Split (1)

train · 2.09M rows

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wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	26	https://www.loquis.com/en/loquis/1084637/Giosu%2BCarducci	en	Giosuè Carducci, Bologna Podcast	https://cdn.loquis.com/p…c7ab58355820.jpg	https://cdn.loquis.com/p…c7ab58355820.jpg	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	He was an Italian poet, writer, literary critic and academic. He was the first Italian to win the Nobel Prize for literature in 1906. He was born on the evening of July 27, 1835 in Valdicastello (Pisa). Little Joshua was already growing up showing the characteristics that would distinguish him th...	en	/favicon.ico	Loquis	https://www.loquis.com/en/loquis/1084637/Giosu+Carducci
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"https://www.gangalib.org/images/QR-Code-Silvia.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/linkedin-logo.png", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/logo-square.png", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/guidestar.png", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/us_flag.png", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/amharic_flag.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/azerbaijan-flag.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/german-flag.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/kannada_flag.png", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/portugese.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/russia_flag.png", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/spanish_flag.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null			images/favicon.png		null	Ales Bialiatski The Nobel Peace Prize 2022 Co-nobelists: Memorial, Center for Civil Liberties Prize motivation: Human rights and pro-democracy activist. In Eastern Europe called, 'A beacon of light.' In prison when Nobel Prize announced. "I keep peace in my soul, growing it like a flower. I pray that reality does not force me to dig up a long-buried axe to defend the truth." Abdulrazak Gurnah The Nobel Prize in Literature 2021 Tanzanian-born British novelist and academic. Prize awarded "for his uncompromising & compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism & the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents." "Respect yourself and others will come to respect you. That is the meaning of honour." James P. Allison Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018 Nobel co-recipient Tasuku Honjo Cancer Immunologist. Discovered cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation. Pioneer. Place breaks/check points on inhibitory immune cells to attack cancer cells - curative. Interest: How T cells work. First Nobel Prize for cancer therapy. Family history of cancer. Modest. "Motivation of scientists: to know what nobody else knows." Olga Tokarczuk The Nobel Prize in Literature 2018 Polish novelist, essayist, poetess, screenwriter, advocate for civil liberties and animal rights, clinical psychologist. "A novel should tell a story, be a pleasure to read and at the same time it should be thought-provoking, even a bit instructive." Eugene F. Fama Ph.D., MBA The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economics Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2013 Nobel co-recipients Lars Peter Hansen, Robert J. Shiller Economist. Empirical analysis of asset prices. Influenced development of index funds. Father of modern finance. Idea is 'how do you measure risk?' Windsurfing, golf, opera. In University of Chicago - Economics. Environment so productive. "We have good people, you need that; very interactive environment; people help one another out a lot. I couldn't do what I did without the help of my professors, colleagues and students. Everybody contributes to everybody else." Randy Schekman The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013 Nobel co-recipients: James E. Rothman, Thomas C. Südhof Award: "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells." Robert J. Lefkowitz MD Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012 National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 2007 USA Nobel co-recipient Brian K. Kobilka Physician- Cardiologist, Scientist. G-protein-coupled receptors; approximately half of all medicines used today use this kind of receptor. "Strong family history of coronary artery disease ... at age 50 I had quadruple bypass surgery [1994]. I minimize my risk factors with daily physical exercise, a vegetarian diet and appropriate medications". Sir John B. Gurdon Kt DPhil DSc FRS The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 Nobel co-recipient Shinya Yamanaka Developmental Biologist. Mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent. Hobbies: Outdoor sports, mountaineering, travelling, but not theatre, music, reading. At age15, damning school report: â€¦he will not listen, but will insist in doing his work his own wayâ€¦has ideas of becoming a Scientistâ€¦waste of time for him and teachers. `Know Thyself Ei-ichi Negishi The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010 Nobel Co recipients Richard F. Heck, Akira Suzuki Organic Chemist. Inventor of organozinc variant of the palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reaction. Read voraciously including "how to …" publications. Dreamt of Nobel half century prior to being awarded prize. Upon arriving in US and discovering Nobelists visiting UPenn, realized that being awarded the Nobel could happen to anybody including himself. Akira Suzuki Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010 Nobel Co recipients Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi Organic chemist. Inventor of boron version of palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction. Investigated stereochemistry of hydroboration reaction. Suzuki reaction kept evolving. Became interested in organic chemistry after reading textbook. "There were difficult and joyful periods. Memories of tough, trying experiences tend to fade with time. Now I think mainly about fun things." Oliver E. Williamson Ph.D. The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2009 Nobel co-recipient Elinor Ostrom Economist and Founding Editor of the Journal of Law, Economics and Organization. His book, The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting, is said to be the most frequently cited work in social science research. Mortimer Mishkin Ph.D. National Medal of Science - Behaviorial and Social Science 2009 Cognitive neuroscientist, Business Administrator. Brain/behavior relationships in humans, nonhuman primates. Identified ... areas in cerebral cortex essential for perception and memory: cortico-limbic circuit responsible for memory of facts and events; cortico-striatal circuit responsible for learning of different types of habits and motor skills. "Perseverance is built into the trait of curiosity, a scientist's motivation. If you're sufficiently curious, you're willing to continue despite failures and obstacles. It's so easy to give up." George Elwood Smith The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009 Nobel Co-recipients: Charles K. Kao, Willard S. Boyle Applied physicist. Co-inventor of imaging semiconductor circuit, the charge-coupled device (CCD sensor) which has become an electronic eye in almost all areas of photography. His interest was Applied Mathematics. Mathematics Professor was dismissed. So he became a physicist - Applied not Theoretical because he was interested in hands-on work. Martti Ahtisaari The Nobel Peace Prize 2008 Peace broker. Peacefully ended conflicts worldwide. Namibia's independence from South Africa following war. Yugoslavia - end to the war in Kosovo. Indonesia - Aceh Peace Accord following war. Founded Crisis Management Initiative. "Peace is question of will. All conflicts can be settled. No excuses for allowing them to become eternal." Mario R. Capecchi Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007 Nobel prize also awarded to Sir Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 2001 Molecular Geneticist. Introduced specific gene modifications in mice by using embryonic stem cells. Gene Targeting, Homeobox Genes, Development, Behavior. Mother incarcerated as political prisoner, Germany. "At age 4Â½, I set off on my own, living in streets, orphanages; joining gangs of homeless children; generally hungry. Vivid recollections, brutal beyond description." John C. Mather Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006 Nobel Prize also awarded to George F. Smoot Physicist - Astrophysics, Instrumentation. COBE, Blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation. "For years I had successfully repelled all challenges to my concentration on one overwhelming responsibility. Now, it was done, and I switched my attention to ..." Nina V. Fedoroff Ph.D. National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 2006 Plant Molecular Biologist. Geneticist. First to clone and characterize maize transposons. Founding director, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences. Interests: Education, Public Policy. "It's as much wanting to succeed as it is to using your brains. I've seen very bright people fall out of the system". Mohamed ElBaradei JSD The Nobel Peace Prize 2005 Joint awardee: International Atomic Energy Agency Attorney, Egyptian Diplomat. 'Prevent military use of nuclear energy, ensure nuclear energy used safely for peace.' Worked in UN. Director General, IAEA. IAEA: 'to accelerate, enlarge atomic energy contribution to peace, health, prosperity throughout world.’ "Durable peace is not a single achievement, but an environment, a process and a commitment." Paul C. Lauterbur Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003 Nobel Co-recipient Sir Peter Mansfield The President's National Medal of Science - Physical Sciences 1987 The National Medal of Technology and Innovation 1988 Chemist. Magnetic resonance imaging. "Every great idea in history has the red stamp of rejection on its face. If you scratch any innovation's surface, you'll find the scars: they've been roughed up and thrashed around by the masses and the leading minds before they made it into your life." Vernon L. Smith BSEE, Ph.D.[Economics] The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2002 Nobel co-recipient Daniel Kahneman Electrical Engineer, Experimental Economist. Founder, International Foundation for Research in Experimental Economics; Founder Economic Science Institute at Chapman University. "... If I am ever reborn, I hope to be a madman yet again ..." Wolfgang Ketterle Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2001 Nobel co-recipients Eric A. Cornell, Carl E. Wieman Physicist - Atomic Physics. Hobbies: Running, Bicycling. "...the quest for pure knowledge and the pursuit of goals which are only vaguely defined and change as the research progresses... I didn't anticipate that the best was still to come". Joseph E. Stiglitz The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2001 Co-nobelists:George A. Akerlof, A. Michael Spence Prize: "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information." George Fletcher Bass Ph.D. National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 2001 Archeologist. Father of underwater archaeology. Excavated shipwrecks of Bronze Age, Classical Age, Byzantine. Founded Institute of Nautical Archaeology. Findings throw new light into beginning of free enterprise system, dating Homer's Odyssey, chronologies of Egyptian dynasties, Helladic cultures; histories of technology, economics, music, art, religion. "The greatest thrill comes from the library, when you can understand something about what you've found, when it all comes together and it means something." Kofi Annan The Nobel Peace Prize 2001 "The Arab Spring reminds me of the decolonisation process where one country gets independence, and everybody else wants it. "I am a stubborn optimist: I was born an optimist and will remain an optimist. "The Lord had the wonderful advantage of being able to work alone." - Kofi Annan Kim Dae-jung The Nobel Peace Prize 2000 President, S. Korea, ‘Sunshine Politician’. ‘Democracy, human rights in South Korea, East Asia; peace, reconciliation with North Korea.’ Assassination attempts. Jailed. Exiled in US. “King is son of heaven. Heaven sent him to serve people with just rule. If he unjust, oppresses people, people have right to dispose of him.” Nancy Andreasen M.D.,Ph.D. National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 2000 Psychiatrist, Litterateur. Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, Genomics, Neuroimaging, Neuroscience of Creativity, Schizophrenia. Writes books to educate laity and reduce stigma. Founding Chair, Neuroscience Section, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Creative people tend to be very persistent, even when confronted with skepticism or rejection. Gerardus 't Hooft Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1999 Nobel Prize also awarded to Martinus J.G. Veltman Theoretical Physicist - Particle Physics. For PH.D Thesis work in 1971, Nobel Prize awarded in 1999. "A man who knows everything," my answer at age 8 yrs, regarding what I'd like to become when I grow up. I meant "scientist", someone who unravels the secrets of the fundamental Laws of Nature. John N. Bahcall Ph.D. National Medal of Science - Physical Sciences 1998 Award "For his fundamental contributions to areas of modern astrophysics ranging from solar neutrino physics to the structure of the Milky Way Galaxy to cosmology, and for his leadership of the astronomical community, especially his tireless advocacy of the Hubble Space Telescope." Don L. Anderson Ph.D. National Medal of Science - Physical Sciences 1998 Award: "For his leading contributions to understanding the composition, structure, and dynamics of Earth and Earth-like planets, and his influence on the advancement of Earth sciences over the past three decades nationally and internationally." William D. Phillips Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997 Nobel co-recipients Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji Physicist. Development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light. Think about physics intuitively. Open, lively discussion of physics problems. Do physics at frontiers competitively with openness, humanity, cooperation. Excellent teacher. Religious. "No prize can compare in importance to family and friends I count as my greatest treasures". Vinton Cerf Ph.D. National Medal of Technology and Innovation 1997 One of two Fathers of the Internet. TCP/IP protocols. Internet Architecture. Chief Internet Evangelist, Google. Interplanetary Internet. Living Legend. "Brilliant, indescribably enthusiastic, humorous, happy, treats people extremely well. It would be nice to go to work every day and work with people like Vint Cerf." – R.V. Nagaveni, Founder, Ganga Library. Shing-Tung Yau Ph.D. National Medal of Science - Mathematics and Computer Science 1997 Mathematician. Differential geometry, Differential equations, General relativity. Calabi-Yau manifolds. Miyaoka-Yau inequality. Founder: Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong; Morningside Center of Mathematics at Academia Sinica; Center of Mathematical Sciences at Zhejiang University; Tsinghua Mathematical Sciences Center, China. Adviser more than 50 doctoral students. Family fled mainland China and Communist takeover when he was an infant. Leader of street gang and often skipped school. Carlos Belo The Nobel Peace Prize 1996 Co-nobelists: José Ramos-Horta “Nations will proclaim his wisdom; the assembly will celebrate his praises. If he lives long, his name will be more glorious than a thousand others, and if he dies, that will satisfy him just as well” (Wisdom 39, 10-11) “… it expresses with deep significance the memory of the man we remember this day whose esteemed Peace Prize bears his name. Today, 10th December, we celebrate the centennial anniversary of the death of a wise benefactor of humanity, a peace worker, Alfred Nobel.” - Nobel Lecture, Nobel foundation. Nadine Gordimer The Nobel Prize in Literature 1991 Writer, illustrated consequences of apartheid. For fifty years the 'Geiger Counter of Apartheid. "My answer is: Recognize yourself in others"." A child understands fear, and the hurt and hate it brings". "Time is change; we measure its passing by how much things alter". Henry W. Kendall Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990 Co-nobelist Jerome I. Friedman, Richard E. Taylor Award: "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics" Elias James Corey Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1990 Organic Chemist - Interested in application of organic chemistry to human health. His groups have achieved a multitude of total syntheses of complex molecules. Originator of retrosynthetic analysis. Recognized as "Most Cited Author in Chemistry" by American Chemical Society in 2002. "Organic chemistry was especially fascinating with its intrinsic beauty and its great relevance to human health." Jack Steinberger Ph.D. Nobel Prize in Physics 1988 National Medal of Science - Physical Sciences 1988 USA Nobel Prize shared with Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz Physicist, Cosmologist, Astrophysicist. Hobbies: Playing the Flute, Tennis, Mountaineering, Sailing. To Ganga Library founder on 3 Aug 2014, "I have used your questions to me as an incentive to prepare a list of my publications". Gertrude B. Elion M.S.[Chemistry] The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988 Co-Nobelists: Sir James W. Black, George H. Hitchings National Medal of Science - Chemistry 1991 Chemist, Pharmacologist. Discovered principles for drug treatment; developed drugs - anticancer, immunosuppressive, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-gout, anti-malarial. Purines. "I was a child with an insatiable thirst for knowledge. My beloved grandfather died of cancer when I was 15. I was highly motivated to discover a cure for this terrible disease". William O. Baker Ph.D. National Medal of Science - Chemistry 1988 Prize: "For pioneering studies of the complex relationships between the molecular structures and physical properties of polymers, for a distinguished record of leadership in the combined disciplines of science and engineering, and for distinguished service to government and education." Detlev W. Bronk The National Medal of Science - Physical Sciences 1988 Prize: "For his highly original research in the field of physiology and for his manifold contributions to the advance of science and its institution in the service of society." Donald J. Cram Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987 Co-Nobelists: Jean-Marie Lehn, Charles J. Pedersen The President's National Medal of Science - Chemistry 1993 Organic Chemist. Development, use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity. Taught himself solid geometry from book, winning scholarship. High emotional intelligence. When word "research" entered my vocabulary, it had magic ring, suggesting search for new phenomena. Chemical research became my god, and conducting it, my act of prayer. Barbara McClintock Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983 The President's National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 1970 Cytogeneticist. Mobile genetic elements, 1948. Nobel after 35 years. Skilled experimentalist, master cytological detail interpreter, brilliant theoretician. Solo labor, no technical help. Friendly fellow scientists. Discriminated as woman. "Tacit assumptions - substance of dogma - served as barrier to effective communication. My understanding of phenomenon was too radical for time." Howard L. Bachrach Ph.D. The President's National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 1983 Prize: "For his pioneering research in molecular virology, including identification of the immunizing protein, and his collaborative role in the use of gene splicing to produce the first effective protein vaccine for use in animals or humans." George J. Stigler Ph.D., M.B.A. The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1982 The President's National Medal of Science - Behavior and Social Science 1987 Economist - industrial organization. 'Seminal studies of industrial structures; functioning of markets; causes, effects of public regulation.' Great teacher. Writings easy to admire, joy to read, impossible to imitate. Interest: many areas of economics; history of economics. Very Humorous. Chicago Economics Department intellectual ferment - intense intellectual atmosphere; captivated him. Alva Myrdal The Nobel Peace Prize 1982 Co-nobelist: Alfonso García Robles Diplomat, Innovator, Writer. Disarmament, Nuclear Weapons-Free Zones. Technology and growth in violence. Women's rights. Swedish Ambassador to India. Insightful. "Never forget trampling down of human dignity, rights, increase in acts of violence, torture use, testifies to persistence in contempt for suffering of individual men and women." "Down with nuclear weapons!" Seymour Benzer Ph.D.[Physics] National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 1982 Physicist, molecular biologist, behavioral biologist (neurogeneticist). Post Pearl Harbor worked in secret wartime project studying semiconducting properties of germanium, work that foreshadowed development of transistor. Functional gene is a linear stretch of DNA with definable boundaries. Stretches of DNA are all linked to each other as adjacent pieces of chromosome. Roger Wolcott Sperry Ph.D. [Zoology], M.A. [Psychology] The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981 Nobel co-recipients David H. Hubel, Torsten N. Wiesel The President's National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 1989 Psychologist, Philosopher, Zoologist, Neuroanatomist. Functional specialization of cerebral hemispheres. Split-brain studies. Duality of consciousness. Mind and consciousness. High ethical standards. Authorship generosity. Ralph Gerard, "I know of nobody else who has disposed of cherished ideas of his doctoral and postdoctoral sponsors, at that time the acknowledged leaders in their fields." Baruj Benacerraf M.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980 Nobel co-recipients: Jean Dausset, George D. Snell National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 1990 Physician, Scientist - Immunologist, teacher, remarkable leader. Discovered genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions. "Baruj did not always get on well with those in authority, often because he felt he could do their jobs so much better than they did …" George Davis Snell D.Sc. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980 Nobel co-recipients: Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset Geneticist, Transplantation Immunologist. Genetically determined structures on cell surface that regulate immunological reactions, the major histocompatibility complex, HLA. Thesis work on linkage in mice largely determined future work. Interest: social evolution. "In examining histocompatibility genetics as one of several potential new undertakings, I thought I saw possibilities for new openings." Adolfo Pérez Esquivel The Nobel Peace Prize 1980 Human Rights Leader, Architect, Sculptor. Believed in nonviolence. Fought for indigenous peoples. "It is essential to have inner peace and the serenity of prayer to listen to the silence of God, which speaks to us, in our personal life and the history of our times, of the power of love." Herbert C Brown Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979 The President's National Medel of Sciences - Physical Sciences, 1969 Nobel co-recipient Georg Wittig Organic Chemist. Development of use of boron into important reagents in organic synthesis. School, advanced several times, graduating at 12; refused further advancement, avoiding being sister's classmate. Graduating, Depression years, future wife Sarah gave him gift, Stock's 'Hydrides of Boron and Silicon' because cheapest chemistry book! Led to Nobel Prize! Georg Wittig Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979 Nobel co-recipient Herbert C. Brown Organic Chemist. Development of use of phosphorus into important reagents in organic synthesis. Wittig reaction. Mentored 300 graduate students, post-docs; provided close supervision for crucial experiments. "Chemical research and mountaineering similar. To reach goal/summit, initiative, perseverance required. After hard work, great joy to be at goal/peak with its splendid panorama..." Theodore W. Schultz Ph.D. The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1979 Co-Nobelist: Sir Arthur Lewis Agricultural economist. Pioneered ‘human capital’ research. Population quality, knowledge matter. Concern for poor. Keen observer of world in which he lived. Very Humorous. "Mankind's future is not foreordained by space, energy, cropland. Will be determined by intelligent evolution of humanity. Agree with Margaret Mead: "Future of mankind is open ended."" Herbert Simon The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1978 National Medal of Science - Behavioral and Social Science, 1986 Award: "for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations" Daniel M. Nathans M.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978 Nobel co-recipients Werner Arber, Hamilton O. Smith National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 1993 Physician, Molecular Biologist - Genetics. Restriction enzymes and their application to molecular genetics. Groundwork for human genome project, drug insulin. Able administrator - high signal-to-noise ratio. "Valuable internship year in medicine with masterful clinician Robert Loeb; The glimpses of human strength and frailty that a physician sees are still with me." James Rainwater Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1975 Co-Nobelists: Aage N. Bohr, Ben R. Mottelson Award: "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection" Howard M. Temin Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975 Nobel Co-recipients David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 1992 Virologist. Interaction between tumor viruses and genetic material of cell. DNA provirus and RNA-directed DNA synthesis. Reverse Transcriptase. Intellectually courageous. Civic minded. How fortunate to live in a country at a time and in a social class that has enabled us to realize our potential. Not been possible for many. Tjalling C. Koopmans Ph.D. The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1975 Co-Nobelists Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich Mathematician, Theoretical Physicist and Economist. Prize for theory of optimal allocation of resources. Other interest: econometrics and statistics. Hobby: writing music. Described collaborator and friend Jacob Marschak as being able to discern both pretense and timidity! Friedrich von Hayek The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1974 Co-nobelist: Gunnar Myrdal Award: "for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena" Gunnar Myrdal The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1974 Co-nobelist: Friedrich von Hayek Award "for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena" Paul A. Samuelson The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1970 Award: "for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science" Norman E. Borlaug The Nobel Peace Prize 1970 The President's National Medal of Science 1988 - Biological Sciences 2004 Award: "For his success in breeding semi-dwarf, disease-resistant high-yield wheat and instructing farmers in its cultivation under harsh growing conditions, thus providing a new high-quality food source for millions of people around the world." Richard D. Brauer The President's National Medal of Science - Mathemematics and Computer Science - 1970 Award: "For his success in breeding semi-dwarf, disease-resistant high-yield wheat and instructing farmers in its cultivation under harsh growing conditions, thus providing a new high-quality food source for millions of people around the world." Alfred Day Hershey Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969 Co-Nobilists Max Delbrück, Salvador E. Luria Geneticist, Virologist. Viruses' replication mechanism, genetic structure. "Nothing more satisfying than developing method; ideas come and go, methods last." Superb editor. Remembered: chemical basis of heredity. Nobel Awards bring happiness not only to recipients, colleagues, friends, but to strangers! Humans love ceremonies that honor truth, justice. Thank God for sentiment. Luis Alvarez Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1968 Award: "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis" René Cassin The Nobel Peace Prize 1968 Jurist, Judge, Humanitarian, Internationalist. Father of the Declaration of Human Rights. "As a child I was filled with passionate admiration for acts of civic courage I had seen performed by an elderly military doctor, who was a friend of my family." - René Cassin Haldan K. Hartline M.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967 Nobel co-recipients Ragnar Granit, George Wald Physician, Biophysicist. Physiological and chemical visual processes in eye. "Vision itself is a dynamic process. There is little in the world that stands still, at least not as imaged in our retinas, for our eyes are always moving. The visual system is almost exclusively organized to detect change and motion." George Wald Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967 Co-Nobalists Ragnar Granit, Keffer Hartline Zoologist. Visual physiologist. Visual pigment molecules are protein bound to derivative of vitamin A. Excellent teacher. Political actions part of biologist: one who is concerned with life. â€œSelig Hecht was great teacher, physiologist. After leaving his laboratory, I felt his presence. What I did, said, wrote, was addressed to him.â€ Gregory Breit The National Medal of Science - physical Sciences 1967 Prize "For pioneering contributions to the theoretical understanding of nuclear structure and particle dynamics, for highly significant work in atomic and ionospheric physics, and for the inspiration he has given to several generations of American physicists." Presented by President Johnson at a White House ceremony on February 13, 1967 Peyton Rous M.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966 Co-Nobelist Charles B. Huggins Physician, Pathologist, Scientist. Tumor-inducing Rous Sarcoma Virus, tumor filtrate transplantability. Nobel 50 yrs after discovery. Blood transfusion, world's first blood bank, Rous-Turner solution. Accurate editing, content, style. Experiments: extreme clarity. Equanimity, warmth. Many old are young to life. "Uneducated men can be as great-hearted, lovable as those who know much." International Committee of the Red Cross The Nobel Peace Prize 1917, 1944, 1963 The Prize in 1963 was awarded jointly with the League of Red Cross Societies In innumerable countries, neutral, impartial, independent. Worldwide, help people affected by conflict, armed violence; promote rules of war - International humanitarian law. Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocols protect civilians, define parameters - what is acceptable and unacceptable on battlefield and beyond. "All civilians should be protected and respected. It's the law." Eugene Wigner Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963 The President's National Medal of Science - Physical Sciences 1968 Nobel co-recipients Maria Goeppert Mayer, J. Hans D. Jensen Award: "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles" James D. Watson The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962 The President's National Medal of Sciences - Biological Sciences 1997 Co-Nobelists Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins Zoologist. 'Discovered molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material.' Very generous with subordinates regarding authorship of articles. "Good science is difficult. We must believe strongly in our ideas." Robert Hofstadter Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physics, 1961 Nobel co-recipient Rudolf MÃ¶ssbauer National Medal of Science - Physical Science 1986 Nuclear and particle physicist. Discoverer of sodium iodide scintillation counters. Carried out electron scattering from atomic nuclei, revealing structure of nuclei and nucleons. Original proposer of two-mile SLAC linear accelerator. Pioneer of gamma-ray astronomy, using EGRET detector aboard the Compton observatory. Research in laser fusion, applications of physics to medicine. Georg von Békésy The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1961 Physicist, Communication engineer. Psychophysiology of hearing. Physical mechanism of stimulation within cochlea, a frequency analyzer. Accidental selection of science field. Technically skillful, elegant experimental design. He nuisance to autopsy room, mechanical workshops. "Found inner ear beautiful under stereoscopic microscope. It was pleasure of beauty that made me stick to ear." Arthur Kornberg M.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 Nobel co-recipient Servero Ochoa National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 1979 Physician, Scientist. Discovered mechanisms in biological synthesis of RNA and DNA - basis of discovery of recombinant DNA which helped ignite biotechnology revolution. Founder, DNAX Institute. "With more scientists struggling for grants in an era of tight budgets, nobody is going to propose doing anything that is bold or creative." Joshua Lederberg Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958 Nobel co-recipients George Beadle, Edward Tatum National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 1989 Geneticist. Genetic recombination and organization of genetic material of bacteria. Artificial intelligence. NASA seeking life on Mars. Fastest rate possible for growth of bacterial cell and why. Nobel Prize at age 33. At Nobel Banquet, "Pride is humbled as humility is exalted in the dignity and splendor of this occasion." George Wells Beadle Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958 Co-Nobelists Edward Tatum, Joshua Lederberg Biochemical Geneticist. Discovered that genes act by regulating definite chemical events. Brought era of classical genetics to a close and launched molecular age. "It was a time when one went to work in the morning wondering what new excitement the day would bring." - Colleague and biographer Norman H. Horowitz. Dickinson W. Richards Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956 Co-Nobelists AndrÃ© F. Cournand, Werner Forssmann Physician, gentle clinician, cardiovascular physiologist. "Discoveries concerning heart catheterization, pathological changes in circulatory system." Diagnosing congenital heart diseases; chronic cardiac, pulmonary diseases; traumatic shock. "Man's potentiality, or these days his survival, will depend on his conscience, more specifically, ability of leaders and followers to change character, into more merciful beings." John Bardeen Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956 Co-Nobelists: William B. Shockley, Walter H. Brattain The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972 Co-Nobelist: Leon Cooper, John Robert Schrieffer Award 1956: "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect" Award 1972: "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BSC-theory" André F. Cournand M.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956 Co-nobelists Werner Forssmann, Dickinson W. Richards Physician. Discovered heart catheterization. Used contrast material to show in X-rays. Studied pulmonary circulation – flow, pressure and volume. “...happiness stems from the appreciation of a task, from what is asked of man and not from the satisfaction of his material appetites.” Linus Pauling Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954 The Nobel Peace Prize 1962 National Medal of Sciences - Physical Sciences 1974 Award: "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances." Also awarded Nobel Peace Prize 1962. As of Sept. 2019, only four persons and two organizations have been awarded the Nobel Prize multiple times. John Franklin Enders Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1954 Co-Nobelists Thomas H. Weller, Frederick C. Robbins Virologist, Bacteriologist. Discovered ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in tissue culture. Cytopathic effect. Interferon, Viral Oncogenesis. Tissue culture enabled identifying hundreds of viruses, vaccine development. Memorial to Advisor Zinsser: animated spontaneous conversation - literature, politics. Voltaire seemed around corner; Laurence Sterne upon the stair. Laboratory became way of life. Thomas H. Weller M.D., M.S. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1954 Co- Nobelists John F. Enders, Frederick C. Robbins Physician, Virologist, Parasitologist. Discovered ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in tissue culture. Isolated many viruses, parasites; developed diagnostic tests. Isolated German measles in son. Tissue culture enabled identifying hundreds of viruses, vaccine development. Nobel Committee Sven Gard: tissue cultures will do for virology what Koch accomplished by culture media. Fritz A. Lipmann M.D.,Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953 Co-Nobelist Hans Krebs National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 1966 Physician, Biochemist. Discovered co-enzyme A, its importance for intermediary metabolism. Identified serine phosphate as constituent of phosphoproteins which contain phosphate. CMP represents metabolically active carbamyl donor. Liljestrand, Science Academy: â€¦Regarding fundamental discoveries laymen ask for immediate practical application. Counter question of Benjamin Franklin: Of what use is a new-born baby? Glenn T. Seaborg Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951 National Medal of Science - Chemistry 1991 Nobel co-recipient: Edwin M. McMillan Nuclear Chemist. Transuranium - Plutonium. Isotopes identification. Actinide concept. Atomic Bomb. Peaceful use of atomic energy. Advisor to 10 US Presidents. Swedish ancestry. Journal since age 8 yrs. Hiking. Franck Report: "I had joined a committee of scientists who advocated the use of the atomic bomb for demonstration purposes. We hoped the enemy would see the destructive power of this weapon and immediately surrender. In June, 1945, we attempted to deliver our plan, the Franck Report, to President Truman. I don't know if he ever saw our work..." Edwin M. McMillan Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951 National Medal of Science - Physical Sciences 1990 Nobel co-recipient: Glenn T. Seaborg Award: "for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements" Edward Calvin Kendall Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950 Nobel Co-recipients Tadeus Reichstein, Phillip S.Hench Chemist. Adrenal cortex hormones including cortisone: structure, biological effects. Thyroid hormone thyroxine: isolated. Glutathione: crystallized, established structure. What physiologic processes are modified by cortisone and how this influence is exerted are matters still locked within this hormone. Said Shakespeare's soothsayer, "In Nature's infinite book of secrecy a little I can read." Mahathma Gandhi 'Missing Laureate' 1948 [Nobel Peace Prize] Hero to innumerable peace activists including Nobelists: Martin Luther King Jr., PÃ©rez Esquivel, Dalai Lama, Suu Kyi, Nelson Mandela. 1948, Nobel Committee diplomatically declared, "no suitable living candidate". Geir Lundestad, Secretary, Norwegian Nobel Committee, 2006: Gandhi could do without Nobel, whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question. Carl F. Cori M.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947 Co-nobelists Gerty Cori, Bernardo Houssay Award: "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen" Gerti T. Cori M.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947 Co-nobelists Carl Cori, Bernardo Houssay Award: "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen" Hermann Joseph Muller Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946 Geneticist. Production of mutations by X-ray irradiation. "Do you consider it possible to discover a cosmic ray which - applied to humanity - would cause a mutation making it peace-loving and suited to happy relationships? You'll be awarded another Medicine and many Peace Nobels!" - Sigurd Curman, Banquet Speech Percy Bridgman Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1946 Award: "for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics Sir Alexander Fleming M.B., B.S. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945 Co-Nobelists: Ernst B. Chain, Sir Howard Florey Physician - Bacteriologist, Immunologist. While researching Influenza virus, made ground breaking discovery: penicillin, by not neglecting chance observation - mould contaminating culture plate. WWI caused interest in Antiseptics. WWII, production cost was immaterial. Destiny. Lone worker gets idea; details developed by team, but prime idea is due to enterprise, thought, perception of an individual. Joseph Erlanger The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944 Nobel co-recipient Herbert S. Gasser Physician, Physiologist. Single nerve fibers highly differentiated functions. Cathode-ray oscillograph study of nerve action potentials. Circulatory system electrophysiology. Recording sphygmomanometer. Auriculo-ventricular bundle functions. Pulse pressure influence on kidney secretion, orthostatic albuminuria. Sound production in arteries. Metabolism with shortened intestines. Traumatic shock. Career "fraught with series of fortunate circumstances, fortunate decisions." Herbert S. Gasser M.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944 Co-Nobelist Joseph Erlanger Physician, Electrophysiologist, Pharmacologist. Discovered differentiated functions of single nerve fibers. Two types of nerve fibers with different thicknesses; thicker fibers convey nerve impulses fast. Two times for working on a problem - before anyone has thought of it and after everyone else has left it - result: innovator or finalist. Gerhard Domagk The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1939 Award: "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil." Peter Debye Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1936 National Medal of Science - Physical Sciences 1966 Award: "for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases" Harold C. Urey Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1934 National Medal of Science - Physical Sciences 1964 Award: "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen" George R. Minot M.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1934 Co-nobelists George H. Whipple, William P. Murphy Award: "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia" George H. Whipple M.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1934 Co-Nobalists George R. Minot, William P. Murphy Physician; Pathologist. Pernicious anaemia liver therapy. Whipple Disease. Intestinal parasites. Blackwater fever. WWII, Chloroform anesthesia induced liver necrosis. Liver regeneration. Tuberculosis. Pancreatitis. Used Nobelists Joliot Curieâ€™s, Fermiâ€™s, E.O. Lawrenceâ€™s radioactive isotopes; discovered iron metabolism; protein metabolism, distribution, functions. Bile constituents. Red cell stroma. Gentle. Quiet. Wanted to be remembered as teacher. Thomas H. Morgan Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933 Zoologist, Geneticist. Chromosome role in heredity, sex determination. Drosophila. Genes stored in chromosomes in nuclei. Epigenetics. Combination rule. Limited number of combination groups. Crossing-over rule. Linear arrangement of genes in chromosomes. Didnâ€™t attend Nobel award ceremony, because in Caltech, busy establishing new physiology group and with future of biochemistry, genetics. Karl Landsteiner The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930 Physician - Anatomic Pathologist, Father of Immunology. ABO Blood Groups, Rh Typing. Paroxysmal Haemoglobinuria. Polio. Spirochaetes. Chemistry into service of serology. Meticulous observation, description, understanding in many fields. Rigorously demanding of himself. Energetic. By nature somewhat pessimistic, preferred to live away from people. Characteristic of him - died pipette in hand. Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman M.A. [Physics] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 Atomic Physicist. Molecular Diffraction of Light. Raman Effect. Structure, optical behaviour of iridescent substances. Acoustics, violin. Raman lost Nobel Prize money to fraudulent financer. Meeting fraudster years later, he said: You deserve Nobel Prize for your cunning in duping Nobel Laureate! Playful comment: Unfortunately Economics Nobel instituted later in 1969! Christiaan M. Eijkman The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929 Nobel co-recipient: Sir Frederick Hopkins Award: "for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin." Author H. Compton Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1927 Co-nobelist C.T.R. Wilson Award: "for his discovery of the effect named after him" Ludwig Quidde The Nobel Peace Prize 1927 Nobel co-recipient Ferdinand Buisson Historian. Member, German Parliament. Professor, Berlin University "â€¦Kant found the only assurance for peace in the idea that war would become so terrible and unbearable that human beings, even though they remain as morally weak as they now are, would be forced to work together for peaceâ€¦" Henri Bergson The Nobel Prize in Literature 1927 Philosopher, Essayist wrote in French. Rich and vitalizing ideas and brilliant skill in presentation. President, Commission for Intellectual Cooperation of League of Nations. Philosophical system demonstrating Nobel's idea of acknowledging with his Prizes, not human deeds but new ideas revealed through select personalities. Regain for man's consciousness the divine gift of intuition and to put reason in its proper place: serving and controlling ideas. Grazia Deledda Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1926 Italian writer. Idealistically inspired writings picture life with clarity. With depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general. Criticize moral norms and social values, but not criticize people who are victims of circumstances. Pet crow. Constant faith in humankind and in God George Bernard Shaw The Nobel Prize in Literature 1925 Award: "for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty." â€œThe reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself. Therefore, all progress depends on the unreasonable man.â€ Willem Einthoven Physician The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924 Physician, Physiologist. Discovered electrocardiogram [EKG/ECG] mechanism. It was known that heart generates weak electrical current varying in health, heart disease. Invented galvanometer recording these currents. Named electrical waves P, Q, R, S, T. [P petite; next letters in alphabet]. Interests: Physics, Acoustics, Asthma, Optics, Physical activity. Great concentration. Generous, Kind. Otto F. Meyerhof The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922 Nobel Co-recipient Archibald V. Hill Physician. Energy conversions in muscle. Fine experimenter, Physiological Chemist. Science should know no national barriers and prejudices. Scientists should pour oil smoothing real wisdom and rational self-reflection in agitated waves of national passions of people. This ethos of objectivity causes mutual understanding among nations. Consider all Nobel Prizes, 'Peace' Prizes. Jacinto Benavente The Nobel Prize in Literature 1922 Spanish dramatist. In happy manner he continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama. Chiefly writer of comedies of manners and of one-act farces. Upon pediatrician father, at death, leaving comfortable income, he abandoned law studies. "You meet the warrior when in battle but it is not until victory that you meet the gentleman". Fridtjof Nansen The Nobel Peace Prize 1922 Zoologist - Neuroscientist, Polar Explorer, Oceanographer, Humanitarian. 'Nansen Passports' for stateless refugees. Despite Russia then being suspect in Western nations, relief for 7,000,000 to 22,000,000 Russians dying of famine. Ministered to refugees - methods became classic: custodial care, repatriation, rehabilitation, resettlement, emigration, integration. Love of mankind is politics in practice. Anatole France The Nobel Prize in Literature 1921 Novelist, storyteller; almost all genres. Nobility of style, profound human sympathy, true Gallic temperament. Historical fiction evokes past civilizations with great charm, deep insight. Post-World War I. At Nobel ceremony Frenchman France turned to Nobelist, German Nernst, exchanged a long and cordial handshake with him - a profoundly symbolic gesture. Knut Pedersen Hamsun The Nobel Prize in Literature 1920 Norwegian writer. In youth, poverty stricken. Little formal education. Leader of Neo-Romantic revolt. Promoted individualism. Exciting description of nature. "I sat looking at her with rapt attention. What a wonderful pleasure to be sitting in a human dwelling again, and talk with a lively young girl instead of with myself!" Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam The Nobel Prize in Literature 1916 Swedish Poet, Writer. New era in Swedish literature. Perspectives to inner life. Love for ancestral hearth and for home of one's birth most strongly links man to life. "O Man, you will become wise only when you reach the summit of the evening-cool heights where all the earth is beheld" Rabindranath Tagore The Nobel Prize in Literature 1913 Indian Poet, Bangali, English. All literary genres. Voice of India's Spiritual Heritage. Social reformer. Promoted gender equality, empowerment of women. Indian National Movement participant. Mahathma Gandhi was his devoted friend. Founder, school in Shantiniketan. Author, National Anthem of India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka. "Love does not claim possession, but gives freedom." Henri La Fontaine The Nobel Peace Prize 1913 Lawyer, Socialist, Parliamentarian, Peace Activist. International Peace Bureau. Internationalism, "An Intellectual Parliament" for Humanity. Cofounder, Institut international de bibliographie. Education. Women's rights. Labor. Cultural achievements. When Germany invaded Belgium, 1914, "Peoples will be as before, the sheep sent to the slaughterhouses or to the meadows as it pleases the shepherds." Alfred Fried The Nobel Peace Prize 1911 Nobel Co-recipient Tobias Asser Publisher, Philosopher. Founder, Die Friedenswarte (peace publication). Permanent Court of Arbitration, Netherlands. Collaborator, Nobelist Bertha von Suttner. Propaganda for peace: war was proof of validity of pacifistic analysis of world politics. War is not in itself a condition so much as the symptom of a condition, that of international anarchy. Count Maurice (Mooris) Polidore Marie Bernhard Maeterlinck The Nobel Prize in Literature 1911 Belgian writer in French. Lawyer. Many-sided literary activities. Dramatic works distinguished by a wealth of imagination. Poetic fancy. Reveals deep inspiration. Appeals to readers' own feelings, stimulates their imaginations. When we lose one we love, our bitterest tears are called forth by the memory of hours when we loved not enough. Selma Ottolia Lovisa Lagerlöf The Nobel Prize in Literature 1909 Author. Lofty idealism, vivid imagination. Described peasant life, Nordic nature accompanied by ethical strength, deep religious feeling. Respect for Nature, Women's Causes. 1914, became member of the Swedish Academy which awards Nobel Prize for Literature. "Nothing on earth can make up for the loss of one who has loved you." Klas Pontus Arnoldson The Nobel Peace Prize 1908 Nobel Co-recipient Fredrik Bajer Parliamentarian, writer. Founder, Swedish Peace and Arbitration League. Inspiring orator. Without peace there is no freedom, individual or national. War and hostilities are a form of slavery. Under such conditions, laws are silent. Without peace there is nothing truly human. Peace is harmony. Harmony is the highest ideal of life. Rudolf Christoph Eucken The Nobel Prize in Literature 1908 Writer, Philosopher. Idealism raises our life to greatness above the hubbub of everyday life by representation of eternal truths; in midst of our dark situation it can strengthen our belief in reason of life. Only faith can enable us to cope with enormous obstacles, fill us with confidence of success. Ilya Mechnikov Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908 Nobel Co-recipient Paul Ehrlich Ukrainian Zoologist. Theory of cellular immunity. Father of Natural immunity. Research: Comparative embryology, Phagocytosis, Anthrax, Rabies. Weak eyesight, heart troubles, difficulties in University lead to pessimism. Twice attempted suicide. Discovery of phagocytosis completely changed his outlook on life; abandoned his pessimistic philosophy and determined to find further proof of hypothesis. Paul Ehrlich The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908 Nobel co-recipient Ilya Mechnikov Physician, Scientist. Immunologist, Hematology pioneer. Founded Chemotherapy. Classified stains. Stained tissues, blood cell granules, tubercle bacillus. Standardized sera. Idea: Drugsâ€™ chemical constitution related to action, affinity for cells against which directed. "Schwann established cell as biological unit. Concept of cell is axis around which whole modern science of life revolves" Alphonse Laveran Physician The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1907 Physician. "protozoa cause diseases." Malarial parasite discovery received with skepticism. Sleeping sickness. Trypanosomes in different animals, countries. 1914-1918 concern: troopsâ€™ health. â€œAfter vain attempt to detect parasite in air, water, soil; cultivate in varied media, I became convinced: microbe was already present outside human body as parasite, probably of mosquitoes.â€ Louis Renault The Nobel Peace Prize 1907 Nobel Co-recipient Ernesto Teodoro Moneta 'Oracle of International Law'. Practical Promoter of Peace. Teacher, judge, diplomat. International: private law, transport, military aviation, naval affairs, commercial paper used in international transactions. Jurists, journalists can pave way for reform of nefarious practices, influencing nation to give up barbaric measures which its government has been unwilling to renounce. Giosuè Carducci The Nobel Prize in Literature 1906 Nobel Co-recipient Ernesto Teodoro Moneta Poet, Senator. Wrote poetry as child. Excellent translator, literary historian, orator. Conducted research in every phase of literature and eloquently expressed his findings. Poetry inspired compatriots in war for Italian independence, enjoyed immense popularity at home and abroad. Greatest Italian literary figure in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Theodore Roosevelt The Nobel Peace Prize 1906 President, USA. International Peace Arbitrator, various treaties. Vigorous, businesslike. "We abhor bully, oppressor, in private or public life". Conservationist, protected 230,000,000 acres of public land. After camping in Yosemite National Park, "It was like lying in a great solemn cathedral, far vaster and more beautiful than any built by man." Santiago Cajal Doctor of Medicine, Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906 Co-nobelist: Camillo Golgi Physician, Anatomist, Pathologist, Artist. Discovered nervous system structure. Stained nerve cells with silver nitrate. Proved nerve cellâ€™s independence, impulse travels from one cell to another by synapse. Barberâ€™s, Shoemakerâ€™s apprentice. â€œOh comforting solitude, how favorable thou art to original thought!â€ â€œOutstanding work results from immense zeal applied to great idea.â€Â Bertha von Suttner The Nobel Peace Prize 1905 Generalissimo, Peace Movement. Author, 'Lay Down Your Arms'. Permanent International Peace Bureau. Vigorously opposed militaristic traditions. Eternal truth: happiness created, developed in peace. Eternal right: individual's right to live. "Inform me, convince me, and then I will do something great for the movement", Alfred Nobel said to Bertha von Suttner." John William Strutt The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904 "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies." Niels Ryberg Finsen M.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903 Physician. Founder, phototherapy in dermatology. Lupus vulgaris treatment. Researched salt. Despite having Niemann-Pick disease, strong willed, persevering. Denmark early education - Rector: "Niels is a very nice boy. His gifts are small; heâ€™s devoid of energy." Cause: fagging for older pupils. Moved to Iceland school; succeeded despite not knowing language. Svante Arrhenius The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903 Physicist, Physical Chemist. Electrolytic theory of dissociation â€œHumanity stands ... before a great problem of finding new raw materials, new sources of energy that shall never become exhausted. In the meantime, we must not waste what we have, but must leave as much as possible for coming generations.â€ - Arrhenius. Ivan Pavlov The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904 Award: "in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged." William Ramsay, KCBE, FRS The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1904 Inorganic, Organic, Physical chemist. Outstanding experimentalist. Discovered inert gaseous elements in air, determined their place in periodic system. Discovered argon, helium, krypton, neon, xenon. Molecular weights in liquid state. Stoichiometry, thermodynamics. Helium in radium emanations. "Noblest exercise of mind within doors, and most befitting a person of quality, is study." Randal Cremer The Nobel Peace Prize 1903 Co-founder, Inter-Parliamentary Union. Secretary, International Arbitration League. British Parliamentarian. World organizing. Prevent war. Founder, Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners. Upon entering into treaties of arbitration, the disputants would have time for reflection, for while arbitrators were deliberating, passions of contending parties would cool and chances of war greatly diminished. Élie Ducommun The Nobel Peace Prize 1902 Nobel co-recipient Albert Gobat Permanent International Peace Bureau [1910 Nobel Peace Prize]. Nobelist Passy's description: "exactitude, firmness." History Demonstrates War's Futility. Predicted, 1901: Despite modern weapons' destructiveness, wars will ebb, flow. Alfred Nobel's Contemporary. Nobel Chairperson Løvland, "You Swiss, with your sense of life's realities, have special gift for taking ideas from realm of dreams and turning them into realities." Ronald Ross, Physician The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902 Physician. Mosquitoes’ malarial parasites life-cycle. Mathematical models for epidemiology. Malaria prevention. Contributed to pure, applied mathematics. 'My microscope was worn out, screws rusted with sweat from hands, forehead; remaining eye-piece cracked; invaluable oil-immersion lens remained good.' 'Dingy military hospital, cracked microscope, medicine bottles - only laboratory and apparatus I possessed.' Hermann Fischer The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902 Sugar, purine syntheses. Produced phenylhydrazine. Artificial sugars. Purines from caffeine. Businessman father, â€œEmil too stupid to be business man; better be a student.â€ Sent him to study chemistry. â€œSciences arenâ€™t abstract constructions, but result of human endeavor; they are connected with personalities and fates of dedicated researchers who developed them.â€ Jacobus Hoff The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901 Prize motivation: "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions." Frédéric Passy The Nobel Peace Prize 1901 Nobel co-recipient: Henry Dunant Alfred Nobel's contemporary. Apostle of Peace, Humanitarian, Economist, Lawyer, Politician. Founder, French peace society. Free trade between independent nations promotes peace. Inspired by Nobelist Randal Cremer. Opposed France's colonial policy. 1905 Sweden-Norway conflict, declared, '...peaceful solution will make me hundred times happier than when I received Nobel Prize...' Wish fulfilled. Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen The Nobel Peace Prize 1901 "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him"
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	4	https://www.versilia.org/en/territory-of-versilia/culture/giosue-carducci	en	Giosuè Carducci, the first Italian Literature Nobel Prize	https://www.versilia.org…sue_carducci.jpg	https://www.versilia.org…sue_carducci.jpg	[ "https://www.versilia.org/media/contents/giosue_carducci.jpg", "https://www.versilia.org/media/gallerie/gallery/thumb_casa_carducci.jpg", "https://www.versilia.org/media/gallerie/gallery/thumb_casa-carducci-valdicastello.jpg", "https://www.versilia.org/media/gallerie/gallery/thumb_casa_carducci_valdicastello.jpg", "https://www.versilia.org/media/gallerie/gallery/thumb_casa-carducci-busto.jpg", "https://www.versilia.org/img/numeriprimi.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Pier Luca Mori" ]	2020-06-07T12:28:23	Giosuè Carducci was born in Versilia, in Valdicastello Carducci of Pietrasanta. The first Italian Literature Nobel Prize ...	en	/img/apple-touch-icon.png	Versilia.org	https://www.versilia.org/en/territory-of-versilia/culture/giosue-carducci	Giosuè Carducci was born in Versilia, in Valdicastello Carducci of Pietrasanta. The first Italian Literature Nobel Prize. Giosuè Carducci was born in Versilia, in Valdicastello Carducci of Pietrasanta. The first Italian Literature Nobel Prize. Sir Michele Carducci received his chemistry degree at Pisa University in 1833, worked for the company who handled mines in Valdicastello and his job was to assist the miners. He was forced to work in the period when people exploded mines and for this reason, he had to move from that area. Here, on the 30th April 1833, he married Ildegonda Celli. Giosuè Alessandro Michele Carducci was born in Valdicastello on the 27th July 1835. After the failure of the mine in 1836, Michele was fired. He later moved to Pontestazzemese. In 1906 Giosuè was awarded with the Literature Nobel Prize by the baron de Bildet, Swedish ambassador in Italy. The King Vittorio Emanuele has declared his hometown a national monument and it is now property of Pietrasanta. Now it is a museum and it is possible to visit it. A copy of the above mentioned act is inside. In the garden of the house, there is also a marble bust of the poet
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	67	https://www.abebooks.com/books/nobel-prize-in-literature-winners	en	Nobel Prize in Literature winners	https://assets.brightspot.abebooks.a2z.com/dims4/default/92ed360/2147483647/strip/true/crop/800x420+0+90/resize/1200x630!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fabebooks-brightspot.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe6%2F12%2F33e1ec2548ef9f929ade36f49b60%2Fnobel-prize-for-literature-image-promo.png	https://assets.brightspot.abebooks.a2z.com/dims4/default/92ed360/2147483647/strip/true/crop/800x420+0+90/resize/1200x630!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fabebooks-brightspot.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe6%2F12%2F33e1ec2548ef9f929ade36f49b60%2Fnobel-prize-for-literature-image-promo.png	[ "https://assets.brightspot.abebooks.a2z.com/dims4/default/9935ffb/2147483647/strip/true/crop/374x500+0+0/resize/748x1000!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fabebooks-brightspot.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F37%2F00%2Fd1941ce04f6c887c1bd326fffe0a%2F9781628971088-us.jpg 2x", "https://assets.brightspot.abebooks.a2z.com/dims4/default/6fe56be/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1240x930+0+0/resize/1600x1200!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fabebooks-brightspot.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fbd%2F58%2F54b371294866a0fac37dd5020a70%2Fkazuo-ishiguro-large-promo.png 2x", "https://assets.brightspot.abebooks.a2z.com/dims4/default/393db56/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1240x930+0+0/resize/1600x1200!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fabebooks-brightspot.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fd4%2Fc0%2F5234be7b40b78340d4212f0dcf67%2Fnational-book-award-promo.png 2x", "https://assets.brightspot.abebooks.a2z.com/dims4/default/1d579c5/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1240x930+0+0/resize/1600x1200!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fabebooks-brightspot.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fa8%2Fd9%2Fbbc1469f4af3ae7d64dbfba82125%2Flarge-promo-womens-prize.png 2x", "https://assets.prod.abebookscdn.com/cdn/shared/images/common/social/facebook.svg", "https://assets.prod.abebookscdn.com/cdn/shared/images/common/social/x-twitter.svg", "https://assets.prod.abebookscdn.com/cdn/shared/images/common/social/instagram.svg", "https://assets.prod.abebookscdn.com/cdn/shared/images/common/footer/abebooks-footer-logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "list of nobel writers", "nobel authors", "nobel prize for literature" ]	null	[]	2022-09-21T00:00:00	The Nobel Prize for Literature is the world’s most important international literary honor. Browse the complete list of winning authors since 1901.	en	https://www.abebooks.com/favicon.ico	AbeBooks	https://www.abebooks.com/books/nobel-prize-in-literature-winners	The Nobel Prize for Literature is the world’s most important international literary honor. Alfred Nobel - the Swedish scientist, engineer, and inventor - left his fortune to establish awards for physics, chemistry, physiology/medicine, peace, and literature. The prizes began in 1901, and the first winner for literature was the French poet and essayist Sully Prudhomme. The winner is decided by a committee consisting of members from the Swedish Academy, which was founded in 1786. The Swedish Academy features 18 people of note – such as writers, scholars, and historians - who have the role for life. The prize is awarded for a writer’s overall body of work although individual works of importance have been cited at times. Past winners include Annie Ernaux, Ernest Hemingway, Albert Camus, Hermann Hesse, José Saramago, Pablo Neruda, Kazuo Ishiguro, and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. Swedish author Selma Lagerlöf was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1909. The Nobel Prize looks for excellence in more than just fiction. Non-fiction authors (Winston Churchill and Bertrand Russell), poets (such as T.S. Eliot), playwrights (such as Harold Pinter and Nelly Sachs), a short story writer (Alice Munro), and even a singer/songwriter, Bob Dylan, have been honored. The 2023 winner is Jon Fosse, one of Norway’s most prominent and celebrated playwrights and novelists. His works, often marked by their minimalist style and deep existential themes, explore the interior lives of rather solitary characters. He published his first novel, “Red, Black,” in 1983, and his debut play Someone Is Going to Come followed in 1992. His work A New Name: Septology VI-VII was a finalist for the International Booker Prize in 2022 and his other major works include Melancholy; Morning and Evening and Aliss at the Fire.
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	2	93	http://danteact.org.au/langolo-della-poesia-18-2/	en	L’ANGOLO DELLA POESIA	http://danteact.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Carducci.jpg	http://danteact.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Carducci.jpg	[ "http://danteact.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Dante-logo_tagline.png", "http://danteact.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Carducci-402x260.jpg", "http://danteact.org.au/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-social-media-icons/images/icons_theme/default/default_subscribe.png", "http://danteact.org.au/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-social-media-icons/images/icons_theme/default/default_facebook.png", "http://danteact.org.au/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-social-media-icons/images/visit_icons/Visit_us_fb/icon_Visit_us_en_US.png", "http://danteact.org.au/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-social-media-icons/images/share_icons/fb_icons/en_US.svg", "http://danteact.org.au/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-social-media-icons/images/icons_theme/default/default_twitter.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Dante Editor" ]	2021-04-29T03:19:16+00:00	The poems of Giosuè Carducci were some of my favourites during my school years including the one below, with its echoes of autumn. Carducci was born in 1875 in the province of Lucca and died at Bol…	en	http://dantecanberra.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/favicon-dante.png	Dante Alighieri Society of Canberra	http://danteact.org.au/langolo-della-poesia-18-2/	The poems of Giosuè Carducci were some of my favourites during my school years including the one below, with its echoes of autumn. Carducci was born in 1875 in the province of Lucca and died at Bologna in 1907. In 1906 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, the first Italian to receive the prestigious award. Carducci, a high school teacher and subsequently professor of Italian literature at the University of Bologna, was a prolific writer and poet who also translated works of literature from Greek and German. One of his students at the university was the young poet Giovanni Pascoli, who subsequently succeeded him at the university. Carducci’s early poetry was inspired by the ‘stilonovo’ [new style] of Dante and Petrarch. Carducci is particularly relevant to us as he led a group of intellectuals in founding the Dante Alighieri Society in 1889 – with the aim of promoting the Italian language and culture. San Martino La nebbia agli irti colli piovigginando sale, e sotto il maestrale urla e biancheggia il mar; ma per le vie del borgo dal ribollir de’ tini va l’aspro odor dei vini l’anime a rallegrar. Gira su’ ceppi accesi lo spiedo scoppiettando: sta il cacciator fischiando su l’uscio a rimirar tra le rossastre nubi stormi d’uccelli neri, com’esuli pensieri, nel vespero migrar. Here is a translation of Saint Martin’s Day found on the internet: The fog to the bare hills / soars in the thin rain, / and below the wind / howls and churns the sea; yet through the hamlet’s alleys / from the fermenting casks / goes the pungent scent of wines / to touch a soul with glee. On the firewood, turns / the skewer crackling: / stands the hunter whistling, / on the threshold to see in the reddening clouds / flocks of black birds, / like exiled thoughts / as in the dusk they flee. Yvette Alberti
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	30	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-literature/all/	en	All Nobel Prizes in Literature	https://www.nobelprize.o…size-496x328.jpg	https://www.nobelprize.o…size-496x328.jpg	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	All Nobel Prizes in Literature	en	https://www.nobelprize.o…avicon-50x50.png	NobelPrize.org	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-literature	The Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded 116 times to 120 Nobel Prize laureates between 1901 and 2023. Click on the links to get more information. Find all prizes in \| physics \| chemistry \| physiology or medicine \| literature \| peace \| economic sciences \| all categories The Nobel Prize in Literature 2024 The Nobel Prize in Literature 2024 will be announced on Thursday 10 October, 13:00 CEST at the earliest. The Nobel Prize in Literature 2023 “for his innovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2022 “for the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2021 “for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2020 “for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2019 “for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2018 “for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2017 “who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2016 “for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2015 “for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2014 “for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2013 “master of the contemporary short story” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2012 “who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2011 “because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2010 “for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2009 “who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2008 “author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2007 “that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2006 “who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2005 “who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2004 “for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2003 “who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2002 “for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2001 “for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2000 “for an œuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1999 “whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1998 “who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1997 “who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1996 “for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1995 “for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1994 “who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1993 “who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1992 “for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1991 “who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1990 “for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1989 “for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1988 “who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1987 “for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1986 “who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1985 “who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1984 “for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1983 “for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1982 “for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1981 “for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1980 “who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1979 “for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1978 “for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1977 “for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1976 “for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1975 “for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1974 “for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom” “for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1973 “for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1972 “for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1971 “for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1970 “for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1969 “for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1968 “for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1967 “for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1966 “for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people” “for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1965 “for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1964 “for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1963 “for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1962 “for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1961 “for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1960 “for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1959 “for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1958 “for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1957 “for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1956 “for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1955 “for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1954 “for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1953 “for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1952 “for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1951 “for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1950 “in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1949 “for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1948 “for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1947 “for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1946 “for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1945 “for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944 “for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1943 “No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1942 “No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1941 “No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1940 “No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1939 “for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1938 “for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1937 “for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les Thibault” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1936 “for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1935 “No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1934 “for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1933 “for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1932 “for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1931 “The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1930 “for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1929 “principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1928 “principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1927 “in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1926 “for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1925 “for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1924 “for his great national epic, The Peasants” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1923 “for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1922 “for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1921 “in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1920 “for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1919 “in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1918 “No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1917 “for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals” “for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1916 “in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1915 “as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1914 “No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1913 “because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1912 “primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1911 “in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1910 “as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1909 “in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1908 “in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1907 “in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1906 “not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1905 “because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1904 “in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist” “in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1903 “as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1902 “the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A history of Rome” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1901 “in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect” To cite this section MLA style: All Nobel Prizes in Literature. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Wed. 24 Jul 2024. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-literature>
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wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	2	1	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1906/summary/	en	The Nobel Prize in Literature 1906	https://www.nobelprize.o…scape-medium.jpg	https://www.nobelprize.o…scape-medium.jpg	[ "https://www.nobelprize.org/images/carducci-12849-portrait-medium.jpg", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2023/10/nobelprizes_2023-1024x676.jpg", "https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/images/spinner.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	The Nobel Prize in Literature 1906 was awarded to Giosuè Carducci "not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces"	en	https://www.nobelprize.o…avicon-50x50.png	NobelPrize.org	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1906/summary/	The Nobel Prize in Literature 1906 was awarded to Giosuè Carducci "not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces" To cite this section MLA style: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1906. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Wed. 24 Jul 2024. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1906/summary/> Back to top Back To Top Takes users back to the top of the page Nobel Prizes and laureates Eleven laureates were awarded a Nobel Prize in 2023, for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. Their work and discoveries range from effective mRNA vaccines and attosecond physics to fighting against the oppression of women. See them all presented here.
