, 1858 Died: March 16, 1940 Background: Selma Lagerlöf (1858-1940) was born in ÖstraEmterwik, Värmland, Sweden. She was brought up on Mårbacka, the family estate, which she did not leave until 1881, when she went to a teachers’ college at Stockholm. In 1885 she became a teacher at the girls’ secondary school in Landskrona. She had been writing poetry ever since she was a child, but she did not publish anything until 1890. Nobel Prize She was the first female writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, which she was awarded in 1909 "in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings"
13. Nobel Prize in literature – 1910 “If w e e v e r t r a v e l far in the universe to another planet w i t h intelligent life, let's just m ak e patterns in their crops a n d leave.” - PAUL JOHANN LUDWIG VON HEYSE Born: 15 March, 1830 Died: 2 April, 1914 Background: German writer and prominent member of the traditionalist Munich school who received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1910.Heyse studied classical and Romance languages and travelled for a year in Italy, supported by a research grant. After completing his studies he became an independent scholar and was called to Munich by Maximilian II of Bavaria. Nobel Prize He received Nobel Prize "as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"
14. Nobel Prize in literature – 1911 "All our knowledge m e r e ly helps to us to die a m or e painful death animals t h a t k n o w nothing." - Maurice Maeterlick Born: 29 August, 1862 Died: 6 May, 1949 Background: Maurice Maeterlindk (29 August 1862- 6 may 1949) was a Belgian playwright, poet and essayist who was Flemish but wrote in French. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature in 1911.He was born in the Ghent ( Belgium) Maurice maeterlink studied law at the University of ghent and was admitted to the bar in that city in 1886. In Paris in 1885-1886 he met Augste Villiers de l'lsle - Adam and the leaders of the symbolist movement, and he soon abandoned law for literature. Nobel Prize The noble prize in literature 1911 was awarded to Maurice Maeterlink "In appreciation of his many - sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works."
15. Nobel Prize in literature – 1912 Po et r y evokes out of wo r d s the resonance of the primordial world. - Gerhart Hauptmam Born: 15 November, 1862 Died: 6 June, 1946 Background Gerhart Hauptmann was a German dramatist and novelist. He is counted among the most important promoters of literary naturalism, thought he integrated other styles into his works as well. He received the Nobel Prize in literature in 1912. Nobel Prize The Nobel Prize in 1912 was awarded to Gerhart Hauptmann "primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art."
16. Nobel Prize in literature – 1913 "Faith is the bird t h a t feels the light W h e n the d a w n is still dark." - Rabindranath Tagore Born: 7 May, 1861 Died: 7 August 1941 Background Rabindranath Tagore also known by his pen name Bhanusingh Thakur (Bonita) and also known by his Gurudev, Kabiguru, and Biswakbi was a polymath, poet musician and artist from the Indian subcontinent. A Brahmo Hindu from Calcutta with ancestors’ gentry’s roots in Burdwan district and Jessare, Tagore wrote poetry as am eight years old at the age of sixteen. Nobel Prize The Nobel Prize in 1913 was awarded to Rabindranath Tagore. "Elegant phrase and magical poetry." Remain largely unknown outside Bengal.
17. Nobel Prize in literature – 1915 "A hero is one w h o does w h a t H e can, the others don't." - Romain Rolland. Born: 29 January, 1866 Died: 30 December, 1944 Background Romain Rolland was a French dramatist, novelist, essayist, art historians and mystic who was awarded the Nobel prize in literature in 1915. Romain Rolland was born in Clamecy, France his life spanned two centuries and he played a notable part in the history of his time, Involving himself frequently in public debate Rolland's family left Clamecy in 1880 so that he could study in Paris. Nobel Prize The Nobel Prize in 1915 was awarded to remain Rolland. "As a tribute to the lofty idealism of literary productions and to the sympathy and love of truth which he has described different types of human being"
18. Nobel Prize in literature – 1916 "Always s t a y arounded a n d enjoy E v e r y thing t h a t comes y o u r way." - Verner von Heidenstam Born: 6 July, 1859 Died: 20 May, 1940 Background Verner von Heidenstam was a Swedish poet, novelist and laureate of the Nobel Prize in literature in 1916. He was a member of the Swedish academy from 1912. His poem and prose work are filled with a great joy of life, sometimes imbued with a love of Swedish history and scenery, particularly its physical aspects. Nobel Prize The Nobel Prize in 1916 was awarded to Verner von Heidenstam "in representative of a new era in our literature."
19. Nobel Prize in literature – 1917 “Thor sang; W h o is svend am ong the attendants, w h o beyond Sundet stand? - Karl Adolph Gjellerup Born: 2 June, 1857 Died: 11 October, 1919 Background Karl Adolph Gjellerup was a Danish poet and novelist who together with his compatriot Henrik Pontoppidan won the Nobel Prize in literature in 1917.He is associated with the modern breakthrough period of Scandinavian literature. He occasionally used the pseudonym Eigons. Nobel Prize The Nobel Prize in literature 1917 was awarded to Karl Adolph Gjellerup "for his varied and rich poetry which is inspired by lofty ideals."
20. Nobel Prize in literature –1917 (2) “I t u r ne d to the novel, a n artistic form which had in form er d a y s neglected a n d has thus acquire a b a d reputation” - Henrik Pontoppidan Born: 24 July, 1857 Died: 11 October, 1919 Background Henrik Pontoppidan realist writer who shared with Karl Gjelleryp.The novel prize for literature in 1917 for "his authentic description of present day life in Denmark." Pontoppidan's novels and short stories - informed with a desire for social progress but despairing later in his life of itsvealization present an unusually comprehensive picture of his country and his epoch. Nobel Prize He gotthe Nobel Prize for Literature in 1917 for "his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark."
21. Nobel Prize in literature –1919 "Im o v e d to lucerne w h e r e i h a v e lived H a p p i l y w i t h m y f am ily e v e r since." - Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler Born: 24 April, 1845 Died: 29 December 1924 Background: Spitteler was a private tutor for eight years in Russia and Finland. After he returned to Switzerland in 1879. He made his living as a teacher and journalist. He contributed articles to der Knustwart and was an editor of the Neue Zurcher Zeitung. In 1892 a legacy enabled him to settle in Lacerne and devote himself to creative work. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in 1919 was awarded to Carl Spitteler "In special appreciation of his epic, Olympian spring."
22. Nobel Prize in literature – 1920 “In old age w e are like a batch of letters t h a t someone has sent. We are no longer in passing, w e h a v e arrived” - Knut Jamsun Born: 4 August, 1859 Died: 19 February, 1952 Background: The young Hamsun objected to realism and naturalism. He argued that the main object of modernist literature should be the intricacies of the human mind, the writers should describe the" Whisper of blood, and the pleading of bone marrow. Nobel Prize: The noble prize in literature -1920 was awarded to Knut Pedersen Hamsun" for his monumental work, growth of the soil"
23. Noble Prize in Literature - 1921 'To accomplish great things, w e m us t not only act, but also dream , not only plan, but also believe'. - Anatole France Born: 16 April 1844 Died: 12 October 1924 Background: Anatole France, pseudonym for Jacques Anatole Thibault was the son of a Paris book dealer. He received a thorough classical education at the college Stanislas, a boys' school in Paris and for a while he studied at the Ecole des Chartes. For about twenty years he held diverse position, but he always had enough time for his own writings, especially during his period as assistant librarian at the Senate from 1876 to 1890. Nobel Prize: The Noble Prize in Literature 1921 was awarded to Anatole France "in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace and a true Gallic temperament."
24. Noble Prize in Literature - 1922 “Everyone thinks t h a t having a talent is a m a t t e r of luck, no one thinks t h a t luck could be a m a t t e r of talent". - Jacinto Benavente Birth: 12 August 1866 Died: 14 July 1954 Background: Jacinto Benavente Martinez was born in Madrid, the son if a celebrated pediatrician, he returned drama to reality by way of social criticism, declamatory verse giving way to prose, melodrama to comedy, formula to experience, impulsive action to dialogue and the play of minds, Benavente showed a preoccupation with aesthetics and later with ethics. Noble prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1922 was awarded to Jacinto Benavente "for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama"
25. The Nobel Prize in literature – 1923 "An aged m a n is but a p a l t r y thing, a t a t t e re d coat upon a stick". - William butler Yeats Born: 13 June 1865 Died: 28 January 1939 Background: William butler Yeats was an lrish poet and one of the foremost figure of 20th- century's literature. A pillar of the lrish literary establishment, he helped to found the "Abbey Theatre", and in his later years served two terms as a senator of the lrishFree State. Nobel Prize: The Nobel prize in literature 1923 was awarded to William butler Yeats" for his always inspired poetry which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation".
26. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1924 "An Irresistible fascination w i t h terrifying death killed m e ahead of time". - Wladystaw Stanislaw Reymont Born: 7 may 1867 Died: 5 December 1925 Background: Reymont was born in the village of kobielevielkie, near Radomsko, Reymont spent his children in 'Tuszyn, near Lodz, to which his father had moved to work at a richer Church Parish. Reymont was defiantly Stubborn; after a few years of education in the local school, he was sent by his father to Warsaw into the care of his eldest sister and her husband to teach his vocation. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1924, for his great national epic, “The peasants".
27. Nobel Prize in literature - 1925 “Life isn't about finding yourself. Life is about creating yourself.” - George Bernard Shaw Born: 26 July 1856 Died: 2 November 1950 Background: George Bernard Shaw known at his insistence simply as Barnard Shaw, was an lrish playwright, critic, polemicist and political activist, His influence on western theatre, culture and politics extended from the 1880s to his death and beyond. Nobel Prize: TheNobel Prize in literature 1925 was awarded to George Bernard Shaw “For his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty.” George Bernard Shaw received his Nobel Prize one year later, in 1926.
28. Nobel Prize in literature – 1926 “According to a n ancient sardinianlegend , the bodies of those w h o are born on Christmas Eve will hever dissolve into dust but are preserved unit the end of time”. -Grazia Deledda Born: 28 September 1871 Died: 15 August 1936 Background: Grazid Maria cosimadamiana was an ltalian writer who received the Nobel Prize for literature in 1926 "for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native is land and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general" Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1926 was awarded to Grazia Deledda " for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity.
29. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1927 "Think like a m a n of action act like a m a n of thought" - Henri Bergson Born: 18-october- 1859 Died:4- January- 1941 Background: Henri Bergson was born in a tiny house. His father was a farmer and railway man. Henri Bergson was the first French speaking host appearing on air in 1952, when radio- Canada, the French service of CBC, inaugurated its T.V. broadcast. Noble Prize: The noble prize in literature 1927 was awarded to Henri Bergson in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented
30. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1928 "I'm not a good a m a n as y o u are, I can't so easily forgive those I h a v e wronged" - Sigrid Undset Born: 20- May- 1882 Died: 10- June- 1949 Background: Undset was born in Kalundborg, Denmark but her family moved to Norway when she was two years old.In 1925, she converted to Catholicism. She fled Norway for the United States in 1940 because of her opposition to Nazi Germany and the German invasion and occupation of Norway, but returned after World War II ended in 1945 Noble Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1928 was awarded to Sigrid Undset prize motivation: "principally for her powerful description of northern life during the middle ages.
31. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1929 "War is only a c o w a r d l y escape from the problem of peace." - Thomas Mann. Born: 6 June 1875 Died: 12 august Background: Mann was a member of the Hanseatic Mann family and portrayed his family and class in his first novel. Buddenbrooks. When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933. Mann field to Switzerland. Nobel Prize Prize motivation is "principally for his great novel, budded brooks which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature."
32. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1930 "Sinclair Lewis w i n t e r is not a season, it’s a n occupation." - Sinclair Lewis Born: 7 February, 1885 Died: 10 January, 1951 Background: In 1930 he became the first writer from the United States to receive the Nobel Prize in literature. His works are known for their critical views of American capitalism and materialism. Between the wars. Nobel Prize: The NobelPrize in literature 1930 was awarded to Sinclair Lewis."For his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters."
33. The Nobel Prize in Literature in - 1931 “It whispers; all is w a i t i n g here K e p t safe for thee, y e a r after year, Beautiful songs in thousands; Where hast thou been, where, where?” - Erik Axel Karlfeldt Birth: 20 July 1864 Died: 8 April 1931 Background: Karlfeldt was born into a farmer's family in Karlbo, in the province of Dalarna. Initially, his name was Erik Axel Eriksson, but he assumed his new name in 1889, wanting to distance himself from his father, who had suffered the disgrace of a criminal conviction. In 1904 Karlfeldt was elected a member of the Swedish Academy. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1931 was awarded to Erik Axel Karlfeldt "The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt."
34. The Nobel Prize in Literature in - 1932 “Idealism increases in direct proportion to one's distance from the problem.” - John Galsworthy Birth: 14 August 1867 Died: 31 January 1933 Background: Galsworthy was born at what is now known as Galsworthy House (then called Parkhurst) on Kingston Hill in Surrey, England, the son of John and Blanche Bailey (née Bartleet) Galsworthy. His family was prosperous and well established, with a large property in Kingston upon Thames. Later he trained as a barrister and was called to the bar in 1890. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1932 was awarded to John Galsworthy "for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga."
35. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1933 “Nothing is worse a n d m or e hurtful t h a n a happiness t h a t comes too late. ..." -Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin Born: 22 October 1870 Died: 8 November 1953 Background: Ivan Bunin was born on his parental estate in Voronezh province in Central Russia, the third and youngest son of Aleksey Nikolayevich Bunin (1827–1906) and Lyudmila AleksandrovnaBunina (née Chubarova, 1835–1910). He had two younger sisters: Masha (Maria Bunina-Laskarzhevskaya, 1873–1930) and Nadya (that latter died very young) and two elder brothers, Yuly and Yevgeny. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1933 was awarded to Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin "for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing.
36. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1934 "Life is full of infinite absurdities, which, strangely enough, do not e v e n need to a p p e a r plausible, since t h e y are true." -Luigi Pirandello Born: 28 June 1867 Died: 10 December 1936 Background: Luigi Pirandello was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his almost magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theatre." Pirandello's works include novels, hundreds of short stories, and about 40 plays, some of which are written in Sicilian. Pirandello's tragic farces are often seen as forerunners of the Theatre of the Absurd. Nobel Prize: He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his almost magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theatre.
37. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1936 "Man is born broken. H e lives b y m ending. The grace of God is glue." - Eugene O'Neill Born: 16 October1888 Died: 27 November 1953 Background: O'Neill was born in a hotel, the Barrett House, at Broadway and 43rd Street, on what was then Longacre Square (now Times Square).A commemorative plaque was first dedicated there in 1957.The site is now occupied by 1500 Broadway, which houses offices, shops and the ABC Studios. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1936 was awarded to Eugene Gladstone O'Neill "for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy."
38. Nobel Prize in Literature - 1937 “I a l w a y s h a v e a p a d of p a pe r a n d a pencil w i t hin reach, to catch on the w i n g this t u r n of phrase which strikes m e as felicitous, t h a t idea which I hope to be able to e x a m ine m ore closely in the light of day.” - Roger Martin du Gard Born: 23 March 1881 Died: 22 August1958 Background: He trained as a palaeographer and archivist, he brought to his works a spirit of objectivity and a scrupulous regard for detail, and because of his concern with documentation and the relationship of social reality to individual development, his fiction has been linked with the realist and naturalist traditions of the 19th century. His sympathy for the humanist socialism and pacifism of Jean Jaurès is evident in his work. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1937 was awarded to Roger Martin du Gard"for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les Thibault."
39. Nobel Prize in Literature - 1938 "The secret of joy in w o r k is contained in one w o r d - excellence. To k n o w h o w to do something well is to enjoy it." -Pearl Buck Born: 26 June 1892 Died: 6 March 1973 Background: Originally named Comfort by her parents,Pearl Sydenstricker was born in Hillsboro, West Virginia, United States, to Caroline Maude (Stulting) (1857– 1921) and Absalom Sydenstricker. Her parents, Southern Presbyterian missionaries, traveled to China soon after their marriage on July 8, 1880, but returned to the United States for Pearl's birth. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1938 was awarded to Pearl Buck "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces."
40. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1939 “How sad t h a t love is still a w a kening of the finest a n d m ost pure, a n d in m ost cases only after it becomes dirty” - FransEemil Sillanpaa Born: 16 September 1888 Died: 3 June 1964 Background: FransEemilSillanpää was born into a peasant farming family in Hämeenkyrö. Although his parents were poor, they managed to send him to school in Tampere. At school Sillanpää was a good student and with aid from his benefactor Henrik Liljeroos he entered the University of Helsinki in 1908 to study medicine.Here his acquaintances included the painters EeroJärnefelt and PekkaHalonen, composer Jean Sibelius and author JuhaniAho. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1939 was awarded to FransEemilSillanpää "for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature."
41. Nobel Prize in literature - 1944 "A probing analysis of the problems of evolution formsthe basis of m y prose." - Johannes Vilhelm Jensen Born - 20 January, 1873 Died - 25 November, 1950 Background- Johannes Vilhelm Jensen was born in Denmark,often considered the first great Danish writer of the20th century. He was awarded by the Nobel Prize in literature in 1944. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944 was awarded toJohannes Vilhelm Jensen "for the rare strength andfertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and abold, freshly creative style."
42. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1945 "Love B e a u t y it is the shadow of God on the universe" - Gabriela Mistral Born: 7 April 1889 Died: 10 January 1957 Background: She was born in vicuna Chile. The daughter of a dillettante poet. She began to write poetry as a village schoolteacher after a passionate romance with a railway employee who committed suicide.The love of poems in memory of the dead, sonnets de la Muerte (1914) but her first great collection of poems, was published until 1922. The same theme, linked with that maternity, plays a significant role in tala, poems published in 1938. Her complete poetry was published in 1958. Noble Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1945 was awarded to Gabriela Mistral. "For her lyric poetry which inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name of a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world"
43. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1946 "Writing is good, thinking is better. Cleverness is good, patience is better." -Harman Hesse Born: 2 July 1877 Died: 9 August 1962 Background: Hermann Karl Hesse was born on 2 July 1877 in the Black Forest town of Calw in Wurttemberg, German Empire. His grandfather Hermann Gundert compiled the current grammar in Malayalam language, compiled a Malayalam-English dictionary, and also contributed to the work in translating the Bible to Malayalam. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1946 was awarded to Hermann Hesse "for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style."
44. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1947 “Be faithful to t h a t which exists w i t hin yourself” - Andre Gide Born: 22 November 1869 Died: 19 February 1951 Background: Gide was born in Paris on 22 November 1869, into a middle- class protestant family. His father was a Paris University professor of law who died in 1880. Jean Paul Guillaume Gide and his mother was Juliette Maria Rondeaux. His uncle was the political economist Charles Gide. His paternal family traced its roots back to Italy with his ancestors, The Guides, moving to France and other western and northern European countries after converting to Protestantism during the 16th century, due to persecution. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1947 was received to Andre' Gide, “for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight”.
45. The Nobel Prize literature - 1948 "In m y beginning is m y end" -T. S. Eliot Born:26 September 1888 Died:4 January 1965 Background: Thomas Stearns Eliot was born in at. Louis, Missouri of an old New England family. He was educated at Harvard and did graduate work in philosophy at Sorbonne, Harvard and Merton College, Oxford. Then he settled in England, where he was for a time a school master and a bank clerk. In 1927, Eliot become a British citizen and about the same time entered the Anglican Church. Noble prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1948 was awarded to T. S. Eliot “for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present day poetry”
46. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1949 "Ibelieve t h a t m a n will not m e rely endure, he will prevail." - William Faulkner Birth: 25 September,1897 Died: 6 July,1962 Background: He was born in New Albany, Mississippi U.S. William Faulkner was an American English poet. As a school child,Faulkner had success early on.Faulkner's lifelong education by Callie Barr.The younger Faulkner was greatly influenced by the history of his family and the region in which he lived. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1949 was awarded to William Faulkner for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel.
47. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1950 "The w o r ld is full of m agical things patiently w a i ting for our w i t s to g r o w sharper.” - Bertrand Russell Born: 18 May 1872 Died: 2 February 1970 Background: Bertrand Arthur William Russell was a British philosopher and Nobel laureate. At various points in his life, Russell considered himself as a liberal, a socialist and a pacifist, although he also confessed that his sceptical nature had led him to feel that he had "never been any of these things, in any profound sense." Russell was born in Monmouthshire into one of the most prominent aristocratic familiar in the United Kingdom. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1950 was awarded to Earl (Bertrand William) Russell "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideas and freedom of thought."
48. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1951 "Nothing is m ore t h a n foreign than the w o r l d of one's childhood w h e n one has t r u l y left" - Par Lagerkvist Born: 23 may,1891 Died: 11 July,1974 Background: Lagerkvist wrote poems, plays, novels, stories, and essays of considerable expressive power and influence from his early 20s to his late 70s. One of his central themes was the fundamental question of good and evil, which he examined through such figures as Barabbas, the man who was freed instead of Jesus, and Ahasuerus, the Wandering Jew. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1951 was awarded to Pär Fabian Lagerkvist "for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind.
49. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1952 "Human love is often but encounter of t w o weaknesses." - Francois Mauriac Born: 11 October,1885 Died: 1 September, 1970 Background: Mauriac was the youngest of five children in what can be termed a landed, prosperous, middle class family. His father died when he was 18 months old and he was raised by his pious mother, lather in a school run by the Marianiture. He studied literature at Bordeaux and Paris but soon became an independent writer. Nobel Prize: French writer Francois Mauriac received the 1952 Nobel in literature for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life.
50. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1953 "Never in the face of h u m a n conflict has so m uch been o w e d b y so m a n y to so few." - Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill Born: 30 November, 1874 Died: 24 January, 1965 Background: Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British politician, army officer, and writer. He was the prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945, when he led Britain to victory in the Second World War, and again from 1951 to 1955. Churchill represented five constituencies during his career as a Member of Parliament (MP). Ideologically an economic liberal and imperialist, for most of his career he was a member of the Conservative Party, which he led from 1940 to 1955, but from 1904 to 1924 was a member of the Liberal Party. Noble Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1953 was awarded to Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values."
51. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1954 "Happiness in intelligent people is the rarest thing I know". -Ernest Hemingway Born: 21 July 1899, Oak Park, Illinois, United States Died: 2 July 1961, Ketchum, Idaho, United States Background: Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American journalist, novelist, short-story writer, and sportsman. His economical and understated style—which he termed the iceberg theory—had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his adventurous lifestyle and his public image brought him admiration from later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and he won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1954 was awarded to Ernest Miller Hemingway "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style."
52. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1955 "For m a n is essentially alone, a n d one should p i t y h im a n d love h im a n d grieve w i t h him." -Halldor Laxness Born: 23 April, 1902 Died: 8 February, 1998 Background: Halldórwas born in 1902 in Reykjavík, with his family moving to the Laxnes farm in nearby Mosfellssveit parish when he was three. Halldór started to read books and write stories at an early age. He attended the technical school in Reykjavík from 1915 to 1916 and had an article published in the newspaper Morgunbla in 1916. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1955 was awarded to HalldórKiljan Laxness "for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland."
53. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1956 "If t h e y give y o u ruled p a pe r w r i t e the other way." - Juan Ramon Born: 23 December,1881 Died: 29 May, 1958 Background: Juan Ramon was a Spanish writer. After studying briefly at the University of Salamanca, Jimenez went to Madrid (1900) at the invitation of the poet Ruben Drario. His first two volumes of poetry, Alma's de Violeta ("soul of violet") and Ninfeas ("water-lilies")came out that same year. The two books, printed in violet and green, respectively,so embarrassed Jimenez in his later years by their excessive sentiment that the destroyed every copy he could find. Nobel Prize: Juan Ramon Jimenez is a prolific writer who received the Nobel "for Hus lyrical poetry; which in the Spanish language of high spirit and artistically purity."
54. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1957 "Freedom is nothing but a chance to be better." - Albert Camus Birth: 7 November,1913 Died: 4 January,1960 Background: Camus was born in Algeria to French parents. He spent his childhood in a poor neighbourhood and later studied philosophy at the University of Algiers. He was in Paris when the Germans invaded frame during world war ll.Camus was a moralist and leaned towards anarcho-syndicalism. He was part of many organisations seeking European integration.Philosophically, Camus's views contributed to the rise of the philosophy known as absurdism. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1957 was awarded to Albert Camus "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times.
55. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1958 "Man is born to live a n d not to p r e p are to live" - Boris Pasternak Born: 10 February 1890 Died:30 may 1960 Background: Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (1890-1960), born in Moscow, was theson of talented artists:his father a painter and illustrator of Tolstoy's works, his mother a well-known concert pianist.Pasternak is also known as the author of Doctor Zhivago(1957), a novel that takes place between the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the second world war. Doctor Zhivago was rejected for publication in the USSR and the manuscript had to be secretly smuggled to Italy for publication. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1958 was awarded to Boris leonidovich Pasternak "for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition."
56. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1959 "Poetry is also the physical self of the poet, a n d it is impossible to separate the poet from his poetry." -Salvatore Quasimodo Born: 20 August, 1901 Died: 14 June, 1968 Background: Quasimodo was born in Modica, Sicily, to Gaetano Quasimodo and Clotilde Ragusa. He spent his childhood in Roccalumera. In 1908 his family moved to Messina, as his father had been sent there to help the local population struck by a devastating earthquake. The impressions of the effects of natural forces would have a great impact on the young Quasimodo. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1959 was awarded to Salvatore Quasimodo "for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times."
57. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1960 "The poet is the one w h o breaks through our habits." - Saint-John Perse Born: 31 May, 1887 Died: 20 September, 1975 Background: Alexis Leger was born in Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France. His great- grandfather, a solicitor, had settled in Guadeloupe in 1815. His grandfather and father were also solicitors; his father was also a member of the city council. The Leger family owned two plantations, one of coffee (La Joséphine) and the other of sugar (Bois-Debout). Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1960 was awarded to Saint-John Perse "for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time."
58. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1961 'Sadness is also a kind of defence.' - Ivo Andric Born:9 October 1892 Died:13 March 1975 Background: Ivo Andric born 1892 to a family of artisans that had settled in Bosnia, a province still under Austrian rule when he was a nevertheless,he studied at serval universities, finally obtaining his degree from Graz. Nobel Prize: On 26 October 1961, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature by the Swedish Academy.
59. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1962 'Time is the only critic w i t hout ambition.' - John Steinbeck Born: 27 February 1902 Died: 20 December 1968 Background: John Steinbeck was a Nobel and Pulitzer Prize winning American Novelist and the author of “Of Mice and Men”. The Grupe of Warth and East of Eden, Steinbeck dropped out of college and worked as a manual labour before achieving success as a writer. His works often dealt with social and economic issues. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1962 was awarded to John Steinbeck by the English language.
60. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1963 "Soul shrivelled b y public sins each holding office like a bird in its cage ". - GiorgosSeferis Born: 13 March, 1900 Died: 20 September, 1971 Background: GiorgosSeferis was a Greek poet diplomat.He was one of the most important Greek poet of the 20th century Indian Nobel literate.He was a career diplomat. Integrate Foreign Service culminating in his appointment is a ambassador of the UK, a poet which he held from 1957 to 1962. Nobel Prize: Seferis was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature "for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture."Seferis was the first Greek to receive the prize
61. Nobel Prize in literature - 1964 “Everything has been figured out except h o w to live.” - Jean Paul Sartre Born: 21 June, 1905 Died: 15 April, 1980 Background: France philosopher and writer. The France philosopher and distinguished writer Jean -Paul Sartre ranks the most versatile writer and as the dominant influence in three decades of France intellectual life. Nobel Prize: He was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature despite attempting to refuse it, saying that he always declined official honours and that "a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution"
62. Nobel Prize in literature - 1965 “Vast sections of the world's population are inspired b y the sam e desires a n d live for c om m on interests t h a t bind t h em together far m ore t h a n t h e y separate them.” - MikhailSholokhov Born: 11 May, 1905 Died: 21 February, 1984 Background: Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov was a Soviet/Russian novelist and winner of the 1965 Nobel Prize in Literature. He is known for writing about life and fate of Don Cossacks during the Russian Revolution, the civil war and the period of collectivization, primarily in his most famous novel, And Quiet Flows the Don. Nobel Prize: Sholokhov began writing And Quiet Flows the Don, which took him fourteen years to complete (1926–1940). It became the most-read work of Soviet fiction and was heralded as a powerful example of socialist realism, and it earned him both a Stalin Prize and the 1965 Nobel Prize in Literature.
63. Nobel Prize in literature - 1966 "Sometimes Small Things lead To Great Joys" - Shmuel Yosef Agnon was Born; July 17, 1888 Died; February 17, 1910 Background: A Nobel Prize laureate writer and was one of the central figures of Modern Hebrew fiction.In Hebrew he is known by the acronym ShaiAgnon in English his works are published under the name S. Y. Agnon. Agnon was twice awardedthe Bialik Prize for literature. He was also twice awarded the Ideal prize for literature. Nobel Prize: In 1966 hewas awarded the Nobel Prize in literature for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people. The prizewas shared with German Jewish author Nelly Sachs.
64. Nobel Prize in literature – 1966 - (2) “World, t h e y h a v e taken the small children like butterflies a n d t h r o w n them, beating their wings, into the fire” - Nelly Sachs Born: 10December, 1891 Died:12 May, 1970 Background: Nelly Sachs was a German-Swedish poet and playwright. Her experience resulting from the rise of the Nazis in World War II Europe transformed her into a poignant spokesperson for the grief and yearnings of her fellow Jewish people. Nobel Prize: Nelly Sachs won The Nobel Prize in literature in 1966 “For her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel’s destiny with touching strength”
65. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1967 “ H o we v er life treats you, as t im e goes b y y o u a l w a y s get the Feeling you’ve lost life in the v e r y living of it. “ - Miguel Angel Asturias Rosales Born: 19th October 1899 Died: 9th June 1974 Background: Miguel Angel Asturias was born in Guate mala and spent his childhood and adolescence in his native country. He studied for his baccalaureate at the state high school and later took a law degree at the University of San Carlos. His thesis on “The Social Problem of the Indian” was published 1923. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1967 was awarded to Miguel Angel Asturias “For his vivid literary achievement, deep rooted in the national traits and tradition of Indian People of Latin America.
66. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1968 “Time flows in the sam e w a y for all h u m a n beings e v e r y h u m a n being – flows through t im e in a different w a y ” - Yasunari Kawabata Born: 11 June1899 Died: 16 April 1972 Background: Yasunari Kawabata, son of a highly cultivated physician was born in 1899 in Osaka. After the early death of his parents he was raised in the country by his maternal grandfather and attended the Japanese public school From 1920 to 1924 Kawabata studied at the Tokyo Imperial university where he receded his degree He was one of the Founders of the publication BungeiJidai the medium of a new movement in modern Japanese literature. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1968 was awarded to Yasunari Kawabata “Far his narrative mastery which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind.”
67. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1969 "Ever tried. Ever failed. N o m atte r. Tr y again. Fail again. Fail better." - Samuel Beckett Born: 13 April, 1906 Died: 22 December, 1989 Background: Samuel Barclay Beckett was an Irish novelist, playwright, short story writer, theatre director, poet, and literary translator. A resident of Paris for most of his adult life, he wrote in both French and English. Mary Beckett was devoted wife and mother who spent good times with her two sons in both training and hobbies. His father shared his love of nature, fishing and golf with his children. Nobel Prize: Beckett was awarded the 1969 Nobel Prize in Literature "for his writing, which—in new forms for the novel and drama—in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation."
68. The Nobel Prize in literature – 1970 "The battle line between good a n d evil runs through the heart e v e r y man" - Aleksandr lsayevich Solzhenitsyn Born: 11 December 1918 Died: 3 August 2008 Background: Aleksander Solazhenitsyn was born in kislovodask, Russia on 11 December 1918. His father had studied philological subject at Moscow University but did not complete his studies. I was brought up by his mother,who worked as a shorthand typist in the town of Rostov on the don in the 1903.he tried to get her writings published but he could not find anyone willing to accept her manuscript. Nobel Prize: With his works, the Gulag, a Soviet labour camp, became well known. Due to this, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970, but also was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1974.
69. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1971 "Love is so short, Forgetting is so long." -Pablo Neruda Born: 12 July 1904 Died: 23 December 1973 Background: Pablo Neruda was born Ricardo Eliecer Neftali Reyes Basoallto in Parral, Chile, a city in Linares Province. Neruda became known as a poet when he was 13 years old and wrote in variety of styles, including surrealist poem, historical epics etc. Neruda was hospitalized with cancer in September 1973. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1971 was awarded to Pablo Neruda " For a poetry that with the action of an element force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams."
70. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1972 "A fam ily w i t hout a black sheep is not a typical family." - Heinrich Boll Born: 21 December, 1917 Died: 16 July, 1985 Background: Bill was born in Cologne, Germany, to a Catholic, pacifist family that later opposed the rise of Nazism. He refused to join the Hitler Youth during the 1930s. During his war service, Boll was wounded four times and contracted typhoid. He was captured by US Army soldiers in April 1945 and sent to prisoner-of-war camp. Boll became a full time writer at the age of 30. His first novel, Der zug war punktlich was published in 1949. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1972 was awarded to Heinrich Boll "for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in contributed to a renewal of German literature."
71. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1973 "To understand the stars would spoil their appearance." - Patrick White Born: 28 May, 1912 Died: 30 September, 1990 Background: Patrick White was born in Knightsbridge, London, to Victor Martindale White and Ruth new withycombe on 28 May 1912. His parents were both English Australians. In 1935 white published a collection of poetry. In 1941 the novel was written during his stay in the United States. He was the first and only Australian to have been awarded the prize. His last unfinished novel was 'The Hanging Garden' a posthumous publication. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1973 was awarded to Patrick White "for an epic and physiological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature."
72. The Nobel Prize in Literature – 1974 - (1) "Our spaceship is a t i n y bubble in a glass of God." -Harry Martinson Born: 6 May, 1904 Died: 11 February, 1978 Background: Martinson was born in Jmshog, Blekinge country in south- eastern Sweden. In 1929, he debuted as a poet. In 1949, Martinson became the 1st proletarian writer to elected as member of the Swedish Academy. The sensitive Martinson found it hard to cope with the criticism following his award, and committed suicide on 11 February 1978 at the Karolinska University Hospital in Stockholm by cutting his stomach open with a pair of scissors in what has been described as "hara- kiri- like manner." Nobel Prize: Martinson received the Nobel Prize "for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos."
73. The Nobel Prize in Literature – 1974 – (2) "In the wo rld of the present, in our time, w e feel that suffering, anguish, the torm ents of bo dy a n d soul, are greater t h a n e v e r before in the history of mankind." - Eyvind Johnson Born: 29July, 1900 Died: 25 August, 1976 Background: Eyvind Johnson was a Swedish novelist and short story writer. Regarded as the most ground-breaking novelist in modern Swedish literature. He became a member of the Swedish Academy in 1957 and shared the Nobel Prize in Literature with Harry Martinson in 1974. Johnson was born OlofEdvin Verner Jonsson in Svartbjörnsbyn village in Överluleå parish, near the town of Boden in Norrbotten. The small house where he was born is preserved and marked with a commemorative plaque. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1974 was divided equally between Eyvind Johnson "for a narrative art, far seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom."
74. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1975 "The reality are is a l w a y s for e v e r y o ne a n d for none" -Eugenio Montale Born: 12 October, 1896 Died: 12 September, 1981 Background: Montale was born in Genoa. His family were chemical products traders. In 1915 Montale worked as an accountant but was left free to follow his literary passion. He also studied opera singing with the baritone Ernesto sivori. During World War 1, as a member of the military academy of prama, Montale asked to be sent to the front. After brief war experience as an infantry officer in vallarsa and puster valley, he returned home in 1920. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1975 was awarded to Eugenio Montale "for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted sign of an Outlook on life with no illusions."
75. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1976 "A m a n is only as good as w h a t he loves." - Saul Bellow Born: 10 June, 1915 Died: 5 April, 2005 Background: Saul Bellow was born Solomon Bellows in Lachine, Ouebec, two years after his parents Lescha (nee Gordin) and Abraham Bellows, emigrated fromsaint Petersburg, Russia. Bellow attended the University of the Chicago but later transferred to Northwestern University. Bellow later did graduate work at the University of Wisconsin. During World War II, Bellow joined the merchant marine and during his service he completed his first novel. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1976 was awarded to Saul Bellow "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work."
76. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1977 "I would s a y a few w o r ds in y o u r ear. A doubtful m a n has little faith." -Vicente Aleixandre Born: 26 April, 1898 Died: 14 December, 1984 Background: Vicente Alexandre was born in Seville. He spent his childhood in Malaga and he has lived in Madrid since 1909. Studied law at University of Madrid and at the Madrid School of Economics. Beginning in 1925 he has completely devoted himself to literature. His first book of poems, Ambit, appeared in 1928. Since that date he has written and published a score of books. The Swedish Academy awarded him the Nobel Prize for Literature for the totality of his work in 1977. Nobel Prize: In 1977 he received Nobel Prize for Literature "for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars."
77. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1978 "The w a s t e basket is the writer's best friend." -Issac Bashevis Singer Born: 21 November, 1902 Died: 14 July, 1991 Background: His parents were religious Jews and pushed him towards a career as a religious scholar. In 1921 he enrolled in Rabbinical School, but left only two years later to work for a Yiddish literary magazine. He was one of the great storyteller of the twentieth century. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1978 was awarded to IssacBashevis Singer "for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life."
78. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1979 "You'll come to learn a great deal if y o u s t u d y the Insignificant in depth." - Odysseus Elytis Born: 2 November, 1911 Died: 18 March, 1996 Background: Descendant of the Alepoudelis, an old olive oil industrial family from Lesbos, Elytis was born in Heraklion on the island of Crete, on 2 November 1911. His family later moved to Athens, where the poet graduated from high school and later attended courses as a school at University of Athens. Nobel Prize: Nobel Prize in Literature 1979 was awarded to Odysseus Elytis "for his poetry, which against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear- sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness."
79. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1980 "Language is the only Homeland." - Czeslaw Milosz Born: 30 June, 1911 Died: 14 August, 2004 Background: Czeslaw Milosz was born in Seteiniai, Lithuania, as a son of Alexander Milosz, a civil engineer, and Weronika, nee Kanat. He made his high - school and University studies in Wilno, then belonging to Poland. A co-founder of a literary group "Zagary", he made his literary debut in 193p published in the 1930s two volumes of poetry and worked for the Polish Radio. Most of the war time he spent in Warsaw working there for the underground presses. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1980 was awarded to Czeslaw Milosz "who with uncompromising clear- sightedness voices man's exposed condition in world of severe conflict."
80. The Nobel Prize in Literature - 1981 "Rulers w h o w a n t to unleash w a r k n o w v e r y well t h a t t h e y m u s t procure or i n v e n t a first v i c t im ". - Elias Canetti Born:25 July, 1905 Died: 14 August, 1994 Background: Elias Canetti was a German language author, born is ruse, Bulgaria to a merchant family, they moved to Manchester, England, but his father died in 1912, and his mother took her three sons back to the continent. They settled in Vienna. Canetti moved to England in 1948 after the Anschluss to escape Nazi persecution. Nobel Prize Noble prize in literature 1981 "for writing marked by abroad outlook,a wealth of Ideas and artistic power".
81. Noble prize in literature - 1982 "There is no greater glory t h a n to die for love" - Gabriel Garcia Marquez Born: 6 March 1927 Background: Gabriel Garcia Marquez was a Colombia novelist short -story writer screenwriter and journalist, known affectionately as Gabo or Gabito throughout Latin America. Nobel Prize: He was awarded the 1972 Neustadt international prize for literature and the 1982 Nobel Prize in literature.
82. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1983 "The greatest ideas are the simplest." -William Golding Born: 19 September 1991. Died: 19 June 1993. William Golding was a novelist, school teacher,play wright and recipient of the 1983 Nobel Prize in literature.Sir William Golding was a British novelist,play wright and poet best known for his debut novel lord of the flies,he would go on to publish another eleven novels in his life time. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1983 was awarded to William Golding,and was according to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography "an unexpected and even contentious choice".
83. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1984 "If the o r d i n a r y person is silent, it m a y be a tactical m a n oe u v r e if a w r i t e r is silent he is lying." - Jaroslav Seifert. Born: 23 September 1901. Died: 10 January 1986. Background: Jaroslav Seifert was born on 23 September 1901 into a working class family living in Zizkov, a suburb of Prague. He attended secondary school and soon began devoting himself to writing poetry and to journalism. His first collections of poems in 1921. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1984 was awarded to Jaroslav Seifert for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man.
84. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1985 "Life is not only full of sound a n d F u r y it also, has butterflies, flowers, art." - Claude Simon Born: 10 October, 1913 Died: 6 July, 2005 Background: Claude Simon was born in Tananarive on the isle of Madagascar. His father being a career officer who was killed in the First World War. His mother and her family in Perpignan in the middle of the win district of Roussillon Among His ancestors was a general from the time of the French Revolution. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 1985 was Awarded to Claude Simon who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deep awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition.
85. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1986 "Idon't really consider m yself A Novelist it just c am e out purely b y accident.” - Wole Soyinka Born: 13 July, 1934 Background: Soyinka was born onto a Yoruba family in Abeokuta. In 1954, He attended Government College in Ibadan.A descendant of a Remo family of Isara Remo Soyinka was born the second of six children in the city of Abeokuta, Ogun State, in Nigeria his father Samuel Ayodele Soyinka and Soyinka’s mother, Grace Eniola Soyinka. Nobel Prize: Soyinka was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1984. He was, described as one "who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashion the drama of existence.
86. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1987 "Life - the w a y it really is - is a battle not between B a d a n d Good but, but between B a d worse." - Joseph Brodsky. Born: 24 May, 1940 Background: Brodsky was born in to a Russian Jewish family in Leningrad.his father Aleksandr Brodsky was a professional photographer and his mother Maria volpert Brodsky was a professional interpreter whose work often helped to support the family. Nobel Prize: The Nobel prize in literature 1987 was awarded to Joseph Brodsky"for an all embracing authorship,imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity."
87. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1988 "Home is not w h e r e y o u w e r e born; H o m e is w h e r e all your, A t t e m p t s to escape cease." -Naguib Mahfouz. Born: 11 December, 1911 Died: 30 August, 2006 Background:- Mahfouz was born in to a lower middle-class Muslim Egyptian family in old Cairo in 1911. He was the seventh and the child, with four brothers and two sisters, all of them much older than him his father abdel-azizlbrahim whom Mahfouz described as having been "old-fashioned", was a civil servant,and Mahfouz eventually followed in his footsteps in 1934. Nobel Prize: Naguib Mahfouz,(IPA; December 11,1911-August 30,2006) was an Egyptian writer who won the 1988 Nobel prize for literature.
88. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1989 "There are t w o kinds of m a n the ones w h o m a k e history a n d ones w h o endure it - Camilo Jose Cela Born: May 11, 1916 Died: January 17,2002 Background: Cela was born on 11May, 1916 in Galicia (North West Spain) in a family with many members. Mostly, it belonged to the upper middle class but also had certain aristocratic roots. Cela’s experience is the cruel Spanish civil war, which divided the country into two factions whose borders could cut right through ties of family and friendship. Nobel Prize: He was awarded the 1989 Nobel Prize in Literature "for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability"
89. The Nobel Prize in literature - 1990 "Solitude is the profoundest fact of the only being w h o k n o w n he is alone" - Octavio Paz Born: 31 March, 1914 Died: 19 April, 1998 Background: Octavio Paz, Mexican poet, writer, and diplomat, recognized as one of the major Latin American writer of the 20th country. He received the Nobel Prize for literature in 1990. Paz's family was ruined financially by the Mexican civil war, and he grew up in straitened acutance. Nobel Prize This year Nobel Prize for literature goes to the Mexican writer, poet, and essayist Octavio Paz, honouring a writer of Spanish.
90. Nobel Prize in Literature - 1991 “The t r u t h isn't a l w a y s beauty, but the hunger for it is.” - Nadine Gordimer Born: 20 November, 1923 Died: 13 July, 2014 Background: Nadine Gordimer was a South African writer, political activist and recipient of the 1991 Nobel Prize in Literature. She was recognized as a woman "who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity".Gordimer's writing dealt with moral and racial issues, particularly apartheid in South Africa. Under that regime, works such as Burger's Daughter and July's People were banned. Nobel Prize: Nadine Gordimer won Nobel Prize in 1991for "who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity"
91. Nobel Prize in Literature - 1992 “I read; I travel; I become” ― Derek Walcott Born: 23 January 1930 Died: 17 March 2017 Background: Walcott was born and raised in Castries, Saint Lucia, in the West Indies, the son of Alix (Maarlin) and Warwick Walcott. He had a twin brother, the playwright Roderick Walcott, and a sister, Pamela Walcott. His family is of English, Dutch and African descent, reflecting the complex colonial history of the island that he explores in his poetry. Nobel Prize: Derek Walcott won Nobel Prize in 1992 "for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment"
92. Nobel Prize in Literature - 1993 “If y o u surrender to the air, y o u could ride if” -Toni Morrison Born: 18 February, 1931 Background: Toni Morrison was born in Lorain , Ohio in U.S. she is an American novelist, essayists , editor , teacher and professors emeritus at Princeton university, Morrison’s parents instilled in her a sense of heritage and language through telling traditional. African, American folk -tales and ghosts stories and singing sin. Nobel Prize: Morrison received the 1993 Nobel Prize in Literature, making her the first African – American women to be selected for the awards. "Who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality".
93. Nobel Prize in Literature - 1994 “The dead can s u r v i v e as p a r t of the lives of those t h a t still live “ -Kenzaburo Oe Born: 31 January,1935 Background: Kenzaburo Oe is a Japanese writer and a major figure in contemporary Japanese literature. He was born in Ose, a village now in uchiko, While prefecture on Shikoku. He was the third son of Sevan children. His grandmother taught him art and oral performance. His mother became his short stories and essays, strongly influenced by French and American literature and literary theory. Nobel Prize: Oe's winning the Nobel Prize for 1994 has thus encourage him to embark on his pursuit of a new form of Literature and a new life for himself.
94. Nobel Prize in Literature - 1995 “There is risk a n d t r u t h to yourselves a n d the w o r ld before you.” - Seamus Justin Heaney Born: 13 April 1939 Died: 30 August 2013 Background: Seamus Justin Heaney was an Irish poet, playwright and translator. Among his best-known works is Death of a Naturalist (1966), his first major published volume. Heaney was recognised as one of the principal contributors to poetry during his lifetime. American poet Robert Lowell described him as "the most important Irish poet since Yeats", and many others, including the academic John Sutherland, have said that he was "the greatest poet of our age". Nobel Prize: Won Nobel Prize in 1995 "For works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past"
95. Nobel Prize in Literature - 1996 “Somewhere out there the w o r ld m u s t h av e a n end.” - Maria Wisława Anna Szymborska Born: 2 July, 1923 Died: 1 February, 2012 Background: Maria Wisława Anna Szymborskawas a Polish poet, essayist, translator and recipient of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature. Born in Prowent, which has since become part of Kórnik, she later resided in Kraków until the end of her life. In Poland, Szymborska's books have reached sales rivaling prominent prose authors: although she once remarked in a poem, "Some Like Poetry" that no more than two out of a thousand people care for the art. Nobel Prize: Won Nobel Prize in 1996 "for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality"
96. Nobel Prize in Literature - 1997 “ K n o w h o w to live the t im e t h a t is given you.” - Dario Fo Born: 24 March 1926 Died: 13 October 2016 Background: Dario Fo was an Italian actor, playwright, comedian, singer, theatre director, stage designer, songwriter, painter, political campaigner for the Italian left wing. In his time he was "arguably the most widely performed contemporary playwright in world theatre".Much of his dramatic work depends on improvisation and comprises the recovery of "illegitimate" forms of theatre, such as those performed by giullari (medieval strolling players) and, more famously, the ancient Italian style of commedia dell'arte. Nobel Prize: Won Nobel Prize in 1997 "who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden".
97. Nobel Prize in Literature - 1998 “If I'm sincere today, w h a t does it m a t t e r if I regret it tomorrow?” - José de Sousa Saramago Born: 16 November 1922 Died: 18 June 2010 Background: José de Sousa Saramago, was a Portuguese. His works, some of which can be seen as allegories, commonly present subversive perspectives on historic events, emphasizing the theopoetic human factor. In 2003 Harold Bloom described Saramago as "the most gifted novelist alive in the world today” and in 2010 said he considers Saramago to be "a permanent part of the Western canon",while James Wood praises "the distinctive tone to his fiction because he narrates his novels as if he were someone both wise and ignorant Nobel Prize: Won Nobel Prize in 1998 "who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusoryreality"
98. Nobel Prize in Literature - 1999 “ A r t is so wonderfully irrational, exuberantly pointless, but necessary all the same. Pointless a n d y e t necessary, that's h a r d for a p u r itan to understand.” - Günter Wilhelm Grass Born: 16 October 1927 Died: 13 April 2015 Background: Günter Wilhelm Grass was a German novelist, poet, playwright, illustrator, graphic artist, and sculptor. He was born in the Free City of Danzig. As a teenager, he served as a drafted soldier from late 1944 in the Waffen-SS and was taken as a prisoner of war by US forces at the end of the war in May 1945. He was released in April 1946. Trained as a stonemason and sculptor, Grass began writing in the 1950s. In his fiction, he frequently returned to the Danzig of his childhood. Nobel Prize: Won Nobel Prize in 1999 "whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history"
99. Nobel Prize in Literature - 2000 “As a m ale writer, w o m e n are a l w a y s w h a t m e n pursue, a n d their w o r ld is a l w a y s a m ystery.” - Gao Xingjian Born: January 4, 1940 Background: Gao Xingjian is a Chinesenovelist, playwright, and critic. He is also a noted translator, screenwriter, stage director, and a celebrated painter. In 1998, Gao was granted French citizenship.Gao's drama is considered to be fundamentally absurdist in nature and avant-garde in his native China. His prose works tend to be less celebrated in China but are highly regarded elsewhere in Europe and the West. Nobel Prize: Won Nobel Prize in 2000 "for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama"
100. Nobel Prize in Literature - 2001 "Had not quite forgiven us for giving h im a second-class degree ". - Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul Born: 17 August 1932 Died: 11 August 2018 Background: In June 1953, Naipaul and Hale graduated from Oxford. Naipaul graduated with a second-class degree. Peter Bayley, his Oxford tutor, would later comment that Naipaul. In 1953, Naipaul's father died. He worked at odd jobs and borrowed money from Hale and his family in Trinidad.He was died in 11 August 2018 at London, United State. Nobel Prize: Naipaul received the Nobel Prize in 2001 for his strong storytelling and "For having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories."
101. Nobel Prize in Literature - 2002 "Man is a l w a y s a little a t fault, that's all" - Imre Kertesz Born: 9 November 1929 Died: 31 March 2016 Background: Kertesz was born in Budapest, Hungary, on 9 November 1929, the son of Aranka Jakab and Laszlo Kertesz, a bourgeois Jewish couple. After his parents separated when he was around the age of five, Kertesz attended a boarding school and, in 1940, he started secondary school where he was put into a special class for Jewish students. Nobel Prize: In 2002, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature, "For writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history"
102. Nobel Prize in literature - 2003 "When all else fails, philosophize" - John Maxwell Coetzee Born: 9 February 1940 Background: Coetzee was born in Cape Town, Cape Province, Union of South Africa, on 9 February 1940 to Afrikaner parents. His father, Zacharias Coetzee was an occasional attorney and government employee, and his mother, Vera Coetzee was a schoolteacher. The family mainly spoke English at home, but John spoke Afrikaans with other relatives. Nobel Prize: He won the prize, the Swedish Academy stated that Coetzee "In innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider ".
103. Nobel Prize in literature - 2004 "Vice is basically the love of failure" - Elfriede Jelinek Born: 20 October 1946 Background: Elfriede Jelinek is an Austrian playwright and novelist. Jelinek was born on in Mürzzuschlag, Styria, Austria. She was the daughter of Olga Ilona and Friedrich Jelinek.Jelinek's output has included radio plays, poetry, theatre texts, polemical essays, anthologies, novels, translations, screenplays, musical compositions, libretti and ballets, film and video art. Jelinek's work is multi-faceted, and highly controversial. It has been praised and condemned by leading literary critics. Nobel Prize: Elfriede Jelinekwon the prize "for her musical flow of voices and counter- voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"
104. Nobel Prize in literature - 2005 ‘Good w r i t i n g excites m e A n d m akes life w o r t h living' - Harold Pinter Born - 10 October, 1930 Died - 24 December, 2008 Background: Harold Pinter was a British playwright, screenwriter, director and actor. His father's name is Jack Pinter and his mother's name is Frances. He achieved international renown as one of the most complex and challenging post-World War II dramatists. Nobel Prize: Nobel Prize in Literature for that year to Pinter, who "in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms". Its selection instigated some public controversy and criticism relating both to characteristics of Pinter's work and to his politics.
105. Nobel Prize in literature - 2006 "I r e a d a book one d a y a n d m y whole life w a s changed" - Orhan Pamuk Born: 7 June, 1952 Background: Orhan Pamukis a Turkish novelist, screenwriter, academic and One of Turkey's most prominent novelists. His work has sold over thirteen million books in sixty-three languages, making him the country's best-selling writer. Pamuk was born in Istanbul. Nobel Prize: In the 12 October 2006 Nobel prize in literature award goes to who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city, [Pamuk] has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures.
106. Nobel Prize in literature - 2007 "Laughter is b y definition healthy" - Doris Lessing Born: 22 October 1919 Died: 17 November 2013 Background: Doris may Lessing was a British-Zimbabwean novelist. She was born to British parents in Iran, where she lived until 1925. Her father's name is Captain Alfred Tayler and her mother's name is Emily Maude. Nobel Prize: In 2007, Lessing was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. For that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilization to scrutiny.
107. Nobel Prize in literature - 2008 "Real live h a v e no end, Real book h a v e no end" - J. M. G. Le Clezio Born: 13 April, 1940 Background: J. M. G. Le Clézio, is a French writer and professor. The author of over forty works, he was awarded the 1963 Prix Renaudot for his novel Le Procès-Verbal and the 2008 Nobel Prize in Literature. Nobel Prize: The 2008 Nobel Prize in literature for his life's work, as an “author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization".
108. Nobel Prize in literature - 2009 “Silence is also a form of speaking" - Herta Muller Born: 17 August 1953 Background: Herta Muller is a Romanian born German novelist,poet, essayist and recipient of the 2009 Nobel Prize in literature. Born in Nitchidorf Timis country in Romania, her native language is German. Since the early 1990, she has been internationally established, and her works have been translated in to more than twenty language. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in literature 2009 was awarded to Herta Muller, “Who with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose depicts the landscape of the dispossessed"
109. Nobel Prize in literature - 2010 “Writers are the exorcist of their o w n demons" - Mario Vargas Llosa Born: 28 March, 1936 Background: Jorge Mario Pedro VargasLlosa is a Peruvian writer, politician, journalist, essayist and college professor. He is one of Latin American's most significant novelist and essayist and one of the leading writer of his generation. Nobel Prize: Vargas Llosa was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in literature. “For his cartography of structure of power and his trenchant image of the individual's resistance, revolt and defeat."
110. Nobel Prize in literature - 2011 "It is still beautiful to hear the heart beat but often the shadow seems m or e real t h a n the body" - Tomas Gösta Transtomer Born: 15 April, 1931 Died: 26 March, 2015 Background: Tranströmer was born in Stockholm in 1931 and raised by his mother Helmy. He received his secondary education at the Södra Latin Gymnasium in Stockholm, where he began writing poetry. In addition to selected journal publications, his first collection of poems, 17 Poems, was published in 1954. He continued his education at Stockholm University, graduating as a psychologist in 1956 with additional studies in history, religion and literature. Nobel Prize: The Swedish Academy revealed that he had been nominated every single year since 1993.The Nobel Committee stated that Tranströmer's work received the prize “because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality.
111. Nobel Prize in literature - 2012 “People w h o are strangers to liquor a r e incapable of talking about literature.” - Mo Yan Born:17 February 1955 (age 64) Guan Moye simplified Chinese: traditional Chinese: pinyin: GuǎnMóyè; better known by the pen name Mo Yan Chines pinyin: MòYán is a Chinese novelist and short story writer. Donald Morrison of U.S. news magazine TIME referred to him as "one of the most famous, oft-banned and widely pirated of all Chinese writers", and Jim Leach called him the Chinese answer to Franz Kafka or Joseph Heller. Nobel Prize: On 11 October 2012, the Swedish Academy announced that Mo Yan had received the Nobel Prize in Literature for his work that "with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary".
112. The Nobel Prize in literature - 2013 "Life would be g r a n t if it weren't for the people." - Alice Munro Born:10 July 1931 Background: Munro was born Alice Ann Laidlaw in Wingham, Ontario. Her father, Robert Eric Laidlaw, was a fox and mink farmer, and later turned to turkey farming. Her mother, Anne Clarke Laidlaw (née Chamney), was a schoolteacher. She is of Irish and Scottish descent, her father being a direct descendant of James Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd. Nobel Prize: Alice Munro the renowned Canadian short-story writer whose visceral work explores the tangled relationships between men and women, small-town existence and the fallibility of memory, won the 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature.
113. The Noble Prize in Literature - 2014 "In the end, w e are all determ ined b y the place a n d the t im e in which w e w e r e born." - Jean Patrick Modiano Born: 30th July, 1945 Background: Jean Patrick Modiano was born in Boulogne Billan court, a commune in the western suburbs of Paris. Patrick Modiano's childhood took place in a unique atmosphere. Modiano studied at the École du Montal primary school in Jony - en - Josas, at the collége Saint - Joseph de Thônes in HauntSavoie, and then at the Lycée Henri - IV high school in Paris. Nobel Prize: Modiano was awarded the 2014 Noble Prize in Literature, for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life - world of the occupation.
114. The Noble Prize in Literature - 2015 "No one had taught us h o w to be free. We had only e v e r been taught h o w to die for freedom." - Svetlana Alexievich Born: 31 May, 1948 Background: Svetlana Alexievich was born in the west Ukrainian town of Stanislav (since 1962 Ivano-Frankivsk) to a Belarusian father and a Ukrainian mother, Svetlana Alexievich grew up in Belarus. After finishing school she worked as a reporter in several local newspapers before graduating from Belarusian State University (1972) and becoming a correspondent for the literary magazine Nyoman in Minsk (1976). Nobel Prize: She was awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Literature "for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time". She is the first writer from Belarus to receive the award.
115. The Noble Prize in Literature - 2016 "He not busy being born is busy dying." - Bob Dylan Born: 24 May (1941) (age 77 years) Background: Bob Dylan is an American singer-songwriter, author, and visual artist who is regarded as a widely influential figure in popular culture. Bob Dylan was born Robert Allen Zimmerman in St. Mary's Hospital on May 24, 1941, in Duluth, Minnesota, and raised in Hibbing, Minnesota, on the Mesabi Range west of Lake Superior. Nobel Prize: In 2016, BOB DYLAN was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition".
116. The Noble Prize in Literature - 2017 "There w a s another life t ha t I m ight h a v e had, but I’m having this one." - Sir Kazuo Ishiguro Born: 8 November, 1954 Background Sir Kazuo Ishiguro was born in Nagasaki, Japan, but his family moved to the UK in 1960 when he was five. Ishiguro graduated from the University of Kent with a bachelor's degree in English and Philosophy in 1978 and gained his master's from the University of East Anglia's creative writing course in 1980. Nobel Prize: The Nobel Prize in Literature, describing him in its citation as a writer "who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world".
117. Noble Prize in Literature - 2018 “There are countries out there w h e r e people speak English.” - Olga Tokarczuk Born:29 January 1962 Background: Tokarczuk was born in Sulechów near ZielonaGóra, in western Poland. One of her grandmothers was from Ukraine.Before starting her literary career, from 1980 she trained as a psychologist at the University of Warsaw. During her studies, she volunteered in an asylum for adolescents with behavioural problems. After her graduation in 1985, she moved first to Wrocław and later to Wałbrzych, where she began practising as a therapist. Nobel Prize: Tokarczuk was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize for Literature in 2019 for her "narrative imagination that with encyclopaedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life". The 2018 award had been postponed due to controversy within the Nobel committee.
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Biography of Miguel Angel Asturias timeline
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[
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[] |
1899-10-19T00:00:00+00:00
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
Timetoast Timelines
|
https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/biography-of-miguel-angel-asturias
|
He and his family
He and his family was forced to move to the town of Salama. He started living on his grandparent's farm, it was here that Asturias first came into contact with the guatemalan indigenous people that have a great influence in his work.
He started writing his first draft
He began writing as a student and wrote the first draft of a story that would later become his novel, "El senor presidente".
Uprising against dictator Manuel Estrada
Asturias participated in the uprising against dictator Manuel Estrada Cabrera. He took an active role, such as organizing strikes in his high school and formed a group with his fellow classmates called "La generacion 20"
His first novel and prize in france
Asturias published his first novel "Leyendas de Guatemala" and received the Sylla Monsegur Prize for tjhe french translations of "Leyendas de Guatemala".
His novel "Men of maze"
His novel "Men of maze" was published, during his time as ambassador to Mexico.
|
|||
correct_award_00058
|
FactBench
|
0
| 36
|
https://nasseryouthmovement.net/Miguel-Angel-Asturias-Rosales
|
en
|
Guatemalan author, Miguel Angel Asturias Rosales
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Monahassan",
"Nasser Youth Movement"
] |
2023-11-24T18:12:37+02:00
|
en
|
Nasser Youth Movement
|
https://nasseryouthmovement.net/Miguel-Angel-Asturias-Rosales
|
Rewiwed by: Wafaa El-houseiny
Translated by: Nouran Salah Eddin
Guatemalan author, Miguel Angel Asturias Rosales
The great Guatemalan author, Miguel Angel Asturias Rosales was born in Guatemala in the 19th century 1899. Asturias combined being a poet, a novelist, a playwright, a journalist, and a diplomat. He was considered one of the heroes of Latin American literature in the 20th century as he adopted the idea of renewing the magical narrative and realistic techniques which crystallized later and established the " Boom" movement in Spanish-American literature in the 1960s.
Asturias studied law at the University of San Carlos in Guatemala where he participated in the struggle against the dictatorship of “Estrada Cabrera” until he was toppled in 1920. Two years later, he established and ran the People’s university, and at the same time, he began publishing his first writings. He then traveled to Europe where he approached closely the literary movements and intellectual currents that took part in forming and enhancing his literary talent. There, he studied Mayan linguistics and Anthropology at Sorbonne University with the American George Reno.
In 1933, he returned to Guatemala where he taught at the university and founded a magazine called “El Diario del Aire”, which is considered the first broadcasting magazine. That was Asturias's life, a life full of cultivation and academia. During the revolutionary period between 1944 and 1954, Asturias held different diplomatic posts. In 1966, he received the Lenin Peace Prize. In addition, in 1967, he received the Nobel Prize in literature.
The first literary work Asturias excelled at was “Leyendas” Legends in Guatemala (1933) de Guatemala, which is a collection of magical and legendary tales that appeared in Paris with an introduction to Paul Valéry. In addition to other novels like “El Señor Presidente” Mr. President (1946) and “Hombres de maíz” Man of Maize (1949). He also wrote “Week-end en Guatemala” Weekend in Guatemala (1955), “El espejo de Lida Sal” The Mirror of Lida Sal (1967), and “Tres de cuatro soles”. Moreover, he wrote several literary works that varied between fiction, theatrical, and other works.
Regarding his famous novel “El Señor Presidente” Mr. President, it was famous because it tackled life in Guatemala during the dictatorship of “Estrada Cabrera”. He excelled in representing the idea of dictatorship in a rich style and expressive technique that reflected the impact of the period he lived in Europe. The author said of this novel: “The atmosphere of fear, insecurity, and panic reflected in this work affected me profoundly”.
As for his novel “Hombres de maíz” Man of Maize, you can see in it the magical realism underlying his literary creativity. He also represents an example of humanity’s evolution from a primitive and illiterate society, in addition, to the current liberal and capitalist world.
The politician Asturias was a political activist. During his exile to Buenos Aries, he made many tours in Latin America, India, China, and the Soviet Union, in which he was an active lecturer, a conscious witness recording the events of the age, and a fighter against the alliance policy. Asturias standing alongside Castro led to his expulsion from Argentina in 1962. He then returned to France where he was received warmly. After that, he visited Moscow where he received the Lenin Peace Prize in 1966 before receiving the Nobel Prize in 1967. When he was appointed as an Ambassador to Paris by the government of Méndez Montenegro, he organized a great exhibition at the great palace "Le Grand Palais" on Mayan heritage by an initiative from André Malraux, the French Minister of Culture, at that time, and received recognition from Sorbonne University in 1968.
Near the end of his life, Asturias participated in the Helsinki Peace Conference and in the University of Dakar’s “Collége de Dakar” talks on negroes and Latin America. He insisted on the necessity of creating an international understanding of the legitimacy of Mulatto Cultures.
Asturias passed away in Madrid on June 9, 1974. He was at the top of his activity and generosity, especially after gifting his manuscripts to the National Library in Paris, which held a solemn memorial service for him.
|
||||||
correct_award_00058
|
FactBench
|
3
| 0
|
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Miguel_Angel_Asturias
|
en
|
Miguel Angel Asturias
|
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[] | null |
en
|
https://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/favicon.ico
|
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Miguel_Angel_Asturias
|
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (October 19, 1899 – June 9, 1974) was a Nobel-Prize–winning Guatemalan poet, novelist, and diplomat. Asturias helped establish Latin American literature's contribution to mainstream Western culture, drawing attention to the importance of indigenous cultures, especially those of his native Guatemala.
Asturias was born and grew up in Guatemala, but spent significant time abroad, first in Paris in the 1920s, where he studied anthropology and Indian mythology. Many scholars view him as the first Latin American novelist to show how the study of anthropology and linguistics could affect the writing of literature. While in Paris, Asturias also associated with the Surrealist movement; he is credited with introducing many features of modernist style into Latin American letters. In this way, he is an important precursor of the Latin American Boom of the 1960s and 1970s.