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	10	https://www.vaia.com/en-us/explanations/italian/italian-social-issues/italian-nobel-laureates/	en	Italian Nobel Laureates: Physics, Literature	https://website-cdn.stud…icon-120x122.png	https://website-cdn.stud…icon-120x122.png	[ "https://www.vaia.com/app/themes/studypress-core-theme/dist/assets/images/logos/vaia.svg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de/sites/21/2024/07/subject-other.svg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de/sites/21/2024/07/book-closed.svg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de/sites/21/2024/07/flashcard.svg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de/sites/21/2024/07/ai.svg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de/sites/21/2024/07/note.svg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de/sites/21/2024/07/calendar.svg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de/sites/21/2024/07/folder-plus.svg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de/sites/21/2024/07/file-question-02.svg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de/sites/21/2024/07/Flashcards-Image.jpg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de/sites/21/2024/07/Study-Set-Image.jpg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de/sites/21/2024/07/Notes-Image.jpg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de/sites/21/2024/07/Study-Plan-Image.jpg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de/sites/21/2024/07/book-open-01.svg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de/sites/21/2024/07/briefcase-01.svg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de/sites/21/2024/07/phone-01.svg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de/sites/21/2024/07/Magazine-Image.jpg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de/sites/21/2024/07/Our-App-Image.jpg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de/sites/21/2024/07/subject-other.svg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de/sites/21/2024/07/book-closed.svg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de/sites/21/2024/07/flashcard.svg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de/sites/21/2024/07/ai.svg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de/sites/21/2024/07/note.svg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de/sites/21/2024/07/calendar.svg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de/sites/21/2024/07/folder-plus.svg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de/sites/21/2024/07/file-question-02.svg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de/sites/21/2024/07/book-open-01.svg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de/sites/21/2024/07/briefcase-01.svg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de/sites/21/2024/07/phone-01.svg", "https://www.vaia.com/app/themes/studypress-core-theme/dist/assets/images/explanations/welcome-laptop.png", "https://www.vaia.com/app/themes/studypress-core-theme/dist/assets/images/explanations/welcome-mobile.png", "https://www.vaia.com/app/themes/studypress-core-theme/dist/assets/images/ab-test/ai-header-AB.png", "https://www.vaia.com/app/themes/studypress-core-theme/dist/assets/images/ab-test/ai-header-AB.png", "https://www.vaia.com/app/themes/studypress-core-theme/dist/assets/images/explanations/flashcards-listx2.png", "https://www.vaia.com/app/themes/studypress-core-theme/dist/assets/images/explanations/flashcards-list-mobile.png", "https://www.vaia.com/app/themes/studypress-core-theme/dist/assets/images/explanations/about.webp", "https://www.vaia.com/app/themes/studypress-core-theme/dist/assets/images/explanations/about-logo.png", "https://www.vaia.com/app/themes/studypress-core-theme/dist/assets/images/explanations/sidebar-logo.webp", "https://www.vaia.com/app/themes/studypress-core-theme/dist/assets/images/tbs/cta-desktop@1x.png", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de/sites/21/2024/03/Vaia_Logo_Single-Colour-1.svg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de//sites/5/sites/5/2022/08/us-flag.png", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de//sites/5/sites/5/2022/08/en-flag.png", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de//sites/5/sites/5/2022/08/es-flag.png", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de//sites/5/sites/5/2022/08/de-flag.png", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de//sites/5/sites/5/2022/08/fr-flag.png", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de//sites/5/sites/5/2022/08/it-flag.png", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de//sites/5/sites/5/2021/12/LKVIUFzH-0t5upqTu-app-store.svg", "https://website-cdn.studysmarter.de//sites/5/sites/5/2021/12/hiXi9mY6-jhXhbghR-google-play.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Italian Nobel Laureates: ✓ Achievements ✓ Contributions ✓ Discoveries. VaiaOriginal!	en	https://website-cdn.stud…icon-120x122.png	Vaia	https://www.vaia.com/en-us/explanations/italian/italian-social-issues/italian-nobel-laureates/	Italian Nobel Laureates in Literature Biographies Italian Nobel Laureates in Literature have greatly contributed to the growth and development of literature, showcasing Italy's rich cultural heritage and its significant impact on global literature. The lives of these laureates provide fascinating insights into the journeys and achievements that have been recognised by the Nobel Prize in Literature. Exploring the Lives of Italian Nobel Prize Winners in Literature Giosuè Carducci, celebrated for his classical poetry, was the first Italian to be honoured with the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1906. His life’s work reflects deep patriotism and a revival of classical themes, embodying the Italian spirit of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.Luigi Pirandello, awarded in 1934, dramatically changed the landscape of modern drama with his exploration of the human condition. His plays question the nature of reality and identity, showcasing his innovative spirit.Salvatore Quasimodo, honoured in 1959, was a prominent figure in the Hermetic movement. His poetry, known for its lyrical intensity and exploration of human emotions, deeply resonates with themes of suffering and love.Their contributions have not only enriched Italian literature but also left an indelible mark on world literature. The Journey to the Nobel: Stories of Italian Laureates Giosuè Carducci was a revered professor and poet who drew inspiration from the classics to invigorate Italian literary traditions. His pioneering spirit led him to become the first Italian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, setting a precedent for future Italian laureates.Luigi Pirandello faced personal tragedy and lived through turbulent times, which deeply influenced his groundbreaking works in drama. His innovative approach to narrative and identity made him a pivotal figure in the development of theatrical arts.Salvatore Quasimodo emerged from the shadow of World War II with a poetic voice that captured the collective consciousness of a war-torn Europe. His evocative portrayals of human despair and resilience struck a chord with the Nobel Committee, earning him one of the highest accolades in literature.The journeys of these Italian Nobel Laureates in Literature underscore the profound impact of personal experiences and historical contexts on literary creation and recognition. Nobel Prize Winning Italian Literary Works Explained Italian Nobel Laureates in Literature have greatly contributed to global literature with their masterpieces, often reflecting Italy's rich cultural and historical landscape. Understanding these works provides insights into the themes and innovations that have shaped modern literature. Understanding the Masterpieces: Italian Nobel Laureates' Contributions The masterpieces of Italian Nobel Laureates are renowned for their reflection of Italy's rich history, social norms, and human psyche. From Giosuè Carducci's revival of classical themes to Luigi Pirandello’s exploration of the nature of reality, these works showcase a breadth of literary styles and philosophical inquiries.Salvatore Quasimodo's poetry, for example, delves deep into the human condition, portraying both the despair and hope that arose from the calamities of the 20th century. Each laureate’s contribution has added a unique flavour to the tapestry of global literature. Hermeticism: A literary movement that emerged in Italy in the early 20th century, focusing on the use of symbolic language to express emotions and sensations. Salvatore Quasimodo was a prominent figure in this movement. Example: Ed è subito sera (And Suddenly It's Evening) by Salvatore Quasimodo is a prime example of Hermetic poetry, encapsulating the brevity of life and the inevitability of death in just a few lines. Pirandello’s plays, such as Six Characters in Search of an Author, challenge traditional narrative structures, allowing characters to interact with their creators. Decoding the Themes in Works of Italian Nobel Laureates in Literature The works of Italian Nobel Laureates in Literature present themes that are both universal and deeply rooted in Italian culture. Identity and reality: Luigi Pirandello’s works question the essence of reality and individual identity, making groundbreaking contributions to modern drama and philosophy. Classical heritage and patriotism: Giosuè Carducci’s poetry celebrates Italy’s classical heritage and the unification of Italy, reflecting national pride and historical consciousness. Human suffering and resilience: Salvatore Quasimodo’s verses offer a poignant look into the human soul, exploring themes of despair, love, and hope against the backdrop of war and adversity. The examination of these themes not only reveals the depth of Italian literature but also offers a mirror to the human condition, transcending spatial and temporal boundaries. Luigi Pirandello was not only a playwright but also a novelist and poet, offering a diverse portfolio that delves into the complexities of human psychology. His innovative narrative techniques, including the breaking of the fourth wall and the fluidity of characters’ identities, have influenced countless artists and writers beyond the realm of literature, such as in film and theatre. This interdisciplinary impact underscores the transformative power of Italian Nobel Laureates' works on a global scale. Themes in Works of Italian Nobel Laureates in Literature The works of Italian Nobel Laureates in Literature are a profound exploration of themes that delve into the essence of human experience, societal norms, and the rich tapestry of Italian heritage. These themes not only showcase the literary prowess of the laureates but also mirror Italy's cultural and historical complexities. Exploring Recurrent Themes in Italian Nobel Literature Italian Nobel literature is typified by a few recurrent themes that are evident across the works of laureates such as Giosuè Carducci, Luigi Pirandello, and Salvatore Quasimodo. These themes include: Existential struggles and the human condition: Reflecting on the complexities of existence and the multifaceted nature of human emotions and experiences. Identity and alienation: The quest for self-discovery and the feeling of being disconnected from society or oneself. The impact of history and culture: How Italy's rich history and cultural evolution influence individual lives and societal norms. Nature and beauty: A celebration of the natural world and the artistic heritage of Italy, often as a source of inspiration and contemplation. How Italian Social Issues Are Reflected in Nobel Literature Italian Nobel Laureates in Literature have skillfully woven social issues into the fabric of their narratives, reflecting the socio-political landscapes of their times. Class struggle and social inequality: Themes addressing the disparities between social classes and the impact of socio-economic factors on individuals and communities. War and its aftermath: The devastating effects of wars, particularly the World Wars, on human lives, relationships, and societies as a whole. Modernisation and loss of tradition: The tension between the encroaching forces of modernity and the preservation of Italy's rich cultural and historical traditions. Through their literary works, these laureates offer a lens through which to examine and understand the evolving social fabric of Italy. Existentialism: A philosophical theory that emphasizes individual freedom, choice, and subjective experiences. This theory often underpins themes of existential struggles in literature, highlighting the inherent uncertainties and complexities of human life. Example: Luigi Pirandello’s play Six Characters in Search of an Author exemplifies the theme of identity and alienation, as it presents characters who are conscious of being fictional yet seeking their own distinct realities and truths within the confines of a playwright’s world. The impact of World War II on Italian society and its reflection in literature is profound. Salvatore Quasimodo’s poems, rooted in the Hermeticism movement, deeply articulate the anguish and devastation of the war. His verse not only explores the personal and collective loss but also hope and human resilience. This exploration offers a poignant commentary on the scars left by the war on Italy's landscape and its people, serving as a testament to the enduring spirit and the painful recovery in the aftermath of destruction. Giosuè Carducci’s admiration for Italy’s classical past and his aspirations for the nation’s future often led him to juxtapose ancient Roman virtues with contemporary Italian society, offering a unique perspective on the modernisation and loss of tradition. Impact of Italian Nobel Laureates on Modern Literature The contributions of Italian Nobel Laureates in Literature have significantly influenced the landscape of modern literature. Their innovative narratives, profound exploration of themes, and stylistic brilliance have not only enriched Italian literature but also had a lasting impact on global literary traditions. The Legacy of Italian Nobel Prize Winners in Literature Italian Nobel Prize winners in Literature such as Giosuè Carducci, Luigi Pirandello, and Salvatore Quasimodo have left an indelible mark on literature with their unique contributions. Each laureate brought forward a distinct voice that resonated with both Italian and international audiences, elevating the global status of Italian literature.Their works are celebrated for their deep engagement with societal, philosophical, and personal themes. From Carducci’s celebration of Italian nationalism and classical heritage to Pirandello’s examination of the fluidity of identity and Quasimodo’s lyrical portrayal of human emotions amidst the ravages of war, these Italian laureates have broadened the horizons of literary exploration. Modern Literature: A term referring to literature written from the late 19th century through the 20th century, characterising a break from traditional ways of writing, in style and subject matter. It often includes a focus on individual consciousness and a departure from linear narratives. Example: Sei personaggi in cerca d'autore (Six Characters in Search of an Author) by Luigi Pirandello, a landmark play, exemplifies the break from traditional narrative forms. It introduces characters that are self-aware and in conflict with the author, thereby questioning the nature of reality and the role of theatre. How Italian Nobel Laureates Shaped Contemporary Literature The influence of Italian Nobel Laureates in Literature extends beyond the boundaries of the country and era in which they wrote, significantly shaping the course of contemporary literature. Their innovative approaches to narrative structure, characterisation, and theme exploration have inspired writers and artists across the globe. Giosuè Carducci’s integration of classical and national themes offered a bridge between Italy’s past and its burgeoning national identity, inspiring a sense of unity and pride in Italian heritage. Luigi Pirandello’s challenge to conventional perceptions of reality and identity has paved the way for postmodern and existential thought in literature, influencing countless genres including theatre, novel, and film. Salvatore Quasimodo’s emotive communication of the human condition through his hermetic poetry has deepened literature’s capacity for emotional expression and introspection, particularly in the face of adversity and socio-political turmoil. Pirandello's contribution to literature through plays like Six Characters in Search of an Author went beyond the theoretical exploration of narrative and identity. His practical application in the form of theatre introduced a new way of engaging with the audience, establishing a direct dialogue that questioned the very fabric of reality. This was not only innovative for its time but also had a profound influence on later avant-garde movements and contemporary performance arts, encouraging a more interactive and introspective form of theatre that continues to resonate today. While the explicit contributions of Italian Nobel Laureates like Quasimodo are often celebrated for their poetic achievements, the subtle yet profound influence on encouraging literary expression amidst political and social upheaval is a critical component of their legacy. Italian Nobel Laureates - Key takeaways Italian Nobel Laureates in Literature have had a significant impact on modern literature, often reflecting Italy's cultural and historical narratives. Giosuè Carducci, the first Italian Nobel Laureate in Literature, is known for his classical poetry that stirred Italian patriotism and the revival of classical themes. Luigi Pirandello’s works challenged traditional dramatic and narrative structures, innovating modern drama with themes of reality and identity. Salvatore Quasimodo, a key figure in the Hermetic movement, explored human emotions and the human condition, particularly in the context of war and suffering. Themes prevalent in the works of Italian Nobel Laureates include existential struggles, identity, social issues, the impact of history and culture, and nature's beauty.
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The Nobel Prize is an international award administered by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm, Sweden. Every year since 1901 the Nobel Prize has been awarded for achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and for peace. This page lists the winners of the literature category. For the other categories and for some history of the Nobel Prize, browse our Nobel Prizes page. See more literary prize winners. 2023 Jon Fosse Norway The Nobel Prize in Literature 2023 was awarded to Jon Fosse "for his innovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable". Find books by Jon Fosse in our collection 2022 Annie Ernaux France The Nobel Prize in Literature 2022 was awarded to Annie Ernaux "for the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory". Find books by Annie Ernaux in our collection 2021 Abdulrazak Gurnah, Zanzibar; Tanzania; United Kingdom Biobibliographical notes 2020 Louise Glück, U. S. A 2019 Peter Handke, Austria 2018 (This award was postponed and announced at the same time of the 2019 winner) Olga Tokarczuk, Poland 2017 Kazuo Ishiguro, United Kingdom 2016 Bob Dylan, U.S.A. 2015 Svetlana Aleksievich, Belarus 2014 Patrick Modiano, France 2013 Alice Munro, Canada 2012 Mo Yan, China 2011 Tomas Tranströmer, Sweden 2010 Mario Vargas Llosa, Peru 2009 Herta Müller, Germany 2008 Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio, France 2007 Doris Lessing, United Kingdom 2006 Orhan Pamuk, Turkey 2005 Harold Pinter, United Kingdom 2004 Elfriede Jelinek, Austria 2003 John Maxwell Coetzee, South Africa 2002 Imre Kertész, Hungary 2001 V. S. Naipaul, Great Britain 2000 Gao Xingjian, China 1999 Günter Grass, Germany 1998 José Saramago, Portugal 1997 Dario Fo, Italy 1996 Wislawa Szymborska, Poland 1995 Seamus Heaney, Ireland 1994 Kenzaburo Oe, Japan 1993 Toni Morrison, U.S.A. 1992 Derek Walcott, Trinidad 1991 Nadine Gordimer, South Africa 1990 Octavio Paz, Mexico 1989 Camilo José Cela, Spain 1988 Naguib Mahfouz, Egypt 1987 Joseph Brodsky, U.S.S.R. 1986 Wole Soyinka, Nigeria 1985 Claude Simon, France 1984 Jaroslav Seifert, Czechoslavakia 1983 William Golding, United Kingdom 1982 Gabriel García Márquez, Colombia 1981 Elias Canetti, United Kingdom 1980 Czeslaw Milosz, Poland/U.S.A. 1979 Odysseus Elytis, Greece 1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer, U.S.A 1977 Vicente Aleixandre, Spain 1976 Saul Bellow, U.S.A. 1975 Eugenio Montale, Italy 1974 Eyvind Johnson, Sweden Harry Martinson, Sweden 1973 Patrick White, Australia 1972 Heinrich Böll, Federal Republic of Germany 1971 Pablo Neruda, Chile 1970 Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn, U.S.S.R. 1969 Samuel Beckett, Ireland 1968 Yasunari Kawabata, Japan 1967 Miguel A. Asturias, Guatemala 1966 Shmuel Yosef Agnon, Israel Nelly Sachs, Germany 1965 Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov, U.S.S.R. 1964 Jean-Paul Sartre, France (declined) 1963 Giorgos Seferis, Greece 1962 John Steinbeck, U.S.A. 1961 Ivo Andric, Yugoslavia 1960 Saint-John Perse, France 1959 Salvatore Quasimodo, Italy 1958 Boris Leonidovich Pasternak, U.S.S.R. 1957 Albert Camus, France 1956 Juan Ramón Jiménez, Spain 1955 Halldór Laxness, Iceland 1954 Ernest Hemingway, U.S.A. 1953 Winston Churchill, United Kingdom 1952 François Mauriac, France 1951 Pär Lagerkvist, Sweden 1950 Bertrand Russell, United Kingdom 1949 William Faulkner, U.S.A. 1948 T. S. Eliot, United Kingdom 1947 André Gide, France 1946 Hermann Hesse, Switzerland 1945 Gabriela Mistral, Chile 1944 Johannes V. Jensen, Denmark 1943 No Award 1942 No Award 1941 No Award 1940 No Award 1939 Frans Eemil Sillanpää, Finland 1938 Pearl S. Buck, U.S.A. 1937 Roger Martin du Gard, France 1936 Eugene O’Neill, U.S.A. 1935 No Award 1934 Luigi Pirandello, Italy 1933 Ivan Alekseevich Bunin, Stateless 1932 John Galsworthy, United Kingdom 1931 Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Sweden 1930 Sinclair Lewis, U.S.A. 1929 Thomas Mann, Germany 1928 Sigrid Undset, Norway 1927 Henri Bergson, France 1926 Grazia Deledda, Italy 1925 George Bernard Shaw, United Kingdom 1924 Wladyslaw Reymont, Poland 1923 William Butler Yeats, Ireland 1922 Jacinto Benavente, Spain 1921 Anatole France, France 1920 Knut Hamsun, Norway 1919 Carl Spitteler, Switzerland 1918 No Award 1917 Karl Gjellerup, Denmark Henrik Pontoppidan, Denmark 1916 Verner von Heidenstam, Sweden 1915 Romain Rolland, France 1914 No Award 1913 Rabindranath Tagore, India 1912 Gerhart Hauptmann, Germany 1911 Maurice Maeterlinck, Belgium 1910 Paul Heyse, Germany 1909 Selma Lagerlöf, Sweden 1908 Rudolf Eucken, Germany 1907 Rudyard Kipling, United Kingdom 1906 Giosuè Carducci, Italy 1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz, Poland 1904 José Echegaray, Spain Frédéric Mistral, France 1903 Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Norway 1902 Theodor Mommsen, Germany
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	51	https://www.seps.it/node/4163	en	Grant for Nobel			[ "https://www.seps.it/sites/default/files/seps_logo_1.jpg", "https://www.seps.it/sites/default/files/seps_logo_1.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		it	/themes/contrib/seps/favicon.ico		https://www.seps.it/node/4163	Project for the assignment of grants for the translation of the work I premi Nobel italiani Stemming from an original idea, I premi Nobel italiani was edited by a committee set up by the University of Bologna with support from the SEPS, whose aim it was to bring to the forefront and make known Italian Nobel Prize winners through a study carried out with a fresh approach. In this work, each leading figure has been analyzed in relation both to the reasons for the prize and to its sociocultural consequences. The study is the result of the original work of a team of more than 30 scholars and researchers from the University of Bologna and from other universities, backed up by a large and experienced editorial staff. Indeed, all work on the book was coordinated by a reputable research committee, operating under supervision of an SEPS scientific commission. Further worth mentioning is the decision to call attention not only to the 20 Nobel Prize winners, but also to the figure of Enrico Bombieri, the 1974 winner of the Fields Medal, the most coveted international award in mathematics, a branch of great scientific value not taken into account by Nobel Prizes. To aid the international diffusion of this study, the SEPS will provide financial support to publishers interested in undertaking its translation in other languages. The measure of the grant will be determined through the assessment of the proposals put forward by the international publishers themselves. To facilitate the project, the SEPS will transfer the copyrights free of charge, send interested parties 3 copies of the book and will support the promotion of the translated text. To participate in the project, publishers have to complete the appropriate application form below and provide the requested documentation. The SEPS will evaluate requests and finance the projects it deems worthy. Book summary Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been the most important international recognition in the field of knowledge. The relationship between Alfred Nobel and Italy dates back to the very origin of the prize. Alfred Nobel elaborated his will during his stay in Sanremo, where he spent the last six years of his life. His last wish was to reward those who conferred the “greatest benefit on mankind” by setting up a fund that would ensure their symbolic and material gratification. It is now indisputable that the people awarded a Nobel Prize have given an important contribution to the advancement of humanity’s cultural and scientific knowledge, and that Italy has offered in every field personalities of undeniable international stature, such as Guglielmo Marconi, Enrico Fermi, Rita Levi-Montalcini, Franco Modigliani, Giosue Carducci, Luigi Pirandello and Eugenio Montale. For these reasons, the SEPS views the Nobel Prize as an objective, effective and internationally recognized tool and parameter with which to identify, rediscover and in some cases perhaps “bring back to light” some of the most prominent figures that Italy has been able to produce throughout the 20th century and during the first part of the new millennium. Contrary to what one might think, not all Italian Nobel Prize winners achieved and maintained a fame equal to their contribution to society. To this day some of them are little studied and little known, and until now there was a lack of texts analyzing in depth all the elements specifically linked to the assignment of the prize, from the inquiry into the reasons for the assignment to the consequences of the latter on the scientific and cultural landscape. Thus, the original work I premi Nobel italiani is the result of an innovative project of great scientific interest, which aims to bring together within a single framework disciplinary fields that are extremely diverse and to share with a broad public salient moments in the history of Italian and international knowledge. Indeed, it is impossible to retrace the scientific path of Nobel Prize winners in purely nationalistic terms: it was precisely the international dimension (in logistical terms as well) of their research, and of the outcome of their research, that made these people worthy of the prize. It is only fair, then, that this text should be allowed to circulate in other countries and in other languages, abiding by the idea of universality of knowledge that inspires the SEPS’ activities. This research possesses the following elements of originality: All the writings have never been published before; For the first time, all Italian Nobel Prize winners are investigated in a single study; For the first time, special attention is drawn to the sociocultural consequences and ramifications of the assignment of the prize; A specific investigation is carried out into the criteria for the award of Nobel Prizes; This work is made up of never-before-published and updated historical-iconographic research on original sources and archive material; All the professionals involved are researchers, scholars and experts in each field of reference.
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	1	33	https://github.com/ali-ce/datasets/blob/master/Nobel-Database/Winners.csv	en	datasets/Nobel-Database/Winners.csv at master · ali-ce/datasets	https://opengraph.githubassets.com/e6f88454e9accecba8a30327ed8045f4e580bd902a8b82edaaf2fa07859f1e27/ali-ce/datasets	https://opengraph.githubassets.com/e6f88454e9accecba8a30327ed8045f4e580bd902a8b82edaaf2fa07859f1e27/ali-ce/datasets	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "ali-ce" ]	null	My datasets - Original data or Aggregated / cleaned / restructured existing datasets. Released here under Creative Commons B - datasets/Nobel-Database/Winners.csv at master · ali-ce/datasets	en	https://github.com/fluidicon.png	GitHub	https://github.com/ali-ce/datasets/blob/master/Nobel-Database/Winners.csv	Skip to content Navigation Menu
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	2	66	http://faculty.webster.edu/corbetre/personal/reading/carducci-poems.html	en	By Giosue Carducci POEMS			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Reviews of Nobel Prize winner \| Comments on all Shakespeare's plays \| Poetry reviews \| Multiple reviews of same author \| Haiti books \| POEMS By Giosue Carducci London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1907 175 pages Bob Corbett November 2014 This translation by T. Fisher Unwin was published in 1907, the year after Giosue Carducci had won the Nobel Prize for Literature, and the year of his death. Some notes from the introduction by Maud Holland His poetry is opposed to the spirit of Christianity. While he had serious political differences with Pope Pius IX, the roots of his animosity was not political or religious, but historical. He felt much closer to an ancient Greek conception of reality than to a Christian one. Despite that philosophical fight, toward his later years he was attracted to the concept of the Virgin Mary. Maud Holland thinks the best of Carduccis poems are those . . . verses in which Carducci deals with the common things of earth. In reading this volume I came very much to agree with Holland, at least about the poems in this collection. Some are historical and left me on the outside, since I have too knowledge of the little details of Italian history. But, the poems set in nature were often touching and attractive for me. Holland compares Carducci to famous English poets to help the reader of this English version: Less sensuous than Keats, but equally penetrated with the beauty of earth, Carducci is perhaps comparable to Wordsworth, but unlike that, unlike the English poet, he never moralizes on such subjects, but always leaves the things, and the emotions they evoke, to speak for themselves. NOTES ON THE POETRY ALONG THE WAY The poems of this volume are mainly very short, just a few lines which, like a simple straight-forward, but soft and elegant painting, leaving a verbal picture in ones head. Samples of this sort of poem are two animal poems, one The Ox and the other, To A Donkey. Pleasant, a bit touching, very straight forward: The Ox I love thee, O mild ox; a sentiment Of strength and peace thou bringest unto me Whether as solemn as a monument Thou gazest oer the fields, fertile and free, Or whether bowing to the yoke content Mans nimble work is seconded by thee; He shouts, he lifts the goad: with slow gaze bent Thy patient eyes answer his urgency. From the broad nostrils, black and moist, arise Breaths of the spirit, like a joyous strain The bellowing voice upon the calm air dies; Ample and quiet is mirrored once again, Austerely sweet within the sea-deep eyes, Green and divine the silence of the plain. The other I so enjoyed is To A Donkey: O ancient patience, wherefore does thou gaze Across the hedge upon the eastern skies, Through the elder branches, oer the flowery maze Of fragrant white-thorn with moist kindling eyes? Why does thou bray to heaven with dolorous cries? Is it not Love, O rogue, that woos thy days? What memory scourges thee? What hope that flies Spurred on thy tired life down aching ways? Art dreaming of Arabian deserts free Where, matched in rivalry of fortitude, Thou with the steeds of Job didst turn and flee? Or wouldst thou fly to Hellas solitude, Calling on Homer, who does like thee To Telamonian Ajax unsubdued? However in Idyll of the Maremma he looks back romantically upon Mary, a simple, but lovely rural girl he seeming could have married and had a rural and perhaps a better life. While it is beautifully written and ever so romantic to the core, it didnt convince me. Carducci simply had to be who he was the poet. I cant really imagine him finding satisfaction in the life of a simple peasant farmer. But he does paint a lovely picture for the reader. He opens: On Aprils budding wing that doth with rose Touch my low room, I see thee smile once more, Suddenly, Mary, to my heart come close; He imagines the future he might have had with her: Strong sons have doubtless hung upon thy breast And now, grown bold, look back to catch thine eyes, Mounting the uncurbed steed in careless zest. He seems to be feeling a bit sorry for himself and his life choice. He thinks, perhaps, he would have been better off had he embraced that life that looks so lovely, simple and romantic than: Than sweat behind small rhymes confined and terse! Better by work forget than stay to seek The enormous riddle of the Universe! I loved the poem, but he just doesnt convince me! Before San Guido is a touching long poem on the occasion of his grandmothers funeral. He speaks of the line of tall cypresses which line the road and bring back memories of his youth as he reflects upon the passing years. This was an especially lovely, gentle and touching poem. Toward the end of the volume the editor chose some of his historical poems. The difficulty for me is that the issues were relatively minor moments in Italian history and I just dont have the background in Italian history to really appreciate these poems. I think for most modern readers Carduccis style of poetry is more of historical interest than of poetic interest. Nonetheless, it was quite interesting to read this famous Italian whom Id never even heard of before I read him as part of my project to read all the winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature. Bob Corbett corbetre@webster.edu BACK TO BOOK REVIEWS Becoming Reading Thinking Journals HOME
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]	null	[]	null		en	/static/favicon/wikisource.ico		https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature	Year Laureate Country Language Citation Genre(s) 1901 Sully Prudhomme France French "in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect" poetry, essay 1902 Theodor Mommsen Germany German "the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A History of Rome" history, law 1903 Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson Norway Norwegian "as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit" poetry, novel, drama 1904 Frédéric Mistral France Occitan "in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist" poetry, philology José Echegaray Spain Spanish "in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama" drama 1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz Poland Polish "because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer" novel 1906 Giosuè Carducci Italy Italian "not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces" poetry 1907 Rudyard Kipling United Kingdom English "in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author" novel, short story, poetry 1908 Rudolf Christoph Eucken Germany German "in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life" philosophy 1909 Selma Lagerlöf Sweden Swedish "in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings" novel, short story 1910 Paul von Heyse Germany German "as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories" poetry, drama, novel, short story 1911 Maurice Maeterlinck Belgium French "in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations" drama, poetry, essay 1912 Gerhart Hauptmann Germany German "primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art" drama, novel 1913 Rabindranath Tagore India Bengali "because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West" poetry, novel, drama, short story, music 1914 Not awarded 1915 Romain Rolland France French "as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings" novel 1916 Verner von Heidenstam Sweden Swedish "in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature" poetry, novel 1917 Karl Adolph Gjellerup Denmark Danish "for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals" poetry Henrik Pontoppidan Denmark Danish "for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark" novel 1918 Not awarded 1919 Carl Spitteler Switzerland German "in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring" poetry 1920 Knut Hamsun Norway Norwegian "for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil" novel 1921 Anatole France France French "in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament" novel, poetry 1922 Jacinto Benavente Spain Spanish "for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama" drama 1923 William Butler Yeats Ireland English "for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation" poetry 1924 Władysław Reymont Poland Polish "for his great national epic, The Peasants" novel 1925 George Bernard Shaw Ireland English "for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty" drama, literary criticism 1926 Grazia Deledda Italy Italian "for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general" poetry, novel 1927 Henri Bergson France French "in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented" philosophy 1928 Sigrid Undset Norway Norwegian "principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages" novel 1929 Thomas Mann Germany German "principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature" novel, short story, essay 1930 Sinclair Lewis United States English "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters" novel, short story, drama 1931 Erik Axel Karlfeldt Sweden Swedish "The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt" poetry 1932 John Galsworthy United Kingdom English "for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga" novel 1933 Ivan Bunin Stateless (born in Russia, living in France) Russian "for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing" short story, poetry, novel 1934 Luigi Pirandello Italy Italian "for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art" drama, novel, short story 1935 Not awarded 1936 Eugene O'Neill United States English "for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy" drama 1937 Roger Martin du Gard France French "for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel cycle Les Thibault" novel 1938 Pearl S. Buck United States English "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces" novel 1939 Frans Eemil Sillanpää Finland Finnish "for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature" novel 1940 Not awarded 1941 Not awarded 1942 Not awarded 1943 Not awarded 1944 Johannes Vilhelm Jensen Denmark Danish "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style" poetry 1945 Gabriela Mistral Chile Spanish "for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world" poetry 1946 Hermann Hesse Switzerland (born in Germany) German "for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style" novel, poetry 1947 André Gide France French "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight" novel, essay 1948 T. S. Eliot United Kingdom English "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry" poetry 1949 William Faulkner United States English "for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel" novel, short story 1950 Bertrand Russell United Kingdom English "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought" philosophy 1951 Pär Lagerkvist Sweden Swedish "for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind" poetry, novel, short story, drama 1952 François Mauriac France French "for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life" novel, short story 1953 Winston Churchill United Kingdom English "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values" history, essay, memoirs 1954 Ernest Hemingway United States English "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style" novel, short story, screenplay 1955 Halldór Laxness Iceland Icelandic "for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland" novel, short story, drama, poetry 1956 Juan Ramón Jiménez Spain Spanish "for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity" poetry 1957 Albert Camus France French "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times" novel, short story, drama, philosophy, essay 1958 Boris Pasternak Soviet Union Russian "for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition" novel, poetry, translation 1959 Salvatore Quasimodo Italy Italian "for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times" poetry 1960 Saint-John Perse France French "for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time" poetry 1961 Ivo Andrić Yugoslavia Serbo-Croatian "for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country" novel, short story 1962 John Steinbeck United States English "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception" novel, short story, screenplay 1963 Giorgos Seferis Greece Greek "for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture" poetry 1964 Jean-Paul Sartre France French "for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age" novel, philosophy, drama, literary criticism, screenplay 1965 Mikhail Sholokhov Soviet Union Russian "for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people" novel 1966 Shmuel Yosef Agnon Israel Hebrew "for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people" novel, short story Nelly Sachs Germany (exiled to Sweden) German "for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength" poetry, drama 1967 Miguel Ángel Asturias Guatemala Spanish "for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America" novel, poetry 1968 Yasunari Kawabata Japan Japanese "for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind" novel, short story 1969 Samuel Beckett Ireland English and French "for his writing, which—in new forms for the novel and drama—in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation" novel, drama, poetry 1970 Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Russia Russian "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature" novel 1971 Pablo Neruda Chile Spanish "for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams" poetry 1972 Heinrich Böll Germany German "for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature" novel, short story 1973 Patrick White Australia English "for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature" novel, short story, drama 1974 Eyvind Johnson Sweden Swedish "for a narrative art, farseeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom" novel Harry Martinson Sweden Swedish "for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos" poetry, novel, drama 1975 Eugenio Montale Italy Italian "for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions" poetry 1976 Saul Bellow United States English "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work" novel, short story 1977 Vicente Aleixandre Spain Spanish "for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars" poetry 1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer United States Yiddish "for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life" novel, short story, memoirs 1979 Odysseas Elytis Greece Greek "for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness" poetry 1980 Czesław Miłosz Poland, United States Polish "who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts" poetry, essay 1981 Elias Canetti Bulgaria, United Kingdom German "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power" novel, drama, memoirs, essay 1982 Gabriel García Márquez Colombia Spanish "for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts" novel, short story, screenplay 1983 William Golding United Kingdom English "for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today" novel, poetry, drama 1984 Jaroslav Seifert Czechoslovakia Czech "for his poetry which endowed with freshness, and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man" poetry 1985 Claude Simon France French "who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition" novel 1986 Wole Soyinka Nigeria English "who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence" drama, novel, poetry 1987 Joseph Brodsky Soviet Union, United States English and Russian "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity" poetry 1988 Naguib Mahfouz Egypt Arabic "who, through works rich in nuance—now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous—has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind" novel 1989 Camilo José Cela Spain Spanish "for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability" novel, short story 1990 Octavio Paz Mexico Spanish "for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity" poetry, essay, 1991 Nadine Gordimer South Africa English "who through her magnificent epic writing has—in the words of Alfred Nobel—been of very great benefit to humanity" novel, short story, essay 1992 Derek Walcott Saint Lucia English "for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment" poetry 1993 Toni Morrison United States English "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality" novel 1994 Kenzaburō Ōe Japan Japanese "who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today" novel, short story 1995 Seamus Heaney Ireland English "for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past" poetry 1996 Wisława Szymborska Poland Polish "for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality" poetry 2001 V. S. Naipaul United Kingdom, Trinidad & Tobago English "for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories" novel, essay 2002 Imre Kertész Hungary Hungarian "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history" novel 2003 J. M. Coetzee South Africa, Australia English "who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider" novel, essay, translation 2004 Elfriede Jelinek Austria German "for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power" novel, drama 2005 Harold Pinter United Kingdom English "who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms" drama 2006 Orhan Pamuk Turkey Turkish "who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures" novel, screenplay, essay 2007 Doris Lessing United Kingdom English "that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny" novel, drama, poetry, short story, memoirs 2008 J. M. G. Le Clézio France, Mauritius French "author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization" novel, short story, essay, translation 2009 Herta Müller Germany, Romania German "who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed" novel, poetry 2010 Mario Vargas Llosa Peru, Spain Spanish "for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat". novel, short story, essay, drama 2011 Tomas Tranströmer Sweden Swedish "because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality". poetry, translation 2012 Mo Yan China Chinese "who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary". novel, short story 2013 Alice Munro Canada English "master of the contemporary short story". short story 2014 Patrick Modiano France French "for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation". novel 2015 Svetlana Alexievich Belarus Russian "for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time" History, essay 2016 Bob Dylan United States English "for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition" Poetry, songwriting 2017 Kazuo Ishiguro United Kingdom (born in Japan) English "who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world" Novel, screenplay, short story 2018 Olga Tokarczuk Poland Polish “for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life” Novel, short story, poetry, essay, screenplay 2019 Peter Handke Austria German "for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience." novel, short story, drama, translation, screenplay 2020 Louise Glück United States English "for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal." poetry, essay 2021 Abdulrazak Gurnah United Kingdom (born in Zanzibar) English "for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents" 2022 Annie Ernaux France French "for the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory"
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	8	https://www.casedellamemoria.it/en/associated-homes/giosue-carducci-valdicastello.html	en	Associazione Nazionale Case della Memoria	https://www.casedellamem…stello-alias.png	https://www.casedellamem…stello-alias.png	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=271705401803332&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/logo/logoheader.jpg", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/logo/logo_colore.jpg 1x", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/media/mod_languages/images/it.gif", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/case_della_memoria/giosue_carducci_pietrasanta/giosue-carducci-valdicastello.png", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/case_della_memoria/giosue_carducci_pietrasanta/carducci_pietrasanta.jpg", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/icon/Icona-Collezionisti.jpg", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/icon/Icona-Musicisti-e-Cantanti.jpg", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/icon/Icona-Papi-e-Santi.jpg", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/icon/Icona-Politici-e-Patrioti.jpg", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/icon/Icona-Scrittori-e-Letterati.jpg", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/icon/Icona-Pittori-e-Scultori.jpg", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/icon/Icona-Scienziati-Inventori-e-Architetti.jpg", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/icon/Icona-Personaggi-dello-Spettacolo.jpg", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/icon/Icona-Case-Partner.jpg", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/icon/Icona-Case-della-Rete-Toscana.jpg", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/Box/rassegna.png", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/Box/youtube.png", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/logo/logo_bianco_footer.png", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/logo/login_sistema_toscano_rv.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Casa natale - Valdicastello Pietrasante Giosue Carducci, Nobel Prize for Literature in 1906, was born in Valdicastello of Pietrasanta on July 27th, 1835. His father, after having worked in Valdicastello as a doctor for the French mining company Boissat in Autumn 1838 moved with his family to the practice of Bolgheri. Later on, the Carducci Family moved again to various centers of Tuscany. Giosue Carducci came back to Versilia three times: on June 16th, 1877; on March 1st, 1890, when he went to see his birthplace in Valdicastello, and on March 29th of the same year. After his death, on February 16th, 1907, the City Council of Pietrasanta decided to pay solemn tributes to the Poet. Giovanni Pascoli made the official oration. On March 17th, 1907 the Birthplace of the Poet was declared national monument and in 1912 it was purchased by the City with the money received with a public subscription. Since 1950, with a decree of the President of the Republic, his Hometown has adopted the name of Valdicastello Carducci and on the same year it has been established the “Giosue Carducci” National Poetry Award.	en	/images/Template/logo/logofavicon.jpg	Associazione Nazionale Case della Memoria	https://www.casedellamemoria.it/en/associated-homes/giosue-carducci-valdicastello.html	Address: Via Valdicastello Loc. Valdicastello Carducci 55045 Pietrasanta (LU) tel. +39 0584 795500 Visiting Hours: Tuesdays 9 a.m.-12 p.m. \| Saturdays and Sundays 3 p.m.-6 p.m. Summer hours Tues.-Sun. 5 p.m.-8 p.m. Free entrance \| Not accessible Website: Casa natale - Valdicastello Pietrasante (Lucca) Giosue Carducci, Nobel Prize for Literature in 1906, was born in Valdicastello of Pietrasanta on July 27th, 1835. His father, after having worked in Valdicastello as a doctor for the French mining company Boissat in Autumn 1838 moved with his family to the practice of Bolgheri. Later on, the Carducci Family moved again to various centers of Tuscany. Giosue Carducci came back to Versilia three times: on June 16th, 1877; on March 1st, 1890, when he went to see his birthplace in Valdicastello, and on March 29th of the same year. After his death, on February 16th, 1907, the City Council of Pietrasanta decided to pay solemn tributes to the Poet. Giovanni Pascoli made the official oration. On March 17th, 1907 the Birthplace of the Poet was declared national monument and in 1912 it was purchased by the City with the money received with a public subscription. Since 1950, with a decree of the President of the Republic, his Hometown has adopted the name of Valdicastello Carducci and on the same year it has been established the “Giosue Carducci” National Poetry Award. Hotspots
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	2	31	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-literature/all/	en	All Nobel Prizes in Literature	https://www.nobelprize.o…size-496x328.jpg	https://www.nobelprize.o…size-496x328.jpg	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	All Nobel Prizes in Literature	en	https://www.nobelprize.o…avicon-50x50.png	NobelPrize.org	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-literature	The Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded 116 times to 120 Nobel Prize laureates between 1901 and 2023. Click on the links to get more information. Find all prizes in \| physics \| chemistry \| physiology or medicine \| literature \| peace \| economic sciences \| all categories The Nobel Prize in Literature 2024 The Nobel Prize in Literature 2024 will be announced on Thursday 10 October, 13:00 CEST at the earliest. The Nobel Prize in Literature 2023 “for his innovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2022 “for the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2021 “for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2020 “for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2019 “for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2018 “for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2017 “who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2016 “for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2015 “for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2014 “for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2013 “master of the contemporary short story” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2012 “who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2011 “because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2010 “for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2009 “who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2008 “author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2007 “that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2006 “who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2005 “who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2004 “for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2003 “who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2002 “for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2001 “for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories” The Nobel Prize in Literature 2000 “for an œuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1999 “whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1998 “who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1997 “who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1996 “for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1995 “for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1994 “who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1993 “who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1992 “for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1991 “who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1990 “for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1989 “for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1988 “who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1987 “for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1986 “who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1985 “who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1984 “for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1983 “for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1982 “for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1981 “for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1980 “who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1979 “for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1978 “for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1977 “for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1976 “for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1975 “for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1974 “for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom” “for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1973 “for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1972 “for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1971 “for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1970 “for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1969 “for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1968 “for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1967 “for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1966 “for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people” “for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1965 “for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1964 “for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1963 “for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1962 “for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1961 “for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1960 “for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1959 “for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1958 “for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1957 “for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1956 “for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1955 “for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1954 “for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1953 “for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1952 “for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1951 “for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1950 “in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1949 “for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1948 “for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1947 “for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1946 “for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1945 “for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944 “for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1943 “No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1942 “No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1941 “No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1940 “No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1939 “for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1938 “for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1937 “for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les Thibault” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1936 “for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1935 “No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1934 “for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1933 “for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1932 “for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1931 “The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1930 “for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1929 “principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1928 “principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1927 “in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1926 “for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1925 “for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1924 “for his great national epic, The Peasants” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1923 “for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1922 “for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1921 “in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1920 “for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1919 “in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1918 “No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1917 “for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals” “for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1916 “in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1915 “as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1914 “No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1913 “because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1912 “primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1911 “in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1910 “as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1909 “in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1908 “in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1907 “in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1906 “not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1905 “because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1904 “in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist” “in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1903 “as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1902 “the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A history of Rome” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1901 “in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect” To cite this section MLA style: All Nobel Prizes in Literature. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Wed. 24 Jul 2024. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-literature>
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wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	2	27	https://www.italyonthisday.com/2022/02/the-death-of-giosue-carducci-poet.html	en	The death of Giosuè Carducci – poet	https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiiHw8szqigW9d-t7_tWYrXGdie8S8MO9Hekd2zFMxYkrp4ZFankptoXOnqa3zIeTFtSqKLUO8kFJltWlQ6QPyQNu7Z-evf9z0pUtuRH3AlcjYJgucgJ67blgbElYORZO26NwPqNy7VuxD5E3it75KvF73vR-vC5DY463R1C7s_a18eNahzKtMlgeKoBA=w1200-h630-p-k-no-nu	https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiiHw8szqigW9d-t7_tWYrXGdie8S8MO9Hekd2zFMxYkrp4ZFankptoXOnqa3zIeTFtSqKLUO8kFJltWlQ6QPyQNu7Z-evf9z0pUtuRH3AlcjYJgucgJ67blgbElYORZO26NwPqNy7VuxD5E3it75KvF73vR-vC5DY463R1C7s_a18eNahzKtMlgeKoBA=w1200-h630-p-k-no-nu	[ "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiiHw8szqigW9d-t7_tWYrXGdie8S8MO9Hekd2zFMxYkrp4ZFankptoXOnqa3zIeTFtSqKLUO8kFJltWlQ6QPyQNu7Z-evf9z0pUtuRH3AlcjYJgucgJ67blgbElYORZO26NwPqNy7VuxD5E3it75KvF73vR-vC5DY463R1C7s_a18eNahzKtMlgeKoBA=w244-h320", "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhmmzfWAPSwQ2ylF_mn0dU095yYnNflPVlOaAxqmL0W_7LCKiEf5lMbZ4Z7CcKmMx1u2zyM_d8-ChL0vfGmhRR_5ChdCHF4kuM0a7qHsnG2HSdSwR7uaPcrR9rDiBvjOT5qBKZXIrF76Soxk3vGGiCxeWklnX8IfBm33dnf_x6Ksd3dxot86lHunHwYeA=w256-h320", "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgXdXmWFcNw-2twt5BfzvKQSRdHarwwDyZUntOLqiVc0ZuQ7xTHjbt18VEpF5tT9pSZ4MOHG8e7m9b3N3aW08GhJ-hAEOGXvqCVj7TQ7PmlIi-OooM7d8-Ll7Yz3oYTf3tdtWFysjS2qdnoDvuVhkrRl8oTMpGtOqgu4BdheCoHKYF7TWwLsa30NZ2uVA=w177-h266", "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhSQB-ybpZIHdVEKTk6QNYaEjawbElx-lxwtHHgk26OTB9buAhBwZ_iz-Rard537nF_s4jMvdMZHLqLjqYIj2h3fGGMBVZHFzxVQtxbFOe-jqCHge7wUQ6tq8Kl5ZQlvLSNOWAF6XVS1l5nH1q4wCb_ldiiYSpc5bTvfpPsx0P_pfdzcC3TkkBqu6Q5sw=w320-h240", "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdPVVVrjECpMc4O2Vjt2yvilZj1PYrRay-PeG7p66Yi0foew-KbIpAWlXExjV2SRGNlKm1Y94Z7ZzLpvy5eSkQqNLHgQzFYiMl0oHzavMJ_sX8osQVGodKaCPDsr_vAfPLgrjvilv9_FGptAI7sM41MLNzccID34tmzMng-9YDDrP1i1FQ7ZF-5_VqC-MB/w186-h320/0_Antoninus_Pius_-_Museo_Chiaramonti_(Vatican).JPG", "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyGRXzmfQnTEfJuOvq_YTDzxSB5kaO9B882pgHiIhgEuPfzY4ujrjzL0kKO7rjw-BrWZ-vQI0PxfL1qafz6pDYtdSGCiqQTBPzssVmj6Xz6HvePlwagk8OBbWTZOOOVH9szUXd4_BvLRtTI_pbrNG7YvfakHporFKSlbkUkL_o9-dF6wynx-DADErrmA/w261-h259/ferry-gb1c96b20a_1920%20(2).jpg", "https://www.paypal.com/en_GB/i/scr/pixel.gif", "https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Jx4u_aXL4Js/YBLrfS-Uu1I/AAAAAAAAV-g/pjb4IinurvUgcTQ87XNN492UPxQ5mRuaQCK4BGAYYCw/s1600/logo.png", "https://www.awin1.com/cshow.php?s=2681095&v=5968&q=393526&r=226563", "https://www.awin1.com/cshow.php?s=3365284&v=3787&q=461880&r=226563", "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj98sh-oyMcbuuJa9lCyH4Q26TNeYShfQ42m-ndJmQjE0ng2LEZQnA_S7bbwBACRMkJAwnr75wDgo_ft0PRN7DIUwWz9i2aL4NOO9m81-vKwKkL7NLuArieETaLIFMHIKToH3lhsjPV5XqPXUH7fOhZXqKUqea9WWaQ_8SAIMtl3sk-7dur4ZrFJKHgGfM/w125-h200/41OhcAg-sUL.jpg", "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2bPxb9mju7u_B3afpGhnp7UApzhnJWy1FAsjVrWDae_K4bqOdwe2mKNg-yXFHebFJUr2mfc-gsmxgoDgW9blPNZI3Hq3gXYYjVUrTILD2_7bWNkoxBbOokPNX7VGELjzwQTDn9P5OmbHz-dOfpzOVvWv7HLGmyHToRxfjP9NmIO3FpxCDZP7VrUNLSlrM/w125-h200/41dDags8NhL.jpg", "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjknj9J8hyphenhyphenXbbNLEKoRbcAH5z6PdC4KtL8JnE8GD0UcGQzOs1u1TTRvj4WmpSiwP79ONHmldOHwHAwHvJgQBigKdbfTThPfIkpmq6Yr6QDt2WWrpZFDcdv7LWhCZVm3-eyeeM6n5kGZLf52NBJ4CjIHiziSOwQ0LYSAtFh9-FwMT_XuPsBjPaeUT4i-0uo/w125-h200/71H26jk5RWL._SL1500_.jpg", "https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gPeINdGyoEo/XEjWSu7HZfI/AAAAAAAAMcQ/A8BEzeT-fD8uBq8qooENeMTpqEEtejxMwCLcBGAs/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/Caligula%252C_Emperor_of_Rome_Wellcome_L0049804%2B%25281%2529.jpg", "https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3fbVG1-EwbA/WkThUhEQrvI/AAAAAAAAHYk/uOanWBmUN4oEutyg5wVty6goOh-rtfy0gCLcBGAs/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/piero-the-unfortunate.jpg", "https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ARb0tGiGL6g/WZ_tG2eNlNI/AAAAAAAAF_4/QDjFvuvpAxA-_1YsB08_AFjwPVP5MZ2_wCLcBGAs/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/Chiesa_di_San_Gregorio_Armeno_-_Cappella_di_Santa_Patrizia%2B%25281%2529.jpg", "https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-f20HLsqe0Fc/W_np4-JuktI/AAAAAAAALos/pg7-7A1dS3s7a38QMSPNfIig7vbG5csCgCEwYBhgL/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/1200px-Amalfi_sea_view_Italy.JPG", "https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7xKJOmQU8lI/XmGHZyul8EI/AAAAAAAARo4/0MJn2itdAagtyni0v3KF-tj-L_-i3-PJgCLcBGAsYHQ/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/Mastrotitta.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Daily guide to anniversaries, festivals, facts and key dates today in Italian history		https://www.italyonthisday.com/favicon.ico		https://www.italyonthisday.com/2022/02/the-death-of-giosue-carducci-poet.html	National poet’s work inspired the fight for a united Italy Carducci's funeral procession drew huge crowds on to the streets of Bologna The poet Giosuè Carducci, who was the first Italian to win the Nobel prize in Literature, died on this day in 1907 in Bologna. Aged 71, he passed away at his home, Casa Carducci, near Porta Maggiore, a kilometre and a half from the centre of the Emilia-Romagna city. He had been in ill health for some time and was not well enough to travel to Stockholm to receive his prize, awarded in 1906, which was instead presented to him at his home. His funeral at the Basilica di San Petronio in Piazza Maggiore followed a procession through the streets that attracted a huge crowd. Carducci had been one of the most influential literary figures of his age and was professor of Italian literature at Bologna University, where he lectured for more than 40 years. The Italian people revered Carducci as their national poet and he was made a senator for life by the King of Italy in 1890. Carducci was born in 1835 in the hamlet of Val di Castello, part of Pietrasanta, in the province of Lucca in Tuscany and he spent his childhood in the wild Maremma area of the region. After studying at the University of Pisa, Carducci was at the centre of a group of young men determined to overthrow the prevailing Romanticism in literature and return to classical models. Carducci's poetry became an inspiration to patriots fighting for a united Italy Carducci was attracted to Greek and Roman authors and also studied the works of Italian classical writers such as Dante, Torquato Tasso and Vittorio Alfieri. The poets Giuseppe Parini, Vincenzo Monti and Ugo Foscolo were influences on him, as is evident from his first book of poems, Rime, produced in 1857. In 1863, Carducci showed both his great power as a poet and the strength of his republican, anticlerical feelings in his Inno a Satana - Hymn to Satan - and, in 1867, in his Giambi ed epode - Iambics and Epodes - inspired by the politics of the time. The best of Carducci’s poetry came in 1887 with Rime nuove - New Rhymes - and Odi Barbare - Barbarian Odes - which evoke the landscape of the Maremma and his childhood memories, the loss of his only son, and also recall the glory of Roman history. Carducci’s enthusiasm for the classical led him to adapt Latin prosody to Italian verse and to imitate Horace and Virgil. His poetry was to inspire many Italians fighting for independence and for a united Italy. The poet became the first Italian to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1906. According to the Swedish Academy this was awarded ‘not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style and lyrical force, which characterise his poetic masterpieces’. Carducci also wrote prose prolifically in the form of literary criticism. biographies, speeches and essays and he translated works by Goethe and Heine into Italian. After his funeral on 19 February he was laid to rest at the Certosa di Bologna, the city’s monumental cemetery. Pietrasanta's Cattedrale di San Martino Travel tip: Pietrasanta, the town where Carducci was born, is on the coast of northern Tuscany, to the north of Viareggio. It had Roman origins and part of a Roman wall still exists. The medieval town was built in 1255 upon the pre-existing Rocca di Sala fortress of the Lombards and the Duomo (Cathedral of San Martino) dates back to the 13th century. Pietrasanta grew in importance in the 15th century due to its marble, the beauty of which was first recognised by the sculptor, Michelangelo. Find accommodation in Pietrasanta with Booking.com Leonardo Bistolfi's monument to Giosuè Carducci in the garden of the Casa Carducci in Bologna Travel tip: The Museum of the Risorgimento in Bologna is now housed on the ground floor of the house where Carducci died in Piazza Carducci in the centre of the city. The museum has exhibits and documents that chronicle the history of the Risorgimento from the Napoleonic invasions of Italy to the end of the First World War. The museum was first inaugurated in 1893 and moved to Casa Carducci, the last home of the poet, in 1990. In the garden, there is an imposing monument to Carducci by the sculptor Leonardo Bistolfi. Stay in Bologna with Booking.com More reading: How the revolutionary Ugo Foscolo expressed Italian sentiment in verse Why Dante Alighieri remains in exile from his native Florence The nobleman whose poetry inspired the oppressed Also on this day: 1740: The birth of type designer Giambattista Bodoni 1918: The birth of designer Achille Castiglioni 1935: The birth of vocalist Edda Dell’Orso 1970: The birth of footballer Angelo Peruzzi 1979: The birth of motorcycle world champion Valentino Rossi (Picture credits: Pietrasanta cathedral by Stephencdickson; Bologna monument by Nicola Quirico; via Wikimedia Commons)
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Fanjul" ]	2023-10-04T00:00:00	Shaped by the political and literary climate of the time, the award does not assure a spot in the literary canon and often overlooks exceptional authors	en	https://static.elpais.com/dist/resources/images/favicon.ico	EL PAÍS English	https://english.elpais.com/culture/2023-10-04/the-nobel-prize-in-literatures-history-of-snubs-and-long-forgotten-winners.html	Mostly people would say that winning the Nobel Prize in Literature is a great honor. But a closer look at the history of the award might change their minds. Several publishers offer collections of works by Nobel Prize winners. Some people like to decorate their living rooms with unread books with gold-embossed leather covers. Open one up, and you may find something by Albert Camus, Gabriel García Márquez, William Faulkner, Samuel Beckett or Yasunari Kawabata — the Mount Olympus of the literary gods. But in those elegant tomes of Nobel laureates, you may find some unfamiliar names, even if you are a well-read bibliophile. How about Sully Prudhomme, the French poet and essayist who won the first Nobel Prize for Literature in 1901? Or Verner von Heidenstam (1916), Frans Eemil Sillanpää (1939) and Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (1944)? Do you know about Giosuè Carducci (1906), Henrik Pontoppidan (1917) or Carl Spitteler (1919)? Some deserving writers have followers and readers in their home countries but never achieve international recognition or a Nobel Prize. Some of their works remain untranslated, while others have not seen updated editions in years. Winning the Nobel Prize, the highest international literary honor, doesn’t ensure future recognition or the immortality sought by aspiring writers. The Nobel Prize eras One possible reason for all the forgotten Nobel laureates is the evolution of the Nobel Prize over time, says professor Juan Bravo, who wrote a book about Nobel Prize winners for literature. Until a few years after the World War I, he says the prize was very regional. “At times, the Nobel Prize academy is influenced by diplomatic criteria, shall we say. A glance at the first 20 Nobel laureates reveals mostly low-profile names, with a few exceptions like Kipling (1907), Tagore (1913) and possibly Selma Lagerlöf (1909).” Moreover, the further back we go in the list of winners, the more we find unfamiliar names. Time has sifted and settled the layer of dust, slowly erasing their memory. “Each era has its own particular interests. Many books that used to be bestsellers have been relegated to the back shelf,” said Cristina Oñoro, a literature professor at the Complutense University of Madrid. A gradual period of openness started in 1920, but after World War II, Bravo says the Nobel Prize for Literature became more introverted, especially after Jean-Paul Sartre’s abrupt rejection of his award in 1964. In 1990, a period of “globalization” began with Mexican author Octavio Paz’s win. “This doesn’t mean that there haven’t been periods of regression, like the one we’re currently experiencing,” said Bravo. During this globalization, we first encountered authors from different corners of the world. These writers are often unknown because they hail from distant lands, not because of their lack of skill or time-tested relevance. The awards to Wole Soyinka of Nigeria (1986), Gao Xingjian (2000) and Mo Yan (2012) of China, and Abdulrazak Gurnah (2021) of Tanzania perplexed the literary community and made cultural journalists scramble to find out more. In the 20th century, 80% of the Nobel laureates in literature were citizens of the U.S., Canada or Europe, while Africa, Asia, and the rest of the Americas accounted for the remaining 20%. Interestingly, no individual born in Oceania has ever received the Nobel Prize for Literature. However, a noticeable shift is now taking place. The Nobel Prizes introduced new names and expanded the literary horizons of Western societies, challenging their ethnocentrism. In recent decades, female winners have become more common, as 93% of the winners were male until 1990 — typically older, white European men. While Europeans and Americans still dominate, they have only won 66% of the awards in the last 15 years. However, there is no guarantee that these diverse winners won’t also fade into literary obscurity, like many of their predecessors. “I think some of the recent Nobel Prize winners might end up being completely forgotten in the future. Who even reads Soyinka, Louise Glück, or Szymborska nowadays, apart from some book clubs?” wonders Javier Aparicio Maydeu, a professor of Spanish and comparative literature at Pompeu Fabra University in Spain. Once the annual awards are revealed, the inevitable debates ignite, fueling heated discussions and opinions. “I think they should validate the career of an author who has already proven their worth, like Mario Vargas Llosa,” said Aparicio. “The prizes being given now, you know, to discover new talents, I don’t think they align with Alfred Nobel’s original intentions.” Others say the presence of lesser-known names adds depth and variety. “Literature is a vehicle for sharing voices and cultures, so I think it’s positive that the Nobel Prize can serve to broaden our horizons,” said Oñoro. Spanish winners The Spanish winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature tell the same story. While Juan Ramón Jiménez (1956) is highly regarded, Vicente Aleixandre (1977) is an excellent representative of the Generation of ‘27, and Camilo José Cela (1989) still casts a long shadow, others like José Echegaray (1904) and Jacinto Benavente (1922) are not widely known or read anymore. Surprisingly, the prestigious award was never bestowed upon their contemporaries, Benito Pérez Galdós and Ramón Valle-Inclán. While some award-winning authors have been forgotten by readers, other deserving writers have simply been overlooked by the Swedish Academy. Among them are living authors like Haruki Murakami (who won Spain’s Princess of Asturias award this year) and António Lobo Antunes. There was no Nobel for revered authors like James Joyce, Vladimir Nabokov, Philip Roth and Javier Marías. “Marías had all the qualities to win a Nobel Prize — a great body of work translated into multiple languages, and you can even find pocket editions of his books in bookstores when you travel abroad,” said Aparicio. Many authors have left a lasting legacy without winning a Nobel, which proves that it is far from being the ultimate literary authority. “In no way,” said Bravo. “I’ll give you just one example. The canon of the 20th century novel has five names: Proust, Joyce, Kafka, Faulkner, and Virginia Woolf. Well, the only one who received the award was Faulkner, in 1949.” Studying the impact of the Nobel Prize for Literature enables us to understand the mechanisms of literary fame and other types of celebrity. It does not ensure transcendence and lasting recognition. Authors may rise to prominence in one era, only to be forgotten in another. Conversely, forgotten authors can be rediscovered, while canonical figures in one country may be insignificant elsewhere. Success is fleeting, memento mori.
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	9	https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/culture-magazines/carducci-giosue-27-july-1835-16-february-1907	en	Carducci, Giosuè (27 July 1835 - 16 February 1907)			[ "https://www.encyclopedia.com/themes/custom/trustme/images/header-logo.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "Giosuè Carducci (27 July 1835 - 16 February 1907)Thomas E. Peterson University of GeorgiaLettersBiographiesReferencesPapers" ]	null	[]	null	Giosuè Carducci (27 July 1835 - 16 February 1907)Thomas E. Peterson University of GeorgiaLettersBiographiesReferencesPapers Source for information on Carducci, Giosuè (27 July 1835 - 16 February 1907): Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature, Part 1 dictionary.	en	/sites/default/files/favicon.ico		https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/culture-magazines/carducci-giosue-27-july-1835-16-february-1907	Giosuè Carducci (27 July 1835 - 16 February 1907) Thomas E. Peterson University of Georgia Letters Biographies References Papers 1906 Nobel Prize in Literature Presentation Speech BOOKS: Rime di Giosuè Carducci (San Miniato: Tipografia Ristori, 1857); Della scelta di curiosità letterarie inedite o rare (Bologna: G. Romagnoli, 1863); Levia gravia, as Enotrio Romano (Pistoia: Tipografia Niccolai e Quarteroni, 1868); revised as Levia gravia: 1861–1867, as Carducci (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1881; revised, 1888); Poesie di Giosuè Carducci (Enotrio Romano) (Florence: Barbèra, 1871; revised, 1875)’comprises Decennali, Levia gravia, and Juvenilia; Primavere elleniche di Enotrio Romano (Florence: Barbèra, 1872); Nuove poesie di Enotrio Romano (Imola: Galeati, 1873); Studi letterari di Giosuè Carducci (Livorno: Vigo, 1874); Delle poesie latine edite e inedite di Ludovico Ariosto (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1875); republished as La gioventù di Ludovico Ariosto e le sue poesie latine (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1881); Intorno ad alcune rime dei secoli XIII e XIV ritrovate nei Memo-riali dell’Archivio notarile di Bologna, studi di Giosuè Carducci (Imola: Galeati, 1876); Bozzetti critici e discorsi letterari (Livorno: Vigo, 1876); Odi barbare di Giosuè Carducci (Enotrio Romano) (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1877); Satana e polemiche sataniche (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1879); Juvenilia (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1880); Tibullo, by Carducci and Rocco de Zerbi (Milan: Fratelli Treves, 1880); Nuove odi barbare (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1882; revised and enlarged, 1886); Giambi ed epodi di Giosuè Carducci (1867–1872), nuovamente raccolti e corretti con prefazione (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1882); Confessioni e battaglie (Rome: Sommaruga, 1882); revised as Confessioni e battaglie. Serie prima (Rome: Sommaruga, 1883); Confessioni e battaglie. Serie seconda (Rome: Sommaruga, 1883 [i.e., 1882]); Ça ira. Settembre MDCCXCII [1792] (Rome: Sommaruga, 1883); Confessioni e battaglie. Serie terza (Rome: Sommaruga, 1884); Conversazioni critiche (Rome: Sommaruga, 1884); Petrarca e Boccacci (Rome: Perino, 1884); Rime nuove di Giosuè Carducci (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1887; revised, 1889); Il libro delle prefazioni (Castello: Lapi, 1888); Lo studio bolognese: Discorso di Giosuè Carducci per l’ottavo centenario (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1888); Jaufré Rudel: Poesia antica e moderna (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1888); Opere di Giosuè Carducci, 20 volumes in 10 (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1889–1909)—comprises volume 1, Discorsi letterari e storici (1889); volume 2, Primi saggi (1889); volume 3, Bozzetti e scherme (1889); volume 4, Confessioni e battaglie (1890); volume 5, Ceneri e faville, serie prima, 1859–1870 (1891); volume 6, fuvenilia e Levia gravia (1891); volume 7, Ceneri e faville, serie seconda, 1871–1876 (1893); volume 8, Studi letterari (1893); volume 9, Giambi ed epodi e Rime nuove (1894); volume 10, Studi, saggi e discorsi (1898); volume 11, Ceneri e faville, serie terza e ultima, 1877–1901 (1902); volume 12, Confessioni e battaglie, serie seconda (1902); volume 13, Studi su Giuseppe Parini: Il Parini minore (1903); volume 14, Studi su Giuseppe Parini: Il Parini maggiore, con un appendice inedita (1907); volume 15, Su ludovico Ari-osto e Torquato Tasso studi (1905); volume 16, Poesia e storia, con una fototipia (1905); volume 17, Odi bar-bare e Rime e ritmi. Con un’ appendice (1907); volume 18, Archeologia poetica (1908); volume 19, Melica e lirica del settecento, con altri studi di varia letteratura (1909); and volume 20, Cavalleria e umanesimo (1909); Terze odi barbare (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1889); letture italiane, 3 volumes (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1890–1898); Storia del «Giorno» di Giuseppe Parini (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1892); Delle odi barbare di Giosuè Carducci, libri II ordinati e corretti (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1893); Su l’Aminta di T. Tasso. Saggi tre di Giosuè Carducci, con una pastorale inèdita di G. B. Giraldi Cinthio (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1896); Degli spiriti e delle forme nella poesia di Giacomo leopardi (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1898); Rime e ritmi (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1899); Poesie di Giosuè Carducci (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1901); Prose di Giosuè Carducci (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1905); Da un carteggio inedito di Giosuè Carducci, edited by Antonio Messeri (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1907). Editions and Collections: Opere. Edizione Nazionale, 30 volumes (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1935–1940); Giambi ed epodi, edited by Enzo Palmieri (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1959); Odi barbare, edited by Manara Valgimigli (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1959); Rime nuove, edited by Pietro Paolo Trompeo and Giambattista Salinari (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1961); Rime e ritmi, edited by Valgimigli and Salinari (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1964); Poesie e prose scelte, edited by Mario Fubini and Remo Ceserani (Florence: La Nuova Italia, 1968); Poesie, edited by Giorgio Barberi Squarotti and Mario Rettori (Milan: Garzanti, 1982); Prose, edited by Giovanni Falaschi (Milan: Garzanti, 1987); Opere scelte, edited by Mario Saccenti (Turin: Unione Tipografico-Editrice Torinese, 1993). Editions in English: Poems of Italy: Selections from the Odes of Giosue Carducci, translated by M. W. Arms (New York: Grafton Press, 1906); Poems of Giosuè Carducci, translated by Maud Holland (New York: Scribners, 1907); Selections from Carducci: Prose and Poetry, translated by Antonio Marinoni (New York: William R. Jenkins, 1913); Carducci: A Selection of His Poems, translated by G. L. Bickersteth (London: Longmans, Green, 1913); The Rime nuove of Giosuè Carducci, translated by Laura Fullerton Gilbert (Boston: R. G. Badger, 1916); A Selection from the Poems of Giosuè Carducci, translated by Emily A. Tribe (London: Longmans, Green, 1921); From the Poems of Giosuè Carducci, translated by Romilda Rendel (London, 1929); The Barbarian Odes of Giosuè Carducci, translated by William Fletcher Smith (Menasha, Wis.: G. Banta, 1939); The Lyrics and Rhythms of Giosue Carducci, translated by Smith (Colorado Springs, Colo.: Privately printed, 1942); Twenty-Four Sonnets of Giosue Carducci, translated by Arthur Burkhard (Yarmouth Port, Mass.: Register Press, 1947); Giosue Carducci: Selected Verse, translated by David H. Higgins (Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1994). OTHER: L’arpa del popolo. Scelta di poesie religiose, morali e patriottiche cavate dai nostri autori e accomodate all’intelligenza del popolo, edited by Carducci (Florence: Galileiana, 1855); Antologia latina e saggi di studi sopra la lingua e letteratura latina, edited by Carducci (Florence: Galileiana, 1855); Vittorio Alfieri, Satire e poesie minori di Vittorio Alfieri, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1858); Alessandro Tassoni, La Secchia rapita e l’Oceano di Alessandro Tassoni, con note, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1858); republished as La Secchia rapita e altre poesie (Florence: Barbèra, 1861); Giuseppe Parini, Poesie di Giuseppe Parini, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1858); Vincenzo Monti, Le poesie liriche di Vincenzo Monti, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1858; revised and enlarged, 1862); Alfieri, Del principe e delle lettere, con altre prose di Vittorio Alfieri, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1859); Lorenzo de’ Medici, Poesie di Lorenzo de’ Medici, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1859); Giuseppe Giusti, Le poesie di Giuseppe Giusti, con un discorso sulla vita e sulle opere dell’autore, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1859; revised and enlarged, 1861 and 1862); Salvator Rosa, Satire, odi e lettere di Salvator Rosa, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1860); Gabriele Rossetti, Poesie di Gabriele Rossetti, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1861); Cino da Pistoia, Rime di m. Cino da Pistoia e d’altri del secolo XIV, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1862); Monti, Canti e poemi di Vincenzo Monti, 2 volumes, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1862); Angelo Ambrogini Poliziano, Le Stanze, l’Orfeo e le Rime di messer Angelo Ambrogini Poliziano, rivedute su i codici e su le antiche stampe e illustrate con annotazioni di varii e nuove da G. Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1863); Lucretius, Di T. Lucrezio Caro Della natura delle cose, libri VI, edited by Carducci and Alessandro Marchetti (Florence: Barbèra, 1864); Monti, Tragedie, drammi e cantate di Vincenzo Monti, con appendice di versi inediti o rari, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1865); Dino Frescobaldi, Rime di Matteo di Dino Frescobaldi, edited by Carducci (Pistoia: Società Tipografica Pistoiese, 1866); Poeti erotici del secolo XVIII, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1868); Cantilene e ballate, strambotti e madrigali nei secoli XIII e XIV, edited by Carducci (Pisa: Nistri, 1871); Lirici del secolo XVIII, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1871); Benedetto Menzini, Satire, rime e lettere scelte di Benedetto Menzini, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1874); Petrarch, Rime di Francesco Petrarca sopra argomenti storici, morali e diversi, edited by Carducci (Livorno: Vigo, 1876); Strambotti e rispetti dei secoli XIV, XV, XVI raccolti da G. Carducci, per nozze Teza-Perlasca (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1877); Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi, Lettere di F. D. Guerrazzi a cura di Giosuè Carducci, 2 volumes, edited by Carducci (Livorno: Vigo, 1880, 1882); La poesia barbara nei secoli XV e XVI, edited by Carducci (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1881); Pietro Metastasio, Lettere disperse e inedite di Pietro Metastasio, edited by Carducci (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1883); Alberto Mario, Scritti di Alberto Mario, edited by Carducci (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1884); enlarged by Carducci and Jessie White Mario as Scritti letterari e artistici di Alberto Mario (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1901); Letture italiane scelte e ordinate a uso del ginnasio superiore, edited by Carducci and Ugo Brilli (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1885); Monti, Scelte poesie di Vincenzo Monti, edited by Carducci (Livorno: Vigo, 1885); Antiche laudi cadorine, edited by Carducci (Pieve di Cadore: Tipografia Berengan, 1892); Letture del Risorgimento italiano, edited by Carducci (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1895; enlarged, 2 volumes, 1896, 1897); Torquato Tasso, Teatro di Torquato Tasso, edited by Carducci and Angelo Solerti (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1895); Cacce in rima dei secoli XIV e XV raccolte da G. Carducci per nozze Morpurgo-Franchetti (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1896); Petrarch, Le Rime di Francesco Petrarca di su gli originali commentate da G. Carducci e S. Ferrari (Florence: San-soni, 1899); Mario, Scritti politici di Alberto Mario, edited by Carducci (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1901); Primavera e fiore della lirica italiana, 2 volumes, edited by Carducci (Florence: Sansoni, 1903); Antica lirica italiana (canzonette, canzoni, sonetti dei secoli XIII-XV), edited by Carducci (Florence: Sansoni, 1907). Giosuè Carducci’s poetry glorifies the era of the Italian Risorgimento—the lengthy struggle leading up to national unification in 1861. The “age of Carducci” coincides with a vigorous public commitment to the sacred ideal of the homeland and to the role of literature in advancing that civic ideal by defending human dignity. When Carducci was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature on 10 December 1906 (less than three months before his death), C. D. af Wirsén, the secretary of the Swedish Academy, described him as “a poet who is always moved by patriotism and a love of liberty, who never sacrifices his opinions to gain favour, and who never indulges in base sensualism ... a soul inspired by the highest ideals.” As the major Italian poet of his age, Carducci represented in literature the national destiny of Italy over the final third of the nineteenth century. A robust and passionate man, he advocated a restoration of the classical heritage and a return to the civic and natural virtues it represents. Working in several literary forms, he exhorted the Italians to revitalize themselves and to honor the greatness of their ancient, medieval, and Renaissance civilizations. Carducci was commonly referred to as “l’ultimo scudiero dei classici” (the last shield bearer of the classics), and his focus on history spans the centuries and engages Italy’s heroes, from those of the newly formed state to those of antiquity. He embodied the classical figure of the vate, or poet-prophet, who sang of the glory of the civilization and natural landscape of Italy. Carducci produced several highly structured and technically accomplished volumes of poetry, beginning with the 1857 Rime di Giosuè Carducci (Lyrics of Giosuè Carducci) and ending with the 1901 Poesie di Giosuè (Poetry of Giosuè Carducci). The bibliographical history of the works is complex, given the poet’s ongoing involvement in different collections at the same time and his habit of reworking poems over a period of many years. The years of composition of his major collections are: Juvenilia (1871), 1850–1860; Levia gravia (1868, Light and Serious Poems), 1861–1871; Giambi ed epodi (1882, Iambics and Epodes), 1867–1879; Rime nuove (1887, The New Lyrics), 1861–1887; Odi barbare (1877, Barbarian Odes), 1877–1889; and Rime e ritmi (1899, Lyrics and Rhythms), 1887–1899. Thus, Carducci organized his overlapping collections on a thematic and formal basis, not a chronological one. Aided by the poet’s copious self-documentation, scholars can date with confidence almost all of Carducci’s major poems; while each of the separate collections has its own character, they have in common the subject matter of poetry itself. Carducci is a radical stylistic innovator whose formal deviation from established meters and verse forms set a pattern for the poets of the twentieth century. During his forty-four-year career at the University of Bologna, Carducci gained fame as a lecturer and scholar, as the one genuine heir of Italian classicism as well as the major patriotic poet of the nation. At the same time, his career was full of contradictions and reversals as well as personal tragedy. Born in Val di Castello (Pietrasanta) in northwest Tuscany on 27 July 1835, Giosuè Alessandro Giuseppe Carducci resided from 1838 to 1849 in Bólgheri, in the Tuscan Maremma near the Tyrrhenian Sea. Carducci’s mother, Ildegonda Celli, was a well-educated and liberal woman; his father, Michele Carducci, was a provincial physician who taught his son Latin and encouraged him to study the works of Virgil, Homer, Torquato Tasso, and Alessandro Manzoni. Giosuè had two younger brothers, Dante and Valfredo. Michele Carducci, also a member of the Carbonaria (Charcoal-burners), a secret society committed to ending the Austrian occupation, was imprisoned for his republican beliefs. Giosuè inherited his parents’ cosmopolitanism and his father’s political passion. He wrote his first satiric poem in 1846, and by 1850 he had expressed his anti-Romantic, proclassical sympathies in verse. When the family moved to Florence in 1849, his literary education expanded to include Giacomo Leopardi, Friedrich von Schiller, and George Gordon, Lord Byron. From 1849 to 1852 he attended the school of the Scolopi friars in Florence, specializing in rhetoric and classical and Italian literature. In 1852 Carducci founded with a group of classmates the Academy of the Filomusi (Muse Lovers), a literary group that provided the forum for his delivery of two early speeches, “Su lo stato attuale della letteratura italiana” (On the Current State of Italian Literature) and “Della Italia” (On Italy). On 16 June 1855 he graduated from the Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa after writing a thesis on chivalric poetry. In the same year, he and some of his classmates founded a literary society, the Società degli Amici Pedanti (Society of Friendly Pedants), whose declared adversary was Romanticism, which they saw as an enervating and listless cultural tendency that had sapped the will of the Italians with its mysticism, dream states, and evasions of the political problems confronting the country. Shortly after starting a teaching job in the small Tuscan town of San Miniato in 1857, Carducci was twice warned by the archducal authorities that he might lose the job because of his strident prorepublican positions. Also in 1857 Carducci’s brother Dante committed suicide after a bitter argument with their father. Less than a year later, in 1858, their father also died. Carducci was then working in Arezzo as an instructor of Italian literature, rhetoric, and Greek. In 1859 he married his cousin Elvira Menicucci, and their first child, Beatrice, was born. The couple went on to have a son, Dante, and two more daughters, Laura and Libertà. Carducci supported the annexation of Tuscany to Piedmont and publicly exalted the Savoy monarch, Victor Emmanuel II, for that reason. (With the Italian unification, Carducci began a decade-long distancing from the monarchy, based on what he saw as its denial of the patriotic ideals of the republican Giuseppe Mazzini and an unsavory alliance with the Catholic Church, which sought to impede the annexation of Rome and its territories to the new nation.) When Giuseppe Garibaldi liberated Sicily in 1860 and crossed over to the mainland with his expeditionary force of one thousand red-shirted soldiers, a jubilant Carducci wrote the ode “Sicilia e la rivoluzione” (Sicily and the Revolution), published in the poetry review Viola del pensiero in 1863. On 26 September 1860 Carducci was appointed to the chair of Italian literature at the University of Bologna, a position he held for forty-four years. His appointment was a defining moment in his life and career. In his inaugural lecture at this oldest of universities, he announced the renewal of Italian letters under the sign of the now unified Italian nation and the classical literary tradition. A consummate reader of the classic works of Latin, Greek, and Italian literature, Carducci saw the new state as the fulfillment of the promise of the republic of ancient Rome; this concept presupposed a classical ideal of humanity in harmony with nature. Carducci’s early poetry is anti-Romantic and anticlerical in nature; it possesses a strongly classical and patriotic tone. The poems of the first book, Rime di Giosuè Carducci, were eventually reworked and given a definitive form in the 1880 edition of Juvenilia. Enrico Thovez refers to the fuvenilia as an “archaeological exhumation of Greek mythology and Roman rhetoric.” While this assessment is a fair one, it concerns the earliest work, when the poet was still experimenting with a variety of academic forms and maturing; in a more positive light, it suggests the extent of Carducci’s knowledge of philology, rhetoric, and Italian and Roman literary and political history. Carducci remained an inveterate experimenter and imitator of sources. His poems displayed a mastery of various metric and stanzaic solutions. Thus, the reader is rarely afforded the experience of a pure lyric. On a linguistic plane, the reader of Carducci’s poetry must gloss references from the historical matrices of ancient Rome, the medieval Italy of the communes, and the Risorgimento; the reader must also consider the poetic traditions of the classical period in Rome and Greece, the lyrical vocabulary of the dolce stil nuovo (sweet new style, designating courtly love lyrics) tradition, the language of the chivalric epics of the Renaissance, the moral odes of Giuseppe Parini and Vincenzo Monti, and the transition from neoclassicism into Romanticism. Fiercely anticlerical in a country in which the Catholic Church long exercised considerable political power, Carducci combined his erudition with the secular progressive thrust of the Enlightenment. But rather than drawing on the political thinkers of the eighteenth century, he drew on its literary examples, especially the neoclassical poets Parini, Monti, Vittorio Alfieri, and Ugo Foscolo, and sought his political models in the distant past of republican and imperial Rome. The poetic results can be bookish, since the idealistic fervor the poet imputes to the past and its ability to inspire change in the present is unrealistic. His nostalgic dream and his desire that the future Italian state will overcome the crises that beset it after unification are charged with a monumental sense of gravity, which strikes the reader as somehow false. Yet, there is another Carducci, the poet of melancholy landscapes and the pastoral rhythms of the countryside, the exquisite love poet and the author of parodies and satires. Carducci had many complaints about the new state, with its capital in Turin. He was skeptical of the monarchy of Victor Emmanuel and the ruling elite of the Liberal Party, which effectively dismissed the republicanism of Mazzini and marginalized Garibaldi. Carducci praises Garibaldi in “Dopo Aspromonte” (1864, After Aspromonte), an ode that recounts the Sicilian’s heroism, his being wounded at the battle of Aspromonte on 29 August 1862, and his subsequent arrest, all as part of the struggle against the absolutism of the reactionary governments of Europe. Carducci saves his most biting sarcasm for Pope Pius IX, who continued to resist the territorial unification of Italy by blocking the resolution of the Institutional Question (the annexation of papal Rome to the Italian state, which finally occurred in 1870). In the two-hundred-line hymn “A Satana” (1865, To Satan), published under the pen name Enotrio Romano (a pseudonym he used frequently to denote his polemical side as a defender of the Roman heritage), Carducci exalts a life principle that is not Christian or otherwise dependent on religious dogma. The title of this tour de force should not be misunderstood: by “Satan” he intends the regenerative, creative forces of Nature and human Reason. Not only was Carducci unfazed about offending the clerics or the bourgeoisie, but he seemed to invite controversy, especially when he republished the poem on 8 December 1869 in the Bolognese newspaper Indipendente as a political protest against the Church on the occasion of the meeting of the Twentieth Vatican Council. In these lines he defends the moral validity of the temples torn down by the early Christians: Che val se barbaro Il nazareno Furor de l’agapi Dal rito osceno Con sacra fiaccola O templi t’arse E i segni argolici A terra sparse? (To what avail did the barbarous Christian fury of agape, in obscene ritual, With holy torch burn down your temples, scattering their Greek statuary? [translated by David H. Higgins]) This Satan, “bello e orribile / Mostro si sferra” (beautiful and awful / a monster is unleashed), is at once a destructive, devouring force that roams over the earth, and a figure of reason and the native human ability to achieve harmony in nature and construct a noble, just, and free civilization. Poetry is a primary means toward this end, and Carducci seeks to expand the number of its practical applications. On the one hand, he does so in order to evoke the majesty, equilibrium, and serenity of nature; on the other, he chastizes the indolent and corrupt, making of poetry a political vehicle. Carducci’s Levia gravia includes poems “light and heavy,” as the title indicates. As Carducci wrote in a letter to Felice Tribolati on 24 September 1868, “Levia gravia vuol dire: fantasie di gioventù, e dolori ed esperimenti della vita: cose leggere per sentimento e per istile, mescolate ad altre gravi per le stesse ragioni” (Levia gravia means: the fantasies of youth, and the sorrows and experiments of life: things that are light in their feelings and style, mixed with others that are heavy for the same reasons). The poet understands the dichotomy of light and heavy as one of ease and difficulty, both of composition and comprehension. He is aware that the cult of the past that he proposes, which embraces the great figures of antiquity and the Italian tradition, goes against the grain of a certain literary taste and will seem ponderous and burdensome to many; he also knows that his incessant formal experimentation may be seen as frivolous or lacking in substance. From his perspective, the light and heavy are natural features of youth and memory; the memory of youth that comes forward in the collection includes the youth of the new country, remembered through the icons of its past poetical and historical greatness. In the opening lines to the sonnet “L’antica poesia toscana” (1866, Ancient Tuscan Poetry), the speaker is, in fact, the old Tuscan poetry: Su le piazze pe’ campi e ne’ verzieri d’amor tra i ludi e le tenzon civili crebbi’ e adulta cercai templi e misteri, scuole pensose ed agitati esili. Or dove son le donne alte e gentili, i franchi cittadini e’ cavalieri? dove le rose de’ giocondi aprili? dove le querce de’ castelli neri? (On the piazzas, in the fields and meadows of love among the delights and civic battles I grew up and as an adult sought temples and mysteries, pensive schools and agitated exiles. Oh but now where are the noble and graceful ladies, the stalwart citizens and knights? Where the roses of joyous Aprils? Where the oaks of black castles?) In Giambi ed epodi, the most satirical of Carducci’s poetic collections, aspects of his personal style emerge, in particular the penchant for polemic and melancholy. As the self-proclaimed spokesman of the “Third Italy,” he was disappointed when the new country did not prove to be the glorious thing he had hoped for; thus, he became a serious critic of the present. His political enemies at this time were the Italian monarchy, the Vatican, the feudalist aristocracy, the Historic Right of the Liberal Party, and the Romantics. His inspiration came from Mazzini and Garibaldi, the French Revolution, and the historical example of the age of the Italian communes (thirteenth-century city-states). The epode is a moral-satirical form made up of distichs (or couplets) in which the second line—the epodoò is shorter. Carducci’s main literary model in this regard is Horace, whose iambic epodes are largely satires inspired by Archilochus. Carducci believed that this type of acerbic poetry belongs justly to a limited period in one’s life—for him, it was a three-year period, 1867 to 1869 (though some works included in this collection, notably “II canto dell’amore” [1878, Love Song], were written much later). The thirty-one poems of Giambi ed epodi include evocations of Italy’s past as mirrored in the geography; the poet frequently wrote poems based on visits to specific sites. For example, after an 1867 trip to the origins of the Tiber River in the Tuscan Appenines, Carducci wrote an ode to those new friends who had hosted him. In “Agli amici della valle Tiberina” (To Friends in the Tiber Valley), the Tiber River possesses the transcendent virtues of the Roman people, and nature is viewed as healthy and virtuous, so that the landscape itself takes on a metahistor-ical significance. Giambi ed epodi is dominated by satires and invectives, appropriate subjects in the poet’s view for those classical verse forms; the targets are predominately the Italian middle classes, whose mediocrity Carducci denounces, comparing them (and their institutions, first among them the Catholic Church) negatively to the glories of republican Rome, as recounted by Livy and embodied by Mazzini, the subject of the 1872 sonnet “Giuseppe Mazzini”: Qual da gli aridi scogli erma su ‘l mare Genova sta, marmorëo gigante, Tal, surto in bassi dí, su ‘l fluttuante Secolo, ei grande, austero, immoto appare. (Like Genoa, a marble giant standing solitary above the sea on its barren reefs, so he too appears, tall, severe, motionless, rising above the stormy century in a time barren of greatness. [translated by Higgins]) Giambi ed epodi includes homages in the form of imitations of such poets as Victor Hugo and Heinrich Heine, whose work had helped Carducci grow as a poet. The structure of the book suggests an ascensional path, beginning with the “Prologue,” which announces the poet’s great sorrow over his deceased family members and his desire to endure this time of darkness, not simply in grief but in protest against “the false world” and the cowardice and fraud that that world adores. He concludes the book with “II canto dell’amore,” a hymn to universal love and a celebration of the Italian nation (seen in lofty panoramic views with its landscape figured as a woman cherished by her lover, the sun) as it moves forward in progress and under the sign of Libertà (Freedom). Also in Giambi ed epodi are poems centered on civic virtues and vices, lofty patriotic ideals, and the highly personal emotions of regret, melancholy, and nostalgia. One example of Carducci’s satirical bent is the ironic epode “Canto dell’Italia che va in Campidoglio” (1872, Song of Italy on Its Way to the Capitoline), which documents the historic moment when Rome and its territories have finally been annexed by the Italian state and Rome has been named the capital, though the king has yet to pay a visit. The poem is an account of the king’s first visit to the capital. With the Rime nuove, Carducci’s polemical voice is diminished, though not eliminated. On a personal level he is more introspective; on an historical level he is more retrospective. From the start, as a poet, he tended to control the overly subjective impulses with classical forms and derivations; but some things are genuinely beyond one’s control. Carducci was stricken by the death of his mother on 3 February 1870, and on 9 November 1870 his son, Dante, died at age two and a half. This event is recalled in several poems, primarily in the Rime nuove. In the first of these, “Funere mersit acerbo” (Plunged into Bitter Death), written on the day of the boy’s death, Carducci addresses the spirit of his brother who died thirteen years earlier, asking if he has heard the voice of little Dante, who has just now passed on. The title is a Virgil-ian hemistich (half a line of verse) from when Aeneas descends to the underworld and hears the weeping of the souls of dead children. In the Rime nuove, the poet repudiates the contentiousness of his earlier persona, instead looking inward. Still, the historical passion remains strong. The sonnet form is revitalized by Carducci, who, in “Il sonetto” (1870, The Sonnet), inserts himself in the secular tradition among the greatest Italian lyric poets: Sesto io no, ma postremo, estasi e pianto E profumo, ira ed arte, a’ miei dí soli Memore innovo ed a i sepolcri canto. (Not sixth, but last, I bring to it new gifts of ecstasy and grief and scent, of anger and of art, as mindful of my solitary days and of our dead, I sing. [translated by Higgins]) The poets alluded to in the final tercet are Dante (ecstasy), Petrarch (grief), Tasso (scent), Alfieri (anger), and Foscolo (art). Much of the Carduccian style concerns his cultivation and imitation of the poetic models of the past. Good taste and decorum are essential components of these models and are found lacking in the modern poetry of symbolism and decadence. The moderns, like the Romantics, eschew the old categories of distinction of levels; Carducci recovers them. The moderns, he claims, do not recognize the oratorical, rhetorical purpose of the division of form and content, or the value of imitation. Carducci maintains the division and engages in imitation as the one proper means to discover his own authentic voice. Carducci sees Romanticism and the poets of the nineteenth-century avant-garde scapigliatura (bohemianism) movement as mired in dream-like mysteries and uncertainties; if such poets sing of illness and physical degradation, he presents himself as a picture of emotional and intellectual virtue and health. He tends to ignore those aspects of Romanticism that represent a continuation of the neoclassical tradition, including the cult of beauty and the preference for the idyll, the hymn, and the elegy. In “Classicismo e Romanticismo” (1869, Classicism and Romanticism), Carducci presents the opposition of these two currents in Italian culture as much more than a clash of aesthetics; rather it is a choice between the dignified and solar force of reason and heroism, of classical strength and virtue, versus the vainly spiritualistic, sentimental, weak, lunar, and enervated Romanticism: Ma tu, luna, abbellir godi co ‘l raggio Le ruine ed i lutti; Maturar nel fantastico vïaggio Non sai né fior né frutti. (But thy delight, O moon, is adorning ruins and tombs with thy rays; yet in thy fabled voyage thou art helpless to ripen either flower or fruit. [translated by Higgins]) Carducci was viewed as a wholesome bulwark against the Romantic decadence. His reputation and influence grew considerably in the 1870s and 1880s; his reputation as a scholar and orator contributed to his prestige as a poetic authority, and the acclaim with which his nuanced and technically accomplished books of verse were received added to his fame as a public figure. Carducci’s hostility to the current of verismo (regionalist realism) that arose in the 1880s reflected his increasingly aristocratic and elitest political ideology. He sang the praises of the Risorgimento, recasting its political and military leaders as heroic patriots. He composed celebratory verses on the anniversaries of battles and conquests, creating in the process a gap between the heraldic and idealized version of events and the often mediocre reality. While the actual unification that resulted in the “Third Italy” was accomplished by a distinct minority and through feats more diplomatic than military, the poet preferred to mythologize and glorify the new nation, endowing it with the aura of the earlier two imperial Italys, that of the ancient Roman Republic and that of the Renaissance popes. As Carducci came to recognize the severity of this gap between the ideal and the real, his emotional distress began to mount. In the gap between the ideal and real there emerges another Carducci: the melancholic whose intimate strains of amorous passion and nostalgic evocations of the desolate landscape of the Maremma result in a newly modern form of the idyll. In “Idillio marem-mano” (1872, Maremman Idyll), the poet evokes the distant memory of a ladylove from the Maremma. Written as a capitolo— an amorous or satirical poem written in Dantean terza rima—the melancholy idyll is tinged with regret: Oh come fredda indi la vita mia, Come oscura e incresciosa è trapassata! Meglio era sposar te, bionda Maria! Meglio ir tracciando per la sconsolata Boscaglia al piano il bufolo disperso, Che salta fra la macchia e sosta e guata, Che sudar dietro al piccioletto verso! Meglio oprando oblїar, senza indagarlo; Questo enorme mister de l’universo! (Oh how cold has my life been since, how dark and tedious has it sped away! To marry you would have been the better course, my fair- haired Maria! Better far to range through the desolate thickets of our plains, tracking down some lost steer, which leaps amongst the scrub, pauses and watches, Than to sweat after puny poetry! Better far to labour, and forget this vast mystery of the uni- verse, than to question it! [translated by Higgins]) In 1874 Carducci declared an end to the writing of epodes and began working on more objective odes, and with them returned to a purer and more serene art. In the ode “Davanti San Guido” (1874, completed in 1886, Outside San Guido), the poet travels back to his childhood home in the town of Bolgheri near Pisa. It is a confessional poem that alternates between dream and reality, youth and adulthood. Its dominant motifs are the figure of Carducci’s grandmother and a double row of cypress trees who recognize the poet and speak to him. The poem is a prime example of Carducci’s ability to include a broad variety of themes and emotional tonalities within a still coherent overall structure. As translator David H. Higgins writes, “These are the trees which, in the poem, vainly invite Carducci to stay and pick up the threads of his happy childhood and adolescence. The offer is debated at length by Carducci, but declined: it is too late.” The poet addresses himself to the trees, which represent a purer time and way of thinking than the poet now enjoys in his late middle age. In response to the crises in his own life and that of the nation, and in harmony with his readings of Charles Baudelaire, Carducci’s poetry grew less nominal and more verb-centered. The increased motion and movement in his verse occurs in an imaginary space that is remote from the historical situation he had invoked with such optimism in his earlier patriotic poems. As he recognizes the inertia and stasis of the Italian nation, he enters into that situation of crisis on a wholly personal plane, providing a new dynamic variously described as sentimental, nostalgic, and melancholy. “Davanti San Guido” serves as an example of this fundamental stylistic change, as does the poem “Pianto antico” (1871, Grief of Ages), written on the death of his son. The sonnet contrasts the perennial life cycle of a budding pomegranate tree in the household garden to the abrupt and absolute cessation of the innocent life on which the poet had placed so much hope: Sei ne la terra fredda, Sei ne la terra negra; Né il sol piú ti rallegra Né ti risveglia amor. (Thou art in the cold earth, thou art in the darkling earth; nor doth the sun cheer thee, nor love awake thee more. [translated by Higgins]) Carducci strikes a new depth in brief elegies and laments such as “Pianto antico.” Walter Binni labels Carducci a “poet of the contrast of earthly existence,” as one who deals with the feelings of vitality and of death translated into light and darkness, sound and silence, the green earth in its springtime fertility and the black tomb-like earth of winter. The rhyme scheme of “Pianto antico” is also found in the celebrated “Tedio invernale” (1875, Winter Tedium) and “San Martino” (1883, Saint Martin’s Day). In 1872 daughter Libertà was born to the poet and his wife. Also that year, Carducci wrote the sonnet “II bove” (The Ox). This best known of Carducci’s poems concerns the virtue and piety of the ox, a simple beast of burden. It is reminiscent of the sonnet to Mazzini, in which the central figure was also a giant, alone. Though modern critics have belittled the humanization of the ox, “Il bove” lays down a simple and irrefutable truth in a distinctive manner reminiscent of the realistic Italian landscape painters of the late nineteenth century. The impact of the final tercet concerning the ox’s dignified gaze is heightened by the use of hypallage, the rhetorical figure of radically altering the natural word order: “E del grave occhio glauco entro l’austera / Dolcezza si rispecchia ampio e quїieto / Il divino del pian silenzio verde” (Whilst in the sweet severity of your solemn, glaucous eye / is reflected, broad and calm, / the divine silence of the green plain [translated by Higgins]). In July 1871 Carducci received a letter of admiration from the Milanese socialite Carolina Cristofari Piva, the wife of an army officer and mother of seven children. Her connection to the writer was through a common friend, the poet Maria Antonietta Torriani. Carducci quickly responded to Cristofari Piva’s letter, and the two began a poetically amorous correspondence even before their first meeting, in April 1872. The relationship grew into an intense love affair that provided the inspiration for some of Carducci’s most remarkable love poetry. Piva is referred to as Lina (and sometimes Lidia) in these poems. In “Primavere elleniche (II. Dorica)” (1872, Hellenic Springtimes [II. Dorian Mode]), she is praised in the ideal landscape of an imagined and archaic Sicily, saturated with the figures of Greek myth. This divine beauty is able to administer a draft of nepenthe and other sacred balms to her hero— the poet—just as Helen of Troy was empowered in classic times. She is endowed by oreads and dryads with bouquets of flowers and the ability to understand the glorious and woeful tales they tell. The love affair with Piva lasted for several years and provided the sentimental material for many powerful poems. In a farewell letter to Piva (who died in 1881), Carducci wrote on 15 July 1878: Amami dunque ancora; e ricòrdati, con benevolenza, del bene; e oblia, con pia indulgenza, i miei torti. Io ricordo e amo e desidero con molta mestizia, ma non senza una speranza di conforto e di gioia. Addio, dolce amore. Io ti amo ancora come nei primi giorni che mi ti desti. E non voglio avere altri ricordi tristi e affannosi. (So love me still; and remember, with benevolence, the good; and forget, with pious indulgence, my faults. I remember and I love and I desire with much sadness, but not without a hope of comfort and joy. Farewell, my sweet love. I still love you as I did in the first days when you gave yourself to me. And I do not wish to have any other sad and troubled memories.) Carducci had other dalliances—including Annie Vivante, Adele Bergamini, Dafne Gargiolli—who, in addition to Piva, played an important part in the history of his poetry. Before their affair ended, Piva accompanied Carducci on an 1878 visit to Trieste and the former seaside retreat of the Austrian archduke Maximillian, Miramare. The sapphic ode “Miramar” (1889) is an homage to that leader, whom Napoleon III had named emperor of Mexico in 1864 and who was slain by rebels loyal to Benito Juarez on an 1867 mission to Mexico with his wife, the Empress Charlotte. After the slaying, Charlotte went insane. In Carducci’s view, these events are a manifestation of Nemesis, the paying of an historical debt incurred by one’s ancestors. The poem is remarkable for its setting and for the generous attitude of the poet toward a man who had been the resident leader (in Lombardy and Venetia) of Italy’s occupier and its primary enemy during the Risorgimento. Also in 1878, Carducci wrote an ode to the queen of Italy and was named the official poet of the House of Savoy. From the 1880s forward, Carducci’s poetry was extolled by academic and nonacademic critics alike as the embodiment of a fresh neoclassicism, elevated in its mythic virtues above the baseness of daily life, combined in its essence with the spiritual reclamation of the Italian countryside and its agriculturally based virtues. The countryside is viewed as a primitive landscape compatible with the myth of infancy—both the infancy of the individual (as in Carducci’s memorialistic evocations of his childhood) and that of the Italian culture. While the critic Thovez in 1926 accused Carducci of a false and brittle archaism based on outdated rhetorical models, far more important was the earlier praise by Benedetto Croce, who extolled Carducci in 1920 as the “poet of history,” a vital and wholesome voice of civic and heroic inspiration to his countrymen. In the Rime nuove, Carducci’s historical and anthropological research emerges in a way reminiscent of the Romanticists’ exploration of popular folklore, legends, and verse forms. In fact, the poet who had polemically opposed Romanticism now dedicated a celebratory ode to Shelley: “Presso l’urna di Percy Bysshe Shelley” (1884, By the Funeral Urn of Percy Bysshe Shelley). Preoccupied with death, Carducci writes of an Elysium shared only by the great poets: “la bella / isola risplendente di fantasia” (that blessed / island of the imagination), and of his final doubts about immortality. In his celebrated sonnet “Traversando la Maremma toscana” (1885, Crossing the Tuscan Maremma), Carducci evokes a by-now-familiar sentimental landscape, but with irony toward himself and toward the code of courtly love. Stricken by melancholy upon seeing the landscape of his youth, acknowledging the vanity of his efforts, he finds solace in the landscape: E dimani cadrò. Ma di lontano Pace dicono al cuor le tue colline Con le nebbie sfumanti e il verde piano Ridente ne le pioggie mattutine. (And tomorrow I shall fall. But from afar your hills speak peace to my heart, as the mists rise and sunlight plays upon your green plain amongst the morning showers, [translated by Higgins]) “San Martino” is another Anacreontic ode in four quatrains like “Pianto antico.” In it, a hunter stands at the threshold of a stone house, turning a spit and watching in the sunset the migration of birds. The landscape is depicted with the minimalist techniques of the impressionists or the Italian macchiaioli (blotchnadas;painters), the equivalent being a swift application of colors and sounds to reflect passing climatic phenomena and other sensory impressions. Among the fortynadas;seven sonnets in Rime nuove are the twelve of Ça ira (1883, It Will Pass), a sequence initially published as a pamphlet in praise of the spirit of the French Revolution. Inspired by his reading of Jules Michelet’s Histoire de la Révolution française (1847–1853), Carducci proposed the French Revolution as a heroic model to his countrymen; and when several legislators, journalists, and educators objected to his sonnet series, accusing him of Jacobin tendencies, he responded with Ça ira (Prosa), a lengthy polemic divided into ten chapters, in the third series of Confes-sioni e battaglie (1884, Confessions and Battles). When the final sonnet closes, the French have defeated the Prussians at Valmy, and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe has the final word, as he attests to the monumental import of the current events: “Al mondo oggi da questo / luogo incomincia la novella storia” (Events you witness here today / Chart new horizons for the human race [translated by Arthur Burkhard]). Here and throughout his poetic production Carducci writes of man in history, not of man in the cosmos. His frequent recourse to irony is necessary because of the persistent force of Nemesis, or the reality of vendettas and retributive justice in human history: “Ahimć tutta la storia umana è un orribile marea di sangue” (Alas, all of human history is a horrible tide of blood). Herein lies the progressivist and ultimately positivist orientation of the poet. In Ça ira the notion of Nemesis is the revenge of the French populace against centuries of monarchical abuse. While such a blind force works for the good in this instance, in others it does not; what Carducci dreams of is a final victory over Nemesis by Reason. Plutarch was a major inspiration for Carducci, representing the ability to isolate the particular human essence within a given historical context, and to mirror the national glory. In this spirit, the final poem of the Rime nuove,“Congedo” (1873, completed in 1887, Envoi), presents the figure of the poet as a blacksmith whose arduous work is centered on the forge: investing all his skills and memories, his artistry and intellect, into the poem, the craftsman yields up the final product of “uno strale / D’oro” (a golden shaft) that he casts to the sun, desiring no more. The first edition of Odi barbare was followed by editions in 1882 and 1889. In this ambitious project Carducci aims to recreate in Italian verse the quantitative verse forms of classical Greek and Latin poetry. He seeks modern versions of the hexameter and pentameter line forms set into imitations of the classic elegy and such strophic forms as the Alchaic, the Archilochean, and the sapphic. At the same time he does not impose the metric stresses those forms would dictate, but allows for their natural, grammatical accenting in Italian. The “barbaric” verse is not a scientific re-creation on Carducci’s part but an intuitive one; his knowledge of classical Greek meter was mediocre, so he was free to approximate and not get bogged down in unnecessary philological details. Even those scholars who are expert in the classical verse forms he adopts will not necessarily recognize them because of the impracticality of adapting a language in which rhythms are generated by tonic accents to a language in which rhythms are determined by the length of vowel sounds. Odi barbare begins in light and moves toward darkness, the inverse of the ascensional pattern of Levia gravia. Carducci designated these works as “barbaric” or “pagan” in order to indicate the foreignness of their sound to the classical poets, should they hear the adaptation of their strophic poetic forms into Italian. One of the effects of this ongoing experiment is a novel sense of the beauty of words, and by extension of the calm and repose that is generated by their use in this highly skilled and anachronistic compositional format. The themes are those of separation from the world of struggle and harking back to the landscapes of one’s childhood and youth. By creating an alternative to the qualitative “parisyllabic” verse of the Italian lyric and epic tradition, Carducci created an opening for the entry of free verse in the poetry of coming generations. Since parisyllabic verse tends to be rhythmic and repetitive, by going against it and suppressing rhyme, one creates a less melodic, more severe, and more elevated metrical space. If traditional Italian verse lends itself too easily to musical harmonies and facile sentimentality, Carducci’s pursuit of a neutral ground with precedents in the dignity and sobriety of the classical past suggested new, more modern, tonalities to his poetic successors. One of Carducci’s best-known barbaric odes, “Alle fonti del Clitumno” (1876, At the Springs of the Clitunno), maps the historical-mythic itinerary of the Clitunno (Clitumnus) River from its source near Spoleto in Umbria as it proceeds downstream. The thirtynine sapphic quatrains are mostly unrhymed, though the poet is free to rhyme if he wishes. By invoking the tutelary river god of the Umbrians, Etruscans, and Romans and referring to Virgil’s evocation in the Georgics of this site and the bleaching in the sacred water of the coats of livestock intended for rituals, the poet imagines a living historical record that might again serve as a model for cultural prosperity. The conceit of the river’s mythic correspondence to ancient history allows the poet to evoke the various distant cultures (in contrast to what he saw as the mystical fanaticism of Christianity) in order to praise the fertility and abundance associated with the god Pan and the pagan religions of the indigenous pre-Roman cultures. The poem ends with the poet’s praise of Italy in its natural beauty as it renews itself. Carducci’s positivistic conviction that secular civilization is progressing is complicated by the evocation of ancient religions, beliefs, and the expression of piety found in classical and earlier indigenous myths. In the final stanza, “il vapore” (the steam engine) is depicted as a symbol of Italy moving forward to meet the challenge of industrial civilization, together with the ancient virtues and fecundity symbolized by the river. In December 1876 Carducci wrote “Alla stazione in una mattina d’autunno” (At the Station, One Autumn Morning), a poem that characterizes the strength of his more melancholy later poems. Carducci’s later poetry grows pessimistic and anticipates, with a proliferation of autumnal and wintery images, his own decline. In response to the crisis of this perceived twilight, the poet seeks an escape into dream and memory. The vision of autumn alludes to the autumn of his own life, when literature and myth no longer offer solace and consolation: metaphors of death abound, the primary one being that of the monstrous train whose arrival marks the final separation between the poet and his beloved. With the lover’s departure, the dream of love itself departs. The image of the train has a wholly different resonance from the steam engine in “Alle fonti del Clitumno”: Già il mostro, conscio di sua metallica anima, sbuffa, crolla, ansa, i fiammei occhi sbarra; immane pe ’l buio gitta il fischio che sfida lo spazio. Va l’empio mostro; con traino orribile sbattendo l’ale gli amor miei portasi. (Already the monster, aware of its metallic soul, puffs, shudders, pants, glaring flames; huge in the darkness it whistles challenging the empty air. The monster departs, pitiless; with flapping wings it bears off my beloved in its awful train, [translated by Higgins]) A nostalgia for the classical world now permeates Carducci’s poetics, a vision born from books and a disdain for the mediocrity of the current day. “Dinanzi alle Terme di Caracalla” (1877, By the Baths of Caracalla) is a pastoral symphony in various movements; in it Carducci deplores the touristic indulgence in monuments and ruins. If Italy had become a musty museum for the arid and self-involved perusal of curiosity seekers, Carducci exhorts his countrymen to reinhabit the greatness of the past and to be satisfied with nothing less in the present. The Canzone di Legnano (1879, Song of Legnano) is an epic song projected in three parts, of which only the first, “Il parlamento” (The Parliament), is complete. It first appeared in the periodical Rassegna settimanale (30 March 1879) and was subsequently included in Rime nuove. It is concerned with the truthful evocation of the free commune of Milan in the Middle Ages and the resistance against the German emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who devastated Milan in 1162, a fact that led to the formation of the Lombard League, an armed coalition of cities that defeated Barbarossa at the Battle of Legnano in 1176, thus regaining the cities’ autonomy. Such an historical theme is intended to praise the current nation and glorify its struggles. Despite Carducci’s dedication to civic poetry, the lower class is conspicuously absent from his treatments of Italian society, and the middle class is the target of much criticism. Rather than addressing the urgent economic and educational needs of the nation, as had been done by Mazzini or the Federalist Carlo Cattaneo, Carducci looked to literature for his model of the nation, to the classic Roman republic. Unimpressed by the recent discoveries of classical philology and archaeology, he preferred to filter his classicism through the eighteenth-century Enlightenment myths, in particular the idealism of serenity and beauty, and the view of poetry as a heroic act. In the early 1890s his scholarship focused on Parini, culminating in the publication of Storia del «Giorno» di Giuseppe Parini (1892, History of the “Day” of Giuseppe Parini). In the poems of Rime e ritmi it is clear that Carducci’s days of poetic genius are past; yet, some remarkable poems are produced nonetheless, such as the twelveline elegy “Ad Annie” (1890, To Annie). Carducci met the twenty-year-old Annie Vivante, then an aspiring writer and opera singer, in 1889; she became the amorous presence in this final book of poems. In “As Annie” the poet adopts the form of the Horatian paraclausithyron, the song before the woman’s closed door: Batto a la chiusa imposta con un ramicello di fiori glauchi ed azzurri, come i tuoi occhi, o Annie. Vedi: il sole co ‘1 riso d’un tremulo raggio ha baciato la nube, e ha detto-Nuvola bianca, t’apri. (I knock at the closed shutter with a branch of flowers sea-green and blue, like your eyes, oh Annie. See: the sun with its tremulous smiling ray has kissed the cloud, and said: “Open up, white cloud.”) Good taste and decorum are essential components of classical poetry, and thus of Carducci’s. These elements are absent from modern poetry, which, starting with Romanticism, tends to dismiss the oratorical, rhetorical purpose of poetry and the classical division of form and content. Two stylistic registers in particular are prevalent throughout Carducci’s work: the noble and dignified classical diction, and the day-to-day language of satire, journalism, and populist polemics. While Carducci believed in the function and specific properties of genres—the ode to celebrate, the iambic to polemicize, the sonnet to lyricize, the ballad for romantic narration, and the elegy to solemnize—he knew that this faith in fixed genres belongs to an earlier time. He knew that, in the modern era, any reliance on them would be a reminiscence, and to that extent ironic. While Carducci tended to ignore the poetry of Symbolism, which focuses on the unconscious motivations and mysteries of the poet’s psyche, ultimately his exploration of the self leaves the greatest imprint on the modern reader, more than the heraldic verse. Luigi Baldacci has stated that Carducci is “il piú centrifugo dei poeti italiani” (the most centrifugal of Italian poets), resistant to categorization. One does not find abrupt transitions in the work but rather a slow evolution in response to changes in the outside world and the poet’s personal life. There are many internal references within the poems, and also a self-referential tendency that includes the occasional lament of the poet’s inability to truly master his medium, or of the inability of poetry to measure up to the demands of a tragic and disordered reality. The first great critic of Carducci’s poetic opus was Croce, the authoritative founder of the journal La critica. According to Croce, Carducci’s “historical reconstructions” in verse are successful because “the sentiment of the poet doesn’t gloss the event, but permeates it.” Moreover, Carducci’s love is “voluptas in the elevated meaning of the word, the joy of one’s entire being, of one’s eyes and one’s imagination.” Writing in 1920, Croce contrasted Carducci’s “pure and sober poetry ... in which the fundamental and essential lines are always drawn with confidence” to the other literature that had dominated Europe over the previous fifty years, “the nausea of all that impressionism, symbolism, sensualism, verism, vaunted as superrefined art.” Later generations were less impressed by Carducci’s “religion of letters” and his wholesome and heroic “human dignity.” In the aftermath of World War II, Natalino Sapegno labeled Carducci a “minor” poet, reflecting the taste of the era; but this judgment itself has waned as Carducci’s critical fortunes have risen once again, in particular regarding the derivations of twentieth-century poets from the stylistic novelty of his work. Sapegno also writes that Carducci exhibits “an ingenuous ability to ignite and give himself over to the sung rhythms of his fantasies, in the bursting energy of his plastic imagination.” This strength of imagination and willingness to venture into the unknown distinguished Carducci’s writings during his own lifetime—an historical period when Italians had few things to celebrate and much to be disappointed about—and guarantees his continued relevance. In addition to his work as a poet, Carducci’s gifts as a public speaker were considerable. On 4 June 1882 he gave an extemporaneous speech on the death of Garibaldi two days earlier. He spoke publicly at Arqua to memorialize Petrarch and at Certaldo on Boccaccio. When the monument to Dante Alighieri was dedicated in Trent on 13 September 1896, Carducci delivered a celebratory poem for the occasion. In 1890 he was named a senator just as the first of two terms of Prime Minister Francesco Crispi (1887–1891, 1893–1896) was about to end. When the Italian Socialist Party was formed in 1892, Italy was facing the growing phenomenon of class struggle, including strikes by newly formed labor unions and peasant uprisings. Carducci, a member of the Liberal Party, opposed the Socialists and defended the imperialistic politics of Crispi, whose government was unresponsive to the problems of the Italian laborer and farmer, particularly in the south, where the problems of ignorance, poverty, and a subsistence-level agricultural economy were aggravated. Carducci ultimately came to believe that his own role as vate, or prophetic bard, was best served by his embrace of the existing monarchy. Under his guidance, the Facoltà di Lettere (Department of Italian Lit erature) at Bologna grew from a small to a large program; his regular lectures were heavily attended by students from around the university and by the general public, especially women. Carducci’s fame was such that after 1880 he was generally considered as the national authority on matters of Italian literary scholarship. There is in Carducci the scholar a positivistic use of the historical method. His critical thought endures in two major areas. One is the literary history he assiduously pursued from his adolescent years forward with major studies of Dante, Parini, Tasso, Ludovico Ariosto, and especially Petrarch, in the form of his commentary in an 1899 edition of Petrarch’s Rime. As a literary historian his work is distinguished by the clarity and equanimity of his judgments, even as regards a figure such as Manzoni, whom he criticized in verse. The second area is represented by the three volumes (or “series”) of Confessioni e battaglie, texts of a more cultural flavor. This prose has a familiar character, including many colorful polemics and personal reminiscences. The quintessentially Tuscan character of the man and his language forms a link between the region and the nation as between the entire range of the social classes, from the popular to the aristocratic. While Croce valued the poetry highly, he undervalued Carducci’s prose. This oversight is significant, given Croce’s enormous influence during the first half of the twentieth century. In fact, Carducci is the greatest nineteenth-century Italian critic after Francesco De Sanctis. As his critical prose matured, Carducci’s best essays were not the highly synthetic ones—typically celebratory, nationalistic, and moralizing—but rather the analytic, keenly insightful, and technical examinations of texts, such as his studies of Politian, Petrarch, and Leopardi. In this area of literary analysis he surpasses De Sanctis. Carducci provides as close to an exhaustive representation of the Italian literary patrimony that one can find; there are few periods or masters in the Italian literary canon he did not treat. He has also incorporated into his readings the contributions of the major literary historians of the previous two centuries. The technique of this “poor laborer of literature,” as he called himself, was to reconstruct the historical times and context of an author by a close textual and linguistic analysis of individual works. Thus he provides in the composite a rigorous history of the literary institutions and of Italian literary forms. Carducci suffered a paralytic attack to his right arm and hand on 25 September 1899; a debilitating hemiplegia was the long-term result. In 1901 he lost most of his ability to write because of increased weakening from the attack two years earlier. He was forced to dictate most of his works. In 1904 he was awarded a pension for life by the Italian Parliament, as had been done only for Alessan-dro Manzoni. In December 1904 he retired from teaching and soon afterward hired a personal nurse who assisted him until the end of his life. His temperament grew even more restless and melancholy. While he received many homages and honors, he avoided public gatherings and preferred whenever possible (even against doctors’ orders) to travel to his favorite spot in the Lombard Alps, Madesimo. When on 10 December 1906 the Swedish Academy awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature to Carducci, he was too frail to travel, but a celebratory event was held at his home in Bologna at the same hour. (Earlier in 1906, Carducci’s home had been purchased for the nation by the queen.) Vittorio Puntoni, the rector of the University of Bologna, had been nominating Carducci for the prize since 1902; but these efforts were unsuccessful until a member of the Academy, Baron De Bildt, made the nomination. The baron was present in Bologna for the personal conferral; Carducci mustered the strength to gesture positively to the small group in attendance—including his wife and three daughters—and then, after the baron’s speech, which extolled the poet’s exaltation of the ideals of country, freedom, and justice, managed to utter a few words: “Salutatemi il popolo svedese, nobile nei pensieri e negli atti” (Please send my greetings to the Swedish people, noble in their thoughts and their actions). Carducci did not have much opportunity to enjoy the prize or to spend the money; he died on 16 February 1907. Certainly the fact that Carducci was the first Italian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature enhanced his reputation; but in Italy, Carducci’s fame was already considerable. The effect of the award was perhaps more important internationally, as it informed the world that the first poet laureate of the relatively new Italian nation had been conferred with this high honor. The general tendency of twentieth-century criticism has been to ignore Carducci’s philological novelty and rigor and to consider the challenge of his poetry as a fact of the past. Yet, this view is a misreading of the Tuscan poet’s insistence on historical and practical matters in combination with an archaic lexicon and anachronistic reliance on classical forms. In the seeming incongruities lies his true contemporaneity to later poets and scholars. Carducci unknowingly set the benchmark for free verse; he also perfected a form of secular contemplation in verse that seeks to confront death honestly in the sphere of the immanent. In his oratory and prose he emerged as the most dignified and respected spokesman of his age; he was called on to memorialize and eulogize, to make sense of the changing tides of the modern world. In addition, he gave an increasingly literate Italian public a dignified vision of its national narrative, which combined past, present, and future. As he wrote in “Il canto dell’amore,” from Giambi ed epodi:“Il mondo è bello e santo l’avvenir” (The world is beautiful and holy is the future). Letters Lettere. Edizione Nazionale, 22 volumes (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1938–1968). Biographies Giovanni Papini, L’uomo Carducci (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1913); Mario Biagini, Giosuè Carducci (Milan: Mursia, 1976). References Luigi Baldacci, “Carducci,” in his Secondo Ottocento (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1969), pp. 55–73; Walter Binni, Carducci e altri saggi (Turin: Einaudi, 1973), pp. 3–83; Benedetto Croce, Giosuè Carducci. Studio critico (Bari: Laterza, 1920); Cesare De Lollis, Appunti sulla lingua poetica del Carducci (1912), in his Scrittori d’ltalia (Milan ’& Naples: Ric-ciardi, 1968), pp. 539–570; Mario Praz, Il classicismo di Giosuè Carducci (1935), in his Gusto neoclassico (Milan: Rizzoli, 1974), pp. 359–374; Luigi Russo, Carducci senza retorica (Bari: Laterza, 1957); Giambattista Salinari, “Giosuè Carducci,” in Storia della lettertura italiana, VIII: Datt’Ottocento al Novecento (Milan: Garzanti, 1968), pp. 627–729; Mario Santoro, Introduzione al Carducci critico (Naples: Liguori, 1968); Natalino Sapegno, Storia di Carducci (1949), in his Ritratto del Manzoni e altri saggi (Bari: Laterza, 1961), pp. 205–225; Renato Serra, Per un catalogo (1910), in his Scritti, I, edited by G. De Robertis and A. Grilli (Florence: Le Monnier, 1938), pp. 71–100; Raffaele Sirri, Retorica e realtà nella poesia giambica del Carducci (Naples: Il Tripode, 1965); Enrico Thovez, il pastore, il gregge e la zampogna: dall’Inno a Satana alla laus vitae (Naples: Ricciardi, 1926). Papers The “Casa Carducci” in Bologna is the center of Giosuè Carducci studies; it houses an archive of the poet’s books and manuscripts and maintains a comprehensive catalogue of studies of his work.
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President :- Giorgio Napolitano Prime Minister :- Enrico Letta Unification :- 17 March 1861 Republic :- 2 June 1946 Currency :- Euro National Animal :- Italian Wolf Borders : North :- France, Switzerland, Austria , and Solvenia. South :- Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia. Enclaves in Italy :- Sovereign states of San Marino and The Vatican City. Excl-ave in Switzerland :- Campione d’Italia Italy was the founding member of European Union in 1993. Italy is the member state of :- Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, G8, G20, NATO, Council Of Europe and The United Nations. ◘ HISTORY The term Italia , from Latin Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Viteliu meaning “Land of Young Cattle”. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italics , mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. Rome , a modest agricultural community , conventionally founded in 753 BC. According to legend , Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus in the heart o Etruscan Italy in 735 BC. Over the next several centuries , Rome expanded its its territories into what became known as The Roman Empire. The Romans named the Italian peninsula Italia. ◘ THE MIDDLE AGE ( 6th to 14th CENTURY). A brief history of Italy in the middle ages begins with a series of invasion . In 493 the Ostrogoth’s, an eastern Germanic tribe conquered the Italian Peninsula. The resulting Gothic war led to the Lombard’s , another Germanic tribe , establishing a kingdom in northern Italy and three regions in the south in 568. In 756 French defeated Lombard’s and granted the popes authority over central Italy and Papal states ere created. ◘ THE RENAISSANCE (14th to 16th CENTURY). At this point, the disparity among the regions were extreme. In contrast to the prosperous northern states , central and southern Italy were economically depressed. The Papacy temporarily relocated to Avignon in France, returning to Rome in 1478. Naples, Sicily and Sardinia were controlled by foreign powers. ◘ FOREIGN RULE (1559 to 1814). Once again in this history of Italy, a golden era is followed by a dark one. In 1494 France invaded northern Italy collapsed . In 1527 Spain and Germany attacked Rome. By the end of the “Italian wars in 1559, three Italian republics regained their independence- Piedmont savoy, Corsica were later sold to France- Cosica in 1764 and Savoy in 1860. By 1559 Spain controlled Milan, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia and southern Tuscan’s. It lasted until 1713. During the Napoleonic Era (1796 to 1814), Italy was briefly unite by Napoleon as the Italian republic and later the Kingdom of Italy, becoming a client state of French Republic. After the death of Napoleonic , in 1814, the congress of Vienna divided Italy in eight parts, most under foreign rule: Parma, Modena and Tuscan’s by Hapsburg’s, Lombard’s and Veneto were ruled by Austria, Piedmont , Sardinia, Genoa and the Papal states were independent. ◘ UNIFICATION (1814-1861). The movement began in 1815 with a growing resentment towards the peninsula’s domination by Austria. Two prominent figures in the unification movement were Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi. Mazzini was imprisoned in 1830 for his role in carbonian secret society. He mounted unsuccessful uprisings in Italy, but worked with Garibaldi with a dream of unification. He died in 1872. Italy was officially unified in 1861. After two world wars and dictatorship of Benito Mussolini , a popular mandate declared Italy a republic in 1946. (Source :- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy , http://lavezzi.org/5.html , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Italy , http://www.italianlegacy.com/brief-history-of-italy.html , ) The monuments of italy, thanks to the different civilizations that have left deep marks of their existence in different cities of italy 🙂 . One of the is Colosseum and is included in the seven wonders of the world. ◘ THE COLOSSEUM The Colosseum also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy. Built of concrete and stone, it was the largest amphitheatre of the Roman Empire, and is considered one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and Engineering It is the largest amphitheatre in the world. The Colosseum is situated just east of the Roman Forum. The Colosseum is an iconic symbol of Imperial Rome. It is one of Rome’s most popular tourist attractions. ◘ THE LEANING TOWER OF PISA The Leaning Tower of Pisa is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa, known worldwide for its unintended tilt to one side. It is situated behind the Cathedral. The height of the tower is 55.86 metres (183.27 feet) from the ground on the low side and 55.70 metres (182.74 feet) on the high side. The width of the walls at the base is 4.09 m (13.42 ft) and at the top 2.48 m (8 ft 1.64 in). Its weight is estimated at 14,500 metric tons.The tower leans at an angle of 3.99 degrees. ◘ VATICAN MUSEUM The Vatican Museums are the museums of the Vatican City and are located within the city’s boundaries. They display works from the immense collection built up by the Roman Catholic Church throughout the centuries including some of the most renowned classical sculptures and most important masterpieces of Renaissance art in the world. ◘ DOGE’S PALACE, VENICE The Doge’s Palace is a palace built in Venetian Gothic style, and one of the main landmarks of the city of Venice, northern Italy. The palace was the residence of the Doge Of Venice, the supreme authority of the Republic Of Venice, opening as a museum in 1923. Today, it is one of the 11 museums run by the Fondazione Musei Civici di Venezia. Italian cuisine has developed through centuries of social and political changes. Italiain cuisine is noted for its regional diversity, taste, and its known to be one of the best cuisine in the world. Italian cuisine is charactersized by its extreme simplicity with many dishes having 0nly fout to eight ingredients. Italian cusine is the one of the healthy and take less time to cook. Many italian dishes that were once regional have been spread through out the world in todays time like cheese, pasta , wine etc are major part of the italian cuisnine. ◘ Main ingredients Olive oil : is the most commonly used vegetable fat in italian cooking Pesto : A ligurian sause made out of basil , olive ol and pine nuts . Tomatoes : are a stereotypical part of italian cusine n indian cusine but its usage started from 18th centuary. ◘ PASTA Pasta is a type of noodle and is a staple food of traditional Italian cuisine , Italian cuisine is also well known for its use of a diverse variety of pasta. Pasta include noodles in various lengths , shapes and widths It can be made with flour from other cereals or grains , and eggs may be used instead of water. Pastas may be divided into two broad categories, dried and fresh .There are hundred of different shapes of pasta with at least locally recognised names. ◘ PIZZA Pizza is an oven-baked, flat, round bread typically topped with a tomato sauce, cheese and various toppings.The modern day pizzas birth place was Naples ,Italy.The origin n most popular variety is Magherita which has only Tomatoes and Mozerella n basil .These colors represnt Italian Flag colors n legends says that this pizza was served to Queen Marghertia of savoy. ◘ Gelato Gelato is italy’s version of ice cream. Gelato is defined in English as a soft ice cream containing little or no air .It contains many of the same ingredients as other frozen dairy deserts , but has lower butterfat and suger content. This ice cream is different from other ice cream because it can keep for long time and it remain fresh for many days. Sports in Italy have a long tradition. In numerous sports, both individual and team, Italy has good representation and many successes. Football is the most popular sport in Italy. Basketball, Volleyball, and Cycling are the next most popular/played sports, with Italy having a rich tradition in all three. ◘ FOOTBALL Football is the most popular sport in Italy. The Italian National Football Team has won the FIFA WORLD CUP four times (1934, 1938, 1982, and 2006), trailing only Brazil (with 5). Italy’s club sides have won 27 major European trophies, making them the most successful nation in European football. The Italian word for football is calico and this is the word used to make reference to the sport in Italy, as opposed to football in England or soccer in the United States and Canada.The Italian football has given many great players to the world like Mario Balotelli,Marco Materazzi,Gianluca Zambortta. ◘ BASKETBALL Italy is one of the main basketball nations in Europe, along with Spain, Serbia, Greece, Slovenia, Lithuania, Croatia, Russia, Turkey, and France. It has a long and rich tradition in the sport.The Italian name for basketball is PALA CANESTA . The Italian National Basketball Team ‘s best results were gold at EuroBasket 1983 and Euro Basket 1999, as well as silver at the Olympics in2004. ◘ ATHLETICS Athletics is a popular sport in Italy, because Italian World or Olympic champions are very celebrated people. There are many national and international events every year. Cinema of Italy The Cinema of Italy comprises the films made within Italy, or by Italian directors. Since the development of the Italian film industry in the early 1900s, Italian filmmakers and performers have, at times, experienced both domestic and international success, and have influenced film movements throughout the world. As of 2013, Italian films have won 13 Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film, the most of any country, as well as 12 Palmes d’Or, the second-most of any country. Early Italian films were typically adaptations of books or stage plays. By the 1910s, Italian filmmakers were utilizing complex set designs, lavish costumes, and record budgets, to produce pioneering films such as Enrico Guazzoni‘s Quo Vadis (1912) and Giovanni Pastrone‘s Cabiria (1914). One of the first cinematic avante-garde movements, Italian Futurism, took place in Italy in the late 1910s. After a period of decline in the 1920s, the Italian film industry was revitalized in the 1930s with the arrival of sound film. A popular Italian genre during this period, the Telefoni Bianchi, consisted of comedies with glamorous backgrounds.[1] While Italy’s Fascist government provided financial support for the nation’s film industry, most notably the construction of the Cinecittà studios, it also engaged in censorship, and thus many Italian films produced in the late 1930s were propaganda films. Post-World War II Italy saw the rise of the influential Italian neorealist movement, which launched the directorial careers of Luchino Visconti, Roberto Rossellini, and Vittorio De Sica. Neorealism declined in the late 1950s in favor of lighter films, such as those of the Commedia all’italiana genre. Actresses such as Sophia Loren and Gina Lollobrigida achieved international stardom during this period.[1] The Spaghetti Western achieved popularity in the mid-1960s, peaking with Sergio Leone‘s Dollars Trilogy, which featured enigmatic scores by composer Ennio Morricone. Erotic Italian thrillers, or giallos, produced by directors such as Mario Bava and Dario Argento in the 1970s, influenced the horror genre worldwide. During the 1980s and 1990s, directors such as Federico Fellini, Bernardo Bertolucci, and Roberto Benigni brought critical acclaim back to Italian cinema. Here are top 10 italian movies :- 1. La Strada Italian film is unthinkable without Federico Fellini, and this heartbreaking classic about a poor girl who is taken away by a cruel strongman to become a circus performer is impossible to resist. With wonderful performances by Anthony Quinn and Giulietta Masina. For more early Fellini, check out Nights of Cabiria, also with Masina. 2. Umberto D. Vittorio De Sica’s 1952 neo-realist film about an old man who is stripped of his dignity is sad but not sentimental. We prefer it to The Bicycle Thief. 3. 1900 Bernardo Bertolucci’s epic history about a peasant and a land owner over the course of the first half of the century stars Robert De Niro and Gerard Depardieu. If you don’t have the time (1900 is over five hours long), try The Conformist. 4. The Battle of Algiers Gillo Pontecorvo’s legendary re-telling of the struggle for Algerian independence from France is a timelessly powerful film. 4. The Battle of Algiers Gillo Pontecorvo’s legendary re-telling of the struggle for Algerian independence from France is a timelessly powerful film. 5. The Best of Youth This sprawling and all engrossing drama by Marco Tullio Giordana, the most recent film on this list, follows two brothers from the 1960s to the present. The film was first screened in Italy on television and in the U.S. as two films at three hours each. The times flies by. 6. La Dolce Vita Yet another masterpiece by Federico Fellini, La Dolce Vita features Marcello Mastroianni as the original Paparazzo who chases Anita Ekberg through the streets of room and right into the Fontana di Trevi. 7. Open City Roberto Rossellini’s landmark film portrays the struggle of Rome’s citizens during the final days of World War II. 8. L’Avventura Monica Vitti plays a woman searching for a missing friend in the Mediterranean in Michelangelo Antonioni’s breakthrough film. 9. The Leopard Burt Lancaster, Claudia Cardinale and Alain Delon star in an epic story of elegiac grace in Luchino Visconti’s Sicilian tale of revolution and decline. 10. Cinema Paradiso Giuseppe Tornatore’s sentimental love letter to the movies is a film we love to hate, but we cannot ignore it. Here are few oscar wining Italian movies and awrd wining actors :- Today and Tomorrow, Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion, The Garden of the Finzi-Continis,Amacord, Cinema Paradiso, Mediterraneo and Life Is Beautiful. Additionally, Oscars were won by The Bicycle Thief, Shoeshine, and Seven Beauties. And there are Italian film that won other awards: Two Women (Best Actress), La Dolce Vita (Costumes), Divorce- Italian Style (Original Screenplay) and Il Postino (Original Score). The Nobel prize has been awarded 853 times, of which 23 awards were to organizations. There are 20 novel prize winners from Italy in different fields. They are :- Mario Capecchi, Physiology or Medicine, 2007 Riccardo Giacconi, Physics, 2002 Dario Fo, Literature, 1997 Rita Levi-Montalcini, Physiology or Medicine, 1986 Franco Modigliani, Economics, 1985 Carlo Rubbia, Physics, 1984 Renato Dulbecco, Physiology or Medicine, 1975 Eugenio Montale, Literature, 1975 Salvador Luria, Physiology or Medicine, 1969 Giulio Natta, Chemistry, 1963 Salvatore Quasimodo, Literature, 1959 Emilio G. Segrè, Physics, 1959 Daniel Bovet, born in Switzerland, Physiology or Medicine, 1957 Enrico Fermi, Physics, 1938 Luigi Pirandello, Literature, 1934 Grazia Deledda, Literature, 1926 Guglielmo Marconi, Physics, 1909 Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Peace, 1907 Giosuè Carducci, Literature, 1906 Camillo Golgi, Physiology or Medicine, 1906 But among these novelist 6 novelist are more famous :- Giosué Carducci (Awarded in 1906) The first Italian to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature was the poet Giosué Carducci in 1906, the so-called poeta vate, whose energetic verse was combined with the use of personal and collective reminiscences. He was considered the heir to a national and patriotic lyrical tradition that had been prevalent for centuries in Italy; the end of this widespread sensibility was embodied in Carducci’s poems. The following year, the Nobel Prize for Literature was received by Rudyard Kipling whose vivid energy was not so different from Carducci’s. The ideals of patriotism and national identity, evident throughout Carducci’s works, were a recurrent European intellectual theme at the beginning of the Twentieth century. Grazia Deledda (Awarded in 1926) In contrast to Carducci’s nationalism, Grazia Deledda embodied a regional literary tradition, originating from Sardinia; her writing was a reflection of her native land’s sense of individuality and distinctiveness. Deledda’s narratives enthrall the reader, being the product of an imaginative mind and great sense of humanity. Her female presence in the Italian pantheon revealed to the peninsula a poignant awareness of the diversity of the Italian character in literature. D. H. Lawrence was attracted by Deledda’s emotional use of nature and human psychology, in which he found a major commitment to her island, Sardinia. Luigi Pirandello (Awarded in 1934) Luigi Pirandello was a playwright who received the Nobel Prize for literature in 1934. The theatre of Luigi Pirandello had to resist the rise and decline of Fascism and therefore had to adopt a subtle language made of absurd and ironic sentences to escape the tragedies of the two World Wars. His great contribution to European literature was not limited to his theatre, since Pirandello also wrote a number of brilliant essays on literature, above all about the humoristic tradition of which he felt he was a part. His relationship with Mussolini’s government, whose largesse he occasionally profited from, came under scrutiny following death in 1936. However the ambiguity of his works prohibits any attempts to paint him as a Fascist. Salvatore Quasimodo (Awarded in 1959) Salvatore Quasimodo refined and re-wrote the classical canon and therefore reinvigorated it, placing it at the heart of Italian cultural life once again. One of his finest works, his translations from Greek poetry, contributed to shaping his poetic language. Quasimodo’s poems, some of them translated in English in the collection The Night Fountain, show his reluctance to abandon his sense of belonging to a ‘primitive Mediterranean’, and his internal, laconic rejection of the world of the European Belles Lettres. His works indebted as they were to mythology and religion, were perceived to be evidence of a regressive trend in Italian Literature. Eugenio Montale (Awarded in 1975) Whereas Quasimodo embraced Italian lyricism, others struggled with its indifference to issues of the present day. Eugenio Montale rejected much of what was considered ‘Italian lyricism’ and, through his sophisticated poetical ear, strenuously re-built the rhythm and language of Italian poetry introducing his own bitter and disenchanted images. His poetic influence can be also, and above all, to be found in other poets, both within and outside the Italian scene. In 1987 the Russian poet, Joseph Brodsky, during his Nobel Prize speech, declared that all twentieth century poetry was truly inspired by Montale. Beyond all national tribute, Montale’s influence on such a wide range of international poets still stands as an impressive legacy. Dario Fo (Awarded in 1997) The playwright Dario Fo, like Deledda, offered a regional approach to conceptions of Italian prose. His use of dialects and legends, mainly from the north of Italy, together with his corrosive irony, disentangled Italy from the common stereotype of the provincial art. Fo’s Mistero Buffo, his most important theatrical success, has reformed Italian theatre from its roots; although his political and intellectual sharpness mostly defines his monologues and dialogues, Fo’s greatness stands in his sense of closeness to the oppressed and marginalized in Italian history and politics. Source :- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_country, theculturetrip.com/europe/italy/articles/six-italian-nobel-prize-winners-in-search-of-a-national-identity/)
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	50	https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/sully-prudhomme-leo-tolstoy-and-the-first-nobel-prize	en	Sully Prudhomme, Leo Tolstoy, and the First Nobel Prize	https://blog.bookstellyo…omme_Tolstoy.jpg	https://blog.bookstellyo…omme_Tolstoy.jpg	[ "https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/hs-fs/hub/237126/file-24000257-png/images/logo.png", "https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/hs-fs/hub/237126/file-294270925-png/ilab.png", "https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/hs-fs/hub/237126/file-293390527-png/abaa.png", "https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/237126/4f5afc0e-4fe1-46f6-bebb-f93fe6f22263.png", "https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/hs-fs/hub/237126/file-590016015-jpg/Prudhomme_Tolstoy.jpg?width=400&name=Prudhomme_Tolstoy.jpg", "https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/237126/8cbcff41-ebea-41f3-b97a-db9c8a930894.png", "https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/hs-fs/hub/237126/file-312821311-jpg/Kristin_Masters.jpg?width=80&name=Kristin_Masters.jpg", "https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/237126/639676e5-ddf3-45f7-be51-d4bcbf6fa6b8.png", "https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/237126/edd00eb4-b601-4ee2-b639-b62ddf28ed93.png", "https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/237126/73b09407-0389-43d3-8221-0b8358f11602.png", "https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/237126/4a376006-1872-4939-a6e6-bf7cd379d53e.png" ]	[ "//www.youtube.com/embed/oxHr1ku9DGI" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Kristin Masters" ]	2014-03-14T13:00:00+00:00	Though Sully Prudhomme won the first Nobel Prize, many authors and critics thought the honor should have gone to Leo Tolstoy. Did the committee make the right choice?	en	//blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/hubfs/file-21251103-ico.ico		https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/sully-prudhomme-leo-tolstoy-and-the-first-nobel-prize	When the inaugural Nobel Prize in literature was awarded in 1901, it went to the now relatively unknown Sully Prudhomme. Born on March 16, 1839, Prudhomme was a French poet and essayist who eschewed the Romantic movement. Loosely connected to the Parnassus school, Prudhomme desired to create a scientific poetry for his era. According to the Nobel committee, the prize was given"in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect." Leo Tolstoy was also up for the award that year. The Russian author was passed over because of his eccentric religious perspective and espousal of anarchism. The committee wanted a less controversial figure for the very first Nobel Prize, but the decision didn't sit well with the artistic community--or even many members of the committee. Following the decision, Tolstoy received a letter from a group of Swedish artists and critics who were disappointed--and perhaps even a bit scandalized--by the committee's decision: To Leo Tolstoy: With regard to the awarding of the Nobel Prize for Literature for the first time, we, the undersigned authors, artists, and critics, wish to express our admiration for you. In specific, we see in your person not only the most revered patriarch of today's literature, but also for us the greatest and most profound poet who, in our opinion, should have been the first to be thought of, even if you yourself never strove for this sort of reward. We feel ourselves very much called upon to let you know that, as a consequence of its current membership, we consider the institution which has control over said Prize reflects neither the view of the artists nor of public opinion. It must not be other countries' impression that art which comes from free-thinkers and freely creative persons, even among our remotely residing citizens, is not appreciated as of the finest quality and of a status greater than all others. Signed: George Nordensvan Gustaf Janson August Strindberg P. Staaff Per Hallström Axel Lundegård Oscar Levertin Gustaf af Geijerstam Karl-Erik Forsslund Hilma Angered-Strandberg Ellen Key Hellen Lindgren Nils Kreuger Anders Zorn Acke Andersson Karl Nordström Robert Thegerström Albert Engström Carl Larsson Andreas Hallén Wilhelm Peterson-Berger Selma Lagerlöf Otto Sylwan Sven Söderman Tor Hedberg Klas Fåhraeus Verner v. Heidenstam Henning Berger Hjalmar Söderberg Daniel Fallström Henning v. Melsted Edv. Alkman Georg Pauli Richard Bergh Christian Eriksson Oscar Björck Eugène Jansson Gustaf Wickman Bruno Liljefors Emil Sjögren Wilh. Stenhammar Tor Aulin In 1902, Tolstoy was again passed over for the prize; the Nobel committee awarded it to Theodor Mommson. Losing out on the prize didn't seem to bother Tolstoy much. In fact, he said "it saved me the painful necessity of dealing in some way with the money...generally regarded as very necessary and useful, but which I regard as the source of every kind of evil." Despite Tolstoy's own conciliatory reaction, the furor continued. A Swedish newspaper published an editorial in 1902 calling the the Nobel committee "unfair craftsmen and literature amateurs." Three years later Tolstoy published Great Sin. Though now mostly forgotten, the novel recounts the difficult life of a Russian peasant. The Russian Academy of Sciences decided that the work truly enhanced Tolstoy's standing as a writer, so they decided to nominate him again for the Nobel Prize. The nomination letter was approved by all of Russia's outstanding academic institutions and was accompanied by a copy of Great Sin. But Tolstoy still genuinely wanted nothing to do with the prize. The moment he learned of the nomination, he took up a pen for himself. Tolstoy wrote to his friend Arvid Jarnefelt, a Finnish writer. He entreated Jarnefelt, "“If it was meant to happen, then it would be very unpleasant for me to refuse from it. That is why, I have a favor to ask. If you have any links in Sweden (I think you have), please try to make it so I would not be awarded with the prize. Please, try to do the best you can to avoid the award of the prize to me.” Whether Jarnefelt intervened or the committee had designs of its own, Tolstoy didn't win the prize. Giosuè Carducci did. Should the committee have made a different decision?