One of Asturias' most famous novels, El Señor Presidente, describes life under a ruthless dictator. Asturias' very public opposition to dictatorial rule led to him spending much of his later life in exile, both in South America and in Europe. The book that is sometimes described as his masterpiece, Hombres de maíz (Men of Maize), is a defense of Mayan culture and customs. Asturias combined his extensive knowledge of Mayan beliefs with his political convictions. His work is often identified with the social and moral aspirations of the Guatemalan people.
After decades of exile and marginalization, Asturias finally received broad recognition in the 1960s. In 1966, he won the Soviet Union's Lenin Peace Prize. The following year he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, only the second Latin American to receive this honor. Asturias spent his final years in Madrid, where he died at the age of 74. He is buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.
Biography
Early life and education
Miguel Ángel Asturias was born in Guatemala City in 1899, a year after the appointment of President Manuel Estrada Cabrera.[1] His father, Ernesto Asturias, was a lawyer and a notary.[2] His mother, María Rosales de Asturias, was a schoolteacher.[3] Ernesto and Maria had two children: Miguel Ángel and Marco Antonio.[2] Asturias' father had political differences with Cabrera retired from his practice. The family was forced to move in 1905 to the town of Salamá, the provincial capital of Baja Verapaz, where Miguel Angel Asturias lived on the farm of his paternal grandparents.[4] This is also a land full of legends and myths that Asturias would later use in his literature.[5] In 1908, when Miguel Ángel was nine, his family returned to the outskirts of the city to live in the Parroquia Vieja suburb where Asturias spent his adolescence and his family established a supply store.[5]
Asturias was guided by Dolores Reyes (AKA "la Lola"), his "nana," to have his first encounters with formal education. He first attended Colegio del Padre Pedro and then, Colegio del Padre Solís.[5] Asturias began writing as a student and wrote the first draft of a story that would later become his novel El Señor Presidente.[6]
In 1922, Asturias and other students founded the Popular University, a community project whereby "the middle class was encouraged to contribute to the general welfare by teaching free courses to the underprivileged."[1] Asturias spent a year studying medicine before switching to the faculty of law at the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala in Guatemala City[7], obtaining his law degree in 1923. He was awarded the Premio Falla as top student in his faculty. It was at this university that he founded the Asociación de Estudiantes Universitarios and the Asociación de estudiantes El Derecho. Both his Associations have been recognized as positively associated with Guatemalan patriotism.[8] Asturias worked as a representative of the Asociación General de Estudiantes Universitarios, traveling to El Salvador and Honduras. In 1920, Asturias participated in the uprising against President Manuel Estrada Cabrera.
Asturias' university thesis, "The Social Problem of the Indian," was published in 1923.[9] In the same year he moved to Europe, after receiving his law degree. He had originally planned to live in England and study political economy but changed his mind.[7] He transferred quickly to Paris, where he studied ethnology at the Sorbonne (University of Paris} and became a militant surrealist under the influence of the French poet and literary theorist André Breton.[10] While there, he was influenced by the gathering of writers and artists in Montparnasse (an area of Paris) and began writing poetry and fiction. During this time, Asturias developed a deep concern for Mayan culture and in 1925 he worked to translate the Mayan sacred text, the Popol Vuh, into Spanish. He also founded a magazine while in Paris called Tiempos Nuevos or "New Times".[11] Asturias stayed in Paris for a total of ten years.
Political career
Asturias returned to Guatemala in 1933, working as a journalist before serving in his country's diplomatic corps. He founded and edited a radio magazine called El diario del aire.[10] He also wrote several volumes of poetry around this time, the first of which was his Sonetos (Sonnets), published in 1936.[10]
In 1942, he was elected to the Guatemalan Congress.[12] In 1946, Asturias embarked upon a diplomatic career, continuing to write while serving in several countries in Central and South America. Asturias held a diplomatic post in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1947 and in Paris, France in 1952.[13]
When Asturias returned to his native country in 1933, he was faced with the dictator Jorge Ubico and a regime that would not tolerate his political ideals. He stayed in Guatemala until 1944. During his time in Guatemala, he published "only poetry, which was characterized by elegant cynicism."[7] Eventually in 1933[14] he broke out of his decade of poetry when a more liberal government ruled the country, writing the novel El Señor Presidente, which explored the world around an unnamed dictator in an unspecified Latin American country. The novel could not be published during the rule of Ubico and so El Señor Presidente did not appear until 1946.[15]
Asturias served as an ambassador to Mexico, Argentina, and El Salvador, between 1946 and 1954. His novel "Men of Maize" was published during his time as ambassador. This novel was organized into multiple parts, each dealing exploring the contrast between traditional Indian culture and modernity.[16]
Exile and rehabilitation
Miguel Àngel Asturias devoted much of his political energy towards supporting the government of Jacobo Arbenz (the successor to Guatemalan ruler Juan José Arévalo Bermejo).[17] Asturias was enlisted for his work as an ambassador to help suppress the threat of rebels from El Salvador. While his efforts were backed by the United States and the El Salvadorean government, the rebels succeeded in invading Guatemala and overthrowing Jacobo Arbenz' rule in 1954. When the government of Jacobo Arbenz fell, Asturias was expelled from the country by Carlos Castillo Armas because of his support for Arbenz. He was stripped of his Guatemalan citizenship and went to live in Buenos Aires, where he spent the next eight years of his life. Even though he remained in exile Asturias did not stop his writing. When a change of government in Argentina made it so that he once more had to seek a new home, Asturias moved to Europe.[18] While living in exile in Genoa his reputation grew as an author with the release of his novel, Mulata de Tal (1963).[19]
In 1966, democratically elected President Julio César Méndez Montenegro achieved power and Asturias was given back his Guatemalan citizenship. Montenegro appointed Asturias as Guatemalan ambassador in Paris, where he served until 1970 and took up a permanent residence.[20]
Later in Asturias' life he helped found the Popular University of Guatemala.[9] Asturias spent his final years in Madrid, where he died in 1974. He is buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.
Family
Miguel Ángel Asturias married his first wife, Clemencia Amado, in 1939. They had two sons, Miguel and Rodrigo Ángel, before divorcing in 1947. Asturias then met and married his second wife, Blanca Mora y Araujo, in 1950.[21] Mora y Araujo was Argentinian, and so when Asturias was deported from Guatemala in 1954, he went to live in the Argentinian capital of Buenos Aires. He lived in his wife's homeland for eight years. They remained married until Asturias' death in 1974.
Asturias' son from his first marriage, Rodrigo Asturias, under the nom de guerre Gaspar Ilom (the name of an indigenous rebel in his father's own novel, Men of Maize), was President of the Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca. The Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca was a rebel group active in the 1980s, during the Guatemalan Civil War, and after the peace accords in 1996.[22]
Major works
Leyendas de Guatemala
Asturias' first major work, Leyendas de Guatemala (Legends of Guatemala; 1930), describes Mayan civilization before the Spanish conquest. The novel brought him critical praise in France as well as in Guatemala. The noted French poet and essayist Paul Valéry wrote of the book (in a letter published as part of the Losada edition), that "I found it brought about a tropical dream, which I experienced with singular delight."[23] The novel used elements of magical realism to tell multiple tales. The novel employs both conventional writing as well as lyrical prose to tell a story about birds and other animals conversing with other archetypal human beings.[24]
For Gerald Martin, it is "the first major anthropological contribution to Spanish American literature."[25] Jean Franco describes the book as "lyrical recreations of Guatemalan folk-lore many of which drew their inspiration from pre-Columbian and colonial sources."[26]
El Señor Presidente
One of Asturias' most critically acclaimed novels, El Señor Presidente was completed in 1933 but only published in 1946. As one of his earliest works, El Señor Presidente showcases Asturias's talent and influence as a novelist. Zimmerman and Rojas described his work as an "impassioned denunciation of the Guatemalan dictator Manuel Estrada Cabrera."[27] The novel was written during Asturias's exile in Paris.[28] While living completing the novel, Asturias associated with members of the Surrealist movement as well as fellow future Latin American writers such as Arturo Uslar Pietri and the Cuban Alejo Carpentier.[29] El Señor Presidente is one of many novels to explore life under a Latin American dictator; it has been herlded by some as the first real dictator novel.[30]
The actual events are vague and the plot is partially based on real events while the time and locale are fictional. Asturias's novel examines how evil spreads downward from a powerful political leader and into the streets and a country's citizens. Justice is mocked in the novel and escape from the dictator's tyranny is impossible. Each character in the novel is deeply affected by the dictatorship and must struggle to survive in a terrifying reality.[28] The novel travels with several characters, some close to the President and some seeking escape from his regime. The dictator's trusted adviser, whom the reader knows as "Angel Face," falls in love with a General, General Canales daughter Camila. The General is hunted for execution while his daughter is held under house arrest.[31] Angel Face is torn between his love for her and his duty to the President. While the Dictator is never named he has striking similarities to Manuel Estrada Cabrera. El Señor Presidente uses surrealistic techniques and reflects Asturias' notion that Indian's non-rational awareness of reality is an expression of subconscious forces.[32]
Playwright Hugo Carrillo adapted El Señor Presidente into a play in 1974.[33]
Hombres de maíz
Hombres de maíz (Men of Maize, 1949) is usually judged to be Asturias' masterpiece. The novel is written in six parts, each exploring the contrast of traditional Indian customs and a progressive, modernizing society. Asturias' book explores the magical world of indigenous communities, a subject which Asturias was both passionate and knowledgeable. It portrays a rebellion by an isolated tribe of Indians which live remotely in dangerous mountains and at risk of annihilation by the army.[34] The plot revolves around an Indian community (the "corn people") whose land is threatened to be cultivated for profit using methods that will destroy their land. The second part of the novel presents a different perspective by introducing new characters. The later generation comes into contact with Indian figures of the past and they struggle to maintain their ancestral traditions.[35] The story is made relevant by Asturias through his analysis of how European imperialism is used to dominate, control, and transform other civilizations within Latin America and around the world.[36]
Asturias used his extensive knowledge of pre-Columbian literature to tell his story in the form of a myth. Because his novel was presented in such a unique way it was ignored by critics and the public for a long time after its release in 1949.[36]
The Banana Republic Trilogy
Asturias also wrote an epic trilogy on the exploitation of the native Indians on banana plantations: this trilogy, comprised of the novels Viento fuerte (The Cyclone 1950), El Papa Verde (The Green Pope 1954), and Los ojos de los enterrados (The Eyes of the Interred 1960), is a fictional story about foreign control over the Central American banana industry.[7] The volumes were first only published in small quantities in his native country of Guatemala.[15] Asturias finally finished the last book in the Trilogy nearly 20 years after the first two volumes. His critique of the fruit industry and how the Guatemalan natives were exploited eventual earned him the Soviet Union's highest prize, the Lenin Peace Prize. Asturias's recognition marked him as one of the few authors that was recognized in both the West and in the Communist bloc during the period of the Cold War.[37]
Mulata de tal
Asturias published his novel Mulata de tal while he and his wife were living in Genoa in 1963. His novel received many positive reviews; Ideologies and Literature described it as "a carnival incarnated in the novel. It represents a collision between Mayan Mardi Gras and Hispanic baroque."[38] The novel emerged as a major novel during the 1960s.[24] The plot revolves around the battle between Catalina and Yumí to control Mulata (the moon spirit). Yumí and Catalina become experts in sorcery and are criticized by the Church for their practices. The novel uses Mayan mythology and Catholic tradition to form a unique allegory of belief.
Gerald Martin in the Hispanic Review commented that it is "sufficiently obvious that the whole art of this novel rests upon its language. In general, Asturias matches the visual freedom of the cartoon by using every resource the Spanish language offers him. His use of color is striking and immeasurably more liberal than in earlier novels."[39] Asturias built the novel by this unique use of color, liberal theory, and his distinctive use of the Spanish language.[40] His novel also received the Silla Monsegur Prize for the best Spanish-American novel published in France.[9]
Mayan influences
The influence of rich Mayan culture on Asturias' literary work and political life is undeniable.[41] He believed in the sacredness of the Mayan traditions and worked to bring life back into its culture by integrating the Indian imagery and tradition into his novels.[42] For example his novel "Men of Maize" comes from the Mayan belief that humans are created from stalks of corn. Asturias' interest in Mayan culture is notable because many Mayan traditions and cultures were stifled by the influence of the Catholic church.[43] The Spanish in Central America viciously banned certain rituals, destroyed Aztec and Mayan texts and fought to bring the Christian religion to the Indian communities in Guatemala. Asturias' work as a scholar integrated the sacred suppressed tradition back into Latin American Literature.
Asturias studied at the Sorbonne (the University of Paris at that time) with Georges Raynaud, an expert in the culture of the Mayan Quichés, and he eventually finished a translation of the Popol Vuh, the sacred book of the Mayas in 1926.[44] In 1930, fascinated by the legends and myths of the Indians of Guatemala, he wrote Legends of Guatemala".[45]
Jean Franco categorizes Asturias as an "Indianist" author, along with Rosario Castellanos and José María Arguedas. She argues that all three of these writers are led to "break with realism precisely because of the limitations of the genre when it came to representing the Indian."[46] So, for instance, Franco says of Asturias' Hombres de maíz (Men of Maize) that "the technique here is more akin to poetry than to traditional prose, but we feel that this is a more authentic way of representing the Indian mind."[47] She points out also that the novel's temporality "is a mythic time in which many thousands of years may be compressed and seen as a single moment".[46] Even the language of the book is affected: it is "a Spanish so structured as to be analogous to Indian languages."[46]
Legacy
After his death in 1974, Guatemala established an award in his name, the Miguel Àngel Asturias Order. The country's most distinguished literary prize, the Miguel Ángel Asturias National Prize in Literature, is also named in his honor. In addition, Guatemala's National theater is named after him.
Asturias is remembered as a man who believed strongly in maintaining indigenous culture in Guatemala, and who encouraged those who were persecuted. His literature was critically acclaimed, but not always appreciated. But, for Gerald Martin, Asturias is one of what he terms "the ABC writers—Asturias, Borges, Carpentier" who, he argues, "really initiated Latin American modernism."[48]
Critics compare his fiction to that of Franz Kafka, James Joyce, and William Faulkner.[49] His work has been translated into numerous languages such as English, French, German, Swedish, Italian, Portuguese, Russian and many more.
Awards
Asturias received many honors and awards over the course of his career, most notably the 1967 Nobel Prize for literature. The award of the Nobel caused some controversy, as critic Robert G. Mead notes: outside of Latin America, Asturias was still relatively unknown; within Latin America, some thought that there were more deserving candidates.[50] More controversial still was the award of the Soviet Union's 1966 Lenin Peace Prize, for exposing "American intervention against the Guatemalan people."[51] This honor came after his completion of the Banana Trilogy.
Other prizes for Asturias' work include: Premio Galvez, 1923; Chavez Prize, 1923; Prix Sylla Monsegur, for Leyendas de Guatemala, 1931; and Prix du Meilleur Roman Etranger, for El señor presidente, 1952.[18]
Selected works
What follows is a selected bibliography. A fuller list can be found at the Nobel Prize website.[52]
Notes
References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees
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Mr. President by Miguel Ángel Asturias, Translated by David Unger
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Nobel Prize–winning Guatemalan author Miguel Ángel Asturias’s masterpiece—the original Latin American dictator novel and pioneering work of magical realism—in its first new English translation in more than half a century, featuring a foreword by Nobel laureate Mario Vargas LlosaA Penguin ClassicIn an unnamed country, an egomaniacal dictator schemes to dispose of a political adversary and maintain his grip on power. As tyranny takes hold, everyone is forced to choose between compromise and death. Inspired by life under the regime of President Manuel Estrada Cabrera of Guatemala, where it was banned for many years, and infused with exuberant lyricism, Mayan symbolism, and Guatemalan vernacular, Nobel Prize winner Miguel Ángel Asturias’s magnum opus is at once a surrealist masterpiece, a blade-sharp satire of totalitarianism, and a gripping portrait of psychological terror.
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Nobel Prize in Literature facts for kids
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Learn Nobel Prize in Literature facts for kids
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For a list of the award's laureates, see List of Nobel laureates in Literature.
Quick facts for kids
Nobel Prize in Literature Presented by Swedish Academy Location Stockholm, Sweden Reward 11 million SEK (2023) First awarded 1901 Last awarded 2023 Currently held by Jon Fosse (2023)
< 2022 2023 2024 >
The Nobel Prize in Literature (here meaning for literature; Swedish: Nobelpriset i litteratur) is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction" (original Swedish: den som inom litteraturen har producerat det utmärktaste i idealisk riktning). Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. Literature is traditionally the final award presented at the Nobel Prize ceremony. On some occasions, the award has been postponed to the following year, most recently in 2018.
Background
Alfred Nobel stipulated in his last will and testament that his money be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature. Although Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died, and it was signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895. Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million Swedish kronor (US$198 million, €176 million in 2016), to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes. Due to the level of scepticism surrounding the will, it was not until 26 April 1897 that the Storting (Norwegian Parliament) approved it. The executors of his will were Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, who formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel's fortune and organise the prizes.
The members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee that were to award the Peace Prize were appointed shortly after the will was approved. The prize-awarding organisations followed: the Karolinska Institutet on 7 June, the Swedish Academy on 9 June, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on 11 June. The Nobel Foundation then reached an agreement on guidelines for how the Nobel Prize should be awarded. In 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II. According to Nobel's will, the prize in literature should be determined by "the Academy in Stockholm", which was specified by the statutes of the Nobel Foundation to mean the Swedish Academy.
Nomination and award procedure
For a more comprehensive list, see List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Each year, the Swedish Academy sends out requests for nominations of candidates for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Members of the Academy, members of literature academies and societies, professors of literature and language, former Nobel literature laureates, and the presidents of writers' organisations are all allowed to nominate a candidate. It is not allowed to nominate oneself.
Between the years 1901 and 1950, around 20 to 35 nominations were usually received each year. Today thousands of requests are sent out each year, and as of 2011 about 220 proposals were returned. These proposals must be received by the Academy by 1 February, after which they are examined by the Nobel Committee, a working group within the Academy comprising four to five members. By April, the committee narrows the field to around 20 candidates. By May, a shortlist of five names is approved by the Academy. The next four months are spent reading and reviewing the works of the five candidates. In October, members of the Academy vote, and the candidate who receives more than half of the votes is named the Nobel laureate in Literature. No one can get the prize without being on the list at least twice; thus, many authors reappear and are reviewed repeatedly over the years. The academicians read works in their original language, but when a candidate is shortlisted from a language that no member masters, they call on translators and oath-sworn experts to provide samples of that writer's work. Other elements of the process are similar to those of other Nobel Prizes. The Swedish Academy is composed of 18 members who are elected for life and, until 2018, not technically permitted to leave. On 2 May 2018, King Carl XVI Gustaf amended the rules of the academy and made it possible for members to resign. The new rules also mention that a member who has been inactive in the work of the academy for more than two years can be asked to resign. The members of the Nobel committee are elected for a period of three years from among the members of the academy and are assisted by specially appointed expert advisers.
The award is usually announced in October. Sometimes, however, the award has been announced the year after the nominal year, the latest such case being the 2018 award. In the midst of controversy surrounding claims of conflict of interest and resignations by officials, on 4 May 2018, the Swedish Academy announced that the 2018 laureate would be announced in 2019 along with the 2019 laureate. Some years, such as in 1949, no candidate received the required majority of the votes, and for that reason, the prize was postponed and announced the following year.
Prizes
A Literature Nobel Prize laureate receives a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money. The amount of money awarded depends on the income of the Nobel Foundation that year. The literature prize can be shared between two, but not three, laureates. If a prize is awarded jointly, the prize money is split equally between them.
The prize money of the Nobel Prize has been fluctuating since its inauguration but as of 2012 it stood at kr 8,000,000 (about US$1,100,000), previously it was kr 10,000,000. This was not the first time the prize amount was decreased—beginning with a nominal value of kr 150,782 in 1901 (worth 8,123,951 in 2011 SKr) the nominal value has been as low as kr 121,333 (2,370,660 in 2011 SKr) in 1945—but it has been uphill or stable since then, peaking at an SKr-2011 value of 11,659,016 in 2001.
The laureate is also invited to give a lecture during "Nobel Week" in Stockholm; the highlight is the prize-giving ceremony and banquet on 10 December. It is the second richest literary prize in the world.
Medals
Main article: Nobel Prize medal § Literature
The literature medal features a portrait of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse. It was designed by Erik Lindberg. The reverse of the medal depicts a 'young man sitting under a laurel tree who, enchanted, listens to and writes down the song of the Muse'. It is inscribed "Inventas vitam iuvat excoluisse per artes" ("It is beneficial to have improved (human) life through discovered arts"), an adaptation of "inventas aut qui vitam excoluere per artes" from line 663 of book 6 of the Aeneid by the Roman poet Virgil. A plate below the figures is inscribed with the name of the recipient. The text "ACAD. SUEC." denoting the Swedish Academy is also inscribed on the reverse.
Between 1902 and 2010, the Nobel Prize medals were struck by the Myntverket, the Swedish royal mint, located in Eskilstuna. In 2011, the medals were made by the Det Norske Myntverket in Kongsberg. The medals have been made by Svenska Medalj in Eskilstuna since 2012.
Diplomas
Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the King of Sweden. Each diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureate who receives it. The diploma contains a picture and text that states the name of the laureate and normally a citation of why they received the prize.
Laureates
For a more comprehensive list, see List of Nobel laureates in Literature.
The Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded 116 times between 1901 and 2023 to 120 individuals: 103 men and 17 women. The prize has been shared between two individuals on four occasions. It was not awarded on seven occasions. The laureates have included writers in 25 different languages. The youngest laureate was Rudyard Kipling, who was 41 years old when he was awarded in 1907. The oldest laureate to receive the prize was Doris Lessing, who was 88 when she was awarded in 2007. It has been awarded posthumously once, to Erik Axel Karlfeldt in 1931. On some occasions, the awarding institution, the Swedish Academy, has awarded the prize to its own members; Verner von Heidenstam in 1916, the posthumous prize to Karlfeldt in 1931, Pär Lagerkvist in 1951, and the shared prize to Eyvind Johnson and Harry Martinson in 1974. Selma Lagerlöf was elected a member of the Swedish Academy in 1914, five years after she was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1909. Three writers have declined the prize, Erik Axel Karlfeldt in 1919, Boris Pasternak in 1958 ("Accepted first, later caused by the authorities of his country (Soviet Union) to decline the Prize", according to the Nobel Foundation) and Jean-Paul Sartre in 1964.
Shared prize
The Nobel Prize in Literature can be shared between two individuals. However, the Academy has been reluctant to award shared prizes, mainly because divisions are liable to be interpreted as a result of a compromise. The shared prizes awarded to Frederic Mistral and José Echegaray in 1904 and to Karl Gjellerup and Henrik Pontoppidan in 1917 were, in fact, both results of compromises. The Academy has also hesitated to divide the prize between two authors, as a shared prize runs the risk of being regarded as only half a laurel. Shared prizes are exceptional, and more recently, the Academy has awarded a shared prize on only two occasions, to Shmuel Yosef Agnon and Nelly Sachs in 1966, and to Eyvind Johnson and Harry Martinson in 1974.
Recognition of a specific work
Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature are awarded for the author's life work, but on some occasions, the Academy has singled out a specific work for particular recognition. For example, Knut Hamsun was awarded in 1920 "for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil"; Thomas Mann in 1929 "principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature"; John Galsworthy in 1932 "for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga"; Roger Martin du Gard in 1937 "for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les Thibault"; Ernest Hemingway in 1954 "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea; and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style"; and Mikhail Sholokhov in 1965 "for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people".
Nominations are kept secret for fifty years until they are publicly available at The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Currently, only nominations submitted between 1901 and 1973 are available for public viewing.
What about the rumours circling around the world about certain people being nominated for the Nobel Prize this year? – Well, either it's just a rumour, or someone among the invited nominators has leaked information. Since the nominations are kept secret for 50 years, you'll have to wait until then to find out.
Nominated candidates are usually considered by the Nobel committee for years, but it has happened on a number of occasions that an author have been instantly awarded after just one nomination. Apart from the first laureate in 1901, Sully Prudhomme, these include Theodor Mommsen in 1902, Rudolf Eucken in 1908, Paul Heyse in 1910, Rabindranath Tagore in 1913, Sinclair Lewis in 1930, Luigi Pirandello in 1934, Pearl Buck in 1938, William Faulkner in 1950 (the prize for 1949) and Bertrand Russell in 1950.
Former recipients of the Nobel Prize in Literature are allowed to nominate their candidates for the prize and sometimes their proposals have subsequently been awarded the prize. The 1912 laureate Gerhart Hauptmann nominated Verner von Heidenstam (awarded in 1916) and Thomas Mann (awarded in 1929), the 1915 laureate Romain Rolland proposed Ivan Bunin (awarded in 1933), Thomas Mann nominated Hermann Hesse (awarded in 1946) in 1931, the 1951 laureate Pär Lagerkvist was proposed by both André Gide and Roger Martin du Gard, and the 1960 laureate Saint-John Perse was nominated several times by the 1948 laureate T. S. Eliot.
Similar international prizes
The Nobel Prize in Literature is not the only literary prize for which all nationalities are eligible. Other notable international literary prizes include the Neustadt International Prize for Literature, the Jerusalem Prize, Franz Kafka Prize, the International Booker Prize, and the Formentor Prix International. The journalist Hephzibah Anderson has noted that the International Booker Prize "is fast becoming the more significant award, appearing an ever more competent alternative to the Nobel". However, since 2016, the International Booker Prize now recognises an annual book of fiction translated into English. Previous winners of the International Booker Prize who have gone on to win the Nobel Prize in Literature include Alice Munro and Olga Tokarczuk. The Neustadt International Prize for Literature is regarded as one of the most prestigious international literary prizes, often referred to as the American equivalent of the Nobel Prize. Like the Nobel Prize, it is awarded not for any one work but for an entire body of work. It is frequently seen as an indicator of who may be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Gabriel García Márquez (1972 Neustadt, 1982 Nobel), Czesław Miłosz (1978 Neustadt, 1980 Nobel), Octavio Paz (1982 Neustadt, 1990 Nobel), Tomas Tranströmer (1990 Neustadt, 2011 Nobel) were first awarded the Neustadt International Prize for Literature before being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Another award of note is the Spanish Princess of Asturias Award (formerly Prince of Asturias Award) in Letters. During the first years of its existence, it was almost exclusively awarded to writers in the Spanish language, but in more recent times, writers in other languages have been awarded as well. Writers who have won both the Asturias Award in Letters and the Nobel Prize in Literature include Camilo José Cela, Günter Grass, Doris Lessing, and Mario Vargas Llosa.
The non-monetary America Award in Literature presents itself as an alternative to the Nobel Prize. To date, Peter Handke, Harold Pinter, José Saramago, and Mario Vargas Llosa are the only writers to have received both the America Award and the Nobel Prize in Literature.
There are also prizes for honouring the lifetime achievement of writers in specific languages, like the Miguel de Cervantes Prize (for Spanish language, established in 1976) and the Camões Prize (for Portuguese language, established in 1989). Nobel laureates who were also awarded the Miguel de Cervantes Prize include Octavio Paz (1981 Cervantes, 1990 Nobel); Mario Vargas Llosa (1994 Cervantes, 2010 Nobel); and Camilo José Cela (1995 Cervantes, 1989 Nobel). José Saramago is the only author to receive both the Camões Prize (1995) and the Nobel Prize (1998) to date.
The Hans Christian Andersen Award is sometimes referred to as "the Little Nobel". The award has earned this appellation since, in a similar manner to the Nobel Prize in Literature, it recognises the lifetime achievement of writers, though the Andersen Award focuses on a single category of literary works (children's literature).
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Collections Highlight
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The Benson Latin American Collection recently inaugurated Martín Fierro: From Marginal Outlaw to National Symbol in the Rare Books Reading Room. Co-curated by Graduate Research Assistants Melissa Aslo de la Torre and Janette Núñez, this exhibition examines the Argentine epic poem El gaucho Martín Fierro and its legacy on the 150th anniversary of the poem’s publication. Ryan Lynch sat down with Aslo de la Torre (MA) and Núñez (JN) to talk about their process.
Related: Listen to “An Argentine Gaucho in Texas” on the Benson at 100 podcast. Escuchar este episodio en español.
You write that the Benson has over 380 copies of El gaucho Martín Fierro and La vuelta de Martín Fierro. How did these books come to the Benson?
JN: A big part of this collection came from two collections that the Benson purchased. One would be the Martínez Reales Gaucho library, purchased in 1961. That contained about 1500 books, pamphlets, and articles and literature of the Argentine cowboy, and more than 300 editions. The other one was the Simon Lucuix library, purchased in 1963. The collector had over 21,000 volumes on Uruguay and the Rio de la Plata area.
Why do you think Martín Fierro has remained so popular?
JN: The book was published nineteen years after the Argentine constitution of 1853. In that constitution, there was a government policy that encouraged European immigration as an effort to “clean ” races and also populate Argentina. The gaucho became a representation of this struggle of people who were feeling threatened and feeling the consequences of European immigration.
MA: [Martín Fierro] was not the only poem that was written in the voice of a gaucho, but one of the differences is that this one really makes the gaucho the hero in a sort of tragic tale. It was therefore taken up by different groups of people as a symbol of someone who stands for freedom, someone who was oppressed by the government, sort of a hero of the people.
It transitioned from mass popularity to being used by the literary elite to create a political national identity. And in that way, it got really inscribed into popular culture. There are images of a popular tango musician [Carlos Gardel] dressed as a gaucho. These two cultural products [tango and gauchos] are very, very different, but we can see as the gauchos diminished in number, they were used as a symbol of Argentine identity.
The exhibit focuses largely on the work’s legacy in Argentina. Can you talk about its influence outside of Argentina, such as in Brazil and Uruguay?
MA: Gauchos existed in the Rio de la Plata area, it wasn’t just these artificial borders—it spanned the entire region. A gaucho in Argentina was very similar to a gaucho in Uruguay.
One thing that I thought was interesting was that during the period when José Hernández was alive, there was a lot of political turmoil and he was exiled in Uruguay and Brazil; he started writing the poem in Brazil. There was this movement across these borders.
Who should visit this exhibition?
MA: Everyone!
What was the most interesting thing you learned in the course of doing this project?
JN: For me, it was how heavily the government was involved in spreading the poem. When I found out that we had this poem was translated into over 70 languages, I had an idea that it was really popular internationally, but they were all published in Argentina. Something we’ve mentioned before is how it became so popular. I think it was really a true combination of both the mass public and the government. If either one wasn’t on board with this particular poem, I am not sure it would have been as popular as it was.
What is your favorite item in the exhibition?
MA: One of my favorite items is a version that was written for a juvenile audience that is annotated. I appreciated the annotations because there’s so much gaucho language in the poem that was part of what made it successful, but part of what makes it difficult to understand even if you’re a Spanish speaker. It is interesting, one, because you can see how the poem is taught to young Argentines, and two, it makes it understandable for us as readers.
We’ve talked a lot about how we chose to frame this and what we chose to focus on. All of it was driven by the holdings, but there are gaps. This is a very masculine, ideal image of this national identity. I would have loved to have more about who were the female subjects in the poem, how they were treated.
Do you think this experience will inform your careers in archives and libraries in any way? If so, how?
MA: For me, I think it definitely will. This was my first time creating an exhibition and I really had to think about how there are so many access points to materials in archives and rare books.
Previously, my work has been in providing reference, so I had to think about instruction in rare books and archives. How do I teach someone about these materials? How do I help tell a story? What kind of framing am I providing to this knowledge? That’s really one of the reasons that I chose this program and that I am interested in for my career—how is cultural knowledge framed by archives and museums, and what is it communicating to audiences?
JN: I agree. Creating an exhibit is so different from providing reference. It’s putting it out there and then hoping it conveys the messages that we want it to convey.
Also, it was my first [time] to put my experience of working in libraries and archives and my Latin American academic experience together. I do that when I do reference or processing, but putting an exhibition together is really thinking, what is my previous knowledge of Argentine history and politics? And what are my gaps, and how do I use my background to build on that?
Another point is working collaboratively. We were able to bring both of our different experiences to put this one project together. Librarianship is very collaborative work—that is what they teach us at the iSchool. Being able to put that on something that wasn’t just a class project was a great experience as well.
Ryan Lynch is Head of Special Collections and Senior Archivist at the Nettie Lee Benson Latin American Collection.
Melissa Aslo de la Torre is a master’s student at the School of Information at UT Austin (iSchool).
Janette Núñez is a dual-degree master’s student at LLILAS and the iSchool.
BY KATIE COLDIRON
The Benson Latin American Collection is a beacon for Latin Americanist scholars the world over. It has drawn researchers to examine its archival gems, particularly its strength in holdings that shed light on Mexico and Central America. Over the past few years, the Benson has further diversified its collection to better represent other parts of Latin America and strengthen its holdings on materials from the Caribbean as well as Latinx and African diasporas in the United States. Its well-deserved status as the top Latin American and Caribbean-focused collection in the United States is what drew me to UT Austin in the first place.
Before I was an Information Studies student at UT, I was a first-time graduate student diving into academia at the University of Florida. Having found employment in UF’s Latin American and Caribbean Collection, I was soon inspired by the wide variety of unique Cuban holdings present, such as autographed first editions of works by Cuba’s national hero and author José Martí. The mentorship of scholars of Cuba like historian Lillian Guerra further drew me into Cuban Studies. Five years and many trips later, Cuba continues to capture my interests, particularly now that I live and work in Miami, where the highest number of Cuban Americans in the United States reside.
It should come as no surprise that the collection I am reviewing relates to Cuba. With the assistance of the Benson’s Caribbean Studies liaison librarian Adrian Johnson, I came across the McFarland Cuban Plantation Records. It is a bilingual collection of correspondence, company records, legal documents, news clippings, and personal photos relating to the Cuban Plantation Company of Nueces County, Texas. The company was originally organized and incorporated in New York State by twenty Pennsylvanians who came together to buy a 1000-acre plantation near Holguín, a city in eastern Cuba. The date of the incorporation, October 1, 1902, is important, as it came less than five months after the end of the four-year U.S. military occupation of Cuba following the conclusion of the Cuban War of Independence. During this turbulent period, Cubans negotiated with the legacies of Spanish colonialism as well as the neo-imperial presence of the United States at all levels of society.[1] Following the formal end of the occupation, U.S. interests did not disappear, but rather intensified, with 13,000 North Americans having bought land in Cuba by 1905.[2]
Of those twenty Pennsylvanians mentioned previously, nineteen eventually stopped paying the interest on their loans and thus ceased to be a part of the Cuban Plantation Company. The only original investor who remained was one J.F. McFarland. McFarland would eventually pass ownership of the company to his two sons, and in 1953, they officially changed the business’s name to the Cuban Plantation Company of Nueces County, Texas. During this period, their landholdings became entangled with a brewing revolutionary fervor against the brutal dictatorship of military strongman Fulgencio Batista, who was backed by multiple U.S. public and private interests. However, the story of the Cuban Revolution and the eventual agrarian reform that would affect U.S. interests like the those of the McFarlands is not a simple one.
Agrarian reform was on everyone’s minds, both inside and outside of Cuba. In June 1959, then–Prime Minister of Cuba Fidel Castro told the U.S. Ambassador to Cuba Philip Bonsal that agrarian reform was “a matter of life and death.” U.S. landowners like the McFarlands and the United Fruit Company, which was the single-largest landowner in Cuba, found the prospect of agrarian reform worrisome. As the McFarland records show, they like many others assumed that Cuba’s revolutionary experiment would not last long. For example, in a 1959 letter from J.R. McFarland, the secretary-treasurer of the Cuban Plantation Company, to lawyer Dr. Pedro Ferrer y Coba, McFarland wrote, “We also feel that the dictatorship of Castro will sooner or later terminate because of lack of finances, because he has alienated the people or governments from which he might have obtained finances.” In the same letter, McFarland also notes that the company felt they would be paid “a price below the actual worth of the land” or “in bonds of uncertain value.” As the years passed and Cuba found economic stability through a relationship with the Soviet Union, these assumptions turned into legal efforts to secure some form of compensation for expropriated properties. In the McFarland records, one can see that their efforts to receive compensation for their land continued as late as 1971.
The culture of the U.S. plantation in Cuba was one in which North American custom reigned supreme, with many plantations having their own police forces subject only to the laws set by the landowner.[3] This detested system, and the poverty it created in the Cuban countryside, were so unpopular that agrarian reform was overwhelmingly supported by Cuba’s middle classes. As Lillian Guerra shows in her pivotal work on the first decade following the triumph of the Cuban Revolution, the Cuban middle classes supported agrarian reform via monetary donations, donations of agricultural machinery, and some even opening their homes to visiting guajiros (Cubans from the countryside) in a government PR initiative to open the luxuries of the city previously unavailable to them.[4]
While agrarian reform was wildly popular at its initiation, certain instances during this period foreshadow what would become an authoritarian regime. Fidel Castro directly controlled the agency tasked with instituting agrarian reform, the Instituto Nacional de Reforma Agraria, or INRA, along with a host of other government entities.[5] As he expanded his personal popularity and power, he also put his allies in positions that they were not always qualified for. For example, the medical doctor Ernesto “Che” Guevara was appointed as the head of the national bank. Urban underground activists, commonly known as “la clandestinidad,” who had fought on behalf of Castro’s 26th of July Movement, were displaced by those of the Partido Socialista Popular, a covertly Stalinist party and the not-too-distant allies of Fulgencio Batista during his first presidency and later dictatorship.[6]
The McFarland records provide little insight into life on their farm, but the collection includes a brief memoir about a family/company trip to Cuba written by J.R. McFarland, son of J.F. The farm is romanticized as a quaint country estate, but the tenants, like other facets of Cuba in the eyes of the author, are portrayed as primitive. Furthermore, racist imagery is present throughout, with most Cubans encountered labeled as “negroes.” This label also does not take into consideration the diversity of racial identifications in Cuba, where like other parts of Latin America and the Caribbean, a variety of racial identifications exist apart from the dichotomy of “black” and “white.”[7] These instances provide important context for the plethora of social ills that arise when foreign entities control the land and people of an independent country. The agrarian reform in its infancy was a noble cause that enjoyed support from the Cuban masses and was a glimmer of hope for those seeking a more independent and egalitarian nation. Nonetheless, it would be a mistake to dismiss what came after this period of hope.
The principal crop of the Cuban Plantation Company was sugar, a hugely important product in Cuban history. Early revolutionary ideals of crop diversification and self-sufficiency were displaced for more of the same. Instead of supplying the bulk of its sugar harvest to the United States, Cuba would instead provide its cash crop to the USSR. In the Soviet era, Cuba functioned as a quasi-colony of the USSR in the Western Hemisphere. Additionally, failed agricultural initiatives like the Ten Million Ton Harvest (Zafra de los Diez Millones), which emptied other professional sectors of personnel in the name of carrying out a hefty sugar harvest, created ration shortages and the corruption of the ration system itself.[8] With the collapse of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s, Cuba faced a massive decrease in food supply, with a 50% decrease in overall food production within its own borders.[9] This food insecurity has not been overcome to this day, with increasingly difficult U.S. economic sanctions, failed state agricultural policy, dependence on a limited supply of imports, and a stagnant economic structure where success is often determined by race, gender, lucrative familial connections abroad, and geographic location.[10]
My time at UT Austin taught me much about amplifying voices that have been historically absent from the archive. At the Wolfsonian Public Humanities Lab of Florida International University, we are seeking to do just that, with strategic community partnerships around South Florida to document oral histories and create a more all-encompassing archive of the region and how different groups have experienced it. About archiving Cuban themes in South Florida, the tradition has been to almost exclusively preserve the stories of pre-1959 Cuba, prominent members of the exile community, and dissidents. While these stories are important, they should nonetheless be complemented by those of individuals who were brought up in Cold War–era and post–USSR collapse Cuba, as well as the more quotidian stories of Cuban exile life in South Florida from recent decades. As someone who has lived in and researched Cuba, I learned early on that the hyperpoliticization of the subject of Cuba leads to anyone willingly diving into post-1959, in-country themes being met with suspicion. However, for the sake of engaging research, preservation, and ultimately positive change in Cuba, these themes must not be pushed to the side.
While the situation I have described is unique, the Benson nonetheless offers a great example for these goals. The Benson’s historic holdings, like the Genaro García Collection and the Joaquín García Icazbalceta Manuscript Collection, are being complemented by newer, digitally based initiatives like the Voces Oral History Archive and post-custodial digitization in the region with partners like the Colombian Proceso de Comunidades Negras, or PCN. My hope is that one day, the archives in South Florida that more closely resemble the McFarland Collection can coexist with those of Cubans who lived through the turbulent decades of the Revolution, and those who came to Florida in later decades seeking libertad.
Throughout my professional and personal life in Florida and Cuba, I have seen both sides of the partisan battles surrounding Cuba and its contested future. On one side are those academics and activists who celebrate the successes of the Cuban Revolution without acknowledging the extent of its failures. On the other side, many in the Miami exile community, as well some U.S. politicians, are unable to see the dire human costs of the trade embargo and toughening U.S. sanctions. The lack of room for critique leads to Cubans being nothing more than symbols to justify one view or the other, while also leaving Cubans—to borrow the words of cultural anthropologist Noelle Stout—“to make the long, hot walk back to their normal lives” when they are no longer on the radar of foreigners or the exile community.[11] In this moment, a climactic and potentially transformative one for the people of Cuba, they must be seen as more than props in a partisan battle, but agents in their own destiny.
Editor’s Note: This piece was originally published September 16, 2021, in the series Journey into the Archive: History from the Benson Latin American Collection, a collaboration between the Benson and Not Even Past. View the original here.
About the Author
A native of Kentucky, Katie L. Coldiron moved to Florida in 2016 to pursue a master’s degree at the University of Florida’s Center for Latin American Studies, and she undertook her thesis research in Cuba under the advisement of Dr. Lillian Guerra. She was also introduced to library and archival work at UF, and parlayed different roles held during her time as a student into a position digitizing Cuban Judaica items and periodicals on the ground in Havana, all part of a post-custodial digitization project undertaken by the UF George A. Smathers Libraries. Following this experience, Katie enrolled in a library and information science master’s program at The University of Texas at Austin. During her time at UT Austin, Katie served as a graduate research assistant for digital projects at the UT Libraries, where she assisted area studies librarians on various facets of their digital projects. She also was a FLAS fellow at the Teresa Lozano Long Institute of Latin American Studies. Katie is currently working as the Digital Archivist and Project Manager for the Wolfsonian Public Humanities Lab at Florida International University. She can be found on Twitter: @katielcoldiron.
Notes
[1] Mariel Iglesias Utset, A Cultural History of Cuba During the U.S. Occupation, 1898–1902 (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2011).
[2] Louis M. Pérez, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1999).
[3] Ibid.
[4] Lillian Guerra, Visions of Power in Cuba: Revolution, Redemption, and Resistance, 1959–1971 (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2012).
[5] Ibid.
[6] Ibid.
[7] Devyn Spence Benson, Antiracism in Cuba: The Unfinished Revolution (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2016).
[8] Guerra, 2012.
[9] Pérez, 2019.
[10] Hannah Garth, Food in Cuba: The Pursuit of a Decent Meal (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2020).
[11] Noelle M. Stout, After Love: Queer Intimacy and Erotic Economies in Post-Soviet Cuba (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2014).
By Diego A. Godoy
Voluminous lists of banned or redacted books, laced with sanctimonious commentary—or, early modern Spanish “cancel culture.” The illustrated family tree of a womanizing, bald curate named Miguel Hidalgo. Op-eds fawning over every viperous protagonist of the Revolution.
Researchers will find these items and more in the Genaro García Collection. A Zacatecan politico-cum-historian, and eventual director of Mexico’s Museo Nacional de Historia, Arqueología y Etnología, García began amassing books and other items documenting the history, culture, and politics of his country at a young age—a habit he, thankfully, never broke. In 1921, a year after his death, García’s family sold his vast treasure trove of Mexicana to the University of Texas after the Mexican government had reportedly demonstrated little interest. Seven tons of manuscripts, books, periodicals, photographs, and other printed materials made their way to Austin, becoming the seeds of what would flourish into the Nettie Lee Benson Latin American Collection. It is one of the world’s premier archives for the Mexicophile.
Unlike many aspiring young historians, I was never a devotee of archives. I never revered the yellowed, brittle sheets of paper and the “stories” they harbored. Nothing was less appealing to me than spending the better part of a workday in some record office, wearily attempting to distill something relevant from a sea of irrelevancies, surrounded by researchers whose social ineptitude rivaled my own. I had ventured into multiple repositories and each time failed to become a convert. Perhaps this is why I gravitated toward intellectual history when it came time to find my niche. I am a believer in the book and the essay—heresy to the ears of some in the historical profession.
Then I began my position as the Castañeda Graduate Research Assistant at the Benson Latin American Collection. The job entailed creating metadata for digitized selections from the García Collection. I considered it a simple way to add some much-needed lines to my curriculum vitae, not to mention supplement my miserly graduate student salary. Yet it ended up washing away much of the aversion I felt toward archives, and introduced me to another career possibility.
After the initial new-job jitters, there was something serenely satisfying about delving into this collection. I was not a visiting researcher working against the clock to find useful bits of evidence for my own studies. I was there to calmly soak it all in, and then produce data, without any personal motive. Moreover, examining these raw materials of Mexican history proved to be a first-rate course in the subject—far more enlightening than any three-month-long seminar could ever be.
Writing metadata is, essentially, an element of the historian’s craft. One has to sit with and scrutinize an item in order to correctly interpret it. Often, this requires a healthy dose of research. Because I was not trained as a historian of colonial Latin America, documents created before the 19th century required additional research to properly contextualize them, as well as a resolute eye to decipher early-modern script. Then there is the authorial question, which occasionally demands another mini investigative journey. The end products are detailed, bilingual descriptions, and other data that, ideally, facilitate the researcher’s job.
I began working mostly with documents dating from about 1810 to 1920. The Imprints and Images section of the García archive consists of graphic materials, such as maps, lithographs, and posters. The Broadsides and Circulars portion, on the other hand, is more textual and consists of widely distributed papers relating to Mexico’s War of Independence (1810–1821) and the Revolution (1910–1920), but is no less captivating. These approximately 1,200 items are now viewable on the collections portal, and materials from the photographs, archives and manuscripts, and rare books parts of the collection are continually being uploaded.
Currently on my docket are digitized selections from Archives and Manuscripts. This section contains individual historical manuscripts from the 16th to the 19th centuries. Those from the 1500s have proven to be the most challenging, not only due to my lack of paleography skills but also my unfamiliarity with early-modern Spanish grammar. But a fair share of focus and tenacity goes a long way. The “Archives” portion holds the papers of several prominent 19th-century characters, such as Lucas Alamán, the conservative statesman and intellectual, and Antonio López de Santa Anna, the peg-legged vendor of national territory. It will be a welcome break from my travails through the colonial era.
I am glad to play a pivotal role in the Benson’s initiatives to develop its digital collections. Digitization, after all, serves to democratize research and pedagogy by making rare and remote materials easily accessible to anyone with an internet connection. Now, scholars unable to jet off to Austin from, say, Genaro García’s home country of Mexico, can consult his collection from their laptops. Digital content also allows for innovative exhibition practices, like online showcases with interactive features. And perhaps most importantly, digitization safeguards our cultural heritage by producing a virtual “backup.”
The digitization and metadata creation for the Images and Imprints and Broadsides and Circulars materials were generously funded by the Latin Americanist Research Resources Project (LARRP), Center for Research Libraries, with additional funds provided in honor of Consuelo Castañeda Artaza and her sons. Of course, none of this could have been accomplished without the dedication of several Benson employees. David Bliss, Itza Carbajal, Robert Esparza, Mirko Hanke, Dylan Joy, Ryan Lynch, Madeleine Olson, and Theresa Polk all made indispensable contributions to the digitization and publication of these items.
It has been over two years since I began this position. I am still a devout fan of books and other easily available, published sources. But I am no longer agnostic about the pleasures of archives, at least not the one described here.
Diego A. Godoy is a PhD candidate in Latin American history at The University of Texas at Austin and Castañeda Graduate Research Assistant at the Benson Latin American Collection. Before coming to Texas, he earned an MA in history from Claremont Graduate University. He is broadly interested in the intellectual and cultural history of the region. His particular focus is on the history of criminology, detection, and crime writing. He is author, most recently, of the article “Inside the Agrasánchez Collection of Mexican Cinema,” which appeared in the fall 2020 issue of Portal magazine.
Read, hot & digitized: Librarians and the digital scholarship they love — In this series, librarians from the Libraries’ Arts, Humanities and Global Studies Engagement Team briefly present, explore and critique existing examples of digital scholarship to encourage and inspire critical reflection of and future creative contributions to the growing fields of digital scholarship.
Together with diaries and memoirs in print, audio-visual testimonies are primary sources that shed light on the lived experience of people who experienced the Holocaust. There are a few institutions around the world that produce, curate, and publish such testimonies;[1] one of them is the Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies at Yale university. The mission of the Fortunoff archive is to “record and project the stories of those who were there.” Established in 1981, and based on a donation of testimonies previously videotaped since 1979 by The Holocaust Survivors Film Project, the archive works to record, collect, and preserve Holocaust witness testimonies, and to make its collection available to researchers, educators, and the general public.[2]
Fred Alford, professor emeritus of the university of Maryland, researches the way trauma becomes embedded in nations, societies, and groups[3]; upon his research in the Fortunoff archive, he asserted that “testimonies are important [because they] make a historical abstraction real.”[4] Witnesses remind us that the Holocaust was made of people, victims, and executioners. He argues that a proper psychoanalytic interpretation can help us understand not merely the suffering of survivors, but can remind us of an equally important fact: “…. that for every torment there was a tormenter, for every degradation a degrader, for every humiliation one who inflicted it. For every death a murderer……”
He goes on to say that “We listen to witnesses in order to understand their suffering, and we seek to understand their suffering in order to understand better regimes of organized terror and the role they play in our lives……We listen to witnesses in order to remember better that their suffering comes at the hands of regimes that are made of people.”[5]
The Fortunoff archive currently holds more than 4,400 testimonies, which are comprised of over 12,000 recorded hours. Testimonies were produced in cooperation with 36 affiliated projects across North America, South America, Europe, and Israel. The archive and its affiliates recorded the testimonies of willing individuals with first-hand experience of the Nazi persecutions, including those who were in hiding, survivors, bystanders, resistants, and liberators. Testimonies were recorded in whatever language the witness preferred, and range in length from 30 minutes to over 40 hours (recorded over several sessions).
While the database allows for various searching, sorting, and limiting options – using the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) as a form of a common controlled vocabulary – it also has more advanced Digital Humanities tools which were developed together with the Yale DHLab.
Let them speak (LTS) is a digital anthology of testimonies from three different collections – United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), the Shoah Foundation at the University of Southern California (USC VA), and the Fortunoff archive. The anthology includes a search tool that employs corpus query language which allows for more sophisticated searches like Lemma searches. The goal is to demonstrate the value of these linguistics tools for exploring large numbers of audiovisual materials, as well as make a first attempt to bring collections of testimonies into the same digital space. The LTS tool is slated to go live by December 2020.
The Collection metadata dashboard is a visual representation of the collection descriptions, as it allows filtering by various parameters, such as date (birth year and recording year), birth place, subject, gender, language of testimony, and affiliate programs from which testimonies were received. One could access each testimony directly from the dashboard. A useful functionality is the ability to search for subject headings in the dashboard and limit the results further by additional parameters. For example, a search for the term “childbirth” would reveal five subject headings related to the term; clicking on “childbirth in concentration camps” would bring up 98 testimonies.
The Testimony citation database shows data on cited testimonies, publications that cited them, and the authors of those publications. Some authors’ names are linked to the author’s website, their page on the OCLC WorldCat Identities database, or their authority file on the Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) database. Searching for Fred Alford, the scholar cited above, one would realize that he has made 60 citations to 26 testimonies in 5 publications. These testimonies and publications are linked from the results page.
The Fortunoff archive is open to any student or researcher either on site, or online through an ‘access site.’ Currently there are 84 access sites around the world in academic libraries, museums, and research centers. The University of Texas Libraries has joined the project as an access site in summer 2019. The archive is accessible to UT affiliates both on and off campus, as well as to non-UT walk-in visitors on campus. All users would need to create an account with Yale’s Aviary, the archive’s digital access system. Searching and browsing is done through that personal account. There is no cost involved. UT affiliates could also access their Aviary account, and the archive, through a proxy connection to UT and/or a VPN.
The UT Libraries holds 390 items (in print and online) that deal with personal narratives and testimonies of holocaust survivors. Most of these items are autobiographies or diaries, while others are audiovisual materials, research and analysis of personal narratives, and collections of individual testimonies. The Fortunoff database itself is also accessible through the library catalog.
[1] The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), The Yad Vashem Museum in Jerusalem, The British Library (London), and The University of Southern California (USC) Shoah Foundation.
[2] https://fortunoff.library.yale.edu/about-us/our-story/
[3] https://gvpt.umd.edu/facultyprofile/alford/c-fred
[4] Alford, C. Why Holocaust Testimony is Important, and how Psychoanalytic Interpretation can Help…but only to a Point. Psychoanal Cult Soc 13, 221–239 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1057/pcs.2008.16
[5] Ibid.
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correct_award_00058
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FactBench
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2
| 15
|
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1967/asturias/speech/
|
en
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Miguel Angel Asturias – Banquet speech
|
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The Nobel Prize in Literature 1967 was awarded to Miguel Angel Asturias "for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America"
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en
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NobelPrize.org
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https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1967/asturias/speech/
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Miguel Angel Asturias
Banquet speech
English
Spanish
Miguel Angel Asturias’ speech at the Nobel Banquet at the City Hall in Stockholm, December 10, 1967
(Translation)
My voice on the threshold. My voice coming from afar. On the threshold of the Academy. It is difficult to become a member of a family. And it is easy. The stars know it. The families of luminous torches. To become a member of the Nobel family. To become an heir of Alfred Nobel. To blood ties, to civil relationship, a new consanguinity is added, a more subtle kinship, born of the spirit and the creative task. And this was perhaps the unspoken intention of the founder of this great family of Nobel Prize winners. To enlarge, through time, from generation to generation, the world of his own kin. As for me, I enter the Nobel family as the least worthy to be called among the many who could have been chosen.
I enter by the will of this Academy, whose doors open and close once a year in order to consecrate a writer, and also because of the use I made of the word in my poems and novels, the word which, more than beautiful, is responsible, a concern not foreign to that dreamer who with the passing of time would shock the world with his inventions – the discovery of the most destructive explosives then known – for helping man in his titanic chores of mining, digging tunnels, and constructing roads and canals.
I do not know if the comparison is too daring. But it is necessary. The use of destructive forces, the secret which Alfred Nobel extracted from nature, made possible in our America the most colossal enterprises. Among them, the Panama Canal. A magic of catastrophe which could be compared to the thrust of our novels, called upon to destroy unjust structures in order to make way for a new life. The secret mines of the people, buried under tons of misunderstanding, prejudices, and taboos, bring to light in our narrative – between fables and myths – with blows of protest, testimony, and denouncement, dikes of letters which, like sands, contain reality to let the dream flow free or, on the contrary, contain the dream to let reality escape.
Cataclysms which engendered a geography of madness, terrifying traumas, such as the Conquest: these cannot be the antecedents of a literature of cheap compromise; and, thus, our novels appear to Europeans as illogical or aberrant. They are not shocking for the sake of shock effects. It is just that what happened to us was shocking. Continents submerged in the sea, races castrated as they surged to independence, and the fragmentation of the New World. As the antecedents of a literature these are already tragic. And from there we have had to extract not the man of defeat, but the man of hope, that blind creature who wanders through our songs. We are peoples from worlds which have nothing like the orderly unfolding of European conflicts, always human in their dimensions. The dimensions of our conflicts in the past centuries have been catastrophic.
Scaffoldings. Ladders. New vocabularies. The primitive recitation of the texts. The rhapsodists. And later, once again, the broken trajectory. The new tongue. Long chains of words. Thought unchained. Until arriving, once again, after the bloodiest lexical battles, at one’s own expressions. There are no rules. They are invented. And after much invention, the grammarians come with their language-trimming shears. American Spanish is fine with me, but without the roughness. Grammar becomes an obsession. The risk of anti-grammar. And that is where we are now. The search for dynamic words. Another magic. The poet and the writer of the active word. Life. Its variations. Nothing prefabricated. Everything in ebullition. Not to write literature. Not to substitute words for things. To look for word-things, word-beings. And the problems of man, in addition. Evasion is impossible. Man. His problems. A continent that speaks. And which was heard in this Academy. Do not ask us for genealogies, schools, treatises. We bring you the probabilities of a word. Verify them. They are singular. Singular is the movement, the dialogue, the novelistic intrigue. And most singular of all, throughout the ages there has been no interruption in the constant creation.
Prior to the speech, Hugo Theorell, Professor at the Caroline Institute, made the following remarks: «One of our most competent literary critics has pointed out that this year’s Nobel Prize winner in Literature, Miguel Angel Asturias, in one of his most important books, El Senor Presidente, produces a strong effect by skilfully working with time and light – again our common ‹theme with variations›. Asturias paints in dark colours – against this background the rare light makes a so much stronger impression with his passionate, but artistically well balanced, protest against tyranny, injustice, slavery, and arbitrariness. He transforms glowing indignation into great literary art. This is indeed admirable.
May times come when conditions like those condemned by Mr. Asturias belong to history; when human beings live peacefully and happily together. This was indeed what Alfred Nobel hoped to promote by his Prizes.
Mr. Asturias – We sincerely admire your literary craftsmanship, and we hope that your work will contribute to ending the shameful social conditions that you have described with such impressive intensity. We congratulate you on your Nobel Prize, which you so very much deserve.»
From Nobel Lectures, Literature 1901-1967, Editor Horst Frenz, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1969
Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1967
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correct_award_00058
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FactBench
|
1
| 17
|
https://www.art.com/products/p41824317387-sa-i10034444/1967-nobel-laureate-for-literature-guatemalan-poet-miguel-angel-asturias-receives-congratulations.htm
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en
|
'1967 Nobel Laureate for Literature, Guatemalan Poet Miguel Angel Asturias Receives Congratulations' Photo
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1967 Nobel Laureate for Literature, Guatemalan Poet Miguel Angel Asturias Receives Congratulations Photo. Find art you love and shop high-quality art prints, photographs, framed artworks and posters at Art.com. 100% satisfaction guaranteed.
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art.com
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https://www.art.com/products/p41824317387-sa-i10034444/1967-nobel-laureate-for-literature-guatemalan-poet-miguel-angel-asturias-receives-congratulations.htm
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correct_award_00058
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FactBench
|
2
| 42
|
https://dashamlav.com/kb/world/nobel-prize-winners/miguel-angel-asturias-1967-literature-nobel-prize/
|
en
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Miguel Angel Asturias: Nobel Prize Winners
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All the details about the Nobel Prize in Literature won by Miguel Angel Asturias in the year 1967. Nobel Prize Awardees are considered to be the winners of world's highest award.
|
en
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Dashamlav
|
https://dashamlav.com/kb/world/nobel-prize-winners/miguel-angel-asturias-1967-literature-nobel-prize/
|
Motivation
for the Awardfor his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America
|
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correct_award_00058
|
FactBench
|
3
| 18
|
https://www.lac.ox.ac.uk/article/the-latin-american-boom-phenomenon-in-the-publishing-world
|
en
|
The Latin American Boom Phenomenon in the Publishing World
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en
|
https://www.lac.ox.ac.uk/article/the-latin-american-boom-phenomenon-in-the-publishing-world
|
I am about to submit a PhD dissertation, ‘Constructing Hegemony: The Latin American Boom and the Book Industries of Spain and Mexico, 1963-1967’, at the University of Cambridge. It is a comparative study of the book industries of both countries.
I refer to the phenomenon that put Latin American novels and writers on the international spotlight for the first time in history during the 60s and early ’70s of last century. I identified the fundamental role played by the novelists Julio Cortázar, Gabriel García Márquez, Carlos Fuentes and Mario Vargas Llosa; and also by a literary agent, Carmen Balcells; an editor, Carlos Barral, and a city, Barcelona.
I have been studying events such as the emergence of professional writers and the establishment of new rules for book rights, in terms of time periods, percentages, advanced and incremental payments and an unheard-of drive to translate books written in Spanish into other languages. I thought sociology had missed an opportunity of examining the role the Boom played in setting a new centre of power for the publishing industry in the Spanish-speaking world.
Ángel Esteban and Ana Gallego declare that «The 60s and ’70s have been a veritable golden age of Latin American literature». Xavi Ayén wrote that the Boom was «the main event of literature in Spanish during the past century». Also, central to the Boom was that it involved an enormous number of readers. Mexican historian Javier Garcíadiego states: «It was the Spanish industry that really made a market for Latin American literature». Meanwhile, the Peruvian scholar José Miguel Oviedo does not deny the phenomenon as a commercial event, but states that there was also a «great conjunction of great novels».
Apart from the writers, the other players I analyse are an editor, a literary agent and a city. Barral was an editor and founder of publishing house Seix-Barral. He also created the Biblioteca Breve Prize, which was a key part in enabling the internationalisation of writers. Balcells was the literary agent responsible for giving rise to the global dimension of Latin American novels and for providing the publishing field with new stipulations in author-editor contracts.
As for location, Barcelona was the permanent place of residence for Balcells and Barral, temporary home to García Márquez and Vargas Llosa, and also the business address of Seix-Barral and Literary Agency Carmen Balcells, as well as several other important publishing companies. It was indeed a capital of publishing.
In publishing terms, Vargas Llosa’s Time of the Hero/La ciudad y los perros (1963), opened the Boom phenomenon. A few years later, García Márquez’ One Hundred Years of Solitude/Cien años de soledad, first published in Argentina in 1967, was, a milestone in the history of publishing in the Spanish language for its level of sales. It also signalled the normalisation of the new ways established by the Boom.
In 1967, the Boom was already shaping the global cultural influence of the Spanish language in the world. That year, the Guatemalan Miguel Ángel Asturias won the Nobel Prize for Literature. In Venezuela Vargas Llosa was awarded the Rómulo Gallegos Prize for The Green House/La casa verde. In Barcelona the Biblioteca Breve Prize was awarded to Fuentes’ for A Change of Skin/Cambio de piel.
It was also in 1967 that the turning point in publishing history incarnated in solid terms for the Latin American writers when Balcells demanded higher percentages in royalties and time limits which opened the path for renewals and renegotiations that would allow her authors to evolve as professional writers, an unknown category until that moment in Spanish language publishing.
21 April 2020
Consuelo Sáizar is a book publisher and editor, and a scholar in Media Studies and Cultural Sociology. She did a BA in Media Studies at Universidad Iberoamericana in Mexico City, where she also studied Political Science and Government. She has earned an MPhil in Modern Society and Global Transformations at the University of Cambridge, and is completing a PhD in Sociology, also at Cambridge. From 2017 to 2018, she was a Research Scholar at Harvard University. She is a former CEO of Editorial Jus and Hoja Casa Editorial, both major private Mexican publishing houses, and of the public Fondo de Cultura Económica, one of the most significant publishers in the Spanish language. Also, in public office, she is the former President of the National Council for Culture and the Arts (today’s Mexico’s Ministry of Culture), and of UNESCO’s Regional Centre for the Promotion of Books and Reading in Latin America and the Caribbean. She has been distinguished with awards from the Colombian, Chilean and Spanish governments, as well as from the Mexican state of Nayarit and its Autonomous State University. She is currently completing her doctoral dissertation in Sociology and will publish her masters’ thesis in a Spanish version for the broader public as a book entitled: La industria de la memoria: la dimensión digital del libro, The Industry of Memory: The Digital Side of Books.
Consuelo Sáizar presented a paper on the topic of this article at the Latin American History Seminar on 27 February this year.
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FactBench
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1
| 2
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https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1967/summary/
|
en
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The Nobel Prize in Literature 1967
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The Nobel Prize in Literature 1967 was awarded to Miguel Angel Asturias "for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America"
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NobelPrize.org
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https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1967/summary/
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The Nobel Prize in Literature 1967 was awarded to Miguel Angel Asturias "for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America"
To cite this section
MLA style: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1967. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Sat. 20 Jul 2024. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1967/summary/>
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Nobel Prizes and laureates
Eleven laureates were awarded a Nobel Prize in 2023, for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. Their work and discoveries range from effective mRNA vaccines and attosecond physics to fighting against the oppression of women.
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https://nasher.duke.edu/artwork/5170/
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Asturias #1 from the portfolio Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature (Miguel Angel Asturias) ()
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Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University
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https://nasher.duke.edu/artwork/5170/
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Welcome back!
New summer hours
The museum, café and store have
updated hours through August 1.
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https://www.chillyindia.com/miguel-angel-asturias-rosales-october-19-1899-june-9-1974-was-a-nobel-prize-winning-guatemalan-poet-diplomat-novelist-playwright-and-journalist/
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Miguel Angel Asturias Rosales (October 19, 1899 – June 9, 1974) was a Nobel Prize-winning Guatemalan poet-diplomat, novelist, playwright and journalist.
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2022-10-20T18:50:43+05:30
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#miguel #angel #asturias #rosales #born #october #birthday #nobel #prize #poet #novelist #journalist #american #literature #research #commemorate #news #explore #discovery #history #fact #facebook #google #Chilly #Cockroach #Floor #Drain #Trap #Don't Kill.. #Pollution Nil.. No #Recurring Bill.. Just Chill.. Chill.. Just Chill.. #design #designer #project #interiordesign #interior #decoration #kitchendesign #livingroom #building #vocalforlocal #arogayaliving #buildingmaterial #house #bath #sanitary #construction #architecture #waterproof #bedroom #architecture #apartmentdecor #apartment #hotel #hoteldesign #interiors #designers #architect #architecturedesign #plumbing #consultant #contractor #plumber #engineer #mep #hvac #dealers #retailers #distributors #hospitals #multiplex #cineplex #villas #commercialcomplex #housing #officespace #drainage #pipeline #toilet #bathroom #kitchen #architecturalphotography #civilengineering #interiordesign #architectural #netzerobuilding #kitchendesign #livingroom #building #buildingmaterial #house #bath #sanitary #construction #greenbuilding #officespace #ecofriendlyliving #ecofriendlyproducts #ecofriendlyhome #g.k #general #knowledge
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Chilly Floor Drain Covers | Chilly Cockroach Trap - CCT
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https://gestao.formosa.go.gov.br/textbook-solutions/Resources/download/The_President_Miguel_Angel_Asturias.pdf
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The President Miguel Angel Asturias
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Miguel Angel Asturias
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Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (October 19, 1899 – June 9, 1974) was a Nobel-Prize–winning Guatemalan poet, novelist, and diplomat. Asturias helped establish Latin American literature's contribution to mainstream Western culture, drawing attention to the importance of indigenous cultures, especially those of his native Guatemala.