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"https://simple.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2012-09-17T15:00:08+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_country	Notes ↑ Total No. of Prizes = 390 * John Bardeen awarded twice in physics; Linus C. Pauling awarded once in chemistry and once in peace ↑ Total No. of Prizes = 134 Frederick Sanger awarded twice in chemistry ↑ Total No. of Prizes = 71 Marie Curie awarded once in physics and once in chemistry ↑ Total No. of Prizes = 19 Marie Curie awarded once in physics and once in chemistry
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	0	13	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes/all/	en	All Nobel Prizes	https://www.nobelprize.o…size-496x328.jpg	https://www.nobelprize.o…size-496x328.jpg	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	All Nobel Prizes	en	https://www.nobelprize.o…avicon-50x50.png	NobelPrize.org	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes	Between 1901 and 2023, the Nobel Prizes and the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel were awarded 621 times to 1000 people and organisations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 965 individuals and 27 organisations. Below, you can view the full list of Nobel Prizes and Nobel Prize laureates. Find all prizes in \| physics \| chemistry \| physiology or medicine \| literature \| peace \| economic sciences \| all categories 2024 The 2024 Nobel Prizes will be announced 7–14 October.
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	2	0	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1906/carducci/facts/	en	Giosuè Carducci – Facts	https://www.nobelprize.o…scape-medium.jpg	https://www.nobelprize.o…scape-medium.jpg	[ "https://www.nobelprize.org/images/carducci-12849-portrait-medium.jpg", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2023/10/nobelprizes_2023-1024x676.jpg", "https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/images/spinner.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	The Nobel Prize in Literature 1906 was awarded to Giosuè Carducci "not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces"	en	https://www.nobelprize.o…avicon-50x50.png	NobelPrize.org	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1906/carducci/facts/	Giosuè Carducci Facts Giosuè Carducci The Nobel Prize in Literature 1906 Residence at the time of the award: Italy Prize motivation: “not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces” Language: Italian Prize share: 1/1 Life Giosué Carducci was born in Valdicastello, Italy. After graduating from the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, he began teaching. In 1860, he was appointed the chair of Italian literature at the University of Bologna, where he lectured for more than 40 years. He was a popular lecturer and a literary and social critic who led an active political life. He was elected to the Senate in 1890. Work Inspired both by his own time as well as his study of the classical and Italian poets, Carducci began writing poetry when he was a child. His first collection of poetry was Rime (1857). He was an atheist whose criticism of Christianity is most prominently showcased in the provocative poem “Hymn to Satan” (published in 1865). To cite this section MLA style: Giosuè Carducci – Facts. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Wed. 24 Jul 2024. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1906/carducci/facts/>
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	31	https://www.facebook.com/photo.php%3Ffbid%3D779149354239347%26id%3D100064328693985%26set%3Da.618783530275931%26locale%3Dta_IN	en	Bei Facebook anmelden	https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yv/r/B8BxsscfVBr.ico	https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yv/r/B8BxsscfVBr.ico	[ "https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/y1/r/4lCu2zih0ca.svg", "https://facebook.com/security/hsts-pixel.gif?c=3.2.5" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Melde dich bei Facebook an, um dich mit deinen Freunden, deiner Familie und Personen, die du kennst, zu verbinden und Inhalte zu teilen.	de	https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yv/r/B8BxsscfVBr.ico	Facebook	https://www.facebook.com/login/web/
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	0	33	https://www.gangalib.org/books.php	en	Ganga Library Inc			[ "https://www.gangalib.org/images/KB-Logo.png", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/ganga_header1.png", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/speaker.png", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/paypal-small.png", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/border_image.png", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/Smith-Vernon-painting.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/Varmus-painting.png", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/Steinberger-painting.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/Roger_Guillemin.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/Temin-painting.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/Watson-painting.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/bergson_postcard.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/deledda_postcard.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/benavente_postcard.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/Hamsun-painting.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/Nansen-painting.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/speaker.png", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/France-painting.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/heidenstam_fig14.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/Tagore-painting.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/maeterlinck_postcard.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/alfredfried.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/heyse.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/Lagerlof-painting.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/eucken.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/carducci.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/Roosevelt-painting.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/suttner_postcard.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/Finsen-painting.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/speaker.png", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/williamcremer.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/fredericpassy.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/paypal-small.png", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/QR-Code-Silvia.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/linkedin-logo.png", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/logo-square.png", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/guidestar.png", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/us_flag.png", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/amharic_flag.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/azerbaijan-flag.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/german-flag.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/kannada_flag.png", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/portugese.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/russia_flag.png", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/spanish_flag.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null			images/favicon-32.png		null	Vernon L. Smith BSEE, Ph.D.[Economics] The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2002 Nobel co-recipient Daniel Kahneman Electrical Engineer, Experimental Economist. Founder, International Foundation for Research in Experimental Economics; Founder Economic Science Institute at Chapman University. "... If I am ever reborn, I hope to be a madman yet again ..." Books Jack Steinberger Ph.D. Nobel Prize in Physics 1988 National Medal of Science - Physical Sciences 1988 USA Nobel Prize shared with Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz Physicist, Cosmologist, Astrophysicist. Hobbies: Playing the Flute, Tennis, Mountaineering, Sailing. To Ganga Library founder on 3 Aug 2014, "I have used your questions to me as an incentive to prepare a list of my publications". Books Howard M. Temin Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975 Nobel Co-recipients David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 1992 Virologist. Interaction between tumor viruses and genetic material of cell. DNA provirus and RNA-directed DNA synthesis. Reverse Transcriptase. Intellectually courageous. Civic minded. How fortunate to live in a country at a time and in a social class that has enabled us to realize our potential. Not been possible for many. Books James D. Watson The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962 The President's National Medal of Sciences - Biological Sciences 1997 Co-Nobelists Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins Zoologist. 'Discovered molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material.' Very generous with subordinates regarding authorship of articles. "Good science is difficult. We must believe strongly in our ideas." Books Henri Bergson The Nobel Prize in Literature 1927 Philosopher, Essayist wrote in French. Rich and vitalizing ideas and brilliant skill in presentation. President, Commission for Intellectual Cooperation of League of Nations. Philosophical system demonstrating Nobel's idea of acknowledging with his Prizes, not human deeds but new ideas revealed through select personalities. Regain for man's consciousness the divine gift of intuition and to put reason in its proper place: serving and controlling ideas. Books Grazia Deledda The Nobel Prize in Literature 1926 Italian writer. Idealistically inspired writings picture life with clarity. With depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general. Criticize moral norms and social values, but not criticize people who are victims of circumstances. Pet crow. Constant faith in humankind and in God Books Jacinto Benavente The Nobel Prize in Literature 1922 Spanish dramatist. In happy manner he continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama. Chiefly writer of comedies of manners and of one-act farces. Upon pediatrician father, at death, leaving comfortable income, he abandoned law studies. Never married. "You meet the warrior when in battle but it is not until victory that you meet the gentleman". Books Knut Pedersen Hamsun The Nobel Prize in Literature 1920 Norwegian writer. In youth, poverty stricken. Little formal education. Leader of Neo-Romantic revolt. Promoted individualism. Exciting description of nature. "I sat looking at her with rapt attention. What a wonderful pleasure to be sitting in a human dwelling again, and talk with a lively young girl instead of with myself!" Books Fridtjof Nansen The Nobel Peace Prize 1922 Zoologist - Neuroscientist, Polar Explorer, Oceanographer, Humanitarian. 'Nansen Passports' for stateless refugees. Despite Russia then being suspect in Western nations, relief for 7,000,000 to 22,000,000 Russians dying of famine. Ministered to refugees - methods became classic: custodial care, repatriation, rehabilitation, resettlement, emigration, integration. Love of mankind is politics in practice. Books Anatole France The Nobel Prize in Literature 1921 Novelist, storyteller; almost all genres. Nobility of style, profound human sympathy, true Gallic temperament. Historical fiction evokes past civilizations with great charm, deep insight. Post-World War I. At Nobel ceremony Frenchman France turned to Nobelist, German Nernst, exchanged a long and cordial handshake with him - a profoundly symbolic gesture. Books Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam The Nobel Prize in Literature 1916 Swedish Poet, Writer. New era in Swedish literature. Perspectives to inner life. Love for ancestral hearth and for home of one's birth most strongly links man to life. "O Man, you will become wise only when you reach the summit of the evening-cool heights where all the earth is beheld" Books Rabindranath Tagore The Nobel Prize in Literature 1913 Indian Poet, Bangali, English. All literary genres. Voice of India's Spiritual Heritage. Social reformer. Promoted gender equality, empowerment of women. Indian National Movement participant. Mahathma Gandhi was his devoted friend. Founder, school in Shantiniketan. Author, National Anthem of India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka. "Love does not claim possession, but gives freedom." Books Count Maurice (Mooris) Polidore Marie Bernhard Maeterlinck The Nobel Prize in Literature 1911 Belgian writer in French. Lawyer. Many-sided literary activities. Dramatic works distinguished by a wealth of imagination. Poetic fancy. Reveals deep inspiration. Appeals to readers' own feelings, stimulates their imaginations. When we lose one we love, our bitterest tears are called forth by the memory of hours when we loved not enough. Books Alfred Fried The Nobel Peace Prize 1911 Nobel Co-recipient Tobias Asser Publisher, Philosopher. Founder, Die Friedenswarte (peace publication). Permanent Court of Arbitration, Netherlands. Collaborator, Nobelist Bertha von Suttner. Propaganda for peace: war was proof of validity of pacifistic analysis of world politics. War is not in itself a condition so much as the symptom of a condition, that of international anarchy. Books Selma Ottolia Lovisa Lagerlöf The Nobel Prize in Literature 1909 Author. Lofty idealism, vivid imagination. Described peasant life, Nordic nature accompanied by ethical strength, deep religious feeling. Respect for Nature, Women's Causes. 1914, became member of the Swedish Academy which awards Nobel Prize for Literature. "Nothing on earth can make up for the loss of one who has loved you." Books Rudolf Christoph Eucken The Nobel Prize in Literature 1908 Writer, Philosopher. Idealism raises our life to greatness above the hubbub of everyday life by representation of eternal truths; in midst of our dark situation it can strengthen our belief in reason of life. Only faith can enable us to cope with enormous obstacles, fill us with confidence of success. Books Giosuè Carducci The Nobel Prize in Literature 1906 Nobel Co-recipient Ernesto Teodoro Moneta Poet, Senator. Wrote poetry as child. Excellent translator, literary historian, orator. Conducted research in every phase of literature and eloquently expressed his findings. Poetry inspired compatriots in war for Italian independence, enjoyed immense popularity at home and abroad. Greatest Italian literary figure in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Books Theodore Roosevelt The Nobel Peace Prize 1906 President, USA. International Peace Arbitrator, various treaties. Vigorous, businesslike. "We abhor bully, oppressor, in private or public life". Conservationist, protected 230,000,000 acres of public land. After camping in Yosemite National Park, "It was like lying in a great solemn cathedral, far vaster and more beautiful than any built by man." Books
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VaiaOriginal!	en	https://website-cdn.stud…icon-120x122.png	Vaia	https://www.vaia.com/en-us/explanations/italian/italian-literature/giosue-carducci/	Early Life and Education of Giosuè Carducci Giosuè Carducci was born on 27 July 1835 in Valdicastello di Pietrasanta, in the region of Tuscany, Italy. His father, Michele Carducci, was a doctor and a fervent Liberal, which influenced Giosuè's nationalist sentiments. His early education took place under the guidance of his father and included the study of Latin and Greek classics. The Carducci family faced financial difficulties, and they frequently moved, finally settling in Florence when Giosuè was young. He attended the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, one of Italy's most prestigious institutions, where he studied philosophy and philology. Philology: The study of language in historical texts. It combines literary studies, history, and linguistics. Giosuè Carducci analysed classical texts from Ancient Greece and Rome, identifying changes in language structure and meaning over time. Giosuè Carducci's passion for classical literature can be traced back to the extensive library of his father. Giosuè Carducci's Career and Achievements After completing his studies, Giosuè Carducci began his career as a high school teacher. In 1860, he was appointed professor of Italian literature at the University of Bologna, where he taught for over 40 years. He is known for his dynamic and nationalistic oratory, influencing many students and literary movements. Carducci's literary work encompasses poetry, prose, and criticism. Among his most famous works are the collections 'Rime Nuove' and 'Odi Barbare.' His style was marked by a blend of classical forms with modern themes, often reflecting his political views. Nobel Prize in Literature: An international literary award given annually since 1901 to an author, from any country, who has produced outstanding work in the field of literature. In addition to his poetic achievements, Giosuè Carducci also engaged in political activism. He was a fervent advocate of Italian unification, often expressing his patriotic feelings through his works. Despite his critical view of the Catholic Church, a prominent theme in his writings, Carducci's poems retain a strong sense of spiritual quest and ethical depth. Carducci's stylistic choices were strongly influenced by his classical education. His use of ancient metres in 'Odi Barbare' was an attempt to revive the spirit of ancient Roman poetry in modern Italian literature. Furthermore, his contribution to Italian literary criticism set new standards for linguistic purity and clarity. Analysis of Giosuè Carducci's Poems Carducci's poetry can be analysed through its structural elegance and thematic depth. In collections like 'Rime Nuove' and 'Odi Barbare', the poet utilises classical metres and forms to convey modern ideas. His use of lyricism epic storytelling patriotic fervour demonstrates his mastery over the poetic craft. For instance, his poem ‘San Martino’ describes the transition from autumn to winter in vivid imagery, using a traditional format to evoke contemporary emotions. Lyricism: The quality of being lyrical or poetic. It often involves expressing personal emotions in an imaginative and beautiful way. In ‘Alla Stazione in una Mattina d'Autunno’, Carducci expresses melancholy and nostalgia, using a simple yet powerful structure to evoke the passing of time and seasons. Carducci's incorporation of traditional metres into his modern themes is a hallmark of his literary style. One of the highlights of Carducci's work is his poem ‘Pianto Antico’, which mourns the loss of his son. This poem stands out for its emotive power and use of classical structures to amplify personal grief. Carducci's ability to intertwine personal sorrow with broader existential questions makes this work a poignant example of his overall poetic philosophy. Another notable piece is ‘Inno a Satana’, where Carducci controversially uses Satan as a metaphor for rebellion against oppressive institutions, particularly the Catholic Church. This poem exemplifies his bold and often provocative stance in his literature. Impact of Giosuè Carducci on Italian Literature Giosuè Carducci's influence on Italian literature is profound and multifaceted. His works marked a significant turning point in the literary landscape of Italy. Carducci's role as both a poet and a critic allowed him to shape the literary norms of his time. He was instrumental in promoting a return to classical forms and metres, believing that they imparted a sense of discipline and purity to literary works. His poetry collections, such as 'Rime Nuove' and 'Odi Barbare', are celebrated for their innovative use of ancient metres in a modern context. This blend of old and new set a new standard in Italian literature and influenced subsequent literary movements. Carducci’s impact also extended to his role as an educator at the University of Bologna. His teachings and writings have left an indelible mark on his students and the broader academic community. He promoted the study of Italian language and literature, strengthening national identity through cultural heritage. His critical works provided rigorous standards for literary analysis and appreciation. Carducci's nationalistic fervour found its way into his writings, inspiring a sense of pride and unity among Italians during a time of political upheaval. Giosuè Carducci’s impact is evident in poems like ‘San Martino’, where he combines traditional poetic forms with themes of nature and national pride. In addition to his direct contributions to literature, Carducci's works often contained underlying political and social messages. For instance, in his satirical poem ‘Inno a Satana’, Carducci used daring symbolism to criticise the oppressive power of the Catholic Church. This poem not only showcased his literary prowess but also his courageous stance on controversial topics. Carducci's admiration for classical antiquity can be seen as a strategic effort to root modern Italian identity in the glorious past of Ancient Rome and Greece. This approach was not merely academic but also a statement of cultural pride and continuity. Carducci’s emphasis on classical forms revitalised Italian poetry, making it both a scholarly pursuit and a nationalistic endeavour. Recognition and Awards for Giosuè Carducci Throughout his career, Giosuè Carducci received numerous accolades and acknowledgements for his contributions to literature. These honours reflect his status as a towering figure in Italian culture. Most notably, Carducci was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1906. He was the first Italian to receive this prestigious award, highlighting his international influence. Nobel Prize in Literature: An annual international award given to an author, from any country, who has produced an outstanding work in the field of literature. Carducci’s other recognitions included: The Ordine Civile di Savoia (Civil Order of Savoy) in 1898, awarded for his exceptional contributions to Italian culture and literature. Numerous honorary degrees and memberships in literary and academic societies across Europe. Widespread critical acclaim and enduring popularity among readers and scholars. The honours bestowed upon Carducci were not solely a reflection of his literary talent but also his influence as a cultural and national figure. His works continue to be studied and celebrated, ensuring his legacy endures in the world of literature. Giosuè Carducci - Key takeaways Giosuè Carducci: An eminent Italian poet and academic, first Italian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1906, recognised for his contributions to 19th-century Italian literature. Early Life and Education: Born in 1835 in Tuscany; influenced by his father's liberal and nationalist sentiments; studied classical literature, philosophy, and philology at the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Literary Achievements: Author of renowned poetry collections 'Rime Nuove' and 'Odi Barbare'; known for blending classical forms with modern themes and his nationalistic oratory. Major Themes: Carducci's works often explore nationalism, classical antiquity, nature, and political and social commentary, reflecting his personal beliefs and the socio-political context of his time. Literary Style and Influence: Utilised classical metres, vivid imagery, and satire; his work in promoting classical forms and themes revitalised Italian poetry and influenced subsequent literary movements. About Vaia Vaia is a globally recognized educational technology company, offering a holistic learning platform designed for students of all ages and educational levels. Our platform provides learning support for a wide range of subjects, including STEM, Social Sciences, and Languages and also helps students to successfully master various tests and exams worldwide, such as GCSE, A Level, SAT, ACT, Abitur, and more. We offer an extensive library of learning materials, including interactive flashcards, comprehensive textbook solutions, and detailed explanations. The cutting-edge technology and tools we provide help students create their own learning materials. StudySmarter’s content is not only expert-verified but also regularly updated to ensure accuracy and relevance. Learn more
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Until today there are twenty and precisely: six for literature and medicine, five for physics, one for peace, one for economics and one for chemistry. The winners of this coveted award, awarded since 1901, are people who have made their precious contribution in the various fields of knowledge or who have fostered peaceful relations between the peoples of the Earth. This year, no Italian has won the 2020 Nobel Prize, which for literature was won by the American poet and writer Louise Glück, former Pulitzer Prize for poetry in 1993. The one for peace, on the other hand, went to the World Food Program ( United Nations agency) to fight hunger in the world. Nobel laureates: the winners The Italian Nobel Prizes, starting with the first one who received it in 1906, are: Camillus Golgi (1906, for medicine), Giosuè Carducci (same year, for literature), Ernesto Teodoro Moneta (1907, for peace), Guglielmo Marconi (1909, for physics), Grazia Deledda (1926, for literature), Luigi Pirandello (1934, for literature), Enrico Fermi (1938, for physics), Daniel bovet (1957, for medicine), Salvatore Quasimodo (1959, for literature), Emilio Segrè (1959, for physics), Julius Natta (1963, for chemistry), Salvatore Edoardo Luria (1969, for medicine), Eugene Montale (1975, for literature), Renato Dulbecco (1975, for medicine), Carlo Rubbia (1984, for physics), Franco Modigliani (1985, for economics), Rita Levi Montalcini (1986, for medicine), Dario Fo (1997, for literature), Richard Giacconi (2002, for physics), Mario Capecchi (2007, for medicine). The origin of the Award The Nobel Prize is a world-class honor that takes place every year in Stockholm, with a solemn ceremony. It is attributed to living personalities who have distinguished themselves in the various fields of human knowledge, bringing "the greatest benefits to humanity" for research, discoveries and inventions, for literary work, for the commitment in favor of world peace. The important award is named after Alfred Nobel (1833 - 1896), Swedish chemist, engineer and inventor. He, in 1894, became president of the Bofors company and developed several experiments on explosives. His numerous inventions, including dynamite, earned him hefty earnings. One day, his brother Ludvig died torn apart by an explosion during an experiment. By mistake, some journalists, believing that he was the one to die, announce his passing, calling him "the lord of death". Alfred was shocked by those words and decided to allocate 94 percent of his fortune to the establishment of an award to be given to those who, in the fields of medicine, physics, chemistry, but also literature and peace, had made "the greater services to humanity ". The Italians who have conquered him In Italy, the only two women who won the Nobel were Grazia Deledda e Rita Levi Montalcini. The writer Grazia Deledda remains the only Italian to have won the Nobel Prize for literature. Born in Nuoro in 1971, she went to school up to the fourth grade, and then continued her studies with a tutor. In fact, in those days, girls did not attend high school. At the age of 15 he published his first short story in a Nuoro newspaper. Collaborations with other newspapers and magazines followed which gradually led her to be known and appreciated. In 1899 he moved to Rome where his stories began to be positively commented by the critics of the time. The Nobel Prize was awarded to her on December 10, 1926 "for her power as a writer, supported by a high ideal, which portrays life in plastic forms as it is in her secluded native island and which deals with problems of general interest with depth and warmth human". In 1986, Rita Levi Montalcini (Turin, 1909 - Rome, 2012) won the Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine. She discovered and identified the nerve fiber growth factor (Nfg) useful for understanding and treating degenerative neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's. Graduated in 1936 in Medicine at the University of Turin, she worked, at the same time as an internist, in the institute of Giuseppe Levi. Here he met two other Nobel Laureates: Salvatore Luria and Renato Dulbecco. When the fascist regime removed her from the university, she set up a laboratory in the house where she continued to study. In 1947 he moved to the United States. In Rome he created a research center on NGF and, in 1969, he founded and directed the Institute of Cell Biology at Cnr. Also in Rome he also founded the Ebri (European Brain Research Institute). The best known Among the Italian Nobel laureates, the best known, or probably those who are remembered most, are certainly the poets Giosuè Carducci, Eugenio Montale and Salvatore Quasimodo, together with the writer Luigi Pirandello, famous for his novels "The late Mattia Pascal" and “One, none and a hundred thousand”. Also famous are the inventor of the radio Guglielmo Marconi and the physicist Enrico Fermi who discovered artificial radioactivity. Among those closest to the present day, we remember instead the playwright, actor, director and writer Dario Fo, who died in 2016. In any case, known and less known, the Italian Nobel Prize winners deserve to be remembered all in the same way because they made Italy great in the eyes of the world. (Facebook photos, Official pages)
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"https://www.gangalib.org/images/QR-Code-Silvia.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/linkedin-logo.png", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/logo-square.png", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/guidestar.png", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/us_flag.png", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/amharic_flag.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/azerbaijan-flag.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/german-flag.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/kannada_flag.png", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/portugese.jpg", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/russia_flag.png", "https://www.gangalib.org/images/spanish_flag.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null			images/favicon.png		null	Ales Bialiatski The Nobel Peace Prize 2022 Co-nobelists: Memorial, Center for Civil Liberties Prize motivation: Human rights and pro-democracy activist. In Eastern Europe called, 'A beacon of light.' In prison when Nobel Prize announced. "I keep peace in my soul, growing it like a flower. I pray that reality does not force me to dig up a long-buried axe to defend the truth." Abdulrazak Gurnah The Nobel Prize in Literature 2021 Tanzanian-born British novelist and academic. Prize awarded "for his uncompromising & compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism & the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents." "Respect yourself and others will come to respect you. That is the meaning of honour." James P. Allison Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018 Nobel co-recipient Tasuku Honjo Cancer Immunologist. Discovered cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation. Pioneer. Place breaks/check points on inhibitory immune cells to attack cancer cells - curative. Interest: How T cells work. First Nobel Prize for cancer therapy. Family history of cancer. Modest. "Motivation of scientists: to know what nobody else knows." Olga Tokarczuk The Nobel Prize in Literature 2018 Polish novelist, essayist, poetess, screenwriter, advocate for civil liberties and animal rights, clinical psychologist. "A novel should tell a story, be a pleasure to read and at the same time it should be thought-provoking, even a bit instructive." Eugene F. Fama Ph.D., MBA The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economics Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2013 Nobel co-recipients Lars Peter Hansen, Robert J. Shiller Economist. Empirical analysis of asset prices. Influenced development of index funds. Father of modern finance. Idea is 'how do you measure risk?' Windsurfing, golf, opera. In University of Chicago - Economics. Environment so productive. "We have good people, you need that; very interactive environment; people help one another out a lot. I couldn't do what I did without the help of my professors, colleagues and students. Everybody contributes to everybody else." Randy Schekman The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013 Nobel co-recipients: James E. Rothman, Thomas C. Südhof Award: "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells." Robert J. Lefkowitz MD Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012 National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 2007 USA Nobel co-recipient Brian K. Kobilka Physician- Cardiologist, Scientist. G-protein-coupled receptors; approximately half of all medicines used today use this kind of receptor. "Strong family history of coronary artery disease ... at age 50 I had quadruple bypass surgery [1994]. I minimize my risk factors with daily physical exercise, a vegetarian diet and appropriate medications". Sir John B. Gurdon Kt DPhil DSc FRS The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 Nobel co-recipient Shinya Yamanaka Developmental Biologist. Mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent. Hobbies: Outdoor sports, mountaineering, travelling, but not theatre, music, reading. At age15, damning school report: â€¦he will not listen, but will insist in doing his work his own wayâ€¦has ideas of becoming a Scientistâ€¦waste of time for him and teachers. `Know Thyself Ei-ichi Negishi The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010 Nobel Co recipients Richard F. Heck, Akira Suzuki Organic Chemist. Inventor of organozinc variant of the palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reaction. Read voraciously including "how to …" publications. Dreamt of Nobel half century prior to being awarded prize. Upon arriving in US and discovering Nobelists visiting UPenn, realized that being awarded the Nobel could happen to anybody including himself. Akira Suzuki Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010 Nobel Co recipients Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi Organic chemist. Inventor of boron version of palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction. Investigated stereochemistry of hydroboration reaction. Suzuki reaction kept evolving. Became interested in organic chemistry after reading textbook. "There were difficult and joyful periods. Memories of tough, trying experiences tend to fade with time. Now I think mainly about fun things." Oliver E. Williamson Ph.D. The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2009 Nobel co-recipient Elinor Ostrom Economist and Founding Editor of the Journal of Law, Economics and Organization. His book, The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting, is said to be the most frequently cited work in social science research. Mortimer Mishkin Ph.D. National Medal of Science - Behaviorial and Social Science 2009 Cognitive neuroscientist, Business Administrator. Brain/behavior relationships in humans, nonhuman primates. Identified ... areas in cerebral cortex essential for perception and memory: cortico-limbic circuit responsible for memory of facts and events; cortico-striatal circuit responsible for learning of different types of habits and motor skills. "Perseverance is built into the trait of curiosity, a scientist's motivation. If you're sufficiently curious, you're willing to continue despite failures and obstacles. It's so easy to give up." George Elwood Smith The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009 Nobel Co-recipients: Charles K. Kao, Willard S. Boyle Applied physicist. Co-inventor of imaging semiconductor circuit, the charge-coupled device (CCD sensor) which has become an electronic eye in almost all areas of photography. His interest was Applied Mathematics. Mathematics Professor was dismissed. So he became a physicist - Applied not Theoretical because he was interested in hands-on work. Martti Ahtisaari The Nobel Peace Prize 2008 Peace broker. Peacefully ended conflicts worldwide. Namibia's independence from South Africa following war. Yugoslavia - end to the war in Kosovo. Indonesia - Aceh Peace Accord following war. Founded Crisis Management Initiative. "Peace is question of will. All conflicts can be settled. No excuses for allowing them to become eternal." Mario R. Capecchi Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007 Nobel prize also awarded to Sir Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 2001 Molecular Geneticist. Introduced specific gene modifications in mice by using embryonic stem cells. Gene Targeting, Homeobox Genes, Development, Behavior. Mother incarcerated as political prisoner, Germany. "At age 4Â½, I set off on my own, living in streets, orphanages; joining gangs of homeless children; generally hungry. Vivid recollections, brutal beyond description." John C. Mather Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006 Nobel Prize also awarded to George F. Smoot Physicist - Astrophysics, Instrumentation. COBE, Blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation. "For years I had successfully repelled all challenges to my concentration on one overwhelming responsibility. Now, it was done, and I switched my attention to ..." Nina V. Fedoroff Ph.D. National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 2006 Plant Molecular Biologist. Geneticist. First to clone and characterize maize transposons. Founding director, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences. Interests: Education, Public Policy. "It's as much wanting to succeed as it is to using your brains. I've seen very bright people fall out of the system". Mohamed ElBaradei JSD The Nobel Peace Prize 2005 Joint awardee: International Atomic Energy Agency Attorney, Egyptian Diplomat. 'Prevent military use of nuclear energy, ensure nuclear energy used safely for peace.' Worked in UN. Director General, IAEA. IAEA: 'to accelerate, enlarge atomic energy contribution to peace, health, prosperity throughout world.’ "Durable peace is not a single achievement, but an environment, a process and a commitment." Paul C. Lauterbur Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003 Nobel Co-recipient Sir Peter Mansfield The President's National Medal of Science - Physical Sciences 1987 The National Medal of Technology and Innovation 1988 Chemist. Magnetic resonance imaging. "Every great idea in history has the red stamp of rejection on its face. If you scratch any innovation's surface, you'll find the scars: they've been roughed up and thrashed around by the masses and the leading minds before they made it into your life." Vernon L. Smith BSEE, Ph.D.[Economics] The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2002 Nobel co-recipient Daniel Kahneman Electrical Engineer, Experimental Economist. Founder, International Foundation for Research in Experimental Economics; Founder Economic Science Institute at Chapman University. "... If I am ever reborn, I hope to be a madman yet again ..." Wolfgang Ketterle Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2001 Nobel co-recipients Eric A. Cornell, Carl E. Wieman Physicist - Atomic Physics. Hobbies: Running, Bicycling. "...the quest for pure knowledge and the pursuit of goals which are only vaguely defined and change as the research progresses... I didn't anticipate that the best was still to come". Joseph E. Stiglitz The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2001 Co-nobelists:George A. Akerlof, A. Michael Spence Prize: "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information." George Fletcher Bass Ph.D. National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 2001 Archeologist. Father of underwater archaeology. Excavated shipwrecks of Bronze Age, Classical Age, Byzantine. Founded Institute of Nautical Archaeology. Findings throw new light into beginning of free enterprise system, dating Homer's Odyssey, chronologies of Egyptian dynasties, Helladic cultures; histories of technology, economics, music, art, religion. "The greatest thrill comes from the library, when you can understand something about what you've found, when it all comes together and it means something." Kofi Annan The Nobel Peace Prize 2001 "The Arab Spring reminds me of the decolonisation process where one country gets independence, and everybody else wants it. "I am a stubborn optimist: I was born an optimist and will remain an optimist. "The Lord had the wonderful advantage of being able to work alone." - Kofi Annan Kim Dae-jung The Nobel Peace Prize 2000 President, S. Korea, ‘Sunshine Politician’. ‘Democracy, human rights in South Korea, East Asia; peace, reconciliation with North Korea.’ Assassination attempts. Jailed. Exiled in US. “King is son of heaven. Heaven sent him to serve people with just rule. If he unjust, oppresses people, people have right to dispose of him.” Nancy Andreasen M.D.,Ph.D. National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 2000 Psychiatrist, Litterateur. Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, Genomics, Neuroimaging, Neuroscience of Creativity, Schizophrenia. Writes books to educate laity and reduce stigma. Founding Chair, Neuroscience Section, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Creative people tend to be very persistent, even when confronted with skepticism or rejection. Gerardus 't Hooft Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1999 Nobel Prize also awarded to Martinus J.G. Veltman Theoretical Physicist - Particle Physics. For PH.D Thesis work in 1971, Nobel Prize awarded in 1999. "A man who knows everything," my answer at age 8 yrs, regarding what I'd like to become when I grow up. I meant "scientist", someone who unravels the secrets of the fundamental Laws of Nature. John N. Bahcall Ph.D. National Medal of Science - Physical Sciences 1998 Award "For his fundamental contributions to areas of modern astrophysics ranging from solar neutrino physics to the structure of the Milky Way Galaxy to cosmology, and for his leadership of the astronomical community, especially his tireless advocacy of the Hubble Space Telescope." Don L. Anderson Ph.D. National Medal of Science - Physical Sciences 1998 Award: "For his leading contributions to understanding the composition, structure, and dynamics of Earth and Earth-like planets, and his influence on the advancement of Earth sciences over the past three decades nationally and internationally." William D. Phillips Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997 Nobel co-recipients Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji Physicist. Development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light. Think about physics intuitively. Open, lively discussion of physics problems. Do physics at frontiers competitively with openness, humanity, cooperation. Excellent teacher. Religious. "No prize can compare in importance to family and friends I count as my greatest treasures". Vinton Cerf Ph.D. National Medal of Technology and Innovation 1997 One of two Fathers of the Internet. TCP/IP protocols. Internet Architecture. Chief Internet Evangelist, Google. Interplanetary Internet. Living Legend. "Brilliant, indescribably enthusiastic, humorous, happy, treats people extremely well. It would be nice to go to work every day and work with people like Vint Cerf." – R.V. Nagaveni, Founder, Ganga Library. Shing-Tung Yau Ph.D. National Medal of Science - Mathematics and Computer Science 1997 Mathematician. Differential geometry, Differential equations, General relativity. Calabi-Yau manifolds. Miyaoka-Yau inequality. Founder: Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong; Morningside Center of Mathematics at Academia Sinica; Center of Mathematical Sciences at Zhejiang University; Tsinghua Mathematical Sciences Center, China. Adviser more than 50 doctoral students. Family fled mainland China and Communist takeover when he was an infant. Leader of street gang and often skipped school. Carlos Belo The Nobel Peace Prize 1996 Co-nobelists: José Ramos-Horta “Nations will proclaim his wisdom; the assembly will celebrate his praises. If he lives long, his name will be more glorious than a thousand others, and if he dies, that will satisfy him just as well” (Wisdom 39, 10-11) “… it expresses with deep significance the memory of the man we remember this day whose esteemed Peace Prize bears his name. Today, 10th December, we celebrate the centennial anniversary of the death of a wise benefactor of humanity, a peace worker, Alfred Nobel.” - Nobel Lecture, Nobel foundation. Nadine Gordimer The Nobel Prize in Literature 1991 Writer, illustrated consequences of apartheid. For fifty years the 'Geiger Counter of Apartheid. "My answer is: Recognize yourself in others"." A child understands fear, and the hurt and hate it brings". "Time is change; we measure its passing by how much things alter". Henry W. Kendall Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990 Co-nobelist Jerome I. Friedman, Richard E. Taylor Award: "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics" Elias James Corey Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1990 Organic Chemist - Interested in application of organic chemistry to human health. His groups have achieved a multitude of total syntheses of complex molecules. Originator of retrosynthetic analysis. Recognized as "Most Cited Author in Chemistry" by American Chemical Society in 2002. "Organic chemistry was especially fascinating with its intrinsic beauty and its great relevance to human health." Jack Steinberger Ph.D. Nobel Prize in Physics 1988 National Medal of Science - Physical Sciences 1988 USA Nobel Prize shared with Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz Physicist, Cosmologist, Astrophysicist. Hobbies: Playing the Flute, Tennis, Mountaineering, Sailing. To Ganga Library founder on 3 Aug 2014, "I have used your questions to me as an incentive to prepare a list of my publications". Gertrude B. Elion M.S.[Chemistry] The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988 Co-Nobelists: Sir James W. Black, George H. Hitchings National Medal of Science - Chemistry 1991 Chemist, Pharmacologist. Discovered principles for drug treatment; developed drugs - anticancer, immunosuppressive, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-gout, anti-malarial. Purines. "I was a child with an insatiable thirst for knowledge. My beloved grandfather died of cancer when I was 15. I was highly motivated to discover a cure for this terrible disease". William O. Baker Ph.D. National Medal of Science - Chemistry 1988 Prize: "For pioneering studies of the complex relationships between the molecular structures and physical properties of polymers, for a distinguished record of leadership in the combined disciplines of science and engineering, and for distinguished service to government and education." Detlev W. Bronk The National Medal of Science - Physical Sciences 1988 Prize: "For his highly original research in the field of physiology and for his manifold contributions to the advance of science and its institution in the service of society." Donald J. Cram Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987 Co-Nobelists: Jean-Marie Lehn, Charles J. Pedersen The President's National Medal of Science - Chemistry 1993 Organic Chemist. Development, use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity. Taught himself solid geometry from book, winning scholarship. High emotional intelligence. When word "research" entered my vocabulary, it had magic ring, suggesting search for new phenomena. Chemical research became my god, and conducting it, my act of prayer. Barbara McClintock Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983 The President's National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 1970 Cytogeneticist. Mobile genetic elements, 1948. Nobel after 35 years. Skilled experimentalist, master cytological detail interpreter, brilliant theoretician. Solo labor, no technical help. Friendly fellow scientists. Discriminated as woman. "Tacit assumptions - substance of dogma - served as barrier to effective communication. My understanding of phenomenon was too radical for time." Howard L. Bachrach Ph.D. The President's National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 1983 Prize: "For his pioneering research in molecular virology, including identification of the immunizing protein, and his collaborative role in the use of gene splicing to produce the first effective protein vaccine for use in animals or humans." George J. Stigler Ph.D., M.B.A. The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1982 The President's National Medal of Science - Behavior and Social Science 1987 Economist - industrial organization. 'Seminal studies of industrial structures; functioning of markets; causes, effects of public regulation.' Great teacher. Writings easy to admire, joy to read, impossible to imitate. Interest: many areas of economics; history of economics. Very Humorous. Chicago Economics Department intellectual ferment - intense intellectual atmosphere; captivated him. Alva Myrdal The Nobel Peace Prize 1982 Co-nobelist: Alfonso García Robles Diplomat, Innovator, Writer. Disarmament, Nuclear Weapons-Free Zones. Technology and growth in violence. Women's rights. Swedish Ambassador to India. Insightful. "Never forget trampling down of human dignity, rights, increase in acts of violence, torture use, testifies to persistence in contempt for suffering of individual men and women." "Down with nuclear weapons!" Seymour Benzer Ph.D.[Physics] National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 1982 Physicist, molecular biologist, behavioral biologist (neurogeneticist). Post Pearl Harbor worked in secret wartime project studying semiconducting properties of germanium, work that foreshadowed development of transistor. Functional gene is a linear stretch of DNA with definable boundaries. Stretches of DNA are all linked to each other as adjacent pieces of chromosome. Roger Wolcott Sperry Ph.D. [Zoology], M.A. [Psychology] The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981 Nobel co-recipients David H. Hubel, Torsten N. Wiesel The President's National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 1989 Psychologist, Philosopher, Zoologist, Neuroanatomist. Functional specialization of cerebral hemispheres. Split-brain studies. Duality of consciousness. Mind and consciousness. High ethical standards. Authorship generosity. Ralph Gerard, "I know of nobody else who has disposed of cherished ideas of his doctoral and postdoctoral sponsors, at that time the acknowledged leaders in their fields." Baruj Benacerraf M.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980 Nobel co-recipients: Jean Dausset, George D. Snell National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 1990 Physician, Scientist - Immunologist, teacher, remarkable leader. Discovered genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions. "Baruj did not always get on well with those in authority, often because he felt he could do their jobs so much better than they did …" George Davis Snell D.Sc. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980 Nobel co-recipients: Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset Geneticist, Transplantation Immunologist. Genetically determined structures on cell surface that regulate immunological reactions, the major histocompatibility complex, HLA. Thesis work on linkage in mice largely determined future work. Interest: social evolution. "In examining histocompatibility genetics as one of several potential new undertakings, I thought I saw possibilities for new openings." Adolfo Pérez Esquivel The Nobel Peace Prize 1980 Human Rights Leader, Architect, Sculptor. Believed in nonviolence. Fought for indigenous peoples. "It is essential to have inner peace and the serenity of prayer to listen to the silence of God, which speaks to us, in our personal life and the history of our times, of the power of love." Herbert C Brown Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979 The President's National Medel of Sciences - Physical Sciences, 1969 Nobel co-recipient Georg Wittig Organic Chemist. Development of use of boron into important reagents in organic synthesis. School, advanced several times, graduating at 12; refused further advancement, avoiding being sister's classmate. Graduating, Depression years, future wife Sarah gave him gift, Stock's 'Hydrides of Boron and Silicon' because cheapest chemistry book! Led to Nobel Prize! Georg Wittig Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979 Nobel co-recipient Herbert C. Brown Organic Chemist. Development of use of phosphorus into important reagents in organic synthesis. Wittig reaction. Mentored 300 graduate students, post-docs; provided close supervision for crucial experiments. "Chemical research and mountaineering similar. To reach goal/summit, initiative, perseverance required. After hard work, great joy to be at goal/peak with its splendid panorama..." Theodore W. Schultz Ph.D. The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1979 Co-Nobelist: Sir Arthur Lewis Agricultural economist. Pioneered ‘human capital’ research. Population quality, knowledge matter. Concern for poor. Keen observer of world in which he lived. Very Humorous. "Mankind's future is not foreordained by space, energy, cropland. Will be determined by intelligent evolution of humanity. Agree with Margaret Mead: "Future of mankind is open ended."" Herbert Simon The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1978 National Medal of Science - Behavioral and Social Science, 1986 Award: "for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations" Daniel M. Nathans M.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978 Nobel co-recipients Werner Arber, Hamilton O. Smith National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 1993 Physician, Molecular Biologist - Genetics. Restriction enzymes and their application to molecular genetics. Groundwork for human genome project, drug insulin. Able administrator - high signal-to-noise ratio. "Valuable internship year in medicine with masterful clinician Robert Loeb; The glimpses of human strength and frailty that a physician sees are still with me." James Rainwater Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1975 Co-Nobelists: Aage N. Bohr, Ben R. Mottelson Award: "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection" Howard M. Temin Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975 Nobel Co-recipients David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 1992 Virologist. Interaction between tumor viruses and genetic material of cell. DNA provirus and RNA-directed DNA synthesis. Reverse Transcriptase. Intellectually courageous. Civic minded. How fortunate to live in a country at a time and in a social class that has enabled us to realize our potential. Not been possible for many. Tjalling C. Koopmans Ph.D. The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1975 Co-Nobelists Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich Mathematician, Theoretical Physicist and Economist. Prize for theory of optimal allocation of resources. Other interest: econometrics and statistics. Hobby: writing music. Described collaborator and friend Jacob Marschak as being able to discern both pretense and timidity! Friedrich von Hayek The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1974 Co-nobelist: Gunnar Myrdal Award: "for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena" Gunnar Myrdal The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1974 Co-nobelist: Friedrich von Hayek Award "for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena" Paul A. Samuelson The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1970 Award: "for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science" Norman E. Borlaug The Nobel Peace Prize 1970 The President's National Medal of Science 1988 - Biological Sciences 2004 Award: "For his success in breeding semi-dwarf, disease-resistant high-yield wheat and instructing farmers in its cultivation under harsh growing conditions, thus providing a new high-quality food source for millions of people around the world." Richard D. Brauer The President's National Medal of Science - Mathemematics and Computer Science - 1970 Award: "For his success in breeding semi-dwarf, disease-resistant high-yield wheat and instructing farmers in its cultivation under harsh growing conditions, thus providing a new high-quality food source for millions of people around the world." Alfred Day Hershey Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969 Co-Nobilists Max Delbrück, Salvador E. Luria Geneticist, Virologist. Viruses' replication mechanism, genetic structure. "Nothing more satisfying than developing method; ideas come and go, methods last." Superb editor. Remembered: chemical basis of heredity. Nobel Awards bring happiness not only to recipients, colleagues, friends, but to strangers! Humans love ceremonies that honor truth, justice. Thank God for sentiment. Luis Alvarez Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1968 Award: "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis" René Cassin The Nobel Peace Prize 1968 Jurist, Judge, Humanitarian, Internationalist. Father of the Declaration of Human Rights. "As a child I was filled with passionate admiration for acts of civic courage I had seen performed by an elderly military doctor, who was a friend of my family." - René Cassin Haldan K. Hartline M.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967 Nobel co-recipients Ragnar Granit, George Wald Physician, Biophysicist. Physiological and chemical visual processes in eye. "Vision itself is a dynamic process. There is little in the world that stands still, at least not as imaged in our retinas, for our eyes are always moving. The visual system is almost exclusively organized to detect change and motion." George Wald Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967 Co-Nobalists Ragnar Granit, Keffer Hartline Zoologist. Visual physiologist. Visual pigment molecules are protein bound to derivative of vitamin A. Excellent teacher. Political actions part of biologist: one who is concerned with life. â€œSelig Hecht was great teacher, physiologist. After leaving his laboratory, I felt his presence. What I did, said, wrote, was addressed to him.â€ Gregory Breit The National Medal of Science - physical Sciences 1967 Prize "For pioneering contributions to the theoretical understanding of nuclear structure and particle dynamics, for highly significant work in atomic and ionospheric physics, and for the inspiration he has given to several generations of American physicists." Presented by President Johnson at a White House ceremony on February 13, 1967 Peyton Rous M.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966 Co-Nobelist Charles B. Huggins Physician, Pathologist, Scientist. Tumor-inducing Rous Sarcoma Virus, tumor filtrate transplantability. Nobel 50 yrs after discovery. Blood transfusion, world's first blood bank, Rous-Turner solution. Accurate editing, content, style. Experiments: extreme clarity. Equanimity, warmth. Many old are young to life. "Uneducated men can be as great-hearted, lovable as those who know much." International Committee of the Red Cross The Nobel Peace Prize 1917, 1944, 1963 The Prize in 1963 was awarded jointly with the League of Red Cross Societies In innumerable countries, neutral, impartial, independent. Worldwide, help people affected by conflict, armed violence; promote rules of war - International humanitarian law. Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocols protect civilians, define parameters - what is acceptable and unacceptable on battlefield and beyond. "All civilians should be protected and respected. It's the law." Eugene Wigner Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963 The President's National Medal of Science - Physical Sciences 1968 Nobel co-recipients Maria Goeppert Mayer, J. Hans D. Jensen Award: "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles" James D. Watson The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962 The President's National Medal of Sciences - Biological Sciences 1997 Co-Nobelists Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins Zoologist. 'Discovered molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material.' Very generous with subordinates regarding authorship of articles. "Good science is difficult. We must believe strongly in our ideas." Robert Hofstadter Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physics, 1961 Nobel co-recipient Rudolf MÃ¶ssbauer National Medal of Science - Physical Science 1986 Nuclear and particle physicist. Discoverer of sodium iodide scintillation counters. Carried out electron scattering from atomic nuclei, revealing structure of nuclei and nucleons. Original proposer of two-mile SLAC linear accelerator. Pioneer of gamma-ray astronomy, using EGRET detector aboard the Compton observatory. Research in laser fusion, applications of physics to medicine. Georg von Békésy The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1961 Physicist, Communication engineer. Psychophysiology of hearing. Physical mechanism of stimulation within cochlea, a frequency analyzer. Accidental selection of science field. Technically skillful, elegant experimental design. He nuisance to autopsy room, mechanical workshops. "Found inner ear beautiful under stereoscopic microscope. It was pleasure of beauty that made me stick to ear." Arthur Kornberg M.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 Nobel co-recipient Servero Ochoa National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 1979 Physician, Scientist. Discovered mechanisms in biological synthesis of RNA and DNA - basis of discovery of recombinant DNA which helped ignite biotechnology revolution. Founder, DNAX Institute. "With more scientists struggling for grants in an era of tight budgets, nobody is going to propose doing anything that is bold or creative." Joshua Lederberg Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958 Nobel co-recipients George Beadle, Edward Tatum National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 1989 Geneticist. Genetic recombination and organization of genetic material of bacteria. Artificial intelligence. NASA seeking life on Mars. Fastest rate possible for growth of bacterial cell and why. Nobel Prize at age 33. At Nobel Banquet, "Pride is humbled as humility is exalted in the dignity and splendor of this occasion." George Wells Beadle Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958 Co-Nobelists Edward Tatum, Joshua Lederberg Biochemical Geneticist. Discovered that genes act by regulating definite chemical events. Brought era of classical genetics to a close and launched molecular age. "It was a time when one went to work in the morning wondering what new excitement the day would bring." - Colleague and biographer Norman H. Horowitz. Dickinson W. Richards Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956 Co-Nobelists AndrÃ© F. Cournand, Werner Forssmann Physician, gentle clinician, cardiovascular physiologist. "Discoveries concerning heart catheterization, pathological changes in circulatory system." Diagnosing congenital heart diseases; chronic cardiac, pulmonary diseases; traumatic shock. "Man's potentiality, or these days his survival, will depend on his conscience, more specifically, ability of leaders and followers to change character, into more merciful beings." John Bardeen Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956 Co-Nobelists: William B. Shockley, Walter H. Brattain The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972 Co-Nobelist: Leon Cooper, John Robert Schrieffer Award 1956: "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect" Award 1972: "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BSC-theory" André F. Cournand M.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956 Co-nobelists Werner Forssmann, Dickinson W. Richards Physician. Discovered heart catheterization. Used contrast material to show in X-rays. Studied pulmonary circulation – flow, pressure and volume. “...happiness stems from the appreciation of a task, from what is asked of man and not from the satisfaction of his material appetites.” Linus Pauling Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954 The Nobel Peace Prize 1962 National Medal of Sciences - Physical Sciences 1974 Award: "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances." Also awarded Nobel Peace Prize 1962. As of Sept. 2019, only four persons and two organizations have been awarded the Nobel Prize multiple times. John Franklin Enders Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1954 Co-Nobelists Thomas H. Weller, Frederick C. Robbins Virologist, Bacteriologist. Discovered ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in tissue culture. Cytopathic effect. Interferon, Viral Oncogenesis. Tissue culture enabled identifying hundreds of viruses, vaccine development. Memorial to Advisor Zinsser: animated spontaneous conversation - literature, politics. Voltaire seemed around corner; Laurence Sterne upon the stair. Laboratory became way of life. Thomas H. Weller M.D., M.S. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1954 Co- Nobelists John F. Enders, Frederick C. Robbins Physician, Virologist, Parasitologist. Discovered ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in tissue culture. Isolated many viruses, parasites; developed diagnostic tests. Isolated German measles in son. Tissue culture enabled identifying hundreds of viruses, vaccine development. Nobel Committee Sven Gard: tissue cultures will do for virology what Koch accomplished by culture media. Fritz A. Lipmann M.D.,Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953 Co-Nobelist Hans Krebs National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 1966 Physician, Biochemist. Discovered co-enzyme A, its importance for intermediary metabolism. Identified serine phosphate as constituent of phosphoproteins which contain phosphate. CMP represents metabolically active carbamyl donor. Liljestrand, Science Academy: â€¦Regarding fundamental discoveries laymen ask for immediate practical application. Counter question of Benjamin Franklin: Of what use is a new-born baby? Glenn T. Seaborg Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951 National Medal of Science - Chemistry 1991 Nobel co-recipient: Edwin M. McMillan Nuclear Chemist. Transuranium - Plutonium. Isotopes identification. Actinide concept. Atomic Bomb. Peaceful use of atomic energy. Advisor to 10 US Presidents. Swedish ancestry. Journal since age 8 yrs. Hiking. Franck Report: "I had joined a committee of scientists who advocated the use of the atomic bomb for demonstration purposes. We hoped the enemy would see the destructive power of this weapon and immediately surrender. In June, 1945, we attempted to deliver our plan, the Franck Report, to President Truman. I don't know if he ever saw our work..." Edwin M. McMillan Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951 National Medal of Science - Physical Sciences 1990 Nobel co-recipient: Glenn T. Seaborg Award: "for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements" Edward Calvin Kendall Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950 Nobel Co-recipients Tadeus Reichstein, Phillip S.Hench Chemist. Adrenal cortex hormones including cortisone: structure, biological effects. Thyroid hormone thyroxine: isolated. Glutathione: crystallized, established structure. What physiologic processes are modified by cortisone and how this influence is exerted are matters still locked within this hormone. Said Shakespeare's soothsayer, "In Nature's infinite book of secrecy a little I can read." Mahathma Gandhi 'Missing Laureate' 1948 [Nobel Peace Prize] Hero to innumerable peace activists including Nobelists: Martin Luther King Jr., PÃ©rez Esquivel, Dalai Lama, Suu Kyi, Nelson Mandela. 1948, Nobel Committee diplomatically declared, "no suitable living candidate". Geir Lundestad, Secretary, Norwegian Nobel Committee, 2006: Gandhi could do without Nobel, whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question. Carl F. Cori M.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947 Co-nobelists Gerty Cori, Bernardo Houssay Award: "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen" Gerti T. Cori M.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947 Co-nobelists Carl Cori, Bernardo Houssay Award: "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen" Hermann Joseph Muller Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946 Geneticist. Production of mutations by X-ray irradiation. "Do you consider it possible to discover a cosmic ray which - applied to humanity - would cause a mutation making it peace-loving and suited to happy relationships? You'll be awarded another Medicine and many Peace Nobels!" - Sigurd Curman, Banquet Speech Percy Bridgman Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1946 Award: "for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics Sir Alexander Fleming M.B., B.S. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945 Co-Nobelists: Ernst B. Chain, Sir Howard Florey Physician - Bacteriologist, Immunologist. While researching Influenza virus, made ground breaking discovery: penicillin, by not neglecting chance observation - mould contaminating culture plate. WWI caused interest in Antiseptics. WWII, production cost was immaterial. Destiny. Lone worker gets idea; details developed by team, but prime idea is due to enterprise, thought, perception of an individual. Joseph Erlanger The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944 Nobel co-recipient Herbert S. Gasser Physician, Physiologist. Single nerve fibers highly differentiated functions. Cathode-ray oscillograph study of nerve action potentials. Circulatory system electrophysiology. Recording sphygmomanometer. Auriculo-ventricular bundle functions. Pulse pressure influence on kidney secretion, orthostatic albuminuria. Sound production in arteries. Metabolism with shortened intestines. Traumatic shock. Career "fraught with series of fortunate circumstances, fortunate decisions." Herbert S. Gasser M.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944 Co-Nobelist Joseph Erlanger Physician, Electrophysiologist, Pharmacologist. Discovered differentiated functions of single nerve fibers. Two types of nerve fibers with different thicknesses; thicker fibers convey nerve impulses fast. Two times for working on a problem - before anyone has thought of it and after everyone else has left it - result: innovator or finalist. Gerhard Domagk The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1939 Award: "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil." Peter Debye Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1936 National Medal of Science - Physical Sciences 1966 Award: "for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases" Harold C. Urey Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1934 National Medal of Science - Physical Sciences 1964 Award: "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen" George R. Minot M.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1934 Co-nobelists George H. Whipple, William P. Murphy Award: "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia" George H. Whipple M.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1934 Co-Nobalists George R. Minot, William P. Murphy Physician; Pathologist. Pernicious anaemia liver therapy. Whipple Disease. Intestinal parasites. Blackwater fever. WWII, Chloroform anesthesia induced liver necrosis. Liver regeneration. Tuberculosis. Pancreatitis. Used Nobelists Joliot Curieâ€™s, Fermiâ€™s, E.O. Lawrenceâ€™s radioactive isotopes; discovered iron metabolism; protein metabolism, distribution, functions. Bile constituents. Red cell stroma. Gentle. Quiet. Wanted to be remembered as teacher. Thomas H. Morgan Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933 Zoologist, Geneticist. Chromosome role in heredity, sex determination. Drosophila. Genes stored in chromosomes in nuclei. Epigenetics. Combination rule. Limited number of combination groups. Crossing-over rule. Linear arrangement of genes in chromosomes. Didnâ€™t attend Nobel award ceremony, because in Caltech, busy establishing new physiology group and with future of biochemistry, genetics. Karl Landsteiner The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930 Physician - Anatomic Pathologist, Father of Immunology. ABO Blood Groups, Rh Typing. Paroxysmal Haemoglobinuria. Polio. Spirochaetes. Chemistry into service of serology. Meticulous observation, description, understanding in many fields. Rigorously demanding of himself. Energetic. By nature somewhat pessimistic, preferred to live away from people. Characteristic of him - died pipette in hand. Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman M.A. [Physics] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 Atomic Physicist. Molecular Diffraction of Light. Raman Effect. Structure, optical behaviour of iridescent substances. Acoustics, violin. Raman lost Nobel Prize money to fraudulent financer. Meeting fraudster years later, he said: You deserve Nobel Prize for your cunning in duping Nobel Laureate! Playful comment: Unfortunately Economics Nobel instituted later in 1969! Christiaan M. Eijkman The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929 Nobel co-recipient: Sir Frederick Hopkins Award: "for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin." Author H. Compton Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1927 Co-nobelist C.T.R. Wilson Award: "for his discovery of the effect named after him" Ludwig Quidde The Nobel Peace Prize 1927 Nobel co-recipient Ferdinand Buisson Historian. Member, German Parliament. Professor, Berlin University "â€¦Kant found the only assurance for peace in the idea that war would become so terrible and unbearable that human beings, even though they remain as morally weak as they now are, would be forced to work together for peaceâ€¦" Henri Bergson The Nobel Prize in Literature 1927 Philosopher, Essayist wrote in French. Rich and vitalizing ideas and brilliant skill in presentation. President, Commission for Intellectual Cooperation of League of Nations. Philosophical system demonstrating Nobel's idea of acknowledging with his Prizes, not human deeds but new ideas revealed through select personalities. Regain for man's consciousness the divine gift of intuition and to put reason in its proper place: serving and controlling ideas. Grazia Deledda Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1926 Italian writer. Idealistically inspired writings picture life with clarity. With depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general. Criticize moral norms and social values, but not criticize people who are victims of circumstances. Pet crow. Constant faith in humankind and in God George Bernard Shaw The Nobel Prize in Literature 1925 Award: "for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty." â€œThe reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself. Therefore, all progress depends on the unreasonable man.â€ Willem Einthoven Physician The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924 Physician, Physiologist. Discovered electrocardiogram [EKG/ECG] mechanism. It was known that heart generates weak electrical current varying in health, heart disease. Invented galvanometer recording these currents. Named electrical waves P, Q, R, S, T. [P petite; next letters in alphabet]. Interests: Physics, Acoustics, Asthma, Optics, Physical activity. Great concentration. Generous, Kind. Otto F. Meyerhof The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922 Nobel Co-recipient Archibald V. Hill Physician. Energy conversions in muscle. Fine experimenter, Physiological Chemist. Science should know no national barriers and prejudices. Scientists should pour oil smoothing real wisdom and rational self-reflection in agitated waves of national passions of people. This ethos of objectivity causes mutual understanding among nations. Consider all Nobel Prizes, 'Peace' Prizes. Jacinto Benavente The Nobel Prize in Literature 1922 Spanish dramatist. In happy manner he continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama. Chiefly writer of comedies of manners and of one-act farces. Upon pediatrician father, at death, leaving comfortable income, he abandoned law studies. "You meet the warrior when in battle but it is not until victory that you meet the gentleman". Fridtjof Nansen The Nobel Peace Prize 1922 Zoologist - Neuroscientist, Polar Explorer, Oceanographer, Humanitarian. 'Nansen Passports' for stateless refugees. Despite Russia then being suspect in Western nations, relief for 7,000,000 to 22,000,000 Russians dying of famine. Ministered to refugees - methods became classic: custodial care, repatriation, rehabilitation, resettlement, emigration, integration. Love of mankind is politics in practice. Anatole France The Nobel Prize in Literature 1921 Novelist, storyteller; almost all genres. Nobility of style, profound human sympathy, true Gallic temperament. Historical fiction evokes past civilizations with great charm, deep insight. Post-World War I. At Nobel ceremony Frenchman France turned to Nobelist, German Nernst, exchanged a long and cordial handshake with him - a profoundly symbolic gesture. Knut Pedersen Hamsun The Nobel Prize in Literature 1920 Norwegian writer. In youth, poverty stricken. Little formal education. Leader of Neo-Romantic revolt. Promoted individualism. Exciting description of nature. "I sat looking at her with rapt attention. What a wonderful pleasure to be sitting in a human dwelling again, and talk with a lively young girl instead of with myself!" Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam The Nobel Prize in Literature 1916 Swedish Poet, Writer. New era in Swedish literature. Perspectives to inner life. Love for ancestral hearth and for home of one's birth most strongly links man to life. "O Man, you will become wise only when you reach the summit of the evening-cool heights where all the earth is beheld" Rabindranath Tagore The Nobel Prize in Literature 1913 Indian Poet, Bangali, English. All literary genres. Voice of India's Spiritual Heritage. Social reformer. Promoted gender equality, empowerment of women. Indian National Movement participant. Mahathma Gandhi was his devoted friend. Founder, school in Shantiniketan. Author, National Anthem of India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka. "Love does not claim possession, but gives freedom." Henri La Fontaine The Nobel Peace Prize 1913 Lawyer, Socialist, Parliamentarian, Peace Activist. International Peace Bureau. Internationalism, "An Intellectual Parliament" for Humanity. Cofounder, Institut international de bibliographie. Education. Women's rights. Labor. Cultural achievements. When Germany invaded Belgium, 1914, "Peoples will be as before, the sheep sent to the slaughterhouses or to the meadows as it pleases the shepherds." Alfred Fried The Nobel Peace Prize 1911 Nobel Co-recipient Tobias Asser Publisher, Philosopher. Founder, Die Friedenswarte (peace publication). Permanent Court of Arbitration, Netherlands. Collaborator, Nobelist Bertha von Suttner. Propaganda for peace: war was proof of validity of pacifistic analysis of world politics. War is not in itself a condition so much as the symptom of a condition, that of international anarchy. Count Maurice (Mooris) Polidore Marie Bernhard Maeterlinck The Nobel Prize in Literature 1911 Belgian writer in French. Lawyer. Many-sided literary activities. Dramatic works distinguished by a wealth of imagination. Poetic fancy. Reveals deep inspiration. Appeals to readers' own feelings, stimulates their imaginations. When we lose one we love, our bitterest tears are called forth by the memory of hours when we loved not enough. Selma Ottolia Lovisa Lagerlöf The Nobel Prize in Literature 1909 Author. Lofty idealism, vivid imagination. Described peasant life, Nordic nature accompanied by ethical strength, deep religious feeling. Respect for Nature, Women's Causes. 1914, became member of the Swedish Academy which awards Nobel Prize for Literature. "Nothing on earth can make up for the loss of one who has loved you." Klas Pontus Arnoldson The Nobel Peace Prize 1908 Nobel Co-recipient Fredrik Bajer Parliamentarian, writer. Founder, Swedish Peace and Arbitration League. Inspiring orator. Without peace there is no freedom, individual or national. War and hostilities are a form of slavery. Under such conditions, laws are silent. Without peace there is nothing truly human. Peace is harmony. Harmony is the highest ideal of life. Rudolf Christoph Eucken The Nobel Prize in Literature 1908 Writer, Philosopher. Idealism raises our life to greatness above the hubbub of everyday life by representation of eternal truths; in midst of our dark situation it can strengthen our belief in reason of life. Only faith can enable us to cope with enormous obstacles, fill us with confidence of success. Ilya Mechnikov Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908 Nobel Co-recipient Paul Ehrlich Ukrainian Zoologist. Theory of cellular immunity. Father of Natural immunity. Research: Comparative embryology, Phagocytosis, Anthrax, Rabies. Weak eyesight, heart troubles, difficulties in University lead to pessimism. Twice attempted suicide. Discovery of phagocytosis completely changed his outlook on life; abandoned his pessimistic philosophy and determined to find further proof of hypothesis. Paul Ehrlich The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908 Nobel co-recipient Ilya Mechnikov Physician, Scientist. Immunologist, Hematology pioneer. Founded Chemotherapy. Classified stains. Stained tissues, blood cell granules, tubercle bacillus. Standardized sera. Idea: Drugsâ€™ chemical constitution related to action, affinity for cells against which directed. "Schwann established cell as biological unit. Concept of cell is axis around which whole modern science of life revolves" Alphonse Laveran Physician The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1907 Physician. "protozoa cause diseases." Malarial parasite discovery received with skepticism. Sleeping sickness. Trypanosomes in different animals, countries. 1914-1918 concern: troopsâ€™ health. â€œAfter vain attempt to detect parasite in air, water, soil; cultivate in varied media, I became convinced: microbe was already present outside human body as parasite, probably of mosquitoes.â€ Louis Renault The Nobel Peace Prize 1907 Nobel Co-recipient Ernesto Teodoro Moneta 'Oracle of International Law'. Practical Promoter of Peace. Teacher, judge, diplomat. International: private law, transport, military aviation, naval affairs, commercial paper used in international transactions. Jurists, journalists can pave way for reform of nefarious practices, influencing nation to give up barbaric measures which its government has been unwilling to renounce. Giosuè Carducci The Nobel Prize in Literature 1906 Nobel Co-recipient Ernesto Teodoro Moneta Poet, Senator. Wrote poetry as child. Excellent translator, literary historian, orator. Conducted research in every phase of literature and eloquently expressed his findings. Poetry inspired compatriots in war for Italian independence, enjoyed immense popularity at home and abroad. Greatest Italian literary figure in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Theodore Roosevelt The Nobel Peace Prize 1906 President, USA. International Peace Arbitrator, various treaties. Vigorous, businesslike. "We abhor bully, oppressor, in private or public life". Conservationist, protected 230,000,000 acres of public land. After camping in Yosemite National Park, "It was like lying in a great solemn cathedral, far vaster and more beautiful than any built by man." Santiago Cajal Doctor of Medicine, Ph.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906 Co-nobelist: Camillo Golgi Physician, Anatomist, Pathologist, Artist. Discovered nervous system structure. Stained nerve cells with silver nitrate. Proved nerve cellâ€™s independence, impulse travels from one cell to another by synapse. Barberâ€™s, Shoemakerâ€™s apprentice. â€œOh comforting solitude, how favorable thou art to original thought!â€ â€œOutstanding work results from immense zeal applied to great idea.â€Â Bertha von Suttner The Nobel Peace Prize 1905 Generalissimo, Peace Movement. Author, 'Lay Down Your Arms'. Permanent International Peace Bureau. Vigorously opposed militaristic traditions. Eternal truth: happiness created, developed in peace. Eternal right: individual's right to live. "Inform me, convince me, and then I will do something great for the movement", Alfred Nobel said to Bertha von Suttner." John William Strutt The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904 "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies." Niels Ryberg Finsen M.D. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903 Physician. Founder, phototherapy in dermatology. Lupus vulgaris treatment. Researched salt. Despite having Niemann-Pick disease, strong willed, persevering. Denmark early education - Rector: "Niels is a very nice boy. His gifts are small; heâ€™s devoid of energy." Cause: fagging for older pupils. Moved to Iceland school; succeeded despite not knowing language. Svante Arrhenius The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903 Physicist, Physical Chemist. Electrolytic theory of dissociation â€œHumanity stands ... before a great problem of finding new raw materials, new sources of energy that shall never become exhausted. In the meantime, we must not waste what we have, but must leave as much as possible for coming generations.â€ - Arrhenius. Ivan Pavlov The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904 Award: "in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged." William Ramsay, KCBE, FRS The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1904 Inorganic, Organic, Physical chemist. Outstanding experimentalist. Discovered inert gaseous elements in air, determined their place in periodic system. Discovered argon, helium, krypton, neon, xenon. Molecular weights in liquid state. Stoichiometry, thermodynamics. Helium in radium emanations. "Noblest exercise of mind within doors, and most befitting a person of quality, is study." Randal Cremer The Nobel Peace Prize 1903 Co-founder, Inter-Parliamentary Union. Secretary, International Arbitration League. British Parliamentarian. World organizing. Prevent war. Founder, Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners. Upon entering into treaties of arbitration, the disputants would have time for reflection, for while arbitrators were deliberating, passions of contending parties would cool and chances of war greatly diminished. Élie Ducommun The Nobel Peace Prize 1902 Nobel co-recipient Albert Gobat Permanent International Peace Bureau [1910 Nobel Peace Prize]. Nobelist Passy's description: "exactitude, firmness." History Demonstrates War's Futility. Predicted, 1901: Despite modern weapons' destructiveness, wars will ebb, flow. Alfred Nobel's Contemporary. Nobel Chairperson Løvland, "You Swiss, with your sense of life's realities, have special gift for taking ideas from realm of dreams and turning them into realities." Ronald Ross, Physician The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902 Physician. Mosquitoes’ malarial parasites life-cycle. Mathematical models for epidemiology. Malaria prevention. Contributed to pure, applied mathematics. 'My microscope was worn out, screws rusted with sweat from hands, forehead; remaining eye-piece cracked; invaluable oil-immersion lens remained good.' 'Dingy military hospital, cracked microscope, medicine bottles - only laboratory and apparatus I possessed.' Hermann Fischer The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902 Sugar, purine syntheses. Produced phenylhydrazine. Artificial sugars. Purines from caffeine. Businessman father, â€œEmil too stupid to be business man; better be a student.â€ Sent him to study chemistry. â€œSciences arenâ€™t abstract constructions, but result of human endeavor; they are connected with personalities and fates of dedicated researchers who developed them.â€ Jacobus Hoff The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901 Prize motivation: "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions." Frédéric Passy The Nobel Peace Prize 1901 Nobel co-recipient: Henry Dunant Alfred Nobel's contemporary. Apostle of Peace, Humanitarian, Economist, Lawyer, Politician. Founder, French peace society. Free trade between independent nations promotes peace. Inspired by Nobelist Randal Cremer. Opposed France's colonial policy. 1905 Sweden-Norway conflict, declared, '...peaceful solution will make me hundred times happier than when I received Nobel Prize...' Wish fulfilled. Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen The Nobel Peace Prize 1901 "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him"