Asturias was born and grew up in Guatemala, but spent significant time abroad, first in Paris in the 1920s, where he studied anthropology and Indian mythology. Many scholars view him as the first Latin American novelist to show how the study of anthropology and linguistics could affect the writing of literature. While in Paris, Asturias also associated with the Surrealist movement; he is credited with introducing many features of modernist style into Latin American letters. In this way, he is an important precursor of the Latin American Boom of the 1960s and 1970s.
One of Asturias' most famous novels, El Señor Presidente, describes life under a ruthless dictator. Asturias' very public opposition to dictatorial rule led to him spending much of his later life in exile, both in South America and in Europe. The book that is sometimes described as his masterpiece, Hombres de maíz (Men of Maize), is a defense of Mayan culture and customs. Asturias combined his extensive knowledge of Mayan beliefs with his political convictions. His work is often identified with the social and moral aspirations of the Guatemalan people.
After decades of exile and marginalization, Asturias finally received broad recognition in the 1960s. In 1966, he won the Soviet Union's Lenin Peace Prize. The following year he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, only the second Latin American to receive this honor. Asturias spent his final years in Madrid, where he died at the age of 74. He is buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.
Biography
Early life and education
Miguel Ángel Asturias was born in Guatemala City in 1899, a year after the appointment of President Manuel Estrada Cabrera.[1] His father, Ernesto Asturias, was a lawyer and a notary.[2] His mother, María Rosales de Asturias, was a schoolteacher.[3] Ernesto and Maria had two children: Miguel Ángel and Marco Antonio.[2] Asturias' father had political differences with Cabrera retired from his practice. The family was forced to move in 1905 to the town of Salamá, the provincial capital of Baja Verapaz, where Miguel Angel Asturias lived on the farm of his paternal grandparents.[4] This is also a land full of legends and myths that Asturias would later use in his literature.[5] In 1908, when Miguel Ángel was nine, his family returned to the outskirts of the city to live in the Parroquia Vieja suburb where Asturias spent his adolescence and his family established a supply store.[5]
Asturias was guided by Dolores Reyes (AKA "la Lola"), his "nana," to have his first encounters with formal education. He first attended Colegio del Padre Pedro and then, Colegio del Padre Solís.[5] Asturias began writing as a student and wrote the first draft of a story that would later become his novel El Señor Presidente.[6]
In 1922, Asturias and other students founded the Popular University, a community project whereby "the middle class was encouraged to contribute to the general welfare by teaching free courses to the underprivileged."[1] Asturias spent a year studying medicine before switching to the faculty of law at the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala in Guatemala City[7], obtaining his law degree in 1923. He was awarded the Premio Falla as top student in his faculty. It was at this university that he founded the Asociación de Estudiantes Universitarios and the Asociación de estudiantes El Derecho. Both his Associations have been recognized as positively associated with Guatemalan patriotism.[8] Asturias worked as a representative of the Asociación General de Estudiantes Universitarios, traveling to El Salvador and Honduras. In 1920, Asturias participated in the uprising against President Manuel Estrada Cabrera.
Asturias' university thesis, "The Social Problem of the Indian," was published in 1923.[9] In the same year he moved to Europe, after receiving his law degree. He had originally planned to live in England and study political economy but changed his mind.[7] He transferred quickly to Paris, where he studied ethnology at the Sorbonne (University of Paris} and became a militant surrealist under the influence of the French poet and literary theorist André Breton.[10] While there, he was influenced by the gathering of writers and artists in Montparnasse (an area of Paris) and began writing poetry and fiction. During this time, Asturias developed a deep concern for Mayan culture and in 1925 he worked to translate the Mayan sacred text, the Popol Vuh, into Spanish. He also founded a magazine while in Paris called Tiempos Nuevos or "New Times".[11] Asturias stayed in Paris for a total of ten years.
Political career
Asturias returned to Guatemala in 1933, working as a journalist before serving in his country's diplomatic corps. He founded and edited a radio magazine called El diario del aire.[10] He also wrote several volumes of poetry around this time, the first of which was his Sonetos (Sonnets), published in 1936.[10]
In 1942, he was elected to the Guatemalan Congress.[12] In 1946, Asturias embarked upon a diplomatic career, continuing to write while serving in several countries in Central and South America. Asturias held a diplomatic post in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1947 and in Paris, France in 1952.[13]
When Asturias returned to his native country in 1933, he was faced with the dictator Jorge Ubico and a regime that would not tolerate his political ideals. He stayed in Guatemala until 1944. During his time in Guatemala, he published "only poetry, which was characterized by elegant cynicism."[7] Eventually in 1933[14] he broke out of his decade of poetry when a more liberal government ruled the country, writing the novel El Señor Presidente, which explored the world around an unnamed dictator in an unspecified Latin American country. The novel could not be published during the rule of Ubico and so El Señor Presidente did not appear until 1946.[15]
Asturias served as an ambassador to Mexico, Argentina, and El Salvador, between 1946 and 1954. His novel "Men of Maize" was published during his time as ambassador. This novel was organized into multiple parts, each dealing exploring the contrast between traditional Indian culture and modernity.[16]
Exile and rehabilitation
Miguel Àngel Asturias devoted much of his political energy towards supporting the government of Jacobo Arbenz (the successor to Guatemalan ruler Juan José Arévalo Bermejo).[17] Asturias was enlisted for his work as an ambassador to help suppress the threat of rebels from El Salvador. While his efforts were backed by the United States and the El Salvadorean government, the rebels succeeded in invading Guatemala and overthrowing Jacobo Arbenz' rule in 1954. When the government of Jacobo Arbenz fell, Asturias was expelled from the country by Carlos Castillo Armas because of his support for Arbenz. He was stripped of his Guatemalan citizenship and went to live in Buenos Aires, where he spent the next eight years of his life. Even though he remained in exile Asturias did not stop his writing. When a change of government in Argentina made it so that he once more had to seek a new home, Asturias moved to Europe.[18] While living in exile in Genoa his reputation grew as an author with the release of his novel, Mulata de Tal (1963).[19]
In 1966, democratically elected President Julio César Méndez Montenegro achieved power and Asturias was given back his Guatemalan citizenship. Montenegro appointed Asturias as Guatemalan ambassador in Paris, where he served until 1970 and took up a permanent residence.[20]
Later in Asturias' life he helped found the Popular University of Guatemala.[9] Asturias spent his final years in Madrid, where he died in 1974. He is buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.
Family
Miguel Ángel Asturias married his first wife, Clemencia Amado, in 1939. They had two sons, Miguel and Rodrigo Ángel, before divorcing in 1947. Asturias then met and married his second wife, Blanca Mora y Araujo, in 1950.[21] Mora y Araujo was Argentinian, and so when Asturias was deported from Guatemala in 1954, he went to live in the Argentinian capital of Buenos Aires. He lived in his wife's homeland for eight years. They remained married until Asturias' death in 1974.
Asturias' son from his first marriage, Rodrigo Asturias, under the nom de guerre Gaspar Ilom (the name of an indigenous rebel in his father's own novel, Men of Maize), was President of the Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca. The Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca was a rebel group active in the 1980s, during the Guatemalan Civil War, and after the peace accords in 1996.[22]
Major works
Leyendas de Guatemala
Asturias' first major work, Leyendas de Guatemala (Legends of Guatemala; 1930), describes Mayan civilization before the Spanish conquest. The novel brought him critical praise in France as well as in Guatemala. The noted French poet and essayist Paul Valéry wrote of the book (in a letter published as part of the Losada edition), that "I found it brought about a tropical dream, which I experienced with singular delight."[23] The novel used elements of magical realism to tell multiple tales. The novel employs both conventional writing as well as lyrical prose to tell a story about birds and other animals conversing with other archetypal human beings.[24]
For Gerald Martin, it is "the first major anthropological contribution to Spanish American literature."[25] Jean Franco describes the book as "lyrical recreations of Guatemalan folk-lore many of which drew their inspiration from pre-Columbian and colonial sources."[26]
El Señor Presidente
One of Asturias' most critically acclaimed novels, El Señor Presidente was completed in 1933 but only published in 1946. As one of his earliest works, El Señor Presidente showcases Asturias's talent and influence as a novelist. Zimmerman and Rojas described his work as an "impassioned denunciation of the Guatemalan dictator Manuel Estrada Cabrera."[27] The novel was written during Asturias's exile in Paris.[28] While living completing the novel, Asturias associated with members of the Surrealist movement as well as fellow future Latin American writers such as Arturo Uslar Pietri and the Cuban Alejo Carpentier.[29] El Señor Presidente is one of many novels to explore life under a Latin American dictator; it has been herlded by some as the first real dictator novel.[30]
The actual events are vague and the plot is partially based on real events while the time and locale are fictional. Asturias's novel examines how evil spreads downward from a powerful political leader and into the streets and a country's citizens. Justice is mocked in the novel and escape from the dictator's tyranny is impossible. Each character in the novel is deeply affected by the dictatorship and must struggle to survive in a terrifying reality.[28] The novel travels with several characters, some close to the President and some seeking escape from his regime. The dictator's trusted adviser, whom the reader knows as "Angel Face," falls in love with a General, General Canales daughter Camila. The General is hunted for execution while his daughter is held under house arrest.[31] Angel Face is torn between his love for her and his duty to the President. While the Dictator is never named he has striking similarities to Manuel Estrada Cabrera. El Señor Presidente uses surrealistic techniques and reflects Asturias' notion that Indian's non-rational awareness of reality is an expression of subconscious forces.[32]
Playwright Hugo Carrillo adapted El Señor Presidente into a play in 1974.[33]
Hombres de maíz
Hombres de maíz (Men of Maize, 1949) is usually judged to be Asturias' masterpiece. The novel is written in six parts, each exploring the contrast of traditional Indian customs and a progressive, modernizing society. Asturias' book explores the magical world of indigenous communities, a subject which Asturias was both passionate and knowledgeable. It portrays a rebellion by an isolated tribe of Indians which live remotely in dangerous mountains and at risk of annihilation by the army.[34] The plot revolves around an Indian community (the "corn people") whose land is threatened to be cultivated for profit using methods that will destroy their land. The second part of the novel presents a different perspective by introducing new characters. The later generation comes into contact with Indian figures of the past and they struggle to maintain their ancestral traditions.[35] The story is made relevant by Asturias through his analysis of how European imperialism is used to dominate, control, and transform other civilizations within Latin America and around the world.[36]
Asturias used his extensive knowledge of pre-Columbian literature to tell his story in the form of a myth. Because his novel was presented in such a unique way it was ignored by critics and the public for a long time after its release in 1949.[36]
The Banana Republic Trilogy
Asturias also wrote an epic trilogy on the exploitation of the native Indians on banana plantations: this trilogy, comprised of the novels Viento fuerte (The Cyclone 1950), El Papa Verde (The Green Pope 1954), and Los ojos de los enterrados (The Eyes of the Interred 1960), is a fictional story about foreign control over the Central American banana industry.[7] The volumes were first only published in small quantities in his native country of Guatemala.[15] Asturias finally finished the last book in the Trilogy nearly 20 years after the first two volumes. His critique of the fruit industry and how the Guatemalan natives were exploited eventual earned him the Soviet Union's highest prize, the Lenin Peace Prize. Asturias's recognition marked him as one of the few authors that was recognized in both the West and in the Communist bloc during the period of the Cold War.[37]
Mulata de tal
Asturias published his novel Mulata de tal while he and his wife were living in Genoa in 1963. His novel received many positive reviews; Ideologies and Literature described it as "a carnival incarnated in the novel. It represents a collision between Mayan Mardi Gras and Hispanic baroque."[38] The novel emerged as a major novel during the 1960s.[24] The plot revolves around the battle between Catalina and Yumí to control Mulata (the moon spirit). Yumí and Catalina become experts in sorcery and are criticized by the Church for their practices. The novel uses Mayan mythology and Catholic tradition to form a unique allegory of belief.
Gerald Martin in the Hispanic Review commented that it is "sufficiently obvious that the whole art of this novel rests upon its language. In general, Asturias matches the visual freedom of the cartoon by using every resource the Spanish language offers him. His use of color is striking and immeasurably more liberal than in earlier novels."[39] Asturias built the novel by this unique use of color, liberal theory, and his distinctive use of the Spanish language.[40] His novel also received the Silla Monsegur Prize for the best Spanish-American novel published in France.[9]
Mayan influences
The influence of rich Mayan culture on Asturias' literary work and political life is undeniable.[41] He believed in the sacredness of the Mayan traditions and worked to bring life back into its culture by integrating the Indian imagery and tradition into his novels.[42] For example his novel "Men of Maize" comes from the Mayan belief that humans are created from stalks of corn. Asturias' interest in Mayan culture is notable because many Mayan traditions and cultures were stifled by the influence of the Catholic church.[43] The Spanish in Central America viciously banned certain rituals, destroyed Aztec and Mayan texts and fought to bring the Christian religion to the Indian communities in Guatemala. Asturias' work as a scholar integrated the sacred suppressed tradition back into Latin American Literature.
Asturias studied at the Sorbonne (the University of Paris at that time) with Georges Raynaud, an expert in the culture of the Mayan Quichés, and he eventually finished a translation of the Popol Vuh, the sacred book of the Mayas in 1926.[44] In 1930, fascinated by the legends and myths of the Indians of Guatemala, he wrote Legends of Guatemala".[45]
Jean Franco categorizes Asturias as an "Indianist" author, along with Rosario Castellanos and José María Arguedas. She argues that all three of these writers are led to "break with realism precisely because of the limitations of the genre when it came to representing the Indian."[46] So, for instance, Franco says of Asturias' Hombres de maíz (Men of Maize) that "the technique here is more akin to poetry than to traditional prose, but we feel that this is a more authentic way of representing the Indian mind."[47] She points out also that the novel's temporality "is a mythic time in which many thousands of years may be compressed and seen as a single moment".[46] Even the language of the book is affected: it is "a Spanish so structured as to be analogous to Indian languages."[46]
Legacy
After his death in 1974, Guatemala established an award in his name, the Miguel Àngel Asturias Order. The country's most distinguished literary prize, the Miguel Ángel Asturias National Prize in Literature, is also named in his honor. In addition, Guatemala's National theater is named after him.
Asturias is remembered as a man who believed strongly in maintaining indigenous culture in Guatemala, and who encouraged those who were persecuted. His literature was critically acclaimed, but not always appreciated. But, for Gerald Martin, Asturias is one of what he terms "the ABC writers—Asturias, Borges, Carpentier" who, he argues, "really initiated Latin American modernism."[48]
Critics compare his fiction to that of Franz Kafka, James Joyce, and William Faulkner.[49] His work has been translated into numerous languages such as English, French, German, Swedish, Italian, Portuguese, Russian and many more.
Awards
Asturias received many honors and awards over the course of his career, most notably the 1967 Nobel Prize for literature. The award of the Nobel caused some controversy, as critic Robert G. Mead notes: outside of Latin America, Asturias was still relatively unknown; within Latin America, some thought that there were more deserving candidates.[50] More controversial still was the award of the Soviet Union's 1966 Lenin Peace Prize, for exposing "American intervention against the Guatemalan people."[51] This honor came after his completion of the Banana Trilogy.
Other prizes for Asturias' work include: Premio Galvez, 1923; Chavez Prize, 1923; Prix Sylla Monsegur, for Leyendas de Guatemala, 1931; and Prix du Meilleur Roman Etranger, for El señor presidente, 1952.[18]
Selected works
What follows is a selected bibliography. A fuller list can be found at the Nobel Prize website.[52]
Notes
References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees
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Miguel Angel Asturias Winner of the 1967 Nobel Prize in Literature
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https://www.moon.com/travel/trip-ideas/sights-guatemala-city-zona-10/
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Sights in Guatemala City’s Zona 10
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2023-08-28T18:26:14+00:00
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Zona 10 is home to Guatemala City's most pleasant commercial district, a beautiful example of 19th century architecture, and two excellent museums.
|
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Moon Travel Guides
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https://www.moon.com/travel/trip-ideas/sights-guatemala-city-zona-10/
|
Zona 10 is home to Guatemala City’s most pleasant commercial district, a beautiful example of 19th century architecture, and two excellent museums–one a definite must-see for anyone with even a passing interest in Mayan culture.
Avenida La Reforma
Running between 1a Calle and 20 Calle, Avenida La Reforma is a classic example of the 19th-century trend, common throughout Latin America’s major capitals, of emulating French architectural and urban design with wide, tree-lined boulevards adorned with statues. This broad thoroughfare separates Zonas 9 and 10 and features some of the city’s better hotels, cafés, and restaurants along its path. The wide, grassy median contains some interesting sculptures and makes a great place for a stroll or bike ride thanks to a new bike path running its entire length. La Reforma culminates at the spacious Parque Obelisco, featuring a large obelisk, a gigantic Guatemalan flag, palm trees, a fountain, and sitting areas.
Zona Viva
Within Zona 10, east of Avenida La Reforma all the way to 6a Avenida and running north to south from 10a Calle to 16 Calle, the Zona Viva is Guatemala City’s most pleasant commercial district, with a variety of hip cafés, trendy boutiques, lively bars and nightclubs, excellent restaurants, and expensive hotels. It’s Guatemala City at its best and after long periods in the country’s hinterlands, it can be downright refreshing.
Unlike in downtown Guatemala City, you’ll find plenty of trees sheltering the streets from the harsh tropical sun in addition to wide, pedestrian-friendly sidewalks. Zona Viva’s many high-rise buildings harbor banks, offices, the bulk of Guatemala City’s international hotel chain properties, and condominiums. None of these buildings is more than 20 stories high, as the airport’s proximity limits vertical expansion of the adjacent areas, giving the neighborhood a cosmopolitan feel without the claustrophobic concrete-jungle look found in larger international cities. Interspersed between office buildings are the area’s many dining and entertainment options and tucked away into the side streets are some of Guatemala’s nicest residences sheltered behind walls, barbed wire, and bougainvillea.
During the day, Zona Viva’s streets are mostly the haunt of businesspeople because of the area’s prominence as the city’s main financial district. By night, especially on weekends, it becomes the enclave of young folks heading to bars and nightclubs or dinner at a fancy restaurant. If you find yourself needing to spend a night or two in Guatemala City, you might make it a very enjoyable experience by checking into one of the area’s attractive boutique or international chain hotels, eating at one of the recommended local restaurants, and taking in one or several of the nearby museums. The recent addition of a hostel to the area’s accommodations means this is no longer just an option for wealthy travelers. It is also conveniently close to the airport.
Museo Ixchel
The city’s most magnificent museum, Museum Ixchel (6a Calle Final Zona 10, tel. 2361-8081/2, 9am-5pm Mon.-Fri., 9am-1pm Sat., $4 adults, $2 students, $15-80 for guided tours in English) on the grounds of the Francisco Marroquín University, is dedicated to Mayan culture with an emphasis on weaving and traditional costumes. It’s housed in a beautiful brick building built to resemble a Mayan huipil, or handwoven, embroidered blouse. On display are pre-Hispanic objects, photographs, handwoven fabrics, ceremonial costumes, weaving tools, and folk paintings by Guatemalan artist Andrés Curruchich. You’ll find interactive multimedia displays, a café, bookstore, and huipiles for sale in the excellent gift shop. Displays are in English and Spanish. This museum is a must-see for anyone with even a casual interest in Mayan weaving, as it manages to condense the country’s rich weaving heritage spanning a fairly vast geographical range into a single place with excellent displays and an attractive setting.
Museo Popol Vuh
Next door and also on the university campus is the similarly high-caliber Museo Popol Vuh (tel. 2361-2301, 9am-5pm Mon.-Fri., 9am-1pm Sat., $4 adults, $2 students). Started in 1978 with a university donation by private collectors, it has been in its current location since 1997. The museum houses an impressive collection from Guatemala’s archaeological record grouped in different rooms denoted by Preclassic, Classic, Postclassic, and Colonial themes. The highlight is in the Postclassic room with a replica of the Dresden Codex, one of only three Mayan books to survive their postconquest burning by the Spanish (the other two are the Paris Codex and the Madrid Codex).
Dream, discover, and uncover your next great adventure. Moon Travel Guides takes you on a journey around the world with Wanderlust: A Traveler’s Guide to the Globe.
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correct_award_00058
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FactBench
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0
| 76
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https://m.facebook.com/nobelprize/photos/the-swedish-academy-has-recently-revealed-the-nominations-for-the-1967-nobel-pri/10155237224859103/
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Bei Facebook anmelden
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Melde dich bei Facebook an, um dich mit deinen Freunden, deiner Familie und Personen, die du kennst, zu verbinden und Inhalte zu teilen.
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FactBench
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3
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https://www.commentary.org/articles/jonathan-marks/the-nobel-prize-by-burton-feldman/
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en
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The Nobel Prize by Burton Feldman
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2001-02-01T00:09:00-05:00
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The Nobel Prize: A History of Genius, Controversy, and Prestige by Burton Feldman Arcade. 489 pp. $29.95 In his 1895 will, Alfred Nobel, a Swedish industrialist who made his fortune
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en
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Commentary Magazine
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https://www.commentary.org/articles/jonathan-marks/the-nobel-prize-by-burton-feldman/
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The Nobel Prize: A History of Genius, Controversy, and Prestige
by Burton Feldman
Arcade. 489 pp. $29.95
In his 1895 will, Alfred Nobel, a Swedish industrialist who made his fortune by inventing and selling dynamite, left to posterity a sizable prize fund, stipulating that it be used each year to recognize those individuals “who shall have contributed most materially to benefit mankind.” Today, the Nobel Prize is the most prestigious and coveted award in the world. It is the undisputed arbiter of greatness in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace—the five fields specified by Nobel—as well as in economics, which was added in 1968. Winners earn not just a gold medal and a great sum of money—more than $900,000 last year—but also a considerable measure of intellectual and moral authority. “The awards seem almost to issue not from mere Stockholm,” Burton Feldman writes in his engaging and comprehensive history, “but from some timeless Realm of Objective Judgment.”
Feldman, a professor of English recently retired from the University of Denver, celebrates the genuinely outstanding achievements that the Nobel Prize has so often served to recognize. But he is wary of the award’s unparalleled influence—and its carefully cultivated image of critical rigor. As he ably demonstrates, considerations other than mere excellence have long played a role in the bestowal of the world’s most sought-after laurel.
_____________
It is not easy to explain the success of the Nobel Prize. The Templeton Prize for progress in religion is more lucrative, and the Fields Medal in mathematics, awarded just once every four years, is harder to win. Moreover, the institutions that administer Nobel’s legacy—three Swedish academies and the Norwegian parliament—are not otherwise thought to possess any special competence in discerning the heights of human achievement.
What, then, accounts for the prize’s prestige? Feldman gives much of the credit to the grand ambitions of Nobel himself, who wished to honor excellence without regard to national or disciplinary boundaries. Against the balkanizing tendencies of the modern intellectual world, Nobel established “the first important regular prize to include not only the arts and sciences, but also politics in the form of ‘peace.’ ” Nor has it hurt that during this century of astonishing scientific progress, the prize’s recipients for chemistry, physics, and physiology constitute a “steady procession of greatness,” from Marie Curie, Albert Einstein, and Werner Heisenberg to James Watson and Francis Crick.
Nonetheless, Feldman shows, the Nobel’s track record is far from unblemished, even in the vaunted picks for science. During the prize’s early years, for instance, the kingmaker on both the physics and chemistry juries was Svante Arrhenius, the most famous scientist in Sweden. He backed the physical chemists in their turf war against organic chemists and helped shut geo-and astrophysics out of serious prize consideration. Such prejudices have diminished, but even so, neither the astronomer Edwin Hubble, whose observations provided evidence for the expansion of the universe, nor the geologist Alfred Wegener, who proposed the theory of continental drift, ever won the prize. In addition to oversights like these, there have been several questionable recipients, like Maurice Wilkins, who shared the 1962 prize with Watson and Crick despite having contributed little to uncovering the structure of DNA. He was included, Feldman reports, because of the behind-the-scenes maneuvering of a previous laureate who considered Wilkins the victim of “frightfully bad luck.”
_____________
Whatever the shortcomings of the science prizes, however, worse by far have been the selections for literature. Over the years the Nobel juries have ignored, among many others, Leo Tolstoy, Henrik Ibsen, Mark Twain, Marcel Proust, Henry James, Thomas Hardy, Joseph Conrad, James Joyce, and Robert Frost. Such injustices, Feldman insists, cannot be blamed on a surfeit of deserving writers. In 1901, the first year of the prize, Tolstoy’s greatness was widely recognized; yet the award went to Sully Prudhomme, “as forgettable a poet as can be found in the Nobel’s long list of mediocrities.”
The trouble, in Feldman’s view, is that the Swedish academy responsible for the literature prize has never been able to transcend its own cultural prejudices. In the early years of the prize, when those biases were “spiritualized and conservative,” Tolstoy was dismissed for his “abhorrent” religious sympathies, Ibsen for his “highly adventurous” views on “ethical-sexual questions,” and Hardy for portraying a God Who lacked “any sense of justice or mercy.” More recently, as Feldman is hardly the first to observe, the outlook of the jurors has been “politicized and liberal.”
In 1967, the Guatemalan novelist Miguel Angel Asturias may not have been the best writer of his day, but he was, as his Nobel citation explained, an ardent foe of tyranny, slavery, injustice, and the American trusts—which no doubt explains why he had been awarded the USSR’s Lenin Peace Prize just a year earlier. Or consider the 1997 laureate, Dario Fo, a kind of postmodern performance artist who arguably was not engaged in literature at all but whose candidacy did have one inestimable advantage: the Catholic Church objected to his work, and the Italian authorities had tried, albeit unsuccessfully, to prosecute him.
No wonder, Feldman writes, that the “world’s most prestigious literary award has become widely seen as a political one—a peace prize in literary disguise.” But as for that peace prize itself, Feldman finds little to criticize. True, Nobel’s explicit intention to recognize strictly international good deeds has given way since 1960 to an emphasis on “efforts for peace within a nation.” But this, in Feldman’s estimation, has been a bold and revitalizing step, resulting in the recognition of such courageous worthies as Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Dalai Lama.
_____________
Indeed, looking at the Nobel enterprise as a whole, Feldman believes that it is “healthier” now than at any time in its 100-year history. Whatever the flaws of the prizes, he concludes, “they make us a bit more open to or reverent of greatness.” But is that true?
The problem is not just that several of the awards have become subservient to politics, though Feldman might have said a great deal more about the influence of racial and ethnic concerns on the literature prize in recent decades and the transformation of the peace prize into an endorsement of the liberal cause du jour, even when that cause has been embodied by such dubious heroes as Mikhail Gorbachev and, worse, Yasir Arafat. The more serious charge against the awards for peace and literature alike is that they have seemingly given up on the idea that excellence forges its own criterion, independent of ideology or political fashion. In this respect, the prizes do not “make us a bit more . . . reverent of greatness”; they make us a lot more cynical. Nothing could be farther from the intentions of Alfred Nobel, which have been traduced to a greater extent than Feldman cares to admit.
_____________
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https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/authors/2240400/miguel-angel-asturias
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Penguin Random House Canada
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https://images.randomhouse.com/author/2240400
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https://images.randomhouse.com/author/2240400
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"Miguel Ángel Asturias"
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Miguel Ángel Asturias (1899-1974) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1967. A poet, diplomat, and novelist from Guatemala, he studied law in his home country before continuing his studies in Paris, where he encountered the surrealist writings that would deeply influence his work. In addition to being a prolific writer, he worked as a newspaper correspondent in western Europe and later as an ambassador for Guatemala in Europe and Latin America. He wrote numerous works of fiction, poetry, drama, and essays, including the novels Mr. President and Men of Maize. test
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Penguin Random House Canada
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https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/authors/2240400/miguel-angel-asturias
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FactBench
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3
| 74
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https://huggingface.co/datasets/Tevatron/wikipedia-trivia
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trivia · Datasets at Hugging Face
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We’re on a journey to advance and democratize artificial intelligence through open source and open science.
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https://huggingface.co/datasets/Tevatron/wikipedia-trivia
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1
Which American-born Sinclair won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1930?
[ "(Harry) Sinclair Lewis", "Harry Sinclair Lewis", "Lewis, (Harry) Sinclair", "Grace Hegger", "Sinclair Lewis" ]
[ { "docid": "612144", "text": "Sinclair Lewis Harry Sinclair Lewis (February 7, 1885 – January 10, 1951) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright. In 1930, he became the first writer from the United States to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, which was awarded \"for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters.\" His works are known for their insightful and critical views of American capitalism and materialism between the wars. He is also respected for his strong characterizations of modern working women. H. L. Mencken wrote of him, \"[If] there", "title": "Sinclair Lewis" }, { "docid": "11128508", "text": "Sinclair Lewis Boyhood Home The Sinclair Lewis Boyhood Home is a historic house museum and National Historic Landmark in Sauk Centre, Minnesota, United States. From 1889 until 1902 it was the home of young Sinclair Lewis (1885–1951), who would become the most famous American novelist of the 1920s and the first American to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature. His most famous book, \"Main Street\", was inspired by the town of Sauk Centre as Lewis perceived it from this home. The Sinclair Lewis Foundation acquired the house in 1956 and has restored to its appearance during Lewis's boyhood. They offer", "title": "Sinclair Lewis Boyhood Home" }, { "docid": "1437611", "text": "of an immense exuberance, organic in its form, kinetic, and drenched with the love of life... I rejoice over Mr. Wolfe.\" Both in his 1930 Nobel Prize for Literature acceptance speech and original press conference announcement, Sinclair Lewis, the first American to win the Nobel Prize for literature, said of Wolfe, \"He may have a chance to be the greatest American writer... In fact I don't see why he should not be one of the greatest world writers.\" Upon publication of his second novel, \"Of Time and the River\", most reviewers and the public remained supportive, though some critics found", "title": "Thomas Wolfe" } ]
[ { "docid": "13514258", "text": "analyze its importance on potential future Nobel Prize in Literature laureates. Only Alice Munro (2009) has been awarded with both. The Neustadt International Prize for Literature is regarded as one of the most prestigious international literary prizes, often referred to as the American equivalent to the Nobel Prize. Like the Nobel or the Man Booker International Prize, it is awarded not for any one work, but for an entire body of work. It is frequently seen as an indicator of who may be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Gabriel García Márquez (1972 Neustadt, 1982 Nobel), Czesław Miłosz (1978 Neustadt,", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "13514259", "text": "1980 Nobel), Octavio Paz (1982 Neustadt, 1990 Nobel), Tomas Tranströmer (1990 Neustadt, 2011 Nobel) were first awarded the Neustadt International Prize for Literature before being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Another award of note is the Spanish Princess of Asturias Award (formerly Prince of Asturias Award) in Letters. During the first years of its existence it was almost exclusively awarded to writers in the Spanish language, but in more recent times writers in other languages have been awarded as well. Writers who have won both the Asturias Award in Letters and the Nobel Prize in Literature include Camilo José", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "13514217", "text": "will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. It will not be awarded in 2018, but two names will be awarded in 2019. Although the Nobel Prize in Literature has become the world's most prestigious literature prize, the Swedish Academy has attracted significant criticism for its handling of the award. Many authors who have won the prize have fallen into obscurity, while others rejected by the jury remain widely studied and read. The prize has \"become", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "13514260", "text": "Cela, Günter Grass, Doris Lessing and Mario Vargas Llosa. The America Award in Literature, which does not include a monetary prize, presents itself as an alternative to the Nobel Prize in Literature. To date, Harold Pinter and José Saramago are the only writers to have received both the America Award and the Nobel Prize in Literature. There are also prizes for honouring the lifetime achievement of writers in specific languages, like the Miguel de Cervantes Prize (for Spanish language, established in 1976) and the Camões Prize (for Portuguese language, established in 1989). Nobel laureates who were also awarded the Miguel", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "13514261", "text": "de Cervantes Prize include Octavio Paz (1981 Cervantes, 1990 Nobel); Mario Vargas Llosa (1994 Cervantes, 2010 Nobel); and Camilo José Cela (1995 Cervantes, 1989 Nobel). José Saramago is the only author to receive both the Camões Prize (1995) and the Nobel Prize (1998) to date. The Hans Christian Andersen Award is sometimes referred to as \"the Little Nobel\". The award has earned this appellation since, in a similar manner to the Nobel Prize in Literature, it recognizes the lifetime achievement of writers, though the Andersen Award focuses on a single category of literary works (children's literature). Nobel Prize in Literature", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "13514244", "text": "issue of their \"political stance\" was also raised in response to the awards of the Nobel Prize in Literature to Orhan Pamuk and Doris Lessing in 2006 and 2007, respectively. The 2016 choice of Bob Dylan was the first time a musician and song-writer won the Nobel for Literature. The award caused some controversy, particularly among writers arguing that the literary merits of Dylan's work are not equal to those of some of his peers. Lebanese novelist Rabih Alameddine tweeted that \"Bob Dylan winning a Nobel in Literature is like Mrs Fields being awarded 3 Michelin stars.\" The French Moroccan", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "13514229", "text": "sides of the Nobel Prize medals for Chemistry and Physics share the same design. The medal for the Nobel Prize in Literature was designed by Erik Lindberg. Nobel laureates receive a Diploma directly from the King of Sweden. Each Diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureate that receives it. The Diploma contains a picture and text that states the name of the laureate and normally a citation of why they received the prize. Potential recipients of the Nobel Prize in Literature are difficult to predict as nominations are kept secret for fifty years until they are", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "13514216", "text": "Nobel Prize in Literature The Nobel Prize in Literature () is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, produced \"in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction\" (original Swedish: \"den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framstående verket i en idealisk riktning\"). Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone,", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "13514228", "text": "registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. Each medal features an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse (front side of the medal). The Nobel Prize medals for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death (1833–1896). Nobel's portrait also appears on the obverse of the Nobel Peace Prize medal and the Medal for the Prize in Economics, but with a slightly different design. The image on the reverse of a medal varies according to the institution awarding the prize. The reverse", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "13514222", "text": "promulgated by King Oscar II. According to Nobel's will, the Royal Swedish Academy was to award the Prize in Literature. Each year, the Swedish Academy sends out requests for nominations of candidates for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Members of the Academy, members of literature academies and societies, professors of literature and language, former Nobel literature laureates, and the presidents of writers' organizations are all allowed to nominate a candidate. It is not permitted to nominate oneself. Thousands of requests are sent out each year, and about 220 proposals are returned. These proposals must be received by the Academy by", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "13514230", "text": "publicly available at The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Currently, only nominations submitted between 1901 and 1968 are available for public viewing. This secrecy has led to speculation about the next Nobel laureate. According to Göran Malmqvist of the Swedish Academy, Chinese writer Shen Congwen was to have been awarded the 1988 Nobel Prize in Literature, had he not suddenly died that year. From 1901 to 1912, the committee, headed by the conservative Carl David af Wirsén, weighed the literary quality of a work against its contribution towards humanity's struggle 'toward the ideal'. Tolstoy, Ibsen, Zola, and", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "13514237", "text": "Olsson. In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, but he wrote declining it, stating that \"It is not the same thing if I sign Jean-Paul Sartre or if I sign Jean-Paul Sartre, Nobel Prize laureate. A writer must refuse to allow himself to be transformed into an institution, even if it takes place in the most honorable form.\" Nevertheless he was awarded the prize. Soviet dissident writer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, the 1970 prize laureate, did not attend the Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm for fear that the USSR would prevent his return afterwards (his works there were", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "13514239", "text": "the Swedish Academy at the time, and unknown outside their home country. Bellow received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1976; neither Greene nor Nabokov was awarded it. Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges was nominated for the Prize several times but, as Edwin Williamson, Borges's biographer, states, the Academy did not award it to him, most likely because of his support of certain Argentine and Chilean right-wing military dictators, including Augusto Pinochet, which, according to Tóibín's review of Williamson's \"Borges: A Life\", had complex social and personal contexts. Borges' failure to receive the Nobel Prize for his support of these", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "13514256", "text": "not in any condition to credibly present the award. The New Academy Prize in Literature was created as an alternative award for the 2018 only. The scandal was widely seen as damaging to the credibility of the prize and its authority. \"With this scandal you cannot possibly say that this group of people has any kind of solid judgment,\" noted Swedish journalist Björn Wiman. As noted by Andrew Brown in \"The Guardian\" in a lengthy deconstruction of the scandal: The Nobel Prize in Literature is not the only literary prize for which all nationalities are eligible. Other notable international literary", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "13514233", "text": "of the gesture. He was a candidate for the Nobel Prize in 1904, to be shared with the Provençal writer Frédéric Mistral, in recognition of their contributions to literature in non-official languages. Political pressure from Spain's central government having made this prize impossible, it was eventually awarded to Mistral and to the Spanish language playwright José Echegaray. The choice of Selma Lagerlöf (Sweden 1858–1940) as Nobel Laureate in 1909 (for the 'lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterizes her writings') followed fierce debate because of her writing style and subject matter, which broke literary decorums of the time.", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "13514219", "text": "Some, such as Indian academic Sabaree Mitra, have noted that, though the Nobel Prize in Literature is significant and tends to overshadow other awards, it is \"not the only benchmark of literary excellence.\" Nobel's \"vague\" wording for the criteria for the prize has led to recurrent controversy. In the original Swedish, the word \"idealisk\" translates as \"ideal\". The Nobel Committee's interpretation has varied over the years. In recent years, this means a kind of idealism championing human rights on a broad scale. Alfred Nobel stipulated in his last will and testament that his money be used to create a series", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "13514250", "text": "Alice Munro. French writer Patrick Modiano's win in 2014 renewed questions of Eurocentrism; when asked by \"The Wall Street Journal\" \"So no American this year, yet again. Why is that?\", Englund reminded Americans of the Canadian origins of the previous year's recipient, the Academy's desire for literary quality and the impossibility of rewarding everyone who deserves the prize. In the history of the Nobel Prize in Literature, many literary achievements were overlooked. The literary historian Kjell Espmark admitted that \"as to the early prizes, the censure of bad choices and blatant omissions is often justified. Tolstoy, Ibsen, and Henry James", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "13514235", "text": "Scandinavian lecture tour suggesting that Hammarskjöld was, like Auden, homosexual. In 1962, John Steinbeck received the Nobel Prize for Literature. The selection was heavily criticized, and described as \"one of the Academy's biggest mistakes\" in one Swedish newspaper. \"The New York Times\" asked why the Nobel committee gave the award to an author whose \"limited talent is, in his best books, watered down by tenth-rate philosophising\", adding, \"we think it interesting that the laurel was not awarded to a writer ... whose significance, influence and sheer body of work had already made a more profound impression on the literature of", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "13514257", "text": "prizes include the Neustadt International Prize for Literature, the Franz Kafka Prize, the Man Booker International Prize, and in the 1960s the Formentor Prix International. In contrast to the other prizes mentioned, the Neustadt International Prize is awarded biennially. The journalist Hephzibah Anderson has noted that the Man Booker International Prize \"is fast becoming the more significant award, appearing an ever more competent alternative to the Nobel\". The Man Booker International Prize \"highlights one writer's overall contribution to fiction on the world stage\" and \"has literary excellence as its sole focus\". Established in 2005, it is not yet possible to", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "4147926", "text": "Neustadt International Prize for Literature The Neustadt International Prize for Literature is a biennial award for literature sponsored by the University of Oklahoma and its international literary publication, \"World Literature Today\". It is considered one of the more prestigious international literary prizes, often compared with the Nobel Prize in Literature. It is sometimes referred to as the \"American Nobel\". Since it was founded in 1970, some 30 of its laureates, candidates, or jurors have also been awarded Nobel Prizes. Like the Nobel, it is awarded to individuals for their entire body of work, not for a single one. The Neustadt", "title": "Neustadt International Prize for Literature" }, { "docid": "13514223", "text": "1 February, after which they are examined by the Nobel Committee. By April, the Academy narrows the field to around twenty candidates. By May, a short list of five names is approved by the Committee. The subsequent four months are then spent in reading and reviewing the works of the five candidates. In October, members of the Academy vote and the candidate who receives more than half of the votes is named the Nobel laureate in Literature. No one can get the prize without being on the list at least twice, thus many of the same authors reappear and are", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "13514234", "text": "According to Swedish Academy archives studied by the newspaper \"Le Monde\" on their opening in 2008, French novelist and intellectual André Malraux was seriously considered for the prize in the 1950s. Malraux was competing with Albert Camus but was rejected several times, especially in 1954 and 1955, \"so long as he does not come back to novel\". Thus, Camus was awarded the prize in 1957. Some attribute W. H. Auden's not being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature to errors in his translation of 1961 Peace Prize laureate Dag Hammarskjöld's \"Vägmärken\" (Markings) and to statements that Auden made during a", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "13514249", "text": "previously little-known outside Germany but many times named favorite for the Nobel Prize, re-ignited the viewpoint that the Swedish Academy was biased and Eurocentric. The 2010 prize was awarded to Mario Vargas Llosa, a native of Peru in South America, a generally well-regarded decision. When the 2011 prize was awarded to the Swedish poet Tomas Tranströmer, permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy Peter Englund said the prize was not decided based on politics, describing such a notion as \"literature for dummies\". The Swedish Academy awarded the next two prizes to non-Europeans, Chinese author Mo Yan and Canadian short story writer", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "13514248", "text": "Nobel Prize and that goes for the United States and the Americas, as well\") and acknowledged the Eurocentric nature of the award, saying that, \"I think that is a problem. We tend to relate more easily to literature written in Europe and in the European tradition.\" American critics are known to object that those from their own country, like Philip Roth, Thomas Pynchon, and Cormac McCarthy, have been overlooked, as have Latin Americans such as Jorge Luis Borges, Julio Cortázar, and Carlos Fuentes, while in their place Europeans lesser-known to that continent have triumphed. The 2009 award to Herta Müller,", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "13514232", "text": "never won; as biographer Gordon Bowker wrote, \"That prize was just out of Joyce's reach.\" The academy considered Czech writer Karel Čapek's \"War with the Newts\" too offensive to the German government. He also declined to suggest some noncontroversial publication that could be cited as an example of his work, stating \"Thank you for the good will, but I have already written my doctoral dissertation\". He was thus denied the prize. Spanish playwright Àngel Guimerà, who wrote in the Catalan language was nominated twenty-three times for the Nobel Prize, though he never won, due to controversy about the political significance", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "628725", "text": "receive a diploma, a medal and a document confirming the prize amount. Nobel Prize in Physics The Nobel Prize in Physics () is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901; the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The first Nobel Prize in Physics was", "title": "Nobel Prize in Physics" }, { "docid": "4623023", "text": "Prize for Art and Science was Hitler's alternative to the Nobel Prize. The Ig Nobel Prize is an American parody of the Nobel Prize. Nobel Prize controversies After his death in 1896, the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel established the Nobel Prizes. Nobel's will specified that annual prizes are to be awarded for service to humanity in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. Similarly, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is awarded along with the Nobel Prizes. Since the first award in 1901, the prizes have occasionally engendered", "title": "Nobel Prize controversies" }, { "docid": "628713", "text": "Nobel Prize in Physics The Nobel Prize in Physics () is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901; the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to physicist Wilhelm Röntgen in recognition of the extraordinary services he", "title": "Nobel Prize in Physics" }, { "docid": "13514221", "text": "The executors of his will were Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, who formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel's fortune and organize the prizes. The members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee that were to award the Peace Prize were appointed shortly after the will was approved. The prize-awarding organisations followed: the Karolinska Institutet on 7 June, the Swedish Academy on 9 June, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on 11 June. The Nobel Foundation then reached an agreement on guidelines for how the Nobel Prize should be awarded. In 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created statutes were", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "284439", "text": "the \"Nobel Prize in Economics\". The prizes are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards available in the fields of chemistry, literature, peace activism, physics, and physiology or medicine. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, the Nobel Prize in Physics, and the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel; the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; the Swedish Academy grants the Nobel Prize in Literature; and the Nobel Peace Prize is awarded by the Norwegian Nobel Committee. Between 1901 and 2018, the", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "docid": "14528659", "text": "Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa is a pan-African writing prize awarded biennially to the best literary work produced by an African. It was established by the Lumina Foundation in 2005 in honour of Africa's first Nobel Laureate in literature, Wole Soyinka, who presents the prize, which is chosen by an international jury of literary figures. Administered by the Lumina Foundation, the prize has been described as \"the African equivalent of the Nobel Prize\". The winner receives $20,000 at the awards ceremony in Lagos or a selected city in Africa. Entries must", "title": "Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa" }, { "docid": "4622915", "text": "his works set in the fictional South Indian town of Malgudi and the abridged versions of the Indian epics – \"The Ramayana\" and \"The Mahabharata\". Despite being nominated and shortlisted for the Nobel Prize in Literature multiple times, Narayan never won the honor. Graham Greene who took it upon himself to work as Narayan's agent for his works, in the 60s expressed confidence that Narayan would one day win the Nobel Prize. Agreeing with Greene's views, Lord Jeffrey Archer as much as recently, echoed that R. K. Narayan should have indeed won the Nobel Prize. One of the jokes in", "title": "Nobel Prize controversies" }, { "docid": "14087660", "text": "Nobel Prize in Chemistry The Nobel Prize in Chemistry () is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony", "title": "Nobel Prize in Chemistry" }, { "docid": "13514236", "text": "our age\". Steinbeck himself, when asked if he deserved the Nobel on the day of the announcement, replied: \"Frankly, no.\" In 2012 (50 years later), the Nobel Prize opened its archives and it was revealed that Steinbeck was a \"compromise choice\" among a shortlist consisting of Steinbeck, British authors Robert Graves and Lawrence Durrell, French dramatist Jean Anouilh and Danish author Karen Blixen. The declassified documents showed that he was chosen as the best of a bad lot: \"There aren't any obvious candidates for the Nobel prize and the prize committee is in an unenviable situation,\" wrote committee member Henry", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "628721", "text": "a prize, as the discoverers die by the time the impact of their work is appreciated. A Physics Nobel Prize laureate earns a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money. The Nobel Prize medals, minted by Myntverket in Sweden and the Mint of Norway since 1902, are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. Each medal has an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse. The Nobel Prize medals for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and", "title": "Nobel Prize in Physics" }, { "docid": "13514225", "text": "member who has been inactive in the work of the academy for more than two years can be asked to resign. The award is usually announced in October. Sometimes, however, the award has been announced the year after the nominal year, the latest being the 2018 award. In the midst of controversy surrounding claims of sexual assault, conflict of interest, and resignations by officials, on 4 May 2018, the Swedish Academy announced that the 2018 laureate would be announced in 2019 along with the 2019 laureate. A Literature Nobel Prize laureate earns a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation,", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "13514226", "text": "and a sum of money. The amount of money awarded depends on the income of the Nobel Foundation that year. If a prize is awarded to more than one laureate, the money is either split evenly among them or, for three laureates, it may be divided into a half and two quarters. If a prize is awarded jointly to two or more laureates, the money is split among them. The prize money of the Nobel Prize has been fluctuating since its inauguration but it stood at (about ), previously it was . This was not the first time the prize-amount", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "13514252", "text": "novelist Tim Parks ascribed the never-ending controversy surrounding the decisions of the Nobel Committee to the \"essential silliness of the prize and our own foolishness at taking it seriously\" and noted that \"eighteen (or sixteen) Swedish nationals will have a certain credibility when weighing up works of Swedish literature, but what group could ever really get its mind round the infinitely varied work of scores of different traditions. And why should we ask them to do that?\" Membership in the 18-member committee, who select the recipients, is technically for life. Members are not allowed to leave, although they might refuse", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "284438", "text": "Nobel Prize The Nobel Prize (, ; Swedish definite form, singular: \"Nobelpriset\"; ) is a set of annual international awards bestowed in several categories by Swedish and Norwegian institutions in recognition of academic, cultural, or scientific advances. The will of the Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel established the five Nobel prizes in 1895. The prizes in Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine were first awarded in 1901. In 1968, Sweden's central bank, Sveriges Riksbank, established the \"Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel\", which, although not being a Nobel Prize, has become informally known as", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "docid": "14087669", "text": "the Mint of Norway since 1902, are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. Each medal feature an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse (front side of the medal). The Nobel Prize medals for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death (1833–1896). Nobel's portrait also appears on the obverse of the Nobel Peace Prize medal and the Medal for the Prize in Economics, but with a slightly different design. The image on the reverse of a medal varies according to", "title": "Nobel Prize in Chemistry" }, { "docid": "628722", "text": "death (1833–1896). Nobel's portrait also appears on the obverse of the Nobel Peace Prize medal and the Medal for the Prize in Economics, but with a slightly different design. The image on the reverse of a medal varies according to the institution awarding the prize. The reverse sides of the Nobel Prize medals for Chemistry and Physics share the same design of Nature, as a Goddess, whose veil is held up by the Genius of Science. These medals and the ones for Physiology/Medicine and Literature were designed by Erik Lindberg in 1902. Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the", "title": "Nobel Prize in Physics" }, { "docid": "284469", "text": "five (Swedish) Nobel Prize medals to Svenska Medalj AB. Formerly, the Nobel Prize medals were minted by Myntverket (the Swedish Mint) from 1902 to 2010. Myntverket, Sweden's oldest company, ceased operations in 2011 after 1,017 years. In 2011, the Mint of Norway, located in Kongsberg, made the medals. The Nobel Prize medals are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. Each medal features an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse. The medals for physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, and literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death.", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "docid": "4622906", "text": "possibility is that Nobel did not consider mathematics as a practical discipline. Both the Fields Medal and the Abel Prize have been described as the \"Nobel Prize of mathematics\". The most notorious controversies have been over prizes for Literature, Peace and Economics. Beyond disputes over which contributor's work was more worthy, critics most often discerned political bias and Eurocentrism in the result. The interpretation of Nobel's original words concerning the Literature prize has also undergone repeated revisions. The 2008 prize was awarded to Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie and Roger Y. Tsien for their work on green fluorescent protein or GFP.", "title": "Nobel Prize controversies" }, { "docid": "13514227", "text": "was decreased—beginning with a nominal value of in 1901 (worth 8,123,951 in 2011 SEK) the nominal value has been as low as (2,370,660 in 2011 SEK) in 1945—but it has been uphill or stable since then, peaking at an SEK-2011 value of 11,659,016 in 2001. The laureate is also invited to give a lecture during \"Nobel Week\" in Stockholm; the highlight is the prize-giving ceremony and banquet on 10 December. It is the richest literary prize in the world by a large margin. The Nobel Prize medals, minted by Myntverket in Sweden and the Mint of Norway since 1902, are", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "284497", "text": "Paul Samuelson and Kenneth Arrow were brothers-in-law. Frits Zernike, who was awarded the 1953 Physics Prize, is the great-uncle of 1999 Physics laureate Gerard 't Hooft. Being a symbol of scientific or literary achievement that is recognisable worldwide, the Nobel Prize is often depicted in fiction. This includes films like \"The Prize\" and \"Nobel Son\" about fictional Nobel laureates as well as fictionalised accounts of stories surrounding real prizes such as \"Nobel Chor\", a film based on the unsolved theft of Rabindranath Tagore's prize. Two laureates have voluntarily declined the Nobel Prize. In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre was awarded the Literature", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "docid": "13514220", "text": "of prizes for those who confer the \"greatest benefit on mankind\" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature. Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died, and signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895. Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million Swedish \"kronor\" (US$198 million, €176 million in 2016), to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes. Due to the level of scepticism surrounding the will, it was not until 26 April 1897 that the Storting (Norwegian Parliament) approved it.", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "14302522", "text": "and 23 organizations. Sixteen women have won the Nobel Peace Prize, more than any other Nobel Prize. Only two recipients have won multiple Prizes: the International Committee of the Red Cross has won three times (1917, 1944, and 1963) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won twice (1954 and 1981). Lê Đức Thọ is the only person who refused to accept the Nobel Peace Prize. Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish, Norwegian: \")\" is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred", "title": "Nobel Peace Prize" }, { "docid": "7749210", "text": "who have won the most prestigious literary award in the world, the Nobel Prize for Literature, are: Gabriela Mistral (Chile, 1945), Miguel Ángel Asturias (Guatemala, 1967), Pablo Neruda (Chile, 1971), Gabriel García Márquez (Colombia, 1982), Octavio Paz (Mexico, 1990), and Mario Vargas Llosa (Peru, 2010). The Neustadt International Prize for Literature, perhaps the most important international literary award after the Nobel Prize, counts several Latin American authors among its recipients; they include: Claribel Alegría (Nicaragua), Álvaro Mutis (Colombia), João Cabral de Melo Neto (Brazil), Octavio Paz (Mexico), and Gabriel García Márquez (Colombia). Candidates for the prize include: Ricardo Piglia (Argentina),", "title": "Latin American literature" }, { "docid": "4622904", "text": "Nobel Prize controversies After his death in 1896, the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel established the Nobel Prizes. Nobel's will specified that annual prizes are to be awarded for service to humanity in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. Similarly, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is awarded along with the Nobel Prizes. Since the first award in 1901, the prizes have occasionally engendered criticism and controversy. Nobel sought to reward \"those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind\". One prize, he", "title": "Nobel Prize controversies" }, { "docid": "13514241", "text": "saw the award to Fo as controversial as he had previously been censured by the Roman Catholic Church. The Vatican newspaper \"L'Osservatore Romano\" expressed surprise at Fo's selection for the prize commenting that \"Giving the prize to someone who is also the author of questionable works is beyond all imagination.\" Salman Rushdie and Arthur Miller had been strongly favoured to receive the Prize, but the Nobel organisers were later quoted as saying that they would have been \"too predictable, too popular.\" Camilo José Cela willingly offered his services as an informer for Franco's regime and had moved voluntarily from Madrid", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "14528660", "text": "be written in English or French. Although originally all genres were considered for every award, since 2014 only one genre is eligible for each edition of the award, with drama being considered for 2014, poetry in 2016, and prose in 2018. Grand Prix of Literary Associations Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa is a pan-African writing prize awarded biennially to the best literary work produced by an African. It was established by the Lumina Foundation in 2005 in honour of Africa's first Nobel Laureate in literature, Wole Soyinka, who presents the prize,", "title": "Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa" }, { "docid": "8111043", "text": "the winner was an American student. In 2009, the prize went to Mor Tzaban, a high school student from Netivot, Israel. In 2012, the first prize winner was another Israeli teenager, Yuval Katzenelson of Kiryat Gat, who presented a paper entitled \"Kinetic energy of inert gas in a regenerative system of activated carbon.\" The Israeli delegation won 14 more prizes in the competition: 9 Israelis students won second prize, one won third prize and one won fourth prize. First Step to Nobel Prize in Physics The First Step to Nobel Prize in Physics is an annual international competition in research", "title": "First Step to Nobel Prize in Physics" }, { "docid": "1621604", "text": "the 1920s, and John Dos Passos wrote too about the war. Ernest Hemingway became famous with \"The Sun Also Rises\" and \"A Farewell to Arms\"; in 1954, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature. William Faulkner became one of the greatest American writers with novels like \"The Sound and the Fury\". American poetry reached a peak after World War I with such writers as Wallace Stevens, T. S. Eliot, Robert Frost, Ezra Pound, and E. E. Cummings. American drama attained international status at the time with the works of Eugene O'Neill, who won four Pulitzer Prizes and the Nobel Prize.", "title": "American literature" }, { "docid": "13559940", "text": "mid-October to determine the next laureate or laureates of the Prize in Economics. As with the Nobel Prizes, no more than three people can share the prize for a given year; they must still be living at the time of the Prize announcement in October; and information about Prize nominations cannot be disclosed publicly for 50 years. Like the Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, and literature, each laureate in Economics receives a diploma, gold medal, and monetary grant award document from the King of Sweden at the annual Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm, on the anniversary", "title": "Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences" }, { "docid": "18385292", "text": "it hard for a scientist to work on small problems after winning the prize. During a speech at a seminar, Hamming described a scene at the Nobel awards ceremony as follows: The Nobel Prize effect is also described as a consequence of public perception of the Nobel laureate, magnified by the worldwide exposure the winner experiences. One example is for the Nobel laureate to be treated with reverence due to perception that the laureate has authoritative knowledge about any subject outside the field in which he or she won the prize. Nobel Laureate Klaus von Klitzing describes the effect as", "title": "Nobel Prize effect" }, { "docid": "20864360", "text": "\"concentrate on writing, away from media attention.\" The New Academy Prize in Literature was awarded to Maryse Condé. New Academy Prize in Literature The New Academy Prize in Literature was established in 2018 in lieu of the Nobel Prize in Literature, which was not awarded in 2018. The winner was announced on 12 October 2018. The New Academy will be dissolved in December 2018. Following an open invitation to the world, calling for public votes for 47 candidates nominated by Swedish librarians, the New Academy announced that the four finalists for the prize were Maryse Condé, Neil Gaiman, Haruki Murakami,", "title": "New Academy Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "4623015", "text": "in his novel, \"Doctor Zhivago\".\" Pasternak died without ever receiving the prize. He was eventually honored by the Nobel Foundation at a banquet in Stockholm on 9 December 1989, when they presented his medal to his son. The 2010 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Liu Xiaobo while he was serving a prison sentence for \"subversion of the state\", with the Chinese government not allowing him or his family members to attend the ceremony. Two laureates voluntarily declined the Nobel Prize. Jean-Paul Sartre declined the 1964 prize for Literature, stating, \"A writer must refuse to allow himself to be transformed", "title": "Nobel Prize controversies" }, { "docid": "13876968", "text": "global level and global peace make him the appropriate recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize,\" said Siamak Hirai, a spokesman for Karzai. Taliban spokesman Zabiullah Mujahid said the decision was ridiculous, saying, \"The Nobel prize for peace? Obama should have won the 'Nobel Prize for escalating violence and killing civilians.\" Indonesia's, Masdar Mas'udi, deputy head of the Islamic organisation Nahdlatul Ulama, praised Obama's policy towards his country as confirmation of his worthiness as a Nobel laureate. \"I think it's appropriate because he is the only American president who has reached out to us in peace,\" he said. \"On the issues", "title": "2009 Nobel Peace Prize" }, { "docid": "284452", "text": "Wilhelm Röntgen's discovery of X-rays and Philipp Lenard's work on cathode rays. The Academy of Sciences selected Röntgen for the prize. In the last decades of the 19th century, many chemists had made significant contributions. Thus, with the Chemistry Prize, the Academy \"was chiefly faced with merely deciding the order in which these scientists should be awarded the prize\". The Academy received 20 nominations, eleven of them for Jacobus van 't Hoff. Van 't Hoff was awarded the prize for his contributions in chemical thermodynamics. The Swedish Academy chose the poet Sully Prudhomme for the first Nobel Prize in Literature.", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "docid": "13514243", "text": "had caused \"irreparable damage\" to the reputation of the award. The selection of Harold Pinter for the Prize in 2005 was delayed for a couple of days, apparently due to Ahnlund's resignation, and led to renewed speculations about there being a \"political element\" in the Swedish Academy's awarding of the Prize. Although Pinter was unable to give his controversial Nobel Lecture in person because of ill health, he delivered it from a television studio on video projected on screens to an audience at the Swedish Academy, in Stockholm. His comments have been the source of much commentary and debate. The", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "628734", "text": "award. The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics, Chemistry, and Literature. The reverse side is unique to this medal. The most recent Nobel prize was announced by Karolinska Institute on 1 October 2018, and has been awarded to American James P. Allison and Japanese Tasuku Honjo – for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation. As of 2015, 106 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 198 men and 12 women. The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German", "title": "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine" }, { "docid": "14302507", "text": "Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish, Norwegian: \")\" is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature. Since March 1901, it has been awarded annually (with some exceptions) to those who have \"done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses\". As per Alfred Nobel's will, the recipient is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, a", "title": "Nobel Peace Prize" }, { "docid": "13514238", "text": "circulated in \"samizdat\"—clandestine form). After the Swedish government refused to honor Solzhenitsyn with a public award ceremony and lecture at its Moscow embassy, Solzhenitsyn refused the award altogether, commenting that the conditions set by the Swedes (who preferred a private ceremony) were \"an insult to the Nobel Prize itself.\" Solzhenitsyn did not accept the award and prize money until 10 December 1974, after he was deported from the Soviet Union. In 1974, Graham Greene, Vladimir Nabokov, and Saul Bellow were considered but rejected in favor of a joint award for Swedish authors Eyvind Johnson and Harry Martinson, both members of", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "14087661", "text": "on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death. The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, of the Netherlands, \"for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions.\" From 1901 to 2018, the award has been bestowed on a total of 180 individuals. Alfred Nobel stipulated in his last will and testament that his money be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the \"greatest benefit on mankind\" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature. Though Nobel wrote several wills during", "title": "Nobel Prize in Chemistry" }, { "docid": "20864359", "text": "New Academy Prize in Literature The New Academy Prize in Literature was established in 2018 in lieu of the Nobel Prize in Literature, which was not awarded in 2018. The winner was announced on 12 October 2018. The New Academy will be dissolved in December 2018. Following an open invitation to the world, calling for public votes for 47 candidates nominated by Swedish librarians, the New Academy announced that the four finalists for the prize were Maryse Condé, Neil Gaiman, Haruki Murakami, and Kim Thúy. On 17 September 2018 Murakami requested that his nomination be withdrawn, saying he wanted to", "title": "New Academy Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "14087672", "text": "the prize is more frequently awarded to non-chemists than to chemists. In the 30 years leading up to 2012, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded ten times for work classified as biochemistry or molecular biology, and once to a materials scientist. In the ten years leading up to 2012, only four prizes were for work that is strictly in chemistry. Commenting on the scope of the award, \"The Economist\" explained that the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences is bound by Nobel's bequest, which specifies awards only in physics, chemistry, literature, medicine, and peace. Biology was in its infancy in", "title": "Nobel Prize in Chemistry" }, { "docid": "628744", "text": "Prize medals, minted by Myntverket in Sweden, are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. Each medal features an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse (front) side of the medal. The Nobel Prize medals for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death (1833–1896). Before 1980, the medals were made of 23K gold; since then the medals are of 18K green gold, plated with 23K gold. The medal awarded by the Karolinska Institute displays an image of \"the Genius of Medicine", "title": "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine" }, { "docid": "4623018", "text": "been given a Nobel Prize because he has made known his intention to refuse the reward is ridiculous\", further stating a recipient could only decline a Nobel Prize after he is announced a winner. Otto Heinrich Warburg, a German national who won the 1931 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine, was rumored to have been selected for the 1944 prize but forbidden to accept it. According to the Nobel Foundation, this story is not true. Multiple primary fields of human intellectual endeavor—such as mathematics, philosophy and social studies—were not included among the Nobel Prizes, because they were not part of", "title": "Nobel Prize controversies" }, { "docid": "284462", "text": "for his purported discovery of a parasite that caused cancer. To avoid repeating this embarrassment, the awards increasingly recognised scientific discoveries that had withstood the test of time. According to Ralf Pettersson, former chairman of the Nobel Prize Committee for Physiology or Medicine, \"the criterion 'the previous year' is interpreted by the Nobel Assembly as the year when the full impact of the discovery has become evident.\" The interval between the award and the accomplishment it recognises varies from discipline to discipline. The Literature Prize is typically awarded to recognise a cumulative lifetime body of work rather than a single", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "docid": "284474", "text": "recipients. If there are three, the awarding committee has the option of dividing the grant equally, or awarding one-half to one recipient and one-quarter to each of the others. It is common for recipients to donate prize money to benefit scientific, cultural, or humanitarian causes. Among other criticisms, the Nobel Committees have been accused of having a political agenda, and of omitting more deserving candidates. They have also been accused of Eurocentrism, especially for the Literature Prize. Among the most criticised Nobel Peace Prizes was the one awarded to Henry Kissinger and Lê Đức Thọ. This led to the resignation", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "docid": "18608027", "text": "a corporate name. The Nobel committee spokesperson said that it was not possible for the citizens of an entire nation to be awarded the prize. Therefore, the application was rejected. Kristian Berg Harpviken, director of the Peace Research Institute Oslo was concerned that Shinzō Abe, Prime Minister of Japan, was trying to reinterpret Article 9 and that this could be a precursor of armed confrontation. He nominated Kenzaburō Ōe, a former Nobel laureate in literature, and the , the Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organizations for the Nobel Peace Prize list. In response, on January 15, 2015, the", "title": "The Nobel Peace Prize for Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution" }, { "docid": "14602933", "text": "can not cast a vote unless the secretary is also a member of the Committee. Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel The Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is the prize committee for the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, and fills the same role as the Nobel Committees does for the Nobel Prizes. This means that the Committee is responsible for proposing laureates for the Prize. The Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is appointed by", "title": "Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel" }, { "docid": "14602931", "text": "Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel The Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is the prize committee for the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, and fills the same role as the Nobel Committees does for the Nobel Prizes. This means that the Committee is responsible for proposing laureates for the Prize. The Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is appointed by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It usually consists of Swedish professors of economics or", "title": "Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel" }, { "docid": "284455", "text": "was not awarded. No prize was awarded in any category from 1940 to 1942, due to the occupation of Norway by Germany. In the subsequent year, all prizes were awarded except those for literature and peace. During the occupation of Norway, three members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee fled into exile. The remaining members escaped persecution from the Germans when the Nobel Foundation stated that the Committee building in Oslo was Swedish property. Thus it was a safe haven from the German military, which was not at war with Sweden. These members kept the work of the Committee going, but", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "docid": "628714", "text": "rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays (or x-rays). This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics. It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. Through 2018, a total of 209 individuals have been awarded the prize. Only three women (1.4% of laureates) have won the Nobel Prize in Physics: Marie Curie in 1903, Maria Goeppert Mayer in 1963, and Donna Strickland in 2018. Alfred Nobel, in his last will and testament, stated that his", "title": "Nobel Prize in Physics" }, { "docid": "284460", "text": "nomination and the decision of the prize committee were originally eligible to receive the prize. This has occurred twice: the 1931 Literature Prize awarded to Erik Axel Karlfeldt, and the 1961 Peace Prize awarded to UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld. Since 1974, laureates must be thought alive at the time of the October announcement. There has been one laureate, William Vickrey, who in 1996 died after the prize (in Economics) was announced but before it could be presented. On 3 October 2011, the laureates for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine were announced; however, the committee was not aware", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "docid": "18385294", "text": "Munro, winner of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature, suddenly found herself with a Chinese audience with such strong demands for her works that they quickly sold out, and two publishers in China became embroiled in a dispute over publication rights. Perception among colleagues in the same discipline was thought to have a measurable effect on how often the Nobel laureate's works are cited before and after winning the prize. While a simple comparison of citation counts before and after the prize does suggest an impact, a study using matched synthetic control group in the analysis suggest that there is", "title": "Nobel Prize effect" }, { "docid": "14087664", "text": "and institution serving as the selection board for the prize typically announce the names of the laureates in October. The prize is then awarded at formal ceremonies held annually on December 10, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death. \"The highlight of the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm is when each Nobel Laureate steps forward to receive the prize from the hands of His Majesty the King of Sweden. The Nobel Laureate receives three things: a diploma, a medal and a document confirming the prize amount\" (\"What the Nobel Laureates Receive\"). Later the \"Nobel Banquet\" is held in Stockholm City", "title": "Nobel Prize in Chemistry" }, { "docid": "628717", "text": "be awarded. In 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II. According to Nobel's will, The Royal Swedish Academy of sciences were to award the Prize in Physics. A maximum of three Nobel laureates and two different works may be selected for the Nobel Prize in Physics. Compared with other Nobel Prizes, the nomination and selection process for the prize in Physics is long and rigorous. This is a key reason why it has grown in importance over the years to become the most important prize in Physics. The Nobel laureates are selected by the", "title": "Nobel Prize in Physics" }, { "docid": "284453", "text": "A group including 42 Swedish writers, artists, and literary critics protested against this decision, having expected Leo Tolstoy to be awarded. Some, including Burton Feldman, have criticised this prize because they consider Prudhomme a mediocre poet. Feldman's explanation is that most of the Academy members preferred Victorian literature and thus selected a Victorian poet. The first Physiology or Medicine Prize went to the German physiologist and microbiologist Emil von Behring. During the 1890s, von Behring developed an antitoxin to treat diphtheria, which until then was causing thousands of deaths each year. The first Nobel Peace Prize went to the Swiss", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "docid": "4802717", "text": "most important African-American writers of the 20th century. Her first novel, \"The Bluest Eye\", was published in 1970. Among her most famous novels is \"Beloved\", which won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1988. This story describes a slave who found freedom but killed her infant daughter to save her from a life of slavery. Another important novel is \"Song of Solomon\", a tale about materialism, unrequited love, and brotherhood. Morrison is the first African American to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. In the 1970s novelist and poet Alice Walker wrote a famous essay that brought Zora Neale Hurston", "title": "African-American literature" }, { "docid": "4622918", "text": "areas ... there are authors that really deserve and could get the Nobel Prize and that goes for the United States and the Americas, as well,\") and acknowledged the Eurocentric bias of the selections, saying that, \"I think that is a problem. We tend to relate more easily to literature written in Europe and in the European tradition.\" The 2010 prize awarded to Mario Vargas Llosa stirred controversy, mainly due to his right-wing political views. Vargas Llosa was even dubbed \"king of controversies\" for focusing more on politics than literature. The 2009 prize awarded to Herta Müller was criticized because", "title": "Nobel Prize controversies" }, { "docid": "1621654", "text": "society in fragmented, haunted images. Like Pound's, Eliot's poetry could be highly allusive, and some editions of \"The Waste Land\" come with footnotes supplied by the poet. In 1948, Eliot won the Nobel Prize in Literature. Henry James, Stein, Pound, and Eliot demonstrate the growth of an international perspective in American literature. American writers had long looked to European models for inspiration, but whereas the literary breakthroughs of the mid-19th century came from finding distinctly American styles and themes, writers from this period were finding ways of contributing to a flourishing international literary scene, not as imitators but as equals.", "title": "American literature" }, { "docid": "14087673", "text": "Nobel's day, suggesting why no award was established. \"The Economist\" argued there is no Nobel Prize for mathematics either, another major discipline, and added that Nobel's stipulation of no more than three winners is not readily applicable to modern physics, where progress is typically made through huge collaborations rather than by individual scientists. Nobel Prize in Chemistry The Nobel Prize in Chemistry () is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for", "title": "Nobel Prize in Chemistry" }, { "docid": "14087663", "text": "the prizes. The members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee that were to award the Peace Prize were appointed shortly after the will was approved. The prize-awarding organisations followed: the Karolinska Institutet on June 7, the Swedish Academy on June 9, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on June 11. The Nobel Foundation then reached an agreement on guidelines for how the Nobel Prize should be awarded. In 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II. According to Nobel's will, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences were to award the Prize in Chemistry. The committee", "title": "Nobel Prize in Chemistry" }, { "docid": "4622922", "text": "works there were available only in samizdat-published, clandestine form. After the Swedish government refused to hold a public award ceremony and lecture at its Moscow embassy, Solzhenitsyn refused the award altogether, commenting that the conditions set by the Swedes (who preferred a private ceremony) were \"an insult to the Nobel Prize itself.\" Solzhenitsyn later accepted the award on 10 December 1974, after the Soviet Union banished him. Critics suggest that Solzhenitsyn was awarded the prize because of his political stance, not his writing. Leo Tolstoy was nominated for the two first-ever Nobel Prizes in Literature. In the first year, the", "title": "Nobel Prize controversies" }, { "docid": "284499", "text": "the Soviet Union government might do if he travelled to Stockholm to accept his prize. In return, the Swedish Academy refused his refusal, saying \"this refusal, of course, in no way alters the validity of the award.\" The Academy announced with regret that the presentation of the Literature Prize could not take place that year, holding it back until 1989 when Pasternak's son accepted the prize on his behalf. Aung San Suu Kyi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991, but her children accepted the prize because she had been placed under house arrest in Burma; Suu Kyi delivered", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "docid": "13514231", "text": "Mark Twain were rejected in favor of authors little read today. During World War I and its immediate aftermath, the committee adopted a policy of neutrality, favouring writers from non-combatant countries. August Strindberg was repeatedly bypassed by the committee, but holds the singular distinction of being awarded an Anti-Nobel Prize, conferred by popular acclaim and national subscription and presented to him in 1912 by future prime minister Hjalmar Branting. James Joyce wrote the books that rank 1st and 3rd on the Modern Library 100 Best Novels – \"Ulysses\" and \"Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man\" – but Joyce", "title": "Nobel Prize in Literature" }, { "docid": "284491", "text": "relevant fields was greater), a greater delay in awarding Nobel Prizes for women's achievements making longevity a more important factor for women (Nobel Prizes are not awarded posthumously), and a tendency to omit women from jointly awarded Nobel Prizes. Four people have received two Nobel Prizes. Marie Curie received the Physics Prize in 1903 for her work on radioactivity and the Chemistry Prize in 1911 for the isolation of pure radium, making her the only person to be awarded a Nobel Prize in two different sciences. Linus Pauling was awarded the 1954 Chemistry Prize for his research into the chemical", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "docid": "14087670", "text": "the institution awarding the prize. The reverse sides of the Nobel Prize medals for Chemistry and Physics share the same design. Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the hands of the King of Sweden. Each diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureate that receives it. The diploma contains a picture and text which states the name of the laureate and normally a citation of why they received the prize. At the awards ceremony, the laureate is given a document indicating the award sum. The amount of the cash award may differ from year to year,", "title": "Nobel Prize in Chemistry" }, { "docid": "284472", "text": "holders. After the war, the gold was recovered from solution, and the medals re-cast. Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the hands of the King of Sweden, or in the case of the peace prize, the Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee. Each diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureates that receive them. The diploma contains a picture and text in Swedish which states the name of the laureate and normally a citation of why they received the prize. None of the Nobel Peace Prize laureates has ever had a citation on their diplomas. The", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "docid": "15976449", "text": "the European Union. The 1984, 1976 and 1980 laureates stated in an open letter to the Nobel Foundation, based in Sweden, that in their view the EU stood for \"... security based on military force and waging wars rather than insisting on the need for an alternative approach\" and that \"... the Norwegian Nobel Committee has redefined and reshaped the prize in a way that is not in accordance with the law\". The International Peace Bureau, which won the prize in 1910, and several peace activists, writers and lawyers also signed the letter. The signatories demanded that the Nobel Foundation", "title": "2012 Nobel Peace Prize" }, { "docid": "13559937", "text": "Prize in Economics is not one of the Nobel Prizes, which were endowed by Alfred Nobel in his will. However, the nomination process, selection criteria, and awards presentation of the Prize in Economic Sciences are performed in a manner similar to that of the Nobel Prizes. Laureates are announced with the Nobel Prize laureates, and receive the award at the same ceremony. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the prize \"in accordance with the rules governing the award of the Nobel Prizes instituted through his [Alfred Nobel's] will,\" which stipulate that the prize be awarded annually to \"those who", "title": "Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences" }, { "docid": "284441", "text": "₹73,800,000.) Medals made before 1980 were struck in 23 carat gold, and later in 18 carat green gold plated with a 24 carat gold coating. The prize is not awarded posthumously; however, if a person is awarded a prize and dies before receiving it, the prize may still be presented. A prize may not be shared among more than three individuals, although the Nobel Peace Prize can be awarded to organizations of more than three people. Alfred Nobel () was born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden, into a family of engineers. He was a chemist, engineer, and inventor.", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "docid": "628716", "text": "26, 1897 that it was approved by the Storting (Norwegian Parliament). The executors of his will were Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, who formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel's fortune and organise the prizes. The members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee who were to award the Peace Prize were appointed shortly after the will was approved. The prize-awarding organisations followed: the Karolinska Institutet on June 7, the Swedish Academy on June 9, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on June 11. The Nobel Foundation then reached an agreement on guidelines for how the Nobel Prize should", "title": "Nobel Prize in Physics" }, { "docid": "1621659", "text": "the 1920s and 1930s, with the works of Eugene O'Neill, who won four Pulitzer Prizes and the Nobel Prize. In the middle of the 20th century, American drama was dominated by the work of playwrights Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller, as well as by the maturation of the American musical, which had found a way to integrate script, music and dance in such works as \"Oklahoma!\" and \"West Side Story\". Later American playwrights of importance include Edward Albee, Sam Shepard, David Mamet, August Wilson and Tony Kushner. Depression era literature was blunt and direct in its social criticism. John Steinbeck", "title": "American literature" }, { "docid": "14302511", "text": "at the time of Nobel's death. The Norwegian Nobel Committee speculates that Nobel may have considered Norway better suited to awarding the prize, as it did not have the same militaristic traditions as Sweden. It also notes that at the end of the 19th century, the Norwegian parliament had become closely involved in the Inter-Parliamentary Union's efforts to resolve conflicts through mediation and arbitration. The Norwegian Parliament appoints the Norwegian Nobel Committee, which selects the Nobel Peace Prize laureate. Each year, the Norwegian Nobel Committee specifically invites qualified people to submit nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize. The statutes of", "title": "Nobel Peace Prize" } ]
2
Where in England was Dame Judi Dench born?
[ "Park Grove (1895)", "York UA", "Yorkish", "UN/LOCODE:GBYRK", "York, UK", "Eoforwic", "Park Grove School", "York Ham", "The weather in York", "City of York", "York, England", "York, Yorkshire", "York ham", "County Borough of York", "YORK", "Eoferwic", "Park Grove Primary School", "York, North Yorkshire", "Yoisk", "York", "York (England)" ]
[ { "docid": "874656", "text": "regular contact with the theatre. Her father, a physician, was also the GP for the York theatre, and her mother was its wardrobe mistress. Actors often stayed in the Dench household. During these years, Judi Dench was involved on a non-professional basis in the first three productions of the modern revival of the York Mystery Plays in 1951, 1954 and 1957. In the third production she played the role of the Virgin Mary, performed on a fixed stage in the Museum Gardens. Though she initially trained as a set designer, she became interested in drama school as her brother Jeff", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "12420715", "text": "Jeffery Dench Jeffery Danny Dench (29 April 1928 – 27 March 2014) was an English actor, best known for his work with the Royal Shakespeare Company. He was the older brother of actress Judi Dench. Jeffery Dench was born in Tyldesley, Lancashire to Eleanora Olave (née Jones), a native of Dublin, and Reginald Arthur Dench, a physician who met his future wife while studying medicine at Trinity College, Dublin. Jeff lived in Tyldesley with his brother Peter; later the family moved to York where his sister, Judith, was born. Dench attended St Peter's, York, where he began acting with the", "title": "Jeffery Dench" }, { "docid": "19237212", "text": "Emma Dench Emma Dench is an English ancient historian, classicist, and academic. She has been McLean Professor of Ancient and Modern History at Harvard University since 2014, and Dean of its Graduate School of Arts and Sciences since 2018. She was previously Professor of Ancient History at Birkbeck College, University of London, and then Professor of Classics and of History at Harvard. Dench was born in York, Yorkshire, England, and grew up near Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. Her father was Jeffery Dench, a Shakespearean actor, and her mother, Betty, was a speech therapist. Her paternal aunt is Judi Dench, an award-winning film", "title": "Emma Dench" }, { "docid": "874655", "text": "School, a Quaker independent secondary school in York, and became a Quaker. Her brothers, one of whom was actor Jeffery Dench, were born in Tyldesley, Lancashire. Her niece, Emma Dench, is a historian of ancient Rome and professor previously at Birkbeck, University of London, and currently at Harvard University. In Britain, Dench has developed a reputation as one of the greatest actresses of the post-war period, primarily through her work in theatre, which has been her forte throughout her career. She has more than once been named number one in polls for Britain's best actor. Through her parents, Dench had", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "874670", "text": "Dench commented that the project launched her Hollywood career and joked that \"it was thanks to Harvey, whose name I have had tattooed on my bum\". Dench's other film of 1997 was Roger Spottiswoode's \"Tomorrow Never Dies\", her second film in the \"James Bond\" series. The same year, Dench reteamed with director John Madden to film \"Shakespeare in Love\" (1998), a romantic comedy-drama that depicts a love affair involving playwright William Shakespeare, played by Joseph Fiennes, while he was writing the play \"Romeo and Juliet\". On her performance as Queen Elizabeth I, \"The New York Times\" commented that \"Dench's shrewd,", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "874708", "text": "Honour (CH) in the 2005 Birthday Honours. In June 2011, she became a fellow of the British Film Institute (BFI). In a biography by John Miller it was noted that in the late 1990s Dench was the patron of over 180 charities, many of which were related either to the theatre or to medical causes, for example York Against Cancer. Dench is a patron of the Leaveners, Friends School Saffron Walden, The Archway Theatre, Horley, Surrey and OnePlusOne Marriage and Partnership Research, London. She became president of Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts in London in 2006, taking over from Sir", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "9688998", "text": "starring Dame Judi Dench and Dame Maggie Smith. The music has become popular worldwide, and was performed in the film by violinist Joshua Bell with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. While Hess was House Composer for the Royal Shakespeare Company he contributed twenty scores for RSC productions, and highlights from his Shakespeare scores have been recorded and performed by the RPO in concert as \"The Food of Love\", hosted by Dame Judi Dench and Sir Patrick Stewart. His most recent RSC scores were for Christopher Luscombe's productions of \"Love's Labour's Lost\" and \"Love's Labour's Won\". Hess was awarded the New York", "title": "Nigel Hess" }, { "docid": "874684", "text": "the updated Walt Disney World Epcot attraction Spaceship Earth in February 2008. The same month, she was named as the first official patron of the York Youth Mysteries 2008, a project to allow young people to explore the York Mystery Plays through dance, film-making and circus. Her only film of 2008 was Marc Forster's \"Quantum of Solace\", the twenty-second Eon-produced James Bond film, in which she reprised her role as M along with Daniel Craig. A direct sequel to the 2006 film \"Casino Royale\", Forster felt Dench was underused in the previous films, and wanted to make her part bigger,", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "874700", "text": "her role in \"The Winter's Tale\", breaking her own record with her eighth win as a performer. Next, she co-starred as Cecily Neville, Duchess of York to Benedict Cumberbatch's Richard III in the second series of the BBC Two historical series \"The Hollow Crown\". The same year, she was cast alongside Eva Green and Asa Butterfield in Tim Burton's dark fantasy film \"Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children\". Dench played Miss Esmeralda Avocet, a headmistress who can manipulate time and can transform into a bird. The film garnered mixed reviews from critics, who felt it was \"on stronger footing as", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "19237218", "text": "and a permanent resident of the United States. Dench is married to Jonathan Bowker, an artist. Together they have one child, a son called Jacob. Emma Dench Emma Dench is an English ancient historian, classicist, and academic. She has been McLean Professor of Ancient and Modern History at Harvard University since 2014, and Dean of its Graduate School of Arts and Sciences since 2018. She was previously Professor of Ancient History at Birkbeck College, University of London, and then Professor of Classics and of History at Harvard. Dench was born in York, Yorkshire, England, and grew up near Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.", "title": "Emma Dench" }, { "docid": "14371649", "text": "called \"Unseen Landscapes\", in 2002, he was in the important Painting on the Move exhibition in at the Kunsthalle Basel. In 2003, exhibited his work at Cheim & Read Gallery in New York City, where his portraits received critical attention of \"The New York Times\". In 2004, he was commissioned by the National Portrait Gallery in London to paint a portrait of English actress Dame Judi Dench. Imagining Dench as a \"wealthy housewife,\" he painted her in a way that \"thrilled and flattered\" her. Raho's work is collected by Damien Hirst, and has been shown in Tokyo, New York, and", "title": "Alessandro Raho" }, { "docid": "1354020", "text": "Another book was published in 2014 titled Red Rose White Rose by Joanna Hickson. In 2016, Neville was portrayed by Dame Judi Dench in the BBC television mini-series \"The Hollow Crown: The War of the Roses\", in the third episode; which is based on William Shakespeare's play, Richard III. <br> Cecily Neville, Duchess of York Cecily Neville, Duchess of York (3 May 1415 – 31 May 1495) was an English noblewoman, the wife of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York (1411–1460), and the mother of two kings of England, Edward IV and Richard III. Cecily Neville was known as \"the", "title": "Cecily Neville, Duchess of York" }, { "docid": "9587877", "text": "Stories\" album. Beyoncé's 2008 album \"I Am Sasha Fierce\" saw a further three Dench and Ghost collaborations: \"Disappear\", \"Ave Maria\", and \"Satellites\". Dench co-wrote \"Colours\" on the Prodigy's 2009 album, \"Invaders Must Die\", and \"Red\" a top 5 hit for Daniel Merriweather in the UK in May 2009. \"Gypsy\", another collaboration with Amanda Ghost, was the third single from the album, \"She Wolf\" by Shakira. From March 2009 until November 2010, Dench was Vice President of A&R at Epic Records in New York, where he A&R'd albums by Alice Smith and Augustana and signed the acts Progress in Color and", "title": "Ian Dench" }, { "docid": "17638143", "text": "Sadie Alexandru Sarah Jocelyn \"Sadie\" Alexandru (born December 2, 1977) is an American actress and model. Alexandru is best known for playing Scarlett, secretary for media buyer Harry Crane on AMC's drama series \"Mad Men\". Sadie Alexandru was born in New York City and had a passion for ballet from her younger days. She received her Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in Acting from The Mason Gross School of the Arts at Rutgers University. She also studied at the London Academy of Theater under Patron Dame Judi Dench, and at the William Esper Studio in New York City. Alexandru took", "title": "Sadie Alexandru" } ]
[ { "docid": "874714", "text": "to independence, published in August 2014, a few weeks before the Scottish referendum. In September 2018, Dench criticized the response to the sexual misconduct allegations made against actor Kevin Spacey, referring to him as a \"good friend\". Judi Dench Dame Judith Olivia Dench (born 9 December 1934) is an English actress. Dench made her professional debut in 1957 with the Old Vic Company. Over the following few years, she performed in several of Shakespeare's plays, in such roles as Ophelia in \"Hamlet\", Juliet in \"Romeo and Juliet\", and Lady Macbeth in \"Macbeth\". Although most of her work during this period", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "874651", "text": "Judi Dench Dame Judith Olivia Dench (born 9 December 1934) is an English actress. Dench made her professional debut in 1957 with the Old Vic Company. Over the following few years, she performed in several of Shakespeare's plays, in such roles as Ophelia in \"Hamlet\", Juliet in \"Romeo and Juliet\", and Lady Macbeth in \"Macbeth\". Although most of her work during this period was in theatre, she also branched into film work and won a BAFTA Award as Most Promising Newcomer. She drew strong reviews for her leading role in the musical \"Cabaret\" in 1968. Over the next two decades,", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "17426401", "text": "Judi Dench filmography Dame Judi Dench is an English actress who has worked in theater, television, and film. Dench made her professional debut in 1957 with the Old Vic Company. Over the following few years she played in several of Shakespeare's plays in such roles as Ophelia in \"Hamlet\", Juliet in \"Romeo and Juliet\" and Lady Macbeth in \"Macbeth\". She branched into film work, and won a BAFTA Award as Most Promising Newcomer; however, most of her work during this period was in theatre. Over the next two decades, she established herself as one of the most significant British theatre", "title": "Judi Dench filmography" }, { "docid": "874667", "text": "Award. In 1989, Judi Dench starred in David Tucker's Behaving Badly for Channel 4, based on Catherine Heath's novel of the same name. After the long period between James Bond films \"Licence to Kill\" (1989) and \"GoldenEye\" (1995), the producers brought in Dench to take over as the role of M, James Bond's boss. The character was reportedly modeled on Dame Stella Rimington, the real-life head of MI5 between 1992 and 1996; Dench became the first woman to portray M, succeeding Robert Brown. The seventeenth spy film in the series and the first to star Pierce Brosnan as the fictional", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "874709", "text": "John Mills, and is president of Questors Theatre, Ealing. In May 2006, she became an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA). She was also patron of Ovingdean Hall School, a special day and boarding school for the deaf and hard of hearing in Brighton, which closed in 2010, and Vice President of The Little Foundation. Dame Judi is also a long-standing and active Vice President of the national disabled people's charity Revitalise. Dench is an Honorary Fellow of Lucy Cavendish College, Cambridge. In 1996, she was awarded a DUniv degree from Surrey University and in 2000–2001, she", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "874654", "text": "She has also received the BAFTA Fellowship in 2001, and the Special Olivier Award in 2004. In June 2011, she received a fellowship from the British Film Institute (BFI). Dench is also a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA). Dench was born in Heworth, North Riding of Yorkshire. Her mother, Eleanora Olive (\"née\" Jones), was born in Dublin, Ireland. Her father, Reginald Arthur Dench, a doctor, was born in Dorset, England, and later moved to Dublin, where he was brought up. He met Dench's mother while he was studying medicine at Trinity College, Dublin. Dench attended the Mount", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "874698", "text": "Goes By\". The Dame was sparkly and downright ravishing.\" As with most of the original cast, Dench reprised the role of Evelyn in John Madden's \"The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel\" (2015), the sequel to the 2011 sleeper hit. The comedy-drama was released to lukewarm reviews from critics, who found it \"as original as its title – but with a cast this talented and effortlessly charming, that hardly matters\". From April to May 2015, Dench played a mother, with her real-life daughter Finty Williams playing her character's daughter, in \"The Vote\" at the Donmar Warehouse. The final performance was broadcast", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "874707", "text": "on you ... It drives me absolutely spare when people say, 'Are you going to retire? Isn't it time you put your feet up?' Or tell me [my] age.\" In 2013, she spoke about her personal religious faith. Dench, a Quaker, said, \"I think it informs everything I do ... I couldn't be without it.\" Dench was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1970 Birthday Honours and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 1988 New Year Honours. She was appointed Member of the Order of the Companions of", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "874675", "text": "Newfoundland along with his daughter and his aunt, played by Dench, in hopes of starting his life anew in the small town where she grew up. The film earned mixed reviews from critics, and was financially unsuccessful, taking in just US$24 million worldwide with a budget of US$35 million. Dench received BAFTA and SAG Award nominations for her performance. In 2002, Dench was cast opposite Rupert Everett, Colin Firth, and Reese Witherspoon in Oliver Parker's \"The Importance of Being Earnest\", a comedy about mistaken identity set in English high society during the Victorian Era. Based on Oscar Wilde's classic comedy", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "12420719", "text": "the RSC what it is: he did not necessarily always play the leading roles, but proved by his presence that the company’s vitality lies in its strength in depth\". Jeffery Dench Jeffery Danny Dench (29 April 1928 – 27 March 2014) was an English actor, best known for his work with the Royal Shakespeare Company. He was the older brother of actress Judi Dench. Jeffery Dench was born in Tyldesley, Lancashire to Eleanora Olave (née Jones), a native of Dublin, and Reginald Arthur Dench, a physician who met his future wife while studying medicine at Trinity College, Dublin. Jeff lived", "title": "Jeffery Dench" }, { "docid": "874704", "text": "Dench which Dench had previously helped to promote. In 2019, Dench will star as Old Deuteronomy in the film adaptation of \"Cats\" alongside Jennifer Hudson, Ian McKellen, Taylor Swift, James Corden, and Idris Elba. Dench is a long-time resident of Outwood, Surrey. On 5 February 1971, Dench married British actor Michael Williams. They had their only child, Tara Cressida Frances Williams, an actress known professionally as Finty Williams, on 24 September 1972. Dench and her husband starred together in several stage productions and on the Bob Larbey British television sitcom, \"A Fine Romance\" (1981–84). Michael Williams died from lung cancer", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "874712", "text": "on 15 January 2011, that Dench had become a patron of the trust, joining, among others, Joanna Lumley and David Shepherd. On 19 March 2012, it was announced that Dench was to become honorary patron of the charity Everton in the Community, the official charity of Everton F.C. and it was reported that Dench is an Everton supporter. Dench is an advisor to the American Shakespeare Center. She is a patron of the Shakespeare Schools Festival, a charity that enables school children across the UK to perform Shakespeare in professional theatres. She is also a patron of Shakespeare North, a", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "874696", "text": "the main competition section at the 70th Venice International Film Festival, where it was very favorably received by critics. On Dench's performance, \"The Times\" commented that \"this is Dench's triumph. At 78, she has a golden career behind her, often as queens and other frosty matriarchs. So the warmth under pressure she radiates here is nearly a surprise [...] Dench gives a performance of grace, nuance, and cinematic heroism.\" She was subsequently nominated for many major acting awards, including a seventh Oscar nomination. In 2015, Dench appeared opposite Dustin Hoffman in Dearbhla Walsh's small screen adaptation of Roald Dahl's children's", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "874657", "text": "attended the Central School of Speech and Drama. She applied and was accepted by the School, then based at the Royal Albert Hall, London, where she was a classmate of Vanessa Redgrave, graduating and being awarded four acting prizes, including the Gold Medal as Outstanding Student. In September 1957, she made her first professional stage appearance with the Old Vic Company, at the Royal Court Theatre, Liverpool, as Ophelia in \"Hamlet\". According to the reviewer for \"London Evening Standard\", Dench had \"talent which will be shown to better advantage when she acquires some technique to go with it.\" Dench then", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "874705", "text": "in 2001, aged 65. They have one grandchild, Finty's son Sam Williams (born in 1997). Dench has been in a relationship with conservationist David Mills since 2010. During a 2014 interview with \"The Times\" magazine, she discussed how she never expected to find love again after her husband's death, \"I wasn't even prepared to be ready for it. It was very, very gradual and grown up ... It's just wonderful.\" In early 2012, Dench discussed her macular degeneration, with one eye \"dry\" and the other \"wet\", for which she has been treated with injections into the eye. She said that", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "874683", "text": "worldwide, exceeding its £15 million budget. In his review for \"Chicago Sun-Times\", film critic Roger Ebert declared the main actresses \"perhaps the most impressive acting duo in any film of 2006. Dench and Blanchett are magnificent.\" The following year, Dench earned her sixth Academy nomination and went on to win a BIFA Award and an Evening Standard Award. Dench, as Miss Matty Jenkyns, co-starred with Eileen Atkins, Michael Gambon, Imelda Staunton, and Francesca Annis in the BBC One five-part series \"Cranford\". The first season of the series began transmission in November 2007. Dench became the voice for the narration for", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "874679", "text": "Roger Ebert of the \"Chicago Sun-Times\" calling it \"perfectly sweet and civilized [and] a pleasure to watch Smith and Dench together; their acting is so natural it could be breathing\". Also in 2004, Dench provided her voice for several smaller projects. In Walt Disney's \"Home on the Range\", she, along with Roseanne Barr and Jennifer Tilly, voiced a mismatched trio of dairy cows who must capture an infamous cattle rustler, for his bounty, in order to save their idyllic farm from foreclosure. The film was mildly successful for Disney. A major hit for Dench came with Joe Wright's \"Pride &", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "874711", "text": "people in the UK. Dench has worked with the non-governmental indigenous organisation, Survival International, campaigning in the defence of the tribal people - the San of Botswana and the Arhuaco of Colombia. She made a small supporting video saying the San are victims of tyranny, greed, and racism. Dench is also a patron of the Karuna Trust, a charity that supports work amongst some of India's poorest and most oppressed people, mainly, though not exclusively, Dalits. On 22 July 2010, Dench was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Letters (DLitt) by Nottingham Trent University. The Dr. Hadwen Trust announced", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "874697", "text": "novel \"Esio Trot\" (1990), in which a retired bachelor falls in love with his widowed neighbour, played by Dench, who keeps a tortoise as a companion after the death of her husband, First broadcast on BBC One on New Year's Day 2015, it became one of the most-watched programmes of the week, and earned Dench her first Best Actress nomination at the 2016 International Emmy Awards. On her performance, \"Telegraph\"s Michael Hogan commented: \"We've grown accustomed to seeing Dench in forbidding roles, but here, she recalled her footloose, flirtatious side, displayed in sitcoms as \"A Fine Romance\" and \"As Time", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "874703", "text": "Poirot, who seeks to solve a murder on the famous European train in the 1930s. Dench portrayed Princess Dragomiroff opposite Johnny Depp, Michelle Pfeiffer, and Penelope Cruz. The film has grossed $351 million worldwide and received mixed to positive reviews from critics, with praise for the cast's performances, but criticism for not adding anything new to previous adaptations. In September2017 the website LADBible posted a video of Dench rapping with UK Grime MC Lethal Bizzle. The collaboration came about because the slang term \"dench\", which is used as a compliment, features in Bizzle's lyrics and on his clothing brand Stay", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "874680", "text": "Prejudice\", a 2005 adaptation of the novel by Jane Austen, starring Keira Knightley and Donald Sutherland. Wright persuaded Dench to join the cast as Lady Catherine de Bourgh by writing her a letter that read: \"I love it when you play a bitch. Please come and be a bitch for me.\" Dench had only one week available to shoot her scenes, forcing Wright to make them his first days of filming. With both a worldwide gross of over US$121 million and several Academy Award and Golden Globe nominations, the film became a critical and commercial success. Dench, in her role", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "223574", "text": "the surname. So, Elton John may be called \"Sir Elton\" or \"Sir Elton John\", but never \"Sir John\". Similarly, actress Judi Dench DBE may be addressed as \"Dame Judi\" or \"Dame Judi Dench\", but never \"Dame Dench\". Wives of knights, however, are entitled to the honorific pre-nominal \"Lady\" before their husband's surname. Thus Sir Paul McCartney's ex-wife was formally styled \"Lady McCartney\" (rather than \"Lady Paul McCartney\" or \"Lady Heather McCartney\"). The style \"Dame Heather McCartney\" could be used for the wife of a knight; however, this style is largely archaic and is only used in the most formal of", "title": "Knight" }, { "docid": "874664", "text": "The production transferred to London, opening at the Donmar Warehouse in September 1977, and was adapted for television, later released on VHS and DVD. Dench won the SWET Best Actress Award in 1977. Dench was nominated for a BAFTA for her role as Hazel Wiles in the 1979 BBC drama \"On Giant's Shoulders\". In 1989, she was cast as Pru Forrest, the long-time silent wife of Tom Forrest, in the BBC soap opera \"The Archers\" on its 10,000th edition. She had a romantic role in the BBC television film \"Langrishe, Go Down\" (1978), with Jeremy Irons and a screenplay by", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "874710", "text": "received an honorary DLitt degree from Durham University. On 24 June 2008, she was honoured by the University of St Andrews, receiving an honorary DLitt degree at the university's graduation ceremony. On 26 June 2013, she was honoured by the University of Stirling, receiving an honorary doctorate at the university's graduation ceremony in recognition of her outstanding contribution to the Arts, particularly to film. In March 2013, Dench was listed as one of the fifty best-dressed over 50s by \"The Guardian\". One of the highest-profile actresses in British popular culture, Dench appeared on Debrett's 2017 list of the most influential", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "874691", "text": "to play Anna Marie Hoover, Hoover's mother, Dench initially thought a friend was setting her up upon receiving Eastwood's phone call request. \"I didn't take it seriously to start with. And then I realised it was really him and that was a tricky conversation\", she stated. Released to mixed reception, both with critics and commercially, the film went on to gross US$79 million worldwide. The same year, Dench reunited with Rob Marshall and Johnny Depp for a cameo appearance in \"\", playing a noblewoman who is robbed by Captain Jack Sparrow, played by Depp. She made a second cameo that", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "874687", "text": "Also starring Daniel Day-Lewis, Marion Cotillard, Penélope Cruz, and Sophia Loren, she played Lilli La Fleur, an eccentric but motherly French costume designer, who performs the song \"Folies Bergères\" in the film. Despite mixed to negative reviews, \"Nine\" was nominated for four Academy Awards, and awarded both the Satellite Award for Best Film and Best Cast. Also in 2009, Dench reprised the role of Matilda Jenkyns in \"Return to Cranford\", the two-part second season of a Simon Curtis television series. Critically acclaimed, Dench was nominated for a Golden Globe Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, and a Satellite Award. In 2010,", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "874685", "text": "having her interact with Bond more. The project gathered generally mixed reviews by critics, who mainly felt that \"Quantum of Solace\" was not as impressive as the predecessor \"Casino Royale\", but became another hit for the franchise with a worldwide gross of US$591 million. For her performance, Dench was nominated for a Saturn Award the following year. Dench returned to the West End in mid-2009, playing Madame de Montreuil in Yukio Mishima's play \"Madame de Sade\", directed by Michael Grandage as part of the Donmar season at Wyndham's Theatre. The same year, she appeared in Sally Potter's experimental film \"Rage\",", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "874702", "text": "Also in 2017, Dench reprised the role of Queen Victoria when she headlined Stephen Frears's \"Victoria & Abdul\". The biographical comedy-drama depicts the real-life relationship between the monarch and her Indian Muslim servant Abdul Karim, played by opposite Ali Fazal. While the film was met with lukewarm reviews for its \"imbalanced narrative\", Dench earned specific praise for her performance, earning the actress her 12th Golden Globe nomination. Dench's last film that year was Kenneth Branagh's \"Murder on the Orient Express\", based on the 1934 novel of the same name by Agatha Christie. The mystery–drama ensemble film follows world-renowned detective Hercule", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "874674", "text": "Winslet, both actresses portraying Murdoch at different phases of her life. Each of them was nominated for an Oscar the following year, earning Dench her fourth nomination within five years. In addition, she was awarded both an ALFS Award and the Best Leading Actress Award at the 55th British Academy Film Awards. Following \"Iris\", Dench immediately returned to Canada to finish \"The Shipping News\" alongside Kevin Spacey and Julianne Moore. Based on the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by E. Annie Proulx, the drama revolves around a quiet and introspective typesetter (Spacey) who, after the death of his daughter's mother, moves to", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "874713", "text": "playhouse project due to be completed in 2019 in the town of Prescot in Knowsley, near Liverpool. She is patron of East Park Riding for the Disabled, a riding school for disabled children at Newchapel, Surrey. Dench is also a Vice-President of national charity Revitalise, that provides accessible holidays for those with disabilities. In 2011, along with musician Sting and billionaire entrepreneur Richard Branson, she publicly urged policy makers to adopt more progressive drug policies by decriminalizing drug use. Dench was one of 200 celebrities to sign an open letter to the people of Scotland asking them to vote No", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "874693", "text": "following its international release, eventually grossing $US134 million worldwide, mostly from its domestic run. \"Best Exotic Marigold Hotel\" was ranked among the highest-grossing specialty releases of the year, and Dench, who Peter Travers from \"Rolling Stone\" called \"resilient marvel\", garnered a Best Actress nod at both the British Independent Film Awards and Golden Globe Awards. Also in 2012, \"Friend Request Pending\", an indie short film which Dench had filmed in 2011, received a wide release as part of the feature films \"Stars in Shorts\" and \"The Joy of Six\". In the 12-minute comedy, directed by \"My Week with Marilyn\" assistant", "title": "Judi Dench" }, { "docid": "874671", "text": "daunting Elizabeth is one of the film's utmost treats\". The following year, she was nominated for most of the high-profile awards, winning both the Academy Award and the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. On her Oscar win, Dench joked on-stage, \"I feel for eight minutes on the screen, I should only get a little b
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https://www.memorabilia-uk.co.uk/p/miguel-angel-asturias
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Miguel Angel Asturias
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MIGUEL ANGEL ASTURIAS d1974. Nobel Prize-winning Guatemalan poet-diplomat, novelist, playwright and journalist. He helped establish Latin American literature's contribution to mainstream Western culture and at the same time drew attention to the importance of indigenous cultures, especially those of his native Guatemala. In 1966, he won the Soviet Union's Lenin Peace Prize. The following year he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, becoming the second Latin American author to receive this honor. He spent his final years in Madrid where he died at the age of 74 on June 9th 1974
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https://www.memorabilia-uk.co.uk/p/miguel-angel-asturias
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MIGUEL ANGEL ASTURIAS d1974. Nobel Prize-winning Guatemalan poet-diplomat, novelist, playwright and journalist. He helped establish Latin American literature's contribution to mainstream Western culture and at the same time drew attention to the importance of indigenous cultures, especially those of his native Guatemala. In 1966, he won the Soviet Union's Lenin Peace Prize. The following year he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, becoming the second Latin American author to receive this honor. He spent his final years in Madrid where he died at the age of 74 on June 9th 1974
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Latin Americans Who Have Won the Nobel Prize in Literature
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2024-04-13T05:45:31-04:00
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<p>Latin American writers who have been honored with the Nobel Prize for Literature have enriched the global literary landscape with their talent.</p>
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https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/Latin-Americans-Who-Have-Won-the-Nobel-Prize-in-Literature-20240413-0007.html
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Since its creation in 1901, a total of 116 writers of up to 25 languages have been awarded the Nobel Prize for literature, the highest award a writer can receive. Of them only 6 have been Latin American, the most recent being Mario Vargas Llosa in 2010.
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French Writer Annie Ernaux Wins 2022 Nobel Prize in Literature
They are: the Mexican poet Octavio Paz in 1990, the Chileans Gabriela Mistral (1945) and Pablo Neruda (1971), the Guatemalan Miguel Ángel Asturias (1967), the Colombian Gabriel García Márquez (1982) and the Peruvian Mario Vargas Llosa (2010).
Latin American writers who have been awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature stand out not only for their creative genius, but also for their deep commitment to exploring the human condition and complexities of society. From the lyrical poetry of Gabriela Mistral to the magical prose of Gabriel García Márquez, these authors have left an indelible mark on world literature.
Gabriela Mistral received the Prize in 1945. She was second Latin American to receive a Nobel Prize. Born into a family of modest resources, Mistral served as a teacher’s assistant in various schools until obtaining her degree in Magusterium and became an important thinker regarding the role of public education.
Her great poetic themes were pain and love, and among the considerations of the jury to give him the prize was that "her lyrical poetry, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world".
In 1967 the Guatemalan Miguel Ángel Asturias received the Nobel. Novelist, playwright and journalist among his most famous books are the novella Mister President, Men of Maize, Tales of Guatemala, and the The Banana Trilogy. Also Asturias was awarded the Soviet Union's Lenin Peace Prize for La trilogía bananera (The Banana Trilogy) in which he criticizes the presence of aggressive American companies such as The United Fruit Company in Latin American countries.
"For a poetry that with the action of an elemental force gives life to the destiny and dreams of a continent," said the Nobel committee when it presented the prize to the Chilean Pablo Neruda in 1971. Of Basque descent, among his most famous poetry books are Residence on Earth, Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair, and 100 Love Sonnets.
The Colombian Gabriel García Márquez received the Prize in 1982 "for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the real combine in a world richly composed of imagination, reflecting the life and conflicts of a continent." Among his main works are the novels One Hundred Years of Solitude, Autumn of the Patriarch, and Chronicle of a Death Foretold.
Octavio Paz poet and essayist Mexican received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1990. According to the jury he was awarded the prize for his "passionate writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensory intelligence and humanistic integrity". His poems have been published in anthologies of Mexican poetry translated into English, and other of his most relevant works are Collected Poems, and the essay The Double Flame.
Since 2010, when the Peruvian Mario Vargas Llosa was handed the Nobel Prize, he has not returned to a Latin American writer. His cartography of the power structures and his biting images of the individual’s resistance, rebellion and defeat were the jury’s considerations when deliberating.
Latin American writers who have been honored with the Nobel Prize for Literature have enriched the global literary landscape with their talent, passion and commitment to truth and beauty. Their legacy will endure far beyond the pages of their books, inspiring future generations of writers and readers to explore the infinite possibilities of art and imagination.
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http://authorscalendar.info/asturias.htm
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en
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Miguel Ángel Asturias
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Guatemalan poet, novelist, diplomat, and winner of the Nobel Prize for literature in 1967 for his "highly colored writings, rooted in a national individuality and Indian traditions." Asturias's writings combine the mysticism of the Maya with epic impulse toward social protest. His most famous novel is El Señor Presidente (1946), about people under the rule of a ruthless dictator. Asturias spent much of his life in exile.
"If you write novels merely to entertain – then burn them! This might be the message delivered with evangelical fervour since if you do not burn them they will anyway be erased from the memory of the people where a poet or novelist should aspire to remain. Just consider how many writers there have been who – down the ages – have written novels to entertain! And who remembers them now?" (in Nobel Lecture, 1967)
Miguel Angel Asturias was born in Guatemala City, the son of Ernesto Asturias, a magistrate of the Supreme Court of Justice, and María Rosales, a schoolteacher. On his mother's side Asturias's American lineage went back before the Spanish arrive in the New World. Both of his parents were liberal-minded.
When his father refused to take legal actions against antigovernmet student demonstrators, they lost their jobs. The family moved to the town of Salamá, where Asturias's maternal grandfather Colonel Gabino Gómez lived. Their clash with the Guatemalan dictator Estrada Cabrera taught Asturias his first lesson in fighting oppressive forms of power. During this period Asturias also came in direct contact with Indians. His Indian nanny, Lola Reyes, was later portrayed in the play Soluna (1955). After returning to Guatemala City with his family, Ernesto Asturias became a sugar and flour importer.
In 1917 Asturias entered the university, where he studied medicine for a year and then transferred to law. He was active in the student protest movements against the regime of the dictator Manuel Estrada Cabrera. When Estrada Cabrera was brought down and taken to prison, Asturias served as a secretary to the court in which the dictator was prosecuted. "I saw him almost daily in jail," Asturias recalled. "And I realized that undoubtedly such men enjoy special powers of some sort. To the point that when he was behind bars people said: No, that couldn't be Estrada Cabrera. The real Estrada Cabrera got away. . . . In other words, the myth couldn't be in prison." (The Epic of Latin America by John A. Crow, 1980, p. 750)
As a representative of the Asociación General de Estudiantes Universitarios, Asturias traveled to Honduras and El Salvador. In 1921 he went to Mexico as one of Guatemala's spokesmen to the International Student Congress. Besides coming in contact with diplomats and influential politicians, Asturias met the Spanis novelist and playwright Ramón María del Valle-Inclán, whose Tirano Banderas (1926, The Tyrant Banderas), would have a deep impact in his own work.
Asturias received in 1923 his doctor of law degree at San Carlos University. His dissertation dealt with social problems of the Guastemalan Indians. Asturias was one of thefounders of the weekly newspaper Tiempos Nuevos (New Times). His outspoken articles drew the attention of the authorities. Feeling that his life was in danger, Asturias left his homecountry, and continued his education in Europe. .
Instead of taking economics as his father had intended him to do, Asturias studied anthropology in Paris at the Sorbonne (1923-28), where he encountered French translations of Mayan writings. Under the influence of Georges Raynaud, his teacher at the Sorbonne, he developed a deep concern for the Mayan culture. According to a friend, the author himself looked exactly like a Mayan statue. He was relatively tall, heavy set, very bronzed, and had thick lips, an eagle nose, and oval eyes. ('Asturias, Miguel Angel,' in World Authors 1950-1970, edited by John Wakeman, 1975, p. 92) In 1925 Asturias translated the sacred Mayan text Popol Vuh into Spanish, but from a French translation. During these years Asturias also began to write poetry and fiction. Interested in the workings of the subconscious, he associated with André Breton, Paul Éluard, and other Surrealists.
Asturias lived in Paris for ten years. He referred to his homeland as "a country that doesn't exist" partly because the property was in the hands of foreigners and he saw that the people had a disdain for the cultural heritage of their own country. A French poet told him: "You must not stay here. I assure you that you write things about which we, Europeans, don't even dream. You come from a world in the making, your spirit seethes with an excitement like that of soil, the volcanoes, and nature. You must rapidly return over there so as not to lose it." (Miguel Ángel Asturias's Archaeology of Return by René Prieto, 1990, p. 263)
Leyendas de Guatemala (1930), based on a Mayan myth, established Asturias's reputation as a stylist. The Leyendaswere half fairy-tales, half poetry, composed in a lyrical Spanish. Paul Válery wrote the preface. "What a mixture of torrid nature, of confused botany, of indigenous magic, theology of Salamance in which the Volcano, the friars, the Sleep Man (Hombre Adormadera), the Merchant of Priceless Jewels, the flocks of dominical parrots, the master magicians that go to the villages to teach how to weave and the value of the Zero compose the most delirious of dreams." (The Decline and Fall of the Lettered City: Latin America in the Cold War by Jean Franco, 2002, p. 167)
Two years later Asturias wrote his first novel on the theme of Latin American dictatorship. El Señor Presidente, which begun in 1922 as a short story, was completed in 1933 but it did not appear until 1946. The society of the novel is corrupted; evil spreads downwards from the ruler. Justice is a mockery, and army officers spend their time plotting or in brothels. El Señor Presidente utilized surrealistic techniques; it reflected Asturias's idea that Indians' nonrational perception of reality is an expression of the subconscious forces, the collective dream of mankind. "In the city of Copan, the King walks his silver-skinned does in the Palace gardens. The royal shoulder is adorned with a jewelled feather of nahual. He wears on his breast magic shells, woven upon golden thread." Though story is partly based on real events, it has no precise time or locale. Estrada Cabrera, the dictator of Guatemala from 1898 to 1920, made his political adversary, Manuel Paz, believe that Paz's wife had been unfaithful to him. In the novel, set in the unnamed capital of an unnamed state, the President tries to eliminate two of his enemies, General Canales and a lawyer, Carvajal. The General manages to escape, and the President's favorite, Miguel Cara de Ángel falls in love with his daughter, Camila. General Canales dies of heart failure on reading a false newspaper report that the President had attended his daughter's wedding; Cara de Ángel is arrested and he receives a false report that Camila has become the President's mistress.
--"An angel!" The wood-cutter couldn't take his eyes from him. "An angel," he repeated, "an angel!"
--"It's obvious from his clothes that he's very poor," said the newcomer. "What a sad thing it is to be poor!"
--"That depends; everything in this world depends on something else. Look at me; I'm very poor; but I've got my work, my wife and my hut, and I don't think I'm to be pitied," stammered the wood-cutter like a man talking in his sleep, hoping to ingratiate himself with this angel, who might recompense his Christian resignation by changing him from a wood-cutter to a king, if he so wished. And for a second he saw himself dressed in gold, with a red cloak, a crown on his head and a scepter set with jewels in his hand. The rubbish dump seemed far away..." (from Mr. President)
Upon returning to Guatemala in 1933 Asturias worked as a journalist and made broadcasts for El Diaro del Aire. In 1942 he was elected to the National Congress. With the fall of Jorge Ubico, he entered diplomatic career, and served as a cultural attaché in Mexico (1945-47) and held a number of other diplomatic posts. From 1947 to 1953 he was in Buenos Aires, in Paris in 1952-53, and as ambassador to San Salvador in 1953-54. After separating from his first wife Clemencia Amado in 1946, Asturias became interested in the theories of Freud and Jung. His psychoanalyst followed him to Paris, where he lived for a period with Asturias and the author's new wife, the Argentinian Blanca Mora y Araujo. Asturas's career in the diplomatic corps ended for a while when he was banished by the right-wing forces of Carlos Castillo Armas. With the secret support of CIA, Armas seized power from Jacobo Arbenz Guzman's progreessive government. Asturias lost his citizenship, he was never to live in Guatemala again permanently. During his years in Argentina Asturias served as a correspondent for Venezuelan newspaper El Nacional and as an adviser to the traditional publishing house Editorial Losada.
Hombres de maíz (1949, Men of Corn) is generally considered Asturias's masterpiece. Ariel Dorfman said in his essay on the novel, that "Along with Alejo Carpentier's remarkable The Kingdom of This Wold, which was also published in 1949, [Hombres de maiz] could well be said to inaugurate the extraordinary renaissance of the contemporary Latin American novel. And yet it has been consistently underrated by critics and neglected by readers." (Some Write to the Future: Essays on Contemporary Latin American Fiction by Ariel Dorfman, 1992, p. 1) The novel depicted a rebellion by a remote tribe of Indians against desecration of their mountains and their annihilation by the army. Asturias plunged deep into the magic world view of Indians. Utilizing his knowledge of pre-Columbian literature Asturias told the story in a form of a myth. Gaspar Ilóm, the first of the myth-figures presented by the author, is an undying voice of truth: "Thus he spoke with his head separated from his body, pointed, warm, wrapped in the grey mop of the moon. Gaspar Ilóm grew old as he was speaking. His head had fallen to the ground like a flower pot sown with little feet of thoughts..." Gaspar leads a rebellion against the maize planters, and becomes a legend. Eventually the Indians lose their land, and their magic. Because of the complex narrative structure, the book was ignored for a long time.
In the 1950s Asturias wrote the so-called Banana Trilogy, Viento fuerte (1950), El papa verde (1954), and Los ojos de los enterrados (1960), revealing the evils of the United Fruit Company. These works depict how a plantation is set up in a small Central American state, and how the villages are seized and burned. In the last volume the central action concerns the efforts of Octavio Sansur to arrange a general strike. In the end both peasant/worker cooperatives and labour unionism face formidable obstacles. Asturias's trilogy received the Lenin Prize in 1966.
Week-end en Guatemala (1956) a collection of short stories, dealt with the intervention of the United States against the Arbenz government, which had initiated a land reform program. Asturias himself had advocated since his youth the concept of small, peasant-owned farms. When colonel Castillo Armas took power in 1954, Asturias lived in exile in Chile with the poet Pablo Neruda and later in Buenos Aires where he worked as a correspondent for the Venezuelan newspaper El Nacional. In 1962 Argentinian policy forced him into exile again. Asturias moved to Italy as a cultural exchange programme member. Though he regarded Colonel Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán as his true president, Asturias was named in 1966 by the new leader of Guatemala as ambassador to France, resigning from his post in 1970, when Méndez Montenegro left the presicency. Asturias spent his final years in Madrid, where died on a lecture tour on June 9, 1974, but he was buried in Pére Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.
For further reading: Into the Mainstream: Conversations with the Latin-American Writers by L. Harss & B. Dohmann (1967) Myth and Social Realism in Miguel Ángel Asturias by Luis Leal (1968); An Introduction to Spanish-American Literature by Jean Franco (1969); Miguel Angel Asturias by R.J. Callan (1970); Miguel Ángel Asturias by Eladia León Hill (1972); Conversaciones con Miguel Ángel Asturias by Álvarez Luis López (1974); 'Asturias, Miguel Angel,' in World Authors 1950-1970, edited by John Wakeman (1975); De tirasnos, héroes y brujos by Giuseppe Bellini (1982); La problemática de la identidad en "El Señor Presidente" de Miguel Ángel Asturias by Teresita Rodríquez (1989); Miguel Ángel Asturias's Archaeology of Return by René Prieto (1990); Las Novelas de Miguel Ángel Asturias desde la teoría de la recepción by Lourdes Royano Gutiérrez (1993); India's Mythology in the Novel El alhajadito (The bejeweled boy) by Miguel Angel Asturias by Richard J. Callan (2003); Literature Suppressed on Political Grounds by Nicholas J. Karolides; preface by Ken Wachsberger (rev. ed., 2006); Diorama en torno a la obra de Miguel Ángel Asturias by Mario Alberto Carrera (2017)
Selected bibliography:
Sociologia guatemalteca: el problema social del Indio, 1923 - Guatemalan Sociology: The Social Problem of the Indian (translated by Maureen Ahern, 1977)
Rayito de estrella, 1925 [Little Starbeam]
La Arquitectura de la Vida Nueva, 1928
Leyendas de Guatemala, 1930 [Legends of Guatemala]
Emulo lipolidón, 1935
Sonetos, 1936
Alclasán, 1939
Anoche, 10 de marzo de 1543, 1943
El Señor Presidente, 1946 - El Señor Presidente / The President (translated by Frances Partridge, 1963) - Herra Presidentti (suom. Pirkko Lokka, Pentti Saaritsa, 1966) - Film 1970, dir. Marcos Madanes, screenplay by Marcos Madanes, cast: Luis Brandoni, Alejandra Da Passano, Pedro Buchardo, Nelly Prono, Margarita Corona
Sien de alondra, 1948
Poesía, 1949
Hombres de Maíz, 1949 - Men of Maize (translated by Gerald Martin, 1975)
Viento fuerte, 1950 - The Cyclone (translated by Darwin Flakoll and Claribel Alegría, 1967) / Strong Winds (translated by Gregory Rabassa, 1968)
Ejercicios poéticos en forma de soneto sombre temas de Horacio, 1951
Carta aérea a mis amigos de América, 1952
El papa verde, 1954 - The Green Pope (translated by Gregory Rabassa, 1971)
Bolívar, 1955
Obras escogidas, 1955 (3 vols.)
Soluna, 1955 - Film 1969, dir. Marcos Madanes, starring Luis Medina Castro, Dora Baret, Héctor Carrión, Mikaela, David Llewelyn
Week-end en Guatemala, 1956 - Weekend Guatemalassa (suom. Pentti Saaritsa, 1968)
La audiencia de los confines, 1957
Nombe custodio, e Imagen pasajera, 1959
Los ojos de los enterrados, 1960 - The Eyes of the Interred (translated by Gregory Rabassa, 1974)
El alhajadito, 1961 - The Bejeweled Boy (translated by Martin Shuttleworth, 1971)
Mulata de tal, 1963 - Mulatta (translated by Gregory Rabassa, 1967) / The Mulatta and Mr. Fly (translated by Gregory Rabassa, 1967)
Juan Girador, 1964
Teatro, 1964
Rumania, sua nueva imagen, 1964
Obras escogidas, 1964 (2 vols.)
Sonetos de Italia, 1965
Clarivigilia primaveral, 1965
El espejo de Lida Sal, 1967 - The Mirror of Lida Sal: Tales Based on Mayan Myths and Guatemalan Legends (translated by Gilbert Alter-Gilbert, 1997)
Torotumbo, La audiencia de los confines; Mensajes indios, 1968
Latinoamérica y otros ensyaos, 1968
Antología, 1968
Obras completas, 1968 (3 vols.)
Maladrón, 1969
Comiendo en Hungaría, 1969 (with Pablo Neruda) - Sentimental Journey around the Hungarian Cuisine (translated by Barna Balogh, 1969)
Novelas y cuentos de juventud, 1971
En novelista en la universidad, 1971
The Talking Machine, 1971 (translated by Beverly Koch)
Viernes de dolores, 1972 [Good Friday]
Juárez, 1972
América, fábula de fábulas y otros ensayos, 1972
Mi mejor obra, 1974
Tres obras, 1977
Tres de cuatro soles, 1977
Edición crítica de las obras completas, 1977 (24 vols.)
Actos de fe en Guatemala, 1980 (photographs by Sara Facin and María Christina Orive)
Sinceridades, 1980 (edited by Epaminondas Quintana)
Viajes, ensayos y fantasías, 1981
El hombre que lo tenía todo, todo, todo, 1981 (illustrated by Jacqueline Duheme)
Paris 1922-1923, 1988
Cartas de amor, 1989 (ed. Felipe Mellizo)
París 1924-1933: periodismo y creación literaria, 1996 (ed. Amos Segala)
Teatro, 2003 (ed. Lucrecia Méndez de Penedo)
Sociología guatemalteca: el problema social del indio, 2007 (edición e introducción Julio César Pinto Soria; originally published in 1923)
Legends of Guatemala, 2011 (translated by Kelly Washbourne)
Week-end en Guatemala, 2013 (introducción, edición crítica y notas de Dora Sales)
Hombres de maíz, 2014 (edición de José Mejía)
Some rights reserved Petri Liukkonen (author) & Ari Pesonen. 2008-2020.
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https://courier.unesco.org/en/articles/interview-gabriel-garcia-marquez
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Interview with Gabriel García Márquez
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https://courier.unesco.org/en/articles/interview-gabriel-garcia-marquez
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Born in the Colombian village of Aracataca in 1927, Gabriel García Márquez made his mark as a master of the modern novel with the publication of Cien años de soledad in 1967 (published in English as One Hundred Years of Solitude in 1970). His reputation was cemented with the award of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1982. In this interview he speaks of his personal vision of Latin America and evokes some of the principal themes of his work, in which elements of fantasy and the marvellous mingle with the most banal reality to give everyday life a mythical and universal dimension.
Interview conducted by Manuel Osorio, Peruvian journalist
In Latin America different cultures have come together to create something new and rich. Are Latin Americans aware of this intermixing?
Speaking for myself, I only became aware of it a few years ago, even though my experience as a writer and my frequent contacts with different societies and political systems have increased my understanding of other aspects of Latin American culture. When I was travelling in Africa, I noticed similarities between some forms of popular art there and those of various Caribbean countries. That gave me a clearer understanding of our own cultural situation as well as of the relationship between elements of different cultures generally.
Through such insights, you can discover both what is unique and what is universal in a culture. There is a whole network of links between peoples that they may not necessarily be aware of.
Isn't that the starting-point of your novels? Their main theme, even?
I wasn't really conscious of the multicultural influence when I was writing them. It came to me of its own accord. It was only afterwards that I realized that almost unintentionally there were elements of this cultural mingling in my work, elements that had crept in gradually as I was writing.
In Latin America various influences have mixed and spread across the continent: Western culture, the African presence, even some Oriental elements, all added to the native, pre-Columbian tradition. That's why I don't think one can talk of a Mexican or Colombian culture as such. Speaking personally, I no longer think of myself as Colombian; first and foremost I am Latin American, and proud of it.
I should add that it's a mistake to think of the history of Latin America as starting with the Spanish conquest. That's a colonial viewpoint. We must never forget that the nations forged by the Spanish viceroys were the results of arbitrary decisions from outside, not of our own special needs.
To understand our current problems, we have to go back to the time before the Conquest. The borders that were drawn between the Latin American countries were only created to manipulate us, and still, whenever there's a need for it, the cry of nationalism goes up. Obviously, that only sets us against one another, stops us from seeing and feeling the problems that we have in common. Each country has its own special circumstances, but what really matters is our underlying common identity.
So is there such a thing as a Latin American culture?
I certainly don't think one can say there is a homogeneous Latin American culture. For example in Central America, the Caribbean region, there is an African influence that has resulted in a culture different from that of countries with a sizable indigenous population, like Mexico or Peru. You could make a similar point about many other Latin American countries.
In South America, Venezuela and Colombia have more in common with the Caribbean than with the Andean Indians, even though both countries have an Indian population of their own. In Peru and Ecuador, there is a divergence between the coastal regions and the mountains. Similar situations exist throughout the continent.
These diverse influences come together to give Latin American civilization its special flavour, its uniqueness in relation to the world's other cultures.
What part does Spanish influence play in this context?
There's no denying the strength of Spanish influence in Latin America, and of Portuguese influence in Brazil. It is there in every aspect of our lives. We even speak Castilian Spanish.
It is a very rich influence, if also a controversial one that is often disparaged. Even though the heritage is part of our cultural personality, there is a mistrust of everything Spanish in Latin America that complicates everything and seems to me to be excessive and dangerous. As far as I'm concerned, I am proud to have inherited that culture, I'm not ashamed of it in any way. Spanish colonization is no longer a problem today. It's true that we were created in a way from a European overflow, but we're no mere copy of Europe. Latin America is something else again.
Where did the urge to write come from, the storytelling inspiration that gave us One Hundred Years of Solitude, The Autumn of the Patriarch, Chronicle of a Death Foretold, Love in the Time of Cholera...?
I think it all comes from nostalgia.
Nostalgia for your childhood? For your country?
Nostalgia for my country and for life itself. I had an extraordinary childhood, surrounded by highly imaginative and superstitious people, people who lived in a misty world populated by phantasms. For instance, my grandmother used quite unselfconsciously to tell me stories at night that would make my hair stand on end.
Your grandfather seems to have been something of a family legend. Did he play an important part in your childhood?
He was an enormous old man who seemed to be suspended in time and in memory, and I was very fond of him. He died when I was eight years old, and I was deeply upset. He used to tell me about his life and everything that had happened in the village and the surrounding district since time immemorial. He described in detail the wars he had fought in and the terrible massacres in the banana plantations the year I was born, massacres that left a lasting trace on Colombian history.
Did your mother also influence you as a writer?
She's an enchanting woman. When someone asked her about me, what she attributed her son's talent to, she replied without batting an eyelid "Scott's Emulsion" [a children's tonic]. There's another revealing anecdote. I have several brothers. Well, whenever one of us takes a plane, she lights a candle and says a prayer that everything will be all right. But we're no longer all living at home, and the last time I saw her she told me, "Now I always keep a candle burning, in case one of you takes a plane without my knowing about it".
All my family are very important to me, and they all appear in one way or another in my writings. I never forget that I am the son of an Aracataca postal worker.
Originally you came from the Caribbean, and your books reflect the feverish, overflowing life of the region. Is that where you found the magical realism that has made your work so popular around the world?
In the Caribbean there's a perfect symbiosis – well, let's say one more evident than elsewhere – between the people, daily life and the natural world. I grew up in a village hidden away among marshes and virgin forest on the Colombian north coast. The smell of the vegetation there is enough to turn your stomach.
It's a place the sea passes through every imaginable shade of blue, where cyclones make houses fly away, where villages lie buried under dust and the air burns your lungs. For the Caribbean peoples, natural catastrophe and human tragedy are part of everyday life.
should add that the area is soaked in myths brought over by the slaves, mixed in with Indian legends and Andalusian imagination. The result is a very special way of looking at things, a conception of life that sees a bit of the marvellous in everything. You find it not just in my novels, but also in the works of Miguel Angel Asturias in Guatemala and Alejo Carpentier in Cuba. There's a supernatural side to things, a kind of reality that ignores the laws of reason, just like in dreams.
I once wrote a story about the Pope visiting a remote Colombian village, something that seemed quite impossible at the time. Well, a few years later the Pope visited Colombia.
In view of the influences you've described, the presence of the marvellous throughout your work, do you think critics are justified in describing you as a fantasy writer, as baroque?
In the Caribbean, and in Latin America in general, we consider so-called magical situations part of everyday life, like any other aspect of reality. It seems quite natural to us to believe in portents, telepathy, premonitions, a whole host of superstitions and fantastical ways of coming to terms with reality. I never try to explain or justify such phenomena in my books. I see myself as a realist, pure and simple.
The relationship between Europe and Latin America has always been full of unhelpful misunderstandings. Do you think it's necessary to clarify the relationship and to put ill feeling behind us if we are to reach a new equilibrium between North and South?
The problems our continent faces are so huge that they prevent us from seeing things clearly, even though we are right in the midst of the situation. So it's not surprising if Europe, absorbed by the spectacle of its own culture, lacks adequate means of understanding us. The Europeans have inherited a great rationalist tradition, and it is only to be expected that they should constantly judge us by their own criteria, without taking into account the differences that exist at other latitudes. It's not surprising either if they fail to see that the need for prosperity and a sense of identity is felt just as keenly in Latin America, or in Africa and Asia, as it once was in Europe, and still is today. Even so, any attempt to interpret one part of the world using the criteria of another is bound to lead to terrible misunderstandings, and can only entrap people more deeply in alienation, solitude and isolation.
Europe should try to see us in the light of its own past. It's as if the present imbalance has made it lose sight of the vicissitudes of its own history. Who remembers that it took 300 years to build a wall around London? That Rome wasn't built in a day but over many centuries, or that it was an Etruscan king who took Rome into the arena of history? That Tenochtitlán, the Aztec capital, was bigger than Paris when the conquistadors arrived?
Europeans of vision, people doing their best to create a more just and humane society across their continent, could really help us if they changed their way of judging us. Any real sympathy with our dreams and hopes should take the form of aid for people whose only ambition is to live their own lives in a world where there is a real sense of human brotherhood.
Why shouldn't the southern nations attempt to copy the solutions the Europeans are adopting in Europe, even if the conditions and methods are different?
Do the problems come from inside or outside the continent?