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	0	48	https://www.mic.com/articles/67109/which-country-has-won-the-most-nobel-prizes-check-this-map	en	Which Country Has Won the Most Nobel Prizes? Check This Map	https://www.mic.com/favicon.ico	https://www.mic.com/favicon.ico	[ "https://pixel.quantserve.com/pixel/p-xPmcrFNGfHkBg.gif", "https://sb.scorecardresearch.comp?c1=2&c2=17519299&v=3.9.1&cj=1", "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1636673763227734&ev=PageView&noscript=1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Alex Marin" ]	2013-10-10T16:27:00+00:00	(Click map to enlarge) Map by: Sarah Ransohoff If you've been feeling depressed about the state of things in America and need to restore your faith in the USA, look no further than the Nobel Prize. The annual award, bestowed by Swedish and…	en	/favicon.ico	Mic	https://www.mic.com/articles/67109/which-country-has-won-the-most-nobel-prizes-check-this-map	(Click map to enlarge) Map by: Sarah Ransohoff If you've been feeling depressed about the state of things in America and need to restore your faith in the USA, look no further than the Nobel Prize. The annual award, bestowed by Swedish and Norwegian committees to honor the legacy of inventor Alfred Nobel is dominated by the Americans. Focused on the fine arts, hard sciences, and world-changing ideas, the Nobel Prize is an intellectual and inspirational Olympics, of sorts — at least for the Western world. The winningest nations are all North American or European, including the U.S. (344 total awards ... U-S-A! U-S-A!), Britain (119), and Germany (104). But geo-political powers outside of the West don't rake in the same prize haul. Russia has only 27 Nobels, while China has a paltry nine. Here's the breakdown of the winningest Nobel Prize countries. United States (344): 1. Arieh Warshel, born in Israel, Chemistry 2013 2. Michael Levitt, born in South Africa, Chemistry 2013 3. Martin Karplus, born in Austria, Chemistry 2013 4. Thomas C. Südhof, born in Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 2013 5. Randy Schekman, Physiology or Medicine, 2013 6. James Rothman, Physiology or Medicine, 2013 7. Alvin E. Roth, Economics, 2012 8. Lloyd S. Shapley, Economics, 2012 9. Brian K. Kobilka, Chemistry, 2012 10. Robert J. Lefkowitz, Chemistry, 2012 11. David J. Wineland, Physics, 2012 12. Christopher A. Sims, Economics, 2011 13. Thomas J. Sargent, Economics, 2011 14. Saul Perlmutter, Physics, 2011 15. Brian P. Schmidt, Physics, 2011 16. Adam G. Riess, Physics, 2011 17. Ralph M. Steinman, born in Canada, Physiology or Medicine, 2011 18. Bruce Beutler, Physiology or Medicine, 2011 19. Peter A. Diamond, Economics, 2010 20. Dale T. Mortensen, Economics, 2010 21. Richard F. Heck, Chemistry, 2010 22. Ei-ichi Negishi, born in Japan, Chemistry, 2010 23. Elinor Ostrom, Economics, 2009 24. Oliver Eaton Williamson, Economics, 2009 25. Barack H. Obama, Peace, 2009 26. Thomas A. Steitz, Chemistry, 2009 27. Willard S. Boyle, born in Canada, Physics, 2009 28. Charles K. Kao, born in China, Physics, 2009 29. George E. Smith, Physics, 2009 30. Elizabeth Blackburn, born in Australia, Physiology or Medicine, 2009 31. Carol W. Greider, Physiology or Medicine, 2009 32. Jack W. Szostak, born in United Kingdom, Physiology or Medicine, 2009 33. Paul Krugman, Economics, 2008 34. Roger Yonchien Tsien, Chemistry, 2008 35. Martin Chalfie, Chemistry, 2008 36. Osamu Shimomura, born in Japan, Chemistry, 2008 37. Yoichiro Nambu, born in Japan, Physics, 2008 38. Leonid Hurwicz, born in Russia, Economics, 2007 39. Eric S. Maskin, Economics, 2007 40. Roger B. Myerson, Economics, 2007 41. Al Gore, Peace, 2007 42. Mario R. Capecchi, born in Italy, Physiology or Medicine, 2007 43. Oliver Smithies, born in United Kingdom, Physiology or Medicine, 2007 44. Roger D. Kornberg, Chemistry, 2006 45. John C. Mather, Physics, 2006 46. Edmund S. Phelps, Economics, 2006 47. George F. Smoot, Physics, 2006 48. Andrew Z. Fire, Physiology or Medicine, 2006 49. Craig C. Mello, Physiology or Medicine, 2006 50. Robert Aumann, born in Germany, Economics, 2005 51. Robert H. Grubbs, Chemistry, 2005 52. Richard R. Schrock, Chemistry, 2005 53. Thomas Schelling, Economics, 2005 54. John L. Hall, Physics, 2005 55. Roy J. Glauber, Physics, 2005 56. Irwin Rose, Chemistry, 2004 57. Edward C. Prescott, Economics, 2004 58. David J. Gross, Physics, 2004 59. H. David Politzer, Physics, 2004 60. Frank Wilczek, Physics, 2004 61. Richard Axel, Physiology or Medicine, 2004 62. Linda B. Buck, Physiology or Medicine, 2004 63. Peter Agre, Chemistry, 2003 64. Roderick MacKinnon, Chemistry, 2003 65. Robert F. Engle, Economics, 2003 66. Anthony J. Leggett, born in United Kingdom, Physics, 2003 67. Paul C. Lauterbur, Physiology or Medicine, 2003 68. Alexei A. Abrikosov, born in Russia, Physics, 2003 69. Daniel Kahneman, born in Israel, Economics, 2002 70. Vernon L. Smith, Economics, 2002 71. Jimmy Carter, Peace, 2002 72. John Bennett Fenn, Chemistry, 2002 73. Raymond Davis Jr., Physics, 2002 74. Riccardo Giacconi, born in Italy, Physics, 2002 75. Sydney Brenner, born in South Africa, Physiology or Medicine, 2002 76. H. Robert Horvitz, Physiology or Medicine, 2002 77. William S. Knowles, Chemistry, 2001 78. K. Barry Sharpless, Chemistry, 2001 79. Joseph E. Stiglitz, Economics, 2001 80. George A. Akerlof, Economics, 2001 81. A. Michael Spence, Economics, 2001 82. Eric A. Cornell, Physics, 2001 83. Carl E. Wieman, Physics, 2001 84. Leland H. Hartwell, Physiology or Medicine, 2001 85. Alan Heeger, Chemistry, 2000 86. Alan MacDiarmid, born in New Zealand, Chemistry, 2000 87. James J. Heckman, Economics, 2000 88. Daniel L. McFadden, Economics, 2000 89. Jack Kilby, Physics, 2000 90. Paul Greengard, Physiology or Medicine, 2000 91. Eric R. Kandel, born in Austria, Physiology or Medicine, 2000 92. Ahmed H. Zewail, born in Egypt, Chemistry, 1999 93. Günter Blobel, born in then Germany, now Poland, Physiology or Medicine, 1999 94. Walter Kohn, born in Austria, Chemistry, 1998 95. Robert B. Laughlin, Physics, 1998 96. Daniel C. Tsui, born in China, Physics, 1998 97. Robert F. Furchgott, Physiology or Medicine, 1998 98. Louis J. Ignarro, Physiology or Medicine, 1998 99. Ferid Murad, Physiology or Medicine, 1998 100. Paul D. Boyer, Chemistry, 1997 101. Robert C. Merton, Economics, 1997 102. Myron Scholes, born in Canada, Economics, 1997 103. Jody Williams, Peace, 1997 104. Steven Chu, Physics, 1997 105. William D. Phillips, Physics, 1997 106. Stanley B. Prusiner, Physiology or Medicine, 1997 107. Richard E. Smalley, Chemistry, 1996 108. Robert F. Curl Jr., Chemistry, 1996 109. William Vickrey, born in Canada, Economics, 1996 110. David M. Lee, Physics, 1996 111. Douglas D. Osheroff, Physics, 1996 112. Robert C. Richardson, Physics, 1996 113. Mario J. Molina, born in Mexico, Chemistry, 1995 114. F. Sherwood Rowland, Chemistry, 1995 115. Robert Lucas, Jr., Economics, 1995 116. Martin L. Perl, Physics, 1995 117. Frederick Reines, Physics, 1995 118. Edward B. Lewis, Physiology or Medicine, 1995 119. Eric F. Wieschaus, Physiology or Medicine, 1995 120. George Andrew Olah, born in Hungary, Chemistry, 1994 121. John Charles Harsanyi, born in Hungary, Economics, 1994 122. John Forbes Nash, Economics, 1994 123. Clifford G. Shull, Physics, 1994 124. Alfred G. Gilman, Physiology or Medicine, 1994 125. Martin Rodbell, Physiology or Medicine, 1994 126. Kary B. Mullis, Chemistry, 1993 127. Robert W. Fogel, Economics, 1993 128. Douglass C. North, Economics, 1993 129. Toni Morrison, Literature, 1993 130. Russell A. Hulse, Physics, 1993 131. Joseph H. Taylor Jr., Physics, 1993 132. Phillip A. Sharp, Physiology or Medicine, 1993 133. Rudolph A. Marcus, born in Canada, Chemistry, 1992 134. Gary S. Becker, Economics, 1992 135. Edmond H. Fischer, born in China, Physiology or Medicine, 1992 136. Edwin G. Krebs, Physiology or Medicine, 1992 137. Ronald Coase,born in the United Kingdom, Economics, 1991 138. Elias James Corey, Chemistry, 1990 139. Merton H. Miller, Economics, 1990 140. William F. Sharpe, Economics, 1990 141. Harry M. Markowitz, Economics, 1990 142. Jerome I. Friedman, Physics, 1990 143. Henry W. Kendall, Physics, 1990 144. Joseph E. Murray, Physiology or Medicine, 1990 145. E. Donnall Thomas, Physiology or Medicine, 1990 146. Sidney Altman, born in Canada, Chemistry, 1989 147. Thomas R. Cech, Chemistry, 1989 148. Hans G. Dehmelt, born in Germany, Physics, 1989 149. Norman F. Ramsey, Physics, 1989 150. J. Michael Bishop, Physiology or Medicine, 1989 151. Harold E. Varmus, Physiology or Medicine, 1989 152. Leon M. Lederman, Physics, 1988 153. Melvin Schwartz, Physics, 1988 154. Jack Steinberger, born in Germany, Physics, 1988 155. Gertrude B. Elion, Physiology or Medicine, 1988 156. George H. Hitchings, Physiology or Medicine, 1988 157. Charles J. Pedersen, born in Korea, Chemistry, 1987 158. Donald J. Cram, Chemistry, 1987 159. Robert M. Solow, Economics, 1987 160. Joseph Brodsky, born in Russia, Literature, 1987 161. Dudley R. Herschbach, Chemistry, 1986 162. Yuan T. Lee, born in Taiwan, Chemistry, 1986 163. James M. Buchanan, Economics, 1986 164. Elie Wiesel, born in Romania, Peace, 1986 165. Stanley Cohen, Physiology or Medicine, 1986 166. Rita Levi-Montalcini, born in Italy, Physiology or Medicine, 1986 167. Jerome Karle, Chemistry, 1985 168. Herbert A. Hauptman, Chemistry, 1985 169. Franco Modigliani, born in Italy, Economics, 1985 170. Michael S. Brown, Physiology or Medicine, 1985 171. Joseph L. Goldstein, Physiology or Medicine, 1985 172. Bruce Merrifield, Chemistry, 1984 173. Henry Taube, born in Canada, Chemistry, 1983 174. Gérard Debreu, born in France, Economics, 1983 175. William A. Fowler, Physics, 1983 176. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, born in then British India, now Pakistan, Physics, 1983 177. Barbara McClintock, Physiology or Medicine, 1983 178. George J. Stigler, Economics, 1982 179. Kenneth G. Wilson, Physics, 1982 180. Roald Hoffmann, born in then Poland, now Ukraine, Chemistry, 1981 181. James Tobin, Economics, 1981 182. Nicolaas Bloembergen, born in the Netherlands, Physics, 1981 183. Arthur L. Schawlow, Physics, 1981 184. David H. Hubel, born in Canada, Physiology or Medicine, 1981 185. Roger W. Sperry, Physiology or Medicine, 1981 186. Walter Gilbert, Chemistry, 1980 187. Paul Berg, Chemistry, 1980 188. Lawrence R. Klein, Economics, 1980 189. Czeslaw Milosz, born in then Russian Empire, now Lithuania, Literature, 1980 190. James Cronin, Physics, 1980 191. Val Fitch, Physics, 1980 192. Baruj Benacerraf, born in Venezuela, Physiology or Medicine, 1980 193. George D. Snell, Physiology or Medicine, 1980 194. Herbert C. Brown, Chemistry, 1979 195. Theodore Schultz, Economics, 1979 196. Steven Weinberg, Physics, 1979 197. Sheldon Glashow, Physics, 1979 198. Allan M. Cormack, born in South Africa, Physiology or Medicine, 1979 199. Herbert A. Simon, Economics, 1978 200. Isaac Bashevis Singer, born in then Russian Empire, now Poland, Literature, 1978 201. Robert Woodrow Wilson, Physics, 1978 202. Arno Penzias, born in Germany, Physics, 1978 203. Hamilton O. Smith, Physiology or Medicine, 1978 204. Daniel Nathans, Physiology or Medicine, 1978 205. Philip Anderson, Physics, 1977 206. John H. van Vleck, Physics, 1977 207. Roger Guillemin, born in France, Physiology or Medicine, 1977 208. Andrzej W. Schally, born in then Poland, now Lithuania, Physiology or Medicine, 1977 209. Rosalyn Yalow, Physiology or Medicine, 1977 210. William Lipscomb, Chemistry, 1976 211. Milton Friedman, Economics, 1976 212. Saul Bellow, born in Canada, Literature, 1976 213. Burton Richter, Physics, 1976 214. Samuel C. C. Ting, Physics, 1976 215. Baruch S. Blumberg, Physiology or Medicine, 1976 216. Daniel Carleton Gajdusek, Physiology or Medicine, 1976 217. Tjalling C. Koopmans, born in the Netherlands, Economics, 1975 218. Ben R. Mottelson, Physics, 1975 219. James Rainwater, Physics, 1975 220. David Baltimore, Physiology or Medicine, 1975 221. Renato Dulbecco, born in Italy, Physiology or Medicine, 1975 222. Howard Martin Temin, Physiology or Medicine, 1975 223. Paul J. Flory, Chemistry, 1974 224. George E. Palade, born in Romania, Physiology or Medicine, 1974 225. Wassily Leontief, born in Germany, Economics, 1973 226. Henry Kissinger, born in Germany, Peace, 1973 227. Ivar Giaever, Norway, Physics, 1973 228. Christian Anfinsen, Chemistry, 1972 229. Stanford Moore, Chemistry, 1972 230. William H. Stein, Chemistry, 1972 231. Kenneth J. Arrow, Economics, 1972 232. John Bardeen, Physics, 1972 233. Leon N. Cooper, Physics, 1972 234. Robert Schrieffer, Physics, 1972 235. Gerald Edelman, Physiology or Medicine, 1972 236. Simon Kuznets, born in then Russia, now Belarus, Economics, 1971 237. Earl W. Sutherland Jr., Physiology or Medicine, 1971 238. Paul A. Samuelson, Economics, 1970 239. Norman Borlaug, Peace, 1970 240. Julius Axelrod, Physiology or Medicine, 1970 241. Murray Gell-Mann, Physics, 1969 242. Max Delbrück, born in Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1969 243. Alfred Hershey, Physiology or Medicine, 1969 244. Salvador Luria, born in Italy, Physiology or Medicine, 1969 245. Lars Onsager, born in Norway, Chemistry, 1968 246. Luis Alvarez, Physics, 1968 247. Robert W. Holley, Physiology or Medicine, 1968 248. Marshall Warren Nirenberg, Physiology or Medicine, 1968 249. Hans Bethe, born in then Germany, now France, Physics, 1967 250. Haldan Keffer Hartline, Physiology or Medicine, 1967 251. George Wald, Physiology or Medicine, 1967 252. Robert S. Mulliken, Chemistry, 1966 253. Charles B. Huggins, born in Canada, Physiology or Medicine, 1966 254. Francis Peyton Rous, Physiology or Medicine, 1966 255. Robert B. Woodward, Chemistry, 1965 256. Richard P. Feynman, Physics, 1965 257. Julian Schwinger, Physics, 1965 258. Martin Luther King, Jr., Peace, 1964 259. Charles H. Townes, Physics, 1964 260. Konrad Bloch, born in then Germany, now Poland, Physiology or Medicine, 1964 261. Maria Goeppert-Mayer, born in then Germany, now Poland, Physics, 1963 262. Eugene Wigner, born in Hungary, Physics, 1963 263. John Steinbeck, Literature, 1962 264. Linus C. Pauling, Peace, 1962 265. James D. Watson, Physiology or Medicine, 1962 266. Melvin Calvin, Chemistry, 1961 267. Robert Hofstadter, Physics, 1961 268. Georg von Békésy, born in Hungary, Physiology or Medicine, 1961 269. Willard F. Libby, Chemistry, 1960 270. Donald A. Glaser, Physics, 1960 271. Owen Chamberlain, Physics, 1959 272. Emilio Segrè, born in Italy, Physics, 1959 273. Arthur Kornberg, Physiology or Medicine, 1959 274. Severo Ochoa, born in Spain, Physiology or Medicine, 1959 275. George Beadle, Physiology or Medicine, 1958 276. Joshua Lederberg, Physiology or Medicine, 1958 277. Edward Tatum, Physiology or Medicine, 1958 278. Chen Ning Yang, born in China, Physics, 1957 279. Tsung-Dao Lee, born in China, Physics, 1957 280. William B. Shockley, Physics, 1956 281. John Bardeen, Physics, 1956 282. Walter H. Brattain, Physics, 1956 283. Dickinson W. Richards, Physiology or Medicine, 1956 284. André F. Cournand, France, Physiology or Medicine, 1956 285. Vincent du Vigneaud, Chemistry, 1955 286. Willis E. Lamb, Physics, 1955 287. Polykarp Kusch, born in Germany, Physics, 1955 288. Linus C. Pauling, Chemistry, 1954 289. Ernest Hemingway, Literature, 1954 290. John F. Enders, Physiology or Medicine, 1954 291. Frederick C. Robbins, Physiology or Medicine, 1954 292. Thomas H. Weller, Physiology or Medicine, 1954 293. George C. Marshall, Peace, 1953 294. Fritz Lipmann, born in then Germany, now Russia, Physiology or Medicine, 1953 295. E. M. Purcell, Physics, 1952 296. Felix Bloch, born in Switzerland, Physics, 1952 297. Selman A. Waksman, born in then Russian Empire, now Ukraine, Physiology or Medicine, 1952 298. Edwin M. McMillan, Chemistry, 1951 299. Glenn Theodore Seaborg, Chemistry, 1951 300. Ralph J. Bunche, Peace, 1950 301. Philip S. Hench, Physiology or Medicine, 1950 302. Edward C. Kendall, Physiology or Medicine, 1950 303. William Giauque, born in Canada, Chemistry, 1949 304. William Faulkner, Literature, 1949 305. T. S. Eliot, Literature, 1948 306. American Friends Service Committee (The Quakers), Peace, 1947 307. Carl Cori, born in Austria, Physiology or Medicine, 1947 308. Gerty Cori, born in Austria, Physiology or Medicine, 1947 309. Wendell M. Stanley, Chemistry, 1946 310. James B. Sumner, Chemistry, 1946 311. John H. Northrop, Chemistry, 1946 312. Emily G. Balch, Peace, 1946 313. John R. Mott, Peace, 1946 314. Percy W. Bridgman, Physics, 1946 315. Hermann J. Muller, Physiology or Medicine, 1946 316. Cordell Hull, Peace, 1945 317. Isidor Isaac Rabi, born in Austria, Physics, 1944 318. Joseph Erlanger, Physiology or Medicine, 1944 319. Herbert S. Gasser, Physiology or Medicine, 1944 320. Otto Stern, born in then Germany, now Poland, Physics, 1943 321. Edward A. Doisy, Physiology or Medicine, 1943 322. Ernest Lawrence, Physics, 1939 323. Pearl S. Buck, Literature, 1938 324. Clinton Davisson, Physics, 1937 325. Eugene O'Neill, Literature, 1936 326. Carl Anderson, Physics, 1936 327. Harold C. Urey, Chemistry, 1934 328. George R. Minot, Physiology or Medicine, 1934 329. William P. Murphy, Physiology or Medicine, 1934 330. George H. Whipple, Physiology or Medicine, 1934 331. Thomas H. Morgan, Physiology or Medicine, 1933 332. Irving Langmuir, Chemistry, 1932 333. Jane Addams, Peace, 1931 334. Nicholas M. Butler, Peace, 1931 335. Sinclair Lewis, Literature, 1930 336. Frank B. Kellogg, Peace, 1929 337. Arthur H. Compton, Physics, 1927 338. Charles G. Dawes, Peace, 1925 339. Robert A. Millikan, Physics, 1923 340. Woodrow Wilson, Peace, 1919 341. Theodore W. Richards, Chemistry, 1914 342. Elihu Root, Peace, 1912 343. Albert A. Michelson, born in then Germany, now Poland, Physics, 1907 344. Theodore Roosevelt, Peace, 1906 United Kingdom (119): 1. Peter Higgs, Physics 2013 2. John B. Gurdon, Physiology or Medicine, 2012 3. Konstantin Novoselov, born in Russia, Physics, 2010 4. Robert G. Edwards, Physiology or Medicine, 2010 5. Doris Lessing, born in Iran, Literature, 2007 6. Sir Martin J. Evans, Physiology or Medicine, 2007 7. Oliver Smithies, Physiology or Medicine, 2007 8. Harold Pinter, Literature, 2005 9. Clive W. J. Granger, Economics, 2003 10. Anthony J. Leggett, Physics, 2003 11. Peter Mansfield, Physiology or Medicine, 2003 12. Sydney Brenner, born in South Africa, Physiology or Medicine, 2002 13. John E. Sulston, Physiology or Medicine, 2002 14. Tim Hunt, Physiology or Medicine, 2001 15. Paul Nurse, Physiology or Medicine, 2001 16. V.S. Naipaul, born in Trinidad, Literature, 2001 17. David Trimble, Peace, 1998 18. John Hume, born in Northern Ireland, UK, but uses Irish Passport, Peace, 1998 19. John Pople, Chemistry, 1998 20. John E. Walker, Chemistry, 1997 21. Harold Kroto, Chemistry, 1996 22. James A. Mirrlees, Economics, 1996 23. Joseph Rotblat, born in then Russian Empire, now Poland, Peace, 1995 24. Seamus Heaney, born in Northern Ireland, UK, but uses Irish Passport, Literature, 1995 25. Richard J. Roberts, Physiology or Medicine, 1993 26. Michael Smith, Chemistry, 1993 27. Ronald Coase,based in the United States Economics, 1991 28. James W. Black, Physiology or Medicine, 1988 29. Niels Kaj Jerne, Physiology or Medicine, 1984 30. César Milstein, born in Argentina, Physiology or Medicine, 1984 31. Richard Stone, Economics, 1984 32. William Golding, Literature, 1983 33. Aaron Klug, born in Lithuania, Chemistry, 1982 34. John Robert Vane, Physiology or Medicine, 1982 35. Elias Canetti, born in Bulgaria, Literature, 1981 36. Frederick Sanger, Chemistry, 1980 37. Arthur Lewis, born on St. Lucia, Economics, 1979 38. Godfrey Hounsfield, Physiology or Medicine, 1979 39. Peter D. Mitchell, Chemistry, 1978 40. James Meade, Economics, 1977 41. Nevill Francis Mott, Physics, 1977 42. Amnesty International, Peace, 1977 43. Betty Williams, Peace, 1976 44. Mairéad Corrigan, Peace, 1976 45. John Cornforth, born in Australia, Chemistry, 1975 46. Christian de Duve, Physiology or Medicine, 1974 47. Friedrich Hayek, born in Austria, Economics, 1974 48. Martin Ryle, Physics, 1974 49. Antony Hewish, Physics, 1974 50. Patrick White, Literature, 1973 51. Geoffrey Wilkinson, Chemistry, 1973 52. Brian David Josephson, Physics, 1973 53. Rodney Robert Porter, Physiology or Medicine, 1972 54. John Hicks, Economics, 1972 55. Dennis Gabor, born in Hungary, Physics, 1971 56. Bernard Katz, born in Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1970 57. Derek Harold Richard Barton, Chemistry, 1969 58. Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, Chemistry, 1967 59. George Porter, Chemistry, 1967 60. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, Chemistry, 1964 61. Andrew Huxley, Physiology or Medicine, 1963 62. Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Physiology or Medicine, 1963 63. John Kendrew, Chemistry, 1962 64. Max Perutz, born in Austria, Chemistry, 1962 65. Francis Crick, Physiology or Medicine, 1962 66. Maurice Wilkins, born in New Zealand, Physiology or Medicine, 1962 67. Peter Medawar, Physiology or Medicine, born in Brazil (and Brazilian citizen by jus soli), 1960 68. Severo Ochoa, born in Spain, Physiology or Medicine, 1959 69. Philip Noel-Baker, Peace, 1959 70. Frederick Sanger, Chemistry, 1958 71. Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd, Chemistry, 1957 72. Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, Chemistry, 1956 73. Max Born, born in then Germany, now Poland, Physics, 1954 74. Winston Churchill, Literature, 1953 75. Hans Adolf Krebs, born in Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1953 76. Archer John Porter Martin, Chemistry, 1952 77. Richard Laurence Millington Synge, Chemistry, 1952 78. John Cockcroft, Physics, 1951 79. Bertrand Russell, Literature, 1950 80. Cecil Frank Powell, Physics, 1950 81. John Boyd Orr, Peace, 1949 82. Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett, Physics, 1948 83. T. S. Eliot, born in the United States of America, Literature, 1948 84. Edward Victor Appleton, Physics, 1947 85. Robert Robinson, Chemistry, 1947 86. Friends Service Council, Peace, 1947 87. Ernst Boris Chain, born in Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1945 88. Alexander Fleming, Physiology or Medicine, 1945 89. George Paget Thomson, Physics, 1937 90. Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood, Peace, 1937 91. Norman Haworth, Chemistry, 1937 92. Henry Hallett Dale, Physiology or Medicine, 1936 93. James Chadwick, Physics, 1935 94. Arthur Henderson, Peace, 1934 95. Norman Angell, Peace, 1933 96. Paul Dirac, Physics, 1933 97. Charles Scott Sherrington, Physiology or Medicine, 1932 98. John Galsworthy, Literature, 1932 99. Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian, Physiology or Medicine, 1932 100. Arthur Harden, Chemistry, 1929 101. Frederick Hopkins, Physiology or Medicine, 1929 102. Owen Willans Richardson, Physics, 1928 103. Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, Physics, 1927 104. Austen Chamberlain, Peace, 1925 105. George Bernard Shaw, born in Ireland, Literature, 1925 106. John James Rickard Macleod, Physiology or Medicine, 1923 107. Francis William Aston, Chemistry, 1922 108. Archibald Hill, Physiology or Medicine, 1922 109. Frederick Soddy, Chemistry, 1921 110. Charles Glover Barkla, Physics, 1917 111. William Henry Bragg, Physics, 1915 112. William Lawrence Bragg, born in Australia, Physics, 1915 113. Ernest Rutherford, born in New Zealand, Chemistry, 1908 114. Rudyard Kipling, born in India, Literature, 1907 115. J. J. Thomson, Physics, 1906 116. John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, Physics, 1904 117. William Ramsay, Chemistry, 1904 118. William Randal Cremer, Peace, 1903 119. Ronald Ross,Born in India, Physiology or Medicine, 1902 Germany (104): 1. Thomas C. Südhof, Physiology or Medicine, 2013 2. Herta Müller, born in Romania, Literature, 2009 3. Harald zur Hausen, Physiology or Medicine, 2008 4. Gerhard Ertl, Chemistry, 2007 5. Peter Grünberg, born in then Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, now the Czech Republic, Physics, 2007 6. Theodor W. Hänsch, Physics, 2005 7. Wolfgang Ketterle, Physics, 2001 8. Herbert Kroemer, Physics, 2000 9. Günter Blobel, Physiology or Medicine, 1999 10. Günter Grass, born in then Free City of Danzig, now Poland, Literature, 1999 11. Horst L. Störmer, Physics, 1998 12. Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Physiology or Medicine, 1995 13. Reinhard Selten, Economics, 1994 14. Bert Sakmann, Physiology or Medicine, 1991 15. Erwin Neher, Physiology or Medicine, 1991 16. Hans G. Dehmelt, Physics, 1989 17. Wolfgang Paul, Physics, 1989 18. Johann Deisenhofer, Chemistry, 1988 19. Robert Huber, Chemistry, 1988 20. Hartmut Michel, Chemistry, 1988 21. Jack Steinberger, Physics, 1988 22. J. Georg Bednorz, Physics, 1987 23. Ernst Ruska, Physics, 1986 24. Gerd Binnig, Physics, 1986 25. Klaus von Klitzing, Physics, 1985 26. Georges J.F. Köhler, Physiology or Medicine, 1984 27. Georg Wittig, Chemistry, 1979 28. Arno Penzias, Physics, 1978 29. Henry Kissinger, Peace, 1973 30. Ernst Otto Fischer, Chemistry, 1973 31. Karl Ritter von Frisch, born in then Austria-Hungary, now Austria, Physiology or Medicine, 1973 32. Heinrich Böll, Literature, 1972 33. Gerhard Herzberg, Chemistry, 1971 34. Willy Brandt, Peace, 1971 35. Bernard Katz, Physiology or Medicine, 1970 36. Max Delbrück, Physiology or Medicine, 1969 37. Manfred Eigen, Chemistry, 1967 38. Hans Albrecht Bethe, Physics, 1967 39. Alfred Kastler, Physics, 1966 (born in Germany which is now France) 40. Nelly Sachs, Literature, 1966 41. Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen, Physiology or Medicine, 1964 42. Konrad Bloch, Physiology or Medicine, 1964 43. Karl Ziegler, Chemistry, 1963 44. Maria Goeppert-Mayer, Physics, 1963 45. J. Hans D. Jensen, Physics, 1963 46. Rudolf Mössbauer, Physics, 1961 47. Werner Forssmann, Physiology or Medicine, 1956 48. Polykarp Kusch, born in Germany, Physics, 1955 49. Max Born, Physics, 1954 50. Walther Bothe, Physics, 1954 51. Hermann Staudinger, Chemistry, 1953 52. Fritz Albert Lipmann, Physiology or Medicine, 1953 53. Hans Adolf Krebs, Physiology or Medicine, 1953 54. Albert Schweitzer, Peace, 1952 55. Otto Diels, Chemistry, 1950 56. Kurt Alder, Chemistry, 1950 57. Herman Hesse, Literature, 1946 58. Ernst Boris Chain, Physiology or Medicine, 1945 59. Otto Hahn, Chemistry, 1944 60. Otto Stern, Physics, 1943 61. Adolf Butenandt, Chemistry, 1939 62. Gerhard Domagk, Physiology or Medicine, 1939 63. Richard Kuhn, born in Austria, Chemistry, 1938 64. Carl von Ossietzky, Peace, 1935 65. Hans Spemann, Physiology or Medicine, 1935 66. Werner Karl Heisenberg, Physics, 1932 67. Otto Heinrich Warburg, Physiology or Medicine, 1931 68. Carl Bosch, Chemistry, 1931 69. Friedrich Bergius, Chemistry, 1931 70. Hans Fischer, Chemistry, 1930 71. Thomas Mann, Literature, 1929 72. Hans von Euler-Chelpin, Chemistry, 1929 73. Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus, Chemistry, 1928 74. Ludwig Quidde, Peace, 1927 75. Heinrich Otto Wieland, Chemistry, 1927 76. Gustav Stresemann, Peace, 1926 77. James Franck, Physics, 1925 78. Gustav Ludwig Hertz, Physics, 1925 79. Otto Fritz Meyerhof, Physiology or Medicine, 1922 80. Albert Einstein, Physics, 1921 81. Walther Nernst, Chemistry, 1920 82. Johannes Stark, Physics, 1919 83. Fritz Haber, Chemistry, 1918 84. Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, Physics, 1918 85. Richard Willstätter, Chemistry, 1915 86. Max von Laue, Physics, 1914 87. Gerhart Hauptmann, born in then Prussia, now Poland, Literature, 1912 88. Wilhelm Wien, Physics, 1911 89. Otto Wallach, Chemistry, 1910 90. Albrecht Kossel, Physiology or Medicine, 1910 91. Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse, Literature, 1910 92. Karl Ferdinand Braun, Physics, 1909 93. Wilhelm Ostwald, born in then Russia, now Latvia, Chemistry, 1909 94. Rudolf Christoph Eucken, Literature, 1908 95. Paul Ehrlich, Physiology or Medicine, 1908 96. Eduard Buchner, Chemistry, 1907 97. Albert Abraham Michelson, born in then Prussia, now Poland, Physics, 1907 98. Robert Koch, Physiology or Medicine, 1905 99. Philipp Lenard, born in then Austrian Empire, now Slovakia, Physics, 1905 100. Adolf von Baeyer, Chemistry, 1905 101. Hermann Emil Fischer, Chemistry, 1902 102. Theodor Mommsen, born in then Denmark, Literature, 1902 103. Emil Adolf von Behring, Physiology or Medicine, 1901 104. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, Physics, 1901 France (65): 1. Serge Haroche, born in Morocco, then under French protectorate, Physics, 2012 2. Jules A. Hoffmann, born in Luxembourg, Physiology or Medicine, 2011 3. J. M. G. Le Clézio, Literature, 2008 4. Luc Montagnier, Physiology or Medicine, 2008 5. Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Physiology or Medicine, 2008 6. Albert Fert, Physics, 2007 7. Yves Chauvin, Chemistry, 2005 8. Gao Xingjian, born in China, Literature, 2000 9. Médecins Sans Frontières, Peace, 1999 10. Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, born in French Algeria, Physics, 1997 11. Georges Charpak, Physics, 1992 12. Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Physics, 1991 13. Maurice Allais, Economics, 1988 14. Jean-Marie Lehn, Chemistry, 1987 15. Claude Simon, Literature, 1985 16. Gérard Debreu, Economics, 1983 17. Jean Dausset, Physiology or Medicine, 1980 18. Roger Guillemin, Physiology or Medicine, 1977 19. Seán MacBride, Peace, 1974 20. Louis Néel, Physics, 1970 21. Luis Federico Leloir, Chemistry, 1970 22. René Cassin, Peace, 1968 23. Alfred Kastler, Physics, 1966 24. François Jacob, Physiology or Medicine, 1965 25. Jacques Monod, Physiology or Medicine, 1965 26. André Lwoff, Physiology or Medicine, 1965 27. Jean-Paul Sartre, (declined the prize), Literature, 1964 28. Saint-John Perse, Literature, 1960 29. Albert Camus, born in French Algeria, Literature, 1957 30. André Frédéric Cournand, Physiology or Medicine, 1956 31. François Mauriac, Literature, 1952 32. Albert Schweitzer, born in Alsace, then in Germany, Peace, 1952 33. Léon Jouhaux, Peace, 1951 34. André Gide, Literature, 1947 35. Roger Martin du Gard, Literature, 1937 36. Frédéric Joliot, Chemistry, 1935 37. Irène Joliot-Curie, Chemistry, 1935 38. Ivan Bunin, born in Russia, Literature, 1933 39. Louis de Broglie, Physics, 1929 40. Charles Nicolle, Physiology or Medicine, 1928 41. Henri Bergson, Literature, 1927 42. Ferdinand Buisson, Peace, 1927 43. Aristide Briand, Peace, 1926 44. Jean-Baptiste Perrin, Physics, 1926 45. Anatole France, Literature, 1921 46. Léon Bourgeois, Peace, 1920 47. Romain Rolland, Literature, 1915 48. Alfred Werner, Chemistry, 1913 49. Charles Richet, Physiology or Medicine, 1913 50. Alexis Carrel, Medicine, 1912 51. Paul Sabatier, Chemistry, 1912 52. Victor Grignard, Chemistry, 1912 53. Marie Curie, born in then Russian Empire, now Poland, Chemistry, 1911 54. Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant, Peace, 1909 55. Gabriel Lippmann, born in Luxembourg, Physics, 1908 56. Alphonse Laveran, Physiology or Medicine, 1907 57. Louis Renault, Peace, 1907 58. Henri Moissan, Chemistry, 1906 59. Frédéric Mistral, Literature, 1904 60. Antoine Henri Becquerel, Physics, 1903 61. Pierre Curie, Physics, 1903 62. Marie Curie, born in then Russian Empire, now Poland, Physics, 1903 63. Henry Dunant, Peace, 1901 64. Frédéric Passy, Peace, 1901 65. Sully Prudhomme, Literature, 1901 Sweden (30): 1. Tomas Tranströmer, Literature, 2011 2. Arvid Carlsson, Physiology or Medicine, 2000 3. Alva Myrdal, Peace, 1982 4. Sune Bergström, Physiology or Medicine, 1982 5. Bengt I. Samuelsson, Physiology or Medicine, 1982 6. Kai Siegbahn, Physics, 1981 7. Torsten Wiesel, Physiology or Medicine, 1981 8. Bertil Ohlin, Economics, 1977 9. Eyvind Johnson, Literature, 1974 10. Harry Martinson, Literature, 1974 11. Gunnar Myrdal, Economics, 1974 12. Ulf von Euler, Physiology or Medicine, 1970 13. Hannes Alfvén, Physics, 1970 14. Ragnar Granit, born in then Russian Empire, now Finland, Physiology or Medicine, 1967 15. Nelly Sachs, born in Germany, Literature, 1966 16. Dag Hammarskjöld, Peace, 1961 (posthumously) 17. Pär Lagerkvist, Literature, 1951 18. Arne Tiselius, Chemistry, 1948 19. Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Literature, 1931 20. Nathan Söderblom, Peace, 1930 21. Hans von Euler-Chelpin, born in Germany, Chemistry, 1929 22. Theodor Svedberg, Chemistry, 1926 23. Karl Manne Siegbahn, Physics, 1924 24. Hjalmar Branting, Peace, 1921 25. Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam, Literature, 1916 26. Gustaf Dalén, Physics, 1912 27. Allvar Gullstrand, Physiology or Medicine, 1911 28. Selma Lagerlöf, Literature, 1909 29. Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Peace, 1908 30. Svante Arrhenius, Chemistry, 1903 Russia (27): 1. Andre Geim, Physics, 2010 2. Konstantin Novoselov, Physics, 2010 3. Leonid Hurwicz, Economics, 2007 4. Alexei A. Abrikosov, Physics, 2003 5. Vitaly Ginzburg, Physics, 2003 6. Zhores Ivanovich Alferov, born in then Soviet Union, now Belarus, Physics, 2000 7. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, Peace, 1990 8. Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky, Literature, 1987 9. Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, Physics, 1978 10. Menachem Begin, born in now Belarus, Peace, 1978 11. Ilya Prigogine, Chemistry, 1977 12. Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov, Peace, 1975 13. Leonid Vitalyevich Kantorovich, Economics, 1975 14. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Literature, 1970 15. Michail Sholokhov, Literature, 1965 16. Nicolay G. Basov, Physics, 1964 17. Aleksandr M. Prokhorov, born in Australia, Physics, 1964 18. Lev Landau, born in now Azerbaijan, Physics, 1962 19. Boris Pasternak, Literature, 1958 (forced to decline) 20. Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, Physics, 1958 21. Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm, Physics, 1958 22. Ilya Mikhailovich Frank, Physics, 1958 23. Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov, Chemistry, 1956 24. Ivan Bunin, Literature, 1933 25. Wilhelm Ostwald, born in now Latvia, Chemistry, 1909 26. Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, born in now Ukraine, Physiology or Medicine, 1908 27. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, Physiology or Medicine, 1904 Switzerland (26): 1. Kurt Wüthrich, Chemistry, 2002 2. Médecins Sans Frontières, Peace, 1999 3. Rolf M. Zinkernagel, Physiology or Medicine, 1996 4. Edmond H. Fischer, born in China, Physiology or Medicine, 1992 5. Richard R. Ernst, Chemistry, 1991 6. Karl Alexander Müller, Physics, 1987 7. Heinrich Rohrer, Physics, 1986 8. Georges J. F. Köhler, born in Germany (worked in Switzerland for 1976 to 1984), Physiology or Medicine, 1984 9. Werner Arber, Physiology or Medicine, 1978 10. Vladimir Prelog, born in then Austria-Hungary, now Bosnia-Herzegovina, Chemistry, 1975 11. Daniel Bovet, Physiology or Medicine, 1957 12. Felix Bloch, Physics, 1952 13. Tadeus Reichstein, Physiology or Medicine, 1950 14. Walter Rudolf Hess, Physiology or Medicine, 1949 15. Paul Hermann Müller, Physiology or Medicine, 1948 16. Hermann Hesse, born in Germany, Literature, 1946 17. Leopold Ruži?ka, born in then Austria-Hungary, now Croatia, Chemistry, 1939 18. Paul Karrer, Chemistry, 1937 19. Albert Einstein, born in Germany, Physics, 1921 20. Charles Édouard Guillaume, Physics, 1920 21. Carl Spitteler, Literature, 1919 22. Alfred Werner, Chemistry, 1913 23. Theodor Kocher, Physiology or Medicine, 1909 24. Élie Ducommun, Peace, 1902 25. Charles Albert Gobat, Peace, 1902 26. Henry Dunant, Peace, 1901 Canada (23): 1. Ralph M. Steinman, Physiology or Medicine, 2011 2. Willard S. Boyle, Physics, 2009 3. Jack W. Szostak, born in the United Kingdom, Physiology or Medicine, 2009 4. Robert Mundell, Economics, 1999 5. Myron Scholes, Economics, 1997 6. William Vickrey, Economics, 1996 7. Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, Peace, 1995 8. Bertram N. Brockhouse, Physics, 1994 9. Michael Smith, born in the United Kingdom, Chemistry, 1993 10. Rudolph A. Marcus, Chemistry, 1992 11. Richard E. Taylor, Physics, 1990 12. Sidney Altman, Chemistry, 1989 13. John C. Polányi, born in Germany(of Hungarian parents), Chemistry, 1986 14. Henry Taube, Chemistry, 1983 15. David H. Hubel, Physiology or Medicine, 1981 16. Saul Bellow, Literature, 1976 17. Gerhard Herzberg, born in Germany, Chemistry, 1971 18. Charles B. Huggins, Physiology or Medicine, 1966 19. Lester B. Pearson, Peace, 1957 20. William Giauque, Chemistry, 1949 21. Frederick G. Banting, Physiology or Medicine, 1923 22. Ernest Rutherford, born in New Zealand, Chemistry, 1908 23. Alice Munro, Literature, 2013 Austria (22): 1. Martin Karplus, Chemistry 2013 2. International Atomic Energy Agency, Peace, 2005 3. Elfriede Jelinek, Literature, 2004 4. Eric R. Kandel, Physiology or Medicine, 2000 5. Walter Kohn, Chemistry, 1998 6. Friedrich Hayek, Economics, 1974 7. Konrad Lorenz, Physiology or Medicine, 1973 8. Karl von Frisch, Physiology or Medicine, 1973 9. Max F. Perutz, Chemistry, 1962 10. Wolfgang Pauli, Physics, 1945 11. Richard Kuhn, Chemistry, 1938 12. Otto Loewi, Physiology or Medicine, 1936 13. Victor Francis Hess, Physics, 1936 14. Erwin Schrödinger, Physics, 1933 15. Karl Landsteiner, Physiology or Medicine, 1930 16. Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Physiology or Medicine, 1927 17. Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, Chemistry, 1925 18. Friderik Pregl, born in then Austria-Hungary, now Slovenia, Chemistry, 1923 19. Alfred Hermann Fried, Peace, 1911 20. Robert Bárány, Physiology or Medicine, 1914 21. Bertha von Suttner, born in then Austria-Hungary, now Czech Republic, Peace, 1905 22. Philipp Lenard, born in then Austria-Hungary, now Romania, Physics, 1905 Italy (20): 1. Mario Capecchi, Physiology or Medicine, 2007 2. Riccardo Giacconi, Physics, 2002 3. Dario Fo, Literature, 1997 4. Rita Levi-Montalcini, Physiology or Medicine, 1986 5. Franco Modigliani, Economics, 1985 6. Carlo Rubbia, Physics, 1984 7. Renato Dulbecco, Physiology or Medicine, 1975 8. Eugenio Montale, Literature, 1975 9. Salvador Luria, Physiology or Medicine, 1969 10. Giulio Natta, Chemistry, 1963 11. Salvatore Quasimodo, Literature, 1959 12. Emilio G. Segrè, Physics, 1959 13. Daniel Bovet, born in Switzerland, Physiology or Medicine, 1957 14. Enrico Fermi, Physics, 1938 15. Luigi Pirandello, Literature, 1934 16. Grazia Deledda, Literature, 1926 17. Guglielmo Marconi, Physics, 1909 18. Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Peace, 1907 19. Giosuè Carducci, Literature, 1906 20. Camillo Golgi, Physiology or Medicine, 1906 Japan (19): 1. Shinya Yamanaka, Physiology or Medicine, 2012 2. Ei-ichi Negishi, born in China, Chemistry, 2010 3. Akira Suzuki, Chemistry, 2010 4. Osamu Shimomura, Chemistry, 2008 5. Makoto Kobayashi, Physics, 2008 6. Toshihide Maskawa, Physics, 2008 7. Yoichiro Nambu, Physics, 2008 8. Masatoshi Koshiba, Physics, 2002 9. Koichi Tanaka, Chemistry, 2002 10. Ryji Noyori, Chemistry, 2001 11. Hideki Shirakawa, Chemistry, 2000 12. Kenzabure, Literature, 1994 13. Susumu Tonegawa, Physiology or Medicine, 1987 14. Kenichi Fukui, Chemistry, 1981 15. Eisaku Sat?, Peace, 1974 16. Leo Esaki, Physics, 1973 17. Yasunari Kawabata, Literature, 1968 18. Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Physics, 1965 19. Hideki Yukawa, Physics, 1949 Netherlands (19): 1. Andre Geim, born in Russia, Physics, 2010 2. Martinus J. G. Veltman, Physics, 1999 3. Gerardus 't Hooft, Physics, 1999 4. Paul J. Crutzen, Chemistry, 1995 5. Simon van der Meer, Physics, 1984 6. Nicolaas Bloembergen, Physics, 1981 7. Tjalling Koopmans, Economics, 1975 8. Nikolaas Tinbergen, Physiology or Medicine, 1973 9. Jan Tinbergen, Economics, 1969 10. Frits Zernike, Physics, 1953 11. Peter Debye, Chemistry, 1936 12. Christiaan Eijkman, Physiology or Medicine, 1929 13. Willem Einthoven, Physiology or Medicine, 1924 14. Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, Physics, 1913 15. Tobias Asser, Peace, 1911 16. Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Physics, 1910 17. Pieter Zeeman, Physics, 1902 18. Hendrik Lorentz, Physics, 1902 19. Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Chemistry, 1901 Poland (16): 1. Leonid Hurwicz, born in then Russian Republic, Economics, 2007 2. Wislawa Szymborska, Literature, 1996 3. Joseph Rotblat, born in then Russian Empire, Peace, 1995 4. Shimon Peres, born Szymon Perski in Wiszniew, Poland (now Vishnyeva, Belarus), Peace, 1994 5. Georges Charpak, born in now Ukraine, Physics, 1992 6. Lech Walesa, Peace, 1983 7. Roald Hoffmann, born in now Ukraine, Chemistry, 1981 8. Czeslaw Milosz, born in partitioned Poland (Russian Empire), now Lithuania, Literature, 1980 9. Isaac Bashevis Singer, born in partitioned Poland (Russian Empire), Literature, 1978 10. Andrew Schally, born in Wilno, Second Polish Republic (now Vilnius, Lithuania), Medicine, 1976 11. Tadeus Reichstein, born in partitioned Poland (Russian Empire), Physiology or Medicine, 1950 12. Wladyslaw Reymont, born in partitioned Poland (Russian Empire), Literature, 1924 13. Marie Sklodowska-Curie, born in partitioned Poland (Russian Empire), Chemistry, 1911 14. Henryk Sienkiewicz, born in partitioned Poland (Russian Empire), Literature, 1905 15. Maria Sklodowska-Curie, born in partitioned Poland (Russian Empire), Physics, 1903 16. Albert Abraham Michelson* born in partitioned Poland (Prussian Empire), Physics, 1907 Denmark (14): 1. Dale T. Mortensen, born in the United States, Economics, 2010 2. Jens Christian Skou, Chemistry, 1997 3. Niels Kaj Jerne, Physiology or Medicine, 1984 4. Aage Bohr, Physics, 1975 5. Ben Roy Mottelson, Physics, 1975 6. Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, Literature, 1944 7. Henrik Dam, Physiology or Medicine, 1943 8. Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger, Physiology or Medicine, 1926 9. Niels Bohr, Physics, 1922 10. August Krogh, Physiology or Medicine, 1920 11. Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Literature, 1917 12. Henrik Pontoppidan, Literature, 1917 13. Fredrik Bajer, Peace, 1908 14. Niels Ryberg Finsen, born on Faroe Islands, Physiology or Medicine, 1903 Australia (13): 1. Brian P. Schmidt, born in the United States, Physics, 2011 2. Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Physiology or Medicine, 2009 3. Barry Marshall, Physiology or Medicine, 2005 4. J. Robin Warren, Physiology or Medicine, 2005 5. Peter C. Doherty, Physiology or Medicine, 1996 6. John Harsanyi, Economics,1994 7. John Warcup Cornforth, Chemistry, 1975 8. Patrick White, born in the United Kingdom, Literature, 1973 9. Aleksandr M. Prokhorov, Physics, 1964 10. John Carew Eccles, Physiology or Medicine, 1963 11. Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Physiology or Medicine, 1960 12. Sir Howard Florey, Physiology or Medicine, 1945 13. William Lawrence Bragg, Physics, 1915 Hungary (12): 1. Avram Hershko, (Herskó Ferenc), Chemistry, 2004 2. Imre Kertész, Literature, 2002 3. George Andrew Olah* (Oláh György), Chemistry, 1994 4. John Harsanyi, (Harsányi János), Economics, 1994 5. Dennis Gabor (Gábor Dénes), Physics, 1971 6. Eugene Wigner, (Wigner Jen? Pál), Physics, 1963 7. Georg von Békésy (Békésy György), Physiology or Medicine, 1961 8. George de Hevesy (Hevesy György), Chemistry, 1943 9. Albert Szent-Györgyi, Physiology or Medicine, 1937 10. Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, born in then Austria-Hungary, Chemistry, 1925 11. Philipp Lenard (Lénárd Fülöp), born in then Austria-Hungary, Physics, 1905 12. Robert Bárány, born in then Austria-Hungary, Medicine, 1914 Israel (12): 1. Arieh Warshel, Chemistry, 2013 2. Michael Levitt, born in South Africa, Chemistry, 2013 3. Dan Shechtman, Chemistry, 2011 4. Ada E. Yonath, Chemistry, 2009 5. Robert Aumann, born in Germany, Economics, 2005 6. Aaron Ciechanover, Chemistry, 2004 7. Avram Hershko, born in Hungary, Chemistry, 2004 8. Daniel Kahneman, Economics, 2002 9. Yitzhak Rabin, Peace, 1994 10. Shimon Peres, born in what was then Poland, now Belarus, Peace, 1994 11. Menachem Begin, born in what was then Russia, now Belarus, Peace, 1978 12. Shmuel Yosef Agnon, born in what was then Austria-Hungary, now Ukraine, Literature, 1966 Belgium (11): 1. François Englert, Physics, 2013 2. Ilya Prigogine, born in Russia, Chemistry, 1977 3. Christian de Duve, born in the United Kingdom, Physiology or Medicine, 1974 4. Albert Claude, Physiology or Medicine, 1974 5. Georges Pire, Peace, 1958 6. Corneille Heymans, Physiology or Medicine, 1938 7. Jules Bordet, Physiology or Medicine, 1919 8. Henri La Fontaine, Peace, 1913 9. Maurice Maeterlinck, Literature, 1911 10. Auguste Beernaert, Peace, 1909 11. Institut de Droit International, Peace, 1904 Norway (11): 1. Finn E. Kydland, Economics, 2004 2. Trygve Haavelmo, Economics, 1989 3. Ivar Giaever, Physics, 1973 4. Ragnar Anton Kittil Frisch, Economics, 1969 5. Odd Hassel, Chemistry, 1969 6. Lars Onsager, Chemistry, 1968 7. Sigrid Undset, Literature, 1928 8. Fridtjof Nansen, Peace, 1922 9. Christian Lous Lange, Peace, 1921 10. Knut Hamsun, Literature, 1920 11. Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Literature, 1903 South Africa (11): 1. Michael Levitt, Chemistry, 2013 2. J. M. Coetzee, Literature, 2003 3. Sydney Brenner, Physiology or Medicine, 2002 4. F.W. de Klerk, Peace, 1993 5. Nelson Mandela, Peace, 1993 6. Nadine Gordimer, Literature, 1991 7. Desmond Tutu, Peace, 1984 8. Allan M. Cormack, Physiology or Medicine, 1979 9. Albert Lutuli, Peace, 1960 10. Max Theiler, Physiology or Medicine, 1951 11. Aaron Klug, Chemistry, 1982 Less Than 10 Nobel Prizes Won Argentina: 1. César Milstein, Physiology or medicine, 1984 2. Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Peace, 1980 3. Luis Federico Leloir, born in France, Chemistry, 1970 4. Bernardo Houssay, Physiology or Medicine, 1947 5. Carlos Saavedra Lamas, Peace, 1936 Azerbaijan: 1. Lev Landau, born in then Russian Empire, laureate when citizen of the Soviet Union, Physics, 1962 Bangladesh: 1. Muhammad Yunus, Peace, 2006 2. Grameen Bank, Peace, 2006 Belarus: 1. Zhores Ivanovich Alferov, born in then Soviet Union, now Belarus, Physics, 2000 2. Shimon Peres, born in then Poland, now Belarus, Peace, 1994 3. Menachem Begin, born in then Russian Empire, now Belarus, Peace, 1978 4. Simon Kuznets, born in then Russian Empire, now Belarus, Economics, 1971 Bosnia and Herzegovina: 1. Vladimir Prelog, born in then Austria–Hungary, now Bosnia and Herzegovina, Chemistry, 1975 2. Ivo Andric, born in then Austria–Hungary, now Bosnia and Herzegovina, Literature, 1961 Bulgaria: 1. Elias Canetti, Literature, 1981 Chile: 1. Pablo Neruda, Literature, 1971 2. Gabriela Mistral, Literature, 1945 China: 1. Ei-ichi Negishi, Chemistry, 2010 2. Mo Yan, Literature, 2012 3. Liu Xiaobo, Peace, 2010 4. Charles K. Kao, Physics, 2009 5. Gao Xingjian, Literature, 2000 6. Daniel C. Tsui, Physics, 1998 7. Tenzin Gyatso, Peace, 1989 8. Chen Ning Yang, Physics, 1957 9. Tsung-Dao Lee, Physics, 1957 Colombia: 1. Gabriel García Márquez, Literature, 1982 Costa Rica: 1. Óscar Arias Sánchez, Peace, 1987 Croatia: 1. Leopold Ruži?ka, born in Austro-Hungarian Empire, now Croatia, Chemistry, 1939 Cyprus: 1. Christopher A. Pissarides, Economics, 2010 Czech Republic: 1. Jaroslav Seifert, Literature, 1984 2. Jaroslav Heyrovský, Chemistry, 1959 3. Carl Ferdinand Cori, born in then Austria-Hungary, Physiology or Medicine, 1947 4. Gerty Cori, born in then Austria-Hungary, Physiology or Medicine, 1947 5. Bertha von Suttner, born in then Austrian-Hungary, Peace, 1905 East Timor: 1. Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, Peace, 1996 2. José Ramos-Horta, Peace, 1996 Egypt: 1. Mohamed El Baradei, Peace, 2005 2. Ahmed Zewail, Chemistry, 1999 3. Naguib Mahfouz, Literature, 1988 4. Anwar El Sadat, Peace, 1978 Faroe Islands: 1. Niels Ryberg Finsen, Physiology or Medicine, 1903 Finland: 1. Martti Ahtisaari, Peace, 2008 2. Ragnar Granit, born in the Grand Duchy of Finland, a part of the Russian Empire in 1809–1917, Physiology or Medicine, 1967 3. Artturi Ilmari Virtanen, born in the Grand Duchy of Finland, a part of the Russian Empire in 1809–1917, Chemistry, 1945 4. Frans Eemil Sillanpää, born in the Grand Duchy of Finland, a part of the Russian Empire in 1809–1917, Literature, 1939 Ghana: 1. Kofi Annan, Peace, 2001 Greece: 1. Odysseas Elytis, Literature, 1979 2. Giorgos Seferis, Literature, 1963 Guatemala: 1. Rigoberta Menchú, Peace, 1992 2. Miguel Ángel Asturias, Literature, 1967 Hong Kong: 1. Charles K. Kao, Physics, 2009 Iceland: 1. Halldór Laxness, Literature, 1955 India: 1. Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Chemistry, 2009 2. Amartya Sen, Economic Sciences, 1998 3. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Physics, 1983 4. Mother Teresa, born in Ottoman Empire, now Macedonia, Peace, 1979 5. Har Gobind Khorana, Physiology or Medicine, 1968 6. C. V. Raman, Physics, 1930 7. Rabindranath Tagore, Literature, 1913 Indonesia: 1. Willem Einthoven, Physiology or Medicine, 1924 Iran: 1. Shirin Ebadi, Peace, 2003 Ireland: 1. John Hume and David Trimble, Peace, 1998 2. Séamus Heaney, Literature, 1995 3. Betty Williams, Peace, 1976 4. Mairéad Corrigan, Peace, 1976 5. Seán MacBride, Peace, 1974 6. Samuel Beckett, Literature, 1969 7. Ernest Walton, Physics, 1951 8. George Bernard Shaw, Literature, 1925 9. William Butler Yeats, Literature, 1923 Kenya: 1. Wangari Maathai, Peace, 2004 Korea, South: 1. Kim Dae-jung, Peace, 2000 2. Charles J. Pedersen, Chemistry, 1987 Macedonia: 1. Mother Theresa, Peace, 1979. Born in Uskub, Ottoman Empire, now Skopje, Republic of Macedonia, Founder of the Missionaries of Charity Latvia: 1. Wilhelm Ostwald, born in then Russian Empire, Chemistry, 1909 2. Liberia[edit] 3. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Peace, 2011 4. Leymah Gbowee, Peace, 2011 Lithuania: 1. Aaron Klug, Chemistry, 1982 2. Czeslaw Milosz, born in then Russian Empire, now Lithuania, Literature, 1980 3. Andrew Schally, born in then Poland, now Lithuania, Medicine, 1977 Luxembourg: 1. Jules A. Hoffmann, Physiology or Medicine, 2011 2. Gabriel Lippmann, Physics, 1908 Malaysia: 1. Wu Lien-teh Physiology or Medicine, 1935 Mexico: 1. Mario José Molina Henríquez, Chemistry, 1995 2. Octavio Paz Lozano, Literature, 1990 3. Alfonso García Robles, Peace, 1982 Myanmar (Burma): 1. Aung San Suu Kyi, Peace, 1991 New Zealand: 1. Alan MacDiarmid, Chemistry, 2000 2. Maurice Wilkins, Physiology or Medicine, 1962 3. Ernest Rutherford, Chemistry, 1908 Nigeria: 1. Wole Soyinka, Literature, 1986 Palestine: 1. Yassir Arafat, Born in Cairo, Egypt, Peace, 1994 Pakistan: 1. Abdus Salam, Physics, 1979 Peru: 1. Mario Vargas Llosa, Literature, 2010 Portugal: 1. José de Sousa Saramago, Literature, 1998 2. Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, born in then Portuguese Timor, now East Timor, Peace, 1996 3. José Ramos-Horta, born in then Portuguese Timor, now East Timor, Peace, 1996 4. António Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz, Physiology or Medicine, 1949 Romania: 1. Herta Müller, Literature, 2009 2. Elie Wiesel, Peace, 1986 3. George E. Palade, Physiology or Medicine, 1974 Serbia: 1. Ivo Andric, born in Austro-Hungarian Empire, now Bosnia and Herzegovina, Literature, 1961 Saint Lucia: 1. Derek Walcott, Literature, 1992 2. Sir Arthur Lewis, Economics, 1979 Slovenia: 1. Friderik Pregl, born in then Austria-Hungary, Chemistry, 1923 Spain: 1. Mario Vargas Llosa, born in Peru, Literature, 2010 2. Camilo José Cela, Literature, 1989 3. Vicente Aleixandre, Literature, 1977 4. Severo Ochoa, Physiology or Medicine, 1959 5. Juan Ramón Jiménez, Literature, 1956 6. Jacinto Benavente, Literature, 1922 7. Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Physiology or Medicine, 1906 8. José Echegaray, Literature, 1904 Taiwan: 1. Yuan Tseh Lee, Chemistry, 1986 Tibet: 1. 14th Dalai Lama, Peace, 1989 Trinidad and Tobago: 1. V. S. Naipaul, Literature, 2001 Turkey: 1. Orhan Pamuk, Literature, 2006 Ukraine: 1. Georges Charpak, born in then Poland, now Ukraine, Physics, 1992 2. Roald Hoffmann, born in then Poland, now Ukraine, Chemistry, 1981 3. Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov*, born in then Russian Empire, now Ukraine, Physiology or Medicine, 1908 Venezuela: 1. Baruj Benacerraf, Physiology or Medicine, 1980 Vietnam: 1. Lê Ð?c Th?, born in French Indochina, Peace, 1973 (declined) Yemen: 1. Tawakkol Karman, Peace, 2011 Yugoslavia: 1. Ivo Andric, born in Austro-Hungarian Empire, now Bosnia and Herzegovina, Literature, 1961
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	1	7	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes/1909-1901/	en	All Nobel Prizes	https://www.nobelprize.o…size-496x328.jpg	https://www.nobelprize.o…size-496x328.jpg	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	All Nobel Prizes	en	https://www.nobelprize.o…avicon-50x50.png	NobelPrize.org	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes	Between 1901 and 2023, the Nobel Prizes and the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel were awarded 621 times to 1000 people and organisations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 965 individuals and 27 organisations. Below, you can view the full list of Nobel Prizes and Nobel Prize laureates. Find all prizes in \| physics \| chemistry \| physiology or medicine \| literature \| peace \| economic sciences \| all categories 2024 The 2024 Nobel Prizes will be announced 7–14 October. 1909 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909 “in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1909 “in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1909 “for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1909 “in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings” The Nobel Peace Prize 1909 “for their prominent position in the international movement for peace and arbitration” 1908 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1908 “for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908 “for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908 “in recognition of their work on immunity” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1908 “in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life” The Nobel Peace Prize 1908 “for their long time work for the cause of peace as politicians, peace society leaders, orators and authors” 1907 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1907 “for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1907 “for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1907 “in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1907 “in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author” The Nobel Peace Prize 1907 “for his work in the press and in peace meetings, both public and private, for an understanding between France and Italy” “for his decisive influence upon the conduct and outcome of the Hague and Geneva Conferences” 1906 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906 “in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1906 “in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906 “in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1906 “not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces” The Nobel Peace Prize 1906 “for his role in bringing to an end the bloody war recently waged between two of the world's great powers, Japan and Russia” 1905 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1905 “for his work on cathode rays” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905 “in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905 “for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1905 “because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer” The Nobel Peace Prize 1905 “for her audacity to oppose the horrors of war” 1904 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904 “for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1904 “in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904 “in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1904 “in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist” “in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama” The Nobel Peace Prize 1904 “for its striving in public law to develop peaceful ties between nations and to make the laws of war more humane” 1903 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 “in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity” “in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903 “in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903 “in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1903 “as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit” The Nobel Peace Prize 1903 “for his longstanding and devoted effort in favour of the ideas of peace and arbitration” 1902 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1902 “in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902 “in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902 “for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1902 “the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A history of Rome” The Nobel Peace Prize 1902 “for his untiring and skilful directorship of the Bern Peace Bureau” “for his eminently practical administration of the Inter-Parliamentary Union” 1901 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901 “in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him” The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901 “in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901 “for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths” The Nobel Prize in Literature 1901 “in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect” The Nobel Peace Prize 1901 “for his humanitarian efforts to help wounded soldiers and create international understanding” “for his lifelong work for international peace conferences, diplomacy and arbitration” To cite this section MLA style: All Nobel Prizes. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Wed. 24 Jul 2024. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes>
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	2	91	https://www.ranker.com/list/nobel-prize-in-literature-winners/reference	en	Nobel Prize in Literature Winners List	https://imgix.ranker.com/list_img_v2/17594/117594/original/nobel-prize-in-literature-winners-u6	https://imgix.ranker.com/list_img_v2/17594/117594/original/nobel-prize-in-literature-winners-u6	[ "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=10600724&cv=3.6&cj=1", "https://static.ranker.com/img/brand/ranker-logo.svg?v=1&auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=2&w=104", "https://static.ranker.com/img/brand/wordmark.svg?v=1&auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=2&w=210", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/menuSearch.svg?v=2&auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=30&w=30", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/vote-on-pill.svg?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=24&w=105", "https://imgix.ranker.com/user_img/1/1/original/reference?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&crop=faces&h=40&w=40", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/chevronExpand.svg?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=13&w=71", "https://imgix.ranker.com/node_img/22/421553/original/albert-camus-photo-3?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&crop=faces&h=150&w=150", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/titleChevronRight.svg?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=11&w=11", "https://imgix.ranker.com/node_img/22/425064/original/aleksandr-isayevich-solzhenitsyn-writers-photo-3?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&crop=faces&h=150&w=150", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/titleChevronRight.svg?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=11&w=11", "https://imgix.ranker.com/node_img/23/454948/original/anatole-france-writers-photo-1?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&crop=faces&h=150&w=150", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/titleChevronRight.svg?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=11&w=11", "https://imgix.ranker.com/node_img/24/460526/original/andr-gide-writers-photo-1?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&crop=faces&h=150&w=150", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/titleChevronRight.svg?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=11&w=11", "https://imgix.ranker.com/node_img/29/573022/original/bertrand-russell-writers-photo-1?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&crop=faces&h=150&w=150", "https://imgix.ranker.com/img/icons/titleChevronRight.svg?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=png&dpr=4&h=11&w=11", "https://imgix.ranker.com/node_img/128/2554815/original/bj-rnstjerne-bj-rnson-writers-photo-1?auto=format&q=60&fit=crop&fm=pjpg&dpr=2&crop=faces&h=150&w=150", "https://v3api.ranker.com/api/px?lid=117594" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Reference" ]	2009-11-24T00:00:00	List of Nobel Prize in Literature winners from every year the award has been given out. All Nobel Prize in Literature winners are listed below in order of ...	en	/img/icons/touch-icon-iphone.png	Ranker	https://www.ranker.com/list/nobel-prize-in-literature-winners/reference	List of Nobel Prize in Literature winners from every year the award has been given out. All Nobel Prize in Literature winners are listed below in order of popularity, but can be sorted by any column. People who won the Nobel Prize in Literature award are listed along with photos for every Nobel Prize in Literature winner that has a picture associated with their name online. You can click on the name of the Nobel Prize in Literature award recipients to get more information about each. People who won the Nobel Prize in Literature are usually listed by year, but on this list you've got a complete list of Nobel Prize in Literature winners from all years. If this proves to not be a full list of Nobel Prize in Literature winners, you can help make it so by adding to this one. This list includes the most memorable and well-known Nobel Prize in Literature winners of all time. Anybody who won the Nobel Prize in Literature usually has a picture associated with their name, so all the Nobel Prize in Literature-winning people are listed here with photos when available. This list spans the history of the Nobel Prize in Literature, so most of the famous Nobel Prize in Literature winners are here and can be a good starting point for making a list of your favorites. This list answers the question "who are all the people who have ever won Nobel Prize in Literature?" If you're looking for all the nominees, you can click the links above the title of this page to the Listopedia page where you'll find a directory of award nominees, as well as the rest of the award winners lists we have. You can use this factual list to create a new list, re-rank it to fit your views, then share it with your Twitter followers, Facebook friends or with any other social networks you use on a regular basis. Items include everything from Isaac Bashevis Singer to Henryk Sienkiewicz. {#nodes}
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	2	29	https://letsquiz.com/quiz/giosue-carducci/what-nationality-was-giosue-carducci	en	What nationality was Giosuè Carducci?	https://upload.wikimedia…A8_Carducci2.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…A8_Carducci2.jpg	[ "https://letsquiz.com/_next/image?url=%2Flogo_23.png&w=256&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2Flogo_23.png&w=384&q=75 2x", "https://letsquiz.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=256,format=webp/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci2.jpg/400px-Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci2.jpg 1x, /cdn-cgi/image/width=384,format=webp/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci2.jpg/400px-Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci2.jpg 2x", "https://letsquiz.com/_next/image?url=%2Ffeedback_button.png&w=48&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2Ffeedback_button.png&w=96&q=75 2x", "https://letsquiz.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=64,format=webp/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci2.jpg 1x, /cdn-cgi/image/width=128,format=webp/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci2.jpg 2x", "https://letsquiz.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=256,format=webp/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Bologna_montage_HD.jpg 1x, /cdn-cgi/image/width=640,format=webp/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Bologna_montage_HD.jpg 2x", "https://letsquiz.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=256,format=webp/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Seal_of_the_University_of_Bologna.svg/1595px-Seal_of_the_University_of_Bologna.svg.png 1x, /cdn-cgi/image/width=640,format=webp/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Seal_of_the_University_of_Bologna.svg/1595px-Seal_of_the_University_of_Bologna.svg.png 2x", "https://letsquiz.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=256,format=webp/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Leopardi%2C_Giacomo_%281798-1837%29_-_ritr._A_Ferrazzi%2C_Recanati%2C_casa_Leopardi.jpg 1x, /cdn-cgi/image/width=640,format=webp/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Leopardi%2C_Giacomo_%281798-1837%29_-_ritr._A_Ferrazzi%2C_Recanati%2C_casa_Leopardi.jpg 2x", "https://letsquiz.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsubscribe.png&w=640&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2Fsubscribe.png&w=1080&q=75 2x", "https://letsquiz.com/_next/image?url=%2Flogo_23.png&w=256&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2Flogo_23.png&w=640&q=75 2x", "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=3564506823827494&ev=PageView&noscript=1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Italian poet Giosuè Carducci was born in Tuscany, Italy in 1835. He is considered one of the greatest Italian poets of the 19th century and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1906. Carducci'	en	/apple-touch-icon.png		https://letsquiz.com/quiz/giosue-carducci/what-nationality-was-giosue-carducci	Giosuè Carducci Quiz: How Much Do You Know About This Fascinating Topic? Created using data under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike Licence & the media files are available under their respective licenses; additional terms may apply. For more information, please review our About us page. // By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use & Privacy Policy.
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	6	https://www.churchofsatan.com/giosue-carducci-poet-statesman/	en	Giosue Carducci: 19th Century Poet, Statesman and Satanist	https://www.churchofsata…met-Featured.png	https://www.churchofsata…met-Featured.png	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1671579289530248&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://www.churchofsatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/church-of-satan-logo-black.png", "https://www.churchofsatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/church-of-satan-logo-black.png", "https://www.churchofsatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/text-serpent.png", "https://www.churchofsatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/carducci.jpg", "https://www.churchofsatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Carducci1875.jpg", "https://www.churchofsatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/carduci3.gif", "https://www.churchofsatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/carduci2.jpg", "https://www.churchofsatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/deco-book-end-left.png", "https://www.churchofsatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/deco-book-end-right.png", "https://www.churchofsatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/brinstone-header-2.gif", "https://www.churchofsatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/r-meciless-avatar.jpg", "https://www.churchofsatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/lavey-sigil.png", "https://www.churchofsatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/lavey-sigil.png", "https://www.churchofsatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/lavey-sigil.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Reverend Campbell", "R. Merciless" ]	2018-07-24T13:22:14+00:00	Giosue Carducci: 19th Century Poet, Statesman and Satanist R. Merciless In 1906 the Nobel Prize for literature was awarded to Giosue Carducci of Italy for extraordinary lifelong accomplishment in the field of poetry. He was a Satanist. By the time he won the Nobel, Carducci had firmly established himself as one of the world’s most […]	en	https://www.churchofsata…phomet-32x32.png	Church of Satan	https://www.churchofsatan.com/giosue-carducci-poet-statesman/	R. Merciless In 1906 the Nobel Prize for literature was awarded to Giosue Carducci of Italy for extraordinary lifelong accomplishment in the field of poetry. He was a Satanist. By the time he won the Nobel, Carducci had firmly established himself as one of the world’s most well-known and influential literary figures with a large body of distinguished work and a long career of artistic achievement, political activism and religious agitation. He had published several volumes of poetry attracting worldwide critical acclaim. In addition, his prose writings including literary criticism, biographies, speeches and essays filled some 20 volumes. [1] He had also been elected a Senator of Italy and voted a very substantial life-long pension. The Nobel prize was merely the capstone of a long, brilliant and highly successful life. [2] Carducci’s credentials as a Satanist include not only his worldly successes and overt opposition to Christianity but his writing of the highly controversial poem, Inno a Satana or “Hymn to Satan.” In writing, publicly reciting and twice publishing this astounding poem, he stepped firmly beyond his paganism and even his anti-clericalism into the realm of modern Satanism by embracing the mythic character of Satan as an exemplary role model and heroic archetypal symbol. Indeed, it is this taking of Satan as an exemplar symbol that is the defining characteristic of the Modern Satanist. [3] Of course, living as he did in 19th century Italy, Carducci probably would not have referred to himself as a “Satanist.” The linking of that term to the Satanic character would have to wait almost exactly 100 more years when Anton Szandor LaVey, founder of The Church of Satan, defined it for the modern world in The Satanic Bible in 1969. [4] Nonetheless, Carducci’s explicit and life-long adoption of Satan as archetypically symbolic of his personal philosophy which he called “radical rationalism,” unequivocally places the Nobel laureate firmly within the Satanic tradition, even if less daring biographers have preferred the term “pagan” to describe him. Carducci felt great affinity for the classical world and wrote several internationally acclaimed homages to ancient Roman gods and the long lost, Christian-obliterated happy pagan lifestyle of old. But unlike Baudelair, Leopardi, Levi, Rimbaud, Huysmans and other 19th century literary figures who penned somewhat Satanic works, Carducci did not die on his knees whimpering and begging forgiveness from a previously scorned Christian god.[5]Instead, he died an unabashed enemy of the Pope and ended his days as defiantly anti-clerical as he ever was. Carducci was born near Verana, Italy in 1835. From an early age, guided by his politically active physician father, he learned Latin and studied the Iliad and classical works of Homer. He also energetically read the works of the famous Italian poet, Giacomo Leopardi (1798 - 1837) and was perhaps somewhat inspired towards Inno a Satana by reading the despondent Leopardi’s unfinished Ad Ahrimane (“To Ahriman,”) an at times depressing prayer addressed to the Prince of Darkness and acknowledging His rule of the Earth. [6] By 1860, at age 25, he had been appointed to the chair in Italian Literature at Bologna University where he would spend a long, brilliant career of over 40 years. He was also actively involved in the political upheavals reshaping Italy at the time. It was a time of revolution in Italy as Republicans, inspired and assisted by revolutionary France, struggled to throw off the old tyrannical Hapsburg order and unite and democratize Italy’s many separate feudal states and kingdoms. By the mid-1860s, after years of civil war and political struggle most of the Italian peninsula had been united under a constitutional republican monarchy. However, one of the last vestiges of tyrannical domination on the Italian peninsula was the continued direct political control of Rome and surrounding regions by the Pope. With the military backing of Hapsburg Austria, the Pope held direct secular political power over the Italian provinces known as the Papal States. Naturally, the anti-clerical freethinkers among the Republicans found tyrannical rule by the papacy to be as odious as, or even worse than, that by unelected, hereditary nobles. Both impeded human progress by locking power in the hands of those who were long on hereditary or ecclesiastical connections and short on any actual demonstrated merit or ability. Throughout Italy, 19th century Masonic lodges were centers of organizing revolutionary activities ranging from anti-royalist propaganda to underground guerrilla attacks. Carducci was, of course, a member as were nearly all the other significant leaders of the Italian revolutionary movement. Other prominent masons of the time included influential political philosopher Giuseppe Mazinni, head of the successful Young Italy movement, and Giuseppe Garibaldi, the internationally famous Italian revolutionary war hero. In contrast to the overtly theistic and even Christian flavor to be found among German and Anglo-American Freemasons at the time, French and Italian masonry both adopted a much more pan-religious, nearly overtly atheist tone. Like Masons everywhere, they too used the term “Grand Architect of the Universe” to refer to the “creator.” For many of the more sharp-witted Italian and French Masons, however, it had a very different meaning. Applauding its own expansive view of the Mason’s “Grand Architect”, the official newsletter of the Italian lodge noted, “The formula of the Grand Architect, which is reproached to Masonry as ambiguous and absurd, is the most large-minded and righteous affirmation of the immense principle of existence and may represent as well the (revolutionary) God of Mazzini as the Satan of Giosue Carducci (in his celebrated Hymn to Satan); God, as the fountain of love, not of hatred; Satan, as the genius of the good, not of the bad.” [7] This Masonic newsletter reference to Carducci in the same breath as Mazzini, one of the republic’s most effective and inspiring revolutionary thinkers and leaders, clearly demonstrates Carducci’s great prominence and influence at the time. Moreover, the sort of religious outlook quoted above made all of Italian masonry an explicit enemy of the Vatican. On March 18, 1902, Pope Leo XIII issued “Annum ingressi,” a pronouncement against Italian Freemasonry. Of the above quotation, The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1910 disapprovingly sniffed, “In both interpretations it is in reality the principle of Revolution that is adored by Italian Masonry.” The deep anti-church sentiment of French masons—most likely shared in full by their Italian brothers—is amply reflected in the following quote from a 20 September, 1902 speech by Senator Delpech, president of the Grand Orient de France: “The triumph of the Galilean has lasted twenty centuries. But now he dies in his turn. The mysterious voice, announcing (to Julian the Apostate) the death of Pan, today announces the death of the impostor God who promised an era of justice and peace to those who believe in him. The illusion has lasted a long time. The mendacious God is now disappearing in his turn; he passes away to join in the dust of ages the divinities of India, Egypt, Greece, and Rome, who saw so many creatures prostrate before their altars. Bro. Masons, we rejoice to state that we are not without our share in this overthrow of the false prophets. The Romish Church, founded on the Galilean myth, began to decay rapidly from the very day on which the Masonic Association was established.”[8] Carducci, the firebrand masonic freethinker and revolutionary, wrote Inno a Satana in September 1863, at the age of 28 and three years into his teaching chair at the University of Bologna. It was composed as a brindisi or toast which he recited at a dinner party among friends. [9] Appropriately for reciting with a raised glass of chianti, the poet titled it “A Satana” or “To Satan.” It was then published in 1865 under the title Inno a Satana or “Hymn to Satan” but should probably have more accurately carried the title of “A Toast to Satan.” The tone, rhyme, meter and content all bear this out clearly and well-reflect the origination of the work. It is not difficult to imagine a table full of Carducci’s freethinking revolutionary pals hoisting their glasses at the conclusion of the recitation, shouting “Here, here,” and quaffing a glass of Italy’s finest produce. In vino veritas, indeed! Modern literary scholars have recognized Inno a Satana as an in-your-face manifesto of Carducci’s most deeply felt convictions and cherished beliefs, which he occasionally modified but never abandoned over the course of his long life. For Carducci, like for LaVey, Satan symbolically represents all of those wonderful things which the hierarchy of orthodox Christianity opposes and attempts to suppress: beauty in nature and art, sensual pleasures, confidence in man’s ability to transform the physical world, freedom of thought and expression, unprejudiced intellectual inquiry, economic and social progress. It is unfortunate that an English-reading person of the 21st century is not able fully to grasp the emotional power the poem invoked in 19th century Italy with its clever rhyming language and allusions to well-known recent and historical events and figures. Still, it can serve as an inspiration to others. Indeed, a glimmer of the impact can be discerned by seeing it (and even trying to read it aloud) in its original Italian. All readers should try this. [To open a window showing Inno a Satana in Italian and English, click here.] Readers will note that Carducci’s poem includes 50 stanzas of 4 lines each where the second and fourth are rhymed. This meter seems to resonate something like a a train’s locomotive steaming along under full power and this is a metaphor which the poet brings around the bend into full view at the close of the poem. It was published a second time in 1869 in Bologna’s radical newspaper, Il Popolo, as a provocation timed to coincide with the 20th Vatican Ecumenical Council, a time when revolutionary fervor directed against the papacy was running high as republicans were pressing both politically and militarily for an end of the Vatican’s domination over the so-called papal states under the military support of the hated Austrian Hapsburgs. The second publication was meant to be a provocation and provocative it was. Reaction to the reappearance of the controversial poem was quite strong. Even some of Carducci’s fellow republicans publicly distanced themselves from embracing Satan along with the poet even if they were opposed to the Pope. Moderate newspapers excoriated Carducci for potentially harming the cause with such blasphemous and inflammatory writings. But, in fact, the republican cause was triumphant. In 1870, Hapsburg Austrian military support for the Pope collapsed and republican troops marched into Rome, ending by force the papacy’s secular political control of the region. It is quite likely that, as they took the city, at least some of those troops had Inno a Satana fresh in their minds. But, as moderate republicans had feared, the Vatican seized upon the poem as a propaganda item. As Carducci introduced Satan as a worthy and honorable symbol of the republican opposition to the tyrannical earthly power of the papacy, the Vatican’s propaganda to its faithful sheep painted the revolutionaries as accursed minions of the literal Devil. The 1910Catholic Encyclopedia proclaimed Masonic Lodges to be “the advanced outposts and standard-bearers of the whole immense anti-Catholic and anti-papal army in the world-wide spiritual warfare of our age. In this sense also the pope, like the Masonic poet Carducci in his Hymn to Satan, considers Satan as the supreme spiritual chief of this hostile army.” [10] Clearly the Catholic Church stewed with such great frustration and hatred for the masons’ anti-clerical activity, that it’s disdain for Carducci in particular was never far from mind as indicated in the above passage. Had he lived to read it, Carducci would have no doubt been pleased to see his name thus immortalized in the Catholic Encyclopedia as a leading enemy of the church. While Inno a Satana was extremely effective as a political device it was not considered by scholars and critics—or even by Carducci—to be great art. In the middle part of a major Oxford University lecture on Carducci’s work in 1926, scholar John Baily, for example, offered the following analysis of Inno a Satana: “It is at the bottom [Carducci’s] faith in a sound mind and healthy body, [his] scorn of weaklings and palterers, which is the inspiration of the famous, or notorious Hymn to Satan. I cannot, of course, discuss it here from the point of view of religion. It gave and no doubt was meant to give, great offence to Catholics and indeed to all Christians—and still does. We must admit that he was always definitely a pagan: and often, especially in the first half of his life, not merely a pagan but an anti-Christian. This attitude is seen at its height in the Hymn to Satan though the title is, as we shall see, a misnomer. But to judge it or him fairly we must remember the time and place in which he wrote: an Italy which had long been ruled by priests who allied themselves with foreigners and tyrants, in which the Pope who had deserted the national cause still held Rome; in which one Pope had declared the steam engine to be an invention of the Devil and another was now replying to the spirit of the nineteenth century by getting himself declared Infallible. The Ode was written in one day in 1863, published in 1865, and again on the day of the opening of the Vatican Council. It is enough if it stood alone to disprove the notion of Carducci as mere academic pedant. It sputters with fiery life from the first word to the last. But the Satan whom it proclaims and glorifies is not the spirit of evil; there is no less immoral poet than Carducci. His Satan is reason and nature, the body and the mind, all that revolts against the asceticism, sacerdotalism and obscurantism which have so often claimed to represent the Christian religion. The Hymn is as full of imagination as it is of spontaneity, sincerity, and strength. What it is not full of, either in thought or in language, is that grave music of the mind and of the word without which poetry cannot be entirely itself...Carducci’s [Hymn to Satan] reads as little more than a piece of polemical journalism.” [11] Thereafter, Bailey went on to speak of what “is great and permanent” in the work of Carducci and to enumerate the many later poems and prose which did, indeed, in his opinion rise to the highest levels of the literary art and which were, of course, the basis of his winning the Nobel Prize. At the close of his lecture, Bailey concluded: “The smith does not always succeed nor does the poet, each is clumsy sometimes and each sometimes finds his metal too hard to shape. What I have wished to say today is that Carducci succeeded often, and that when he succeeded it was with such materials, so finely worked, that his place among the poets is assured and immortal.” So, despite the revolutionary impact of Inno a Satana, Carducci’s greatest poetic achievements still lay ahead. Carducci was a revolutionary on multiple fronts both political and artistic. Like his politics, Carducci’s more advanced poetry became revolutionary as well. He was not afraid to undertake bold, daring adventures in his works. The Rime Nuove(“New Rhymes”) and the Odi Barbare (“Barbaric Odes”) which appeared in the 1880s contain the best of Carducci’s poetry. Odi Barbare in particular included brilliant, ground-breakng innovations. Carducci reintrocued old classical Latin poetry styles and meters into contemporary Italian-language works. This adaptation of ancient technique to new Italian recalled the pace and flavor of Homer and Virgil and was Carducci’s way of honoring both classicism and paganism. It was also an attack upon two things he abhorred: the romanticism in contemporary poetry and the Christianity in contemporary society. Indeed, all of Carducci’s work extolled Italian hope and Roman glory and was an assertion of classic reason as opposed to romantic mysticism and Roman Catholic piety. He also wrote scathing reviews of what he considered trite sentimentalism in the gushing, unoriginal romantic poetry being churned out and lauded by his contemporaries. These were all gutsy moves. To undertake such radical innovation in his own work and to so harshly criticize the popular Romantics, Carducci certainly showed he was willing to risk attracting condemnation that could hamper his popularity and his career. But, just as he had helped republican efforts to liberate Italian political life from royalist Hapsburg and Papal domination, Carducci also lead the liberation of Italian poetry from sentimental romanticism while at the same time offering it the innovation of his re-introduction of the meters of the classics. This was the cutting-edge artistry that brought him the Nobel. When Carducci was selected to receive Nobel Prize in recognition of his worldwide acclaim, he was an old man and, indeed, was too ill to travel to Stockholm to accept the award in person. Had he been present, the Nobel committee might not have been so presumptuous as to try to make apologies for the great poet’s “Satanism” or to attempt to separate him from Inno a Satana. It is clear that even the relatively progressive intellectuals of the Nobel committee were uneasy with publicly embracing a pagan and Satanist like Carducci before a global audience. Their efforts to downplay these aspects of the man are evident in the presentation speech properly noting that his poetic brilliance transcended such things and (improperly) trying to show that he had disavowed/retracted Inno a Satana. While the whole of the Nobel presentation speech included the expected long laudatory recounting of the honored poet’s life and accomplishments, it also included this tidbit of back-pedaling. There is a good deal of justice in many of the attacks on Carducci’s anti-Christianity. Although one cannot perfectly approve of the way in which he has tried to defend himself in Confessioni e Battaglie (“Confessions and Battles”) and in other writings, knowledge of the attendant circumstances helps to explain, if not to justify, Carducci’s attitudes. Carducci’s paganism is understandable to a Protestant, at least. As an ardent patriot who saw the Catholic Church as in many ways a misguided and corrupt force opposed to the freedom of his adored Italy, Carducci was quite likely to confuse Catholicism with Christianity, extending to Christianity the severe judgments with which he sometimes attacked the Church. And as to the impetuous Inno a Satana, it would be a great wrong to Carducci to identify him, for example, with Baudelaire and to accuse Carducci of poisonous and unhealthy “Satanism.” In fact, Carducci’s Satan has an ill-chosen name. The poet clearly means to imply a Lucifer in the literal sense of the word—the carrier of light, the herald of free thought and culture, and the enemy of that ascetic discipline which rejects or disparages natural rights. Yet it seems strange to hear Savanarola praised in a poem in which asceticism is condemned. The whole of the hymn abounds with such contradictions. Carducci himself in recent times has rejected the entire poem and has called it a “vulgar sing-song.” Thus, there is no reason to dwell any longer on a poem which the poet himself has disavowed. [12] Their little fig leaf probably fooled no one for it was obvious that the master poet Carducci looked back to the dinner-table political toast of the early days of his art with a condemning eye only in assessing the poem’s lack of artistic sophistication. Calling the poem “vulgar sing-song” was merely a repudiation of its youthful, immature poetic style. In his professional work, having introduced immense contributions to the field of poetry, he had long since moved beyond the silly, elementary structure of the provocative little rhyme he shared with friends and compatriots over a raised wine glass. But such self-criticism of that early work certainly did not imply any rejection of the substance of the sentiments expressed therein. Those he held to without apology to the very end of his days. “I know neither truth of God nor peace with the Vatican or any priests. They are the real and unaltering enemies of Italy.” he said in his later years. [13] At the end of Carducci’s life, Romanticism, Catholicism and (one could argue) political domination remained quite popular with the great mass of Italians, but his daring stabs at all three had unforgettably opened the door for the elite few seeking to liberate themselves politically, artistically and religiously. His lasting contribution to freedom of the mind and spirit is forever immortalized in the roster of the Nobel Prize, the highest literary distinction on Earth; in a beautiful stone monument in Bologna; in the pages of his still-acclaimed works, and in the hearts of all that they still touch. And really, how much more immortality can any successful Satanist hope for than that? NOTES & REFERENCES
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	73	https://www.versilia.org/en/territory-of-versilia/monuments/birthplace-of-giosue-carducci	en	Birthplace of Giosué Carducci	https://www.versilia.org…asa_carducci.jpg	https://www.versilia.org…asa_carducci.jpg	[ "https://www.versilia.org/media/contents/casa_carducci.jpg", "https://www.versilia.org/media/gallerie/gallery/thumb_casa_carducci.jpg", "https://www.versilia.org/media/gallerie/gallery/thumb_casa-carducci-valdicastello.jpg", "https://www.versilia.org/media/gallerie/gallery/thumb_casa_carducci_valdicastello.jpg", "https://www.versilia.org/media/gallerie/gallery/thumb_casa-carducci-busto.jpg", "https://www.versilia.org/img/numeriprimi.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Pier Luca Mori" ]	2020-04-29T19:28:54	Casa Carducci is a national monument and all year round it is visited by many tourists, specially students. It is the well preserved house where ...	en	/img/apple-touch-icon.png	Versilia.org	https://www.versilia.org/en/territory-of-versilia/monuments/birthplace-of-giosue-carducci	Three kilometers ahead from Pieve di San Giovanni, at the urban center we find the Casa Natale di Giosué Carducci (the very house where the great poet, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature, was born). Casa Carducci is a national monument and all year round it is visited by many tourists, specially students. It is the well preserved house where, in 1835, was born. Its collection consists of precious objects and various documents related to his life. Outside, in the garden, there is a marble bust of the poet.
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	24	http://faculty.webster.edu/corbetre/personal/reading/carducci-poems.html	en	By Giosue Carducci POEMS			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Reviews of Nobel Prize winner \| Comments on all Shakespeare's plays \| Poetry reviews \| Multiple reviews of same author \| Haiti books \| POEMS By Giosue Carducci London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1907 175 pages Bob Corbett November 2014 This translation by T. Fisher Unwin was published in 1907, the year after Giosue Carducci had won the Nobel Prize for Literature, and the year of his death. Some notes from the introduction by Maud Holland His poetry is opposed to the spirit of Christianity. While he had serious political differences with Pope Pius IX, the roots of his animosity was not political or religious, but historical. He felt much closer to an ancient Greek conception of reality than to a Christian one. Despite that philosophical fight, toward his later years he was attracted to the concept of the Virgin Mary. Maud Holland thinks the best of Carduccis poems are those . . . verses in which Carducci deals with the common things of earth. In reading this volume I came very much to agree with Holland, at least about the poems in this collection. Some are historical and left me on the outside, since I have too knowledge of the little details of Italian history. But, the poems set in nature were often touching and attractive for me. Holland compares Carducci to famous English poets to help the reader of this English version: Less sensuous than Keats, but equally penetrated with the beauty of earth, Carducci is perhaps comparable to Wordsworth, but unlike that, unlike the English poet, he never moralizes on such subjects, but always leaves the things, and the emotions they evoke, to speak for themselves. NOTES ON THE POETRY ALONG THE WAY The poems of this volume are mainly very short, just a few lines which, like a simple straight-forward, but soft and elegant painting, leaving a verbal picture in ones head. Samples of this sort of poem are two animal poems, one The Ox and the other, To A Donkey. Pleasant, a bit touching, very straight forward: The Ox I love thee, O mild ox; a sentiment Of strength and peace thou bringest unto me Whether as solemn as a monument Thou gazest oer the fields, fertile and free, Or whether bowing to the yoke content Mans nimble work is seconded by thee; He shouts, he lifts the goad: with slow gaze bent Thy patient eyes answer his urgency. From the broad nostrils, black and moist, arise Breaths of the spirit, like a joyous strain The bellowing voice upon the calm air dies; Ample and quiet is mirrored once again, Austerely sweet within the sea-deep eyes, Green and divine the silence of the plain. The other I so enjoyed is To A Donkey: O ancient patience, wherefore does thou gaze Across the hedge upon the eastern skies, Through the elder branches, oer the flowery maze Of fragrant white-thorn with moist kindling eyes? Why does thou bray to heaven with dolorous cries? Is it not Love, O rogue, that woos thy days? What memory scourges thee? What hope that flies Spurred on thy tired life down aching ways? Art dreaming of Arabian deserts free Where, matched in rivalry of fortitude, Thou with the steeds of Job didst turn and flee? Or wouldst thou fly to Hellas solitude, Calling on Homer, who does like thee To Telamonian Ajax unsubdued? However in Idyll of the Maremma he looks back romantically upon Mary, a simple, but lovely rural girl he seeming could have married and had a rural and perhaps a better life. While it is beautifully written and ever so romantic to the core, it didnt convince me. Carducci simply had to be who he was the poet. I cant really imagine him finding satisfaction in the life of a simple peasant farmer. But he does paint a lovely picture for the reader. He opens: On Aprils budding wing that doth with rose Touch my low room, I see thee smile once more, Suddenly, Mary, to my heart come close; He imagines the future he might have had with her: Strong sons have doubtless hung upon thy breast And now, grown bold, look back to catch thine eyes, Mounting the uncurbed steed in careless zest. He seems to be feeling a bit sorry for himself and his life choice. He thinks, perhaps, he would have been better off had he embraced that life that looks so lovely, simple and romantic than: Than sweat behind small rhymes confined and terse! Better by work forget than stay to seek The enormous riddle of the Universe! I loved the poem, but he just doesnt convince me! Before San Guido is a touching long poem on the occasion of his grandmothers funeral. He speaks of the line of tall cypresses which line the road and bring back memories of his youth as he reflects upon the passing years. This was an especially lovely, gentle and touching poem. Toward the end of the volume the editor chose some of his historical poems. The difficulty for me is that the issues were relatively minor moments in Italian history and I just dont have the background in Italian history to really appreciate these poems. I think for most modern readers Carduccis style of poetry is more of historical interest than of poetic interest. Nonetheless, it was quite interesting to read this famous Italian whom Id never even heard of before I read him as part of my project to read all the winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature. Bob Corbett corbetre@webster.edu BACK TO BOOK REVIEWS Becoming Reading Thinking Journals HOME
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	1	46	https://www.histouring.com/en/historical-figure/bartolomeo-camillo-golgi/	en	Bartolomeo Camillo Golgi	https://www.histouring.c…/og-facebook.jpg	https://www.histouring.c…/og-facebook.jpg	[ "https://www.histouring.com/public/assets/img/logo-histouring.png", "https://www.histouring.com/public/assets/img/flag-en.jpg", "https://www.histouring.com/public/assets/img/flag-it.jpg", "https://www.histouring.com/public/assets/img/flag-en.jpg", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/932600x600xy/Bartolomeo Camillo Golgi.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/931360x360crop/relais-villa-brioschi-10d00-56sg15422.jpg", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/931415x220crop/relais-villa-brioschi-10d00-56sg15422.jpg", "https://www.histouring.com/public/assets/img/logo-histouring2.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/2116300x190crop/2020.12.11-07.19.02.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/2140300x190crop/2021.02.22-06.45.28.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/2161300x190crop/2021.03.07-03.41.43.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/2178300x190crop/2021.03.14-13.56.16.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/2197300x190crop/2021.03.20-17.22.35.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/2217300x190crop/2021.06.15-21.19.28.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/2234300x190crop/2021.07.07-07.41.42.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/2250300x190crop/2021.07.13-00.47.03.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/2269300x190crop/screenshot-1.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://www.histouring.com/public/assets/img/favicon.ico		https://www.histouring.com/en/historical-figure/bartolomeo-camillo-golgi/	Relais Villa Brioschi Via Valeriana, 187 - 25040 Aprica - Sondrio
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	2	13	https://www.histouring.com/en/historical-figure/giosu-carducci/	en	Giosuè Carducci	https://www.histouring.c…/og-facebook.jpg	https://www.histouring.c…/og-facebook.jpg	[ "https://www.histouring.com/public/assets/img/logo-histouring.png", "https://www.histouring.com/public/assets/img/flag-en.jpg", "https://www.histouring.com/public/assets/img/flag-it.jpg", "https://www.histouring.com/public/assets/img/flag-en.jpg", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/870600x600xy/Giosu Carducci.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/348360x360crop/negozio del 1899.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/348415x220crop/negozio del 1899.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/1297360x360crop/147729776dds5029041.jpg", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/1297415x220crop/147729776dds5029041.jpg", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/869360x360crop/Relais du Chateau Casa Illica.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/869415x220crop/Relais du Chateau Casa Illica.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/968360x360crop/5746378-2-11816.jpg", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/968415x220crop/5746378-2-11816.jpg", "https://www.histouring.com/public/assets/img/logo-histouring2.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/2116300x190crop/2020.12.11-07.19.02.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/2140300x190crop/2021.02.22-06.45.28.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/2161300x190crop/2021.03.07-03.41.43.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/2178300x190crop/2021.03.14-13.56.16.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/2197300x190crop/2021.03.20-17.22.35.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/2217300x190crop/2021.06.15-21.19.28.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/2234300x190crop/2021.07.07-07.41.42.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/2250300x190crop/2021.07.13-00.47.03.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/2269300x190crop/screenshot-1.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://www.histouring.com/public/assets/img/favicon.ico		https://www.histouring.com/en/historical-figure/giosu-carducci/	Majani Via de' Carbonesi, 5 - 40123 Bologna - Bologna Shop/Product The Majani was founded, under the name of "Laboratory of Sweet Things" and by Teresa Majani, in 1796 in Bologna: its first home is a small artisan shop with adjoining shop located next to the... see Palazzo Torri Via Sant'Eufemia, 5 - 25040 Nigoline di Corte Franca - Brescia Palace/Villa, Wedding/Convention/Concert location Palazzo Torri stands among the green vineyards of Franciacorta, a few km from Lake Iseo, welcoming guests in decorated rooms, frescoed vaults and antique furniture. You can stay in spacious and... see Relais du Chateau - Casa Illica Via Sforza Caolzio, 47 - 29014 Castell'Arquato - Piacenza Palace/Villa Relais du Chateau - Casa Illica is a residence located in the heart of the ancient village of Castell'Arquato. Structured on several levels, this magnificent Art Nouveau-style period house in the... see Villa Soleil Via della Cartiera, 38 - 10010 Colleretto Giacosa - Turin Palace/Villa, Wedding/Convention/Concert location Hotel Villa Soleil is located in Colleretto Giacosa, just minutes from Turin Biella and Viverone. Immersed in the greenery of the Canvese area, this ancient dwelling dating back to the 1700s is now... see
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	49	https://tango-horizon.eu/scuola-normale-superiore/	en	Scuola Normale Superiore	https://tango-horizon.eu…1/TANGO-Icon.png	https://tango-horizon.eu…1/TANGO-Icon.png	[ "https://tango-horizon.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Tango-light-logo.svg", "https://tango-horizon.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Tango-light-logo.svg", "https://tango-horizon.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Tango-light-logo.svg", "https://horizon-tango.tempurl.host/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Partners-hero-scaled.jpg", "https://tango-horizon.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Scuola-Normale-Superiore-Logo-White.svg", "https://tango-horizon.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/EU-funding-white.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Webmaster" ]	2023-12-19T23:55:35	Scuola Normale Superiore Pisa – Italy BRIEF BIOGRAPHY OF PARTNER The Scuola Normale Superiore is a university institute of higher education, research and hi ...	en	https://tango-horizon.eu…1/TANGO-Icon.png		https://tango-horizon.eu/scuola-normale-superiore/	The Scuola Normale Superiore is a university institute of higher education, research and high-level training with a special status, whose prestige in the research and educational fields is recognised at an international level. Three of its former students – Giosuè Carducci, Enrico Fermi and Carlo Rubbia – have been awarded the Nobel prize; more recently, Alessio Figalli won the Fields Medal. The Normale promotes culture, teaching and research in the disciplines of the Humanities, mathematics, and natural and social sciences, and the exploration of their interconnections. It is a place where scientific, technological and cultural challenges find a fertile, open and stimulating ground, where the critical knowledge, scientific rigour and intellectual curiosity necessary for interpreting the complexity in which humanity is immersed contribute to the growth of our country and of Europe. The talent of its students, the high level and innovativeness of its research and its interaction with society, are the values that make up its identity.
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	2	72	http://www.aboutpisa.info/famous-people.html	en	Famous people	http://www.aboutpisa.info/images-about-pisa/pacinotti.jpg	http://www.aboutpisa.info/images-about-pisa/pacinotti.jpg	[ "http://www.aboutpisa.info/media/mod_languages/images/it.gif", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/media/mod_languages/images/de.gif", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/media/mod_languages/images/pt_br.gif", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/media/mod_languages/images/es.gif", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/media/mod_languages/images/en.gif", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/images/logo4.png", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/images/tagCloud2.png", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/modules/mod_weather_gk4/icons/default/64/partly_cloudy_night.png", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/images/loghiabout/logomobile.png", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/images-about-pisa/pacinotti.jpg", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/images-about-pisa/bocelli1.jpg", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/images/banners/bannertour/accomodation6.png", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/images/banners/bannertour/excursions5.png", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/images/banners/bannertour/leaningtow12.png", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/images/banners/bannertour/transfer8.png", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/images/banners/bannertour/guided5.png", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/modules/mod_djimageslider/themes/default/images/prev.png", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/modules/mod_djimageslider/themes/default/images/next.png", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/images-about-pisa/carlo-rubbia.jpg", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/images-about-pisa/enrico-fermi.jpg", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/images-about-pisa/fibonacci.jpg", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/images-about-pisa/galileo-galilei.jpg", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/images-about-pisa/Carducci.jpg", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/images/keith-haring-tuttomondo-min.jpg", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/images/loghiabout/logoaboutflorencesmall.png", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/images/loghiabout/logoaboutliguriasmall.png", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/images/loghiabout/logoaboutmilansmall.png", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/images/loghiabout/logoaboutmugellosmall.png", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/images/loghiabout/logoaboutpisasmall.png", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/images/loghiabout/logoaboutromasmall.png", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/images/loghiabout/logoaboutturinsmall.png", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/images/loghiabout/logoaboutversiliasmall.png", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/images/loghiabout/logoaboutvenicesmall.png", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/modules/mod_djimageslider/themes/default/images/prev.png", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/modules/mod_djimageslider/themes/default/images/next.png", "http://www.aboutpisa.info/images/logo-footer.png", "https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/44907382" ]	[]	[]	[ "Pisa famous people", "famous Pisan people", "famous people in Pisa", "famous historic people of Pisa", "scientists in Pisa", "famous scientists in Pisa", "Pisan scientists", "artists in Pisa", "famous artists in Pisa", "culture of Pisa" ]	null	[]	null	Find information and curiosities about the famous historical people of Pisa	en	/templates/ja_healthcare/favicon.ico	About Pisa: full tourist guide about the city of Pisa, Tuscany	http://www.aboutpisa.info/famous-people.html	Antonio Pacinotti Antonio Pacinotti (June 1841 - May 1912) from Pisa, was an Italian physicist and Professor of Physics at the University of Pisa. He remained known to the world thanks to the invention and improving of the form of direct-current electrical generator, or dynamo. Pacinotti was also one of the independent discoverers of the comet 109P/Swift-Tuttle. The Lungarno Pacinotti in Pisa is named in his honor. Andrea Bocelli Andrea Bocelli (September 22nd, 1958), Italian singer, producer, songwriter famous world wide, was born in Lajatico, the province of Pisa. His music range is very wide. It goes from classical, over easy listening, Latin, to opera and pop. Bocelli is a five-time Classical Brit winner and three-time Grammy-nominated Italian tenor. He's also Grande Ufficiale OMRI - Italian order of merit. As very young, Bocelli was diagnosed with glaucoma, and after an accident during a football game he completely lost his sight. His talent for singing and music was shown in his early childhood, and he was encouraged to follow his passion. His debut album is called "Il mare calmo della sera" released in 1994. Andrea Bocelli has sold over 70 million albums over the world. Carlo Rubbia Carlo Rubbia (March 1934) is another famous Italian physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 for his work regarding discovery of the W and Z particles at CERN ( European Organization for Nuclear Research). Though he was born in Gorizia, he was another very important student of the Scuola Normale in Pisa. There he received a PhD doing cosmic ray experiments. Rubbia is still active scientist and his present researches concern the problem of energy supply for the future. Enrico Fermi Enrico Fermi (September 1901 - November 1954), the winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on induced radioactivity, remained remembered for his achievements on the development of the first nuclear rector, and contributions to the development of quantum theory and statistical mechanics. He is considered one of the most important and successful scientists of the XX century. Enrico Fermi was born in Rome, and he showed his particular interest for physics and mathematics as a young boy. Very important for his further development was his education at the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa. He enrolled at the school at the age of 17, and there he received his undergraduate and doctoral degree. During his studies at the Pisan university, Enrico published his first important works. After he graduated, Fermi took a professorship at the University of Rome, where he spent many important years. After he won the Nobel Prize in 1938, he was forced to emigrate to New York, mostly because of the fascist regime which was getting stronger in Italy and affected his wife, who was Jewish. When he arrived to New York, he started working at the Columbia University. Soon after, at the beginning of the World War II, Enrico Fermi got involved in a Manhattan Project, the project that was working on developing the first atomic bomb. Enrico Fermi died of stomach cancer, at the age of 53. He was aware of the risks that his work on the nuclear pile carried, but he continued working on it, believing in the importance of its results. Leonardo Fibonacci Laonardo Bonacci, (1170 - 1250) also known as Fibonacci, was one of the most talented Italian mathematicians born in Pisa. Fibonacci became known to the world as a man who introduced and spread the Hindu-Arabic numeral system in Europe through his book Liber Abaci. A number sequence in which each number is the sum of the previous two, starting with 0 and 1 is called the Fibonacci sequence, though he didn't discover it, but used it in his book Liber Abaci. The Fibonacci example of the Fibonacci sequence is: 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,...and so on. Galileo Galilei Galileo Galilei ( February 1564 - January 1642) , known as "the father of Modern Science", Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer and philosopher, was born in Pisa. His contributions include the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter, that were named Galilean moons in his honor, the observation and analysis of sunspots, the telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, the improving of the compass design. Galileo was famous for the support for Copernicanism ( the heliocentric cosmology which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe), but it made him very controversial at his time, because the majority of philosophers and astronomers still supported the geocentric cosmology which retained that the Earth was at the center of the universe. Galileo was denounced to the Roman Inquisition and the Catholic Church condemned heliocentrism as false. After he continued supporting his ideas, Galileo was forced to spend the rest of his life under house arrest. Giosuè Carducci Giosuè Carducci (July 1835 - February 1907) was the first Italian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1907, a year before his death. Though he wasn't born in Pisa, but in a little town Valdicastello di Pietrasanta nearby, he's important figure of this region and worth to be mentioned here. Carducci graduated in 1856 from the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa. He was a great poet, translator and a teacher. His style was similar to Greek and Roman antiquity, and he often used classical meters such as Horace or Virgil, for example. His political views, clearly opposite to Christianity and secular power of the Catholic Church were very visible in his poems, such as the controversial "Hymn to Satan". His later work was very appreciated and awarded with the Nobel Prize. Keith Haring
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Here is the history behind 'her' stories. For more visit my website www.donnarussomorin.com Purchase here Donna Russo Morin Books
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	28	https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/67202053	en	Poems of Giosue Carducci; Tr. with Two Introductory Essays: I. Giosue Carducci and the Hellenic Reaction in Italy. II. 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This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imper…	en	/favicon.ico	Goodreads	https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/9718274-poesie	September 5, 2019 La visita a Bolgheri, ma soprattutto a Castagneto Carducci, luoghi cari all'immenso Giosuè, sede di una sua piccola casa e dei ricordi della memorabile Nonna Lucia, hanno risvegliato in me l'amore per questo poeta ormai fuori, così mi dicono, dai programmi scolastici. L'Italia ha senza dubbio avuto versificatori migliori e più originali del Carducci, eppure io non posso fare a meno di amarlo, complici forse proprio le reminiscenze di scuola, del tempo in cui tra i banchi s'imparavano a memoria "San Martino" e "Alla stazione in una mattina d'autunno". Ho ripreso con piacere tra le mani questa antologia egregiamente curata dal Barberi Squarotti; ho rivissuto per un attimo le peripezie di quegli anni, ricordando in particolare il giorno in cui il mio compagno Gostinello Impanatura mi fregò la penna a sfera. La settimana dopo si trasferì a Isernia con la famiglia, e poi chi l'ha più rivisto. July 1, 2021 Giosue Carducci is one of Italy´s most beloved poets, but the present translation doesn't really do him justice unfortunately. There is also the factor that times have changed greatly since the translation was prepared - at least 3 or 4 subsequent generations have elapsed, tastes have changed, and the present translation, which is seemingly emulating a florid, monumental style along with torturing the text in order to force it into end rhymes, is so out of date, as to be almost unintentionally humorous at times. The poetry translation isn't natural, so it comes out as cryptic and difficult to interpret; add to that that the poet is referencing historical events and trends of 19th C Italy with which I at least am not too familiar, and the result is a nearly insurmountable text in terms of intelligibility. I am going to look for a more recent translation of Carducci however, because even under the difficult circumstances of the present translation I could see that he was deeply committed to the idea of a free and united Italy, and also tremendously wedded to the land of Italy. The poems probably are very beautiful if only they had received even a plain text literal translation, but alas the translator, Maud Holland, albeit presumably meaning well, transformed them into nearly impossible to decipher, and therefore, sometimes laugh out loud ridiculous, lines. Or, maybe someone more familiar with 19th C Italian history could get something out of them other than mystification and occasional laughter. Still, we have to cut Ms. Holland slack: She was trying to recreate the poet´s style in English, and force the lines to convey the meaning of the poem, in a highly wrought ¨poetic¨ style. The result is unfortunately, sometimes absurd. Some quotes from the Preface: ¨In 1848 the torch of revolution passed from one European country to another with a celerity and a flare disconcerting to that immense majority of quiet people whom timidity and honest conviction always bind together--in all lands and times--as moderates.¨ ¨Essentially a lover of beauty, he saw beauty in its highest expression in the old forms of Greek thought, and failed to perceive it in the Christian idea.¨ Some samples of the translations: From ¨For Eduardo Corazzini¨ ¨If, ´neath the Sabine hills, thine armies spread By fame´s immortal home Clasp friendly hands and mingle with the dread Black troops of papal Rome;¨ From ¨Feasting and Forgetting¨ ¨Or fills with its insolent beauty the attic Where wakes to the cares of a morrow of dread The mother who on this fine feast-day ecstatic In vain down the highways went asking for bread.¨ From ¨Funere Mersit Acerbo¨ ¨It is my little son who at thy drear Door stands and knocks, who held within his keeping Thy fair, high name; he too flies fields grown sear, Which thou didst find, O brother, bitter reaping.¨ From ¨Idyll of the Maremma¨ ¨O since that time how cold to me the flight Of years hath seemed, worthless and dark and gone? Better have married thee, O Mary bright!¨ From ¨Before San Guido¨ ¨Phantoms of evil that your hearts long vexing, Stirred by your aching thoughts that give them form, Glide past you as from graveyards will-o´-the-wisps perplexing Flit before the traveler ´wildered in the storm.¨ From ¨To the Author of the Magician¨ ¨Printing its shadow on the waters creeping Wherein the sluggish eel doth ripening lie. O love of singing, O ´twixt waking, sleeping, Madness of dreams lost in immensity.¨ From ¨From ¨By the Sources of Clitumnus¨ ¨Pensive the father with the skin of wild kids wound o´er his sinews like a faun of old time Guideth the painted wagon and the strength of Beautiful oxen.¨ From ¨Near a Monastery¨ ¨Fromthe greenness still remaining, from the leaflets thin and shaken, Ruddy tinted of acacia where no breeze is one is taken: And with lightest breath meseemeth That a soul sinks quietly.¨ December 6, 2021 ammetto di non aver mai letto o studiato nulla di suo. e si, ho anche trovato alcune difficoltà durante la lettura. ne è valsa la pena. Carducci sa quanto possa fare male aspettare chi non ci appartiene e mai ci apparterrà. 💔 June 25, 2018 As someone on a quixotic quest to read at least one book by every winner of the Nobel Prize for literature, this collection of poems by Giosue Carducci the poet laureate of the Risorgimento was an unadulterated joy. His poems were well structured and teemed with striking images. The English translation by Frank Sewall was exhilerating. I personally disliked Carducci's scurrillous attacks on the Roman Catholic Church. What will bother most GR members more is his habit of comparing himself to Dante. Gabriele d'Annuzio obviously would have been a better choice to be the first Italian winner of the Nobel Prize, but in this collection Carducci nonetheless reveals himself as a significant talent. April 25, 2022 As when above the heated fields the moon Hovers to spread its veil of summer frost, The brook between its narrow banks half lost Glitters in pale light, murmuring its low tune; The nightingale pours forth her secret boon, Whose strains the lonely traveller accost; He sees his dear one's golden tresses tossed, And time forgets in love's entrancing swoon; And the orphaned mother who has grieved in vain Upon the tomb looks to the silent skies And feels their white light on her sorrow shine; Meanwhile the mountains laugh, and the far-off main, And through the lofty trees a fresh wind sighs: Such is thy verse to me, Poet divine! August 18, 2020 Carducci è diventato il poeta della mia vita. Il suo animo profondamente malinconico e nostalgico riflette molto bene ciò che sento, così come percepisco mia la metanoia esistenziale che lo ha trasportato dalla composizione arcaica e patriottica alla lirica sentimentale ed intima. Il motivo che mi ha spinto ad adorare il Vate è il seguente: l'uomo è per definizione animale sociologico, ovvero plasma la sua identità in forza delle variabili casuali che inopinatamente interferiscono con il suo percorso esistenziale. Insomma, ogni poeta è figlio del suo tempo, dei suoi congiunti e dei suoi luoghi. Così allora non si può capire Montale senza prima aver visitato le coste Liguri, non si comprende il sentimento di Saba senza prima passeggiare per i viali di Trieste e non ci si diverte assistendo ad una qualsiasi piece goldoniana senza prima aver vissuto le calli di Venezia. Carducci è l'unico artista del quale ho fatto esperienza che è stato in grado di invertire la tendenza: sebbene il Poeta Professore fu sempre imprescindibilmente legato alla sua carissima Versilia, la stessa Toscana non sarebbe la stessa senza le parole del Carducci. I cipressi che davanti San Guido portano a Bolgheri, difatti, non sarebbero tali se la sua elegante penna non li avessa dipinti così magnificamente. Want to read August 17, 2008 1906 winner to the Nobel Prize in Lit. I read his poem Hymn to Satan in a class at UA. It was translated and the book is out of print. Satan is not literal but representative of moral struggle, free thought versus convention. August 1, 2018 As part of my task of trying to read - if only in translation - examples of the work of all Nobel Prize winners for literature, this slim volume of poems by a late nineteenth century Italian, published in 1892, wasn't bad but neither was it in any significant way remarkable. Part of the problem may have been that of the 70 pages of this edition, the first 45 were given over to two expository essays by the translator, who felt it proper that commentary not only on Carducci, but also on Tennyson, Byron, Alfieri, Monte and many other poets be of interest. This left only 25 pp. of actual poems by the author, which were chosen, as attested to in the introduction, according to what the translator thought to be the main thematic threads of the author's verse. Carducci seems, like other poets I've detected this problem with, to be too caught up with the idea of being a poet to actually have something tangible to say. Thus, there are poems of praise for Homer, Virgil, Alfieri, Monti, Petrarch, Goldoni, Niccolini and, of course, Dante. Most of these combine some fairly vivid natural images with the thought that the writer somehow managed to represent, among other things, pastoral beauty. The longest poem in the collection, that on 'Dante' varied significantly from this analysis in focusing on Alighieri's political and military concerns. Carducci is distinctive for his social consciousness. There are a series of poems reflecting the various levels and sectors of Italian society: the palace, the hovel, the banquet, the garret and, ominously, 'beneath'. He is fiercely patriotic, and feels 'for slavery has Italia sold her dower/And feasts with those who against her are conspiring'. Even more strident is his anticlerical attitude, especially as expressed in 'Voice of the Priests'. In general, not all that inspiring but not bad. February 4, 2023 Insieme a Pascoli ed a D’Annunzio, Carducci fu il nome più in vista della scena poetica italiana nell’Ottocento. Cresciuto nel periodo risorgimentale e dell’unità d’Italia, nella sua opera si trova tutto il suo amore per la patria. Ma nell’Italia appena unita la mediocrità prende presto il sopravvento, soprattutto nella vita politica. L’opera di Carducci si rivolge allora con particolare forza verso il recupero delle gesta eroiche del passato, in particolare di quelle romane, a fare da contrappunto al grigiore ed alla meschinità dei tempi correnti. Soprattutto nelle sue prime raccolte di poesie, non è inusuale trovare nomi di politici del tempo sbeffeggiati, insieme ai preti ed al Papa. Carducci era infatti un acceso anticlericale, a causa della posizione della Chiesa che ostacolava l’annessione territoriale di Roma al Regno d’Italia. La sua poesia è piena di rimandi a storie e miti della classicità ed è molto strutturata: per Carducci infatti la metrica è fondamentale. Questo rende i suoi versi oggi non particolarmente facili da leggere, con l’eccezione forse della sua produzione più matura. Anche a causa di sue vicende personali (la morte del fratello e del figlio), nelle ultime raccolte prevale una vena maggiormente intimista e malinconica. “Traversando la maremma toscana” e “Alla stazione in una mattina d’autunno” ne sono un esempio. Per chi volesse avere un’ampia quanto esauriente panoramica della sua produzione poetica, questa raccolta edita da Garzanti è consigliatissima. Oltre a contenere tutte le sue opere più importanti di tutte le sue raccolte poetiche, vi è anche una bellissima introduzione di Giorgio Barberi Squarotti. Unico neo è l’edizione forse un po’ troppo economica in rapporto alla ricchezza del contenuto. April 3, 2021 Il volume, diviso in sezioni ( rime e ritmi, Odi Barbare, Inni), si presenta come una raccolta di poesie e lettere di Giosue Carducci, che ben inquadrano la sua sensibilità artistica. Carducci si fa portavoce di un processo di sintesi tra il Neoclassicismo e il Romanticismo espressa nella condizione del suo essere nostalgico e al contempo amante della vita. Il frequente recupero delle passate vicende storiche si interseca con temi politici contemporanei, come nella raccolta in "giambi ed epodi " in cui si evince la sua opposizione nei confronti della monarchia. Già il titolo da modo di comprendere non solo le aspirazioni, ma anche i topoi letterari dal quale attinge, come la produzione poetica di Archiloco o Ovidio. Profondo stimatore della letteratura classica, Carducci seppe incanalare e rielaborare opere di Virgilio, Ovidio, ma anche Leopardi e Pascoli lasciandosi influenzare soprattutto dal punto di vista del linguaggio, tentando di riadattare la metrica greca e latina ad un linguaggio moderno. Per questo la lettura non è semplice senza una preparazione adeguata. Infine, centrale è il tema della natura e non mancano odi dedicate al paesaggio italiano, in particolare la Maremma, luogo in cui era cresciuto. February 28, 2022 Nobel Prize 🏆 in Literature 1906 Giosuè Carducci is still considered the greatest Romantic Italian poet (at least in Italy), as exemplified by the size of his (Italian) wikipedia page. This collection has two fairly boring essays by the translator, the first of which is mildly informative and the second seems intended to bitch at 19th century realism, quoting artists like Turgenev and Tolstoy as bad examples. Ignore that essay. The poems themselves are technically good and the translation very well written. Content-wise, this collection comes from three or four bundles, of which the Juvenalia are (as the title suggests) early works that are overly romantic. The poems taken from the Odi Barbari are most interesting, with freer metre and rhyme. And of course, the highlight is his Ode to Satan, which almost got him excommunicated. April 17, 2021 Dolce paese, onde portai conforme L’abito fi ero e lo sdegnoso canto E il petto ov’odio e amor mai non s’addorme, Pur ti riveggo, e il cuor mi balza in tanto. Ben riconosco in te le usate forme Con gli occhi incerti tra ’l sorriso e il pianto, E in quelle seguo de’ miei sogni l’orme Erranti dietro il giovenile incanto. Oh, quel che amai, quel che sognai, fu in vano; E sempre corsi, e mai non giunsi il fi ne; E dimani cadrò. Ma di lontano Pace dicono al cuor le tue colline Con le nebbie sfumanti e il verde piano Ridente ne le pioggie mattutine e non dico altro.... February 22, 2023 Intenso, epico, a volte doloroso, ma sempre molto evocativo. Poesie da leggere e rileggere. November 4, 2017 Poche poesie mi sono piaciute: quelle delle "Rime Nuove" , che del resto avevo studiato a scuola.Tuttavia l' introduzione, le note bibliografiche, le spiegazioni introduttive ad ogni gruppo di poesie e le note a fine pagina sono molto soddisfacenti.