I think we have to stop pretending to ourselves that all the violence, misery and dissension that afflicts Latin America is the result of a plot hatched thousands of kilometres away, as if we couldn't imagine any other destiny for ourselves than being at the mercy of the global powers.
Confronted with inequality, oppression, exploitation and neglect, our answer must be life itself. Not even centuries of warfare have dimmed its obstinate affirmation. Forty years ago, William Faulkner refused to accept the possibility that mankind might come to an end. Today we know that what he feared is a straightforward scientific possibility. Given that terrible fact, and the knowledge that the links between nations are stronger than ever before and that a new era is dawning, I believe it's not too late to build a utopia that would allow us to share an Earth on which no one would take decisions for other people, and where people on the margins would be given a fresh chance. A world in which solidarity could become a reality.
It's an aspiration that is reflected in your work, bound as it is to Latin America and an awareness of its destiny.
That's right. I don't think one can live with such a nostalgia, try for so long to describe a country or understand a continent, without feeling deeply linked to them, and through them to the entire world.
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http://pmc.iath.virginia.edu/issue.906/17.1arias.html
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en
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Constructing Ethnic Bodies and Identities in Miguel Angel Asturias and Rigoberta Menchú
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At the first conference on Maya studies in Guatemala City (August 1996), Luis Enrique Sam Colop, a K'iché Maya academic, public intellectual and newspaper columnist who debates politics in the national press, accused the country's most celebrated Ladino writer, novelist Miguel Angel Asturias, of racism on the basis of ideas he expressed in his graduate thesis in 1923. When Ladino conservative pundit Mario Roberto Morales defended Asturias in turn, Mayas in the audience heckled him and agreed with Sam Colop. Their support for Sam Colop attests to the radical position many Mayas take regarding ethnic identity and to the leading role Sam Colop has played in debates on the subject since 1991, when he began to expose the historical roots and perniciousness of racism in the country.[1] Sam Colop made his statements about Asturias not simply to attack an obscure work that the Nobel laureate had written when he was still a student, before he had published anything literary or left for Europe, where he gained his insights on Maya culture, but as part of a strategy to challenge those who have presumed to speak for Mayas. His intervention created a public controversy in the Guatemalan press, because, as Kay B. Warren has pointed out, Sam Colop's attitude generalized essentialist constructions to all non-Mayas, suggesting that all non-Mayas are racist (21). This controversy dragged into 2003, when K'iché Maya poet Humberto Ak'abal became the first Maya writer in Guatemala to be awarded the Miguel Angel Asturias National Prize in Literature, an honor he declined. He said that he refused to accept the prize because it was named for a Ladino writer who had made racist comments against indigenous peoples, this despite the fact that it was bestowed upon him by the country's first Maya Minister of Culture, Otilia Lux de Cotí, a member of Ak'abal's same ethnic group though of a different social and professional class, who defended the name of the award.
The stance adopted by the group surrounding Sam Colop implicitly disqualified Asturias's creative attempts to portray Guatemalan identity as ethnically hybrid.[2] Ironically, these Mayas end up validating an essentialist position on indigenous ethnicity that is the photographic negative of many Ladinos' pernicious essentialism regarding Mayas. Other Maya leaders, however, have generated a displacement in indigenous identity as part of an effort to build bridges toward ladinidad. In 1999, it was 1992 Nobel Peace Prize recipient Rigoberta Menchú who inaugurated Asturias's centennial celebration at UNESCO headquarters in Paris and wrote the introduction to the event's catalogue. She stated:
The life and work of our Guatemalan brother, his written words in literary works . . . demonstrate in contextual arguments that the word and ideas are more effective than arms and violence. Love for others, respect for difference . . . his constant dialogue and cultural interchange . . . constitute the strength and immortality of his words. (16-17)
Menchú's assessment of Asturias invents a new dimension in Maya/Ladino relations, in which neither is the stained/blemished image of the other, but in which the a focus on relations of power has been interestingly displaced in favor of an emphasis on the Maya woman, thus reconfiguring ethnic and gender power. Menchú in turn re-presents Asturias and revalidates him on the global scene, underscoring his "respect for difference," which locates the intercultural dialogic relationship between Mayas and Ladinos as a foundational element of Asturian textuality.
Why this apparent contradiction between the stance of some Maya intellectuals, who accuse Asturias of racism, and Menchú, who defends the most prominent Ladino writer and man of letters? The present article addresses this question. It is concerned with explaining ethnic and gender contradictions in Guatemala as represented in two particular books, I, Rigoberta Menchú and Mulata, that are emblematic of the country's two Nobel laureates, Miguel Angel Asturias (1967 Nobel Prize for literature) and Rigoberta Menchú (1992 Nobel Peace Prize). The literary works of both articulate a politics beholden neither to the nation-state nor to transnational politics, but rather reorganize the ethnic question altogether through a re-semantization that transforms ethnic identities in a way that destabilizes racial and gendered hierarchies.
The Maya/Ladino ethnic conflict is a consequence of the Spanish invasion in 1524. The Maya population began to exercise a degree of authority in present-day Guatemalan politics, culture, and economy as a result of 37 years of civil war in this Central American country. The U.N. Truth Commission report states that between 1980 and 1986, the army wiped out well over 600 Maya villages. Over 100,000 people were killed, primarily older people, women, and children, and over a quarter of a million were driven into exile.[3] However, this genocide led to a Maya cultural revival as well. Grassroots Maya leaders, of whom Menchú is only one, emerged from this process. Based on contextual elements of the Pop Wuj, the sacred book of the Mayas,these leaders and "organic intellectuals" forged collectively a cultural memory to counter their historical exclusion.[4] This common text has enabled present-day Maya intellectuals to generate complex layer of textual symbolism that interplays past and present through the repetition of classical Maya motifs. The symbolism of ancestral images underlines the uninterrupted continuity of culture and community for more than 1,500 years, and questions the notion of "the fatherland" founded by Spanish conquistadors, a construct that thus becomes simply another discursive fiction in a nineteenth-century rhetoric that conceived of the nation as the imagined community of criollos, that is, full-blooded Europeans born in the Americas. Never mind that Ladinos, in reality, are people of mixed ethnic origin.
Technically speaking, a Ladino can be any person of mixed European and indigenous origins.[5] The epistemic and colonial difference of being labeled "Ladino," as opposed to "Maya," plays a role in the binary representation of urban and rural in Central America, and in the correspondent difference between "modern" and "primitive." Despite their repeated displays of an ethnic inferiority complex in relation to "white Europeans," for the most part Ladinos have self-defined as white, Western, and Christian in the process of nation-building projects that enabled them to constitute themselves as a hegemonic class in Central America. However, given the preponderance of indigenous genetic traits even among the Ladino population, Western clothing and the Spanish language have served them as ethnic identity markers.
In the re-semantization of Asturias, Menchú becomes a Maya transvestite in the sense that in the international arena, she plays an ethnicized representational role that grants her both celebrity and authority that also empower her at the local level, while performing the role of submissive Maya woman dressed in colorful hüipiles for public consumption. Marjorie Garber uses the term "transvestite" to indicate a "'category crisis' disrupting and calling attention to cultural, social, or aesthetic dissonances . . . to disrupt, expose, and challenge" (16), thus questioning the possibility of a stable identity. In A Finger in the Wound: Body Politics in Quincentennial Guatemala, Diane M. Nelson also uses Garber to help her define Menchú as a transvestite, though she works equally with Lacanian terms to signal not only a "category crisis," but also a failure of distinctions, a bodily borderline where Menchú represents the opposite of the castration anxiety. That is, she embodies the phantasmatic object you are afraid to see, namely a "masculine" indigenous woman, masculine because of her power and her globalized political clout, a "phallic woman" wielding the power that traditionally belonged only to Ladino men:
She represents a category crisis that is both already underway (in the vibrant Mayan rights movement, growing feminism and popular and revolutionary organizations) but that is also always already there in the fluid constitutions of national, ethnic, and gender bodies politic in pre-and post-Quincentennial Guatemala. (190)
According to this logic, cross-dressing signifies the inversion of identities perceptually considered one's "own," with the result that the subject is located in a space apparently "outside one's nature." It is an instance of passing oneself off as another, a representation. As Garber affirms, it defies binarism by creating a third possibility as a mode of articulation, as a way of describing a space of possibilities that breaks with the notion of unitary identity (11) and that can subsequently generate possibilities for a "third space" of reading. The irruption of an unexpected element generates a crisis in the stability of the identitary category. This would also explain what Nelson calls "gender-intrigued reactions" to Menchú that are anxious "about the crossing of ethnic identity boundaries occasioned by an indigenous woman who is a thoroughly modern and well-spoken international celebrity" (196).
The relationship between Menchú and Asturias can serve as a starting point for a consideration of their links to guatemalidad, understood here as a symbolic dis-location from a territorial imaginary that forces many subjects to cross-dress in order to hide both their exilic and their subaltern positions. This is especially true in the context of the criticism generated by their respective Nobel Prizes, given that both laureates have at different times been accused of projecting a false identity, of pretending to be who they were not. Asturias was accused of falsely portraying himself as a Maya when he was a Ladino. Menchú was accused of falsely portraying herself as an indigenous leader when she was a revolutionary militant.
Why this negative reaction to their discursivities? To my way of thinking, this reaction reflects the difficulty a wide range of critics have accepting parameters that diverge too much from Eurocentric ones, especially when they are dealing with, and framing, issues and problems of global coloniality.[6] They also do not understand that indigenous movements constitute a break with the Western sense of nation-building in their aim to create political and ethical "re-foundations."[7] Finally, this reaction reflects fears of phallic inadequacy that both Asturias's and Menchú's works generate among many of Guatemala's Ladino males.
In the case of Asturias, this deliberate cross-dressing appears in the foundational origin of his work. From the outset he was interested in creating a transvestized alternative Otherness of an emancipatory sort; what we know today as Mulata arose from what he conceived as a totalizing masterwork in the late 1920s and first expressed in Leyendas de Guatemala (1930). In that text, a male subject has a feminine life-experience because of his ethnic nature. Symbolically, the Ladino imaginary establishes a binarism, attributing masculinity to Ladino hegemony and associating indigenous subalternity with femininity.[8] When it comes to identity, the "poet-prince" (as the character is described in the text, because he is a manifestation of Quetzalcoatl, the Plumed Serpent, god of knowledge and culture) knows that he is a subaltern ethnic subject, whose identity is associated with femininity. For this reason, he seeks to escape the restrictions of both by affirming his royal lineage.[9] Femininity in this context is simply a repressed presence, and it is transferred to the woods roamed by Cuero de Oro, who will later become Kukulkán, the Plumed Serpent in question[10]: "Darkness falls without twilight, rivulets of blood flow between the trunks, a faint redness glows in the frogs' eyes, and the forest becomes a tender, malleable, boneless mass, undulant like hair that smells of resin and lemon-tree leaves."[11] Cuero de Oro associates the jungle with femininity, but the jungle is himself. This is a clear act of transference. In the role of woman he is passive; he cannot advance because "the four roads were forbidden me" (32). When the forest turns hostile after the symbolic rape of the indigenous people by Spanish conqueror Pedro de Alvarado, it becomes a forest "of human trees," and the roads turn in on themselves. Cuero de Oro then transforms into Kukulkán, which implies "ceasing to be a woman," acquiring a masculine image, exercising a new discipline of power over his body. Hence the process of coiling up the snakes around his body, an obvious phallic symbol emphasized as such in the text: "The black ones rubbed my hair until they fell asleep with contentment, like females next to their males" (33). Now Cuero de Oro is Kukulkán, the (multi)colored snakes that possessed him are females, and he, "concupiscent," feels himself growing roots, experiencing this as "sexual agony." His roots grow like erect phalluses, until they take on the power of destruction associated with phallic power. At the same time, he misses his lost mobility. This phallic power is also the embrace of death, and thus "hurts the heart all the deeper" (34). Cuero de Oro sacrifices his feminine vitality for masculine power, which implies death, and his repressed impotence is projected as the invalidated feminine subject.[12] Kukulkán, purified, re-emerges as a masculine subject charged with lethal power. In this way he externalizes the inherent impediment he had encountered in becoming the subject he imagined himself to be, the desired subject. He mystifies his problematic "femininity." Freighted with the illusion of masculinity, he has no problem existing as the cross-dressed Kukulkán. The story's stylistic complexity simultaneously obscures and makes visible the fault-line, the suture, in the phantasmatic unity of Asturias's project of mestizaje (miscegenation). The asymmetry that undermines the purported equality between the two ethnic groups, projected onto the plane of sexuality, creates a sort of void on the political plane of the text. The inner peace that this resolution generates for Cuero de Oro, however, entails an inability to love. For him to be a Maya god means to dedicate himself wholly to the function of artifice. This redeems his art because he has found an entry into language in the process of becoming aware of his identity. But it makes him distant, if not impotent, indifferent to the desire of the Other. He sublimates the negation of his own sexuality in a mystical project, as do Catholic saints whose motivations transcend desire.
In Mulata de tal (1963; Mulata, 1967) Asturias presents such "inversions" as a code when he refers to the invasion of his country in 1954 as a sexual "perversion" going against the "normal" reproductive role of society. In this way, he makes ethnicity and power twist and turn on the axis of sexuality's "unspeakable practices" and "abominable acts" in the process of codifying this language as the expression of a different epistemology.
In Mulata, the sexual ambiguity of the Mulata provides the starting point for an unending series of ethnic transfigurations and re-semantizations of linguistic and cultural signs. No one can define the Mulata, not even on the purely biological level: "I don't know what she is, but she isn't a man and she isn't a woman either. She doesn't have enough inky-dinky for a man and she has too much dinky-inky for a woman. Since you've never seen her from the front."[13] The sexual ambiguity of the Mulata is another instance of the polyvalent Guatemalan identity, and her sexual ambiguity creates confusion and anxiety for all the characters of the text, disturbing their own identities to such an extent that they actually become transformed into other characters with different ethnicities and genders. In this sense, the Mulata plays the emblematic role of the "phallic woman," and as such she threatens the main character, Celestino Yumí, with symbolic castration, a literary pre-enactment of the situation previously described of Menchú's ambivalent relation to restrictive Ladino masculinist power in Guatemala. But by also being the moon, the Law of the Mother, the mulata implies fear of castration. Celestino finds and marries the Mulata after making a pact with the Maya devil (figured as the corn god Tazol) in which he trades his wife Catalina for the ability to turn corn into gold. The Mulata, in turn, torments Celestino, threatening to kill him for his golden skeleton. Later in the novel, Celestino repents of his choice and helps Catalina escape, but she is now a dwarf and becomes the Mulata's slave and fetishized toy. Celestino and Catalina trick the Mulata and lock her in a cave and trade their ethnic peasant identities for the magical powers of a hybridized religion of devil-worship in Tierrapaulita, but the Mulata does not remain buried. Rather, she resurfaces in a catastrophic earthquake and reclaims her power through a series of transfigurations and fragmentations, which include the detachment of her prominent female sexual organs, which thereafter circulate on their own. For Freud, all fetishes are substitutes for the phallus the woman has lost: fetishism is a mechanism to quell the fear of castration on the part of male subjects. If the simulacrum of the phallus is at the base of Sadean representation, the fear of losing it is equally key to Asturian representation (Frappier-Mazur 80). Thus in Mulata the female sex organs acquire the value of a fetish object both from the semiotic and from the psychoanalytic points of view. Recall that in Freud's thinking, if the female subject is "castrated," the male subject is also in danger of becoming so. On the other hand, emphasis on the female sex organs can proclaim their superiority to the phallus, and this inversion can reverberate to the male subject as a sign of impotence.
Asturias represents these travestisms as metamorphoses in Mulata, radical transformations in the bodies of the characters that make them almost unrecognizable and that illustrate the ways in which a variety of Guatemalan subjects cloak themselves in deceptive vestments to appropriate authority and power. At the novel's climax, Celestino Yumí battles the Mulata, symbolically represented at this point by the priest, Father Chimalpín, who then takes the form of a cassocked spider, an emblematic act of transvestism, given that priests dress as women. But it is also an act of syncretism, where the devils, Tazol and Candanga, are embodied by priests, who are then variously gendered. The priest had earlier entered the body of the sexton, who himself becomes the character Jerónimo de la Degollación and tries to possess Celestino: he opens his cape, and "on the pretext of giving him the chamber pot (tries to) despoil him of his male attributes" (232). But Jerónimo is also the transvestite Mulata, the first "phallic" woman, complicating the sexual symbolism. The union of the priest, Jerónimo de la Degollación, and the sexton through this joint identification with and "possession" by the Mulata also underscores the eminently queer nature of the sexton, of the Mulata herself, and of Celestino's desire for the Mulata (whom he always sexually possessed from behind). Celestino has never ceased to desire her, which implies a minimal recognition of his homosexual desire. Seeing himself confronted openly by Jerónimo, he reacts as would any "macho" who could not admit to homoerotic desire; that is, with violence. Textually, this is represented on a plane of illusion, of fantasy: in a symbolic cross-dressing, Celestino sprouts spines from his smallpox scars and is converted into a giant porcupine. Transformed, he penetrates Jerónimo--whose own desire is fully evident--with those phallic protuberances and leaves him for dead. Next he goes after the "cassocked spider," the transvestized Father Chimalpín. The response of Celestino-as-porcupine may be fantasioso (conceited), but it is also phantasmatic. The subject's orifices are transformed into barbs/penises, to carry out an imaginary penetration of Jerónimo, the Mulata, and the priest, who is also the "father," reproducing his psychological struggle with the paternal image. Chimalpín ends up in the same condition as Celestino: pitted with smallpox, punctured with holes, feminized. The subject's hatred for the paternal image is read as recognition of the father's homosexual tendencies and as a deconstruction of the virile subject.
These complex relations and representations delineate for Asturias the history of relations between the United States and Guatemala, and in particular the U.S.-sponsored 1954 invasion that overthrew Guatemala's democracy and unleashed a 37-year-long civil war, an issue I develop extensively in my critical edition of Asturias's Mulata.[14] But he also sees that history as part of a global design, to paraphrase Mignolo. Reading the text as a symbolic re-encoding of the political, a metaphorized story of his country, gives it a new meaning. The subject's inability to coexist with the figures of the father and the mother implies the impossibility of encountering common spaces in which to forge social, community, or national ties. The meta-fictional value of the text becomes evident when we understand its narrative as the encoded chronicle of a nation's destruction.
We can read the text another way by substituting for the signs in question the identity tropes of Ladinos and Mayas, and U.S. academics' determination to normalize them within Western parameters. It may well be that Mulata is a novel and not a testimony, but the text certainly demands a knowledge of the paratextual context, as does Menchú's text. They address the same local history, with the same imperial connotations. Nonetheless, in Guatemalan discourse, the relationships between enunciations and the institutional spaces of criticism have nothing to do with the nation-state, since the criticism of both proceeds from beyond its boundaries. Mulata was called an "untruthful novel" by South American critics of the 1960s, such as Emir Rodríguez Monegal and Angel Rama, who, defending existing hegemonic narratives, labeled it as "premodern" on the grounds that Asturias merely "copied" readily-available indigenous sources. By contrast, novels emphasizing urban/metropolitan topics were celebrated for accentuating their European roots in the process of elaborating stylistic experimentations. According to this bias, urban/cosmopolitan writers were read (and celebrated) for their innovative styles, whereas writers such as Asturias were read (and panned) for content, while their equally innovative styles went ignored. Once their work had been found guilty of essentialized primitivism because of its double consciousness of modernity/coloniality, much of Latin American metropolitan "taste" assumed that no possible notion of style or textual strategy could be submerged there.[15] None of the critics who made these charges were Central American, nor did they take into account the region's singular ethnic and political realities in their readings of the novel. They did, however, attempt to silence it, in a preamble to Menchú's later testimony. As a result, it took Gerald Martin's Journeys Through the Labyrinth: Latin American Fiction in the Twentieth Century (1989) to re-establish Asturias's reputation as a precursor to Latin America's 1960s literary boom in the English-speaking world, a prestige he had retained exclusively in France, thanks primarily to the efforts of Amos Segala and the Association d'Amis de Miguel Angel Asturias.[16]
The South American furor against Asturias, which extended to the U.S. when his critics moved to leading American universities, brought to bear a power/knowledge relationship that imposed certain cosmopolitan prejudices against marginality: racial prejudices toward indigenous subjectivity, geopolitical prejudices toward Central America, machista prejudices against women and the specter of homosexuality. These came in the guise of supposedly modernistic aesthetics. Thus Asturian textuality remains to this day relegated in the Latin American literary canon, created by cosmopolitan critics from South America in U.S. universities, to the pejorative classification of "premodern literature" and to the sub-genre of the Latin American "novela indigenista," and Mulata, a true masterpiece, languishes in critical oblivion, branded as an unintelligible or unstructured novel.[17]
In an important section of Mulata Celestino meets the "Sauvages," people transformed into boars for refusing to be dehumanized. That is, in this additional form of cross-dressing, the only civilized subjects are "mistakenly," from an epistemological point of view, called "Sauvages." Their description is accompanied by a meditation on writing, positioned as hieroglyphic repositories of collective memory: "Crags covered with blue-greenish lichens on which the tusks of the Sauvages had drawn capricious signs. Could that be their way of writing? Did they keep their annals in those drawings made with the tips of their tusks?"[18] Celestino, in other words, cannot "read" them. The cryptic meaning of the capricious signs evokes the glyphs on Maya monoliths, which tell a story incomprehensible to a traditional Western mind that refuses to see how colonial power conforms the space-in-between. It is a story that has already ended, brought to closure by imperialist intervention. The subaltern subject, civilized despite being called "Sauvage" by the dominant Other, possesses a discourse and a history that remain incomprehensible to those who attempt to fit them into a foreign cultural mold.
Now let us return to Menchú. Her testimonio I, Rigoberta Menchú (1984) is also misread because its project resembles Asturias's:
All the (Maya beauty) queens go with the customs from the different regions . . . . There are always a lot of tourists . . . . And they take all the photos they want. But, for an Indian, taking a photo of him in the street is abusing his dignity, abusing him . . . . A friend who was a queen told me that they taught her how to present herself. This compañera couldn't speak Spanish very well, so she had to learn the boring little speech she was going to give: greetings for the President, greetings for the most important guests, greetings for the army officers . . . . This is what hurts Indians most. It means that, yes, they think our costumes are beautiful because it brings in money, but it's as if the person wearing it doesn't exist. (208-09)
This fragment evidences an anxiety about dressing as a Maya woman for the Ladino gaze, and about being fetishized as such. The implication here is that Maya women are forced to perform an act that is not intrinsic to their culture, one for which only their exoticized clothing is valued, but not the person wearing it. The picture-taking implies a commodification of the person wearing Maya clothing as well, while having to learn a speech in the language, Spanish, that was the only official language in Guatemala until 1996, indicates the Mayas' subaltern status as colonized subjects within their own country.
However, Menchú herself turns the tables around by performing in public while wearing those very clothes as a sign of her identity; she has made a point of never appearing in public wearing Western clothes, though she normally switches to blue jeans and other Westernized items for comfort in private.[19] This apparent contradiction has to do with Menchú's intuitive recognition that, paraphrasing Saldaña-Portillo, Mayas might be Guatemala's ideal ancestors, but Ladinos are Guatemala's ideal citizens.[20] At the same time, she knows that Maya clothing is both about social identity and about the construction of gender, which was a fluid potential, not a fixed category, before the Spaniards came to Mesoamerica in any case.[21] Ethnicized clothing is, after all, a symbolic cultural product that represents cultural affirmation, and dress serves as a site for the continual renegotiation of identity--gendered, ethnic and otherwise. It is part of the systemic structure that supports ethnic identities and the formation of ethnicized communities. Thus Menchú places ethnicity at the fulcrum of a new, hybrid national identity that will redefine Guatemala in the future. That is why, in her book, every single chapter has an epigraph that quotes either the Pop Wuj, Asturias's Men of Maize, or Menchú herself, the three dominant voices that articulate the interrleations in her understanding of a new matrix forming guatemalidad. Interspersed within her life story are chapters describing birth ceremonies, the nahual, ceremonies for sowing time and harvest, marriage ceremonies, and death rituals. For example:
Every child is born with a nahual. The nahual is like a shadow, his protective spirit who will go through life with him. The nahual is the representative of the earth, the animal world, the sun and water, and in this way the child communicates with nature. The nahual is our double, something very important to us. (18)
In the process, she impersonates male, foreign anthropologists, while simultaneously retaining her position as a subaltern indigenous woman informant. In the quote above, this tension is clear. The first three sentences could very well have been taken from any classical anthropological book, such as those by Adams.[22] However, in the fourth sentence, the possessive pronoun "our" and the indirect object pronoun "us" that underline the "possession" of this trait, signal her belonging to that specific community and mark a crossing over in reverse: from the Western centrality of the discourse that names marginality, back to ethnicized marginality itself as "home."
Needing to appropriate for herself the construction of a Pan-Maya identity in this stance, Menchú represents herself as embracing traditional Maya religion, given its role as an axiological basis for the definition of identity. Still Menchú is, officially, a practicing Catholic, a member, as was her father, of Acción Católica, an organization that attacked the shrine of Pascual Abaj, one of the best-known shrines of traditional Maya religion, in Chichicastenango in 1976, as Duncan Earle has documented (292). The example quoted above is one indication of Menchú's syncretism. Nahuals are exclusive to practicioners of Maya religion. The same is true of other rituals, such as the sowing ceremonies:
=
The fiesta really starts months before when we asked the earth's permission to cultivate her. In that ceremony we incense, the elected leaders say prayers, and then the whole community prays. We burn candles in our own houses and other candles for the whole community. Then we bring out the seeds we will be sowing. (52)
This passage describes part of the fiesta system that Earle defines as the basis for the development of indigenous authority anchored in Maya religion (293). It underscores the Maya cosmological system whereby vegetation, the human life cycle, kinship, modes of production, religious and political hierarchy, and conceptions of time and celestial movement are unified. This quote also reflects the Maya cosmological viewpoint, a complex, three-dimensional conceptualization involving cross sections of the universe and specific boundaries or points in space. These are not, however, compatible with a Catholic understanding of the world. We can see another example of Menchú's cross-dressing as a Maya shaman to imagine a syncretic religion when she details other prayers:
We pray to our ancestors, reciting their prayers which have been known to us for a long time--a very, very long time. We evoke the representatives of the animal world; we say the names of dogs. We say the names of the earth, the God of the earth, and the God of water. Then we say the name of the heart of the sky--the Sun. (57)
This cosmological vision is, again, typical of Maya religion and not at all Catholic. Still, Menchú makes it her own with the subject pronoun "we," repeated five times in this short passage, which also denotes possession, and is marked emphatically by the object pronoun "us." The phrase "a long time--a very, very long time" also gives rise to a textual interplay between the Maya classical past and the present, common among defenders of Maya religion; it denotes a desire to underscore the uninterrupted continuity of Maya culture and community of more than 1,500 years. This concept of time not only erases traditional Ladino periodicity, but also creates within the text a foundational act to nurture that imaginary continuity of Maya history. Nevertheless, it is a contradiction with the genealogy of her Catholic faith, and that of Acción Católica, the organization in which her father was a catechist, and which propelled her activism. These quotes show that, in her quest for a unification of heterogenous peoples and systems of belief, Menchú poses as a Maya priestess, a shamanic role that does not belong to her, as it involves the intertwining of cosmology, culture, history, and language.[23] Her own words fail to account for these complex relationships. Earle situates Menchú's need to anchor her vision in a religious axiological constituent, and to impersonate a shamanistic voice, "in the context of a priest-based" religious social system (305) that enables her to "make coherent and unified statements that are hopeful and empowering, without contradictions or inner conflicts" (306). This re-semantization transforms her into a symbolic ethnic religious cross-dresser.
Like transvestism, "cross-dressing" also applies to Guatemalan ethnicity. Nelson begins her chapter on "Gendering the Ethnic-National Question" with a reference to Maya women "and the anxiety of cross-dressing" (170), linking this term to the ambiguity of dressing Western as opposed to dressing Mayan. There are lines of flight in it, because it is an assemblage of a multiplicity of perceptions without a center that does not refer to verifiable data but only to the actual process of its own reiteration as a "truth effect." Its repetition--a sort of never-ending dress rehearsal--produces and sustains the power of the truth effect and the discursive regime that has constructed it and that operates in the production of racialized and ethnicized bodies.
In this sense, the symbolic use of cross-dressing seems appropriate to describe the gendering of ethnic politics in a country where dressing in traditional Maya costume, as opposed to dressing in Western clothing, defined ethnicity for many decades.[24] As Nelson indicates, Maya women's traditional colorful clothing has been commodified to attract tourists (170), and their alleged passivity is supposed to be emblematic of the expected behavior of all indigenous peoples. She adds: "When Ladino candidates touring the country for votes think they've found 'the real Guatemala' on the shores of Lake Atitlán, it is the traditionally costumed, dutifully worshipping Mayan woman they refer to" (170). Nelson concludes that Mayas "disappear" when they take off their traje. She could have very well added that they become Ladinos, the simplest definition of which would be a person with indigenous traits dressed in Western clothing, as Adams asserted in the 1950s.
Menchú was misunderstood and misrepresented by a U.S. anthropologist who spearheaded a conservative reaction against the testimonial genre by returning to universalist juridical principles that claimed to articulate known "truths."[25] Returning to the psychoanalytic reading I began with Asturias, we can also read in Menchú and in reactions to her a similar psychoanalytic imaginary, expressed by a whole series of linguistic cross-dressings, the symbolic re-encoding of Maya/Ladino relations. In this reading, the Maya becomes the fetish of the Ladino. The symbolic castration experienced by the subaltern subject also endangers the Ladino because the latter fears that castration can be reversed. Similarly, emphasis on what is Maya proclaims its superiority. This is why in Menchú the Ladino is obsessed with stealing the Maya's jouissance. This act, however, would involve the negation of the differences between both groups. When the Maya acquires power, the Ladino subject makes a contract with his "ideal woman" to be reborn by her hands. However, the Candanga (Devil) from another world, the North American anthropologist David Stoll, breaks this contract by denying her validity, symbolically castrating her and by extension the male Ladino. Ladinos are forced into the position of having to defend Menchú against the attack that calls into question this new agreement. This would explain why figures from the Guatemalan Right, such as Jorge Skinner Kleé, joined forces to defend the wronged woman in 2000 (see The Rigoberta Menchú Controversy).
Asturias was also misunderstood and misrepresented by a universalist literary criticism that reacted against the transcultural ethnic subjectivity, mockery of Western culture, and ambiguous sexuality in his novels.[26] Thus Menchú and Asturias have in common, independently of their different géneros (genres, but also genders, in Spanish), the misreading by critics who cannot see the signs of an alternative set of principles that anchors Mesoamerican identity and constitutes its cultural matrix, outside the Western parameters they favor. Postcolonial theorists have argued that Western critics customarily encounter their own limitations when they confront that Other who does not return their gaze as they would like to see it returned. In this case, the problem arises from an original imperialist negation of the paratextual context that determines Menchú's and Asturias's particular ethnicizing positionalities, a hybrid but predominantly indigenous condition that is the source of all their enunciations. This discursivity can only be deciphered by looking beyond the boundaries of the Western genres--novel, testimonio--in which it is expressed, and by truly exploring a "third space" of reading in the sense defined by Garber. Nonetheless, criticism of Asturias has limited itself to the thematic aspect of his work, and assessments of Menchú are framed by a definition of what truthful testimony is supposed to be.
But then, can we assume that the very guatemalidad that dispossesses them also unites them? Both Asturias and Menchú are "Sauvages." Both are keepers of the capricious signs that guard their stories and remain meaningless to those who wish to invisibilize the guatemalidad in their writing as a conceptual horizon. Both of them depart from a specific referent to trace their singular vision of an imaginary community's desire, structured by their phantasmatic nostalgia for a fatherland as an authenticating mechanism. However, even if both imagine a community named "Guatemala," Asturias and Menchú--and the ethnicized classes they have come to represent--certainly imagine different cultural events and evoke emotional ties not necessarily leading to unification through a common language, religion, or race. The nation-state, Deleuze and Guattari claim, is nothing more than a model for a particular realization (456), an artifice, an illusion. Its formation usually implies a struggle against imperial powers, but it also connotes a totalitarian deployment against its own minorities for the sake of forming a new homogeneous space corresponding to a collective subjectivization that encodes the supposed nationality, as happened in Guatemala between Ladinos and Mayas. As with identity, nationality is a concept that at times only generates the illusion of a possible explanation for collective belonging, as a will to be a part of a political community emerging, in Latin America's case, through the convergence of historical forces during the nineteenth century that led to the hegemony of a Western-looking patriarchal criollo oligarchy.[27] Indeed, Menchú refuses to speak of a nation, to avoid both the trap of falling into Maya ethnic nationalism, extant among the various Maya ethnic groups vying for indigenous hegemony, and the negative model of the existing "Ladino nation." However, she does speak of being "Guatemalan." The desire for a collective identity shapes both her narrative and Asturias's with similar symbolic assemblages, which allow a Ladino novelist and a Maya K'iché testimonialist to touch each other without becoming the same. "Guatemala" is in this way transformed into a conceptual horizon, a particular nostalgia for spaces with certain traits to which its members adhere emotionally, a certain cultural sensibility with unique inflections and connotations.
Finally, it must be added that in both cases, the instability of the gendered, ethnic body is significant. It destabilizes identities at the biological level and resignifies them while revealing how the layers of meaning ascribed to them are instead colonizing strategies. Needless to say, that is why they make hegemonic heteronormative males nervous.
Program in Latin American Studies
University of Redlands
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Notes
. For Colop's ideas and standing see chapter six in Warren's Indigenous Movements and Their Critics: Pan-Maya Activism in Guatemala. The 7 August 1996 panel included the author of this article as well as Morales and Colop. Thus, though I also presented on Asturias on that occasion, I also witnessed Colop's presentation, Morales's reply, the audience heckling Morales and supporting Colop, followed by Morales stepping off the podium angrily and abandoning the room to a crescendo of boos from the audience.
. I employ hybridity here in relation to race, as it has developed in transnational theories of the 1990s traced by Lund in The Impure Imagination: Toward a Critical Hybridity in Latin American Writing.
. See the U.N.'s Truth Commission report, Guatemala, Memoria del Silencio.
. I use here Gramsci's concept of "organic intellectuals" with the caveat that by organic intellectuals I mean Maya subjects who, emerging from subaltern conditions of exploitation and racism, nevertheless managed to obtain university degrees at U.S. or European universities. They returned to Guatemala's civil society not as academics, but as grassroots leaders, or as professional cadres exercising governmental functions, or as leaders of international agencies that benefited Maya people.
."Ladino" is a word originating in colonial times, designating someone who speaks Latin (and, thus, someone who works at the service of the local priest, an interstitial space and positioning between the West and its Other). Mayas were forbidden from learning Spanish during colonial times for fear that they could acquire useful knowledge along with their linguistic skills. During the nineteenth century there were sizable Belgian and German migrations to the country, and most Belgians and Germans mixed with Mayas, adding a new variant to Guatemala's miscegenation process. In the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century significant numbers of Italian migrants also mixed with Mayas. Ladinos, however, regardless of their ancestry, generally consider themselves "white," are proud of their European origins, frequently deny that they have any indigenous blood in their ancestry, and invariably consider themselves Western in outlook.
. Westernism, "Occidentalismo" in Spanish, as defined by Mignolo and Dussel, is the Other of Orientalism, in the sense employed by Said. In other words, it is a will to be Westernized, a will to belong to the Western world.
. Menchú is not interested in creating an autonomous Maya nation in the traditional sense, geographically separate from the Ladino-dominated Guatemalan nation, but rather to Mayanize the existing Ladino-dominated Guatemala in a co-habitation process that would lead ultimately to a recognition of the often hybrid and predominantly Mayan identity of the nation. See my article "Conspiracy on the Sidelines: How the Maya Won the War."
. What is at play is power relations: what counts is who is "on top" and who is "on the bottom," the last being associated with weakness, submissiveness, passivity, surrender, traits that justify oppression and discrimination. "The conquered was conquered for being weak, and therefore deserves to be treated like a woman" would be the operative axiom in the subconscious of the Ladino in this text, who is thus ashamed of and denies the indigenous/woman side of himself in the process of projecting his identity as an instrument to mediate his fragmented subjectivity, adapting the inner not only to the outer but to an imagined "Western" behavior pattern that expresses a desire more than a reality.
. Prieto notes that Asturias associated his "Spanish" side with his father, and his more mestizo, even more "indigenous" side with his mother (120), symbolically ratifying this binarism. All cited passages correspond to the 1993 edition.
. A similar transference occurs in El señor presidente (1945), Asturias's best-known novel, in the scene where Cara de Angel and Camila walk through the forest toward the baths.
. In the original Spanish: "Oscurece sin crepúsculo, corren hilos de sangre entre los troncos, delgado rubor aclara los ojos de las ranas y el bosque se convierte en una masa maleable, tierna, sin huesos, con ondulaciones de cabellera olorosa a estoraque y a hojas de limón" (31).
. In this sense, it is a sort of "Faustian bargain" analogous to that of Celestino Yumí with Cashtoc in Mulata.
. In the original Spanish: "No sé lo que es, pero no es hombre y tampoco es mujer. Para hombre le falta tantito tantote y para mujer le sobra tantote tantito. A que jamás la has visto por delante" (60). The translation cited throughout is by Gregory Rabassa.
. See my "Transgresión erótica, sujeto masoquista y recodificación de valores simbólicos en Mulata de tal." Unfortunately, this article has been published only in Spanish. The only other critic to mention this problematic is Prieto in his chapter on Mulata in Miguel Angel Asturias's Archeology of Return.
. This assertion is mentioned originally by Gerald Martin in "Asturias, Mulata de Tal y el 'realismo mítico' (en Tierrapaulita no amanece)." Idelber Avelar also problematizes it in his introduction to Local Histories/Global Designs: Coloniality, Subaltern Knowledges, and Border Thinking. Finally, I develop it further in Taking Their Word: Literature and the Signs of Central America.
. Amos Segala, personal communication, Paris, 16 November 1998. Needless to say, Asturias has remained a celebrity in his native Guatemala, and in the entire Central American region. However, even in Mexico, he is overshadowed by the cult status of his Guatemalan contemporary Luis Cardoza y Aragón, a leading Surrealist poet who befriended Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo.
. As we know, inside what is called "Latin American literature" there exist several marginalized, opaqued, sidelined literatures, "minor" literatures in the sense of Deleuze and Guattari. "Latin American literature" has been, by and large, one more illusion produced in the late 1970s, a phenomenon also worthy of a thoroughgoing study.
. In the original Spanish: "Peñascales recubiertos de líquenes azulverdosos, en los que los colmillazos de los Salvajos dibujaban signos caprichosos. Sería su forma de escribir? Guardarían en aquellos trazos hechos a punta de colmillo, su historia?" (83).
. Regarding her refusal to appear in public in western clothes, Menchú communicated this to me while wearing blue jeans during dinner in Arturo Taracena's house, Paris, France, 26 January 1982. Besides Menchú, Taracena and myself, Pantxika Cazaux, Sophie Féral and Juan Mendoza were also present.
. In fact, Saldaña-Portillo is talking about Mexico. She originally states: "Indians may be Mexico's ideal ancestors, but mestizos are Mexico's ideal citizens" (294-95). The extrapolation is justified because Guatemala built its own modern national identity based on Mexico's policies of indigenismo. Saldaña-Portillo mentions in her article that this happened in Mexico during the Cárdenas administration in the 1930s. The same policies were exported to Guatemala in the late 1940s through the dynamic relationship between Vicente Lombardo Toledano, founder of the Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM) and a close collaborator of Cárdenas, and Guatemala's labor leaders and cabinet members of the Arévalo government of this period, which included pro-indigenista social scientists such as Mario Monteforte Toledo and Antonio Goubaud Carrera.
. Joyce makes this argument in Gender and Power in Prehispanic Mesoamerica, stating that "unlike the modern European solution to the imposition of disciplinary norms of gender and the production of sexed positions, the citational norms of Mesoamerica were based on the conception of human subjectivity as fluid" (198).
. See, for example, Political Changes in Rural Guatemalan Communities: A Symposium.
. Indeed, at the Russell Tribunal trial in Madrid, Spain, that condemned Guatemala's dictatorship for genocide, in January 1983, where both she and I were witnesses for the prosecution, I saw her literally perform the role of a Maya priestess on stage at the Teatro de la Villa, in a short presentation staged by Guatemalan playwright Manuel José Arce and directed by Roberto Díaz Gomar.
. See Adams's writings on ethnic differentiation from the 1950s. His works are emblematic of the positivist, pre-structural legacy of American anthropology in Guatemala's ethnic studies.
. See my edited book The Rigoberta Menchú Controversy regarding this matter.
. I refer to the criticism of Asturias's work by Rodríguez Monegal, Rama, and Rufinelli, who accuse him of being a "bad writer." See Martin's "Asturias, Mulata de tal y el realismo mítico (en Tierrapaulita no amanece)."
. This is a preoccupation for Moreiras in examining the articles of Beverley and Sommer on Menchú (210). Shukla and Tinsman also show how Latin American cultural critics problematize the concept of nation.
Works Cited
Adams, Richard N., ed. Political Changes in Rural Guatemalan Communities: A Symposium. MARI Pub.4. New Orleans: Tulane UP, 1957.
Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso, 1983.
Arias, Arturo. "Conspiracy on the Sidelines: How the Maya Won the War." Cultural Agency in the Americas. Ed. Doris Sommer. Durham: Duke UP, 2006. 167-77.
---, ed. The Rigoberta Menchú Controversy. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2001.
---. Taking Their Word: Literature and the Signs of Central America. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2007.
---. "Transgresión erótica, sujeto masoquista y recodificación de valores simbólicos en Mulata de tal." Miguel Angel Asturias, Mulata de tal: Edición crítica. Ed. Arturo Arias. Madrid: Archivos, 2000. 956-78.
Asturias, Miguel Angel. Leyendas de Guatemala. Madrid: Oriente, 1930.
---. Men of Maize. Trans. Gerald Martin. Pittsburgh: U of Pittsburgh P, 1995.
---. Mulata. Trans. Gregory Rabassa. New York: Seymour Lawrence/Delacorte, 1967.
Avelar, Idelber. The Untimely Present: Postdictatorial Latin American Fiction and the Task of Mourning. Durham: Duke UP, 1999.
Burgos-Debray, Elisabeth, ed. I, Rigoberta Menchú: An Indian Woman in Guatemala. Trans. Ann Wright. London: Verso, 1984.
Deleuze, Gilles, and Felix Guattari. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Trans. Brian Massumi. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1987.
Delgado, L. Elena, and Rolando J. Romero. "Local Histories and Global Designs: An Interview with Walter Mignolo." Discourse 22.3 (Fall 2000): 7-33.
Dussel, Enrique. Etica de la Liberación en la Edad de la Globalización y de la Exclusión. Madrid: Trotta, 1998.
Earle, Duncan. "Menchú Tales and Maya Social Landscapes: the Silencing of Words and Worlds." The Rigoberta Menchú Controversy. Ed. Arturo Arias. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2001. 288-308.
Frappier-Mazur, Lucienne. Writing the Orgy: Power and Parody in Sade. Trans. Gillian C. Gill. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1996.
Freud, Sigmund. "Fetishism." On Sexuality. Vol. 7. London: Pelican Freud Library, 1977. 345-57.
Garber, Marjorie. Vested Interests: Cross-Dressing and Cultural Anxiety. New York: Routledge, 1992.
García Canclini, Néstor. La globalización imaginada. México: Paidós, 1999.
---. "Entrar y salir de la hibridación." Revista de crítica literaria latinoamericana Año XXV No. 50. 2nd Semester 1999. 53-58.
Joyce, Rosemary A. Gender and Power in Prehispanic Mesoamerica. Austin: U of Texas P, 2000.
Lund, Joshua. The Impure Imagination: Toward a Critical Hybridity in Latin American Writing. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2006.
Martin, Gerald. Journeys Through the Labyrinth: Latin American Fiction in the Twentieth Century. London: Verso, 1989.
---. "Asturias, Mulata de Tal y el 'realismo mítico' (en Tierrapaulita no amanece)." Miguel Angel Asturias, Mulata de tal: Edición crítica. Ed. Arturo Arias. Madrid: Archivos, 2000. 979-86.
Mignolo, Walter. Local Histories/Global Designs: Coloniality, Subaltern Knowledges, and Border Thinking. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton UP, 2000.
Moreiras, Alberto. "The Aura of Testimonio." The Real thing: Testimonial Discourse and Latin America. Ed. Georg M. Gugelberger. Duke UP, 1996. 192-224.
Nelson, Diane M. A Finger in the Wound: Body Politics in Quincentennial Guatemala. Berkeley: U of California P, 1999.
Pratt, Mary Louise. Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. New York: Routledge, 1992.
Prieto, René. Miguel Angel Asturias's Archeology of Return. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993.
Saldaña-Portillo, María Josefina. "Reading a Silence: The 'Indian' in the Era of Zapatismo." Nepantla 3.2 (2002): 287-314.
Shukla, Sandhya, and Heidi Tinsman. "Editor's Introduction." Radical History Review 89 (Spring 2004): 1-10.
Sommer, Doris. Proceed With Caution, When Engaged by Minority Writing in the Americas. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1999.
United Nations CEH. Guatemala, Memoria del Silencio. Vol 6: Casos Ilustrativos. Annex 1. Guatemala: Informe de la Comisión Para el Esclarecimiento Histórico, 1999.
Warren, Kay B. Indigenous Movements and Their Critics: Pan-Maya Activism in Guatemala. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1998.
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https://www.nndb.com/people/766/000113427/
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en
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Miguel Ángel Asturias
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Born: 19-Oct-1899
Birthplace: Guatemala City, Guatemala
Died: 9-Jun-1974
Location of death: Madrid, Spain
Cause of death: unspecified
Remains: Buried, Cimetière du Père Lachaise, Paris, France
Gender: Male
Race or Ethnicity: Hispanic
Sexual orientation: Straight
Occupation: Author, Diplomat
Nationality: Guatemala
Executive summary: Guatemalan protest writer
Guatemalan author Miguel Ángel Asturias had little patience with fiction written merely to entertain, believing instead that writing worth reading must serve a moral or political purpose. His passions were the rights of the Mayans and other Latin American natives, and a fierce indignation that his and other nations in the region were ruled by dictatorships or by proxy governments controlled by the United States. His novel El Señor Presidente (Mr President) was meant as a blistering attack on the regime of Manuel Estrada Cabrera, but can easily be read as a broader attack on dictatorships across Central and South America. His Hombres de Maiz (Men of Maize) illuminated the challenges of Mayans in adapting to modern technology, and El Papa Verde (The Green Pope) exposed the overbearing brutality of the United Fruit Company. He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1967.
At the age of 22 he was a founder of the Popular University of Guatemala, a college for students unable to afford tuition at traditional colleges. He spent many years working as a reporter, and endured several extended stretches in exile from his native Guatemala over his political views. During more progressive times in his country he served in the diplomatic corps, with assignments in Mexico, Argentina, El Salvador, and France. His son, Rodrigo Asturias, became a guerrilla leader in Guatemala's long civil war, infamous under the alter ego Gaspar Ilom a name borrowed from his father's novel Hombres de Maíz.
Father: Ernesto Asturias (spice importer)
Mother: Maria Rosales de Asturias (teacher)
Wife: Clemencia Amado (m. 1939, div. 1947, two sons)
Son: Rodrigo (guerrilla commander, "Gaspar Ilom", b. 1939, d. 2005)
Son: Miguel Angel
Wife: Blanca Mora y Araujo (m. 1950)
Law School: Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala (1923)
Scholar: Anthropology, Sorbonne (1925-28)
Administrator: Co-Founder, Popular University of Guatemala (1921)
Chavez Prize 1923
Galvez Award 1923
Lenin Peace Prize 1966
Nobel Prize for Literature 1967
Guatemalan Ambassador to France (1966-70)
Guatemalan Ambassador to El Salvador (1953-54)
Guatemalan Attache to France (1952-53)
Guatemalan Attache to Argentina (1947-52)
Guatemalan Attache to Mexico (1946-47)
Exiled 1954
Author of books:
La Arquitectura de la Vida Nueva (Architecture of the New Life) (1928, essays)
Leyendas de Guatemala (Legends of Guatemala) (1930, short stories)
Sonetos (Sonnets) (1936, poetry)
El Señor Presidente (Mr. President) (1946, novel)
Hombres de Maíz (Men of Maize) (1949, novel)
Viento Fuerte (Strong Wind) (1950, novel)
El Papa Verde (The Green Pope) (1954, novel)
Weekend en Guatemala (Weekend in Guatemala) (1956, short stories)
Los Ojos de los Enterrados (The Eyes of the Interred) (1960, novel)
Obras Completas (Complete Works) (1967, anthology)
New!
NNDB MAPPER Create a map starting with Miguel Ángel Asturias
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René Prieto - Miguel Ángel Asturias's Archeology of Return
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René Prieto- Miguel Ángel Asturias's Archeology of Return - Free ebook download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read book online for free. René Prieto hace un análisis antropológico de tres principales obras del poeta guatemalteco Miguel Ángel Asturias: "hombres de maíz" "mulata de tal" y "leyendas de guatemala" mediante la revisión de elementos mitológicos mesoamericanos
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1967 Nobel Prize in Literature
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2022-07-22T14:19:13+00:00
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature
|
Award
1967 Nobel Prize in LiteratureMiguel Ángel AsturiasDate
19 October 1967 (announcement)
10 December 1967
(ceremony)
LocationStockholm, SwedenPresented bySwedish AcademyFirst awarded1901WebsiteOfficial website
← 1966 · Nobel Prize in Literature · 1968 →
The 1967 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the Guatemalan writer Miguel Ángel Asturias (1899–1974) "for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America."[1] He is the first Guatemalan and the second Latin American author to receive the prize after the Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral won in 1945.[2]
Laureate[edit]
Main article: Miguel Ángel Asturias
Miguel Angel Asturias first book Leyendas de Guatemala ("Legends of Guatemala", 1930) is a compilation of stories originating from Mayan legends. His debut novel El Señor Presidente ("The President", 1946) was a brutal portrayal of a Latin American dictatorship in the early 20th century. He wrote a trilogy – The Banana Trilogy – about the rampage of the United Fruit Company in Guatemala in the 1950s, which included Viento Fuerte ("Strong Wind", 1950), El Papa Verde ("The Green Pope", 1954), and Los ojos de los enterrados ("The Eyes of the Interred", 1960). The works of Asturias are pervaded with social pathos and a potent language that fuses myth and reality, and are generally concerned with repression and injustice against the poor and the weak, both in Guatemala and the rest of Latin America.[3] His other well-known works include Hombres de maíz ("Men of Maize", 1949) and Mulata de tal ("The Mulatta and Mr. Fly", 1963).[4][3]
Deliberations[edit]
Nominations[edit]
Miguel Ángel Asturias was first nominated in 1964 by Erik Lindegren, a member of the Swedish Academy, and became an annual nominee until 1967 when he was eventually awarded with the prize. He received 3 nominations in 1967 with a single joint nomination with Argentinian writer Jorge Luis Borges.[5][6]
In total, the Nobel Committee received 112 nominations for 69 writers including Samuel Beckett, Thornton Wilder, Lawrence Durrell, E. M. Forster, Georges Simenon, Ezra Pound, Robert Graves, André Malraux and J. R. R. Tolkien. Eighteen of the nominees were nominated first-time such as Ivan Drach, Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Rabbe Enckell, Saul Bellow (awarded in 1976), Jorge Amado, György Lukács, Claude Simon (awarded in 1985), Pavlo Tychyna, and Hans Magnus Enzensberger. The highest number of nominations was for the Spanish writer José María Pemán with eight nominations from academics and literary critics. The oldest nominee was the Spanish philologist Ramón Menéndez Pidal (aged 98) and the youngest was Ukrainian poet Ivan Drach (aged 31). Five of the nominees were women namely Katherine Anne Porter, Marie Luise Kaschnitz, Lina Kostenko, Anna Seghers and Judith Wright.[7]
The authors Djamaluddin Adinegoro, Marcel Aymé, Samira Azzam, Margaret Ayer Barnes, Vladimir Bartol, Ion Buzdugan, Ilya Ehrenburg, Forough Farrokhzad, Sidney Bradshaw Fay, Hugo Gernsback, João Guimarães Rosa, Langston Hughes, Lajos Kassák, Patrick Kavanagh, Margaret Kennedy, José Martínez Ruiz, André Maurois, Carson McCullers, Christopher Okigbo, Dorothy Parker, Arthur Ransome, Elmer Rice, Georges Sadoul, Siegfried Sassoon, Alice B. Toklas, Jean Toomer, David Unaipon, Robert van Gulik, Adrienne von Speyr, and Vernon Watkins died in 1967 without having been nominated for the prize. The Ukrainian poet Pavlo Tychyna died months before the announcement.
Official list of nominees and their nominators for the prize No. Nominee Country Genre(s) Nominator(s) 1 Jorge Amado (1912–2001) Brazil novel, short story
Earl William Thomas (1915–1981)
Antônio Olinto (1919–2009)
Fred Ellison (1922–2014)
Sociedade Brasileira de Autores Teatrais
Brazilian Writers Association
2 Carlos Drummond de Andrade (1902–1987) Brazil poetry, essays Gunnar Ekelöf (1907–1968) 3 Louis Aragon (1897–1982) France novel, short story, poetry, essays Cyrille Arnavon (1915–1978) 4 Miguel Ángel Asturias (1899–1974) Guatemala novel, short story, poetry, essays, drama
André Saint-Lu (1916–2009)
Hans Hinterhäuser (1919–2005)
Henry Olsson (1896–1985)
5 Wystan Hugh Auden (1907–1973) United Kingdom
United States poetry, essays, screenplay Walther Braune (1900–1989) 6 Samuel Beckett (1906–1989) Ireland novel, drama, poetry
Siegbert Salomon Prawer (1925–2012)
Barbara Hardy (1924–2016)
Per-Olof Barck (1912–1978)
William Stuart Maguinness (1903–1983)
The Swedish PEN Club
Nelly Sachs (1891–1970)
7 Saul Bellow (1915–2005) Canada
United States novel, short story, memoir, essays PEN Centre Germany 8 Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986) Argentina poetry, essays, translation, short story
Henry Olsson (1896–1985)
Raimundo Lida (1908–1979)
Gustaf Fredén (1898–1987)
9 Emil Boyson (1897–1979) Norway poetry, novel, translation Asbjørn Aarnes (1923–2013) 10 Arturo Capdevila (1889–1967) Argentina poetry, drama, novel, short story, essays, history
Rodolfo Maria Ragucci (1887–1973)
Pedro Miguel Obligado (1892–1967)
Edmundo Correas (1901–1991)
11 Josep Carner (1884–1970) Spain poetry, drama, translation
Jordi Rubió (1887–1982)
Marie-Jeanne Durry (1901–1980)
12 Alejo Carpentier (1904–1980) Cuba novel, short story, essays Lars Gyllensten (1921–2006) 13 René Char (1907–1988) France poetry Georges Blin (1917–2015) 14 Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh (1892–1997) Iran short story, translation Ehsan Yarshater (1920–2018) 15 Lawrence Durrell (1912–1990) United Kingdom novel, short story, poetry, drama, essays Harald Patzer (1910–2005) 16 Rabbe Enckell (1903–1974) Finland short story, poetry Kauko Aatos Ojala (1919–1987) 17 Hans Magnus Enzensberger (1929–2022) Germany poetry, essays, translation Wolfgang Baumgart (1949–2011) 18 Edward Morgan Forster (1879–1970) United Kingdom novel, short story, drama, essays, biography, literary criticism Albrecht Dihle (1923–2020) 19 Max Frisch (1911–1991) Switzerland novel, drama
John Stephenson Spink (1909–1985)
H. M. Heinrich (?)
20 Rómulo Gallegos (1884–1969) Venezuela novel, short story Lars Gyllensten (1921–2006) 21 Jean Genet (1910–1986) France novel, autobiography, drama, screenplay, poetry, essays Karl Ragnar Gierow (1904–1982) 22 Jean Giono (1895–1970) France novel, short story, essays, poetry, drama
Henri Peyre (1901–1988)
Louis Moulinier (1904–1971)
23 Witold Gombrowicz (1904–1969) Poland short story, novel, drama Henry Olsson (1896–1985) 24 Robert Graves (1895–1985) United Kingdom history, novel, poetry, literary criticism, essays John Wintour Baldwin Barns (1912–1974) 25 Graham Greene (1904–1991) United Kingdom novel, short story, autobiography, essays Karl Ragnar Gierow (1904–1982) 26 Lawrence Sargent Hall (1915–1993) United States novel, short story, essays Robert Brumbaugh (1918–1992) 27 Taha Hussein (1889–1973) Egypt novel, short story, poetry, translation Jussi Aro (1928–1983) 28 Eugène Ionesco (1909–1994) Romania
France drama, essays Karl Ragnar Gierow (1904–1982) 29 Ernst Jünger (1895–1998) Germany philosophy, novel, memoir Rudolf Till (1911–1979) 30 Friedrich Georg Jünger (1898–1977) Germany poetry, essays, novel, drama Fritz Schalk (1902–1980) 31 Marie Luise Kaschnitz (1901–1974) Germany novel, short story, essays, drama Hermann Tiemann (1899–1981) 32 Yasunari Kawabata (1899–1972) Japan novel, short story Howard Hibbett (1920–2019) 33 Basij Khalkhali (1918–1995) Iran poetry Sadeq Rezazadeh Shafaq (1892–1971) 34 Väinö Linna (1920–1992) Finland novel Lars Huldén (1926–2016) 35 György Lukács (1885–1971) Hungary philosophy, literary criticism Erik Lindegren (1910–1968) 36 Karl Löwith (1897–1973) Germany philosophy Franz Dirlmeier (1904–1977) 37 André Malraux (1901–1976) France novel, essays, literary criticism
Henri Peyre (1901–1988)
Henry Caraway Hatfield (1912–1995)
Claude Digeon (1920–2008)
John Martin Cocking (1914–1986)
François Chamoux (1915–2007)
38 Ramón Menéndez Pidal (1869–1968) Spain philology, history
Gunnar Tilander (1894–1973)
Marcel Bataillon (1895–1977)
39 Yukio Mishima (1925–1970) Japan novel, short story, drama, literary criticism Harry Martinson (1904–1978) 40 Eugenio Montale (1896–1981) Italy poetry, translation Uberto Limentani (1913–1989) 41 Henry de Montherlant (1895–1972) France essays, novel, drama Pierre Grimal (1912–1996) 42 Alberto Moravia (1907–1990) Italy novel, literary criticism, essays, drama Gustaf Fredén (1898–1987) 43 Pablo Neruda (1904–1973) Chile poetry André Saint-Lu (1916–2009) 44 Junzaburō Nishiwaki (1894–1982) Japan poetry, literary criticism Naoshirō Tsuji (1899–1979) 45 Germán Pardo García (1902–1991) Colombia
Mexico poetry James Willis Robb (1918–2010) 46 Konstantin Paustovsky (1892–1968) Russia novel, poetry, drama Eyvind Johnson (1900–1976) 47 José María Pemán (1897–1981) Spain poetry, drama, novel, essays, screenplay
Marcel Baiche (?)
Martí de Riquer i Morera (1914–2013)
Robert Ricard (1900–1984)
José Sánchez Lasso de la Vega (1928–1996)
Rafael Lapesa Melgar (1908–2001)
Pierre Jobit (1892–1972)
Manuel Halcón y Villalón-Daoíz (1900–1989)
Sociedad General de Autores y Editores
48 André Pézard (1893–1984) France translation, essays Wilhelm Theodor Elwert (1906–1997) 49 Katherine Anne Porter (1890–1980) United States short story, essays Cleanth Brooks (1906–1994) 50 Ezra Pound (1885–1972) United States poetry, essays
Hildebrecht Hommel (1899–1986)
Berta Moritz-Siebeck (1912–1989)
51 Zayn al-ʻĀbidīn Rahnamā (1894–1990) Iran history, essays, translation The Iranian PEN Club 52 Anna Seghers (1900–1983) Germany novel, short story Akademie der Künste der DDR 53 Georges Simenon (1903–1989) Belgium novel, short story, memoir Justin O'Brien (1906–1968) 54 Claude Simon (1913–2005) France novel, essays Erik Lindegren (1910–1968) 55 Charles Percy Snow (1905–1980) United Kingdom novel, essays Friedrich Schubel (1904–1991) 56 John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (1892–1973) United Kingdom novel, short story, poetry, philology, essays, literary criticism Gösta Holm (1916–2011) 57 Pavlo Tychyna (1891–1967) Ukraine poetry, translation Omeljan Pritsak (1919–2006) 58 Ivan Drach (1936–2018) Ukraine poetry, literary criticism, drama 59 Lina Kostenko (born 1930) Ukraine poetry, novel 60 Pietro Ubaldi (1886–1972) Italy philosophy, essays Academia Santista de Letras 61 Robert Penn Warren (1905–1989) United States novel, poetry, essays, literary criticism Franz Link (1924–2001) 62 Tarjei Vesaas (1897–1970) Norway poetry, novel
Carl-Eric Thors (1920–1986)
Sigmund Skard (1903–1995)
Johannes Andreasson Dale (1898–1975)
Norwegian Authors' Union
63 Simon Vestdijk (1898–1971) Netherlands novel, poetry, essays, translation
Gerhard Cordes (1908–1985)
Pierre Brachin (1914–2004)
The Dutch PEN-Club
Netherlands Writers Association
64 Thornton Wilder (1897–1975) United States drama, novel, short story
Hildebrecht Hommel (1899–1986)
Frederick Albert Pottle (1897–1987)
Stuart Pratt Atkins (1914–2000)
65 Edmund Wilson (1895–1972) United States essays, literary criticism, short story, drama
Wiktor Weintraub (1908–1988)
Morton Wilfred Bloomfield (1913–1987)
66 Judith Wright (1915–2000) Australia poetry, literary criticism, novel, essays
Mary Durack (1913–1994)
Colin James Horne (1939–1999)
Greta Hort (1903–1967)
Torsten Dahl (1897–1968)
67 Carl Zuckmayer (1896–1977) Germany drama, screenplay
Günther Jachmann (1887–1979)
Walter Hinck (1922–2015)
68 Arnold Zweig (1887–1968) Germany novel, short story Akademie der Künste der DDR 69 Arnulf Øverland (1889–1968) Norway poetry, essays Eyvind Johnson (1900–1976)
Prize decision[edit]
Asturias was shortlisted along with Jorge Luis Borges, Graham Greene, W.H. Auden and Yasunari Kawabata (awarded in 1968). Anders Österling, chairman of the Swedish Academy's Nobel committee, favored Graham Greene whom he descried as "an accomplished observer whose experience encompasses a global diversity of external environments, and above all the mysterious aspects of the inner world, human conscience, anxiety and nightmares",[8] Österling's second proposal was Kawabata, and Auden his third. An opposing group in the committee including Eyvind Johnson, Erik Lindegren and Henry Olsson did not agree with Österling and presented an alternative proposal with a shared prize to Asturias and Borges as their first proposal, Auden their second and Kawabata their third proposal. The fifth member of the committee, Karl Ragnar Gierow, gave the oppositions proposal his support by proposing Asturias/Borges, Auden and Kawabata in no particular order. Ultimately a shared prize was rejected and Asturias alone was awarded.[8][9] Despite Asturias winning the prize, Österling regarded him as a writer "too narrowly limited in his revolutionary subject world" and Borges as "too exclusive or artificial in his ingenious miniature art".[8][9]
References[edit]
[edit]
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https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/authors/2240400/miguel-angel-asturias
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en
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Penguin Random House Canada
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https://images.randomhouse.com/author/2240400
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https://images.randomhouse.com/author/2240400
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[
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"Miguel Ángel Asturias"
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Miguel Ángel Asturias (1899-1974) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1967. A poet, diplomat, and novelist from Guatemala, he studied law in his home country before continuing his studies in Paris, where he encountered the surrealist writings that would deeply influence his work. In addition to being a prolific writer, he worked as a newspaper correspondent in western Europe and later as an ambassador for Guatemala in Europe and Latin America. He wrote numerous works of fiction, poetry, drama, and essays, including the novels Mr. President and Men of Maize. test
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Penguin Random House Canada
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https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/authors/2240400/miguel-angel-asturias
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correct_award_00058
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FactBench
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3
| 15
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https://letsquiz.com/quiz/miguel-angel-asturias-rosales-knowledge-showdown-will-you-emerge-victorious
|
en
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Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales Quiz
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] |
[] |
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[
""
] | null |
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Get ready to flex your Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales muscles! This quiz features 31 questions on everything from the basics to the most obscure facts. Can you ace it?
|
en
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/apple-touch-icon.png
|
https://letsquiz.com/quiz/miguel-angel-asturias-rosales-knowledge-showdown-will-you-emerge-victorious
|
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales Knowledge Showdown: Will You Emerge Victorious?
Updated: Jun 22, 2024
|
|||||
correct_award_00058
|
FactBench
|
0
| 40
|
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/miguel-angel-asturias-biographical-nobelprizeorg-in-2023--639440847118035112/
|
en
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2023-07-30T05:15:32+00:00
|
Learn about the life and works of Miguel Angel Asturias, the renowned Nobel Prize in Literature winner. Explore his vivid literary achievements and his deep-rooted connection to the indigenous cultures of Latin America.
|
en
|
Pinterest
|
https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/miguel-angel-asturias-nobel-prize-in-literature-2024--639440847118035112/
| |||||||
correct_award_00058
|
FactBench
|
0
| 56
|
https://libguides.asu.edu/nobel-prize-literature/award-year-descending
|
en
|
Nobel Prize in Literature
|
https://libapps.s3.amazonaws.com/accounts/4141/images/favicon.ico
|
https://libapps.s3.amazonaws.com/accounts/4141/images/favicon.ico
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[] |
[
""
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[
"Joe Buenker"
] | null |
LibGuides: Nobel Prize in Literature: Award Year: Descending
|
en
|
https://libapps.s3.amazonaws.com/accounts/4141/images/favicon.ico
|
https://libguides.asu.edu/nobel-prize-literature/award-year-descending
|
The ASU Library acknowledges the twenty-three Native Nations that have inhabited this land for centuries. Arizona State University's four campuses are located in the Salt River Valley on ancestral territories of Indigenous peoples, including the Akimel O’odham (Pima) and Pee Posh (Maricopa) Indian Communities, whose care and keeping of these lands allows us to be here today. ASU Library acknowledges the sovereignty of these nations and seeks to foster an environment of success and possibility for Native American students and patrons. We are advocates for the incorporation of Indigenous knowledge systems and research methodologies within contemporary library practice. ASU Library welcomes members of the Akimel O’odham and Pee Posh, and all Native nations to the Library.
|
|||
correct_award_00058
|
FactBench
|
2
| 18
|
https://www.onthisday.com/people/miguel-asturias
|
en
|
Miguel Ángel Asturias (Novelist and Journalist)
|
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Famous for his novels "El Señor President" which described life under a ruthless dictator and "Hombres de Maíz" which championed Mayan...
|
en
|
/apple-touch-icon.png
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On This Day
|
https://www.onthisday.com/people/miguel-asturias
|
Profession: Novelist and Journalist
Biography: Famous for his novels "El Señor President" which described life under a ruthless dictator and "Hombres de Maíz" which championed Mayan culture and customs.