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	1	8	https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/list-of-american-nobel-prize-winners/	en	List of American Nobel Prize Winners	https://media.geeksforge…_200x200-min.png	https://media.geeksforge…_200x200-min.png	[ "https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/gfg-gg-logo.svg", "https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/new-premium-rbanner.png", "https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/gfgFooterLogo.png", "https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/googleplay.png", "https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/appstore.png", "https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/suggestChangeIcon.png", "https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/createImprovementIcon.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "Data Structures", "Algorithms", "Python", "Java", "C", "C++", "JavaScript", "Android Development", "SQL", "Data Science", "Machine Learning", "PHP", "Web Development", "System Design", "Tutorial", "Technical Blogs", "Interview Experience", "Interview Preparation", "Programming", "Competitive Programming", "Jobs", "Coding Contests", "GATE CSE", "HTML", "CSS", "React", "NodeJS", "Placement", "Aptitude", "Quiz", "Computer Science", "Programming Examples", "GeeksforGeeks Courses", "Puzzles", "SSC", "Banking", "UPSC", "Commerce", "Finance", "CBSE", "School", "k12", "General Knowledge", "News", "Mathematics", "Exams" ]	null	[ "GeeksforGeeks" ]	2024-03-13T12:54:18	Since 1901, 954 people and 27 groups have received the Nobel Prize. The United States has the most winners, with over 400. Nearly 40% of all Nobel Prizes have gone to Americans, and about 35% of them were born in other countries.	en	https://media.geeksforge…/gfg_favicon.png	GeeksforGeeks	https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/list-of-american-nobel-prize-winners/	1901 chemistry Jacobus Henricus van ‘t Hoff Netherlands laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure literature Sully Prudhomme France peace Henri Dunant Switzerland Frédéric Passy France physics Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Germany discovery of X-rays physiology/medicine Emil von Behring Germany work on serum therapy 1902 chemistry Emil Fischer Germany work on sugar and purine syntheses literature Theodor Mommsen Germany peace Élie Ducommun Switzerland Charles-Albert Gobat Switzerland physics Hendrik Antoon Lorentz Netherlands investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation Pieter Zeeman Netherlands investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation physiology/medicine Sir Ronald Ross U.K. discovery of how malaria enters an organism 1903 chemistry Svante Arrhenius Sweden theory of electrolytic dissociation literature Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson Norway peace Sir Randal Cremer U.K. physics Henri Becquerel France discovery of spontaneous radioactivity Marie Curie France investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel Pierre Curie France investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel physiology/medicine Niels Ryberg Finsen Denmark treatment of skin diseases with light 1904 chemistry Sir William Ramsay U.K. discovery of inert gas elements and their places in the periodic system literature José Echegaray y Eizaguirre Spain Frédéric Mistral France peace Institute of International Law (founded 1873) physics Lord Rayleigh U.K. discovery of argon physiology/medicine Ivan Pavlov Russia work on the physiology of digestion 1905 chemistry Adolf von Baeyer Germany work on organic dyes, hydroaromatic compounds literature Henryk Sienkiewicz Poland peace Bertha, baroness von Suttner Austria-Hungary physics Philipp Lenard Germany research on cathode rays physiology/medicine Robert Koch Germany tuberculosis research 1906 chemistry Henri Moissan France isolation of fluorine; introduction of Moissan furnace literature Giosuè Carducci Italy peace Theodore Roosevelt U.S. physics Sir J.J. Thomson U.K. researches into electrical conductivity of gases physiology/medicine Camillo Golgi Italy work on the structure of the nervous system Santiago Ramón y Cajal Spain work on the structure of the nervous system 1907 chemistry Eduard Buchner Germany discovery of noncellular fermentation literature Rudyard Kipling U.K. peace Ernesto Teodoro Moneta Italy Louis Renault France physics A.A. Michelson U.S. spectroscopic and metrological investigations physiology/medicine Alphonse Laveran France discovery of the role of protozoa in diseases 1908 chemistry Ernest Rutherford U.K. investigations into the disintegration of elements and the chemistry of radioactive substances literature Rudolf Christoph Eucken Germany peace Klas Pontus Arnoldson Sweden Fredrik Bajer Denmark physics Gabriel Lippmann France photographic reproduction of colours physiology/medicine Paul Ehrlich Germany work on immunity Élie Metchnikoff Russia work on immunity 1909 chemistry Wilhelm Ostwald Germany pioneer work on catalysis, chemical equilibrium, and reaction velocities literature Selma Lagerlöf Sweden peace Auguste-Marie-François Beernaert Belgium Paul-H.-B. d’Estournelles de Constant France physics Ferdinand Braun Germany development of wireless telegraphy Guglielmo Marconi Italy development of wireless telegraphy physiology/medicine Emil Theodor Kocher Switzerland physiology, pathology, and surgery of the thyroid gland 1910 chemistry Otto Wallach Germany pioneer work in alicyclic combinations literature Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse Germany peace International Peace Bureau (founded 1891) physics Johannes Diederik van der Waals Netherlands research concerning the equation of state of gases and liquids physiology/medicine Albrecht Kossel Germany researches in cellular chemistry 1911 chemistry Marie Curie France discovery of radium and polonium; isolation of radium literature Maurice Maeterlinck Belgium peace Tobias Michael Carel Asser Netherlands Alfred Hermann Fried Austria-Hungary physics Wilhelm Wien Germany discoveries regarding laws governing heat radiation physiology/medicine Allvar Gullstrand Sweden work on dioptrics of the eye 1912 chemistry Victor Grignard France discovery of the Grignard reagents Paul Sabatier France method of hydrogenating organic compounds literature Gerhart Hauptmann Germany peace Elihu Root U.S. physics Nils Dalén Sweden invention of automatic regulators for lighting coastal beacons and light buoys physiology/medicine Alexis Carrel France work on vascular suture; transplantation of organs 1913 chemistry Alfred Werner Switzerland work on the linkage of atoms in molecules literature Rabindranath Tagore India peace Henri-Marie Lafontaine Belgium physics Heike Kamerlingh Onnes Netherlands investigation into the properties of matter at low temperatures; production of liquid helium physiology/medicine Charles Richet France work on anaphylaxis 1914 chemistry Theodore William Richards U.S. accurate determination of the atomic weights of numerous elements physics Max von Laue Germany discovery of diffraction of X-rays by crystals physiology/medicine Robert Bárány Austria-Hungary work on vestibular apparatus 1915 chemistry Richard Willstätter Germany pioneer researches in plant pigments, especially chlorophyll literature Romain Rolland France physics Sir Lawrence Bragg U.K. analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays Sir William Bragg U.K. analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays 1916 literature Verner von Heidenstam Sweden 1917 literature Karl Adolph Gjellerup Denmark Henrik Pontoppidan Denmark peace International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863) physics Charles Glover Barkla U.K. discovery of characteristic X-radiation of elements 1918 chemistry Fritz Haber Germany synthesis of ammonia literature Erik Axel Karlfeldt (declined) Sweden physics Max Planck Germany discovery of the elemental quanta 1919 literature Carl Spitteler Switzerland peace Woodrow Wilson U.S. physics Johannes Stark Germany discovery of Doppler effect in positive ion rays and division of spectral lines in electric field physiology/medicine Jules Bordet Belgium work on immunity factors in blood serum 1920 chemistry Walther Hermann Nernst Germany work in thermochemistry literature Knut Hamsun Norway peace Léon Bourgeois France physics Charles Édouard Guillaume Switzerland discovery of anomalies in alloys physiology/medicine August Krogh Denmark discovery of capillary motor-regulating mechanism 1921 chemistry Frederick Soddy U.K. chemistry of radioactive substances; occurrence and nature of isotopes literature Anatole France France peace Karl Hjalmar Branting Sweden Christian Lous Lange Norway physics Albert Einstein Switzerland work in theoretical physics 1922 chemistry Francis William Aston U.K. work with mass spectrograph; whole-number rule literature Jacinto Benavente y Martínez Spain peace Fridtjof Nansen Norway physics Niels Bohr Denmark investigation of atomic structure and radiation physiology/medicine A.V. Hill U.K. discoveries concerning heat production in muscles Otto Meyerhof Germany work on metabolism of lactic acid in muscles 1923 chemistry Fritz Pregl Austria method of microanalysis of organic substances literature William Butler Yeats Ireland physics Robert Andrews Millikan U.S. work on elementary electric charge and the photoelectric effect physiology/medicine Sir Frederick Grant Banting Canada discovery of insulin J.J.R. Macleod U.K. discovery of insulin 1924 literature Władysław Stanisław Reymont Poland physics Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn Sweden work in X-ray spectroscopy physiology/medicine Willem Einthoven Netherlands discovery of electrocardiogram mechanism 1925 chemistry Richard Zsigmondy Austria elucidation of the heterogeneous nature of colloidal solutions literature George Bernard Shaw Ireland peace Sir Austen Chamberlain U.K. Charles G. Dawes U.S. physics James Franck Germany discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom Gustav Hertz Germany discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom 1926 chemistry Theodor H.E. Svedberg Sweden work on disperse systems literature Grazia Deledda Italy peace Aristide Briand France Gustav Stresemann Germany physics Jean Perrin France work on discontinuous structure of matter physiology/medicine Johannes Fibiger Denmark contributions to cancer research 1927 chemistry Heinrich Otto Wieland Germany researches into the constitution of bile acids literature Henri Bergson France peace Ferdinand-Édouard Buisson France Ludwig Quidde Germany physics Arthur Holly Compton U.S. discovery of wavelength change in diffused X-rays C.T.R. Wilson U.K. method of making visible the paths of electrically charged particles physiology/medicine Julius Wagner-Jauregg Austria work on malaria inoculation in dementia paralytica 1928 chemistry Adolf Windaus Germany constitution of sterols and their connection with vitamins literature Sigrid Undset Norway physics Sir Owen Willans Richardson U.K. work on electron emission by hot metals physiology/medicine Charles-Jules-Henri Nicolle France work on typhus 1929 chemistry Hans von Euler-Chelpin Sweden investigations in the fermentation of sugars and the enzyme action involved Sir Arthur Harden U.K. investigations in the fermentation of sugars and the enzyme action involved literature Thomas Mann Germany peace Frank B. Kellogg U.S. physics Louis de Broglie France discovery of the wave nature of electrons physiology/medicine Christiaan Eijkman Netherlands discovery of the antineuritic vitamin Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins U.K. discovery of growth-stimulating vitamins 1930 chemistry Hans Fischer Germany hemin, chlorophyll research; synthesis of hemin literature Sinclair Lewis U.S. peace Nathan Söderblom Sweden physics Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman India work on light diffusion; discovery of Raman effect physiology/medicine Karl Landsteiner U.S. grouping of human blood types 1931 chemistry Friedrich Bergius Germany invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods Carl Bosch Germany invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods literature Erik Axel Karlfeldt (posthumous award) Sweden peace Jane Addams U.S. Nicholas Murray Butler U.S. physiology/medicine Otto Warburg Germany discovery of nature and action of respiratory enzyme 1932 chemistry Irving Langmuir U.S. discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry literature John Galsworthy U.K. physics Werner Heisenberg Germany creation of quantum mechanics physiology/medicine Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian U.K. discoveries regarding function of neurons Sir Charles Scott Sherrington U.K. discoveries regarding function of neurons 1933 literature Ivan Bunin U.S.S.R. peace Sir Norman Angell U.K. physics P.A.M. Dirac U.K. introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanics Erwin Schrödinger Austria introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanics physiology/medicine Thomas Hunt Morgan U.S. heredity transmission functions of chromosomes 1934 chemistry Harold C. Urey U.S. discovery of heavy hydrogen literature Luigi Pirandello Italy peace Arthur Henderson U.K. physiology/medicine George Richards Minot U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia William P. Murphy U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia George H. Whipple U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia 1935 chemistry Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie France synthesis of new radioactive elements peace Carl von Ossietzky Germany physics Sir James Chadwick U.K. discovery of the neutron physiology/medicine Hans Spemann Germany organizer effect in embryo 1936 chemistry Peter Debye Netherlands work on dipole moments and diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases literature Eugene O’Neill U.S. peace Carlos Saavedra Lamas Argentina physics Carl David Anderson U.S. discovery of the positron Victor Francis Hess Austria discovery of cosmic radiation physiology/medicine Sir Henry Dale U.K. work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses Otto Loewi Germany work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses 1937 chemistry Sir Norman Haworth U.K. research on carbohydrates and vitamin C Paul Karrer Switzerland research on carotenoids, flavins, and vitamins literature Roger Martin du Gard France peace Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil U.K. physics Clinton Joseph Davisson U.S. experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electrons Sir George Paget Thomson U.K. experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electrons physiology/medicine Albert Szent-Györgyi Hungary work on biological combustion 1938 chemistry Richard Kuhn (declined) Germany carotenoid and vitamin research literature Pearl Buck U.S. peace Nansen International Office for Refugees (founded 1931) physics Enrico Fermi Italy disclosure of artificial radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation physiology/medicine Corneille Heymans Belgium discovery of role of sinus and aortic mechanisms in respiration regulation 1939 chemistry Adolf Butenandt (declined) Germany work on sexual hormones Leopold Ruzicka Switzerland work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes literature Frans Eemil Sillanpää Finland physics Ernest Orlando Lawrence U.S. invention of the cyclotron physiology/medicine Gerhard Domagk (declined) Germany antibacterial effect of Prontosil 1943 chemistry Georg Charles von Hevesy Hungary use of isotopes as tracers in chemical research physics Otto Stern U.S. discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton physiology/medicine Henrik Dam Denmark discovery of vitamin K Edward Adelbert Doisy U.S. discovery of chemical nature of vitamin K 1944 chemistry Otto Hahn Germany discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei literature Johannes V. Jensen Denmark peace International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863) physics Isidor Isaac Rabi U.S. resonance method for registration of various properties of atomic nuclei physiology/medicine Joseph Erlanger U.S. researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibres Herbert Spencer Gasser U.S. researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibres 1945 chemistry Artturi Ilmari Virtanen Finland invention of fodder preservation method literature Gabriela Mistral Chile peace Cordell Hull U.S. physics Wolfgang Pauli Austria discovery of the exclusion principle of electrons physiology/medicine Sir Ernst Boris Chain U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative value Sir Alexander Fleming U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative value Howard Walter Florey, Baron Florey Australia discovery of penicillin and its curative value 1946 chemistry John Howard Northrop U.S. preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure form Wendell Meredith Stanley U.S. preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure form James Batcheller Sumner U.S. discovery of enzyme crystallization literature Hermann Hesse Switzerland peace Emily Greene Balch U.S. John R. Mott U.S. physics Percy Williams Bridgman U.S. discoveries in the domain of high-pressure physics physiology/medicine Hermann Joseph Muller U.S. production of mutations by X-ray irradiation 1947 chemistry Sir Robert Robinson U.K. investigation of alkaloids and other plant products literature André Gide France peace American Friends Service Committee U.S. Friends Service Council (FSC) U.K. physics Sir Edward Victor Appleton U.K. discovery of Appleton layer in upper atmosphere physiology/medicine Carl and Gerty Cori U.S. discovery of how glycogen is catalytically converted Bernardo Alberto Houssay Argentina pituitary hormone function in sugar metabolism 1948 chemistry Arne Tiselius Sweden researches in electrophoresis and adsorption analysis; serum proteins literature T.S. Eliot U.K. physics Patrick M.S. Blackett U.K. discoveries in the domain of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation physiology/medicine Paul Hermann Müller Switzerland properties of DDT 1949 chemistry William Francis Giauque U.S. behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures literature William Faulkner U.S. peace John Boyd Orr, Baron Boyd-Orr of Brechin Mearns U.K. physics Yukawa Hideki Japan prediction of the existence of mesons physiology/medicine António Egas Moniz Portugal therapeutic value of leucotomy in psychoses Walter Rudolf Hess Switzerland discovery of function of interbrain 1950 chemistry Kurt Alder West Germany discovery and development of diene synthesis Otto Paul Hermann Diels West Germany discovery and development of diene synthesis literature Bertrand Russell U.K. peace Ralph Bunche U.S. physics Cecil Frank Powell U.K. photographic method of studying nuclear processes; discoveries concerning mesons physiology/medicine Philip Showalter Hench U.S. research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects Edward Calvin Kendall U.S. research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects Tadeus Reichstein Switzerland research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects 1951 chemistry Edwin Mattison McMillan U.S. discovery of and research on transuranium elements Glenn T. Seaborg U.S. discovery of and research on transuranium elements literature Pär Lagerkvist Sweden peace Léon Jouhaux France physics Sir John Douglas Cockcroft U.K. work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton Ireland work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles physiology/medicine Max Theiler South Africa yellow fever discoveries 1952 chemistry A.J.P. Martin U.K. development of partition chromatography R.L.M. Synge U.K. development of partition chromatography literature François Mauriac France peace Albert Schweitzer Alsace physics Felix Bloch U.S. discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids E.M. Purcell U.S. discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids physiology/medicine Selman Abraham Waksman U.S. discovery of streptomycin 1953 chemistry Hermann Staudinger West Germany work on macromolecules literature Sir Winston Churchill U.K. peace George C. Marshall U.S. physics Frits Zernike Netherlands method of phase-contrast microscopy physiology/medicine Sir Hans Adolf Krebs U.K. discovery of coenzyme A–citric acid cycle in metabolism of carbohydrates Fritz Albert Lipmann U.S. discovery of coenzyme A–citric acid cycle in metabolism of carbohydrates 1954 chemistry Linus Pauling U.S. study of the nature of the chemical bond literature Ernest Hemingway U.S. peace Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (founded 1951) physics Max Born U.K. statistical studies of atomic wave functions Walther Bothe West Germany invention of coincidence method physiology/medicine John Franklin Enders U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures Frederick Chapman Robbins U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures Thomas H. Weller U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures 1955 chemistry Vincent du Vigneaud U.S. first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone literature Halldór Laxness Iceland physics Polykarp Kusch U.S. measurement of magnetic moment of electron Willis Eugene Lamb, Jr. U.S. discoveries in the hydrogen spectrum physiology/medicine Axel Hugo Teodor Theorell Sweden nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes 1956 chemistry Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood U.K. work on the kinetics of chemical reactions Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov U.S.S.R. work on the kinetics of chemical reactions literature Juan Ramón Jiménez Spain physics John Bardeen U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor Walter H. Brattain U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor William B. Shockley U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor physiology/medicine André F. Cournand U.S. discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes Werner Forssmann West Germany discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes Dickinson Woodruff Richards U.S. discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes 1957 chemistry Alexander Robertus Todd, Baron Todd U.K. work on nucleotides and nucleotide coenzymes literature Albert Camus France peace Lester B. Pearson Canada physics Tsung-Dao Lee China discovery of violations of the principle of parity Chen Ning Yang China discovery of violations of the principle of parity physiology/medicine Daniel Bovet Italy production of synthetic curare 1958 chemistry Frederick Sanger U.K. determination of the structure of the insulin molecule literature Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (declined) U.S.S.R. peace Dominique Pire Belgium physics Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect Ilya Mikhaylovich Frank U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect physiology/medicine George Wells Beadle U.S. genetic regulation of chemical processes Joshua Lederberg U.S. genetic recombination Edward L. Tatum U.S. genetic regulation of chemical processes 1959 chemistry Jaroslav Heyrovský Czechoslovakia discovery and development of polarography literature Salvatore Quasimodo Italy peace Philip John Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker U.K. physics Owen Chamberlain U.S. confirmation of the existence of the antiproton Emilio Segrè U.S. confirmation of the existence of the antiproton physiology/medicine Arthur Kornberg U.S. work on producing nucleic acids artificially Severo Ochoa U.S. work on producing nucleic acids artificially 1960 chemistry Willard Frank Libby U.S. development of radiocarbon dating literature Saint-John Perse France peace Albert John Luthuli South Africa physics Donald A. Glaser U.S. development of the bubble chamber physiology/medicine Sir Macfarlane Burnet Australia acquired immunity to tissue transplants Sir Peter B. Medawar U.K. acquired immunity to tissue transplants 1961 chemistry Melvin Calvin U.S. study of chemical steps that take place during photosynthesis literature Ivo Andric Yugoslavia peace Dag Hammarskjöld Sweden physics Robert Hofstadter U.S. determination of shape and size of atomic nucleons Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer West Germany discovery of the Mössbauer effect physiology/medicine Georg von Békésy U.S. functions of the inner ear 1962 chemistry Sir John Cowdery Kendrew U.K. determination of the structure of hemoproteins Max Ferdinand Perutz U.K. determination of the structure of hemoproteins literature John Steinbeck U.S. peace Linus Pauling U.S. physics Lev Davidovich Landau U.S.S.R. contributions to the understanding of condensed states of matter physiology/medicine Francis Harry Compton Crick U.K. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA James Dewey Watson U.S. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA Maurice Wilkins U.K. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA 1963 chemistry Giulio Natta Italy structure and synthesis of polymers in the field of plastics Karl Ziegler West Germany structure and synthesis of polymers in the field of plastics literature George Seferis Greece peace International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863) League of Red Cross Societies physics J. Hans D. Jensen West Germany development of shell model theory of the structure of the atomic nuclei Maria Goeppert Mayer U.S. development of shell model theory of the structure of the atomic nuclei Eugene Paul Wigner U.S. principles governing interaction of protons and neutrons in the nucleus physiology/medicine Sir John Carew Eccles Australia study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre Sir Alan Hodgkin U.K. study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley U.K. study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre 1964 chemistry Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin U.K. determining the structure of biochemical compounds essential in combating pernicious anemia literature Jean-Paul Sartre (declined) France peace Martin Luther King, Jr. U.S. physics Nikolay Gennadiyevich Basov U.S.S.R. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Prokhorov U.S.S.R. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles Charles Hard Townes U.S. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles physiology/medicine Konrad Bloch U.S. discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty-acid metabolism Feodor Lynen West Germany discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty-acid metabolism 1965 chemistry R.B. Woodward U.S. synthesis of sterols, chlorophyll, and other substances literature Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov U.S.S.R. peace United Nations Children’s Fund (founded 1946) physics Richard P. Feynman U.S. basic principles of quantum electrodynamics Julian Seymour Schwinger U.S. basic principles of quantum electrodynamics Tomonaga Shin’ichiro Japan basic principles of quantum electrodynamics physiology/medicine François Jacob France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of the body cells André Lwoff France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of the body cells Jacques Monod France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of the body cells 1966 chemistry Robert Sanderson Mulliken U.S. work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules literature S.Y. Agnon Israel Nelly Sachs Sweden physics Alfred Kastler France discovery of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms physiology/medicine Charles B. Huggins U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancer Peyton Rous U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancer 1967 chemistry Manfred Eigen West Germany studies of extremely fast chemical reactions Ronald George Wreyford Norrish U.K. studies of extremely fast chemical reactions Sir George Porter U.K. studies of extremely fast chemical reactions literature Miguel Ángel Asturias Guatemala physics Hans Bethe U.S. discoveries concerning the energy production of stars physiology/medicine Ragnar Arthur Granit Sweden discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye Haldan Keffer Hartline U.S. discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye George Wald U.S. discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye 1968 chemistry Lars Onsager U.S. work on theory of thermodynamics of irreversible processes literature Kawabata Yasunari Japan peace René Cassin France physics Luis W. Alvarez U.S. work with elementary particles, discovery of resonance states physiology/medicine Robert William Holley U.S. deciphering of the genetic code Har Gobind Khorana U.S. deciphering of the genetic code Marshall William Nirenberg U.S. deciphering of the genetic code 1969 chemistry Sir Derek H.R. Barton U.K. work in determining actual three-dimensional shape of molecules Odd Hassel Norway work in determining actual three-dimensional shape of molecules economics Ragnar Frisch Norway work in econometrics Jan Tinbergen Netherlands work in econometrics literature Samuel Beckett Ireland peace International Labour Organisation (founded 1919) physics Murray Gell-Mann U.S. classification of elementary particles and their interactions physiology/medicine Max Delbrück U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases A.D. Hershey U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases Salvador Luria U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases 1970 chemistry Luis Federico Leloir Argentina discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates economics Paul Samuelson U.S. work in scientific analysis of economic theory literature Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn U.S.S.R. peace Norman Ernest Borlaug U.S. physics Hannes Alfvén Sweden work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism Louis-Eugène-Félix Néel France work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism physiology/medicine Julius Axelrod U.S. discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmission Ulf von Euler Sweden discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmission Sir Bernard Katz U.K. discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmission 1971 chemistry Gerhard Herzberg Canada research in the structure of molecules economics Simon Kuznets U.S. extensive research on the economic growth of nations literature Pablo Neruda Chile peace Willy Brandt West Germany physics Dennis Gabor U.K. invention of holography physiology/medicine Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. U.S. action of hormones 1972 chemistry Christian B. Anfinsen U.S. fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry Stanford Moore U.S. fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry William H. Stein U.S. fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry economics Kenneth J. Arrow U.S. contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory Sir John R. Hicks U.K. contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory literature Heinrich Böll West Germany physics John Bardeen U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity Leon N. Cooper U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity John Robert Schrieffer U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity physiology/medicine Gerald Maurice Edelman U.S. research on the chemical structure of antibodies Rodney Robert Porter U.K. research on the chemical structure of antibodies 1973 chemistry Ernst Otto Fischer West Germany organometallic chemistry Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson U.K. organometallic chemistry economics Wassily Leontief U.S. input-output analysis literature Patrick White Australia peace Henry A. Kissinger U.S. Le Duc Tho (declined) North Vietnam physics Leo Esaki Japan tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors Ivar Giaever U.S. tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors Brian D. Josephson U.K. tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors physiology/medicine Karl von Frisch Austria discoveries in animal behaviour patterns Konrad Lorenz Austria discoveries in animal behaviour patterns Nikolaas Tinbergen U.K. discoveries in animal behaviour patterns 1974 chemistry Paul J. Flory U.S. studies of long-chain molecules economics Friedrich von Hayek U.K. pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomena Gunnar Myrdal Sweden pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomena literature Eyvind Johnson Sweden Harry Martinson Sweden peace Seán MacBride Ireland Sato Eisaku Japan physics Antony Hewish U.K. work in radio astronomy Sir Martin Ryle U.K. work in radio astronomy physiology/medicine Albert Claude U.S. research on structural and functional organization of cells Christian René de Duve Belgium research on structural and functional organization of cells George E. Palade U.S. research on structural and functional organization of cells 1975 chemistry Sir John Warcup Cornforth U.K. work in stereochemistry Vladimir Prelog Switzerland work in stereochemistry economics Leonid Vitalyevich Kantorovich U.S.S.R. contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources Tjalling C. Koopmans U.S. contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources literature Eugenio Montale Italy peace Andrey Dmitriyevich Sakharov U.S.S.R. physics Aage N. Bohr Denmark work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion Ben R. Mottelson Denmark work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion James Rainwater U.S. work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion physiology/medicine David Baltimore U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell Renato Dulbecco U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell Howard Martin Temin U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell 1976 chemistry William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr. U.S. structure of boranes economics Milton Friedman U.S. consumption analysis, monetary theory, and economic stabilization literature Saul Bellow U.S. peace Mairéad Corrigan Northern Ireland Betty Williams Northern Ireland physics Burton Richter U.S. discovery of new class of elementary particles (psi, or J) Samuel C.C. Ting U.S. discovery of new class of elementary particles (psi, or J) physiology/medicine Baruch S. Blumberg U.S. studies of origin and spread of infectious diseases D. Carleton Gajdusek U.S. studies of origin and spread of infectious diseases 1977 chemistry Ilya Prigogine Belgium widening the scope of thermodynamics economics James Edward Meade U.K. contributions to theory of international trade Bertil Ohlin Sweden contributions to theory of international trade literature Vicente Aleixandre Spain peace Amnesty International (founded 1961) physics Philip W. Anderson U.S. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids Sir Nevill F. Mott U.K. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids John H. Van Vleck U.S. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids physiology/medicine Roger Charles Louis Guillemin U.S. research on pituitary hormones Andrew Victor Schally U.S. research on pituitary hormones Rosalyn S. Yalow U.S. development of radioimmunoassay 1978 chemistry Peter Dennis Mitchell U.K. formulation of a theory of energy transfer processes in biological systems economics Herbert Alexander Simon U.S. decision-making processes in economic organizations literature Isaac Bashevis Singer U.S. peace Menachem Begin Israel Anwar el-Sadat Egypt physics Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa U.S.S.R. invention and application of helium liquefier Arno Penzias U.S. discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theory Robert Woodrow Wilson U.S. discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theory physiology/medicine Werner Arber Switzerland discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA Daniel Nathans U.S. discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA Hamilton Othanel Smith U.S. discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA 1979 chemistry Herbert Charles Brown U.S. introduction of compounds of boron and phosphorus in the synthesis of organic substances Georg Wittig West Germany introduction of compounds of boron and phosphorus in the synthesis of organic substances economics Sir Arthur Lewis U.K. analyses of economic processes in developing nations Theodore William Schultz U.S. analyses of economic processes in developing nations literature Odysseus Elytis Greece peace Mother Teresa India physics Sheldon Lee Glashow U.S. unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles Abdus Salam Pakistan unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles Steven Weinberg U.S. unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles physiology/medicine Allan MacLeod Cormack U.S. development of the CAT scan Sir Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield U.K. development of the CAT scan 1980 chemistry Paul Berg U.S. first preparation of a hybrid DNA Walter Gilbert U.S. development of chemical and biological analyses of DNA structure Frederick Sanger U.K. development of chemical and biological analyses of DNA structure economics Lawrence Robert Klein U.S. development and analysis of empirical models of business fluctuations literature Czesław Miłosz U.S. peace Adolfo Pérez Esquivel Argentina physics James Watson Cronin U.S. demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries Val Logsdon Fitch U.S. demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries physiology/medicine Baruj Benacerraf U.S. investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances Jean-Baptiste-Gabriel-Joachim Dausset France investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances George Davis Snell U.S. investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances 1981 chemistry Fukui Kenichi Japan orbital symmetry interpretation of chemical reactions Roald Hoffmann U.S. orbital symmetry interpretation of chemical reactions economics James Tobin U.S. portfolio selection theory of investment literature Elias Canetti Bulgaria peace Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (founded 1951) physics Nicolaas Bloembergen U.S. applications of lasers in spectroscopy Arthur Leonard Schawlow U.S. applications of lasers in spectroscopy Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn Sweden electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis physiology/medicine David Hunter Hubel U.S. processing of visual information by the brain Roger Wolcott Sperry U.S. functions of the cerebral hemispheres Torsten Nils Wiesel Sweden processing of visual information by the brain 1982 chemistry Aaron Klug U.K. determination of structure of biological substances economics George J. Stigler U.S. economic effects of governmental regulation literature Gabriel García Márquez Colombia peace Alfonso García Robles Mexico Alva Myrdal Sweden physics Kenneth Geddes Wilson U.S. analysis of continuous phase transitions physiology/medicine Sune K. Bergström Sweden biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins Bengt Ingemar Samuelsson Sweden biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins John Robert Vane U.K. biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins 1983 chemistry Henry Taube U.S. study of electron transfer reactions economics Gerard Debreu U.S. mathematical proof of supply and demand theory literature Sir William Golding U.K. peace Lech Wałęsa Poland physics Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar U.S. contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of stars William A. Fowler U.S. contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of stars physiology/medicine Barbara McClintock U.S. discovery of mobile plant genes that affect heredity 1984 chemistry Bruce Merrifield U.S. development of a method of polypeptide synthesis economics Sir Richard Stone U.K. development of national income accounting system literature Jaroslav Seifert Czechoslovakia peace Desmond Tutu South Africa physics Simon van der Meer Netherlands discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the electroweak theory Carlo Rubbia Italy discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the electroweak theory physiology/medicine Niels K. Jerne U.K.-Denmark theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies Georges J.F. Köhler West Germany theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies César Milstein Argentina theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies 1985 chemistry Herbert A. Hauptman U.S. development of a way to map the chemical structures of small molecules Jerome Karle U.S. development of a way to map the chemical structures of small molecules economics Franco Modigliani U.S. analyses of household savings and financial markets literature Claude Simon France peace International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (founded 1980) physics Klaus von Klitzing West Germany discovery of the quantized Hall effect, permitting exact measurements of electrical resistance physiology/medicine Michael S. Brown U.S. discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolism Joseph L. Goldstein U.S. discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolism 1986 chemistry Dudley R. Herschbach U.S. development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactions Yuan T. Lee U.S. development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactions John C. Polanyi Canada development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactions economics James M. Buchanan U.S. public-choice theory bridging economics and political science literature Wole Soyinka Nigeria peace Elie Wiesel U.S. physics Gerd Binnig West Germany development of special electron microscopes Heinrich Rohrer Switzerland development of special electron microscopes Ernst Ruska West Germany development of special electron microscopes physiology/medicine Stanley Cohen U.S. discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells Rita Levi-Montalcini Italy discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells 1987 chemistry Donald J. Cram U.S. development of molecules that can link with other molecules Jean-Marie Lehn France development of molecules that can link with other molecules Charles J. Pedersen U.S. development of molecules that can link with other molecules economics Robert Merton Solow U.S. contributions to the theory of economic growth literature Joseph Brodsky U.S. peace Oscar Arias Sánchez Costa Rica physics J. Georg Bednorz West Germany discovery of new superconducting materials Karl Alex Müller Switzerland discovery of new superconducting materials physiology/medicine Tonegawa Susumu Japan study of genetic aspects of antibodies 1988 chemistry Johann Deisenhofer West Germany discovery of structure of proteins needed in photosynthesis Robert Huber West Germany discovery of structure of proteins needed in photosynthesis Hartmut Michel West Germany discovery of structure of proteins needed in photosynthesis economics Maurice Allais France contributions to the theory of markets and efficient use of resources literature Naguib Mahfouz Egypt peace United Nations Peacekeeping Forces physics Leon Max Lederman U.S. research in subatomic particles Melvin Schwartz U.S. research in subatomic particles Jack Steinberger U.S. research in subatomic particles physiology/medicine Sir James Black U.K. development of new classes of drugs for combating disease Gertrude Belle Elion U.S. development of new classes of drugs for combating disease George Herbert Hitchings U.S. development of new classes of drugs for combating disease 1989 chemistry Sidney Altman U.S. discovery of certain basic properties of RNA Thomas Robert Cech U.S. discovery of certain basic properties of RNA economics Trygve Haavelmo Norway development of statistical techniques for economic forecasting literature Camilo José Cela Spain peace Dalai Lama Tibet physics Hans Georg Dehmelt U.S. development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for study Wolfgang Paul West Germany development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for study Norman Foster Ramsey U.S. development of the atomic clock physiology/medicine J. Michael Bishop U.S. study of cancer-causing genes called oncogenes Harold Varmus U.S. study of cancer-causing genes called oncogenes 1990 chemistry Elias James Corey U.S. development of retrosynthetic analysis for synthesis of complex molecules economics Harry M. Markowitz U.S. study of financial markets and investment decision-making Merton H. Miller U.S. study of financial markets and investment decision-making William F. Sharpe U.S. study of financial markets and investment decision-making literature Octavio Paz Mexico peace Mikhail Gorbachev U.S.S.R. physics Jerome Isaac Friedman U.S. discovery of atomic quarks Henry Way Kendall U.S. discovery of atomic quarks Richard E. Taylor Canada discovery of atomic quarks physiology/medicine Joseph E. Murray U.S. development of kidney and bone-marrow transplants E. Donnall Thomas U.S. development of kidney and bone-marrow transplants 1991 chemistry Richard R. Ernst Switzerland improvements in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy economics Ronald Coase U.S. application of economic principles to the study of law literature Nadine Gordimer South Africa peace Aung San Suu Kyi Myanmar physics Pierre-Gilles de Gennes France discovery of general rules for behaviour of molecules physiology/medicine Erwin Neher Germany discovery of how cells communicate, as related to diseases Bert Sakmann Germany discovery of how cells communicate, as related to diseases 1992 chemistry Rudolph A. Marcus U.S. explanation of how electrons transfer between molecules economics Gary S. Becker U.S. application of economic theory to social sciences literature Derek Walcott St. Lucia peace Rigoberta Menchú Guatemala physics Georges Charpak France inventor of detector that traces subatomic particles physiology/medicine Edmond H. Fischer U.S. discovery of class of enzymes called protein kinases Edwin Gerhard Krebs U.S. discovery of class of enzymes called protein kinases 1993 chemistry Kary B. Mullis U.S. inventors of techniques for gene study and manipulation Michael Smith Canada inventors of techniques for gene study and manipulation economics Robert William Fogel U.S. contributions to economic history Douglass C. North U.S. contributions to economic history literature Toni Morrison U.S. peace F.W. de Klerk South Africa Nelson Mandela South Africa physics Russell Alan Hulse U.S. identifying binary pulsars Joseph H. Taylor, Jr. U.S. identifying binary pulsars physiology/medicine Richard J. Roberts U.K. discovery of “split,” or interrupted, genetic structure Phillip A. Sharp U.S. discovery of “split,” or interrupted, genetic structure 1994 chemistry George A. Olah U.S. development of techniques to study hydrocarbon molecules economics John C. Harsanyi U.S. development of game theory John F. Nash U.S. development of game theory Reinhard Selten Germany development of game theory literature Oe Kenzaburo Japan peace Yasser Arafat Palestinian Shimon Peres Israel Yitzhak Rabin Israel physics Bertram N. Brockhouse Canada development of neutron-scattering techniques Clifford G. Shull U.S. development of neutron-scattering techniques physiology/medicine Alfred G. Gilman U.S. discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins Martin Rodbell U.S. discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins 1995 chemistry Paul Crutzen Netherlands explanation of processes that deplete Earth’s ozone layer Mario Molina U.S. explanation of processes that deplete Earth’s ozone layer F. Sherwood Rowland U.S. explanation of processes that deplete Earth’s ozone layer economics Robert E. Lucas, Jr. U.S. incorporation of rational expectations in macroeconomic theory literature Seamus Heaney Ireland peace Pugwash Conferences (founded 1957) Joseph Rotblat U.K. physics Martin Lewis Perl U.S. discovery of tau subatomic particle Frederick Reines U.S. discovery of neutrino subatomic particle physiology/medicine Edward B. Lewis U.S. identification of genes that control the body’s early structural development Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Germany identification of genes that control the body’s early structural development Eric F. Wieschaus U.S. identification of genes that control the body’s early structural development 1996 chemistry Robert F. Curl, Jr. U.S. discovery of new carbon compounds called fullerenes Sir Harold W. Kroto U.K. discovery of new carbon compounds called fullerenes Richard E. Smalley U.S. discovery of new carbon compounds called fullerenes economics James A. Mirrlees U.K. contributions to theory of incentives under conditions of asymmetric information William Vickrey U.S. contributions to theory of incentives under conditions of asymmetric information literature Wisława Szymborska Poland peace Carlos Felipe Ximenes Belo Timorese José Ramos-Horta Timorese physics David M. Lee U.S. discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3 Douglas D. Osheroff U.S. discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3 Robert C. Richardson U.S. discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3 physiology/medicine Peter C. Doherty Australia discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells Rolf M. Zinkernagel Switzerland discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells 1997 chemistry Paul D. Boyer U.S. explanation of the enzymatic conversion of adenosine triphosphate Jens C. Skou Denmark discovery of sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase John E. Walker U.K. explanation of the enzymatic conversion of adenosine triphosphate economics Robert C. Merton U.S. methods for determining the value of stock options and other derivatives Myron S. Scholes U.S. methods for determining the value of stock options and other derivatives literature Dario Fo Italy peace International Campaign to Ban Landmines (founded 1992) Jody Williams U.S. physics Steven Chu U.S. process of trapping atoms with laser cooling Claude Cohen-Tannoudji France process of trapping atoms with laser cooling William D. Phillips U.S. process of trapping atoms with laser cooling physiology/medicine Stanley B. Prusiner U.S. discovery of the prion, a type of disease-causing protein 1998 chemistry Walter Kohn U.S. development of the density-functional theory John A. Pople U.K. development of computational methods in quantum chemistry economics Amartya Sen India contribution to welfare economics literature José Saramago Portugal peace John Hume Northern Ireland David Trimble Northern Ireland physics Robert B. Laughlin U.S. discovery of fractional quantum Hall effect Horst L. Störmer U.S. discovery of fractional quantum Hall effect Daniel C. Tsui U.S. discovery of fractional quantum Hall effect physiology/medicine Robert F. Furchgott U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system Louis J. Ignarro U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system Ferid Murad U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system 1999 chemistry Ahmed H. Zewail Egypt/U.S. study of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy economics Robert A. Mundell Canada analysis of optimum currency areas and of policy under different exchange rate regimes literature Günter Grass Germany peace Doctors Without Borders (founded 1971) physics Gerardus ‘t Hooft Netherlands study of quantum structure of electroweak interactions Martinus J.G. Veltman Netherlands study of quantum structure of electroweak interactions physiology/medicine Günter Blobel U.S. discovery that proteins have signals governing cellular organization 2000 chemistry Alan J. Heeger U.S. discovery of plastics that conduct electricity Alan G. MacDiarmid U.S. discovery of plastics that conduct electricity Shirakawa Hideki Japan discovery of plastics that conduct electricity economics James J. Heckman U.S. development of methods of statistical analysis of individual and household behaviour Daniel L. McFadden U.S. development of methods of statistical analysis of individual and household behaviour literature Gao Xingjian France peace Kim Dae-Jung South Korea physics Zhores I. Alferov Russia development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics Jack S. Kilby U.S. development of the integrated circuit (microchip) Herbert Kroemer Germany development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics physiology/medicine Arvid Carlsson Sweden discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain Paul Greengard U.S. discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain Eric R. Kandel U.S. discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain 2001 chemistry William S. Knowles U.S. work on chirally catalyzed hydrogenation reactions Noyori Ryoji Japan work on chirally catalyzed hydrogenation reactions K. Barry Sharpless U.S. work on chirally catalyzed oxidation reactions economics George A. Akerlof U.S. analysis of markets with asymmetric information A. Michael Spence U.S. analysis of markets with asymmetric information Joseph E. Stiglitz U.S. analysis of markets with asymmetric information literature Sir V.S. Naipaul Trinidad peace United Nations (founded 1945) Kofi Annan Ghana physics Eric A. Cornell U.S. achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates Wolfgang Ketterle Germany achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates Carl E. Wieman U.S. achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates physiology/medicine Leland H. Hartwell U.S. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle R. Timothy Hunt U.K. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle Sir Paul M. Nurse U.K. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle 2002 chemistry John B. Fenn U.S. development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large molecules Tanaka Koichi Japan development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large molecules Kurt Wüthrich Switzerland development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large molecules economics Daniel Kahneman U.S./Israel integration of psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty Vernon L. Smith U.S. establishment of laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis literature Imre Kertész Hungary peace Jimmy Carter U.S. physics Raymond Davis, Jr. U.S. detection of neutrinos Riccardo Giacconi U.S. seminal discoveries of cosmic sources of X-rays Koshiba Masatoshi Japan detection of neutrinos physiology/medicine Sydney Brenner U.K. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis) H. Robert Horvitz U.S. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis) John E. Sulston U.K. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis) 2003 chemistry Peter Agre U.S. discoveries regarding water channels and ion channels in cells Roderick MacKinnon U.S. discoveries regarding water channels and ion channels in cells economics Robert F. Engle U.S. development of techniques for the analysis of time series data Clive W.J. Granger U.K. development of techniques for the analysis of time series data literature J.M. Coetzee South Africa peace Shirin Ebadi Iran physics Alexei A. Abrikosov U.S. discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures Vitaly L. Ginzburg Russia discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures Anthony J. Leggett U.S. discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures physiology/medicine Paul Lauterbur U.S. development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Sir Peter Mansfield U.K. development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 2004 chemistry Aaron Ciechanover Israel discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation Avram Hershko Israel discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation Irwin Rose U.S. discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation economics Finn E. Kydland Norway contributions to dynamic macroeconomics Edward C. Prescott U.S. contributions to dynamic macroeconomics literature Elfriede Jelinek Austria peace Wangari Maathi Kenya physics David J. Gross U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction H. David Politzer U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction Frank Wilczek U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction physiology/medicine Richard Axel U.S. discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system Linda B. Buck U.S. discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system 2005 chemistry Yves Chauvin France development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis Robert H. Grubbs U.S. development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis Richard R. Schrock U.S. development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis economics Robert J. Aumann Israel contributions to game-theory analysis Thomas C. Schelling U.S. contributions to game-theory analysis literature Harold Pinter U.K. peace Mohamed ElBaradei Egypt International Atomic Energy Agency (founded 1957) physics Roy J. Glauber U.S. contributions to the field of optics John L. Hall U.S. contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy Theodor W. Hänsch Germany contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy physiology/medicine Barry J. Marshall Australia discovery of bacteria’s role in peptic ulcer disease J. Robin Warren Australia discovery of bacteria’s role in peptic ulcer disease 2006 chemistry Roger D. Kornberg U.S. work on the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription economics Edmund S. Phelps U.S. analysis of intertemporal trade-offs in macroeconomic policy literature Orhan Pamuk Turkey peace Grameen Bank (founded 1976) Muhammad Yunus Bangladesh physics John C. Mather U.S. discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation George F. Smoot U.S. discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation physiology/medicine Andrew Z. Fire U.S. discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA Craig C. Mello U.S. discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA 2007 chemistry Gerhard Ertl Germany studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces economics Leonid Hurwicz U.S. work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory Eric S. Maskin U.S. work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory Roger B. Myerson U.S. work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory literature Doris Lessing U.S. peace Al Gore U.S. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (founded 1988) physics Albert Fert France discovery of giant magnetoresistance Peter Grünberg Germany discovery of giant magnetoresistance physiology/medicine Mario R. Capecchi U.S. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells Sir Martin J. Evans U.K. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells Oliver Smithies U.S. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells 2008 chemistry Martin Chalfie U.S. discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP Osamu Shimomura U.S. discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP Roger Y. Tsien U.S. discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP economics Paul Krugman U.S. analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity literature Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio France peace Martti Ahtisaari Finland physics Kobayashi Makoto Japan discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature Maskawa Toshihide Japan discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature Yoichiro Nambu U.S. discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics physiology/medicine Françoise Barré-Sinoussi France discovery of human immunodeficiency virus Luc Montagnier France discovery of human immunodeficiency virus Harald zur Hausen Germany discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer 2009 chemistry Venkatraman Ramakrishnan U.S. studies of the structure and function of the ribosome Thomas Steitz U.S. studies of the structure and function of the ribosome Ada Yonath Israel studies of the structure and function of the ribosome economics Elinor Ostrom U.S. analysis of economic governance, especially the commons Oliver E. Williamson U.S. analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm literature Herta Müller Germany peace Barack Obama U.S. physics Willard Boyle Canada/U.S. invention of the CCD sensor, an imaging semiconductor circuit Charles Kao U.K./U.S. achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibres for optical communication George E. Smith U.S. invention of the CCD sensor, an imaging semiconductor circuit physiology/medicine Elizabeth H. Blackburn U.S. discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase Carol W. Greider U.S. discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase Jack W. Szostak U.S. discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase 2010 chemistry Richard F. Heck U.S. development of techniques to synthesize complex carbon molecules Negishi Ei-ichi Japan development of techniques to synthesize complex carbon molecules Suzmediuki Akira Japan development of techniques to synthesize complex carbon molecules economics Peter A. Diamond U.S. analysis of markets with search frictions Dale T. Mortensen U.S. analysis of markets with search frictions Christopher A. Pissarides Cyprus/U.K. analysis of markets with search frictions literature Mario Vargas Llosa Peru peace Liu Xiaobo China physics Andre Geim Netherlands experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene Konstantin Novoselov Russia/U.K. experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene physiology/medicine Robert Edwards U.K. development of in vitro fertilization 2011 chemistry Daniel Shechtman Israel discovery of quasicrystals economics Thomas J. Sargent U.S. empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy Christopher A. Sims U.S. empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy literature Tomas Tranströmer Sweden peace Leymah Gbowee Liberia Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Liberia Tawakkul Karmān Yemen physics Saul Perlmutter U.S. discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae Adam G. Riess U.S./Australia discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae Brian P. Schmidt U.S. discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae physiology/medicine Bruce A. Beutler U.S. discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity 2012 chemistry Brian K. Kobilka U.S. studies of G-protein-coupled receptors Robert J. Lefkowitz U.S. studies of G-protein-coupled receptors economics Alvin E. Roth U.S. work on market design and matching theory Lloyd S. Shapley U.S. work on market design and matching theory literature Mo Yan China peace European Union (founded 1993) Shinya Yamanaka Japan discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent 2013 chemistry Martin Karplus Austria/U.S. development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems Michael Levitt U.K./U.S./Israel development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems Arieh Warshel Israel/U.S. development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems economics Eugene F. Fama U.S. empirical analysis of asset prices Lars P. Hansen U.S. empirical analysis of asset prices Robert J. Shiller U.S. empirical analysis of asset prices literature Alice Munro Canada peace Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (founded 1997) physics François Englert Belgium theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to the understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles Peter Higgs U.K. theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to the understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles physiology/medicine James E. Rothman U.S. discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells Randy W. Schekman U.S. discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells Thomas C. Südhof Germany/U.S. discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells 2014 chemistry Eric Betzig U.S. development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy Stefan W. Hell Germany development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy William E. Moerner U.S. development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy economics Jean Tirole France analysis of market power and regulation literature Patrick Modiano France peace Kailash Satyarthi India Malala Yousafzai Pakistan physics Akasaki Isamu Japan invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes, which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources Amano Hiroshi Japan invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes, which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources Shuji Nakamura U.S. invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes, which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources physiology/medicine Edvard I. Moser Norway discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain May-Britt Moser Norway discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain John O’Keefe U.S./U.K. discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain 2015 chemistry Tomas Lindahl Sweden mechanistic studies of DNA repair Paul Modrich U.S. mechanistic studies of DNA repair Aziz Sancar Turkey/U.S. mechanistic studies of DNA repair economics Angus S. Deaton U.K. analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare literature Svetlana Alexievich Belarus peace National Dialogue Quartet (founded 2013) physics Kajita Takaaki Japan discovery of neutrino oscillations, which show that neutrinos have mass Arthur B. McDonald Canada discovery of neutrino oscillations, which show that neutrinos have mass physiology/medicine William C. Campbell Ireland discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites Ōmura Satoshi Japan discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites Tu Youyou China discoveries concerning a novel therapy against malaria 2016 chemistry Jean-Pierre Sauvage France design and synthesis of molecular machines J. Fraser Stoddart U.K. design and synthesis of molecular machines Bernard Feringa Netherlands design and synthesis of molecular machines economics Oliver Hart U.K. contributions to contract theory Bengt Holmström Finland contributions to contract theory literature Bob Dylan U.S. peace Juan Manuel Santos Colombia physics David Thouless U.K. theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter Duncan Haldane U.K. theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter Michael Kosterlitz U.K. theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter physiology/medicine Yoshinori Ohsumi Japan discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy 2017 chemistry Jacques Dubochet Switzerland development of cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution Joachim Frank Germany/U.S. development of cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution Richard Henderson U.K. development of cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution economics Richard H. Thaler U.S. contributions to behavioral economics literature Kazuo Ishiguro U.K. peace International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (founded 2007) physics Barry C. Barish U.S. decisive contributions to the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory detector and the observation of gravitational waves Kip S. Thorne U.S. decisive contributions to the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory detector and the observation of gravitational waves Rainer Weiss U.S. decisive contributions to the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory detector and the observation of gravitational waves physiology/medicine Jeffrey C. Hall U.S. discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm Michael Rosbash U.S. discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm Michael W. Young U.S. discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm 2018 chemistry Frances Arnold U.S. first directed evolution of enzymes George P. Smith U.S. development of phage display, a method in which a bacteriophage can be used to evolve new proteins Gregory P. Winter U.K. work using the phage display method for the directed evolution of antibodies economics William Nordhaus U.S. integration of climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis Paul Romer U.S. integration of technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis literature** Olga Tokarczuk Poland peace Denis Mukwege Democratic Republic of the Congo Nadia Murad Iraq physics Arthur Ashkin U.S. invention of optical tweezers and their application to biological systems Gérard Mourou France invention of a method of generating high-intensity ultrashort optical pulses Donna Strickland Canada invention of a method of generating high-intensity ultrashort optical pulses physiology/medicine James P. Allison U.S. discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation Tasuku Honjo Japan discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation 2019 chemistry John B. Goodenough U.S. development of lithium-ion batteries M. Stanley Whittingham U.K./U.S. development of lithium-ion batteries Yoshino Akira Japan development of lithium-ion batteries economics Abhijit Banerjee U.S. experimental approach to alleviating global poverty Esther Duflo French/U.S. experimental approach to alleviating global poverty Michael Kremer U.S. experimental approach to alleviating global poverty literature Peter Handke Austria peace Abiy Ahmed Ethiopia physics James Peebles Canada/U.S. theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology Michel Mayor Switzerland discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star Didier Queloz Switzerland discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star physiology/medicine William G. Kaelin, Jr. U.S. discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability Peter J. Ratcliffe U.K. discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability Gregg L. Semenza U.S. discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability 2020 chemistry Emmanuelle Charpentier France development of a method for genome editing Jennifer Doudna U.S. development of a method for genome editing economics Paul R. Milgrom U.S. improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats Robert B. Wilson U.S. improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats literature Louise Glück U.S. peace World Food Programme (founded 1961) physics Reinhard Genzel Germany discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy Andrea Ghez U.S. discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy Roger Penrose U.K. discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity physiology/medicine Harvey J. Alter U.S. discovery of hepatitis C virus Michael Houghton U.K. discovery of hepatitis C virus Charles M. Rice U.S. discovery of hepatitis C virus 2021 chemistry Benjamin List Germany development of asymmetric organocatalysis David W.C. MacMillan U.K./U.S. development of asymmetric organocatalysis economics Joshua Angrist Israel/U.S. methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships David Card Canada/U.S. empirical contributions to labour economics Guido W. Imbens Neth./U.S. methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships literature Abdulrazak Gurnah Tanz. peace Dmitry Muratov Russia Maria Ressa Phil./U.S. physics Klaus Hasselmann Germany physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming Manabe Syukuro Japan/U.S. physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming Giorgio Parisi Italy discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales physiology/medicine David Julius U.S. discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch Ardem Patapoutian U.S. discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch 2022 chemistry Carolyn R. Bertozzi U.S. development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry Morten P. Meldal Neth. development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry K. Barry Sharpless U.S. development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry economics Ben Bernanke U.S. research on banks and financial crises Douglas Diamond U.S. research on banks and financial crises Philip Dybvig U.S. research on banks and financial crises literature Annie Ernaux France peace Ales Bialiatski Belarus Center for Civil Liberties Ukraine Memorial Russia physics Alain Aspect France experiments with quantum entanglement that laid the foundation for a new era of quantum technology John F. Clauser U.S. experiments with quantum entanglement that laid the foundation for a new era of quantum technology Anton Zeilinger Austria experiments with quantum entanglement that laid the foundation for a new era of quantum technology physiology/medicine Svante Pääbo Sweden discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution 2023 chemistry Moungi Bawendi France/U.S. discovery and synthesis of quantum dots Louis Brus U.S. discovery and synthesis of quantum dots Alexei Ekimov Russia/U.S. discovery and synthesis of quantum dots economics Claudia Goldin U.S. research on women’s labour market outcomes literature Jon Fosse U.S. peace Narges Mohammadi Iran physics Pierre Agostini France development of experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter Ferenc Krausz Hungary development of experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter Anne L’Huillier France development of experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter physiology/medicine Katalin Karikó Hungary/U.S. discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	12	https://letsquiz.com/quiz/giosue-carducci/which-academy-awarded-carducci-the-nobel-prize	en	Which academy awarded Carducci the Nobel Prize?	https://upload.wikimedia…A8_Carducci2.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…A8_Carducci2.jpg	[ "https://letsquiz.com/_next/image?url=%2Flogo_23.png&w=256&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2Flogo_23.png&w=384&q=75 2x", "https://letsquiz.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=256,format=webp/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci2.jpg/400px-Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci2.jpg 1x, /cdn-cgi/image/width=384,format=webp/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci2.jpg/400px-Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci2.jpg 2x", "https://letsquiz.com/_next/image?url=%2Ffeedback_button.png&w=48&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2Ffeedback_button.png&w=96&q=75 2x", "https://letsquiz.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=64,format=webp/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci2.jpg 1x, /cdn-cgi/image/width=128,format=webp/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci2.jpg 2x", "https://letsquiz.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=256,format=webp/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Bologna_montage_HD.jpg 1x, /cdn-cgi/image/width=640,format=webp/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Bologna_montage_HD.jpg 2x", "https://letsquiz.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=256,format=webp/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Seal_of_the_University_of_Bologna.svg/1595px-Seal_of_the_University_of_Bologna.svg.png 1x, /cdn-cgi/image/width=640,format=webp/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Seal_of_the_University_of_Bologna.svg/1595px-Seal_of_the_University_of_Bologna.svg.png 2x", "https://letsquiz.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=256,format=webp/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Leopardi%2C_Giacomo_%281798-1837%29_-_ritr._A_Ferrazzi%2C_Recanati%2C_casa_Leopardi.jpg 1x, /cdn-cgi/image/width=640,format=webp/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Leopardi%2C_Giacomo_%281798-1837%29_-_ritr._A_Ferrazzi%2C_Recanati%2C_casa_Leopardi.jpg 2x", "https://letsquiz.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsubscribe.png&w=640&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2Fsubscribe.png&w=1080&q=75 2x", "https://letsquiz.com/_next/image?url=%2Flogo_23.png&w=256&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2Flogo_23.png&w=640&q=75 2x", "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=3564506823827494&ev=PageView&noscript=1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	The Swedish Academy, a prestigious institution founded in 1786 to promote the Swedish language and literature, awarded Giosuè Carducci the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1906. The Swedish Academy is res	en	/apple-touch-icon.png		https://letsquiz.com/quiz/giosue-carducci/which-academy-awarded-carducci-the-nobel-prize	Giosuè Carducci Quiz: How Much Do You Know About This Fascinating Topic? Created using data under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike Licence & the media files are available under their respective licenses; additional terms may apply. For more information, please review our About us page. // By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use & Privacy Policy.