In 1967 he became only the second Latin American to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Born: October 19, 1899
Birthplace: Guatemala City, Guatemala
Generation: Lost Generation
Star Sign: Libra
|
||||
correct_award_00058
|
FactBench
|
0
| 6
|
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1967/ceremony-speech/
|
en
|
Award ceremony speech
|
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The Nobel Prize in Literature 1967 was awarded to Miguel Angel Asturias "for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America"
|
en
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NobelPrize.org
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https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1967/ceremony-speech/
|
Presentation Speech by Anders Österling, Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy
This year the Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded to the Guatemalan writer Miguel Angel Asturias, a prominent representative of the modern literature of Latin America, in which such interesting developments are now taking place. Born in 1899 in the capital of Guatemala, Asturias became imbued, even as a child, with the characteristically Guatemalan love of nature and of the mythical world. He devoted to this native heritage, and to its libertarian spirit, a fervour which was to dominate his whole literary production. After studying law and folklore, he lived in France during the twenties, and, for a time, represented his country in the diplomatic service. He condemned himself to a long exile after the anti-democratic coup d’etat of 1954, but returned when the legitimate regime took office again. He is presently the Guatemalan Ambassador in Paris.
During the last few years, Asturias has gained international recognition, as his most important works came to be translated into various languages; today they can be read even in Swedish. His first work was a collection of Guatemalan legends, strange evocations of the Mayas’ past, a treasure of images and symbols which has, ever since, been the inexhaustible source of his inspiration. But he did not get his real start as a writer until 1946, the year of the publication of the novel, El Señor Presidente (The President). This magnificent and tragic satire criticizes the prototype of the Latin American dictator who appeared in several places at the beginning of the century and has since reappeared, his existence being fostered by the mechanism of tyranny which, for the common man, makes every day a hell on earth. The passionate vigour with which Asturias evokes the terror and distrust which poisoned the social atmosphere of the time makes his work a challenge and an invaluable aesthetic gesture. The narrative, entitled, Hombres de maíz (Men of Maize) appeared three years later. It might be considered as a folktale whose chief inspiration is in the imagination but which, nevertheless, remains true to life. Its motifs are from the mythology of that tropical land where man must struggle simultaneously against a mysteriously beautiful but hostile nature and against unbearable social distortions, oppression, and tyranny. Such an accumulation of nightmares and totemic phantasms may overwhelm our sensibilities, but we cannot help being fascinated by a poetry so bizarre and terrifying.
With the trilogy of novels begun in 1950 – Viente Fuerte, 1950 (Strong Wind), El Papa verde, 1954 (The Green Pope), and Los ojos de los enterrados, 1960 (The Eyes of the Buried) – a new topical concern appears in Asturias’s epic work: the theme of the struggle against the domination of American trusts, epitomized by the United Fruit Company, and its political and economic effects upon the contemporary history of the “Banana Republic”. Here, again, we see the violent effervescence and the visionary vehemence which stem from the author’s intense involvement in the situation of his country.
Asturias has completely freed himself from obsolete narrative techniques. Very early, he came under the influence of the new tendencies appearing in European literature; his explosive style bears a close kinship to French surrealism. It must be noted, however, that he always takes his inspiration from real life. In his impressive cycle of poems entitled Clarivigilia primaveral, 1965 (Bright and Awake in Spring), on which a Swedish critical study has just appeared, Asturias deals with the very genesis of the arts and of poetic creation, in a language which seems to have assumed the bright splendour of the magical quetzal’s feathers and the glimmering of phosphorescent insects.
Latin America today can boast an active group of prominent writers, a multivoiced chorus in which individual contributions are not readily discernible. Asturias’s work is nevertheless vast, bold, and outstanding enough to arouse interest outside of his own literary milieu, beyond a geographically limited area situated far away from us. One of the Indian legends Asturias alludes to evokes the belief that dead ancestors are forced to witness, with open eyes, the struggles and sufferings of their offspring. Only when justice is re-established, and the stolen soil restituted, will the dead finally be able to close their eyes and sleep peacefully in their tombs. It is a beautiful and poignant popular belief, and we can easily imagine that the militant poet has often felt upon him the gaze of his ancestors and has often heard the silent, symbolic appeal reaching to his heart.
Mr. Ambassador – you come from a distant country, but do not let this fact make you feel today that you are a stranger among us. Your work is known and appreciated in Sweden. We take pleasure in welcoming you as a messenger from Latin America, its people, its spirit, and its future. I congratulate you in the name of the Swedish Academy, which pays tribute to the “vividness of your literary work, rooted in national traits and Indian traditions”. I now invite you to receive your Prize from His Majesty, the King.
From Nobel Lectures, Literature 1901-1967, Editor Horst Frenz, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1969
Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1967
|
|||||
correct_award_00058
|
FactBench
|
0
| 95
|
https://thisisbeirut.com.lb/culture/262818
|
en
|
Miguel Angel Asturias’ Remains to Return to Guatemala
|
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[
""
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[
"Béatrice Moreau",
"Bélinda Ibrahim",
"This Is Beirut",
"Alissar Boulos"
] |
2024-06-11T07:30:36+00:00
|
The remains of Guatemalan writer and Nobel laureate Miguel Angel Asturias will be exhumed from Père Lachaise cemetery..
|
en
|
This is Beirut
|
https://thisisbeirut.com.lb/culture/262818
|
Listen to the article
https://thisisbeirut.com.lb/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/The-remains-of-Guatemalan-writer-and-Nobel-laureate-Miguel-Angel-Asturias-will-be-exhumed-from.mp3
The remains of Guatemalan writer and Nobel laureate Miguel Angel Asturias will be exhumed from Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris and repatriated to Guatemala, his son announced on Sunday.
In a significant decision that carries both emotional and political weight, the family of Miguel Angel Asturias, the Guatemalan writer who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1967, has decided to bring his remains back to his homeland. The announcement was made by Asturias’ son, Miguel Angel Asturias Amado, during a ceremony marking the 50th anniversary of his father’s death.
Miguel Angel Asturias (1899-1974) was a prominent figure in Guatemalan literature and politics. Before winning the Nobel Prize, he worked as a journalist and served as a deputy in the Guatemalan Congress. However, his life took a dramatic turn in 1954 when he was stripped of his Guatemalan citizenship and expelled from the country following a coup d’état led by Colonel Carlos Castillos Armas.
Despite the political turmoil that forced him into exile, Asturias continued to write and gain international recognition. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1967 for his body of work, which the Swedish Academy described as being “rooted in the traditional Indian culture of Latin America.” His most famous works include El Señor Presidente (Mister President), a novel depicting life under the dictatorship of Manuel Estrada Cabrera (1898-1920), and Hombres de maíz (Men of Maize), a seminal work of magical realism deeply rooted in Mayan culture.
The decision to repatriate Asturias’ remains comes during the administration of President Bernardo Arevalo, who took office in January after being elected on a promise to rid the country of corruption. Asturias Amado described the move as a “decision with a strong emotional connotation” and a “political decision that my father and brother would approve of.”
President Arevalo, who attended the ceremony at the National Palace of Culture along with Guatemalan Nobel Peace Prize laureate Rigoberta Menchu, expressed that receiving Asturias’ remains would be an honor for Guatemala.
The family’s decision marks a significant shift in their stance on bringing the writer’s remains back to Guatemala. In 2014, Asturias Amado had lamented the “total indifference” towards his father’s work in Guatemala. He had also stated that the persistent poverty and social exclusion in the country made it impossible to repatriate the writer’s body, given Asturias’ lifelong commitment to the rights of indigenous people and marginalized groups in his homeland.
After being exiled to Argentina following the coup, and later to Europe, Asturias was rehabilitated in 1966 and appointed as Guatemala’s ambassador to France. He passed away from cancer in Madrid and was buried in the Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris.
The repatriation of Miguel Angel Asturias’ remains to Guatemala represents an opportunity for Guatemala to honor one of its most distinguished literary figures and to reconnect with its cultural heritage.
With AFP
|
|||||
correct_award_00058
|
FactBench
|
3
| 78
|
https://findingaids.library.upenn.edu/records/PRIN_MUDD_C1502
|
en
|
Rita Guibert Collection of Latin American Authors
|
https://findingaids.library.upenn.edu/assets/favicon-b9324049b274f9f814afe4a06df128846ecfa709bd338b438215caf6ad1d16e0.ico
|
https://findingaids.library.upenn.edu/assets/favicon-b9324049b274f9f814afe4a06df128846ecfa709bd338b438215caf6ad1d16e0.ico
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[
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[
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] | null |
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en
|
/assets/favicon-b9324049b274f9f814afe4a06df128846ecfa709bd338b438215caf6ad1d16e0.ico
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Single copies may be made for research purposes. To cite or publish quotations that fall within Fair Use, as defined under U. S. Copyright Law, no permission is required. For instances beyond Fair Use, it is the responsibility of the researcher to determine whether any permissions related to copyright, privacy, publicity, or any other rights are necessary for their intended use of the Library's materials, and to obtain all required permissions from any existing rights holders, if they have not already done so. Princeton University Library's Special Collections does not charge any permission or use fees for the publication of images of materials from our collections, nor does it require researchers to obtain its permission for said use. The department does request that its collections be properly cited and images credited. More detailed information can be found on the Copyright, Credit and Citations Guidelines page on our website. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact us through the Ask Us! form.
|
||||
correct_award_00058
|
FactBench
|
2
| 34
|
https://dbpedia.org/page/Miguel_%25C3%2581ngel_Asturias
|
en
|
About: http://dbpedia.org/resource/Miguel
|
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ميغل أنخل أستورياس (بالإسبانية: Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales) هو أديب وشاعر وصحفي ودبلوماسي غواتيمالي ولد في 19 أكتوبر 1899 في مدينة غواتيمالا. حصل على جائزة نوبل في الأدب عام 1967. وكان أنخل أستورياس من أوائل الروائيين في أمريكا اللاتينية الذي تناولوا موضوع الاستبداد وتبعه في ذلك كثير من الروائيين. أدت الشهرة التي عرف بها أستورياس في معارضته للحكم الديكتاتوري إلى قضاء معظم حياته في المنفى سواء كان ذلك في أمريكا الجنوبية أو في أوروبا. وبعد عقود من النفي والتهميش حصل أستورياس على شهرة واسعة النطاق في عقد الستينيات من القرن العشرين. وتوفي في 9 يونيو 1974 في مدريد.
|
DBpedia
|
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias
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dbo:abstract
ميغل أنخل أستورياس (بالإسبانية: Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales) هو أديب وشاعر وصحفي ودبلوماسي غواتيمالي ولد في 19 أكتوبر 1899 في مدينة غواتيمالا. حصل على جائزة نوبل في الأدب عام 1967. وكان أنخل أستورياس من أوائل الروائيين في أمريكا اللاتينية الذي تناولوا موضوع الاستبداد وتبعه في ذلك كثير من الروائيين. أدت الشهرة التي عرف بها أستورياس في معارضته للحكم الديكتاتوري إلى قضاء معظم حياته في المنفى سواء كان ذلك في أمريكا الجنوبية أو في أوروبا. وبعد عقود من النفي والتهميش حصل أستورياس على شهرة واسعة النطاق في عقد الستينيات من القرن العشرين. وتوفي في 9 يونيو 1974 في مدريد. (ar)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (Ciutat de Guatemala, Guatemala, 1899 - Madrid, Espanya, 1974) fou un escriptor i diplomàtic guatemalenc guardonat amb el Premi Nobel de Literatura l'any 1967. (ca)
Miguel Ángel Asturias (19. října 1899 Guatemala – 9. června 1974 Madrid, Španělsko) byl guatemalský spisovatel a diplomat, nositel Nobelovy ceny za literaturu (1967). Asturiasův původ (jeho matka byla indiánka - Mayové) ovlivnil jeho tvorbu. Ángel se ve svých dílech věnuje především situaci Střední Ameriky a problematice tamějších indiánů, např. Hombres de maíz (1949; česky pod názvem , 1981), Leyendas de Guatemala (1930; Guatemalské legendy) a El señor Presidente (1946; česky pod názvem Pan prezident, 1971). Podílel se na překladu „indiánské bible“ Popol Vuhu. (cs)
Ο Μιγκέλ Άνχελ Αστούριας (Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales, 19 Οκτωβρίου 1899 - 9 Ιουνίου 1974) ήταν συγγραφέας και διπλωμάτης από τη Γουατεμάλα. Γεννήθηκε στην Πόλη της Γουατεμάλα και πέθανε στη Μαδρίτη. Το 1917 ο Μιγκέλ Αστούριας σπούδασε νομική στο Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala όπου συμμετείχε στην επανάσταση του 1920 εναντίον του Γουατεμαλανού δικτάτορα . Αποφοίτησε το 1923 και πήγε στο Παρίσι της Γαλλίας για να συνεχίσει την εκπαίδευσή του στη Σορβώνη. Ενώ ζούσε στο Παρίσι, επηρεάστηκε από τη συγκέντρωση συγγραφέων και ποιητών στο Μοντπαρνάς και ξεκίνησε τη συγγραφή ποίησης και μυθοπλασίας. Ο Αστούριας επέστρεψε στη Γουατεμάλα το 1933 όπου δούλευσε ως δημοσιογράφος προτού υπηρετήσει στο διπλωματικό σώμα της χώρας του. Όταν έπεσε η κυβέρνηση του Προέδρου Γιάκομπο Αρμπένζ το 1954, εκδιώχτηκε από τη χώρα από τον Κάρλος Καστίγιο Άρμας. Ενώ ζούσε στην εξορία έγινε διάσημος συγγραφέας με την έκδοση του μυθιστορήματός του Mulata. Τελικά, ο νέος πρόεδρος της Γουατεμάλα τον όρισε πρέσβη στη Γαλλία το 1966, την ίδια χρονιά που κέρδισε το Βραβείο Ειρήνης Λένιν. Το 1967 του απενεμήθη το Βραβείο Νομπέλ για τη Λογοτεχνία "για το ζωντανό λογοτεχνικό επίτευγμά του, βαθιά ριζωμένο στα εθνικά γνωρίσματα και παραδόσεις των Ινδιάνων της Λατινικής Αμερικής." Ο Αστούριας πέρασε τα τελευταία χρόνια της ζωής του στη Μαδρίτη, στην Ισπανία όπου πέθανε το 1974. Είναι θαμμένος στο Cimetière du Père Lachaise στο Παρίσι. Κατά τη διάρκεια μιας συνάντησης κάποιων Λατινοαμερικάνων προέδρων στην Ονδούρα το 2005, ο Μεξικανός πρόεδρος Βισέντε Φοξ ανέφερε: " Έχουμε προτείνει να πραγματοποιήσουμε τη συνεργασία μεταξύ μας, σύμφωνα με τα οράματα των προγόνων μας...και είμαστε τα παιδιά ενός σπόρου, μια γεναιόδωρη χώρα αντρών και γυναικών του καλαμποκιού, όπως είπε κάποτε ο σπουδαίος Γουατεμαλανός συγγραφέας Μιγκέλ Άνχελ Αστούριας." (el)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (* 19. Oktober 1899 in Guatemala-Stadt; † 9. Juni 1974 in Madrid) war ein guatemaltekischer Schriftsteller, Lyriker und Diplomat. Asturias wurde 1967 der Nobelpreis für Literatur verliehen. (de)
Miguel Ángel ASTURIAS (naskiĝis la 19-an de oktobro 1899, en Gvatemalurbo, mortis la 9-an de junio 1974, en Madrido) estis gvatemala verkisto, li naskiĝis en Gvatemalurbo, studis juron en sia hejmurbo, poste etnologion en Parizo. Ekde la 1940-aj jaroj li laboris ankaŭ kiel ambasadoro en Meksiko, Argentino kaj Francio. La verkaro de Asturias forte respegulas la politikan engaĝiĝon de la aŭtoro, same kiel la magiajn tradiciojn de lia patrujo. En la jaro 1967 la grava reprezentanto de la magia realismo estis honorata per la Premio Nobel de Literaturo. (eo)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (Ciudad de Guatemala, 19 de octubre de 1899-Madrid, 9 de junio de 1974) fue un escritor, periodista y diplomático guatemalteco que contribuyó al desarrollo de la literatura latinoamericana, influyó en la cultura occidental y, al mismo tiempo, llamó la atención sobre la importancia de las culturas indígenas, especialmente las de su país natal, Guatemala. Aunque Asturias nació y se crio en Guatemala, vivió una parte importante de su vida adulta en el extranjero. Durante su primera estancia en París, en la década de los años 1920, estudió antropología y mitología indígena. Algunos científicos lo consideran el primer novelista latinoamericano en mostrar cómo el estudio de la antropología y de la lingüística podía influir en la literatura. En París, Asturias también se asoció con el movimiento surrealista. Se le atribuye la introducción de muchas características del estilo modernista en las letras latinoamericanas. Como tal, fue un importante precursor del boom latinoamericano de los años 1960 y 1970. En El señor presidente, una de sus novelas más famosas, Asturias describe la vida bajo la dictadura de Manuel Estrada Cabrera, quien gobernó en Guatemala entre 1898 y 1920. Su oposición pública lo llevó al exilio, por lo que tuvo que pasar gran parte de su vida en el extranjero, sobre todo en América del Sur y Europa. La novela Hombres de maíz, que se considera a veces como su obra maestra, es una defensa de la cultura maya. Asturias sintetiza su amplio conocimiento de las creencias mayas con sus convicciones políticas para canalizar ambas hacia una vida de compromiso y solidaridad. Su obra es a menudo identificada con las aspiraciones sociales y morales de la población guatemalteca. Tras décadas de exilio y marginación, Asturias finalmente obtuvo amplio reconocimiento en los años 1960. En 1965 ganó el Premio Lenin de la Paz de la Unión Soviética. Luego, en 1967, recibió el Premio Nobel de Literatura, convirtiéndose así en el tercer autor americano no estadounidense en recibir este honor —tras Gabriela Mistral en 1945 y Saint-John Perse en 1960— y el segundo hispanoamericano. Asturias pasó sus últimos años en Madrid, donde murió a la edad de 74 años. Fue enterrado en el cementerio de Père Lachaise en París. (es)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (Guatemalako Hiria, 1899ko urriaren 19a - Madril, Espainia, 1974ko ekainaren 9a) guatemalar idazlea izan zen. Ipuinak eta eleberriak idatzi zituen batez ere, errealismo magikoa izeneko korrontearen barruan. Hombres de maíz da haren libururik ezagunena. 1967an Literaturako Nobel Saria eskuratu zuen, eta hori lortu zuen lehenengo guatemalarra izan zen. (eu)
Miguel Ángel Asturias, né le 19 octobre 1899 à Guatemala et mort le 9 juin 1974 à Madrid, est un poète, écrivain et diplomate guatémaltèque. Il est lauréat du prix Nobel de littérature en 1967, et président du jury du festival de Cannes en 1970. (fr)
Scríbhneoir as Guatamala ab ea Miguel Ángel Asturias. Rugadh i gCathair Ghuatamala é i 1899 agus fuair sé bás i Maidrid i 1974. Bhuaigh sé Duais Nobel na Litríochta i 1967. (ga)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (19 Oktober 1899 – 9 Juni 1974) adalah penulis dan diplomat Guatemala. Ia dianugerahi Penghargaan Nobel pada 1967. Asturias menyelesaikan novelnya (Sang Presiden) pada 1946 semasa menjadi atase budaya di KeduBes Guatemala untuk Meksiko dan menjadikannya salah satu penulis Amerika Latin terbesar pada abad ke-20. Puteranya , di bawah nom de guerre Gaspar Ilom, adalah ketua , sebuah kelompok pemberontak selama Perang Saudara pada 1980-an, dan setelah perjanjian damai pada 1996 menjadi CaPres dari kelompok itu. (in)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (Città del Guatemala, 19 ottobre 1899 – Madrid, 9 giugno 1974) è stato uno scrittore, poeta, drammaturgo, diplomatico e giornalista guatemalteco. (it)
미겔 앙헬 아스투리아스 로살레스(Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales, 1899년 10월 19일 ~ 1974년 6월 9일)는 과테말라의 소설가, 시인, 극작가, 언론인, 외교관으로, 1967년에 노벨 문학상을 수상한 인물이다. 그는 라틴 아메리카 문학이 세계 문학에서 중요한 자리를 차지하는 데에 큰 기여를 한 인물이자 라틴 아메리카의 마술적 사실주의 문학을 일으킨 인물로 평가받고 있다. 그는 1899년에 과테말라 시에서 태어났으며 1923년에 산 카를로스 데 과테말라 대학을 졸업, 같은 해에 프랑스 파리의 소르본 대학으로 유학했다. 그는 소르본 대학에서 고대 중앙아메리카 문명에 관한 연구를 진행했으며 이 때부터 시와 소설을 쓰기 시작했다. 이후 그는 1930년에 《과테말라의 전설 (Leyendas de Guatemala)》이라는 책을 썼다. 그는 1933년에 과테말라로 귀국하면서 언론인과 외교관으로 근무하기 시작했으며 소설 《대통령 각하 (El Señor Presidente)》(1946년 작)와 《옥수수의 인간 (Hombres de maíz)》(1949년 작), 《강풍 (Viento fuerte)》(1950년 작), 《녹색의 교황 (El Papa verde)》(1953년 작)을 썼다. 그는 1954년에 과테말라에서 쿠데타가 일어나자 아르헨티나로 망명했으며 그 곳에서 8년 동안의 망명 생활을 보냈다. 그는 1960년에 소설 《죽은 자들의 눈 (Los ojos de los enterrados)》을 썼으며 1963년에 소설 《물라타 (Mulata de tal)》를 썼다. 이후 그는 1966년에 과테말라 정부로부터 프랑스 주재 대사로 임명되었으며 같은 해에 소련 정부로부터 레닌 평화상을 받았다. 그는 1967년에 노벨 문학상을 수상했다. (ko)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (Guatemala-Stad, 19 oktober 1899 — Madrid, 9 juni 1974) was een Guatemalteeks schrijver en diplomaat. Miguel Asturias begon in 1917 met het studeren van medicijnen, maar stapte over naar rechten in 1918. Hij studeerde op de Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala. In die tijd (1920) deed hij ook mee aan de opstand tegen de toenmalige dictator . Hij richtte met zijn medestudenten de Associación de Estudiantes Unionistas op. Namens de studenten reisde hij in 1921 af naar Mexico om de onafhankelijkheid van het buurland te vieren. Hier ontmoette hij de Spaanse schrijver Ramón María del Valle-Inclán die van grote betekenis werd voor zijn ontwikkeling als schrijver.Samen met een groep andere studenten richtte Asturias de Universidad Popular op, een universiteit voor degenen die niet het geld hadden om op de officiële universiteit te kunnen studeren. In 1923 studeerde hij af; zijn scriptie ging over “het maatschappelijke probleem van de indiaan”. Asturias ging daarna naar Europa, studeerde eerst een paar maanden in Londen en maakte zijn studies af in Parijs op de Sorbonne. Daar volgde hij onder meer lessen in de Maya-godsdiensten van Professor Georges Raynaud. In de zes jaar die hij in Parijs doorbracht, werd hij sterk beïnvloed door de gemeenschap van artiesten en schrijvers rond Montparnasse, en begon hij poëzie en proza te schrijven. Andere Zuid-Amerikaanse schrijvers met wie hij veel contact had in die tijd, waren de Cubaan Alejo Carpentier en de Venezolaan . In 1928 keerde Asturias voor korte tijd terug naar Guatemala om colleges te geven aan de Universidad Popular, deze colleges zijn gebundeld in zijn eerste boek, Arquitectura de la vida nueva. Terug in Europa maakte Asturias zijn Leyendas de Guatemala af. Het boek is een van de eerste boeken waarin het Magisch Realisme, dat later haast synoniem werd voor de Zuid-Amerikaanse literatuur, duidelijk naar voren komt. Het boek kreeg de Silla Monsegur prijs, de prijs voor het best vertaalde Spaans-Amerikaanse boek dat jaar gepubliceerd in Frankrijk.Vanaf 1929 reisde Asturias door Europa en het nabije oosten. In 1933 keerde Asturias terug naar Guatemala. Het boek El señor Presidente, dat hij dan al geschreven heeft, kon hij niet publiceren vanwege het feit dat Guatemala op dat moment geregeerd werd door de dictator . Deze roman is gebaseerd op de bloedige overheersing door deze president. Het is in feite een aanklacht tegen elke vorm van dictatuur die steunt op terreur en verraad en opoffering van menselijke waarden. Asturias werkte als journalist en als hoogleraar literatuurwetenschap. In 1939 trouwde hij met de Argentijnse Clemencia Amado en werd hun zoon Rodrigo geboren, in 1941 werd een tweede zoon geboren, Miguel Ángel, en in 1947 werd de scheiding uitgesproken. Na het aftreden van Ubico in 1944 kwam eerst een militaire junta aan de macht en na een revolutie een paar maanden later werd Juan José Arévalo de nieuwe president. Deze benoemde Asturias tot cultureel attaché aan de Guatemalteekse ambassade in Mexico. Hier werd in 1946 de eerste versie van El señor Presidente gepubliceerd, dat zijn faam als schrijver in Zuid-Amerika zou vestigen. Asturias raakte er ook bevriend met Pablo Neruda. In 1947 werd hij cultureel attaché in Buenos Aires (Argentinië). Later kreeg hij zelfs een adviserende ministerspost in Argentinië.'1949 was geheel gewijd aan het schrijven van Hombres de maíz (Nederlandse vertaling: De doem van de maïs), het boek dat over het algemeen als zijn meesterwerk beschouwd wordt. In het boek komen indiaanse stammen in opstand tegen het leger en de maïsplanters. Het boek is geschreven vanuit het magische beeld van de indianen op de wereld, en is daardoor niet eenvoudig te lezen. Eind van het verhaal is dat de leider van de revolutie, Gaspar, een legende wordt en dat de boeren hun land en hun magie verliezen.In 1950 keerde Asturias voor korte tijd terug naar Buenos Aires, waar hij trouwt met Blanca Mora y Araujo. In 1954 viel de regering van Jacobo Arbenz. Asturias was op dat moment in Guatemala, maar keerde terug naar zijn diplomatieke post in San Salvador. Hij zegde zijn aanstelling op en ging via Chili (Neruda) naar Argentinië, waar hij in ballingschap bleef tot 1963. Vervolgens maakte hij reizen door Europa. Hij werd door vele universiteiten gevraagd voor gastcolleges, en werkte mee aan verschillende congressen. In 1966 vestigde hij zich weer in Parijs. De in 1966 nieuw gekozen president van Guatemala, Julio César Méndez Montenegro, benoemde hem tot ambassadeur van Guatemala in Frankrijk. In dat jaar ontving Asturias de Lenin Vredesprijs. In 1967 ontving Asturias de Nobelprijs voor Literatuur met als motivatie dat hij een levendig literair oeuvre geschapen had dat diepgeworteld is in de Guatemalteekse indiaanse tradities. Nog vele huldigingen zouden volgen, onder meer zijn benoeming tot “hijo ungénito de Técan Uman” door de Guatemalteekse indiaanse gemeenschappen.In 1970 trad Asturias op als hoofd van de jury van het filmfestival van Cannes. In 1970 trad Montenegro af als president en zegde Asturias zijn ambassadeursfunctie op. De laatste jaren van zijn leven sleet hij in Madrid. Hier overleed hij in 1974 in bijzijn van zijn vrouw Blanca en zijn zoon Miguel. Asturias ligt begraven op Père-Lachaise in Parijs. (nl)
Miguel Ángel Asturias (ur. 19 października 1899 w Gwatemali, zm. 9 czerwca 1974 w Madrycie) – gwatemalski powieściopisarz, poeta, dziennikarz, opozycjonista i dyplomata. Laureat Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie literatury w 1967 za wybitne osiągnięcia twórcze, u podłoża których leży zainteresowanie obyczajami i tradycją Indian Ameryki Łacińskiej. Na początku lat 50. XX wieku ambasador Gwatemali w Salwadorze, a od 1966 do 1970 we Francji. Znany głównie dzięki eksperymentalnej powieści El senor presidente opisującej rozpad więzi społecznych pod dyktatorskimi rządami. Przedstawiciel nurtu realizmu magicznego, w swych powieściach posługiwał się prozą poetycką. Twórczość głęboko osadzona w kulturze Majów. Zaangażowanypolitycznie po stronie ruchów lewicowych, sprzeciwiał się rządom dyktatorskim i eksploatacji przez wielkie korporacje. (pl)
ミゲル・アンヘル・アストゥリアス・ロサレス（Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales, 1899年10月19日 - 1974年6月9日。ミゲル・アンヘル・アストリアスとも）は、グアテマラの小説家。キューバのアレホ・カルペンティエルと共に魔術的リアリズムの担い手となり、その後のラテンアメリカ文学ブームの先導者となった。 (ja)
Мигéль Áнхель Асту́риас Роcáлес (исп. Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales; 1899—1974) — гватемальский писатель и дипломат. Лауреат Нобелевской премии по литературе 1967 года («за яркое творческое достижение, в основе которого лежит интерес к обычаям и традициям индейцев Латинской Америки») и Международной Ленинской премии «За укрепление мира между народами» (1966). В своих произведениях часто сочетал элементы фольклора и мифологии индейцев майя с реалистическим изображением современных ему общественно-политических процессов. (ru)
Miguel Ángel Asturias, född 19 oktober 1899 i Guatemala City, död 9 juni 1974 i Madrid, var en guatemalansk författare och diplomat. Han tilldelades Nobelpriset i litteratur 1967. (sv)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (Cidade da Guatemala, 19 de outubro de 1899 — Madrid, 9 de junho de 1974) foi um escritor e diplomata guatemalteco. Em 1965 foi-lhe atribuído o Prêmio Lenin da Paz e em 1967 o Nobel de Literatura. (pt)
Астуріас Мігель Анхель (ісп. Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales; 19 жовтня 1899 — 9 червня 1974) — гватемальський письменник; представник магічного реалізму. У романах (Сеньйор Президент, Ураган) і оповіданнях часто поєднує елементи індіанського фольклору з реалістичним зображенням сучасних політичних та суспільних явищ. Нобелівська премія в галузі літератури 1967.Похований на кладовищі Пер-Лашез. (uk)
米格尔·安赫尔·阿斯图里亚斯·罗萨莱斯（西班牙語：Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales，1899年10月19日－1974年6月9日），危地马拉小说家。他被视为拉丁美洲魔幻现实主义的开创者，在拉丁美洲乃至世界现代文学史上都占有重要地位。 (zh)
ميغل أنخل أستورياس (بالإسبانية: Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales) هو أديب وشاعر وصحفي ودبلوماسي غواتيمالي ولد في 19 أكتوبر 1899 في مدينة غواتيمالا. حصل على جائزة نوبل في الأدب عام 1967. وكان أنخل أستورياس من أوائل الروائيين في أمريكا اللاتينية الذي تناولوا موضوع الاستبداد وتبعه في ذلك كثير من الروائيين. أدت الشهرة التي عرف بها أستورياس في معارضته للحكم الديكتاتوري إلى قضاء معظم حياته في المنفى سواء كان ذلك في أمريكا الجنوبية أو في أوروبا. وبعد عقود من النفي والتهميش حصل أستورياس على شهرة واسعة النطاق في عقد الستينيات من القرن العشرين. وتوفي في 9 يونيو 1974 في مدريد. (ar)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (Ciutat de Guatemala, Guatemala, 1899 - Madrid, Espanya, 1974) fou un escriptor i diplomàtic guatemalenc guardonat amb el Premi Nobel de Literatura l'any 1967. (ca)
Miguel Ángel Asturias (19. října 1899 Guatemala – 9. června 1974 Madrid, Španělsko) byl guatemalský spisovatel a diplomat, nositel Nobelovy ceny za literaturu (1967). Asturiasův původ (jeho matka byla indiánka - Mayové) ovlivnil jeho tvorbu. Ángel se ve svých dílech věnuje především situaci Střední Ameriky a problematice tamějších indiánů, např. Hombres de maíz (1949; česky pod názvem , 1981), Leyendas de Guatemala (1930; Guatemalské legendy) a El señor Presidente (1946; česky pod názvem Pan prezident, 1971). Podílel se na překladu „indiánské bible“ Popol Vuhu. (cs)
Ο Μιγκέλ Άνχελ Αστούριας (Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales, 19 Οκτωβρίου 1899 - 9 Ιουνίου 1974) ήταν συγγραφέας και διπλωμάτης από τη Γουατεμάλα. Γεννήθηκε στην Πόλη της Γουατεμάλα και πέθανε στη Μαδρίτη. Το 1917 ο Μιγκέλ Αστούριας σπούδασε νομική στο Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala όπου συμμετείχε στην επανάσταση του 1920 εναντίον του Γουατεμαλανού δικτάτορα . Αποφοίτησε το 1923 και πήγε στο Παρίσι της Γαλλίας για να συνεχίσει την εκπαίδευσή του στη Σορβώνη. Ενώ ζούσε στο Παρίσι, επηρεάστηκε από τη συγκέντρωση συγγραφέων και ποιητών στο Μοντπαρνάς και ξεκίνησε τη συγγραφή ποίησης και μυθοπλασίας. Ο Αστούριας επέστρεψε στη Γουατεμάλα το 1933 όπου δούλευσε ως δημοσιογράφος προτού υπηρετήσει στο διπλωματικό σώμα της χώρας του. Όταν έπεσε η κυβέρνηση του Προέδρου Γιάκομπο Αρμπένζ το 1954, εκδιώχτηκε από τη χώρα από τον Κάρλος Καστίγιο Άρμας. Ενώ ζούσε στην εξορία έγινε διάσημος συγγραφέας με την έκδοση του μυθιστορήματός του Mulata. Τελικά, ο νέος πρόεδρος της Γουατεμάλα τον όρισε πρέσβη στη Γαλλία το 1966, την ίδια χρονιά που κέρδισε το Βραβείο Ειρήνης Λένιν. Το 1967 του απενεμήθη το Βραβείο Νομπέλ για τη Λογοτεχνία "για το ζωντανό λογοτεχνικό επίτευγμά του, βαθιά ριζωμένο στα εθνικά γνωρίσματα και παραδόσεις των Ινδιάνων της Λατινικής Αμερικής." Ο Αστούριας πέρασε τα τελευταία χρόνια της ζωής του στη Μαδρίτη, στην Ισπανία όπου πέθανε το 1974. Είναι θαμμένος στο Cimetière du Père Lachaise στο Παρίσι. Κατά τη διάρκεια μιας συνάντησης κάποιων Λατινοαμερικάνων προέδρων στην Ονδούρα το 2005, ο Μεξικανός πρόεδρος Βισέντε Φοξ ανέφερε: " Έχουμε προτείνει να πραγματοποιήσουμε τη συνεργασία μεταξύ μας, σύμφωνα με τα οράματα των προγόνων μας...και είμαστε τα παιδιά ενός σπόρου, μια γεναιόδωρη χώρα αντρών και γυναικών του καλαμποκιού, όπως είπε κάποτε ο σπουδαίος Γουατεμαλανός συγγραφέας Μιγκέλ Άνχελ Αστούριας." (el)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (* 19. Oktober 1899 in Guatemala-Stadt; † 9. Juni 1974 in Madrid) war ein guatemaltekischer Schriftsteller, Lyriker und Diplomat. Asturias wurde 1967 der Nobelpreis für Literatur verliehen. (de)
Miguel Ángel ASTURIAS (naskiĝis la 19-an de oktobro 1899, en Gvatemalurbo, mortis la 9-an de junio 1974, en Madrido) estis gvatemala verkisto, li naskiĝis en Gvatemalurbo, studis juron en sia hejmurbo, poste etnologion en Parizo. Ekde la 1940-aj jaroj li laboris ankaŭ kiel ambasadoro en Meksiko, Argentino kaj Francio. La verkaro de Asturias forte respegulas la politikan engaĝiĝon de la aŭtoro, same kiel la magiajn tradiciojn de lia patrujo. En la jaro 1967 la grava reprezentanto de la magia realismo estis honorata per la Premio Nobel de Literaturo. (eo)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (Ciudad de Guatemala, 19 de octubre de 1899-Madrid, 9 de junio de 1974) fue un escritor, periodista y diplomático guatemalteco que contribuyó al desarrollo de la literatura latinoamericana, influyó en la cultura occidental y, al mismo tiempo, llamó la atención sobre la importancia de las culturas indígenas, especialmente las de su país natal, Guatemala. Aunque Asturias nació y se crio en Guatemala, vivió una parte importante de su vida adulta en el extranjero. Durante su primera estancia en París, en la década de los años 1920, estudió antropología y mitología indígena. Algunos científicos lo consideran el primer novelista latinoamericano en mostrar cómo el estudio de la antropología y de la lingüística podía influir en la literatura. En París, Asturias también se asoció con el movimiento surrealista. Se le atribuye la introducción de muchas características del estilo modernista en las letras latinoamericanas. Como tal, fue un importante precursor del boom latinoamericano de los años 1960 y 1970. En El señor presidente, una de sus novelas más famosas, Asturias describe la vida bajo la dictadura de Manuel Estrada Cabrera, quien gobernó en Guatemala entre 1898 y 1920. Su oposición pública lo llevó al exilio, por lo que tuvo que pasar gran parte de su vida en el extranjero, sobre todo en América del Sur y Europa. La novela Hombres de maíz, que se considera a veces como su obra maestra, es una defensa de la cultura maya. Asturias sintetiza su amplio conocimiento de las creencias mayas con sus convicciones políticas para canalizar ambas hacia una vida de compromiso y solidaridad. Su obra es a menudo identificada con las aspiraciones sociales y morales de la población guatemalteca. Tras décadas de exilio y marginación, Asturias finalmente obtuvo amplio reconocimiento en los años 1960. En 1965 ganó el Premio Lenin de la Paz de la Unión Soviética. Luego, en 1967, recibió el Premio Nobel de Literatura, convirtiéndose así en el tercer autor americano no estadounidense en recibir este honor —tras Gabriela Mistral en 1945 y Saint-John Perse en 1960— y el segundo hispanoamericano. Asturias pasó sus últimos años en Madrid, donde murió a la edad de 74 años. Fue enterrado en el cementerio de Père Lachaise en París. (es)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (Guatemalako Hiria, 1899ko urriaren 19a - Madril, Espainia, 1974ko ekainaren 9a) guatemalar idazlea izan zen. Ipuinak eta eleberriak idatzi zituen batez ere, errealismo magikoa izeneko korrontearen barruan. Hombres de maíz da haren libururik ezagunena. 1967an Literaturako Nobel Saria eskuratu zuen, eta hori lortu zuen lehenengo guatemalarra izan zen. (eu)
Miguel Ángel Asturias, né le 19 octobre 1899 à Guatemala et mort le 9 juin 1974 à Madrid, est un poète, écrivain et diplomate guatémaltèque. Il est lauréat du prix Nobel de littérature en 1967, et président du jury du festival de Cannes en 1970. (fr)
Scríbhneoir as Guatamala ab ea Miguel Ángel Asturias. Rugadh i gCathair Ghuatamala é i 1899 agus fuair sé bás i Maidrid i 1974. Bhuaigh sé Duais Nobel na Litríochta i 1967. (ga)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (19 Oktober 1899 – 9 Juni 1974) adalah penulis dan diplomat Guatemala. Ia dianugerahi Penghargaan Nobel pada 1967. Asturias menyelesaikan novelnya (Sang Presiden) pada 1946 semasa menjadi atase budaya di KeduBes Guatemala untuk Meksiko dan menjadikannya salah satu penulis Amerika Latin terbesar pada abad ke-20. Puteranya , di bawah nom de guerre Gaspar Ilom, adalah ketua , sebuah kelompok pemberontak selama Perang Saudara pada 1980-an, dan setelah perjanjian damai pada 1996 menjadi CaPres dari kelompok itu. (in)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (Città del Guatemala, 19 ottobre 1899 – Madrid, 9 giugno 1974) è stato uno scrittore, poeta, drammaturgo, diplomatico e giornalista guatemalteco. (it)
미겔 앙헬 아스투리아스 로살레스(Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales, 1899년 10월 19일 ~ 1974년 6월 9일)는 과테말라의 소설가, 시인, 극작가, 언론인, 외교관으로, 1967년에 노벨 문학상을 수상한 인물이다. 그는 라틴 아메리카 문학이 세계 문학에서 중요한 자리를 차지하는 데에 큰 기여를 한 인물이자 라틴 아메리카의 마술적 사실주의 문학을 일으킨 인물로 평가받고 있다. 그는 1899년에 과테말라 시에서 태어났으며 1923년에 산 카를로스 데 과테말라 대학을 졸업, 같은 해에 프랑스 파리의 소르본 대학으로 유학했다. 그는 소르본 대학에서 고대 중앙아메리카 문명에 관한 연구를 진행했으며 이 때부터 시와 소설을 쓰기 시작했다. 이후 그는 1930년에 《과테말라의 전설 (Leyendas de Guatemala)》이라는 책을 썼다. 그는 1933년에 과테말라로 귀국하면서 언론인과 외교관으로 근무하기 시작했으며 소설 《대통령 각하 (El Señor Presidente)》(1946년 작)와 《옥수수의 인간 (Hombres de maíz)》(1949년 작), 《강풍 (Viento fuerte)》(1950년 작), 《녹색의 교황 (El Papa verde)》(1953년 작)을 썼다. 그는 1954년에 과테말라에서 쿠데타가 일어나자 아르헨티나로 망명했으며 그 곳에서 8년 동안의 망명 생활을 보냈다. 그는 1960년에 소설 《죽은 자들의 눈 (Los ojos de los enterrados)》을 썼으며 1963년에 소설 《물라타 (Mulata de tal)》를 썼다. 이후 그는 1966년에 과테말라 정부로부터 프랑스 주재 대사로 임명되었으며 같은 해에 소련 정부로부터 레닌 평화상을 받았다. 그는 1967년에 노벨 문학상을 수상했다. (ko)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (Guatemala-Stad, 19 oktober 1899 — Madrid, 9 juni 1974) was een Guatemalteeks schrijver en diplomaat. Miguel Asturias begon in 1917 met het studeren van medicijnen, maar stapte over naar rechten in 1918. Hij studeerde op de Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala. In die tijd (1920) deed hij ook mee aan de opstand tegen de toenmalige dictator . Hij richtte met zijn medestudenten de Associación de Estudiantes Unionistas op. Namens de studenten reisde hij in 1921 af naar Mexico om de onafhankelijkheid van het buurland te vieren. Hier ontmoette hij de Spaanse schrijver Ramón María del Valle-Inclán die van grote betekenis werd voor zijn ontwikkeling als schrijver.Samen met een groep andere studenten richtte Asturias de Universidad Popular op, een universiteit voor degenen die niet het geld hadden om op de officiële universiteit te kunnen studeren. In 1923 studeerde hij af; zijn scriptie ging over “het maatschappelijke probleem van de indiaan”. Asturias ging daarna naar Europa, studeerde eerst een paar maanden in Londen en maakte zijn studies af in Parijs op de Sorbonne. Daar volgde hij onder meer lessen in de Maya-godsdiensten van Professor Georges Raynaud. In de zes jaar die hij in Parijs doorbracht, werd hij sterk beïnvloed door de gemeenschap van artiesten en schrijvers rond Montparnasse, en begon hij poëzie en proza te schrijven. Andere Zuid-Amerikaanse schrijvers met wie hij veel contact had in die tijd, waren de Cubaan Alejo Carpentier en de Venezolaan . In 1928 keerde Asturias voor korte tijd terug naar Guatemala om colleges te geven aan de Universidad Popular, deze colleges zijn gebundeld in zijn eerste boek, Arquitectura de la vida nueva. Terug in Europa maakte Asturias zijn Leyendas de Guatemala af. Het boek is een van de eerste boeken waarin het Magisch Realisme, dat later haast synoniem werd voor de Zuid-Amerikaanse literatuur, duidelijk naar voren komt. Het boek kreeg de Silla Monsegur prijs, de prijs voor het best vertaalde Spaans-Amerikaanse boek dat jaar gepubliceerd in Frankrijk.Vanaf 1929 reisde Asturias door Europa en het nabije oosten. In 1933 keerde Asturias terug naar Guatemala. Het boek El señor Presidente, dat hij dan al geschreven heeft, kon hij niet publiceren vanwege het feit dat Guatemala op dat moment geregeerd werd door de dictator . Deze roman is gebaseerd op de bloedige overheersing door deze president. Het is in feite een aanklacht tegen elke vorm van dictatuur die steunt op terreur en verraad en opoffering van menselijke waarden. Asturias werkte als journalist en als hoogleraar literatuurwetenschap. In 1939 trouwde hij met de Argentijnse Clemencia Amado en werd hun zoon Rodrigo geboren, in 1941 werd een tweede zoon geboren, Miguel Ángel, en in 1947 werd de scheiding uitgesproken. Na het aftreden van Ubico in 1944 kwam eerst een militaire junta aan de macht en na een revolutie een paar maanden later werd Juan José Arévalo de nieuwe president. Deze benoemde Asturias tot cultureel attaché aan de Guatemalteekse ambassade in Mexico. Hier werd in 1946 de eerste versie van El señor Presidente gepubliceerd, dat zijn faam als schrijver in Zuid-Amerika zou vestigen. Asturias raakte er ook bevriend met Pablo Neruda. In 1947 werd hij cultureel attaché in Buenos Aires (Argentinië). Later kreeg hij zelfs een adviserende ministerspost in Argentinië.'1949 was geheel gewijd aan het schrijven van Hombres de maíz (Nederlandse vertaling: De doem van de maïs), het boek dat over het algemeen als zijn meesterwerk beschouwd wordt. In het boek komen indiaanse stammen in opstand tegen het leger en de maïsplanters. Het boek is geschreven vanuit het magische beeld van de indianen op de wereld, en is daardoor niet eenvoudig te lezen. Eind van het verhaal is dat de leider van de revolutie, Gaspar, een legende wordt en dat de boeren hun land en hun magie verliezen.In 1950 keerde Asturias voor korte tijd terug naar Buenos Aires, waar hij trouwt met Blanca Mora y Araujo. In 1954 viel de regering van Jacobo Arbenz. Asturias was op dat moment in Guatemala, maar keerde terug naar zijn diplomatieke post in San Salvador. Hij zegde zijn aanstelling op en ging via Chili (Neruda) naar Argentinië, waar hij in ballingschap bleef tot 1963. Vervolgens maakte hij reizen door Europa. Hij werd door vele universiteiten gevraagd voor gastcolleges, en werkte mee aan verschillende congressen. In 1966 vestigde hij zich weer in Parijs. De in 1966 nieuw gekozen president van Guatemala, Julio César Méndez Montenegro, benoemde hem tot ambassadeur van Guatemala in Frankrijk. In dat jaar ontving Asturias de Lenin Vredesprijs. In 1967 ontving Asturias de Nobelprijs voor Literatuur met als motivatie dat hij een levendig literair oeuvre geschapen had dat diepgeworteld is in de Guatemalteekse indiaanse tradities. Nog vele huldigingen zouden volgen, onder meer zijn benoeming tot “hijo ungénito de Técan Uman” door de Guatemalteekse indiaanse gemeenschappen.In 1970 trad Asturias op als hoofd van de jury van het filmfestival van Cannes. In 1970 trad Montenegro af als president en zegde Asturias zijn ambassadeursfunctie op. De laatste jaren van zijn leven sleet hij in Madrid. Hier overleed hij in 1974 in bijzijn van zijn vrouw Blanca en zijn zoon Miguel. Asturias ligt begraven op Père-Lachaise in Parijs. (nl)
Miguel Ángel Asturias (ur. 19 października 1899 w Gwatemali, zm. 9 czerwca 1974 w Madrycie) – gwatemalski powieściopisarz, poeta, dziennikarz, opozycjonista i dyplomata. Laureat Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie literatury w 1967 za wybitne osiągnięcia twórcze, u podłoża których leży zainteresowanie obyczajami i tradycją Indian Ameryki Łacińskiej. Na początku lat 50. XX wieku ambasador Gwatemali w Salwadorze, a od 1966 do 1970 we Francji. Znany głównie dzięki eksperymentalnej powieści El senor presidente opisującej rozpad więzi społecznych pod dyktatorskimi rządami. Przedstawiciel nurtu realizmu magicznego, w swych powieściach posługiwał się prozą poetycką. Twórczość głęboko osadzona w kulturze Majów. Zaangażowanypolitycznie po stronie ruchów lewicowych, sprzeciwiał się rządom dyktatorskim i eksploatacji przez wielkie korporacje. (pl)
ミゲル・アンヘル・アストゥリアス・ロサレス（Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales, 1899年10月19日 - 1974年6月9日。ミゲル・アンヘル・アストリアスとも）は、グアテマラの小説家。キューバのアレホ・カルペンティエルと共に魔術的リアリズムの担い手となり、その後のラテンアメリカ文学ブームの先導者となった。 (ja)
Мигéль Áнхель Асту́риас Роcáлес (исп. Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales; 1899—1974) — гватемальский писатель и дипломат. Лауреат Нобелевской премии по литературе 1967 года («за яркое творческое достижение, в основе которого лежит интерес к обычаям и традициям индейцев Латинской Америки») и Международной Ленинской премии «За укрепление мира между народами» (1966). В своих произведениях часто сочетал элементы фольклора и мифологии индейцев майя с реалистическим изображением современных ему общественно-политических процессов. (ru)
Miguel Ángel Asturias, född 19 oktober 1899 i Guatemala City, död 9 juni 1974 i Madrid, var en guatemalansk författare och diplomat. Han tilldelades Nobelpriset i litteratur 1967. (sv)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (Cidade da Guatemala, 19 de outubro de 1899 — Madrid, 9 de junho de 1974) foi um escritor e diplomata guatemalteco. Em 1965 foi-lhe atribuído o Prêmio Lenin da Paz e em 1967 o Nobel de Literatura. (pt)
Астуріас Мігель Анхель (ісп. Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales; 19 жовтня 1899 — 9 червня 1974) — гватемальський письменник; представник магічного реалізму. У романах (Сеньйор Президент, Ураган) і оповіданнях часто поєднує елементи індіанського фольклору з реалістичним зображенням сучасних політичних та суспільних явищ. Нобелівська премія в галузі літератури 1967.Похований на кладовищі Пер-Лашез. (uk)
米格尔·安赫尔·阿斯图里亚斯·罗萨莱斯（西班牙語：Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales，1899年10月19日－1974年6月9日），危地马拉小说家。他被视为拉丁美洲魔幻现实主义的开创者，在拉丁美洲乃至世界现代文学史上都占有重要地位。 (zh)
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ميغل أنخل أستورياس (بالإسبانية: Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales) هو أديب وشاعر وصحفي ودبلوماسي غواتيمالي ولد في 19 أكتوبر 1899 في مدينة غواتيمالا. حصل على جائزة نوبل في الأدب عام 1967. وكان أنخل أستورياس من أوائل الروائيين في أمريكا اللاتينية الذي تناولوا موضوع الاستبداد وتبعه في ذلك كثير من الروائيين. أدت الشهرة التي عرف بها أستورياس في معارضته للحكم الديكتاتوري إلى قضاء معظم حياته في المنفى سواء كان ذلك في أمريكا الجنوبية أو في أوروبا. وبعد عقود من النفي والتهميش حصل أستورياس على شهرة واسعة النطاق في عقد الستينيات من القرن العشرين. وتوفي في 9 يونيو 1974 في مدريد. (ar)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (Ciutat de Guatemala, Guatemala, 1899 - Madrid, Espanya, 1974) fou un escriptor i diplomàtic guatemalenc guardonat amb el Premi Nobel de Literatura l'any 1967. (ca)
Miguel Ángel Asturias (19. října 1899 Guatemala – 9. června 1974 Madrid, Španělsko) byl guatemalský spisovatel a diplomat, nositel Nobelovy ceny za literaturu (1967). Asturiasův původ (jeho matka byla indiánka - Mayové) ovlivnil jeho tvorbu. Ángel se ve svých dílech věnuje především situaci Střední Ameriky a problematice tamějších indiánů, např. Hombres de maíz (1949; česky pod názvem , 1981), Leyendas de Guatemala (1930; Guatemalské legendy) a El señor Presidente (1946; česky pod názvem Pan prezident, 1971). Podílel se na překladu „indiánské bible“ Popol Vuhu. (cs)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (* 19. Oktober 1899 in Guatemala-Stadt; † 9. Juni 1974 in Madrid) war ein guatemaltekischer Schriftsteller, Lyriker und Diplomat. Asturias wurde 1967 der Nobelpreis für Literatur verliehen. (de)
Miguel Ángel ASTURIAS (naskiĝis la 19-an de oktobro 1899, en Gvatemalurbo, mortis la 9-an de junio 1974, en Madrido) estis gvatemala verkisto, li naskiĝis en Gvatemalurbo, studis juron en sia hejmurbo, poste etnologion en Parizo. Ekde la 1940-aj jaroj li laboris ankaŭ kiel ambasadoro en Meksiko, Argentino kaj Francio. La verkaro de Asturias forte respegulas la politikan engaĝiĝon de la aŭtoro, same kiel la magiajn tradiciojn de lia patrujo. En la jaro 1967 la grava reprezentanto de la magia realismo estis honorata per la Premio Nobel de Literaturo. (eo)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (Guatemalako Hiria, 1899ko urriaren 19a - Madril, Espainia, 1974ko ekainaren 9a) guatemalar idazlea izan zen. Ipuinak eta eleberriak idatzi zituen batez ere, errealismo magikoa izeneko korrontearen barruan. Hombres de maíz da haren libururik ezagunena. 1967an Literaturako Nobel Saria eskuratu zuen, eta hori lortu zuen lehenengo guatemalarra izan zen. (eu)
Miguel Ángel Asturias, né le 19 octobre 1899 à Guatemala et mort le 9 juin 1974 à Madrid, est un poète, écrivain et diplomate guatémaltèque. Il est lauréat du prix Nobel de littérature en 1967, et président du jury du festival de Cannes en 1970. (fr)
Scríbhneoir as Guatamala ab ea Miguel Ángel Asturias. Rugadh i gCathair Ghuatamala é i 1899 agus fuair sé bás i Maidrid i 1974. Bhuaigh sé Duais Nobel na Litríochta i 1967. (ga)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (19 Oktober 1899 – 9 Juni 1974) adalah penulis dan diplomat Guatemala. Ia dianugerahi Penghargaan Nobel pada 1967. Asturias menyelesaikan novelnya (Sang Presiden) pada 1946 semasa menjadi atase budaya di KeduBes Guatemala untuk Meksiko dan menjadikannya salah satu penulis Amerika Latin terbesar pada abad ke-20. Puteranya , di bawah nom de guerre Gaspar Ilom, adalah ketua , sebuah kelompok pemberontak selama Perang Saudara pada 1980-an, dan setelah perjanjian damai pada 1996 menjadi CaPres dari kelompok itu. (in)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (Città del Guatemala, 19 ottobre 1899 – Madrid, 9 giugno 1974) è stato uno scrittore, poeta, drammaturgo, diplomatico e giornalista guatemalteco. (it)
ミゲル・アンヘル・アストゥリアス・ロサレス（Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales, 1899年10月19日 - 1974年6月9日。ミゲル・アンヘル・アストリアスとも）は、グアテマラの小説家。キューバのアレホ・カルペンティエルと共に魔術的リアリズムの担い手となり、その後のラテンアメリカ文学ブームの先導者となった。 (ja)
Мигéль Áнхель Асту́риас Роcáлес (исп. Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales; 1899—1974) — гватемальский писатель и дипломат. Лауреат Нобелевской премии по литературе 1967 года («за яркое творческое достижение, в основе которого лежит интерес к обычаям и традициям индейцев Латинской Америки») и Международной Ленинской премии «За укрепление мира между народами» (1966). В своих произведениях часто сочетал элементы фольклора и мифологии индейцев майя с реалистическим изображением современных ему общественно-политических процессов. (ru)
Miguel Ángel Asturias, född 19 oktober 1899 i Guatemala City, död 9 juni 1974 i Madrid, var en guatemalansk författare och diplomat. Han tilldelades Nobelpriset i litteratur 1967. (sv)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (Cidade da Guatemala, 19 de outubro de 1899 — Madrid, 9 de junho de 1974) foi um escritor e diplomata guatemalteco. Em 1965 foi-lhe atribuído o Prêmio Lenin da Paz e em 1967 o Nobel de Literatura. (pt)
Астуріас Мігель Анхель (ісп. Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales; 19 жовтня 1899 — 9 червня 1974) — гватемальський письменник; представник магічного реалізму. У романах (Сеньйор Президент, Ураган) і оповіданнях часто поєднує елементи індіанського фольклору з реалістичним зображенням сучасних політичних та суспільних явищ. Нобелівська премія в галузі літератури 1967.Похований на кладовищі Пер-Лашез. (uk)
米格尔·安赫尔·阿斯图里亚斯·罗萨莱斯（西班牙語：Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales，1899年10月19日－1974年6月9日），危地马拉小说家。他被视为拉丁美洲魔幻现实主义的开创者，在拉丁美洲乃至世界现代文学史上都占有重要地位。 (zh)
Ο Μιγκέλ Άνχελ Αστούριας (Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales, 19 Οκτωβρίου 1899 - 9 Ιουνίου 1974) ήταν συγγραφέας και διπλωμάτης από τη Γουατεμάλα. Γεννήθηκε στην Πόλη της Γουατεμάλα και πέθανε στη Μαδρίτη. Το 1967 του απενεμήθη το Βραβείο Νομπέλ για τη Λογοτεχνία "για το ζωντανό λογοτεχνικό επίτευγμά του, βαθιά ριζωμένο στα εθνικά γνωρίσματα και παραδόσεις των Ινδιάνων της Λατινικής Αμερικής." Ο Αστούριας πέρασε τα τελευταία χρόνια της ζωής του στη Μαδρίτη, στην Ισπανία όπου πέθανε το 1974. Είναι θαμμένος στο Cimetière du Père Lachaise στο Παρίσι. (el)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (Ciudad de Guatemala, 19 de octubre de 1899-Madrid, 9 de junio de 1974) fue un escritor, periodista y diplomático guatemalteco que contribuyó al desarrollo de la literatura latinoamericana, influyó en la cultura occidental y, al mismo tiempo, llamó la atención sobre la importancia de las culturas indígenas, especialmente las de su país natal, Guatemala. (es)
미겔 앙헬 아스투리아스 로살레스(Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales, 1899년 10월 19일 ~ 1974년 6월 9일)는 과테말라의 소설가, 시인, 극작가, 언론인, 외교관으로, 1967년에 노벨 문학상을 수상한 인물이다. 그는 라틴 아메리카 문학이 세계 문학에서 중요한 자리를 차지하는 데에 큰 기여를 한 인물이자 라틴 아메리카의 마술적 사실주의 문학을 일으킨 인물로 평가받고 있다. 그는 1899년에 과테말라 시에서 태어났으며 1923년에 산 카를로스 데 과테말라 대학을 졸업, 같은 해에 프랑스 파리의 소르본 대학으로 유학했다. 그는 소르본 대학에서 고대 중앙아메리카 문명에 관한 연구를 진행했으며 이 때부터 시와 소설을 쓰기 시작했다. 이후 그는 1930년에 《과테말라의 전설 (Leyendas de Guatemala)》이라는 책을 썼다. (ko)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (Guatemala-Stad, 19 oktober 1899 — Madrid, 9 juni 1974) was een Guatemalteeks schrijver en diplomaat. Miguel Asturias begon in 1917 met het studeren van medicijnen, maar stapte over naar rechten in 1918. Hij studeerde op de Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala. In die tijd (1920) deed hij ook mee aan de opstand tegen de toenmalige dictator . Hij richtte met zijn medestudenten de Associación de Estudiantes Unionistas op. Namens de studenten reisde hij in 1921 af naar Mexico om de onafhankelijkheid van het buurland te vieren. Hier ontmoette hij de Spaanse schrijver Ramón María del Valle-Inclán die van grote betekenis werd voor zijn ontwikkeling als schrijver.Samen met een groep andere studenten richtte Asturias de Universidad Popular op, een universiteit voor (nl)
Miguel Ángel Asturias (ur. 19 października 1899 w Gwatemali, zm. 9 czerwca 1974 w Madrycie) – gwatemalski powieściopisarz, poeta, dziennikarz, opozycjonista i dyplomata. Laureat Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie literatury w 1967 za wybitne osiągnięcia twórcze, u podłoża których leży zainteresowanie obyczajami i tradycją Indian Ameryki Łacińskiej. Na początku lat 50. XX wieku ambasador Gwatemali w Salwadorze, a od 1966 do 1970 we Francji. Znany głównie dzięki eksperymentalnej powieści El senor presidente opisującej rozpad więzi społecznych pod dyktatorskimi rządami. (pl)
ميغل أنخل أستورياس (بالإسبانية: Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales) هو أديب وشاعر وصحفي ودبلوماسي غواتيمالي ولد في 19 أكتوبر 1899 في مدينة غواتيمالا. حصل على جائزة نوبل في الأدب عام 1967. وكان أنخل أستورياس من أوائل الروائيين في أمريكا اللاتينية الذي تناولوا موضوع الاستبداد وتبعه في ذلك كثير من الروائيين. أدت الشهرة التي عرف بها أستورياس في معارضته للحكم الديكتاتوري إلى قضاء معظم حياته في المنفى سواء كان ذلك في أمريكا الجنوبية أو في أوروبا. وبعد عقود من النفي والتهميش حصل أستورياس على شهرة واسعة النطاق في عقد الستينيات من القرن العشرين. وتوفي في 9 يونيو 1974 في مدريد. (ar)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (Ciutat de Guatemala, Guatemala, 1899 - Madrid, Espanya, 1974) fou un escriptor i diplomàtic guatemalenc guardonat amb el Premi Nobel de Literatura l'any 1967. (ca)
Miguel Ángel Asturias (19. října 1899 Guatemala – 9. června 1974 Madrid, Španělsko) byl guatemalský spisovatel a diplomat, nositel Nobelovy ceny za literaturu (1967). Asturiasův původ (jeho matka byla indiánka - Mayové) ovlivnil jeho tvorbu. Ángel se ve svých dílech věnuje především situaci Střední Ameriky a problematice tamějších indiánů, např. Hombres de maíz (1949; česky pod názvem , 1981), Leyendas de Guatemala (1930; Guatemalské legendy) a El señor Presidente (1946; česky pod názvem Pan prezident, 1971). Podílel se na překladu „indiánské bible“ Popol Vuhu. (cs)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (* 19. Oktober 1899 in Guatemala-Stadt; † 9. Juni 1974 in Madrid) war ein guatemaltekischer Schriftsteller, Lyriker und Diplomat. Asturias wurde 1967 der Nobelpreis für Literatur verliehen. (de)
Miguel Ángel ASTURIAS (naskiĝis la 19-an de oktobro 1899, en Gvatemalurbo, mortis la 9-an de junio 1974, en Madrido) estis gvatemala verkisto, li naskiĝis en Gvatemalurbo, studis juron en sia hejmurbo, poste etnologion en Parizo. Ekde la 1940-aj jaroj li laboris ankaŭ kiel ambasadoro en Meksiko, Argentino kaj Francio. La verkaro de Asturias forte respegulas la politikan engaĝiĝon de la aŭtoro, same kiel la magiajn tradiciojn de lia patrujo. En la jaro 1967 la grava reprezentanto de la magia realismo estis honorata per la Premio Nobel de Literaturo. (eo)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (Guatemalako Hiria, 1899ko urriaren 19a - Madril, Espainia, 1974ko ekainaren 9a) guatemalar idazlea izan zen. Ipuinak eta eleberriak idatzi zituen batez ere, errealismo magikoa izeneko korrontearen barruan. Hombres de maíz da haren libururik ezagunena. 1967an Literaturako Nobel Saria eskuratu zuen, eta hori lortu zuen lehenengo guatemalarra izan zen. (eu)
Miguel Ángel Asturias, né le 19 octobre 1899 à Guatemala et mort le 9 juin 1974 à Madrid, est un poète, écrivain et diplomate guatémaltèque. Il est lauréat du prix Nobel de littérature en 1967, et président du jury du festival de Cannes en 1970. (fr)
Scríbhneoir as Guatamala ab ea Miguel Ángel Asturias. Rugadh i gCathair Ghuatamala é i 1899 agus fuair sé bás i Maidrid i 1974. Bhuaigh sé Duais Nobel na Litríochta i 1967. (ga)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (19 Oktober 1899 – 9 Juni 1974) adalah penulis dan diplomat Guatemala. Ia dianugerahi Penghargaan Nobel pada 1967. Asturias menyelesaikan novelnya (Sang Presiden) pada 1946 semasa menjadi atase budaya di KeduBes Guatemala untuk Meksiko dan menjadikannya salah satu penulis Amerika Latin terbesar pada abad ke-20. Puteranya , di bawah nom de guerre Gaspar Ilom, adalah ketua , sebuah kelompok pemberontak selama Perang Saudara pada 1980-an, dan setelah perjanjian damai pada 1996 menjadi CaPres dari kelompok itu. (in)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (Città del Guatemala, 19 ottobre 1899 – Madrid, 9 giugno 1974) è stato uno scrittore, poeta, drammaturgo, diplomatico e giornalista guatemalteco. (it)
ミゲル・アンヘル・アストゥリアス・ロサレス（Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales, 1899年10月19日 - 1974年6月9日。ミゲル・アンヘル・アストリアスとも）は、グアテマラの小説家。キューバのアレホ・カルペンティエルと共に魔術的リアリズムの担い手となり、その後のラテンアメリカ文学ブームの先導者となった。 (ja)
Мигéль Áнхель Асту́риас Роcáлес (исп. Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales; 1899—1974) — гватемальский писатель и дипломат. Лауреат Нобелевской премии по литературе 1967 года («за яркое творческое достижение, в основе которого лежит интерес к обычаям и традициям индейцев Латинской Америки») и Международной Ленинской премии «За укрепление мира между народами» (1966). В своих произведениях часто сочетал элементы фольклора и мифологии индейцев майя с реалистическим изображением современных ему общественно-политических процессов. (ru)
Miguel Ángel Asturias, född 19 oktober 1899 i Guatemala City, död 9 juni 1974 i Madrid, var en guatemalansk författare och diplomat. Han tilldelades Nobelpriset i litteratur 1967. (sv)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (Cidade da Guatemala, 19 de outubro de 1899 — Madrid, 9 de junho de 1974) foi um escritor e diplomata guatemalteco. Em 1965 foi-lhe atribuído o Prêmio Lenin da Paz e em 1967 o Nobel de Literatura. (pt)
Астуріас Мігель Анхель (ісп. Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales; 19 жовтня 1899 — 9 червня 1974) — гватемальський письменник; представник магічного реалізму. У романах (Сеньйор Президент, Ураган) і оповіданнях часто поєднує елементи індіанського фольклору з реалістичним зображенням сучасних політичних та суспільних явищ. Нобелівська премія в галузі літератури 1967.Похований на кладовищі Пер-Лашез. (uk)
米格尔·安赫尔·阿斯图里亚斯·罗萨莱斯（西班牙語：Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales，1899年10月19日－1974年6月9日），危地马拉小说家。他被视为拉丁美洲魔幻现实主义的开创者，在拉丁美洲乃至世界现代文学史上都占有重要地位。 (zh)
Ο Μιγκέλ Άνχελ Αστούριας (Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales, 19 Οκτωβρίου 1899 - 9 Ιουνίου 1974) ήταν συγγραφέας και διπλωμάτης από τη Γουατεμάλα. Γεννήθηκε στην Πόλη της Γουατεμάλα και πέθανε στη Μαδρίτη. Το 1967 του απενεμήθη το Βραβείο Νομπέλ για τη Λογοτεχνία "για το ζωντανό λογοτεχνικό επίτευγμά του, βαθιά ριζωμένο στα εθνικά γνωρίσματα και παραδόσεις των Ινδιάνων της Λατινικής Αμερικής." Ο Αστούριας πέρασε τα τελευταία χρόνια της ζωής του στη Μαδρίτη, στην Ισπανία όπου πέθανε το 1974. Είναι θαμμένος στο Cimetière du Père Lachaise στο Παρίσι. (el)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (Ciudad de Guatemala, 19 de octubre de 1899-Madrid, 9 de junio de 1974) fue un escritor, periodista y diplomático guatemalteco que contribuyó al desarrollo de la literatura latinoamericana, influyó en la cultura occidental y, al mismo tiempo, llamó la atención sobre la importancia de las culturas indígenas, especialmente las de su país natal, Guatemala. (es)
미겔 앙헬 아스투리아스 로살레스(Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales, 1899년 10월 19일 ~ 1974년 6월 9일)는 과테말라의 소설가, 시인, 극작가, 언론인, 외교관으로, 1967년에 노벨 문학상을 수상한 인물이다. 그는 라틴 아메리카 문학이 세계 문학에서 중요한 자리를 차지하는 데에 큰 기여를 한 인물이자 라틴 아메리카의 마술적 사실주의 문학을 일으킨 인물로 평가받고 있다. 그는 1899년에 과테말라 시에서 태어났으며 1923년에 산 카를로스 데 과테말라 대학을 졸업, 같은 해에 프랑스 파리의 소르본 대학으로 유학했다. 그는 소르본 대학에서 고대 중앙아메리카 문명에 관한 연구를 진행했으며 이 때부터 시와 소설을 쓰기 시작했다. 이후 그는 1930년에 《과테말라의 전설 (Leyendas de Guatemala)》이라는 책을 썼다. (ko)
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (Guatemala-Stad, 19 oktober 1899 — Madrid, 9 juni 1974) was een Guatemalteeks schrijver en diplomaat. Miguel Asturias begon in 1917 met het studeren van medicijnen, maar stapte over naar rechten in 1918. Hij studeerde op de Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala. In die tijd (1920) deed hij ook mee aan de opstand tegen de toenmalige dictator . Hij richtte met zijn medestudenten de Associación de Estudiantes Unionistas op. Namens de studenten reisde hij in 1921 af naar Mexico om de onafhankelijkheid van het buurland te vieren. Hier ontmoette hij de Spaanse schrijver Ramón María del Valle-Inclán die van grote betekenis werd voor zijn ontwikkeling als schrijver.Samen met een groep andere studenten richtte Asturias de Universidad Popular op, een universiteit voor (nl)
Miguel Ángel Asturias (ur. 19 października 1899 w Gwatemali, zm. 9 czerwca 1974 w Madrycie) – gwatemalski powieściopisarz, poeta, dziennikarz, opozycjonista i dyplomata. Laureat Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie literatury w 1967 za wybitne osiągnięcia twórcze, u podłoża których leży zainteresowanie obyczajami i tradycją Indian Ameryki Łacińskiej. Na początku lat 50. XX wieku ambasador Gwatemali w Salwadorze, a od 1966 do 1970 we Francji. Znany głównie dzięki eksperymentalnej powieści El senor presidente opisującej rozpad więzi społecznych pod dyktatorskimi rządami. (pl)
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https://www.mapsofworld.com/answers/regions/country-nobel-laureates-literature/
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Which Country Has the Most Nobel Laureates in Literature?
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2018-07-08T17:00:38+00:00
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Here is a world map indicating the countries that have the most Nobel laureates in literature. Initiated in 1901, Nobel Prize is the most prestigious award given for outstanding contribution in fields like chemistry, peace, physics, mathematics, medicine, and literature.
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Answers
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https://www.mapsofworld.com/answers/regions/country-nobel-laureates-literature/
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There is hardly any speculation about the status of Nobel Prize. The people who outperform in their fields and have creative or intellectual achievements are honored by this prestigious award.
Nobel Prize was initiated in 1901 and is given in honor of Alfred Nobel who was a Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor, businessman, and philanthropist. Since then it is the most prestigious award that outweighs all other awards. It sets the excellence status for generations to come. Nobel Prize is given for various fields including medicine, mathematics, chemistry, literature, peace, physiology, physics.
Nobel Prize is given for literature as well. Literature is the field of study that continues to travel through time and space. It reveals the holistic picture of the society- historic, social, cultural, political, and economic fronts. By studying literature, one becomes capable of interpreting things in a manner which perhaps none but they can. Literature is not based on hard and fast rules. It accepts the individual perspectives, provided a due support to one’s argument is presented.
Here is a table representing the winners of Nobel Prize in literature, with the country winning the maximum awards on the top.
Year Laureate Country Language(s) Genre(s) 1901 Sully Prudhomme France French poetry, essay 1904 Frédéric Mistral France Provençal poetry, philology 1915 Romain Rolland France French novel 1921 Anatole France France French novel, poetry 1927 Henri Bergson France French philosophy 1933 Ivan Bunin France (Born in Russian Empire) Russian short story, poetry, novel 1937 Roger Martin du Gard France French novel 1947 André Gide France French novel, essay 1952 François Mauriac France French novel, short story 1957 Albert Camus France (Born in French Algeria) French novel, short story, drama, philosophy, essay 1960 Saint-John Perse France (Born in Guadeloupe) French poetry 1964 Jean-Paul Sartre France French novel, philosophy, drama, literary criticism, screenplay 1985 Claude Simon France (Born in French Madagascar) French novel 2000 Gao Xingjian France (since 1998) China (1940–1998) Chinese novel, drama, literary criticism 2008 J. M. G. Le Clézio France Mauritius French novel, short story, essay, translation 2014 Patrick Modiano France French novel 1907 Rudyard Kipling United Kingdom English novel, short story, poetry 1932 John Galsworthy United Kingdom English novel 1948 T. S. Eliot United Kingdom (Born in the United States) English poetry 1950 Bertrand Russell United Kingdom English philosophy 1953 Winston Churchill United Kingdom English history, essay, memoirs 1981 Elias Canetti United Kingdom (Born in Bulgaria) German novel, drama, memoirs, essay 1983 William Golding United Kingdom English novel, poetry, drama 2001 V. S. Naipaul United Kingdom (Born in Trinidad & Tobago) English novel, essay 2005 Harold Pinter United Kingdom English drama, screenplay 2007 Doris Lessing United Kingdom (Born in Iran) English novel, drama, poetry, short story, memoirs 1981 Elias Canetti United Kingdom (Born in Bulgaria) German novel, drama, memoirs, essay 2017 Kazuo Ishiguro United Kingdom (born in Japan) English novel 1930 Sinclair Lewis the United States English novel, short story, drama 1936 Eugene O’Neill the United States English drama 1938 Pearl S. Buck the United States English novel, biography 1949 William Faulkner the United States English novel, short story 1954 Ernest Hemingway the United States English novel, short story, screenplay 1962 John Steinbeck the United States English novel, short story, screenplay 1993 Toni Morrison the United States English novel 2016 Bob Dylan the United States English poetry, songwriting 1987 Joseph Brodsky the United States (Born in the Soviet Union) Russian and English poetry, essay 1976 Saul Bellow the United States (Born in Canada) English novel, short story 1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer the United States (Born in Poland) Yiddish novel, short story, memoirs 1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer the United States (Born in Poland) Yiddish novel, short story, memoirs 1902 Theodor Mommsen Germany German history, law 1908 Rudolf Christoph Eucken Germany German philosophy 1910 Paul von Heyse Germany German poetry, drama, novel, short story 1912 Gerhart Hauptmann Germany German drama, novel 1929 Thomas Mann Germany German novel, short story, essay 1972 Heinrich Böll West Germany German novel, short story 1999 Günter Grass Germany German novel, drama, poetry 2009 Herta Müller Germany (Born in Romania) German novel, poetry 1909 Selma Lagerlöf Sweden Swedish novel, short story 1916 Verner von Heidenstam Sweden Swedish poetry, novel 1931 Erik Axel Karlfeldt Sweden Swedish poetry 1951 Pär Lagerkvist Sweden Swedish poetry, novel, short story, drama 1966 Nelly Sachs Sweden (Born in Germany) German poetry, drama 1974 Eyvind Johnson Sweden Swedish novel 1974 Harry Martinson Sweden Swedish poetry, novel, drama 2011 Tomas Tranströmer Sweden Swedish poetry, translation 1906 Giosuè Carducci Italy Italian poetry 1926 Grazia Deledda Italy Italian poetry, novel 1934 Luigi Pirandello Italy Italian drama, novel, short story 1959 Salvatore Quasimodo Italy Italian poetry 1975 Eugenio Montale Italy Italian poetry 1997 Dario Fo Italy Italian drama 1904 José Echegaray Spain Spanish drama 1922 Jacinto Benavente Spain Spanish drama 1956 Juan Ramón Jiménez Spain Spanish poetry 1977 Vicente Aleixandre Spain Spanish poetry 1989 Camilo José Cela Spain Spanish novel, short story 2010 Mario Vargas Llosa Peru Spain Spanish novel, short story, essay, drama, memoirs 1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz Poland (born in Russian Empire) Polish novel 1924 Władysław Reymont Poland Polish novel 1980 Czesław Miłosz Poland (born in Lithuania) Polish poetry, essay 1996 Wisława Szymborska Poland Polish poetry 1923 William Butler Yeats Ireland English poetry 1925 George Bernard Shaw Ireland English drama, literary criticism 1969 Samuel Beckett Ireland English and French novel, drama, poetry 1995 Seamus Heaney Ireland (Born in Northern Ireland) English poetry 1958 Boris Pasternak Russia Russian novel, poetry, translation 1917 Karl Adolph Gjellerup Denmark Danish poetry Henrik Pontoppidan Denmark Danish novel 1944 Johannes Vilhelm Jensen Denmark Danish novel, short story 1903 Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson Norway Norwegian poetry, novel, drama 1920 Knut Hamsun Norway Norwegian novel 1928 Sigrid Undset Norway (Born in Denmark) Norwegian novel 1945 Gabriela Mistral Chile Spanish poetry 1971 Pablo Neruda Chile Spanish poetry 2000 Gao Xingjian France (since 1998) China (1940–1998) Chinese novel, drama, literary criticism 2012 Mo Yan China Chinese novel, short story 1963 Giorgos Seferis Greece (Born in theOttoman Empire) Greek poetry, essay, memoirs 1979 Odysseas Elytis Greece Greek poetry, essay 1968 Yasunari Kawabata Japan Japanese novel, short story 1994 Kenzaburō Ōe Japan Japanese novel, short story 1991 Nadine Gordimer South Africa English novel, short story, essay 2003 J. M. Coetzee South Africa ( Australian citizen) English novel, essay, translation 1919 Carl Spitteler Switzerland German poetry 1946 Hermann Hesse Switzerland (Born in Germany) German novel, poetry 2004 Elfriede Jelinek Austria German novel, drama 1973 Patrick White Australia (Born in the United Kingdom) English novel, short story, drama 2015 Svetlana Alexievich Belarus (Born in Ukraine) Russian history, essay 1911 Maurice Maeterlinck Belgium French drama, poetry, essay 2013 Alice Munro Canada English short story 1982 Gabriel García Márquez Colombia Spanish novel, short story, screenplay 1984 Jaroslav Seifert Czechoslovakia (Born in Austria-Hungary) Czech poetry 1988 Naguib Mahfouz Egypt Arabic novel 1939 Frans Eemil Sillanpää Finland Finnish novel 1967 Miguel Ángel Asturias Guatemala Spanish novel, poetry 2002 Imre Kertész Hungary Hungarian novel 1955 Halldór Laxness Iceland Icelandic novel, short story, drama, poetry 1913 Rabindranath Tagore India (formerly British Raj) Bengali and English poetry, novel, drama, short story, music 1966 Shmuel Yosef Agnon Israel (Born in Austria-Hungary) Hebrew novel, short story 2008 J. M. G. Le Clézio France Mauritius French novel, short story, essay, translation 1990 Octavio Paz Mexico Spanish poetry, essay 1986 Wole Soyinka Nigeria English drama, novel, poetry 2010 Mario Vargas Llosa Peru Spain Spanish novel, short story, essay, drama, memoirs 1998 José Saramago Portugal Portuguese novel, drama, poetry 1992 Derek Walcott Saint Lucia English poetry, drama 2006 Orhan Pamuk Turkey Turkish novel, screenplay, essay 1961 Ivo Andrić Yugoslavia (Born in Austria-Hungary) Serbo-Croatian[66] novel, short story
|
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correct_award_00058
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FactBench
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2
| 22
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https://latinamericannobelprizewinners.wordpress.com/miguel-angel-asturias/
|
en
|
Latin American Nobel Prize Winners
|
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2015-01-04T20:33:18+00:00
|
There haven’t been many Latin American recipients of the Nobel prize in literature since it was created in 1901, but one of them was Miguel Angel Asturias. Asturias received this honor in 1967, but the honor only made him somewhat famous than the previous recipient, Gabriela Mistral in 1945 (Mead). Even winning a Nobel prize…
|
en
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https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico
|
Latin American Nobel Prize Winners
|
https://latinamericannobelprizewinners.wordpress.com/miguel-angel-asturias/
|
There haven’t been many Latin American recipients of the Nobel prize in literature since it was created in 1901, but one of them was Miguel Angel Asturias. Asturias received this honor in 1967, but the honor only made him somewhat famous than the previous recipient, Gabriela Mistral in 1945 (Mead). Even winning a Nobel prize for his literature, he was still largely unacknowledged by the United States and Europe (Mead). His work was mostly read in Spanish America, and not even really Spain (Mead). He may have been more famous than Mistral because of the readily communications of the time (Mead). Miguel was born in Guatemala in 1899, and that he was in the middle class (Mead). He wrote numerous works such as Hombres de maíz (1949) and El señor presidente (1946).
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correct_award_00058
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FactBench
|
1
| 20
|
https://nasseryouthmovement.net/Miguel-Angel-Asturias-Rosales
|
en
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Guatemalan author, Miguel Angel Asturias Rosales
|
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[
""
] | null |
[
"Monahassan",
"Nasser Youth Movement"
] |
2023-11-24T18:12:37+02:00
|
en
|
Nasser Youth Movement
|
https://nasseryouthmovement.net/Miguel-Angel-Asturias-Rosales
|
Rewiwed by: Wafaa El-houseiny
Translated by: Nouran Salah Eddin
Guatemalan author, Miguel Angel Asturias Rosales
The great Guatemalan author, Miguel Angel Asturias Rosales was born in Guatemala in the 19th century 1899. Asturias combined being a poet, a novelist, a playwright, a journalist, and a diplomat. He was considered one of the heroes of Latin American literature in the 20th century as he adopted the idea of renewing the magical narrative and realistic techniques which crystallized later and established the " Boom" movement in Spanish-American literature in the 1960s.
Asturias studied law at the University of San Carlos in Guatemala where he participated in the struggle against the dictatorship of “Estrada Cabrera” until he was toppled in 1920. Two years later, he established and ran the People’s university, and at the same time, he began publishing his first writings. He then traveled to Europe where he approached closely the literary movements and intellectual currents that took part in forming and enhancing his literary talent. There, he studied Mayan linguistics and Anthropology at Sorbonne University with the American George Reno.
In 1933, he returned to Guatemala where he taught at the university and founded a magazine called “El Diario del Aire”, which is considered the first broadcasting magazine. That was Asturias's life, a life full of cultivation and academia. During the revolutionary period between 1944 and 1954, Asturias held different diplomatic posts. In 1966, he received the Lenin Peace Prize. In addition, in 1967, he received the Nobel Prize in literature.
The first literary work Asturias excelled at was “Leyendas” Legends in Guatemala (1933) de Guatemala, which is a collection of magical and legendary tales that appeared in Paris with an introduction to Paul Valéry. In addition to other novels like “El Señor Presidente” Mr. President (1946) and “Hombres de maíz” Man of Maize (1949). He also wrote “Week-end en Guatemala” Weekend in Guatemala (1955), “El espejo de Lida Sal” The Mirror of Lida Sal (1967), and “Tres de cuatro soles”. Moreover, he wrote several literary works that varied between fiction, theatrical, and other works.
Regarding his famous novel “El Señor Presidente” Mr. President, it was famous because it tackled life in Guatemala during the dictatorship of “Estrada Cabrera”. He excelled in representing the idea of dictatorship in a rich style and expressive technique that reflected the impact of the period he lived in Europe. The author said of this novel: “The atmosphere of fear, insecurity, and panic reflected in this work affected me profoundly”.
As for his novel “Hombres de maíz” Man of Maize, you can see in it the magical realism underlying his literary creativity. He also represents an example of humanity’s evolution from a primitive and illiterate society, in addition, to the current liberal and capitalist world.
The politician Asturias was a political activist. During his exile to Buenos Aries, he made many tours in Latin America, India, China, and the Soviet Union, in which he was an active lecturer, a conscious witness recording the events of the age, and a fighter against the alliance policy. Asturias standing alongside Castro led to his expulsion from Argentina in 1962. He then returned to France where he was received warmly. After that, he visited Moscow where he received the Lenin Peace Prize in 1966 before receiving the Nobel Prize in 1967. When he was appointed as an Ambassador to Paris by the government of Méndez Montenegro, he organized a great exhibition at the great palace "Le Grand Palais" on Mayan heritage by an initiative from André Malraux, the French Minister of Culture, at that time, and received recognition from Sorbonne University in 1968.
Near the end of his life, Asturias participated in the Helsinki Peace Conference and in the University of Dakar’s “Collége de Dakar” talks on negroes and Latin America. He insisted on the necessity of creating an international understanding of the legitimacy of Mulatto Cultures.
Asturias passed away in Madrid on June 9, 1974. He was at the top of his activity and generosity, especially after gifting his manuscripts to the National Library in Paris, which held a solemn memorial service for him.
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correct_award_00058
|
FactBench
|
0
| 83
|
https://www.ebay.com/itm/395419036346
|
en
|
Nobel Prize winner Miguel Ángel Asturias visits... - Vintage Photograph 976214
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Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Nobel Prize winner Miguel Ángel Asturias visits... - Vintage Photograph 976214 at the best online prices at eBay! Free shipping for many products!
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eBay
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https://www.ebay.com/itm/395419036346
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Will usually ship within 3 business days of receiving cleared payment.
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https://www.facebook.com/GovGaryHerbert/
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Sieh dir auf Facebook Beiträge, Fotos und vieles mehr an.
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https://www.lee.senate.gov/2020/12/gov-gary-herbert-s-retirement
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Gov. Gary Herbert’s Retirement
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2020-12-31T00:00:00-05:00
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Mr./Madam President,
I rise today to honor my friend, Gary Herbert, Governor of the State of Utah for the last 12 years, who after a long career in publ...
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Mike Lee US Senator for Utah
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https://www.lee.senate.gov/2020/12/gov-gary-herbert-s-retirement
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Mr./Madam President,
I rise today to honor my friend, Gary Herbert, Governor of the State of Utah for the last 12 years, who after a long career in public service is embarking on a well-earned retirement.
He has served the state of Utah with enthusiasm, dedication, and spirit; and I am grateful to have worked alongside him throughout his tenure.
Gary was born in American Fork, Utah, and grew up in Orem. He served a two-year mission for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints on the East Coast, and later attended Brigham Young University.
He first began his public service after college, serving in the Utah Army National Guard for six years and becoming a staff sergeant.
After his time in the National Guard, he set up a real estate firm, and eventually became president of the Utah Association of Counties and Utah Association of Realtors.
Starting in 1990, he served as a commissioner on the Utah County Commission for 14 years, and then began his service at the state level.
In 2004, when Jon Huntsman ran for the Governor’s seat, Gary became his running mate for Lieutenant Governor, with the pair going on to win the race that November.
It was then that I first got to know him myself, when I was hired to be the general counsel for Governor Huntsman.
One of my first memories of him was when we began to move into the governor’s office suite.
The day before he was sworn in, Gary came and gave a warm welcome to all the staff, along with sound advice about the importance of staying grounded as we entered the political fray.
I soon learned that he was not only a skilled politician, but also a formidable ping pong player. Right after he and Governor Huntsman were sworn in, the staff got together as a team several times at the governor’s mansion, where there was a ping pong table in the basement.
I then learned the hard way that Gary’s table-tennis skills are off the charts.
While serving Governor Huntsman, I always found Gary to be friendly, approachable, and willing to tackle every assignment with eagerness and poise.
Whenever Governor Huntsman’s schedule became chaotic or would change unexpectedly, Lieutenant Governor Herbert would routinely be dispatched to speak on his behalf – often to remote corners of the state, and often at inconvenient times.
He never once complained; and was not only willing, but always eager and happy to help.
Likewise, whenever there was an issue that needed to be addressed and the Governor was unable to meet with a particular group, Gary was assigned the case.
He would meet with all the different stakeholders, legislators, and people from different sides of an issue, bringing them all together and wading through the intricate details of the matter.
What’s more, he had the skill of figuring out the best path forward for all parties involved, and for making everyone feel heard and understood.
The same traits I saw in him as Lieutenant Governor would go on to make him an effective and beloved Governor himself. In office since 2009, he is currently the nation’s longest-serving governor.
And our state has seen exciting achievement and prosperity with Governor Herbert at the helm.
In the last eight years, Utah has seen continued, steady growth in our economy – with improvement in our GDP, number of jobs, and unemployment rate.
We have seen the boom of Silicon Slopes.
We celebrated the centennial of the driving of the Golden Spike, when it was an honor to stand alongside him at the celebratory reenactment.
And so too was it an honor to join Gary when President Trump shrank Bears Ears National Monument, when we could stand together and celebrate reclaiming the land back for the people of Utah.
Through his enthusiasm and zeal, Gary has championed our state and the things that we stand for. He can rattle off figures and metrics about Utah at the drop of a hat; and is a compelling spokesman for our values.
His spirit has helped Utah to attract talent and investment, and to make it the good place that it is to live.
Not only that, but Gary has been an instrumental partner in supporting initiatives that reflect and strengthen the values of our state.
To champion the reclamation of our lands, he signed into law the Utah Transfer of Public Lands Act.
He also signed into law innovative criminal justice reforms in Utah, making a far-reaching impact across the state; and paving the way for the work Congress and President Trump were able to do at the federal level.
He has been a strong supporter of Utah’s family culture, and was helpful in the Senate’s work promoting the child tax credit during tax reform.
And on a more personal note, he had the wisdom to put my brother, Tom Lee, on the Utah Supreme Court.
For all his public achievements, Gary is most proud, however, of his own role as husband, father, and grandfather.
He and his wife Jeanette have six children together, as well as 16 grandchildren; and he is known to encourage them to “follow in his footsteps and marry up.”
In a myriad of ways, Governor Gary Herbert has been a champion and a spokesman for all that is good about our state.
It has been an honor to serve the people of Utah with him, and I wish him all the best as he embarks on his retirement.
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https://www.heraldextra.com/news/2016/oct/28/herald-editorial-gary-herbert-should-continue-to-lead-utah-as-governor/
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Herald editorial: Gary Herbert should continue to lead Utah as governor
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2016-10-28T00:00:00
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<span>Utah County is thoroughly acquainted with Gov. Gary Herbert.</span> <span>After all, he is from Orem, born in American Fork and previously served as a county commissioner. </span> <span>So, as Utahns head to the polls now through Nov. 8, the decision may not be a difficult one.</span> <span>In the last seven years as governor, Herbert seems to […]
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https://www.heraldextra.com/wp-content/themes/oni_2021_daily/favicon.ico
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heraldextra.com
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https://www.heraldextra.com/news/2016/oct/28/herald-editorial-gary-herbert-should-continue-to-lead-utah-as-governor/
|
Utah County is thoroughly acquainted with Gov. Gary Herbert.
After all, he is from Orem, born in American Fork and previously served as a county commissioner.
So, as Utahns head to the polls now through Nov. 8, the decision may not be a difficult one.
In the last seven years as governor, Herbert seems to have served Utah pretty well. Herbert’s Democratic challenger this election, Mike Weinholtz, is looking for change however.
The Daily Herald editorial board met with Herbert in October to review his accomplishments in office and discuss some of the issues causing great concern to Utahns.
It is no secret that in the last four years, Utah has taken great pride in touting its business success. Herbert will be the first to do so.
”We set a goal to become the best performing economy in America, and a premier global destination, and we’ve done it,” Herbert said when he met with the Daily Herald editorial board. “We had a vision of where we wanted to go, and we made it happen.”
While we understand there are still strides to be made in the business world in Utah — like talent demands among low unemployment — one cannot ignore (and perhaps we’ve tried) the seemingly daily inundation of rankings raking in from across the country labeling Utah, and often cities in Utah County, No. 1 for business, health or livability.
As a governor, Herbert not only has traveled throughout the state, remaining dialed in on issues affecting various counties, but he’s also represented Utah well on a national and international stage. (The days are gone when Utahns could hold secret the beauties and charms we treasure so much.) We wish other nationally elected officials represented Utah as well as Herbert and Lt. Gov. Spencer Cox, who has also been an asset to Utahns whether they are aware of it or not.
Though the Daily Herald reached out to the Weinholtz camp, we were unable to coordinate a meeting with Weinholtz to discuss his platform and proposed changes.
During his campaign, it has been publicized that Weinholtz would like to legalize medical cannabis and address Utah’s opioid addiction. Though Herbert has referred to Utah County as Happy Valley in many positive ways, opioid addiction is something that seems to plague residents and take a number of lives. In most recent decades, the term “Happy Valley” has taken on an ironic meaning to residents and outsiders — indicative of a deeper mental health problem that needs greater focus and resources.
Weinholtz also advocates for clean air initiatives and renewable resources, Medicaid expansion and women’s issues.
Women’s issues don’t appear to be a key issue frequently discussed on the state level or by Herbert, and we appreciate Weinholtz shedding some light on women’s safety and the problems of sexual assault and domestic violence occurring in Utah, as well as taking a look at ways to better the workplace for women as to meet national standards. It’s a poor reputation that needs to be taken more seriously.
Herbert and Weinholtz both recognize there is a problem with Utah’s education system. It is underfunded, and that appears to be the most urgent problem to tackle. Weinholtz would like to return to Utah’s 1995 funding structure to add $1 billion dollars to the state’s primary and secondary education system. Herbert has promised, that like Utah’s business reputation, he plans to make Utah No. 1 in education as well with the goal to add $1 billion of new money into the system over the next five years.
With that and because of previous success, we believe Herbert should continue in office another term and be given the chance to keep his promise: Utah needs to change the way it does education so it can be one of the top states in the nation rather than known for its lack of spending per pupil.
His current record suggests he will work to make it a reality.
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https://www.parkcity.org/government/covid-19/declarations-announcements
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Declarations/Announcements
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Summit County, Utah (January 6, 2022) — Beginning January 7, 2022, all individuals living within or visiting Summit County, Utah, regardless of vaccination status, must wear face-coverings while inside public indoor facilities or waiting in lines. Public Health Order 2022-01 was enacted by Summit County Manager Tom Fisher and Summit County Health Officer Dr. Phil Bondurant in response to the record-breaking surge of the Omicron COVID-19 variant both in Summit County and across the state. This Order begins at 12:01 a.m. on Friday, January 7, 2022 and is currently in effect until 5 p.m. on February 21, 2022.
"This was not an easy decision and certainly not an action we wanted to take at this stage of the pandemic," Dr. Bondurant said. "I am especially concerned for our frontline workers, our children and staff in schools and the current strain on our healthcare system. Masks combined with vaccines are critical tools to help us weather this surge and protect our critical services."
Exemptions include:
Individuals under two years of age, those with medical conditions, impairments, or disabilities that prevent wearing a face-covering.
Individuals engaging in work where they are alone in an indoor establishment or facility, individuals for whom wearing a face-covering would create a risk to the individual related to their work as determined by local, state, or federal regulators or workplace safety guidelines.
Individuals seated at a restaurant or other food/beverage establishment while they are eating or drinking.
The complete Order and a full list of exemptions can be found at https://bit.ly/2022-01.
"Along with the health of our residents, workers and visitors, preserving and maintaining critical infrastructure services in our county is of the highest priority," County Manager Tom Fisher said. "As it stands, the omicron surge poses a significant threat to our ability to provide critical services, such as emergency response, snow removal, solid waste collection, medical services, and others. This health order helps protect those front-line workers and the important services they provide this community.
Violations of the Order are punishable as infractions; however, the purpose of the Order is to protect individuals’ health and not to hold them criminally liable. Discretion will be used in the citing and prosecution of violations of the Order. Educating and supplying a mask to those in violation will be a priority of enforcement.
Summit County Requires Masks in Community Gatherings and Publicly Access Indoor Spaces
View full Public Health Order | FAQs
Summit County, Utah (June 26, 2020) — On Friday, June 26, Summit County Council adopted Joint Public Health Order 2020-08, requiring “all individuals currently living within or visiting Summit County, Utah, to wear a face covering that completely covers the nose and mouth” under certain conditions. This exemption was approved by Governor Gary Herbert based on a request sent by Summit County Council Chair, Doug Clyde, Summit County Manager, Tom Fisher, and Summit County Health Director, Dr. Rich Bullough. This Order will go into effect at 12:01 am on Saturday, June 27, 2020.
In the letter requesting an exemption, Summit County leadership stated the following reasons for the mask ordinance:
“While the COVID-19 data in Summit County have been favorable as recently as three weeks ago, our more recent trends are of great concern and strongly suggest we are heading the wrong direction since moving to Yellow. Our Proxy Transmission Rate is at 2.5, and has been above the State goal of 1.5 continuously since June 10. The proportion of our positive cases related to travel has steadily increased from 0% on Memorial Day to 13% today. We have had nine (9) consecutive days of increased new (incidence) cases, based on the CDC 3-day average methodology. Additionally, we have experienced an increase in Positivity Test Rates from 2.5% on June 12 to 4% on June 21, exceeding the state target of 3%.”
Joint Public Health Order 2020-08 requires mandatory face coverings in any indoor spaces that allow the general public as well as any community gathering locations, indoors or outdoors. Employees will be required to wear a mask indoors and outdoors when interacting with the public, with the exception being in employee-only areas or employees working on assembly lines.
Other exemptions include:
Individuals age two years or under.
Individuals with a medical condition, mental health condition, or disability that prevents wearing a face covering.
Individuals who are hearing impaired, or communicating with an individual who is hearing impaired, where the ability to see the mouth is essential for communication.
Individuals for whom wearing a face covering would create a risk to the individual related to their work, as determined by local, state or federal regulators or workplace safety
Individuals who are obtaining a service involving the nose or face for which temporary removal of the face covering is necessary to perform the
Individuals who are seated at a restaurant or other establishment that offers food or beverage service, while they are eating or
Individuals who are purchasing a product or receiving a service that requires identification may briefly remove a face covering, as necessary, so that the retailer or service provider can verify
Numerous “face coverings” qualify under the Order, included cloth masks, disposable masks, bandannas and neck gaiters. Violations of the Order are punishable as an infraction; however the purpose of the Order is to protect individuals’ health and not to hold them criminally liable. Discretion will be used in the citing and prosecution of violations of the Order. Educating and supplying a mask to those in violation will be a priority of law enforcement.
“While these data may not be as dire at this moment as some surrounding jurisdictions, all the trends are unfavorable,” said Summit County leadership in the letter. “Summit County is a location to which people travel for work and recreation, often from areas experiencing rapid disease spread. Based on our current adverse data trends, and the surging cases in surrounding counties, we strongly believe our primary hope in adverting a future business shutdown is through this proposed mandatory mask measure.”
Businesses, employees and members of the general public who have questions or concerns about the current Order are encouraged to call the Summit County Community Concerns Line (staffed Monday-Friday, 9 a.m. – 5 p.m.) at 435-333-0050.
The Joint Public Health Order 2020-08 can be viewed in its entirety here. For current information on Summit County’s COVID-19 outlook, visit summitcountyhealth.org/coronavirus/. At this website, the public can find local information and community resources updated regularly as the pandemic situation evolves.
Required mask signage for Summit County businesses can be downloaded here.
Summit County to Remain in Moderate/Orange Phase
View full Public Health Order
Summit County, Utah (May 14, 2020) — On Thursday, May 14, Summit County Council adopted Joint Public Health Order 2020-06, leaving Summit County at the Moderate or “Orange” Risk Level as other parts of Utah move to the “Yellow” Risk Level. This Order will be reviewed in one week by the Governor’s Office.
“The data we have seen over the past two weeks is encouraging,” Summit County Deputy Health Director Dr. Phil Bondurant said. “Our strategy for remaining at the Moderate Risk Level is to fully understand the results of lifting the Stay At Home Order and gather information that will guide our response as we move into the summer months. We are actively working with other Moderate Risk Level areas such as Wasatch County and Salt Lake City to understand the transmission of COVID-19 among our shared workforces.”
Joint Public Health Order 2020-06 simplifies Order 2020-05, reducing the document to 16 pages from 54. It is aligned with the Governor’s Moderate Risk Level Order, aside from 4 areas deemed to be at increased risk in Summit County: Indoor Recreation, Arts & Entertainment, Lodging and Restaurants.
“Our collaboration with the Governor’s Office to remain at the Moderate Risk Level provides critical time to truly evaluate the impact of moving from High to Moderate Risk,” Summit County Council Chair Doug Clyde said. “We are a global tourism destination and our workforce is closely linked to Salt Lake City and Wasatch County. These unique factors call for a different response than many other areas of the state. We have made tremendous progress against COVID-19 due to the actions of our residents and the response of our local healthcare system. Our goal is to preserve that progress as we move forward.”
Factors influencing this decision include:
Providing critical time to truly evaluate the impacts of moving from High Risk to Moderate Risk.
Wasatch County and Salt Lake City, two areas where Summit County residents and workforce commute to and from, also remain at the Moderate Risk Level.
Travelers and tourists visiting Summit County continue to be a potential transmission risk.
Summit County has the second-highest positive rate per 100K population in Utah and an R0* (r-naught) below 1 that appears to be increasing.
*R0 is a metric that defines how contagious a virus is. R0 predicts the average number of individuals who will catch COVID-19 from one infected person. For example, if the R0 was 2, then one person with COVID-19 would likely spread the virus to two individuals.
In the Order, public and private gatherings remain limited to no more than 20 people, with certain exemptions for emergency response, grocery stores, gas stations and other essential industries. All hot tubs, spas, saunas, steam rooms, locker rooms, bike share, dog parks, and leisure swimming pools will remain closed to members, guests, patrons, and the general public.
Businesses, employees and members of the general public who have questions or concerns about the current Order are encouraged to call the Summit County Community Concerns Line (staffed Monday-Friday, 9 a.m. – 5 p.m.) at 435-333-0050.
The Order can be viewed in its entirety at summitcounty.org/DocumentCenter/View/10982/Joint-Public-Health-Order-2020-06-ORANGE-Phase. For current information on Summit County’s COVID-19 outlook, visit summitcountyhealth.org/coronavirus/. At this website, the public can also find Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) and community resources that are updated regularly as the pandemic situation evolves.
Summit County Issues New Joint Public Health Order, Lifts Stay At Home Order
View full Public Health Order
Summit County, Utah (April 30, 2020) — Effective at 12:01 a.m. Friday, May 1, Summit County officials will lift the current Stay At Home Order and the new Joint Public Health Order, 2020-05 (the Order), will go into effect. This new Order transitions Summit County to the Stabilization Phase of the COVID-19 response and lowers the current risk level in the county to Moderate.
“Due to the support and cooperation of our communities and the hard work of our healthcare services, we are ready to move to the next phase of our fight against COVID-19,” Summit County Health Director Dr. Rich Bullough said. “The public’s sacrifices made all the difference in flattening the curve, allowing us to lift the Stay At Home Order. As surges of the virus occur in surrounding areas, we continue to stress the importance of personal protection and continue to discourage unnecessary travel from outside the area.”
Summit County’s Joint Public Health Order 2020-05 provides business specific protocols for 32 different local business sectors developed in partnership with business and public representatives, municipalities, and county leadership through an extensive outreach effort. The Order, an expanded and refined version of Governor Gary Herbert’s Utah Leads Together Plan, was approved by Governor Gary Herbert and the Utah Coronavirus Task Force, details the gradual re-opening of business and commerce while preventing the spread of COVID-19 through social distancing and sanitization protocols, and restrictions on specific business activities. It is recommended that all residents wear a non-surgical mask or face covering that completely covers the nose and mouth whenever possible in public settings where other social distancing measures are difficult to maintain.
“This Order represents an exceptional effort by community members in coordination with staff of the municipalities and the county,” Summit County Council Chair Doug Clyde, said. “While the virus will remain with us for the foreseeable future, we can now take a step forward by cautiously reopening businesses. However, if we are to be successful in this effort, we will need the continued and full cooperation of the citizens of the County and the public that visits our businesses, in order to succeed."
In the Order, public and private gatherings are limited to no more than 20 people, with certain exemptions for emergency response, grocery stores, gas stations and other essential industries. All hot tubs, spas, saunas, steam rooms, locker rooms, bike share, dog parks, and leisure swimming pools will remain closed to members, guests, patrons, and the general public.
“It has always been the goal of our response to lift the Stay At Home Order as soon as it was safe to do so,” County Manager Tom Fisher said. “We look forward to businesses getting back to work under the new protocols outlined in this health order. Summit County is committed to supporting our communities through this transition.”
This Order is in effect until July 1 but will be reviewed in 14 days. At that point, the Order could be ended, extended, or modified. The Health Department will continue to monitor the County’s epidemiological data very closely throughout this new phase of the COVID-19 emergency. Should the data indicate new transmission of the COVID-19 virus or that the spread of the virus in Summit County has substantially increased, the County may be required to reinstate the Stay-at-Home Order.
Businesses, employees and members of the general public who have questions or concerns about compliance with the new Order are encouraged to call the Summit County Community Concerns Line at 435-333-0050. In addition to regular business hours (Monday-Friday, 9 a.m. – 5 p.m.), this line will be staffed from 9 a.m. – 3 p.m. on Saturday, May 2, and Sunday, May 3.
The Order can be viewed in its entirety at summitcounty.org/DocumentCenter/View/10898/Joint-Public-Health-Order-2020-05---Stabilization-Phase-signed. For current information on Summit County’s COVID-19 outlook, visit summitcountyhealth.org/coronavirus. At this website, the public can also find Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) and community resources that are updated regularly as the pandemic situation evolves.
Summit County Responds to Governor’s Utah Leads Together 2.0 Plan and Unveils Strategy for Stabilization Phase of the COVID-19 Emergency
Summit County, Utah (April 16, 2020) – Summit County is unveiling a strategy and timelines for transitioning to the Stabilization Phase of the COVID-19 emergency beginning with the next Health Order revision on May 1, 2020. During the Stabilization Phase, the County will lift the stay-at-home order and gradually allow business and social activity to reopen under specific protocols that continue to protect the public and our health system from a surge of the COVID-19 virus.
“We commend the residents of Summit County for staying home and doing a great job to protect their community,” said County Council Chair, Doug Clyde. “Because of everyone’s efforts, we are able to begin the transition from the Urgent Phase of the emergency to the Stabilization Phase which will begin to allow citizens and business to get back to work.”
On April 17, 2020, Governor Herbert issued the Utah Leads Together 2.0 plan, outlining strategies and timelines for protecting health and reviving the economy. The Plan details steps to gradually “turn-up-the-dial” on economic and social activity according to a color-coded health risk guidance system that ranges from Red (high), through Orange (moderate) and Yellow (low), and finally to Green (the new normal). Summit County and the State of Utah currently remain at the Red risk level. For details see the Utah Leads Together Plan at coronavirus.utah.gov/utah-leads-together/.
Summit County’s strategy for easing the current health orders and moving into and through the Stabilization Phase will rely on ongoing epidemiological data collection (testing results) concerning COVID-19 in Summit County, and in alignment with the Utah Leads Together 2.0 plan, to determine risk levels on an ongoing basis. The Summit County Health Department has been developing stabilization protocols, in collaboration with local businesses and industry sectors, with a goal of establishing reasonable sanitization standards and practices that will allow businesses to open while avoiding a second phase of increasing community spread of the virus that could lead to a “turning down the dial” scenario.
“Governor Herbert’s plan is a good plan,” said Dr. Richard Bullough, Summit County Health Officer. “I am pleased by how our County has performed during this pandemic. All decisions we have made in response to this virus have been data-driven and that will remain as we reactivate the economy. We have a plan for getting people back to work but the trigger points and how we adjust will be based on the data.”
In assessing current risk and trends, Summit County anticipates that it may be able to begin easing into the Stabilization Phase as soon as May 1. Industry sector and business representatives are currently being recruited to collaborate with the Health Department to further refine industry and business-specific protocols, building on work already compiled on the State, regional and local level, that will be due by April 27. The intent is for the County to operate under a new health order and stabilization plan that will be guided by and responsive to ongoing assessment of risk levels.
The health order will also provide guidance on special events and mass gatherings. Currently, mass gatherings are not allowed. The Governor’s Plan anticipates gatherings of up to 20 being allowed at the orange risk level and easing to gatherings of 50 sometime later in the Stabilization Phase.
Summit County officials thank the community, especially our local businesses and workforce, for their patience and perseverance during this emergency. We encourage everyone to stay vigilant in taking steps to reduce the spread of COVID-19. Please follow updates at summitcountyhealth.org/coronavirus.
Summit County Introduces Stabilization Working Group; Looking for Business Sector Representatives to Assist With Stabilization Process
Summit County, Utah (April 16, 2020) — Summit County announced the introduction of a Stabilization Working Group. This is the first step in the next phase of this COVID-19 emergency: the Stabilization Phase. This group, comprised of leaders from the County, local cities, business associations and non-profit organizations, anticipates that as we pass through the Urgent Phase of the emergency, businesses, organizations and commerce will be able to gradually and safely return to operations under specific conditions and guidelines. Public Health must continue to guide our conduct as a community in this phase. Operations that can be done safely while continuing to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus should be able to take place. To this end, Summit County has been working with some community representatives, neighboring counties, and the state to make this process as uniform and coordinated as possible.
This working group is looking for individuals from the community to assist with the stabilization process by working directly with the County on establishing proposals for how economic sectors can return to work without spreading the COVID-19 virus. In order to be considered, the Working Group asks that interested representatives fill out an application.
The links below include a statement introducing this initiative, authored by the Stabilization Working Group, an open letter from Dr. Rich Bullough, Summit County Health Officer, and Tom Fisher, Summit County Manager, as well as a link to the online application form and a list of business sector descriptions.
Please share this information with your colleagues and come together to nominate your sector representative to apply. Those nominated representatives should apply before April 20, 2020.
Questions? Call Summit County Community Concerns at 435-333-0050.
Stabilization Statement
Open Letter to Businesses and Organizations
Online Application Form
Business Sector Descriptions
Summit County Aligns Expiration Dates of Existing Health Orders, Extends Declaration of Public Health Emergency Order
View full Public Health Emergency Order
Summit County, Utah (April 7, 2020) — Last night in public meeting, the Summit County Board of Health supported aligning the expiration date of all three existing Health Orders related to COVID-19 with the expiration date of May 1, which was established in the Joint Public Health Order 2020-03 (the “Stay-at-Home Order). The Public Health Emergency Order signed on March 12 was also extended to May 1. Aside from the expiration date, no changes were made to any Order.
“This decision was made to eliminate confusion and provide a consistent, congruent expiration date for these Orders,” Summit County Health Director Rich Bullough said. “We are doing all we can in coordination with our healthcare system to aggressively fight COVID-19 in Summit County and we are making progress. We will continue to look at when and how we can resume regular business operations and day-to-day life as the outlook allows. If we do this too soon, however, we’ll be right back where we started.”
Prior to this alignment, Orders 2020-1 and 2020-2 were to expire on April 14 and April 22, respectively. The Public Health Emergency Order was previously in effect until April 11. The following is a summary of each order. The full orders can be viewed under the “Declarations and Orders” section at summitcountyhealth.org/coronavirus.
2020-1: Order prohibiting dine-in food service and the closure of resorts, restaurants, taverns, bars, entertainment venues, fitness and exercise facilities, spas, churches, and other businesses in which people tend to gather.
2020-2: Order prohibiting gatherings of more than 10 people, restrictions and limitations for commercial and residential building and construction work sites, restrictions and limitations to hair, nail and tanning salons, physical therapy clinics and services.
2020-3: Stay At Home Order requiring all businesses and residents to stay at home and cease non-essential travel and operations, prohibiting visitor travel to Summit County.
All three Public Health Orders will be reviewed prior to May 1. At that point, the Orders could be extended or modified. Businesses, employees and members of the general public who have questions or concerns about compliance are encouraged to call the Summit County Community Concerns Line at (435) 333-0050.
Summit County Issues Stay At Home Order to Residents
FAQs
View full Public Health Order
Summit County, Utah (March 25, 2020) — The Summit County Council, County Manager, and Health Director, in collaboration with the Summit County Board of Health and Mayors of the Cities and Towns of Summit County issued an Order requiring all residents to stay at home and cease non-essential travel and operations until at least May 1. This Order goes into effect Friday, March 27 at 12:01 a.m. and applies to non-essential businesses, services, and visitors in addition to residents.
“This decision was not made lightly but is in the best interest of public health in Summit County,” Summit County Health Director, Dr. Rich Bullough, said. “When you look at the data, Summit County is a hotspot for COVID-19 statewide, nationally and globally. At this time, Summit County has 20-times the number of cases per capita as Salt Lake County. Our cases per capita rival those of the worst areas of New York City and many parts of Italy.”
As part of the Order, visitors in Summit County are asked to leave as safely and quickly as possible. Visitors planning future trips are asked not to visit Summit County for the duration of this Order. Secondary home-owners who are not currently residing in the county are also asked to avoid the county.
“The County Council asks all residents to comply with this order to the fullest,” Summit County Council Chair, Doug Clyde, said. “You are the front line in this fight against COVID-19. We expect our hospitals to reach capacity and need the cooperation of every resident to ensure we do not overwhelm our local healthcare system. The actions of individuals will determine the course of this virus in our community.”
Under the order, county residents will be able to visit grocery stores, convenience stores and pharmacies for essential items such as food and medication. Residents may also attend necessary or urgent medical appointments. Residents are not barred from going outside but must practice social-distancing when visiting trails or other outdoor recreation areas. If social-distancing is not possible in these areas, they should be avoided.
Essential services that will still be allowed to operate include the following:
Essential healthcare facilities
Banks
Hardware stores
Plumbers, electricians, auto repair and other essential utilities and services.
Farming
Post offices
Grocery and convenience stores
Restaurants whose services are allowed under existing Health Orders
Essential transportation services
“Our county government is working to support essential services and the COVID-19 response in our community while complying with these Orders,” County Manager, Tom Fisher, said. “These Orders are a necessary step to protect our population now and in the future.”
This Order is enacted until May 1 but will be reviewed after 14 days. At that point, the Order could be ended, extended or modified. This Order adds to previous mandates that went into effect on March 15 and March 23. Violations are punishable as a Class B Misdemeanor in Summit County. Businesses, employees and members of the general public who have questions or concerns about compliance are encouraged to call the Summit County Community Concerns Line at 435-333-0050.
To view the Order in its entirety, visit summitcountyhealth.org/coronavirus. At this website, the public can also find Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) and community resources that are updated regularly as the pandemic situation evolves.
To learn more about COVID-19, visit coronavirus.utah.gov or call 800-456-7707.
Health Department Announces Multiple Eastern Summit County COVID-19 Cases
Summit County, Utah (March 24, 2020) — To underline the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic to all county residents, the Summit County Health Department confirms multiple positive cases of the virus in both the North and South Summit areas of the county.
“There is a misconception that COVID-19 is only in the greater Park City area and this simply isn’t the case,” Dr. Rich Bullough, Summit County Health Director, said. “For days, we have encouraged residents across the county to assume the same level of caution. Not only are all areas of the county at the same level of risk, but every resident should assume that they have already been exposed to COVID-19. Now is not the time to let down your guard.”
Summit County’s first positive case of COVID-19 was on March 11. The first positive case of community spread was announced on March 14. Community spread means spread of an illness for which the source of infection is unknown. In the Summit County case, the patient had no history of travel and no known contact with any person who has been confirmed to have COVID-19. In the two weeks since the number of cases has continued to rise and was at 73 as of March 23. Dr. Bullough does not expect the case number growth to slow anytime in the near future.
“Due to insufficient tests available nation-wide, it is safe to assume that we have several times that number of cases in Summit County,” Bullough said. “We are in this for the long haul.”
In an effort to slow the spread of COVID-19, Summit County Government and its Health Department have enacted a series of emergency declarations and public health orders limiting food service, prohibiting gatherings of more than ten and other preventive measures.
“This pandemic will not cure itself overnight, or over the course of a month,” said Summit County Council Chair, Doug Clyde. “We ask the public to aid us in our fight against the spread of COVID-19 by complying with these Health Orders to their fullest extent. These efforts require diligence and patience from every group in every community in Summit County. One person who thinks the rules don’t apply to them can endanger our vulnerable population and drastically set back our efforts with their irresponsible actions.”
Visit summitcountyhealth.org/coronavirus for Summit County-specific information on COVID-19. At this website, the public can also find Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) and community resources that are updated regularly as the pandemic situation evolves.
To learn more about COVID-19, visit coronavirus.utah.gov or call (800) 456-7707.
Summit County Health Director Issues Public Health Orders on Gatherings and Additional Business Industries
Direction given to construction sites, salons, daycares, physical therapy clinics and more
View full Public Health Order
Summit County, Utah (March 23, 2020) — Summit County Health Director, Dr. Rich Bullough, and Summit County Attorney, Margaret Olson, issued further Public Health Orders necessitated by the continuing and immediate threat to public health from the COVID-19 virus. Effective immediately, the Order addresses the following:
Gatherings of more than 10 individuals are prohibited. (Does not apply to critical government services or other necessary services such as shelters, residential care providers, grocery stores, convenience stores, or families living in the same household.)
Restrictions and limitations for commercial and residential building and construction work sites.
Restrictions and limitations to hair, nail and tanning salons, physical therapy clinics and services.
Protocols for dental clinical services.
“Every Health Order we enact is to protect public health in Summit County,” Bullough said. “We are in the fight against COVID-19 for the long haul. Each proactive step we take today saves weeks and months of reactive measures down the road. Our efforts will be magnified by the cooperation of our communities.”
The Public Health Order will be re-evaluated in 14 calendar days but does not currently expire until April 22, 2020. At that point, the Order could be ended, extended or modified. This Order adds to a previous mandate on restaurant services that went into effect on March 15. Violations of the most recent Public Health Order are punishable as a Class B Misdemeanor in Summit County. Businesses, employees and members of the general public who have questions or concerns about compliance are encouraged to call the Summit County Community Concerns Line at 435-333-0050.
“This pandemic will not cure itself overnight, or over the course of a month,” said Summit County Council Chair, Doug Clyde. “We ask the public to aid us in our fight against the spread of COVID-19 by complying with these Health Orders to their fullest extent. These efforts require diligence and patience from every group in every community in Summit County. One person who thinks the rules don’t apply to them can endanger our vulnerable population and drastically set back our efforts with their irresponsible actions.”
To view the Order in its entirety, visit summitcountyhealth.org/coronavirus. At this website, the public can also find Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) and community resources that are updated regularly as the pandemic situation evolves.
To learn more about COVID-19, visit coronavirus.utah.gov or call (800) 456-7707.
Summit County Official Issues Public Health Order Prohibiting all Dine-In Food Service; Area Grocery and Convenience Stores to Remain Open
Additional public establishments impacted, including theatres, communal pools, hot tubs, locker rooms, saunas, steam rooms, fitness centers and spas
View PDF
Summit County, Utah (March 15, 2020) – Summit County Health Officer Dr. Rich Bullough with Summit County Attorney Margaret Olson issued a Public Health Order designed to slow the spread of COVID-19 in Summit County, Utah and guard against overwhelming the area’s healthcare systems, facilities and providers. Effective March 15, 2020 at 5:00 p.m., the Order requires the closure of resorts, restaurants, taverns, bars, entertainment venues, fitness and exercise facilities, spas, churches, and other businesses at which people tend to gather.
“We are very conscious of the public health goal of containing the COVID-19 virus to limit the speed of its spread through communities in order to prevent healthcare resources from becoming overburdened and unable to keep up with urgent demand,” said Bullough. “The kinds of businesses and facilities identified represent those for which the risk of community transmission is higher due to groups of people gathering, the potential for contact with virus particles due to proximity, the exchange of cash and credit cards. Given the recent case of community transmission arising from a local restaurant and bar establishment, it is prudent to enact these regulations. In addition, the nature of Summit County as a destination resort community raises the risk of transmission within Summit County from travelers coming here, as well as the risk that there may also be further transmission visitor to visitor that may contribute to infections outside of Summit County.”
While Summit County determined it is in the public interest to close restaurants, Summit County is concerned about impacting the ability of locals and visitors to still have access to food. Accordingly, the Order authorizes restaurants to continue operations on a limited basis through curbside take-out or drive through service on a non-cash basis. Cash transactions may be allowed to the extent a restaurant strictly follows stringent guidelines to separate money handling from food handling and implementing cleansing measures between each transaction in accordance with strict guidelines being developed by the Summit County Health Department. Restaurants will have 48 hours from the effective time of the Order to notify the Summit County Health Department whether or not they will implement curbside take-out service.
“We can’t emphasize enough the priority to still make food available. Curbside take-out or drive-thru food service is permitted, but third party food delivery services are prohibited. Following these orders will contribute to slowing the spread of COVID-19 cases in our community,” said Bullough.
Pursuant to the Order and discussions between Park City and Summit County, Park City Transit will move to Spring service levels. The Summit County Health Department will not approve any new special event permits.
“We can’t emphasize enough how important it is at this time that we band together as a community. Go to the grocery store in an orderly manner. Be patient. Be kind. Look for opportunities to help those in need. If we all work together we’ll be able to overcome the impacts of this virus,” Bullough said.
This Order will expire on April 16, 2020 or thirty (30) days after the Effective Date of March 17, 2020, with the Summit County Health Officer re-evaluating this order in fourteen (14) calendar days.
To view the Order in its entirety, visit summitcounty.org/coronavirus. At this website the public can find Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) that are updated regularly as conditions evolve.
To learn more about novel coronavirus visit coronavirus.utah.gov or call (800) 456-7707.
New Case of COVID-19 in Summit County Signals Community Spread
En Español
Utah Department of Health (Click for more information)
Salt Lake City, UT (March 14, 2020) – The Utah Department of Health (UDOH) and the Summit County Health Department (SCHD) today announced a new case of COVID-19 that is the first instance of community spread of the disease in Utah.
Community spread means spread of an illness for which the source of infection is unknown. In the Summit County case, the patient had no history of travel and no known contact with any person who has been confirmed to have COVID-19.
“This is the first case of community transmission in Utah, and it reinforces the importance of all the community mitigation efforts we’ve been talking about for the past several weeks,” said Dr. Angela Dunn, state epidemiologist for the UDOH. “Everyone needs to continue to do their part: Stay home if you are sick, keep your kids home if they are sick, and practice good hygiene to avoid sharing your germs to others.”
The patient is a male Summit County resident, he is between the ages of 18 and 60, and is currently home recovering from his illness. The patient is an employee at the Spur Bar and Grill, and did report to work while he was symptomatic. Public health officials have interviewed the patient and believe the biggest potential risk is to his co-workers. The man’s job at the bar did not require him to interact for extended periods of time with customers.
“The patient’s employer has been extremely cooperative, and willingly closed last night to conduct a thorough cleaning of the establishment,” said Dr. Rich Bullough, executive director of the SCHD. “We have identified the case’s co-workers and are working to contact and interview all of them. While we don’t believe there is a high risk to patrons of the bar, if you have visited the Spur Bar and Grill since March 6 you should monitor yourself for symptoms such as fever, cough, and shortness of breath.”
The UDOH and the SCHD are working to identify other individuals who may have come into close contact with the patient while he was symptomatic. These individuals will be monitored by public health for fever and respiratory symptoms.
“Residents of Summit County should be assured that we are doing everything within our means to protect their health,” said Thomas C. Fisher, Summit County Manager. “On Thursday, Dr. Bullough and I signed local emergency declarations in anticipation of the very situation we have announced this morning. These declarations were not made lightly and will allow us to utilize emergency resources to combat the spread of COVID-19. Summit County, our municipalities and our other community partners are prepared and ready.”
Public health officials are still asking the public to avoid going to hospitals and clinics for COVID-19 testing if symptoms aren’t present. Instead, use telehealth or call your healthcare provider to find out if testing is necessary so that hospitals, clinics, and ERs and not overloaded. Health care facilities report the high volume of visits from healthy people is affecting their ability to provide care for those truly in need.
The symptoms of COVID-19 are similar to what someone may be experiencing as the result of seasonal influenza – namely a fever, cough, or shortness of breath. These symptoms on their own are not worrisome and should not cause alarm. But if someone exhibits these symptoms who has recently traveled to areas with ongoing transmission of COVID-19 or has been in close contact with a known positive case, that individual should notify their health care provider by telephone, who will coordinate the appropriate next steps.
There is currently no vaccine or antiviral treatment available for coronavirus and it is flu and respiratory disease season.
More information about novel coronavirus can be found at coronavirus.utah.gov or at cdc.gov/coronavirus. You may also call the Utah Coronavirus Information Line at 1-800-456-7707.
Park City Municipal COVID-19 Update
En Español
Friday, March 13, 2020
Non-Essential Municipal City Facility Closure and Public Services Reduction
In alignment with Governor Herbert’s announcement regarding the dismissal of schools across the State of Utah, non-essential municipal services in Park City will be closed in order to align with Summit County and the Park City School District to minimize the spread of COVID-19. Specifically, the PC Ice Arena, Library and MARC are closed effective immediately, until March 30, 2020. Public access to services will be reduced at City Hall, the Police Department, and Public Works.
Limited staff will be present at public facilities that remain open during established operating hours. Patrons seeking to conduct business in person are strongly encouraged to email or call. A full staff directory is available at parkcity.org.
“Many of us are aware that the COVID-19 impacts were going to get worse before they got better. Thus, we are encouraging residents to take social distancing seriously, practicing some extra patience, and following the guidance being handed down from our hardworking Federal, State, and Local officials. The Park City community is strong and resourceful, and I am confident that we can each do our small part to help slow the spread of COVID-19.” -Steve Joyce, Park City Council member
“The closure of non-essential municipal services and facilities has been coordinated with our partners from Summit County and the Park City School District in order to provide clarity and consistency for the public. While I understand that some of the precautionary measures may be an inconvenience, they are being implemented out of an abundance of caution. Once again, we appreciate the community’s patience, understanding, and support.” - Matt Dias, Park City Manager
For up-to-date COVID-19 announcements and information, please follow the City’s social media platforms:
Facebook (City Government of Park City, Utah)
Instagram (@parkcitygovt)
Twitter (@ParkCityGovt)
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http://suwa.org/herbertslandgrab/
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Governor Herbert’s Federal Land Takeover Will Cost You $$
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2012-06-28T21:47:53+00:00
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Utah Governor Gary Herbert has launched an unprecedented attack on our public lands in Utah – an attack that will cost Utah taxpayers millions of dollars and will plunder our […]
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en
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Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance
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http://suwa.org/herbertslandgrab/
|
Utah Governor Gary Herbert has launched an unprecedented attack on our public lands in Utah – an attack that will cost Utah taxpayers millions of dollars and will plunder our precious wilderness heritage.
Tell Governor Herbert to stop the land grab!
Herbert’s assault has two fronts:
1) In March, Governor Herbert signed the Transfer of Public Lands Act — a law that demands the federal government hand over more than 30 million acres of public land now managed by the federal government to the State of Utah. Once turned over to the state, many of these lands would be sold outright to the highest bidder while millions of acres would be thrown wide open to resource extractive industries.
2) In June, Governor Herbert filled 22 “roads to nowhere” lawsuits that seek to wrest control over tens of thousands of miles of dirt routes crisscrossing Utah’s public lands. Many of these “routes” are cattle trails and stream beds; a similar lawsuit over just one route in San Juan County has already cost the state more than $1 million in legal fees — to no avail. Governor Herbert now wants to litigate thousands of additional routes.
Call Governor Herbert today at 800-705-2464 or click here to email him right now. Tell him his federal land takeover is bad for Utah.
Bad for Utah
Governor Herbert’s land grab is an environmental nightmare and a financial black hole for Utahns. Here’s why:
Herbert’s plans would undermine Utah’s heritage. Our federal public lands are what make Utah special. Herbert’s land grab targets the lush national forests along the Wasatch Front, the redrock deserts and canyons surrounding our national parks, all of our national wildlife refuges, as well as Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument and Glen Canyon National Recreation Area. These are the places where we go with our families to hike, hunt, fish, ski, bike or simply relax.
Governor Herbert’s land grab would limit public access to public lands.If Herbert’s land grab prevails, many of these lands could be sold or developed. Utahns can expect to encounter “No Trespassing” signs and scars of mineral development in our most beloved landscapes.
Herbert’s attack on our public lands could cost Utah taxpayers untold millions of dollars. The state’s own lawyers have said that Herbert’s land grab will only trigger a costly and ultimately futile legal battle because the state law on which it is based has a “high probability of being declared unconstitutional.” The litigation costs to taxpayers will likely run into the millions of dollars.
Furthermore, the federal government currently spends between $200 and $300 million per year managing public lands in Utah, including fighting wildland fires. In comparison, the state can barely manage to fully fund its $12 million state parks budget. If Utah did gain control over federal public lands, Utah taxpayers would be stuck with the cost of managing them.
In fact, Conservative Republican Arizona Governor Jan Brewer recently vetoed a land grab bill in her state because it would have overstressed the state’s budget and land management abilities. As the Salt Lake Tribune commented, “[t]hat’s a much more logical view than the pipe dream held by Utah lawmakers, that the seizure of public lands would be a fiscal bonanza for the state.”
Herbert’s assault on our public lands is bad for business. Twenty million visitors come to Utah each year, spending $7 billion dollars and supporting 120,000 Utah jobs, largely to enjoy our public lands. Just as important, our public lands are the single greatest reason why many people and businesses chose to locate and invest in Utah. An increasing number of studies show that rural counties in the West with protected public landscapes see better economic and job growth than counties lacking protected landscapes. To the contrary, Herbert’s agenda is to sell off and exploit – not protect and promote – our precious public landscapes.
Moreover, Herbert’s plans will create enormous regulatory uncertainty for grazing, drilling, and mining interests who now hold or are seeking permits and leases on our federally-managed public lands. This uncertainty will deter, not encourage, appropriate agriculture and energy development.
Herbert’s land grab will not solve our public education funding problems. Proponents of Herbert’s land grab argue that federal public land in Utah prevents the state from funding our schools by overly limiting our tax base. In fact, there is no correlation between a state’s per pupil funding and the amount of non-federal land within its borders. More than 25 states have less non-federal land per person than Utah, but manage to provide more per pupil funding for education.
Speak Up!
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https://kjzz.com/news/local/lt-gov-spencer-cox-to-run-for-governor-of-utah-in-2020
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en
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Lt. Gov. Spencer Cox to run for governor of Utah in 2020
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2019-05-14T06:42:28+00:00
|
Lt. Gov. Spencer Cox announced on Tuesday that he will run for Utah governor in 2020. "We're excited to announce today that we are going to run for governor in the state of Utah," Cox said. “Serving as lieutenant governor during one of the most successful periods in state history has provided me with the knowledge and experience necessary to sustain our prosperity and take full advantage of important opportunities ahead. ”
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https://kutv.com/news/local/lt-gov-spencer-cox-to-run-for-governor-of-utah-in-2020
|
Lt. Gov. Spencer Cox announced on Tuesday that he will run for Utah governor in 2020.
"We're excited to announce today that we are going to run for governor in the state of Utah," Cox said. “Serving as lieutenant governor during one of the most successful periods in state history has provided me with the knowledge and experience necessary to sustain our prosperity and take full advantage of important opportunities ahead.”
Cox broke the news on Twitter, saying he and his wife Abby "decided to run for governor" and will seek the Republican nomination.
“We love Utah and serving the people of Utah, but the toxicity of campaigning made this a difficult decision for our family,” Abby stated in a press release. “Too many good people won’t run for office because campaigns have become too destructive, and we want to show it doesn’t have to be this way.”
Utah's current lieutenant governor asked his follows to visit his website "to join the team and donate." Cox says he'll focus on education, transportation, water, air quality and housing, if he's elected.
“Our campaign will be different because we refuse to let this journey change who we are,” Cox stated in a press release. “Rather than showing contempt for others to get ahead, we will discuss solutions to position Utah for transformative achievements in education, transportation, water, air quality, housing and more. We are confident we will be successful, but our campaign will be a force for good regardless of the outcome. I invite every candidate to also hold themselves to this same standard.”
Gov. Gary Herbert released the following statement after Cox's announcement:
“Jeanette and I are excited to see the Lieutenant Governor and his lovely wife Abby make this decision. We sincerely wish them well and hope for their success.”
released a poll in April that showed Cox for the governor race in 2020
Cox recently appeared at several events and has been involved with several projects across the state, including: the Golden Spike anniversary, Utah’s first autonomous shuttle debut, new effort for permanent housing for the homeless and more. During his time as lieutenant governor, Cox has advocated for additional resources for students struggling with mental health and has coordinated efforts with multiple state agencies to reduce intergenerational poverty.
Cox was sworn in as Utah’s 8th lieutenant governor on October 16, 2013. He serves on 20 committees and commissions, chairing 12 of them.
He started his political career as a city council man in 2014, county commissioner and representative in the Utah House of Representatives. According to Cox’s bio on he was born and raised in Fairview. He and his wife Abbie are the parents of four children.
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https://en.geneastar.org/genealogy/petersgary/gary-herbert
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Family tree of Gary Herbert
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Gary Richard Herbert (born May 7, 1947) is an American politician who served as the 17th governor of Utah from 2009 to 2021. A member of the Republican Party, he chaired the National Governors Association during the 2015–2016 cycle.
Herbert was appointed to a seat on the Utah County Commission in 1990, where he served 14 years. He ran for the Republican nomination for governor in 2004, ultimately becoming fellow Republican candidate Jon Huntsman's running mate in the general election. Herbert served as the sixth lieutenant governor of Utah from 2005 until August 11, 2009, when he assumed the governorship following the resignation of Huntsman, who was appointed to serve as the United States Ambassador to China by President Barack Obama. Herbert was elected to serve out the remainder of the term in a special gubernatorial election in 2010, defeating Democratic nominee Salt Lake County Mayor Peter Corroon with 64% of the vote. He won election to a full four-year
|
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https://geneacdn.net/bundles/geneanetgeneastar/images/favicon.ico
|
Geneanet
|
https://en.geneastar.org/genealogy/petersgary/gary-herbert
|
American politician
Born Gary Richard Peters
American politician who served as the 17th Governor of Utah
Born on May 7, 1947 in American Fork, Utah , United States (77 years)
This form allows you to report an error or to submit additional information about this family tree: Gary HERBERT (1947)
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4565
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dbpedia
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https://www.kutv.com/news/nation-world/here-are-the-states-that-have-granted-death-row-inmates-pleas-for-mercy
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en
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Here are the states that have granted death row inmates' pleas for mercy
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[
"Matthew Jacobson",
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2024-08-07T14:33:12+00:00
|
Since 1976, more than 300 death row inmates have been granted clemency in the U.S.
|
en
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/resources/assets/kutv/images/logos/favicon-32x32.png
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KUTV
|
https://kutv.com/news/nation-world/here-are-the-states-that-have-granted-death-row-inmates-pleas-for-mercy
|
At midnight on Aug. 8, 2024, Taberon Honie will become the eighth person to be executed in Utah since the U.S. reinstated the death penalty in 1976 after the Supreme Court put it on hold four years before.
The day before he was scheduled to die, a temporary reprieve a week prior.
Honie's chances of having his sentence delayed or commuted in Utah were already low, where a death row inmate has never had a sentence commuted or pardoned.
He may have had a chance in one f the other states that enforce capital punishment, though, according to data collected by
Since 1976, more than 300 death row inmates have been granted clemency in the U.S., with reasons ranging from chances of innocence to faulty court systems to mental health concerns, and even several where no reason was provided at all.
Key Takeaways:
Over 300 clemencies granted since 1976
Reasons include innocence claims, mental health concerns, and sentencing disparities
Notable mass clemencies in Illinois and Oregon
Reasons for Clemency: A Diverse Landscape
The motives behind these life-altering decisions have been as varied as the cases themselves:
Innocence concerns
Mental competency questions
Age of the defendant at the time of the crime
Sentencing disparities
Gubernatorial opposition to the death penalty
The first person to be granted clemency after 1976 was Charles Harris Hill in 1977 by Georgia Gov. George Busbee. , Hill's "Death sentence was disproportional to the sentence given to his equally or more culpable co-defendant, the actual killer."
The most recent commutation was in 2023 when Maryland Gov. Larry Hogan pardoned John Huffington, saying that his“convictions were in error.”
Here are the states where death sentences have been commuted or pardoned, according to DPIC's , and the names of the death row inmates granted clemency:
Alabama
Judith Ann Neelley (1999)
Arkansas
Bobby Ray Fretwell (1999)
Jason McGehee (2017)
Colorado
Nathan Dunlap (2020)
Sir Mario Owens (2020)
Robert Ray (2020)
Delaware
Robert Gattis (2012)
Florida
Learie Leo Alford (1979)
Clifford Hallman (1979)
Darrell Edwin Hoy (1980)
Richard Henry Gibson (1980)
Michael Salvatore (1981)
Jesse Rutledge (1983)
Georgia
Charles Harris Hill (1977)
Freddie Davis (1988)
William Moore (1990)
Harold Williams (1991)
Alexander Williams (2002)
Willie James Hall (2004)
Samuel David Crowe (2008)
Daniel Greene (2012)
Tommy Waldrip (2014)
Jimmy Meders (2020)
Idaho
Donald Paradis (1996)
Illinois
Gwen Garcia (1996)
Aaron Patterson (2003)
Madison Hobley (2003)
Leroy Orange (2003)
Stanley Howard (2003)
167 death row prisoners (2003)
Rodney Adkins (2011)
Teodoro Baez (2011)
Dion Banks (2011)
Joseph Bannister (2011)
David Damm (2011)
Brian Dugan (2011)
Eric Hanson (2011)
Ricardo Harris (2011)
Anthony Mertz (2011)
Gary Pate (2011)
Daniel Ramsey (2011)
Paul Runge (2011)
Cecil Sutherland (2011)
Edward Tenney (2011)
Andrew Urdiales (2011)
Renaldo Hudson (2020)
Indiana
Darnell Williams (2004)
Michael Daniels (2005)
Arthur P. Baird II (2005)
Kentucky
Kevin Stanford (2003)
Jeffrey Leonard (2007)
Gregory Wilson (2019)
Leif Halvorsen (2019)
Louisiana
Ronald Monroe (1989)
Herbert Welcome (2003)
Maryland
Doris Ann Foster (1987)
Eugene Colvin-el (2000)
Vernon Evans (2015)
Anthony Grandison (2015)
Heath Burch (2015)
Jody Miles (2015)
John Huffington (2023)
Montana
David Cameron Keith (1988)
Nevada
Thomas Nevius (2002)
New Jersey
Marko Bey (2007)
David Cooper (2007)
Ambrose Harris (2007)
Nathaniel Harvey (2007)
Sean Kenney (2007)
John Martini (2007)
Jessie Timmendequas (2007)
Brian Wakefield (2007)
New Mexico
Eddie Lee Adams (1986)
Joel Lee Compton (1986)
Richard Garcia (1986)
William Gilbert (1986)
Michael Guzman (1986)
Missouri
Bobbie Shaw (1993)
Darrell Mease (1999)
Richard Clay (2011)
Kimber Edwards (2015)
North Carolina
Anson Avery Maynard (1992)
Wendell Flowers (1999)
Marcus Carter (2000)
Robert Bacon Jr. (2001)
Charlie Mason Alston (2002)
Ohio
Debra Brown (1991)
Rosalie Grant (1991)
Elizabeth Green (1991)
Leonard Jenkins (1991)
Willie Jester (1991)
Beatrice Lampkin (1991)
Donald Lee Maurer (1991)
Lee Seiber (1991)
Jerome Campbell (2003)
John Spirko (2008)
Jeffrey Hill (2009)
Richard Nields (2010)
Kevin Keith (2010)
Sidney Cornwell (2010)
Shawn Hawkins (2011)
Joseph Murphy (2011)
John Eley (2012)
Ronald Post (2012)
Arthur Tyler (2014)
William Montgomery (2018)
Raymond Tibbetts (2018)
Oklahoma
Phillip Dewitt Smith (2001)
Osvaldo Torres (2004)
Kevin Young (2008)
Richard Tandy Smith (2010)
Julius Jones (2021)
Oregon
Jesse Compton (2022)
Clinton Cunningham (2022)
Randy Guzek (2022)
Gary Haugen (2022)
Michael Hayward (2022)
Robert Langley Jr. (2022)
Christian Longo (2022)
Ernest Lotches (2022)
Michael McDonnell (2022)
Marco Montez (2022)
Horacio Reyes-Camarena (2022)
Ricardo Serrano (2022)
Matthew Thompson (2022)
Bruce Turnidge (2022)
Joshua Turnidge (2022)
Michael Washington Jr. (2022)
Tara Zyst (2022)
Tennessee
Michael Boyd (2007)
Jerome Harbison (2011)
Gaile Owens (2010)
Texas
Henry Lee Lucas (1998)
Kenneth Foster (2007)
Thomas Whitaker (2018)
Virginia
Joseph Giarratano (1991)
Herbert Bassette (1992)
Earl Washington (1994, 2000, 2007)
Joseph Payne (1996)
William Saunders (1997)
Calvin Swann (1999)
Robin Lovitt (2005)
Percy Walton (2008)
Ivan Teleguz (2017)
William Joseph Burns (2017)
Federal Clemency
David Ronald Chandler (2001)
Abelardo Arboleda Ortiz (2017)
Military Clemency
Dwight Loving (2017)
__________
|
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https://www.moodyfuneralservices.com/obituaries/sherry-bennett
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en
|
Sherry Ann Bennett Obituary 2024
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[
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2024-08-05T18:12:00
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Mrs. Sherry Ann Bennett, age 61, of Mount Airy, passed away early Monday morning August 5, 2024, at her residence with her loving family by her side. Mrs. Bennett was born in Si...
|
en
|
https://cdn.filestackcontent.com/6qhOn7lR929RQ7bLai3Q
|
Moody Funeral Services
|
https://www.moodyfuneralservices.com/obituaries/sherry-bennett
|
Mrs. Sherry Ann Bennett, age 61, of Mount Airy, passed away early Monday morning August 5, 2024, at her residence with her loving family by her side. Mrs. Bennett was born in Siler City, North Carolina on May 15, 1963, to the late Floyd Cooper and Ruth Marie Lambeth Cooper. She worked many years as a seamstress within the textile mills. In her free time, she could be found putting together some of her favorite puzzles and loved to spend time with her family and friends. Surviving Mrs. Bennett is her husband of the home, Herbert Joseph Bennett; son and daughter-in-law, Patrick Clifton and Gloria; stepdaughter, Chelsi Elizabeth Bennett; stepsons and daughter-in-law, Kenneth Bennett and Jessica, Joseph Dylan Bennett; grandchild, Lillian Bennett; brothers, Gary Cooper, David Cooper. Funeral services will be held Thursday, August 8, 2024, at 2:00 PM at Moody Funeral Home in Mount Airy with the Rev. Richard Loman officiating. The family will receive friends on Thursday, August 8, 2024, from 1:00 PM until 2:00 PM at Moody Funeral Home in Mount Airy. Burial will follow at Woodville Baptist Church Cemetery. The family would like to thank everyone for all their love and prayers during Mrs. Bennett sickness. Flowers will be accepted, or donations may be made to a charity of the donor’s choice. Moody’s of Mount Airy is respectfully serving the Bennett family. Online condolences may be made at www.moodyfuneralservices.com.
|
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https://obituaries.lockportjournal.com/obituary/herbert-koenig-1089481641
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|
Lockport Union Sun Journal
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Herbert Koenig passed away. This is the full obituary where you can share condolences and memories. Published in the Lockport Union Sun Journal on 2024-03-19.
|
en
|
//d2zfowlldib7se.cloudfront.net/assets/cnhi-obits/images/favicons/lockport-journal/favicon.ico
|
https://obituaries.lockportjournal.com/obituary/herbert-koenig-1089481641
|
Dr. Herbert G. "Herb" Koenig, 93, went to be with the Lord on March 16, 2024 at the Niagara Hospice House in Lockport. Born July 8, 1930, in Buffalo, Herb was the third of three children born to Leonard (Leo) M. Koenig and Edna (Pawlitz) Koenig. After graduating from Buffalo Teachers College, Herb earned his M.A. and Doctorate in education, and spent his 30-year teaching career inspiring the students at Royalton Hartland Middle School.
Herb was preceded in death by his brother Raymond (Jean) Koenig, sister Ruth (Arthur) Pelzer, and first wife Jean (Newman) Koenig. His joyous legacy will be carried on by his second wife Virginia Laube Koenig, nieces Marcia (Brian) Ergort, Lynn (Tiff) Bates, Pam (Gary) Rost, Karen (Joe) Buranich, Sarah Fritton, nephews Bill Feldman, Matthew (Rita) Fritton, Christopher Fritton, stepchildren Jonathan (Kim) Laube, and Laura (Doug) Finney, and many great-nieces and nephews, as well as countless friends that he saw as his family.
Herb's lifelong passions included his faith, education, travel, music, his Middleport community, and of course, people. Herb never met a stranger and couldn't go anywhere without someone recognizing him. He always had a welcoming word, and usually a corny joke to go with it.
From 1953-1957, he served in the U.S. Naval Reserve as a communications officer aboard the aircraft carrier USS Hornet in the Mediterranean and Pacific. He retired from the navy at the rank of Lieutenant.
Herb began teaching for Royalton Hartland in 1952, and received an Outstanding Educator of America Award in 1975. In 1979, he was selected as a Fellow by the Science Teachers Association of New York State, for which he held many offices, including chairman of the Northwestern Zone. While teaching, Herb authored several science textbooks - an achievement of which he was very proud. He retired from teaching in 1986.
He was an active member of the Middleport United Methodist Church, where he sang, and occasionally gave the Sunday message. Music was very important to him, and the Middleport Community Choir held a special place in his heart. Herb was instrumental in establishing a partnership between the choir and the Lubbecke Brass Ensemble of Germany. His work laid the foundation for multiple trips and cultural exchanges, as well as international friendships. He truly believed that music brought people together.
As a 66 year Mason, Herb was a past District Deputy Grand Master of the Niagara-Orleans Masons, and past Master of Cataract Masonic Lodge 63, Middleport.
Herb had a zest for life, and the world is a better place because he was in it.
Calling hours will be held Saturday, March 23, from 1:00-3:00, at the Bates, Wallace and Heath Funeral Home in Middleport, with a Masonic memorial service to follow. In lieu of flowers, contributions in Herb's name can be made to the Middleport Community Choir, Middleport United Methodist Church, or Niagara Hospice.
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| 80
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https://kids.kiddle.co/Spencer_Cox_(politician)
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en
|
Spencer Cox (politician) facts for kids
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Learn Spencer Cox (politician) facts for kids
|
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/images/wk/favicon-16x16.png
|
https://kids.kiddle.co/Spencer_Cox_(politician)
|
This page is about the politician. For the HIV/AIDS activist, see Spencer Cox (activist).
Spencer James Cox (born July 11, 1975) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the 18th governor of Utah since 2021. A member of the Republican Party, he served as the eighth lieutenant governor of Utah from 2013 to 2021. In Fairview, Utah, where Cox lives and was raised, he was elected to the city council in 2004 and then as mayor in 2005. In 2008, he was elected as a Sanpete County county commissioner.
He was elected to the Utah House of Representatives in 2012. In October 2013, Governor Gary Herbert appointed Cox to replace Greg Bell as lieutenant governor; he was confirmed unanimously by the Utah State Senate. Cox was elected to the lieutenant governorship as Herbert's running mate in 2016, and was elected governor in 2020.
Early life and education
Cox was raised in Sanpete County; he graduated from North Sanpete High School. He enrolled at Snow College and completed a mission to Mexico for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while he was a student. During that time, he married his high-school sweetheart, Abby, who also graduated from Snow College. After graduating with an associate's degree, he attended Utah State University (USU), where he obtained his bachelor's degree in political science and Abby obtained her degree in special education. At USU, Cox was named Student of the Year and graduated with a 4.0 grade point average.
Cox was then accepted to Harvard Law School, but chose to enroll at Washington and Lee University School of Law. He graduated with a Juris Doctor in 2001.
Career
Early legal work
After law school, Cox was a law clerk for judge Ted Stewart of the United States District Court for the District of Utah. After his clerkship, Cox joined Fabian and Clendenin, a Salt Lake City law firm. He returned to rural Utah and became a vice president of Centracom.
Political career
Cox was elected as a city councilor of Fairview, Utah in 2004, and mayor the next year. In 2008, he was elected as a Sanpete County commissioner. Cox was elected to the Utah House of Representatives in 2012 and became the first member to call for the impeachment of John Swallow, the attorney general of Utah, over violations of campaign finance laws. Cox and Lieutenant Governor Bell served as co-chairs of Governor Herbert's Rural Partnership Board.
Lieutenant governor of Utah
In October 2013, Herbert selected Cox to succeed Bell as lieutenant governor following Bell's resignation. The Utah Senate's Government Operations Confirmation Committee unanimously approved his nomination on October 15. The next day, the full Utah Senate confirmed him unanimously and he was sworn in. As lieutenant governor, Cox produced a report on Swallow's financial interests, demonstrating that Swallow had failed to properly disclose all of his income and business interests. Swallow resigned before the report's release.
In the 2016 Utah gubernatorial election, Cox was elected to a full term as lieutenant governor as Herbert's running mate.
Governor of Utah
See also: 2020 Utah gubernatorial election
On May 14, 2019, after Herbert announced that he would not seek reelection, Cox announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination for governor of Utah in 2020. With 36% of the vote in the primary, he defeated former governor Jon Huntsman Jr., former Utah GOP chair Thomas Wright, and former Utah House speaker Greg Hughes. In the general election, Cox defeated the Democratic nominee, Chris Peterson, 63% to 30%. In a break with tradition, Cox's January 4, 2021, inauguration (with precautions against the COVID-19 pandemic) was held at the Tuacahn Center for the Arts in Ivins, Utah, a small town in Washington County. The stated purpose of this move was to express Cox's desire to be governor for the entire state as opposed to focusing on the Wasatch Front region. Within days of his inauguration, he opened an office on Southern Utah University's Cedar City campus.
Cox said early on that increasing the speed of the state's vaccine distribution was his administration's top priority. As of April 2021, Utah had administered more than 85% of the doses that it has received, according to CDC data. In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Utah, Cox faced criticism for the state's decision to award millions of dollars in no-bid contracts in the early days of the crisis and for the controversial purchase of an anti-malaria drug as a possible treatment for COVID-19. Cox says he had no role in approving the $800,000 hydroxychloroquine order, which was later canceled.
In July 2022, Cox was elected vice chair of the National Governors Association, succeeding New Jersey Governor Phil Murphy, who was voted chair. In March 2023, Cox signed two bills into law, including the Utah Social Media Regulation Act, which bans social media platforms, such as TikTok, Instagram, and Snapchat, from allowing minors to create accounts without parental consent, and blocks children's access during certain hours.
Vetoes
Cox has vetoed five bills as of 2022, all of which were Republican-backed (Republicans have supermajorities in both of Utah’s state legislative chambers).
Cox's first veto was of a bill sponsored by his brother-in-law, Senator Mike McKell, which sought to regulate the way social media platforms moderate content. Cox also vetoed Senate Bill 187: Local Education Agency Policies Amendments, sponsored by Ronald Winterton; Senate Bill 39: Hemp Regulation Amendments, sponsored by David Hinkins; and House Bill 98: Local Government Building Regulation Amendments, sponsored by Paul Ray.
In March 2022, Cox vetoed House Bill 11: Student Eligibility in Interscholastic Activities, sponsored by Kera Birkeland, which aimed to prevent transgender youth athletes from participating in women's sports. Cox noted that of Utah's 75,000 student athletes, only four were transgender and only one competed in women's sports. The legislature overrode his veto.
Political positions
In October 2015, Cox endorsed Marco Rubio in the 2016 Republican presidential primary. After Rubio withdrew, Cox endorsed Ted Cruz in March 2016. Of Donald Trump, the front-runner, Cox said, "We care a lot about decorum. We care about our neighbors. We are a good, kind people. He does not represent neither goodness nor kindness." He said he would not support Trump if he won the Republican nomination: "I think he's disingenuous. I think he's dangerous. I think he represents the worst of what our great country stands for... I won't vote for Hillary, but I won't vote for Trump, either."
Cox eventually changed course and said in 2020 he supported Trump. But after the 2021 United States Capitol attack, Cox said that Trump was responsible for inciting the violence and called on him to resign.
LGBT issues
On June 1, 2022, Cox became the first governor in Utah history to recognize June as LGBTQ+ Pride Month when he issued an official proclamation and encouraged Utahans to "be more welcoming and accepting of the LGBTQ community".
Personal life
Cox is the oldest of eight children and grew up on a farm in Fairview. He and his wife, Abby, have four children, and reside on their family farm in Fairview. Cox's father, Eddie, served on the Utah Transportation Commission and was also a Sanpete County commissioner.
Cox plays bass guitar in a garage band. His brother-in-law, Travis Osmond, the son of Merrill Osmond, taught him to play bass. State Senator Mike McKell is also a brother-in-law. Cox's fourth cousin, Jon Cox, succeeded him in the Utah House of Representatives.
Electoral history
2016 Utah gubernatorial election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Total votes 1,125,035 100.0% N/A Republican hold
2020 Republican gubernatorial primary Party Candidate Votes % Total votes 527,178 100.00%
2020 Utah gubernatorial election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Total votes 1,458,878 100.00% Republican hold
See also
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https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/27/politics/utah-governor-conversion-therapy-ban-minors/index.html
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Utah Gov. Gary Herbert proposes ban on conversion therapy for minors
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Utah Gov. Gary Herbert on Tuesday proposed a rule banning conversion therapy for minors in the state.
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https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/27/politics/utah-governor-conversion-therapy-ban-minors/index.html
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Utah Gov. Gary Herbert on Tuesday proposed a rule banning conversion therapy for minors in the state.
The rule comes amid ongoing discussions in the state to ban the widely discredited practice that seeks to change a person’s sexual orientation or gender identity. Earlier this year, a similar bill banning the practice for minors, presented by Republican state Rep. Craig Hall, stalled in the state’s legislature. On Tuesday, Herbert, a Republican, said he directed the Division of Occupational and Professional to file the new rule that includes input from advocates, policy groups and organizations.
“I have learned much through this process. The stories of youth who have endured these so-called therapies are heart rending, and I’m grateful that we have found a way forward that will ban conversion therapy forever in our state,” he said in a statement. “I’m grateful to the many stakeholders who came to the table in good faith, with never ending patience. I’m also grateful to the dedicated board members at DOPL for their work that enabled us to come together to craft this rule.”
CNN previously reported that Herbert directed the state’s Psychologist Licensing Board to draft rules to regulate conversion therapy in the state. According to an audio recording of a meeting held by the board at that time, the board agreed that it would draft its rules to apply to adults and minors – which the governor’s office approved of during the meeting. The board also said it would try to make the rules as “broad” and “comprehensive” as possible.
Hall told CNN in an email on Wednesday he is grateful for the proposal and hopes it will put an end to conversion therapy in the state.
“I am grateful we have developed language that both prohibits conversion therapy and also protects the legitimate interests of healthcare professionals, patients and families,” he said. “I urge adoption of the proposed Rule so we can end conversion therapy once and for all in this State.”
Sixteen states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico have banned conversion therapy for young people, according to the Human Rights Campaign. Medical and mental health professional organizations, including the American Medical Association, have denounced conversion therapy.
Troy Williams, executive director of Equality Utah, the state’s LGBTQ rights organization, said the move will “save lives.”
“What a beautiful way to the start the Thanksgiving weekend,” Williams said in a statement posted on Twitter. “Their actions today will no doubt save lives.”
According to Herbert’s office, the rule will be published on December 15 and Utah citizens will be allowed to comment on the rule until January 14. The ban could go into effect on or by January 22.
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Outgoing Utah governor reflects on 11-year term, pandemic
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2020-12-22T22:36:25+00:00
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SALT LAKE CITY (AP) — Gary Herbert has been in Utah’s highest office for over a decade, but his greatest challenge arrived less than a year ago.
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https://apnews.com/article/utah-coronavirus-pandemic-gary-herbert-e324b4323dc1a4e9687afed102b1c83c
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SALT LAKE CITY (AP) — Gary Herbert has been in Utah’s highest office for over a decade, but his greatest challenge arrived less than a year ago.
The coronavirus pandemic brought death, economic upheaval and even angry crowds outside his personal home, away from the governor’s mansion.
Herbert, a Republican, was one of several governors that resisted implementing stay-at-home restrictions or statewide mask mandates early in the pandemic. He instead stressed “personal responsibility,” pleading for months for people to follow public health guidelines.
Eventually, Herbert issued a statewide mask order and a two-week pause on social gatherings in November amid a surge in infections, but the decision was met with outrage by those who accused him of government overreach. Some went further, calling him King Herbert and comparing him to Adolf Hitler.
“People get angry and frustrated, and when they get emotional about issues, the first casualty is common sense,” Herbert told The Associated Press in a video interview Monday. “I’ve been disappointed that ... there’s so much pushback.”
The governor said there is little he would change about how his administration handled the pandemic but added that he was surprised by the backlash to the state’s restrictions. Anti-mask protesters came to his home in Orem following the announcement of the mask mandate. He called that “the wrong way” to protest.
“Some of their approaches were outlandish,” Herbert said. “We had one lady flipping off the neighbors there when they asked about it, which was just kind of crass and means that they really aren’t serious about it.”
The governor said he still believes that COVID-19 rules ideally should be made at the local and county levels and that he would not support President-elect Joe Biden implementing a nationwide mask order.
Herbert spent nearly two decades in public office in Utah before becoming governor in 2009. He was a Utah County commissioner for 14 years and then served as the state’s lieutenant governor for five years.
As governor, Herbert said he is especially proud of improvements made to education and economic growth seen since the Great Recession. He had hoped to invest even more money in the education system this year before the pandemic hit.
“I can tell you that truthfully there’s never been a day that I’ve not looked forward to going into the office and working,” Herbert said. “Some challenges are a little harder than others, and sometimes the criticism that you get — even though you’re doing your level best — stings a little bit, but that’s just part of being in the arena.”
State Rep. Brian King, the House minority leader, said he appreciated that Herbert took a balanced approach when appointing judges and aggressively pushed for education funding. But the Democrat said he wished the governor would have enforced a statewide mask mandate earlier in the pandemic.
“We have this, quite frankly, juvenile pushback from people who say, ‘You can’t tell me I shouldn’t have to wear a mask,’” King said. “I begged the governor for months to put the force of law behind such an obviously important public health and public safety measure ... but he wouldn’t do it until just very recently, and it was still halfhearted.”
Herbert chose not to seek another term and will soon be replaced by Lt. Gov. Spencer Cox, who won the gubernatorial election in November. Cox’s inauguration will take place on Jan. 4 — the 125th anniversary of Utah’s statehood.
Herbert plans to spend more time with his wife and family after his term ends and said he may pursue teaching at Utah Valley University.
As COVID-19 vaccines have started shipping across the country, Herbert said he feels optimistic about the future and what the Cox administration will be able to accomplish.
“We can see daylight now at the end of the tunnel ... if we can get through Christmas now and have people do the right thing for the right reason,” he said.
___
Sophia Eppolito is a corps member for the Associated Press/Report for America Statehouse News Initiative. Report for America is a nonprofit national service program that places journalists in local newsrooms to report on undercovered issues.
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Governor of Utah from 2009 to 2021
Gary Richard Herbert (born May 7, 1947) is an American politician who served as the 17th governor of Utah from 2009 to 2021. A member of the Republican Party, he chaired the National Governors Association during the 2015–2016 cycle.
Herbert was appointed to a seat on the Utah County Commission in 1990, where he served 14 years. He ran for the Republican nomination for governor in 2004, ultimately becoming fellow Republican candidate Jon Huntsman's running mate in the general election. Herbert served as the sixth lieutenant governor of Utah from 2005 until August 11, 2009, when he assumed the governorship following the resignation of Huntsman, who was appointed to serve as the United States Ambassador to China by President Barack Obama. Herbert was elected to serve out the remainder of the term in a special gubernatorial election in 2010, defeating Democratic nominee Salt Lake County Mayor Peter Corroon with 64% of the vote. He won election to a full four-year term in 2012, defeating Democratic Businessman Peter Cooke with 68% of the vote and was re-elected to a second full four-year term in 2016. Herbert announced in 2019 that he would not seek re-election to a third full term in 2020; he endorsed the gubernatorial candidacy of his Lieutenant Governor, Spencer Cox.[1]
Early life, education and career
[edit]
Herbert was born in American Fork, the son of Carol (Boley) and Paul Richard Peters.[2] His parents divorced when he was a toddler; his mother soon remarried to Duane Barlow Herbert, who legally adopted him.[3][4] His biological father also remarried, but Herbert and his paternal half-siblings were raised in different households and had minimal contact with each other.[4] Herbert grew up in Orem, Utah. He graduated from Orem High School, served a two-year mission for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Eastern States Mission and later attended Brigham Young University, but did not graduate.[5]
He is married to Jeanette Snelson Herbert; they have six children and sixteen grandchildren.[6][7] Mrs. Herbert was born in Preston, Idaho. She moved with her family as a young child to Springville, Utah. She is Honorary Chair of the Governor's Commission on Literacy.[8]
Herbert served for six years as a member of the Utah Army National Guard, becoming a staff sergeant. Following his time in the National Guard, he set up a real estate firm, Herbert and Associates Realtors. Herbert was president of the Utah Association of Counties and Utah Association of Realtors. Mrs. Herbert ran a child care service, The Kids Connection.[5]
Political career
[edit]
Utah County Commission
[edit]
Between 1990 and 2004, Herbert served as a commissioner on the Utah County Commission.[9] He replaced Brent Morris in 1990.[10][11] During his time as a commissioner, Herbert also served as presidents of the Utah Association of Counties and the Utah Association of Realtors.[5] Larry Ellertson succeeded Herbert as County Commissioner.[12][13][14][15]
2004 election
[edit]
In November 2003, Herbert began campaigning for the Republican nomination for Governor of Utah. In April 2004, a month before the state convention at which the gubernatorial nominee would be selected, Herbert joined forces with then-rival Jon Huntsman, Jr., becoming the latter's running mate.[16] The Huntsman-Herbert ticket defeated incumbent governor Olene S. Walker at the convention, before going on to win in the November election. Herbert subsequently became lieutenant governor.
Lieutenant Governor of Utah
[edit]
Herbert's central role as lieutenant governor was running the state electoral office and managing the campaign disclosure system. His record on those responsibilities was somewhat mixed, improving standards marginally but seeing the state slip overall on nationwide rankings published by the Campaign Disclosure Project. Moreover, Herbert's office was criticized for failing to enforce campaign disclosure laws more vigorously.[17] In 2007, Herbert oversaw the first statewide voter referendum to take place since the creation of the Lieutenant Governor's post.[citation needed]
During his time as lieutenant governor, Herbert also served as the chairman of numerous statewide commissions, including the Commission on Volunteers and the Commission on Civic and Character Education and the Emergency Management Administrative Council.[18][19]
2008 election
[edit]
Huntsman and Herbert faced little opposition during their 2008 campaign for re-election, avoiding a primary election after achieving a plurality of votes at the state Republican Party convention. The Republican ticket was re-elected to office with a record 77 percent of the vote.[20][21]
Governor of Utah
[edit]
2010
[edit]
Herbert became Governor of Utah on August 11, 2009, after Governor Jon Huntsman stepped down to become Ambassador to China.[21] As the Republican gubernatorial nominee in the 2010 special election, Herbert defeated his Democratic opponent, Salt Lake County Mayor Peter Corroon, 64% to 32%.[22][23]
2012
[edit]
See also: 2012 Utah gubernatorial election
In 2012, Herbert won election to a full four-year term. He defeated his Democratic opponent, retired Major General Peter Cooke, by a margin of 69% to 28%.[24][23]
Important legislation included the passage of the Utah Transfer of Public Lands Act which Herbert signed into law on 23 March 2012.[25][26]
2015
[edit]
Herbert served as the vice chair for the National Governors Association from 2014 to 2015 and served as chair of the association from 2015 to 2016.[27][better source needed]
2016
[edit]
See also: 2016 Utah gubernatorial election
Herbert won re-election to a second full term in 2016. He defeated the Democratic nominee, entrepreneur Mike Weinholtz, 66.7% to 28.7%.[28][29][30]
Political positions
[edit]
Economics
[edit]
In a 2010 statement, Herbert took partial credit for Utah's relatively quick recovery from the economic crisis which began in 2008, stating:
The best methods to foster job growth are not complex or secret, but require discipline: low taxes, limited government spending, and a focus on a business friendly environment to encourage private capital investment.[31]
Education
[edit]
As of December 1, 2009, the Utah State Governor's website showed that Herbert listed "public and higher education" as one of four "priorities." (The other three listed priorities were "economic development", "energy security" and "infrastructure").[32] The Governor's site explained that Utah must improve its public education system to remain competitive and to empower its individual citizens to succeed, and the site said that "attracting and retaining the best teachers into our schools" was a way Utah could accomplish educational excellence.[33] In his 2012 re-election bid, Herbert was endorsed by the Utah Education Association.[34]
In March 2012, Herbert vetoed a sex education bill,[35] HB363, which would have allowed schools to stop teaching sex education entirely and would have required those that kept the lessons to teach abstinence only. In vetoing it, Herbert said "HB363 simply goes too far by constricting parental options... I cannot sign a bill that deprives parents of their choice".[36]
LGBT rights
[edit]
After Salt Lake City passed a non-discrimination ordinance which would protect gay and lesbian people from discrimination in employment and housing, a member of the Utah Legislature indicated that he would seek a statewide law to prevent cities from passing ordinances related to civil rights.[37] Herbert has asserted that municipalities should have the right to pass rules and ordinances absent state interference.[38] On August 27, 2009, Herbert indicated at a news conference that he did not support making sexual orientation a legally protected class, saying: "We don't have to have a rule for everybody to do the right thing. We ought to just do the right thing because it's the right thing to do and we don't have to have a law that punishes us if we don't."[39] The gay rights advocacy group Equality Utah criticized Herbert's statements and expressed the view that he did not fully comprehend the challenges faced by gay people in Utah.[39]
Following the legalization of same-sex marriage in Utah by a U.S. district court on December 20, 2013, Herbert's office issued the following statement: "I am very disappointed an activist federal judge is attempting to override the will of the people of Utah. I am working with my legal counsel and the acting Attorney General to determine the best course to defend traditional marriage within the borders of Utah".[40] Shortly thereafter, the Attorney General's office did indeed request an emergency stay to stop further same-sex marriages from occurring in the state.[41] After elected officials in Oregon and Pennsylvania chose not to defend same-sex marriage bans from constitutional challenge, Herbert expressed his disappointment. He took issue with a comparison between same-sex marriage and interracial marriage, saying, "Clearly the actions involved in sexual activity ultimately end up being choices. What your attraction may be is something else, but how you act upon those impulses is a choice."[42]
On March 12, 2015, however, Herbert signed into law a bill prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity in employment and housing in the state of Utah. Utah thus became the 19th state to pass such a law.[43] According to The Salt Lake Tribune, the law was "hailed nationwide for its attempt to balance the advancements in gay rights with the deeply held beliefs and conservative values of churches and other religious groups".[44]
In January 2020, after a proposal in the state legislature to ban conversion therapy on minors stalled, Herbert signed an executive order banning conversion therapy on minors statewide. The order includes exceptions for religious officials, parents and grandparents.[45]
Gun rights
[edit]
Herbert is a moderate supporter of the right to bear arms, in 2010 signing state Senate Bill 11, which protects the right of Utah-based companies to manufacture firearms for sale and use within the State. However, Herbert vetoed a Constitutional Carry bill in 2013 (The bill would have allowed open or concealed carry without a permit by anyone who can legally possess a handgun.),[46] and in a 2018 interview, he said "I don't know that there's any reason to have anything more than a seven- or nine-shot magazine. Once you get past a typical size when you go out hunting, you're probably having excess baggage you don't need."[47]
Medicaid expansion
[edit]
In February 2019, Herbert defied the result of a ballot initiative where voters voted for an expansion of Medicaid.[48] Herbert instead supported a GOP-authored bill which implemented a restricted version of Medicaid; this version insured 60,000 fewer people than the expansion in the ballot initiative and was estimated to initially cost the state more.[48]
Medical marijuana
[edit]
Herbert has openly opposed the legalization of medical marijuana over concerns that it would lead to recreational use. He did, however, sign the passage of HB195 and HB197, which allows people who have an estimated six months or less left to live to have access to marijuana.[49]
Free-range parenting
[edit]
Herbert supported and signed the free-range parenting bill for Utah in March 2018.[50] After the implementation of the law, in May 2018, Utah became the first state in America to legalize free-range parenting.[51]
Utah Inland Port
[edit]
Herbert has supported the creation of a Utah Inland Port. He signed HB234, a bill which created an Inland Port Authority, and HB433, a bill to increase the extent of the port and the powers of the Port Authority. Earlier, Herbert had created an Inland Port Exploratory Committee to "drive the development" of an inland port in Utah. At the time, he stated that "despite anti-trade, isolationist rhetoric at the national level, Utah remains committed to promoting international trade."[52]
Controversies
[edit]
Campaign contributions
[edit]
2009-2010
[edit]
Merit gave separate $25,000 checks to the Herbert campaign on November 2, 2009, and January 21, 2010, and Herbert and Lampropoulos met in October 2009. In December 2009, Merit got $4.4 million in tax credits. Lampropoulos has publicly endorsed Herbert and appears in a television commercial supporting Herbert's reelection bid.[53]
In February 2010, The Deseret News reported that Herbert's campaign had received a $10,000 donation from Alton Coal Development, a coal company that had complained about delays in regulators issuing a permit for strip-mining. The Associated Press reported that a memorandum they had obtained showed that state regulators later agreed to fast-track a decision regarding the permit, despite environmental concerns from local residents. According to a businessman who lives near the proposed mine, regulators arrived within days of a meeting between Herbert and the coal company, and they felt pressure to make a quick decision. A Utah regulator said that this was not the case and that Herbert did not make any orders about whether to issue a permit. A spokeswoman for Herbert said that he was not aware of the donation, and that given his long-term support of the energy industry, it was not surprising that Alton made a donation.[54]
In September 2010, KSL TV reported another instance of Herbert accepting campaign donations from companies who benefited from state contracts related to the I-15 CORE rebuild in Utah County—the state's biggest ever road project. Three teams vied for the contract. One gave the governor's campaign no money, another gave $35,000. The third team, Provo River Constructors, gave Herbert's campaign much more. Wadsworth Brothers Construction and partners Ames, Ralph Wadsworth and Fluor have contributed more than $80,000. Around the time most of those donations came in Guy Wadsworth got two meetings with the governor, apparently something no other bidding team had. A month later, the state awarded the $1.725 billion contract to Provo River.[53]
KSL TV also reported that Herbert had meetings with, and received donations from Fred Lampropoulos, CEO of Merit Medical, months before the Governor's Office of Economic Development awarded a tax break to Merit to expand its business in Utah.
2016
[edit]
In May 2016, Herbert was criticized for unethical campaign fund-raising activity. In a tape that was made without his knowledge, as Herbert was trying to get donors to contribute his campaign finance money, Herbert said that he would go anywhere and do whatever it takes. "I'm available. I'm Available Jones!" he was heard saying on the tape. Although he did say that there would be no quid pro quo he also said to the lobbyists in attendance that even if he did not agree with them that he would make them happy. Herbert's Republican challenger Jonathan E. Johnson said that he was so upset that he was physically shaking when he heard what Herbert did. Herbert's Democratic opponent Mike Weinholtz promised that if he were elected to be Utah's governor, that he work to change the laws of Utah so that what Herbert did would be illegal.[55]
Later in May 2016, Herbert apologized, saying that he regretted his actions and the actions of his campaign, but he said that he did nothing wrong. Herbert said that he was apologizing for his remarks earlier in the month, when he said "I'm available. I'm available Jones." which was a saying from a character in Lil Abner comic strips in which the character was always available to do something for a price.[56]
UDOT's $13,000,000 payment to second-place finisher in highway bidding
[edit]
On September 13, 2010, Utah Department of Transportation admitted to paying $13,000,000 to prevent a lawsuit by the second-place finisher Flatiron/Skanska/Zachry (FSZ) for the Interstate 15 rebuild project in Utah County. UDOT admitted that after "adjustments" were made to the scoring system, the 1.7 billion dollar contract was awarded to Provo River Constructors (PRC) after winning the bidding process by a single point. UDOT claimed the $13,000,000 payment to FSZ was to avoid any further or pending legal action. Peter Corroon's campaign questioned whether this was related to a $87,500 donation made by PRC to Herbert's campaign.[57] In a press conference on the same day, Herbert denied any knowledge of the $13,000,000 payoff to FSZ. However, on September 21, 2010, ABC4 reported that on September 9 four days before Herbert press conference UDOT informed Jason Perry, the Governor's Chief of Staff of a payment. On September 13, hours before Herbert's press conference, UDOT again informed Perry of a payoff and also specified the amount of the payment.[58]
Governor signs House Bill 477
[edit]
During the 2011 legislative session, Herbert signed into law House Bill 477 after it passed through the legislature in three days. The bill would have drastically reduced the ability of citizens to access public records, especially records of Legislators.[59] After large public outcry, Herbert announced he would sign the bill yet also call a special session to repeal the new law. The law was repealed two weeks later, and Herbert was criticized for costing the state $30,000 for not simply vetoing the bill when he first had a chance.[60]
Governor signs House Bill 187
[edit]
On March 20, 2012, Herbert signed into law House Bill 187,[61] dealing with "Agricultural Operation Interference" despite several individuals and organizations urging him veto it. The new law makes it a crime to take pictures or sound recordings while on the property of any agricultural production facility, even if the person is not trespassing (e.g. an employee of said facility) and even if the person is not interfering with anything (i.e. if nobody knows the recording is taking place). Offenders are guilty of a class B misdemeanor.[62] Critics of the bill say that the law creates a safe haven for animal abuse and other criminal activity[63] and that it adds nothing beneficial to legitimate operations.[64] Proponents of the bill state that the purpose of the legislation is to prevent whistleblowers from unfairly damaging farming operations.[65] The Humane Society has many examples of undercover videos that this bill is meant to prevent.[66]
Governor signs Senate Bill 136
[edit]
On March 20, 2018, Herbert signed S.B. 136 (sponsored by Wayne Harper and Mike Schultz) into law.[67] Among other provisions, S.B. 136 includes an additional annual registration fee of up to $120 on clean air vehicles. The additional fees were opposed by air quality advocates such as the nonprofits Breathe Utah, and Utah Clean Energy which has stated the fees are misguided.[68][69][70] Clean air advocates have voiced concerns that the additional fees will slow electric vehicle adoption and promote poorer air quality in Utah. There are an estimated 1,000–2,000 deaths in Utah annually due to poor air quality,[71] and emissions from gasoline and diesel powered vehicles, are the primary cause of pollution.[72]
Media appearances
[edit]
Herbert had a cameo in the low budget movie Sharknado: The 4th Awakens alongside Dan Farr of Salt Lake Comic Con.[citation needed]
Herbert has expressed interest in the UAP phenomenon, appearing in History Channel's "The Secrets of Skinwalker Ranch."
Herbert has a surprise appearance on the small YouTube channel “Cousins Elite” doing Trick Shots.
Electoral history
[edit]
Utah Governor Special Election, 2010 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Gary Herbert (inc.) 412,151 64.1 Democratic Peter Corroon 205,246 31.9 Independent Farley Anderson 13,038 2.0 Libertarian Andrew McCullough 12,871 2.0 Write-in Michael William Heath 1 0.0
Utah Governor Election, 2012 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Gary Herbert (inc.) 688,592 68.41 Democratic Peter Cooke 277,622 27.58 Libertarian Ken Larsen 22,611 2.25 Constitution Kirk Pearson 17,696 1.76 Write-in Dennis Owen 2 0.00 Write-in David Cannon 1 0.00
Utah Governor Republican Primary Election, 2016 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Gary Herbert (inc.) 173,805 71.77 Republican Jonathan Johnson 68,379 28.23
References
[edit]
Utah Governor Gary Herbert official government site
Gary Herbert at Curlie
Appearances on C-SPAN
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https://www.famousbirthdays.com/people/gary-herbert.html
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Gary Herbert - Age, Family, Bio
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Gary Herbert: his birthday, what he did before fame, his family life, fun trivia facts, popularity rankings, and more.
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en
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/favicon.ico
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Famous Birthdays
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https://www.famousbirthdays.com/people/gary-herbert.html
|
About
Republican Party politician and, beginning in 2009, seventeenth Governor of Utah. From 2005-2009, he served as Utah's Lieutenant Governor.
Before Fame
After briefly attending Brigham Young University, he served in the Utah Army National Guard.
Trivia
He publicly opposed same-sex marriage.
Family Life
His marriage to Jeanette Herbert resulted in three sons and three daughters.
Associated With
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https://www.govtech.com/archive/Utah-CIO-Steve-Fletcher-Resigns-State-Promises-Security-Reforms.html
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Utah CIO Steve Fletcher Resigns, State Promises Security Reforms
|
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2012-05-15T00:00:00
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Gov. Herbert announces a technology audit and a health data security ombudsman in response to a big data breach discovered last month on a Utah Department of Health server.
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/apple-touch-icon.png
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GovTech
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https://www.govtech.com/archive/Utah-CIO-Steve-Fletcher-Resigns-State-Promises-Security-Reforms.html
|
A serious breach of health and Medicaid data within the Utah Department of Health has taken down the state’s CIO, Steve Fletcher.
Fletcher’s departure was part of Utah Gov. Gary Herbert’s coordinated response Tuesday, May 15, to the breach, which was discovered April 2 and is believed to have compromised 280,000 Social Security numbers other personal information of an estimated 500,000 people, including names, addresses, birth dates and some details contained in patient health records.
Herbert said Deloitte & Touche has started a comprehensive security audit of the state’s technology systems. Sheila Walsh-McDonald also has been appointed to a new position called the “health data security ombudsman. “
"The compromise of even one person's private information is a completely unacceptable breach of trust," said Herbert in a statement. "The people of Utah rightly believe that their government will protect them, their families and their personal data. As a state government, we failed to honor that commitment. For that, as your Governor and as a Utahn, I am deeply sorry."
Fletcher, who led the state’s Department of Technology Services, was appointed state CIO in 2005. He will be replaced on an acting basis by Mark VanOrden, the IT director for the Utah Department of Workforce Services.
Fletcher is a past president of the National Association of State Chief Information Officers, and has garnered recognition over the years for leading innovative and collaborative IT projects. He is past recipient of Government Technology’s Top 25 Doers, Dreamers and Drivers award. Fletcher is credited with leading Utah’s enterprisewide IT consolidation and centralization, lauded by many as a public-sector success story.
Is More Funding Needed?
The data breach was found to have occurred on March 30, made possible by a weak password that allowed hackers to break through the department’s security and steal the personal information of as many as 780,000 people. USA Today reported that cybercriminals are believed to have launched the attack from Eastern Europe.
The Utah Department of Health moved quickly to shore up its IT processes and notify potential victims, offering them free credit monitoring. The new health data security ombudsman will oversee individual case management, credit counseling and public outreach, the governor said Tuesday.
Fletcher told Government Technology on Tuesday afternoon that the breach was preventable, and that the incident shows that more funding is needed to protect government’s IT systems.
From a larger perspective, Fletcher said, the breach in Utah also is an example of a challenge that CIOs face: Ask for security funding before nothing has happened (and oftentimes get rejected), or wait until a breach happens (when it’s too late). Another factor to consider, Fletcher said, was that cyberattacks targeting Utah have spiked by 600 percent during the past four months — too short a time frame, especially during a legislative budget cycle, to pursue more funding that would be used to stave off the attacks.
According to Gov. Herbert’s office, there are nearly a million attempts each day to infiltrate the state’s IT network.
Fletcher said he’s disappointed that the security incident will likely overshadow much of the progress Utah has made. During the past five years, the state has reduced its IT operating costs by $73 million, Fletcher said. Utah also has made transparency gains, has developed a well regarded Web presence, and now offers more than 1,000 online services, he said.
The Utah Department of Health has set up a hotline (1-855-238-3339) to answers questions about the breach and to assist victims of the identity theft.
Miriam Jones is a former chief copy editor of Government Technology, Governing, Public CIO and Emergency Management magazines.
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https://www.npr.org/2016/03/30/472365235/gov-herbert-on-why-utah-has-embraced-refugees-over-the-years
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Gov. Herbert On Why Utah Has Embraced Refugees Over The Years
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2016-03-30T00:00:00
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Gary Herbert says the attacks in Brussels, San Bernardino and Paris haven't changed his state's willingness to welcome refugees. He tells Renee Montagne Utah plans to welcome hundreds more this year.
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NPR
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https://www.npr.org/2016/03/30/472365235/gov-herbert-on-why-utah-has-embraced-refugees-over-the-years
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RENEE MONTAGNE, HOST:
Among those wounded in the Brussels bombings last week were three Mormon missionaries from Utah. It's the sort of tragedy that can generate a backlash, stiffening attitudes and reshaping policies, not so in Utah. It's a red state. But its Republican governor, Gary Herbert, hasn't been swayed from taking in refugees from Syria and other Muslim countries. We reached Governor Herbert at his office in Salt Lake City. He explained why his state has had a long-standing embrace of refugees with plans to welcome hundreds more this year.
GARY HERBERT: We don't want to have terror imported to Utah. But we were just a little bit reluctant to use somebody's religion as the defining description of who can come into a state and who can come into our country and who cannot. Just saying, as a blanket, well, if you're a Muslim or if you're Catholic or if you're Mormon or if you're a Jew you can't come in is not, I think, the right way to go about it, at least as America.
MONTAGNE: Does that have something to do with the history of Mormons?
HERBERT: I'm sure it has some. We have a sensitivity to the First Amendment rights of religion. And we have a history as a state that was founded because of exiled Mormons who were kicked out of other parts of the country and actually had one state put out what was called an exterminate order. You could kill Mormons just like you could kill deer. We even had a president, Rutherford B. Hayes, who said to Europe, please do not let any more Mormons migrate to America. So we have a history of knowing a little bit what that is like to be discriminated against because of your religion. And when people come to Utah, we welcome them. We have additional review over what the federal government's already done to make sure there's not something that's been overlooked. But then we want to make sure that they integrate. And we help them with jobs and skills and language. And then we make sure they have somebody that's always in touch with them, they can talk to if something happens, that they have somebody to have confidence in. We're trying to make sure we don't have the problem of anybody come here and become radicalized, as we see in many other states take place.
MONTAGNE: Although, to what degree can you effectively screen an individual when their country of origin isn't really in a position to share information or hasn't kept a record on activities and whereabouts? How well can you screen those who come into your state?
HERBERT: Well, I don't know, Renee, if there's any perfect way to ensure that that's, you know, we don't have any terrorist event take place. If we think there's just one window, this refugee program, that where terrorists can come into the country, we are in fact naive because I think there's other bigger windows that are being taken more advantage of. We need to have a tall fence, but we also need to have a wide gate. So we have, in fact, an immigration program that is not broken as we see it's broken today.
MONTAGNE: Are the people of Utah behind you in large numbers on welcoming refugees?
HERBERT: Yeah, I think they are. About 65, 66 percent of all the people in Utah are Mormon. The LDS Church just this past weekend, coincidentally, just put out a new program called, "I Was A Stranger," taking from the New Testament - Jesus I was a stranger, and you took me in - and talking about how we should in fact be a welcoming people, look for ways to help people who are less fortunate around the world.
MONTAGNE: Well, interesting because your fellow Republican, Ted Cruz, won in Utah in the Republican caucuses there. He has called for a freeze on any new refugees from areas affected by al-Qaida and the Islamic State, which of course would be all Syrians. He has called for new powers of law enforcement to patrol Muslim neighborhoods. That's about as far away from your position as it's possible to get. What do you make of that?
HERBERT: Well, as a matter of choices, there probably is no perfect presidential candidate out there. I don't expect that he's going to be exactly in line with everything I believe, Senator Cruz. But I think he's in line with most things that Utah believe and actually does something about the illegal immigration problem, which I think is much more of a serious problem than those who come in through the refugee program. That being said, politics is politics. And I know that he's running against Donald Trump, and that's been kind of an issue he's brought to the forefront about immigration and terrorism and just kind of a blanket, let's just keep them out. And that may be what's forcing Senator Cruz. But, you know, I don't think any of the candidates out there line up exactly with maybe Utah and with me or with anybody else.
MONTAGNE: Speaking to us from the capital, Salt Lake City, Governor Gary Herbert. Thank you very much for joining us.
HERBERT: Great to be with you, Renee.
Copyright © 2016 NPR. All rights reserved. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by an NPR contractor. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR’s programming is the audio record.
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https://www.ancestry.com/1940-census/usa/Utah/Gary-Herbert_3zlcw2
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Gary Herbert in the 1940 Census
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View Gary Herbert's 1940 US census record to find family members, occupation details & more. Access is free so discover Gary Herbert's story today.
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https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/results?firstName=gary&lastName=herbert
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https://www.daviscountyutah.gov/ced/economic-development
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Economic Development
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https://www.daviscountyutah.gov/ced/economic-development
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Countywide Economic Development Planning - We believe that countywide proactive planning is critical to guide our future economic development. We design our plans to anticipate change, overcome obstacles, and seize economic opportunities.
Unity and Action - We are united throughout the County to a common vision of our economic future which supports the uniqueness of our various cities.
Impact and Influence - We strive to influence city and county economic development decisions, as well as regional and state economic and educational policies and programs with our vision and plans. Robust Employment Opportunities - We seek to increase family-sustaining employment opportunities for our residents and those who commute into our County.
Expanding Economic Growth - We seek to develop and expand our economic base by attracting targeted businesses and industries that conform with our community values; by expanding our current employers, expanding supply chain management, and by creating high-growth start-up businesses.
Quality of Life - We believe that our quality of life contributes directly to economic development by ensuring that within our County there is affordable housing, excellent education, quality health care, improving systems of transportation, broadly accessible internet services, preserved open space and recreational and cultural opportunities
Cities of Davis County
In all, there are 15 cities that make up Davis County. Whether they are small or large it takes all of them to be successful. Davis County has a great working relationship with all the cities administration, mayor’s and councils. We work hand in hand to retain, expand and recruit businesses to our area. All the cities have taken the slowdown in the economy as time to review building and zoning ordinances, general plans and business park plats. This has prepared everyone for a fast track to future growth and development. Davis County is where you will find connections.
U.S. News and World Report Rankings
For a list of agency links, see the State of Utah Agencies List. For people new to the state of Utah, see the Newcomers Guide, which is a list of useful links for newcomers of the state. To see tourism links see the State of Utah's Travel & Tourism landing page. For business links see Starting a Business, Relocating a Business, Running a Business, and Business Resource Centers at www.utah.gov.
Taxes
The State Income Tax Rate is 4.65%. The State of Utah, Counties and Cities all pride themselves on having one of the lowest tax structures in the United States. The tax structure splits sales tax, personal and real property taxes between all taxing entities. In some communities there are special service districts and Recreation/Arts/Parks/Zoo taxes. These are usually sales tax or special levies for a given area. As a whole, Davis County is a little lower in local taxes than surrounding communities. This shows a stable and fiscally responsible local government.
Governor Herbert said it best, “Governments role is to stay off of businesses backs and out of their wallets.” We at Davis County agree with his statement.
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https://utahstatecapitol.utah.gov/governor-gary-r-herbert/
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Gary R. Herbert
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Collection: State of Utah Office of the Governor
Location: Hall of Governors
Governor 2009-2021
Gary Richard Herbert was born in American Fork, Utah in 1947. Raised in Orem, he served a mission for his church, attended Brigham Young University and volunteered for the Utah National Guard. While in college, he married Jeanette Snelson and started a successful real estate brokerage firm. The Herberts became the parents of six children.
Herbert was elected to the Utah County Commission in 1990 where he served until he was sworn in as Utah’s lieutenant governor in 2005. In 2009, upon Governor Huntsman’s resignation to serve as a U.S. ambassador, Herbert became Utah’s 17th governor. Elected to serve out the remainder of the term in a 2010 special election, he was re-elected in 2012 and 2016.
Assuming office during the Great Recession, Herbert challenged Utah to become the nation’s top-performing economy. He streamlined state regulations, improved government efficiency, and championed Utah as a premiere business and travel destination. During his tenure, Utah consistently topped the nation for overall economic growth, employment, and the diversification of its economy. Herbert also addressed difficult quality-of-life and social issues. He increased funding for education, invested in major air quality initiatives, and signed into law pathbreaking civil rights protections for LGBTQ populations that simultaneously protected vital religious freedoms.
Utah’s growth reversed temporarily in 2020 with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Herbert acted decisively during the early days of the pandemic to move schools to online instruction and limit indoor gatherings. Once health precautions were in place, Utah kept businesses open and emerged from the pandemic with low mortality, low unemployment, and a vibrant, growing economy.
Herbert chaired the Western Governors Association, the National Governors Association and presided over the Council of State Governments. Upon leaving office, he launched the Herbert Public Policy Institute at Utah Valley University.
Artist
Leon Parson (b. 1951) was born in Provo, Utah. After receiving his BFA at the prestigious Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, California and his MFA from Syracuse University in Syracuse, New York, Leon became a professor of art at Ricks College/BYU-Idaho University and taught for over 40 years. Leon enjoyed a thriving career as an artist of wildlife, provided illustrations for national magazines, painted portraits for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and created fine art landscapes and murals for temples throughout the world, including the temple located in Rome, Italy.
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Utah Valley University
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Former Gov. Gary R. Herbert served as the 17th governor of Utah from 2009 to 2021. During his tenure, his focus was on economic development, education, energy, and efficiency in government. As a result, Utah is recognized as a premier business destination and a great place to live and raise families, with an unsurpassed quality of life.
Herbert was born and raised in Utah County, where he would eventually serve as a county commissioner for 14 years. He attended Brigham Young University, served six years in the Utah National Guard (from 1970–1976), and started a successful real estate brokerage and development company, Herbert and Associates Inc.
He served as the president of the Utah Association of Realtors and the president of the Utah Association of Counties. Herbert has also served as chair of both the Western Governors’ Association and National Governors Association and was the president of the Council of State Governments. Prior to becoming governor, he served as Utah’s lieutenant governor for four and a half years.
Herbert has been a strong advocate for excellence in public and higher education in Utah. He assisted in legislative efforts to help Utah Valley State College become Utah Valley University and supported policy measures to fund accessible education and to increase infrastructure at the university. He has dedicated his time and resources to benefit the students of UVU, having taught at the university for seven years and launching UVU’s Herbert Public Policy Initiative.
Herbert and his wife, Jeanette, have lived in Orem for over 50 years and are the proud parents of six children and 17 grandchildren.
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https://www.interdependence.org/resources/thirteenth-annual-rocky-mountain-economic-summit-keynote-speech-by-gary-herbert/
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» Thirteenth Annual Rocky Mountain Economic Summit: Keynote Speech by Gary Herbert
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Gary R. Herbert
Governor Gary R. Herbert took office in 2009 as Utah’s 17th Governor.
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https://medium.com/%40coxsp/passing-the-torch-95e47ff1f4da
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Passing the Torch
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"Spencer J. Cox",
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2019-09-10T16:27:15.336000+00:00
|
On a fall day not that different from today, former Governor Jon Huntsman turned to newly sworn in Governor Gary Herbert at his inauguration ceremony and said, “I am turning over to you a great…
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https://medium.com/@coxsp/passing-the-torch-95e47ff1f4da
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On a fall day not that different from today, former Governor Jon Huntsman turned to newly sworn in Governor Gary Herbert at his inauguration ceremony and said, “I am turning over to you a great treasure. Your challenge is to improve its luster. I know you will thrive, my friend.”
And without a doubt, Governor Herbert and Utah have thrived. We have led the nation in private sector job growth during much of his tenure as governor, the longest period of prosperity in our state’s history. Amidst this prosperity, many of us forget what Utah looked like in 2009 when the torch was passed to Governor Herbert. I know we like to mention national rankings and accolades (I will not say the word Forbes, I will not say the word Forbes…), but perhaps the most important legacy Governor Herbert will have left behind is the leadership he showed guiding the state through the greatest economic disaster since the Great Depression.
In an understatement typical of Governor Herbert, he said at that same 2009 inauguration, “These are times when storm clouds seem to be brewing.”
There was no such thing as “seem” in those 2009 storm clouds. That year the stock market had fallen off a cliff, losing 54 percent and trillions of dollars in value. Here at home in Utah, our unemployment had risen from 2.7% in 2007 to a staggering 7.3% in 2009 with no end in sight.
To make matters worse, the state had increased spending by more than 25 percent during the preceding four years leading Utah into a perfect storm of unsustainable spending and massive deficits.
I doubt you could have chosen a worse time to become governor.
But Governor Herbert did what he has always done. He quietly got to work, and the results today speak for themselves. As Utahns, we are all fortunate to have been led by such a practical, humble leader during this pivotal time in our state’s history.
Today is a new day with different challenges facing our state. With that comes a call for new vision and leadership to tackle these challenges. It’s time to pass the torch to a new generation of leaders willing to push the state to even greater heights.
Just as Jon Huntsman’s Lieutenant Governor, Gary Herbert, was very different than he was, it should come as no surprise that I am different than the governor with whom I serve. And if I’m elected to be the next governor, the times in which we serve will be very different too.
The Utah of today is not mired in the depths of the Great Recession, but we should be energetically preparing for a possible economic downturn. Fortunately, over the past few years Utah has become the most diverse economy in the country. However, our Rainy Day Fund and Triple-A bond ratings must continue to be reinforced. If we are prepared, Utah will weather any economic headwinds of tomorrow far better than most.
In Utah, we must always be seeking ways to improve. For example, during the state’s current debate on tax reform one approach that must continue to be part of the discussion is a focus on finding areas of state government to make more efficient. That means a focus on reduced spending. A new administration is a perfect time to reorganize state government and find new savings.
To go one step further on this issue, if elected governor, I will not support any reform proposal that represents a tax increase on Utah businesses and families. There are imbalances within Utah’s budget system, but we can resolve this issue in a way that ultimately puts more money back in the pockets of everyday Utah families.
Another way to help stabilize our revenue situation is by reforming the way in which we conduct state incentives, and frankly stop giving so many of them. Earlier this summer, I posted my thoughts on the subject that I encourage you to read. No really, please read it. I believe in the power of free markets. Free market capitalism has done more to eradicate real poverty than any other socioeconomic system in the history of the world. Conversely, tax incentives inherently change the playing field in free markets and can lead to governments — not markets — picking winners and losers. We need to reform this system for the Utah of today and more importantly the Utah of tomorrow.
The history and nature of government is to expand and regulatory reform is one way to check unnecessary growth. Far too often rules are put in place to stifle competition and innovation. Even worse, unnecessary and overburdensome licensing requirements hurt everyday Utahns, especially those that are unemployed or underemployed. In 2011 Governor Herbert ordered a review of Utah’s regulatory code and modified or eliminated more than 300 outmoded rules on business. It’s time to do it again.
Fiscal matters are only a piece of the overall solution to Utah’s pressing problems. In the coming months, I will continue to outline the policy areas I believe are most important to the future of the state of Utah. Think air quality (every day you should be able to walk out your front door and take a big breath of fresh air just like I do in Fairview), education (imagine a state system where the highest paid public education employee in every school is a teacher), transportation (let’s begin by calculating the true costs of gridlock and lost worker productivity), housing affordability (in rural Utah we export our children because they can’t find a job, along the Wasatch Front we are exporting our children because they can’t afford a home). And the list goes on and on.
The solutions will always involve a dogged persistence to fiscal restraint and common sense. But not only that. We need to turn our gaze upwards and think bigger. Now is the time for Utah — emergent, vivacious, and confident — to become not only the Crossroads of the West, but a preeminent global hub of commerce and culture.
As we build on all the good that’s come before us, we have many opportunities that a state is lucky to see even once in a generation. For instance, look at the Point of the Mountain, Utah Lake, and a new international airport, and imagine what we can do together.
Just as in 2009, it is once again time for new and bold leadership in Utah; for audacious ideas that lift our state upward for many decades to come. We cannot afford to pursue only half measures. And yes that means a few moonshots too. I invite you to share with me your ideas for the future of Utah. The bigger the better.
Send your thoughts to Spencer@votecox.com
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Herbert
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Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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2014-07-09T06:34:04+00:00
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Herbert
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Gary Richard Herbert (born May 7, 1947) is an American politician. He is a member of the Republican Party.
In August 2009, Herbert became the 17th Governor of Utah.[1] He left office on January 4, 2021.
Other websites
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