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2022-07-13T04:01:10+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature	Award 1906 Nobel Prize in LiteratureGiosuè CarducciDate 4 October 1906 (announcement) 10 December 1906 (ceremony) LocationStockholm, SwedenPresented bySwedish AcademyFirst awarded1901WebsiteOfficial website ← 1905 · Nobel Prize in Literature · 1907 → The 1906 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the Italian poet Giosuè Carducci (1835–1907) "not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces."[1] He was the first Italian author to receive the prize and was followed by Grazia Deledda in 1926.[2] Laureate [edit] Main article: Giosuè Carducci Carducci started composing poetry while he was young, influenced by both the poets of his own time and those he had studied in the ancient and Italian periods. Rime ("Rhymes", 1857) was his debut book of poetry. In his active life he became an atheist, and the provocative poem Inno a Satana ("Hymn to Satan", 1865) is where he best displays his criticism of Christianity.[3] Carducci confessed his sins and was reconciled to the Catholic Church in 1895.[4] His other well-known poetry collections include Primavere elleniche ("Hellenic Springs", 1872), Odi barbare ("Barbarian Odes", 1877), and Giambi ed Epodi ("Giambi and Epodi", 1882).[5] Deliberations [edit] Nominations [edit] Carducci was nominated on 9 occasions starting in 1902 by Antonio Fogazzaro, an Italian Senator and author. In 1906, he received four nominations from academics and writers which eventually led him to becoming the year's recipient.[6] The Nobel Committee of the Swedish Academy received 54 nominations for 24 writers among them Leo Tolstoy, Algernon Charles Swinburne, Selma Lagerlöf (awarded in 1909), Jaroslav Vrchlický, Georg Brandes, and Antonio Fogazzaro. Eleven of the nominees were nominated first-time such as Pedro Pablo Figueroa, Gaston Boissier, Louis Franck, George Lansing Raymond, Borden Parker Bowne, Angelo de Gubernatis, and William Booth. Selma Lagerlöf was the only female nominee recorded.[7] The authors Émile Boutmy, Eliza Brightwen, Ferdinand Brunetière, Ellen Mary Clerke, Anne Ross Cousin, José María de Pereda, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Max Eyth, Giuseppe Giacosa, Alexander Kielland, Jean Lorrain, Agnes Catherine Maitland, Bartolomé Mitre, Vasile Pogor, Charlotte Riddell, Hendrik Jan Schimmel, Elizabeth Missing Sewell, Eduard von Hartmann, and Adeline Dutton Whitney died in 1906 without having been nominated for the prize. Official list of nominees and their nominators for the prize No. Nominee Country Genre(s) Nominator(s) 1 Max Bewer[a] (1861–1921) Germany poetry, songwriting, essays Max Stoye (?) Henry Thode (1857–1920) Friedrich Kluge (1856–1926) 2 Gaston Boissier (1823–1908) France history, essays, translation Jacobus Johannes Hartman (1851–1924) 3 William Booth[b] (1829–1912) Great Britain theology, essays, songwriting Otto Classen (1868–1939)[c] 4 Borden Parker Bowne[d] (1847–1910) United States philosophy, theology, essays Albert Knudson (1873–1953) Henry MacCracken (1840–1918) William Henry Crawford (1855–1944) Caroline Borden (?)[e] 5 Georg Brandes (1842–1927) Denmark literary criticism, essays Troels Frederik Lund (1840–1921)[f] 6 Giosuè Carducci (1835–1907) Italy poetry, literary criticism, biography, essays Rodolfo Renier (1857–1915) Johan Vising (1855–1942) Carl Bildt (1850–1931) Ugo Balzani (1847–1916) 7 Houston Stewart Chamberlain[g] (1855–1927) Great Britain Germany philosophy Leopold von Schroeder (1851–1920) 8 Angelo de Gubernatis (1840–1913) Italy drama, essays, philology, poetry Francesco Lorenzo Pullè (1850–1934) Angelo Valdarnini (1847–1930) Paolo Boselli (1838–1932) Gaspare Finali (1829–1914) Tancredi Canonico (1828–1908) 9 Pedro Pablo Figueroa (1857–1909) Chile history, biography, essays Leonardo Eliz y Las Rosas (1861–1939)[h] 10 Antonio Fogazzaro (1842–1911) Italy novel, poetry, short story Carl Bildt (1850–1931)[i] 11 Louis Franck (1868–1937) Belgium law Ernest Nys (1851–1920) 12 Gerhart Hauptmann (1862–1946) Germany drama, novel 35 German and Austrian professors and members of societies[j] 13 Max Haushofer[k] (1840–1907) Germany poetry, drama, short story, essays Emil Milan (1859–1917)[l] 14 Selma Lagerlöf (1858–1940) Sweden novel, short story 15 George Meredith (1828–1909) Great Britain novel, poetry John Collier (1850–1934) 16 John Morley (1838–1923) Great Britain biography, literary criticism, essays John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury (1858–1929) 17 Lewis Morris (1833–1907) Great Britain poetry, songwriting, essays Herbert Warren (1853–1930) John Rhys (1840–1915) Francis St. John Thackeray (1832–1919) Thomas Francis Roberts (1860–1919) William Jackson (1838–1931) 18 William Jonathan Neidig[m][d] (1870–1955) United States poetry, short story, essays Henry Burrowes Lathrop (1867–1936) 19 George Lansing Raymond[n][d] (1839–1929) United States essays, philosophy Charles Needham (1848–1935) William Allen Wilbur (1864–1945) Mitchell Carroll (1870–1925) Hermann Schoenfeld (1861–1926) Charles Clinton Swisher (1856–1940 ) 20 Albert Sorel (1842–1906) France history, essays René Bazin (1853–1932) Gabriel Hanotaux (1853–1944) Frédéric Masson (1847–1923) 21 Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837–1909) Great Britain poetry, drama, literary criticism, novel 35 members of the Society of Authors 22 Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910) Russia novel, short story, drama, poetry Ludovic Halévy (1837–1908) 23 Jaroslav Vrchlický (1853–1912) Austria-Hungary (Czechoslovakia) poetry, drama, translation Bohuslav Raýman (1852–1910) Josef Hlávka (1831–1908) Arnošt Kraus (1859–1943) 24 Joseph Viktor Widmann[o] (1842–1911) Switzerland novel, short story, drama, literary criticism Prize decision [edit] For 1906, the committee's shortlist only consisted of Leo Tolstoy and Giosuè Carducci.[citation needed] During the deliberations, the chair of the committee Carl David af Wirsén had ordered for the copy of Tolstoy's recent works for assessment, but Tolstoy wrote a letter to one of the friends of the Nobel Committee member stating his lack of interest in the Nobel Prize.[citation needed] With that decision, the Swedish Academy voted unanimously for Carducci, a rare occasion by the Academy.[9] The decision to award Carducci is considered one of the least controversial in the history of the Nobel Prize in Literature. He was the first and remain one of the few laureates who got all of the delivered votes from the members of the Swedish Academy.[9] Award ceremony [edit] Due to Carducci's declining health, he was not able to receive the prize personally in Stockholm. Instead, the Swedish ambassador in Italy received it on his behalf.[10] Notes [edit] References [edit]
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wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	0	11	https://www.kaggle.com/code/mustafagerme/14-a-visual-history-of-nobel-prize-winners/data	en	14. A Visual History of Nobel Prize Winners	https://storage.googleap…s/8745047-kg.png	https://storage.googleap…s/8745047-kg.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "mustafagerme" ]	2023-06-20T14:05:33.666666+00:00	Explore and run machine learning code with Kaggle Notebooks \| Using data from Nobel Laureates, 1901-Present	en	/static/images/favicon.ico		https://www.kaggle.com/code/mustafagerme/14-a-visual-history-of-nobel-prize-winners
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	13	https://www.histouring.com/en/historical-figure/giosu-carducci/	en	Giosuè Carducci	https://www.histouring.c…/og-facebook.jpg	https://www.histouring.c…/og-facebook.jpg	[ "https://www.histouring.com/public/assets/img/logo-histouring.png", "https://www.histouring.com/public/assets/img/flag-en.jpg", "https://www.histouring.com/public/assets/img/flag-it.jpg", "https://www.histouring.com/public/assets/img/flag-en.jpg", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/870600x600xy/Giosu Carducci.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/348360x360crop/negozio del 1899.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/348415x220crop/negozio del 1899.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/1297360x360crop/147729776dds5029041.jpg", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/1297415x220crop/147729776dds5029041.jpg", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/869360x360crop/Relais du Chateau Casa Illica.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/869415x220crop/Relais du Chateau Casa Illica.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/968360x360crop/5746378-2-11816.jpg", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/968415x220crop/5746378-2-11816.jpg", "https://www.histouring.com/public/assets/img/logo-histouring2.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/2116300x190crop/2020.12.11-07.19.02.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/2140300x190crop/2021.02.22-06.45.28.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/2161300x190crop/2021.03.07-03.41.43.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/2178300x190crop/2021.03.14-13.56.16.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/2197300x190crop/2021.03.20-17.22.35.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/2217300x190crop/2021.06.15-21.19.28.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/2234300x190crop/2021.07.07-07.41.42.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/2250300x190crop/2021.07.13-00.47.03.png", "https://www.histouring.com/data/cch/addon_image/2269300x190crop/screenshot-1.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://www.histouring.com/public/assets/img/favicon.ico		https://www.histouring.com/en/historical-figure/giosu-carducci/	Majani Via de' Carbonesi, 5 - 40123 Bologna - Bologna Shop/Product The Majani was founded, under the name of "Laboratory of Sweet Things" and by Teresa Majani, in 1796 in Bologna: its first home is a small artisan shop with adjoining shop located next to the... see Palazzo Torri Via Sant'Eufemia, 5 - 25040 Nigoline di Corte Franca - Brescia Palace/Villa, Wedding/Convention/Concert location Palazzo Torri stands among the green vineyards of Franciacorta, a few km from Lake Iseo, welcoming guests in decorated rooms, frescoed vaults and antique furniture. You can stay in spacious and... see Relais du Chateau - Casa Illica Via Sforza Caolzio, 47 - 29014 Castell'Arquato - Piacenza Palace/Villa Relais du Chateau - Casa Illica is a residence located in the heart of the ancient village of Castell'Arquato. Structured on several levels, this magnificent Art Nouveau-style period house in the... see Villa Soleil Via della Cartiera, 38 - 10010 Colleretto Giacosa - Turin Palace/Villa, Wedding/Convention/Concert location Hotel Villa Soleil is located in Colleretto Giacosa, just minutes from Turin Biella and Viverone. Immersed in the greenery of the Canvese area, this ancient dwelling dating back to the 1700s is now... see
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	0	46	https://www.freimaurer-wiki.de/index.php/En:_Masonic_Noble_Prize_Winners	en	En: Masonic Noble Prize Winners – Freimaurer			[ "https://www.freimaurer-wiki.de/13.jpg", "https://www.freimaurer-wiki.de/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		de	/favicon.ico		null
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	2	49	https://bidoonism.com/nobel-prize-for-literature/	en	Nobel Prize for Literature	https://bidoonism.com/wp…prize_logo_a.png	https://bidoonism.com/wp…prize_logo_a.png	[ "https://bidoonism.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/cropped-header1.jpg", "https://i0.wp.com/bidoonism.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/the_nobel_prize_logo_a.png?w=448&h=373&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/bidoonism.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/nobel_logo.svg_.png?w=384&h=373&ssl=1", "https://bidoonism.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/headphone.png?w=840", "https://bidoonism.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/personal-computer.png?w=840", "https://bidoonism.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/spacer.png?w=840", "https://bidoonism.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/spacer.png?w=840", "https://bidoonism.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/spacer.png?w=840", "https://bidoonism.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/spacer.png?w=840", "https://bidoonism.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/face-with-stuck-out-tongue-and-winking-eye.png?w=840", "https://bidoonism.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/ghost.png?w=840", "https://bidoonism.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/tongue.png?w=840", "https://bidoonism.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/base-of-page-book___paradice-lost.jpg?w=840", "https://bidoonism.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/81lqafz20ql.jpg?w=840", "https://bidoonism.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/base-of-page-book___1984.jpg?w=840", "https://bidoonism.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/base-of-page-book___delta-of-venus.jpg?w=840", "https://bidoonism.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/base-of-page-book___a-room-of-ones-own-1.jpg?w=840", "https://bidoonism.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/base-of-page-book___war-and-peace-v.2-1.jpg?w=840", "https://bidoonism.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/base-of-page-book___the-trial.jpg?w=840&h=1192", "https://bidoonism.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/base-of-page-book___brave-new-wporld.jpg?w=840", "https://bidoonism.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/base-of-page-book___beloved.jpg?w=840", "https://bidoonism.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/moby-dick-2.jpg?w=840", "https://bidoonism.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/81qgisyjrql.jpg?w=840", "https://bidoonism.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/reading_list__the-prophet.jpg?w=840", "https://bidoonism.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/reading_list__rumi.jpg?w=840", "https://bidoonism.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/reading_list__ways-of-escape.jpg?w=840", "https://bidoonism.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/reading_list___the-significance-of-literature.jpg?w=840", "https://bidoonism.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/0225d894-1ffd-48b4-95fb-d3f0787dbae6.jpg?w=50", "https://bidoonism.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/0225d894-1ffd-48b4-95fb-d3f0787dbae6.jpg?w=50", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2020-02-29T08:00:59+00:00	This page lists the Nobel prize winners to date. The Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded almost annually since 1901. It is intended to go to an author who has produced outstanding work "in an ideal direction." While individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is primarily based on an…	en	https://bidoonism.com/wp…87dbae6.jpg?w=32	Anna Bidoonism	https://bidoonism.com/nobel-prize-for-literature/	❮ Poetry & Prose ❮ Books / People The Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded almost annually since 1901. It is intended to go to an author who has produced outstanding work “in an ideal direction.” While individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is primarily based on an author’s body of work as a whole. — § — Sully Prudhomme 1901 — French — Poetry René François Armand (Sully) Prudhomme (1839–1907) was a French poet and essayist. In giving the award the committee said, “in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect.” 1902 / Theodor Mommsen “the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work A History of Rome” — history, law 1903 / Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson “as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit” — poetry, novel, drama 1904 / Frédéric Mistral “in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist” — poetry, philology 1905 / Henryk Sienkiewicz “because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer” — novel 1906 / Giosuè Carducci “not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces” — poetry 1907 / Rudyard Kipling “in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration that characterize the creations of this world-famous author” — novel, short story, poetry 1908 / Rudolf Christoph Eucken “in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life” — philosophy 1909 / Selma Lagerlöf “in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings” — novel, short story 1910 / Paul von Heyse “as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories” — poetry, drama, novel, short story 1911 / Maurice Maeterlinck “in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers’ own feelings and stimulate their imaginations” — drama, poetry, essay 1912 / Gerhart Hauptmann “primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art” — drama, novel 1913 / Rabindranath Tagore “because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West” — poetry, novel, drama, short story, literary criticism 1915 / Romain Rolland “as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings” — novel 1916 / Verner von Heidenstam “in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature” — poetry, novel 1917 / Karl Adolph Gjellerup “for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals” — poetry / Henrik Pontoppidan “for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark” — novel 1919 / Carl Spitteler “in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring” — poetry 1920 / Knut Hamsun “for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil” –novel 19211 / Anatole France “in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament” — novel, poetry 1922 / Jacinto Benavente “for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama” — drama 1923 / William Butler Yeats “for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation” — poetry 1924 / Władysław Reymont “for his great national epic, The Peasants” — novel 1925 / George Bernard Shaw “for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty” — drama, literary criticism< 1926 / Grazia Deledda “for her idealistically inspired writings, which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general — poetry, novel 1927 / Henri Bergson “in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented” 1928 / Sigrid Undset “principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages” — novel 1929 / Thomas Mann “principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature” — novel, short story, essay 1930 / Sinclair Lewis “for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters” — novel, short story, drama 1931 / Erik Axel Karlfeldt “The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt” — poetry 1932 / John Galsworthy “for his distinguished art of narration, which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga” — novel 1933 / Ivan Bunin “for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing” — short story, poetry, novel 1934 / Luigi Pirandello “for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art” — drama, novel, short story 1936 / Eugene O’Neill “for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy” — drama 1937 / Roger Martin du Gard “for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel cycle Les Thibault” — novel 1938 / Pearl S. Buck “for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces” — novel, biography 1939 / Frans Eemil Sillanpää “for his deep understanding of his country’s peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature” — novel 1944 / Johannes Vilhelm Jensen “for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style” — novel, short story 1945 / Gabriela Mistral “for her lyric poetry, which inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world” — poetry 1946 / Hermann Hesse “for his inspired writings, which while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style” — novel, poetry 1947 / André Gide “for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight” — novel, essay 1948 / T. S. Eliot “for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry” — poetry 1949 / William Faulkner “for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel” — novel, short story 1950 / Bertrand Russell “in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought” — philosophy 1951 / Pär Lagerkvist “for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind” — poetry, novel, short story, drama 19521 / François Mauriac “for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life” — novel, short story 19531 / Winston Churchill “for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values” — history, essay 1954 / Ernest Hemingway “for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style” — novel 1955 / Halldór Laxness “for his vivid epic power, which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland” — novel, short story, drama, poetry 1956 / Juan Ramón Jiménez “for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity” — poetry 1957 / Albert Camus “for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times” — novel, short story, drama, philosophy, essay 1958 / Boris Pasternak “for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition” — novel, poetry, translation 19591 / Salvatore Quasimodo “for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times” — poetry 19601 / Saint-John Perse “for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry, which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time” — poetry 19611 / Ivo Andrić “for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country” — novel, short story 19621 / John Steinbeck “for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception” — novel, short story, screenplay 19631 / Giorgos Seferis “for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture” — poetry, essay, memoirs 1964 / Jean-Paul Sartre “for his work, which rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age” — novel, short story, philosophy, drama, literary criticism, screenplay 1965 / Mikhail Sholokhov “for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people” — novel 1966 / Shmuel Yosef Agnon “for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people” — novel, short story / Nelly Sachs “for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel’s destiny with touching strength” — poetry, drama 1967 / Miguel Ángel Asturias “for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America” — novel, poetry 1968 / Yasunari Kawabata “for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind” — novel, short story 1969 / Samuel Beckett “for his writing, which – in new forms for the novel and drama – in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation” — novel, drama, poetry 1970 / Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn “for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature” — novel 1971 / Pablo Neruda “for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent’s destiny and dreams” — poetry 1972 / Heinrich Böll “for his writing, which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature” — novel, short story 1973 / Patrick White “for an epic and psychological narrative art, which has introduced a new continent into literature” — novel, short story, drama 1974 / Eyvind Johnson “for a narrative art, farseeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom” — novel / Harry Martinson “for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos — poetry, novel, drama 1975 / Eugenio Montale “for his distinctive poetry, which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions” — poetry 1976 / Saul Bellow “for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work” — novel, short story 1977 / Vicente Aleixandre “for a creative poetic writing, which illuminates man’s condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars” — poetry 1978 / Isaac Bashevis Singer “for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life” — novel, short story, memoirs 1979 / Odysseas Elytis “for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man’s struggle for freedom and creativeness” — poetry, essay 1980 / Czesław Miłosz “who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man’s exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts” — poetry, essay 1981 / Elias Canetti “for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power” — novel, drama, memoirs, essay 1982 / Gabriel García Márquez “for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent’s life and conflicts” — novel, short story, screenplay 1983 / William Golding “for his novels, which with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today” — novel, poetry, drama 1984 / Jaroslav Seifert “for his poetry, which endowed with freshness, and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man” — poetry 1985 / Claude Simon “who in his novel combines the poet’s and the painter’s creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition” — novel 1986 / Wole Soyinka “who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence” — drama, novel, poetry 1987 / Joseph Brodsky “for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity” — poetry, essay 1988 / Naguib Mahfouz “who, through works rich in nuance – now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous – has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind” — novel, short story 1989 / Camilo José Cela “for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man’s vulnerability” — novel, short story 1990 / Octavio Paz “for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity” — poetry, essay 1991 / Nadine Gordimer “who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity” — novel, short story, essay 1992 / Derek Walcott “for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment” — poetry, drama 1993 / Toni Morrison “who in novels characterised by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality” — novel 1994 / Kenzaburō Ōe “who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today” — novel, short story 1995 / Seamus Heaney “for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past” — poetry 1996 / Wisława Szymborska “for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality” — poetry 1997 / Dario Fo “who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden” — drama 1998 / José Saramago “who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality” — novel, drama, poetry 1999 / Günter Grass “whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history” — novel, drama, poetry 2000 / Gao Xingjian “for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama” — novel, drama, literary criticism 2001 / V. S. Naipaul “for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories” — novel, essay 2002 / Imre Kertész “for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history” — novel 2003 / J. M. Coetzee “who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider” — novel, essay, translation 2004 / Elfriede Jelinek “for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society’s clichés and their subjugating power” — novel, drama 2005 / Harold Pinter “who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression’s closed rooms” — drama, screenplay 2006 / Orhan Pamuk “who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures” — novel, screenplay, essay 2007 / Doris Lessing “that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny” — novel, drama, poetry, short story, memoirs 2008 / J. M. G. Le Clézio “author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization” — novel, short story, essay, translation 2009 / Herta Müller “who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed” — novel, short story, poetry 2010 / Mario Vargas Llosa “for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual’s resistance, revolt, and defeat” — novel, short story, essay, drama, memoirs 2011 / Tomas Tranströmer “because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality” — poetry, translation 2012 / Mo Yan “who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary” — novel, short story 2013 / Alice Munro “master of the contemporary short story” — short story 2014 / Patrick Modiano “for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation” — novel 2015 / Svetlana Alexievich “for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time” — history, essay 2016 / Bob Dylan “for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition” — poetry, songwriting 2017 / Kazuo Ishiguro “who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world” — novel 2018 / Olga Tokarczuk “for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life” — novel, short story, poetry, essay 2019 / Peter Handke “For an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience.” — novel, short story, drama ENGLISH LIT. English style guide The English language Booker / “Nobel” / Pulitzer Elizabethan era / “Love letters” “Definitive List of Literary Works” French in English / Latin in English Anthology / Chronology / Terminology Phrases & idioms with their etymologies Literary criticism: analysing poetry & prose Glossary of works, writers and literary devices: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 📙 Books 📕 Poets 📗 Thinkers 📘 Writers READING LISTS ETC. WRITERS Atwood, Margaret Austen, Jane Brontë sisters Burton, Sir Richard Chaucer, Geoffrey Conrad, Joseph Curtis, Adam de Cervantes, Miguel Dickens, Charles Dostoevsky, Fyodor Faulkner, William Forster, E. M. García Márquez Greene, Graham Hardy, Thomas Hemingway, Earnest Huxley, Aldous Joyce, James Kafka, Franz Kureishi, Hanif Lawrence, D. H. Melville, Herman Miller, Henry Morrison, Toni Nin, Anaïs Orwell, George Proust, Marcel Roy, Anuradha Rushdie, Salman Şafak, Elif Seneca Smith, Zadie Steinbeck, John Tolstoy, Leo Updike, John Waugh, Evelyn Wilde, Oscar Woolf, Virginia Zola, Émile POETS Aesop Alighieri, Dante Angelou, Maya Blake, William Byron, Lord Catullus, Gaius Coleridge, Samuel T. Cummings, E. E. Dickinson, Emily Donne, John Dryden, John Eliot, T. S. Frost, Robert Gibran, Kahlil Heaney, Seamus Homer Horace Kaur, Rupi Keats, John Larkin, Philip Marlowe, Christopher Milton, John Ovid Plath, Sylvia Poe, Edgar Allen Pound, Ezra Raleigh, Walter Rumi Sappho Sexton, Anne Shakespeare, William Shelley, Percy Silverstein, Shel Spenser, Edmund Tennyson, Alfred Virgil Walcott, Derek Whitman, Walt Wyatt, Thomas PHILOSOPHERS Antisthenes Aquinas, Thomas Aristotle Bacon, Francis Bentham, Jeremy Cicero Confucius de Beauvoir, Simone Democritus Derrida, Jacques Descartes, René Empedocles Epicurus Foucault, Michel Hegel, Georg Heraclitus Hobbes, Thomas Hume, David John Stuart Mill Kant, Immanuel Kierkegaard, Søren Lao-Tzu Locke, John Machiavelli, Niccolo Marcus Aurelius Marx, Karl Nietzsche, Friedrich Paine, Tom Parmenides Plato Plotinus Pope Gregory I Popper, Karl Pythagoras Rousseau, Jean Russell, Bertrand Sartre, Jean-Paul Socrates Spinoza, Baruch St Augustine Thales Voltaire Wittgenstein, Ludwig Wollstonecraft, Mary Zeno of Citium PSYCHOLOGISTS Bandura, Albert Ekman, Paul Erikson, Erik Festinger, Leon Freud, Sigmund Horney, Karen James, William Johnson, Virginia Jung, Carl Kahneman, Daniel Kinsey, Alfred Klein, Melanie Pavlov, Ivan Piaget, Jean Pinker, Steven Rogers, Carl Skinner, B. F. Vygotsky, Lev POLITICAL FIGURES ⅰ Queen Boudica ⅱ King Alfred the Great ⅲ King Edward I ⅳ King Henry V ⅴ King Henry VIII ⅵ Queen Elizabeth I ⅶ King Charles II ⅷ Queen Victoria Berners-Lee, Tim Chomsky, Noam Columbus, Christopher Copernicus, Nicolaus da Vinci, Leonardo Darwin, Charles Dawkins, Richard Einstein, Albert Fukuyama, Francis Galilei, Galileo Gutenberg, Johannes Harari, Yuval Hobsbawm, Eric Lovelace, Ada Michelangelo Newton, Isaac Saïd, Edward BOOKS OF FICTION ⅋ 📙 120 Days of Sodom 📙 Aeneid 📙 Agamemnon 📙 The Arabian Nights 📙 The Art of Love 📙 Astrophil and Stella 📙 The Bell Jar 📙 Brave New World 📙 The Carnal Prayer Mat 📙 Catch-22 📙 An Opium-Eater 📙 Delta of Venus 📙 The Divine Comedy 📙 Dubliners 📙 Fanny Hill 📙 Flowers of Evil 📙 Gilgamesh 📙 Heart of Darkness 📙 Iliad 📙 The Kama Sutra 📙 King James Bible 📙 Lady and the Dog 📙 Lady Chatterley’s Lover 📙 Lolita 📙 Lord of the Files 📙 Madame Bovary 📙 Metamorphoses 📙 Metamorphosis 📙 Milk and Honey 📙 1984 📙 Odyssey 📙 The Old Man and the Sea 📙 The Oresteia 📙 The Perfumed Garden 📙 The Secret Sharer 📙 Snows of Kilimanjaro 📙 Song of Solomon 📙 Story of O 📙 Story of the Eye 📙 The Trial 📙 Theogony 📙 Tropic of Cancer 📙 Ulysses 📙 Willian Wilson 📙 Yellow Wallpaper NON-FICTION BOOKS ⅋ 📙 The Adventure of English 📙 Amusing Ourselves to Death 📙 An Apology for Poetry 📙 De Profundis 📙 A Defence of Poetry 📙 Dream of Enlightenment 📙 Dream of Reason 📙 English as a Global Language 📙 The Four Ages of Poetry 📙 Future Shock 📙 The Golden Bough 📙 Guns, Germs, and Steel 📙 Hammer of Witches 📙 Handbook of Philosophy 📙 History of Philosophy 📙 Illustrated Philosophy 📙 Imagined Communities 📙 The Magic of Reality 📙 Manufacturing Consent 📙 Norton Anthology of English 📙 On Bullshit 📙 Orientalism 📙 Oxford Book of English Verse 📙 Public Opinion 📙 Pursuits of Wisdom 📙 Sapiens 📙 Why We Sleep .
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	0	50	https://dokumen.pub/the-nobel-prize-a-history-of-genius-controversy-and-prestige-9781559705370-155970537x-9781559705929-1559705922.html	en	The Nobel Prize: A History of Genius, Controversy, and Prestige 9781559705370, 155970537X, 9781559705929, 1559705922	https://dokumen.pub/img/…9-1559705922.jpg	https://dokumen.pub/img/…9-1559705922.jpg	[ "https://dokumen.pub/dokumenpub/assets/img/dokumenpub_logo.png", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/norway-and-the-nobel-peace-prize-9780231887335.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/brave-genius-a-scientist-a-philosopher-and-their-daring-adventures-from-the-french-resistance-to-the-nobel-prize-9780307952356-2012050707.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/the-worlds-most-prestigious-prize-the-inside-story-of-the-nobel-peace-prize-0198841876-9780198841876.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/synthetic-organic-chemistry-and-the-nobel-prize-volume-1-9780367438975.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/gandhi-and-the-nobel-peace-prize-9781351036122-9781138490031-9781351036146.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/nobel-prize-winners-of-last-10-years-2010-2020-6cbe46f26e4abf4e2af9ddfd837a43ad.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/the-politics-of-cultural-capital-chinas-quest-for-a-nobel-prize-in-literature-9780824864958.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/periodic-table-and-a-missed-nobel-prize-the-1nbsped-9789814295956-9814295957.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/losing-the-nobel-prize-a-story-of-cosmology-ambition-and-the-perils-of-sciences-highest-honor-1324000910-9781324000914.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/marie-curie-the-life-and-legacy-of-the-legendary-scientist-who-became-the-first-woman-to-win-a-nobel-prize.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/the-nobel-prize-a-history-of-genius-controversy-and-prestige-9781559705370-155970537x-9781559705929-1559705922.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/dokumenpub/assets/img/dokumenpub_logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	...	en	https://dokumen.pub/doku…e-icon-57x57.png	dokumen.pub	https://dokumen.pub/the-nobel-prize-a-history-of-genius-controversy-and-prestige-9781559705370-155970537x-9781559705929-1559705922.html	Citation preview FPT $29.95 $44.95 in Canada In this provocative and utterly engaging his¬ tory, Burton Feldman opens wide the carefully guarded doors of the world’s most highly cele¬ brated and coveted honor. Founded by the brilliant, misanthropic inventor of dynamite, the Nobel Prize has for a hundred years claimed to identify the summit of human achievement. But what exactly is the Nobel Institution? How does it choose its winners? Has it ever made a mistake? And why does the prize hold such importance? With deft insight and sparkling wit, The Nobel Prize considers these questions while taking us on a fascinating tour of every aspect of Alfred Nobel’s grand legacy: its founder, its aura, its fields of award — literature, physics, chemistry, medicine, peace, and economics — and its laure¬ ates’ personalities and rivalries, as well as its biases, controversies, and blunders. We learn, for example, that a mistaken cure for > cancer was honored in 1926, and that, just a few years earlier, the renowned physicist Max Planck was overlooked for the 1912 physics prize in favor of a Swedish engineer who improved lighthouse illumination. Leo Tolstoy, James Joyce, Marcel Proust, Virginia Woolf, and Bertolt Brecht (among many others) never won a Nobel. Nor did Sigmund Freud, although as Feldman stingingly reveals, the Nobel did honor the treatment of mental illness by lobotomy and malaria inocula¬ tions. More generally, we discover how the Nobel Foundation’s shaky finances in the 1920s led it arbitrarily to exclude astrophysics and geophysics from the physics prizes for decades, while in recent years calls have multiplied for abolishing the economics award altogether. The Nobel has reshaped itself over time, as Feldman points out. For example, in a radical departure from Alfred Nobel’s conception, the peace prize has shifted from recognizing global disarmament to honoring social reform within a 10002945 N The Nobel Prize The Nobel Prize A History of Genius, Controversy, and Prestige Burton Feldman Arcade Publishing • New York Copyright © 2000 by Burton Feldman All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer, who may quote brief passages in a review. FIRST EDITION Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Feldman, Burton. The Nobel prize : a history of genius, controversy, and prestige / Burton Feldman, p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-55970-537-X 1. Nobel Prizes—History. I. Title. AS911.N9 F38 2000 001.4'4—dc21 00—42002 Published in the United States by Arcade Publishing, Inc., New York Distributed by Time Warner Trade Publishing Visit our Web site at www.arcadepub.com 10 98765432 1 Designed by API EB PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA For Peggy My brave, life-loving, and witty wife, and my life’s treasure Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Kahle/Austin Foundation https://archive.org/details/nobelprizehistorOOfeld Contents Preface Introduction ix 1 1. The Founding Father 25 2. The Nobel Prize Invents Itself 40 3. The Nobel Prize in Literature 55 4. The Nobel Prize and the Sciences 114 5. The Nobel Prize in Physics 125 6. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 201 7. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 237 8. The Peace Prize 290 9. The Economics Memorial Prize 328 Conclusion 356 Chronology of Prizes 363 Appendix A: Value'of Prizes 397 Appendix B: Prizes by Nation 398 Appendix C: Women Laureates 403 Appendix D: Family Laureates 405 Appendix E: Jewish Laureates 407 Notes 411 Selected Bibliography 449 Index 471 PREFACE O ne might expect that in the century since the Nobel Prize began, histories and interpretations would have piled up, so that the present book would be pressed to justify adding itself to an already long shelf. Yet the opposite is true. I began this book because, to my surprise, no comprehensive and critical history of the prizes has yet been written in any language. I soon discovered why. To begin, the account must start with Alfred Nobel himself and his bequest, and then follow the five major prizes from 1901 to the present, as well as the prize in economics beginning in 1969. Additionally, such a book, intended for the general reader who knows something but not enough (someone like myself, for ex¬ ample), must also try to make clear the essence of the prizewinning work of an Einstein and the rest, while maintaining a sense of the relevant lines of scientific research, literary creativity, and peace issues — and cultural outbranchings — across a long century. But the Nobel Prize is more than the sum of its six separate fields: it is a mysterious incarnation of power and authority, an anointed ritual whose claims are accepted as part of the order of things. The Nobel Prize is at once a relic of the past (evidenced by the Swedish king who bestows the awards) and a self-admiring mir¬ ror of our democratized, scientized, secularized modern culture. After a century of existence, the Nobel has become a problematic part of modern history: it helps shape our perception of ourselves, for better or worse. Like monarchy, the Nobel Prize surrounds itself with mystery and extraordinary secretiveness. Indeed, the media have more easily breached the privacy of the British royal family than that of the Nobel institution. The prizes present themselves as if handed down from eternity. But as even a cursory inspection will reveal, the juries that pick the laureates have often shown bias, lapses of judgment, and bitter infighting. In the sciences, a number of quarrels, scandals, and even lawsuits have erupted over claims to priority or credit for collaborations honored by Nobels. And while widely admired, the science prizes have also been charged with swaying research goals X Preface and funding, however inadvertently, and more insidiously with cor¬ rupting scientific ambitions by the lure of Nobel fame. Such contro¬ versies, together with public dissent from several prizes, have been part of the Nobel history since its beginning. All prizes stir argument; the Nobel’s fame simply magnifies this hugely. But to report, as Mon¬ taigne said, “only what is canonical and reverend” is to omit half of any subject. This is the case here: the uncanonical and irreverend need notice if the Nobel institution and its awards are to be approached as the living, changing, and complex things they are. The very glory and stature of the Nobel Prizes prompt some sharp questions. Should such high endeavors of the human spirit as science, literature, and peace be treated as competitions, however exalted? Should these priceless efforts be paid the enormous, though “honorary,” price lavished on the winners? Would it matter if there never had been a Nobel Prize? Or if it vanished tomorrow? The problem is that the prizes are not merely awards and medals but are aspects of power woven into our lives: it was once and future Nobelists who built the nuclear bombs that still hang fate¬ fully over us; Nobelists now play an important part in public and military policy; the cachet of the Nobel Prizes to DNA research gives incalculable support to the possibility of genetic engineering; the Nobel Peace Prizes reverberate today in Israel and the Mideast, in Indonesia, in South Africa, in the civil rights movement in the U.S., and they played a role in the collapse of the USSR. It is also true that the Nobel Prizes show modern fame at its most dignified: the Nobel Prize pays honor to some of the highest human adventures in nature and matter, creativity and justice. Where else, moreover, can both the informed and the general public find a replacement for the authority and coherence, to whatever degree, the Nobel has come to possess? In a world and age as inwardly frac¬ tured as ours, this is a question not lightly dismissed. Such issues thread through this book, though taking them up directly at length would make the book unmanageably large. There is another reason, however, for not addressing them exhaustively. Before judging an institution as complex and formidable as this, one had better first know its history and the achievements it has honored. I have tried to make that history as clear and interesting and full as space permits. I am under no illusions about the problems involved in writing this book. The Nobel Prizes spread across quantum mechanics and Preface xi molecular biology, literature in many genres and languages, peace awards from Teddy Roosevelt to Mother Teresa. To dare to survey and, at times, criticize prizes in six such intricate fields is to take one’s life in one’s hands. Specialists will notice imprecisions (or worse) despite every effort to be lucid and accurate. But when it comes to grasping the volatile, elusive, but potent matters of mod¬ ern fame and authority bodied forth in the Nobel Prize, and how they modify and are modified by ourselves and our times, special¬ ists are in the same leaky boat with the rest of us. I owe debts of all kinds to many people. To Tug Yourgrau, first, whose gift for happiness is outdone only by his gift for generosity — I thank him for launching this book in the right direc¬ tion. To Richard Seaver for believing in this book enough to want to publish it, showing that publishing is still an independent and courageous enterprise. To Webster Younce, my wizardly editor, for his wonderfully cheerful patience and benign surgeon’s eye for improving my writing. To my other editor, Ann Marlowe, this book is blessedly in debt to her extraordinary skill, learning, and passion¬ ate dedication. To Baruch Hochman for his buoying humanity and a couple of helpful miracles. To Katherine Williams for a cherished friendship; no one helped as selflessly with this book. To Allen Mandelbaum, Robert Richardson, and Maria Katzenbach for early and lasting encouragement. To Elizabeth Richardson for her staunch support and her skill as a photographer. To David Markson and Werner Dannhauser for going out of their way to help. To Annie Dillard for a kindness and Garry Trudeau for a favor that saved me much work. To Roald Hoffmann, a Nobelist in chemistry, who has helped me understand the poetry of chemistry, and the chemistry of poetry. To Professor Ze’ev Rosenkrantz of the Ein¬ stein Archives at Hebrew University in Jerusalem for granting me permission to use Einstein’s Nobel medal. To Tad Spencer and Tom Kite for help. To the Nobel Foundation for assistance, espe¬ cially to Fredrick Skog. To Professor Milton Wainwright of Sheffield University for cordial assistance about his original research. I am indebted as well to too many others to name. My debt to my wife would take a book longer than this one. I have had to settle for the dedication. The Nobel Prize J 1 INTRODUCTION T he Nobel Prizes are the most coveted and most potent awards of our time. Only “Nobel Prize winner” bestows instant recognition, lifelong celebrity, and unrivaled authority around the globe. In the media the prizes, along with wars and politics and major disasters, command front-page and prime-time treatment. The public (though not always the experts) accepts the selections as supremely authoritative about the most important scientific dis¬ coveries, the “best” writers, the most significant peace work. To people bewildered by arcane science or strange literary experi¬ ments or “peace” perplexities, the Nobel annually declares with Olympian assurance what is of surpassing importance. In fields that few have the time or ability to follow, the prizes convey a sense that coherence somehow does exist out there. To say “prizes” scarcely conveys the meaning of the Nobel awards. Some view these as only another scramble up the greasy pole of celebrity. But the Nobels are really knighthoods of a new and unusual kind, perhaps the only true aristocracy in our democratic, leveling age. Winning a war for Britain can make you a knight of that realm, but so can being a rich brewer or a winning jockey. To capture the Nobel’s exalted sort of nobility, far greater achievements are needed. And why have an aristocracy unless it is very exclusive? The Nobel group is surely that. From 1901 through 1999 the Nobel Prize has bestowed only 687 awards upon its designees: for peace 87, medicine 169, literature 96, physics 159, chemistry 132, and eco¬ nomics 44. (These figures do not include nineteen awards to peace organizations such as the Red Cross; in many years, no awards were given: see chronology.) Millions may dream of being selected, but few are called and fewer are chosen — in literature and peace an average of one per year, in the sciences an average of fewer than two. The Nobel confers its titles in a ceremony conducted by the king of Sweden. This ritual takes place always on 10 December, the anniversary of the death of Alfred Nobel, its benefactor. Two thou¬ sand dignitaries, tuxedoed and gowned, gather in the Stockholm Concert Hall. At 4 p.m. the ceremony begins. As the Stockholm 2 Introduction Philharmonic plays selections by Mozart and Mendelssohn (or Grieg and Sibelius), laureates from earlier years enter to applause. The king and queen take their places on the stage while the audience sings the Royal Hymn. Then appear the new laureates, also tuxedoed or gowned. They sit on the left of the stage in a fixed order of precedence, according to how Alfred Nobel listed their fields in his 1895 will — first physics, then chemistry, medicine, literature, and peace — with economics, an award established only in 1968, bring¬ ing up the rear. A great blue carpet covers the stage. At stage center, presiding over all, is an enlarged image of Alfred Nobel. The investiture is brief, its script unchanging. One by one the laureates are named, rise, and come forward. A Swedish aca¬ demician in the appropriate field delivers a brief laudatory descrip¬ tion of the achievement honored, addressed to “Your Majesty, Your Royal Highnesses, ladies and gentlemen.” To the laureate he then intones: “I now invite you to receive your prize from the hands of the king.” The king shakes hands and presents the laureate with a leather box that contains a gold medal bearing a replica of Alfred Nobel’s profile and engraved with the laureate’s name (the eco¬ nomics medal somewhat disdainfully inscribes the laureate’s name only on the rim), a diploma, and a certificate for the prize money, to be exchanged the next day for a check. The laureate steps back. Later, in the Stockholm city hall, the king hosts a banquet where the plates are gold-leafed and decorated with replicas of the Nobel medals; the meat is traditionally venison, provided by the king’s own hunters. Each laureate is toasted and returns the honor, speak¬ ing a few minutes in good spirits (Isaac Bashevis Singer, the Yiddish writer and 1978 Nobelist, said he liked writing Yiddish, that dying language, because he liked to write ghost stories). The next day, the laureates give a major address, in which the scientists explain their technical work and the writers and peace laureates speak as the spirit moves. The Israeli novelist S. Y. Agnon included all the animals in his thanks; the Italian dramatist Dario Fo handed out not the text of an address but a booklet of drawings. On following days there are celebrations in other Swedish towns. All the laureates stay up to a week at the Grand Hotel, as guests of Sweden. The media meanwhile fill us in on what the Nobel institution deco¬ rously omits. We learn that the 1995 economics laureate, Robert Lucas of the University of Chicago, had agreed to pay half his Introduction 3 Nobel prize money to his ex-wife if he won within seven years of their divorce, specifically by 31 October 1995; he won in the sev¬ enth year on 10 October, when the announcements are made, and by that thin margin she got half the $600,000 award. All of Ein¬ stein’s Nobel money of 1921 went to his ex-wife by prior agree¬ ment. The Indian government agreed not to tax Mother Teresa’s 1979 Nobel Prize of $193,000, though she was based in Calcutta. But in 1923, when Fritz Pregl won in chemistry, the Austrian gov¬ ernment took two-thirds of his $30,000 award in taxes. In 1986 the U.S. passed a law taxing Nobel awards as ordinary income, thus cut¬ ting heavily into American winners’ receipts since then. The molecular biologist Max Delbruck (Nobel in Medicine, 1969) donated his prize money to Amnesty International. Georg von Bekesy (medicine, 1961) made the Nobel Foundation heir to his art estate worth almost half a million dollars, at least ten times what his actual prize had been worth. Delbruck also at first consid¬ ered rejecting the prize as pointless and distracting, as did the physicists Paul A. M. Dirac and Richard Feynman. They all even¬ tually accepted. Newspaper readers in 1946 learned that James B. Sumner, who shared that year’s chemistry Nobel, had lost his left arm at seventeen while hunting; although left-handed, he trained himself to do laboratory work right-handed. King Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden, an ardent tennis player, was very curious about how Sumner managed to serve the ball during a game. In 1980 a reposi¬ tory of sperm from Nobel laureates was proposed for interested women. Three laureates were rumored to have enrolled and one even made his name public. But for lack of Nobelized sperm, the scheme dropped off. Such tidbits, gossip, and a few scandals swirl about the prize. Child molesters do not usually make national news, but they do if one is a Nobel Prize winner: in 1996 a laureate in medicine was convicted of molesting a child he had brought to the U.S. from an overseas research trip that won him the prize. But even the most deserved fame sometimes reaches only so far. A famous football star happened to attend a speech by William Faulkner, was puzzled by the hushed attention, and asked the person next to him why. “He won the Nobel Prize.” “Oh, the Mobil Prize,” said the footballer, impressed. The Nobel judges have also made mistakes. The wrong codis¬ coverer of insulin may have been honored in the Nobel Prize for Medicine of 1923. A mistaken cure for cancer was honored in 1926. ■V 4 Introduction In 1952 the codiscoverer of streptomycin was omitted in the Nobel Prize for Medicine, although the evidence was on legal record and the Nobel jury could easily have obtained it. In 1912 Nils Dalen, a Swedish engineer, won the physics prize for improving lighthouse illumination, chosen over the great physicist Max Planck, among others. But generally the science prizes are greatly admired, by those who understand them, and by the rest precisely because they don’t. The literature awards, however, have sometimes raised gales of complaints, and several peace prizes have set off official repression or dissident protest. And a far more unsettling question haunts all the prizes: Are blue ribbons, no matter how exalted, relevant to intellectual or artistic or even peace work? If the Nobels disappeared tomorrow, would it make the slightest difference? And if prizes are indeed useful, is the Nobel system the way to decide them? How excellent is the Nobel’s own record? How much has it mattered? And whence these prizes that cause so much fuss? The Nobel Prizes’ celebrity is itself extraordinary. When the awards began, no one could have predicted it. Indeed, they have been forced to live up to their own unique success. This has not always been easy, but it has made the inner life of that institution far more interesting than one would have expected. Alfred Nobel himself provoked most of the interest at first. Quite unexpectedly, even to his family, the inventor of dynamite left his entire immense fortune to fund the prizes. That an inventor should bequeath prizes for science might be expected, but a prize for liter¬ ature was surprising, and a peace prize from a “merchant of death” was startling. Nobel died in 1896; five years later, the first Nobel Prizes were awarded. Only a few years after that, they began to spi¬ ral into ever-widening fame. What helped here was an extremely lucky accident in 1903. In 1901 and 1902, what mainly interested the public and laureates was Nobel’s glamorous name and the huge monies he bestowed. The literature and peace prizes drew most of the public attention, at least when one of the winners was a compatriot. But the first sci¬ ence prizes honored either already well-known discoveries, such as immunization against diphtheria and tetanus or Rontgen’s discov¬ ery of X-rays back in 1895, or work like the synthesis of purines or Introduction 5 electromagnetic theory, intelligible only to a few specialists. Much interest was prompted by national competition, as if the prizes were an exalted kind of modern Olympic Games, begun in 1896. But interest of a different kind quickened dramatically in 1903 when the Nobel Physics Prize was shared by Henri Becquerel and Marie and Pierre Curie. Becquerel was a well-known professor in Paris, who had discovered radioactivity in uranium in 1896. But who were these Curies who had discovered two new radioactive elements? The French press took it up partly because this was the first Nobel Prize awarded to French scientists: national pride was grati¬ fied. But the reporters, and then the world press, also found a most satisfying rags-to-riches story, which some then described as a minor national scandal. The Curies turned out to be a devoted couple in early middle age (Pierre was forty-four, Marie thirty-six), shy, unworldly, utterly absorbed in their work. The reporters were captivated. This couple that had just won two-thirds of the munificent Nobel Prize, worth $40,000 in 1903 buying power, absentmindedly took meager meals when they remembered to eat. Marie, too busy with her science, had never bothered to learn to cook; Pierre never looked away from his experiments long enough to notice. She wore the plainest, most drab dresses. They lived in a little garret on the sixth floor, one hundred long steps up, so cold in winter that they had to sleep fully clothed. Both also had drab jobs, though both had doctorates. Pierre taught at a small and obscure technical institute, and Marie in a girls’ academy — a far cry from Becquerel at the grand Sorbonne. The reporters were especially taken with the shabbiness of the lab¬ oratory in which the great discoveries had taken place. It was a small decrepit workshop with greenhouse windows. There was no heat. The old walls and floor were damp, the roof dripped. The lab¬ oratory equipment was primitive and patched together — the ion¬ ization chamber was made from a jelly can, though Marie had luckily been able to borrow a good electrometer.1 She had begun her work asking if the rays given off by Becquerel’s uranium also came from other elements, and coined the word “radioactivity” to describe their common property. To test this, she begged and bor¬ rowed samples of every element she could from other scientists or obliging museums — and finally discovered that thorium was also radioactive. Working furiously, and meanwhile raising an infant 3 6 Introduction daughter, Marie and Pierre also found the new radioactive elements polonium and radium. To get more precise measurements and confirm Marie’s findings, the Curies bought as much pitchblende and chalcite (uranium ores that contain minute traces of other radioactive elements) as they could afford. It was cheap, and so many gunnysacks of the stuff arrived that they had to expand their workshop across the back court¬ yard into a little shack. This shack was in even worse shape than the workshop: the walls were crumbling, drafts whistled through window cracks, the ceiling threatened to tumble down. But it had an old table, a blackboard, and a treasure — a cast-iron stove. The eminent German chemist and later Nobelist Wilhelm Ostwald, who visited this “laboratory” to pay his respects, could hardly believe he was at the right address; he described it as part stable and part potato cellar.2 Marie set out to purify radium. She did all the work herself. She filled iron cauldrons with the black ore, set them boiling, stirred the noxious mess with a long iron rod for hours, and did the tedious dis¬ tillation procedure. The cauldrons were open and gave off nauseat¬ ing fumes, so she moved them outside into the open courtyard. With every heavy rain, she had to push the cauldrons hastily back into the shed. The dirt, dust, and plaster from the shack tainted the purity of the distillations, forcing her to start over. Meanwhile she began to feel constantly fatigued and ill — the effects of radiation, which were of course then unknown. Her fingertips were soon painfully scorched from touching the radium. But she and Pierre finally proved polonium and radium were new radioactive elements. Bits of scientific recognition came to them. In 1898 Marie won the Gegner Prize, worth almost what Pierre earned in a year. Pierre was made a member of the French Academy of Sci¬ ences after being rejected a few years earlier. Marie got the job in the girls’ academy. In 1903, Pierre was appointed to a chair at the Sorbonne, where Marie received her Ph.D. in physics, summa cum laude — the first woman in Europe ever to earn a doctorate in science (first place in the science examinations, second place in mathematics). In 1903, too, came the Nobel Prize. Theirs was a success story to delight any newspaper reader. The prize suddenly made them sev¬ enty thousand francs richer, almost twice their salaries for the next ten years. In 1891 Marie Sklodowska had been a penniless student just arrived from Poland to enroll in the Sorbonne. Now she and her Introduction 7 husband were a pride of France’s scientific community — and the French press insisted she was now entirely French. While praising the Curies, the press could lament the stinginess with which France treated its scientific treasures. Le Figaro said: “We do not know our scientists, foreigners have to discover them for us.”3 The decrepit workshop, shack, and open courtyard were pictured and described over and over again, like icons. In fact, French science had not really stinted in funding the Curies’ work, there was just not enough to buy them a good laboratory. Marie Curie, more than Pierre, attracted attention. She was Pol¬ ish and thus slightly exotic; she was a mother who was raising a daughter despite heroic hours stirring the boiling cauldrons; she was selfless, wholly absorbed in her quest for knowledge. It was not difficult to portray her as a kind of saint of science. At thirty-six, she was also fairly young. Indeed, compared to prizewinners in other fields often in their sixties or even eighties, she was refreshingly young, and a new face. Radium with its mysterious rays and promise of curing any or all diseases helped swell the publicity. It was also recent enough news to compete with Marconi’s new “wireless telegraphy” for popular atten¬ tion.4 Humorous and serious journals took it up. Loie Fuller, the American “art” dancer, performed a popular “radium dance” in Paris. Marie welcomed the prestige from the prize. After Pierre’s death, she was appointed to the Sorbonne to teach Pierre’s courses — the first woman ever to teach at the Sorbonne. Other rich prizes came in, and she later made a successful tour of the United States to raise a large sum for her new laboratory. That Marie was a working scien¬ tist caused defenders of the home to berate her and feminists to defend her. One biographer, Susan Quinn, notes that this ambiva¬ lence about Marie likely was why four French scientists, including the great mathematician Poincare and the 1908 physics laureate Gabriel Lippmann, tried to persuade the Nobel jury to exclude her from the prize by claiming the discoveries were Pierre’s alone — which was untrue: Lippmann knew their joint work intimately.3 Like later laureates, the Curies found the celebrity at times infuri¬ ating, at times amusing. Marie’s great fame from the physics prize was doubled when she won the Nobel chemistry prize in 1911, specifi¬ cally for the discovery of radium and polonium. But her celebrity at that time almost brought her to disastrous public scandal — which in turn fed more publicity to the Nobel Prize. 8 Introduction s By then a widow — Pierre had died in a street accident in 1906 — she had an affair with the renowned French physicist Paul Langevin, whose wife was madly jealous. Some Paris newspapers blared the affair and the wife’s recriminations across their front pages. It was a media dream. Love letters were stolen, Langevin fought a duel with a journalist, the wife threatened Marie’s life. The scandal might have cost Marie her second Nobel. But other newspapers rebuked the sensationmongers, Langevin reconciled with his wife, the threat of scandal faded. Marie kept a dignified silence and slipped away to Stockholm to collect her second prize. Marie Curie thus became the first recipient of the Nobel Prize in both of its familiar aspects: honored for the importance of her work, but also instantly transformed into a worldwide celebrity. Because of her, newspapers around the globe changed their way of reporting the Nobel Prize, generating endless publicity, and thereby finally changing the meaning of the awards. We are by now used to idoliz¬ ing accounts of Einstein. But soon after 1903, the press could be as extravagant about the Curies as later about Einstein. One paper hailed their study of radioactivity with these words: “Voila, perpet¬ ual motion, the eternal sun, the supreme inexhaustible force have been at last found through the geniuses of Monsieur and Madame Curie, whose Nobel Prize fits them like a glove.”6 The Curie story also demonstrated that the Nobel Prizes had been born at a very lucky time, when both science and literature were turning “modern” and thus increasingly incomprehensible to the public, and also when the media began its own great expansion and influence. Journalists began to feature the personalities behind the prize. Interviewers poked into the laureates’ private lives, charms and foibles, work habits, and opinions on all subjects, however unre¬ lated to their special knowledge. This remains as true today. Reporters, expectedly enough, also saw what they chose to see. They habitually described Marie Curie as saintly and selfless, though her close friends saw her as refusing joy in life. “The soul of a herring,” said Einstein, who admired her, sadly. She always wore a widow’s black. From the latest lottery winner to yesterday’s pop star, ephemeral celebrity (Andy Warhol’s “everyone is famous for fifteen minutes”) now seems a fact of life. But the fame of a Nobel Prize is one of the Introduction 9 scarcest and therefore most valuable, not only because great talent is rare, but in this race a miss is as good as a mile. Though up to three can share a single prize, the runners-up — however deserving, how¬ ever possessed of true greatness — never appear on any Nobel list. The Nobel Prize does not teach the noble wisdom that the work is its own reward, but the harsher lesson that many may be truly wor¬ thy but very few will be chosen, and sometimes not even the most deserving. In a single century, the unchosen “many” have multiplied many times over. In 1901 there were about a thousand active physicists in the world.7 Today there may be as many as 200,000. So too with chemists and medical researchers. Judging by the vast increase in published matter, the number of poets and fiction writers in the world is immensely greater than in the nineteenth century, too large to count. As the pool of competitors increases, the Nobel Prize obviously becomes more difficult to win, but thus also more desir¬ able as the only distinction by which one can rise above nearly all others. The pre-Nobel nineteenth century perpetuated ancient meth¬ ods for honoring scholars and artists. Princes gave out laurels, riches, titles, political rank. The pianist Franz Liszt, in his sensa¬ tional virtuoso days of the 1840s, was regularly laden with ceremo¬ nial swords, medals, monetary tributes, trophies, keys to cities, not to mention a title of nobility. Scientists and artists also received once-in-a-lifetime celebrations. In 1890 the pioneering organic chemist August Kekule von Stradonitz was grandly feted in Berlin on the twenty-fifth anniversary of his famous discovery of the ben¬ zene ring structure. In 1892 a more stupendous international jubilee was held for the great bacteriologist Pasteur on his seventi¬ eth birthday. Only a few years later, this was outdone by an even more spectacular commemoration for the chemist Marcellin Berthelot at which the president of the French Republic presented a flattering medal.M Kekule and Pasteur died too soon for a Nobel Prize; Berthelot lived long enough, but never won. Compared to these, the Nobel Prize ceremony is a modest and sober affair. Extravaganzas no longer suit science or literature. In the mid-1800s, scientists had often been gentlemen-amateurs, lone entrepreneurs (Alfred Nobel is a prime example), or government employees such as that prince of mathematicians Karl Gauss. Some were professors, but usually suffered low academic and social status. 10 Introduction At Yale the science students and faculty were not allowed to sit with regular students in chapel.9 But toward the end of the nineteenth century, science became of crucial value to commerce, government, and the military. German and British industries set up research labo¬ ratories. Scientists entered universities as professors with high standing and began to set up that international network we now call “science.” At the same time, literary scholars started becoming pro¬ fessors and launched societies and journals, turning themselves into professionals quite as respectable as lawyers, ministers, or doctors. The Nobel Prize is the child of all this. It is based in Swedish aca¬ demic institutions, plus a Norwegian committee for the peace prize. Eminent professors and scholars dominate the Nobel committees. But the Nobel ceremony is also and intrinsically a royal cere¬ mony. The king’s presence is symbolically indispensable. In 1901, when the first Nobel Prizes were conferred, many European nations still had monarchs. After World War I, the Swedish ruler kept his throne, if without real power, and his small country on the nothern periphery played a small part in a world dominated by the Great Powers. In the modern world, however, a king is a unique thing, and for Nobel purposes an item of incalculable iconic value. The courtly ceremony over which today’s King Carl XVI Gustav presides is, after all, a vestige of the vanished aristocratic past when princes rewarded artists or political favorites. The Nobel rite is per¬ formed for a modernity nostalgic for such older and vanishing glo¬ ries. The king and queen, the gold medals stamped with Alfred Nobel’s profile and his bas-relief dominating the dais, the royal blue carpet, the atmosphere of ancient nobility: all helps magically trans¬ form laboratory experiments and poems into world-commanding achievements, and for a moment makes its honored individuals imaginably heroic. Nothing is more modern than how the Nobel Prizes marry such old-fashioned individual glory with the flatlands of democratic life — esoteric knowledge with popular opinion. As the works hon¬ ored in science and, latterly, economics have grown increasingly remote and arcane to the general public, the Nobels have become the most important bridge between high intellectual achievement and the marketplace. Where comprehension fails, celebrity fills in. The most dramatic novelty, of course, was the sizable fortunes the Nobel Prizes lavished on the laureates. By one estimate, the / ntroduction 11 French Academy of Sciences was disbursing a total of about 100,000 francs (approximately $20,000) per year from 1901 to 1910. But in 1901 each of the five Nobel Prizes was worth about 210,000 francs or $40,000.10 The Nobels have remained the benchmark in prize money, though their value has gone up and down through the century along with inflations and recessions (see Appendix A). The sudden wealth raining on obscure scholars and impoverished artists also became one of the strongest arguments for the Nobels’ integrity and authority. As early-Nobel historian Elisabeth Craw¬ ford notes, the public was likely to think that only truly worthy achievements could command prizes worth so much money.11 The Nobel here stands as ancestor and prototype to the huge publicity generated by the MacArthur Foundation’s so-called genius awards: why would anyone give five straight years of munificent support to anyone other than a “genius”? The Nobel has its rivals, but none combines the wealth and pres¬ tige of the prize, the range of its subjects, and its century-long record. To be sure, the Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion, established by a wealthy Briton in 1972, is richer — precisely because its founder decreed that it should always be worth more than the Nobel Prize of the same year: in 1998, for example, the Templeton Prize was worth $1.24 million as against $978,000 per Nobel Prize. Unlike the Nobel, most awards specialize either in sci¬ ence or in the arts, with political honors excluded altogether. The (British) Royal Society is restricted to science. The Pulitzer Prize confines itself to journalism and a few of the arts; the Prix Goncourt, like the British Booker Prize (worth $31,500 in 1995), to literature. No award has the aura of the Nobel in literature or peace, though the Royal Society medals in science or the Fields Medals in mathe¬ matics are in some ways as prestigious or more among scientists than the Nobels — and harder to win, one might add. The Fields Medal, for example, is awarded only every four years, by the Inter¬ national Mathematical Union. Other prizes have been created as alternatives to the Nobel.12 The Wolf Prize, established in Israel in 1978, gives annual winners $100,000 each in physics, chemistry, medicine, mathematics, and the arts. Some awards, such as the Balzan Prize, are specifically set up for fields like sociology or political science for which no Nobel exists. Some specify no field, as with the Right Uivelihood Award, founded in 1980. The Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences, which 12 Introduction \S awards the Nobel Prizes in physics, chemistry, and economics, even administers an alternative to itself: the Schock Prize in Philosophy, which honors philosophy, mathematics, music, and fine arts. This award too is bestowed by the king of Sweden; in 1994 the American logician Willard van Orman Quine was the first recipient. But new or old, the Nobel Prize still outranges them all. It was the first important regular prize to include not only the arts and sci¬ ences but politics in the form of “peace.” It was an international prize. “No consideration whatsoever shall be given to the national¬ ity of the candidates,” commanded Alfred Nobel’s will. Earlier lit¬ erary awards had usually restricted eligibility to citizens of their nations, though the eminent scientific awards were open to foreign¬ ers. The Nobel’s internationalism allowed it to include achieve¬ ments anywhere in the world, to reap the harvest of all nations. Inevitably, this appeal to international harmony — like the Olympics — has roused fierce national rivalries. Science may speak a transnational language, but each year, as the new Nobels are announced, national scorecards and rivalries are anxiously scruti¬ nized. When the U.S. swept the prizes in all fields in 1976, the New York Times triumphantly headlined the event on its front page. When, in 1984, the European experimental physicists at the CERN laboratory outraced the U.S. to find the W and Z bosons, American editorialists lamented and warned of falling behind. The unsuc¬ cessful campaign to build the Superconducting Super Collider — at six billion dollars — involved hopes to regain the lead from the Europeans. Statistics are constantly paraded. Americans won 64% of all medicine Nobels in 1983-93, up from 1963-73, when the U.S. won only 50% of the medicine awards. In 1963-73 Americans took 55% of all prizes, but in 1983-93 only 48%, though the chemistry prizes rose from 33% to 60%. That must be progress, since science makes the technology which makes the “future.” So far, it seems, the country is safe. Uuckily for Nobel celebrity, modern science became an interna¬ tional enterprise around 1900. Crawford describes a period of high international cooperation from the 1880s to 1914, followed by dis¬ ruption from the First War through the Second War, and then coop¬ eration again since 1945.13 And since science speaks a language common to all nations, this helps explain why the Nobel record in the sciences has been so good — and the Nobel in literature not so good. Gauging the worth of writing requires knowing a particular Introduction 13 language most fluently and intimately. But the world has scores of languages, though one would not guess this from the few major European languages that have taken almost all the prizes. The peace prizes, of course, cover every part of the globe: human con¬ flict is the same everywhere, only worse. Two other factors helped boost the Nobel to unmatched renown. Nobels will contained a “most recent'1 clause, requiring awards to go only to the latest scientific discovery, invention, or improvement, or to literary works appearing during the “preceding year.” This could clearly have become an unworkable requirement, and it was relaxed when the Nobel Statutes were drawn up in 1900. But this carried a danger. As mordantly stated by the Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius (Nobel in Chemistry, 1903, and a force on the first science commit¬ tees), the “worst thing would be for the prizes to develop into old-age pensions.”14 The literature prizes have come close. Nonetheless, the “recent” requirement helped make the Nobel Prize an annual source of fresh and exciting news. The discovery of radium or the human genetic code or the transistor — or the Israeli/PLO accord — is newsworthy by any standard. Each fall, the public may hope to learn about astonishing breakthroughs, inge¬ nious new techniques, a bold poet or peacemaker. Such novelty was soon expected in all the prize categories: “discoveries awarded the prize were expected to involve surprises, startling effects, leaps into the unknown.”15 But the literature judges, for the first half century or so, actually fought off such excitement by rejecting almost all “provocative” writers” (Ibsen, Joyce, D. H. Lawrence). Of course, startling novelties are rare. No matter. “Amazing” feats in sports also happen far between, yet all fans keep hoping and believing. On the other side, annual awards can quickly wear out the supply of quality goods. The science prizes have an advantage here, since science progresses by refuting or refining its past successes. If par¬ ticle physics stalls, there is still superconductivity, astrophysics, superstrings, and specialties yet aborning. Peace laureates can always be found, since no one has any clear idea how to delimit that category. The Wright brothers were urged as peace laureates in 1909, Kaiser Wilhelm in 1910, Lindbergh after his solo trans-Atlantic flight, the American socialist Eugene Debs in 1924, Baron Pierre de Coubertin who founded the modern Olympic Games in 1896, several of the popes, Stalin’s henchman Maxim 14 Introduction Litvinov in 1933. In 1977, U.S. congressman Les Aspin nominated Jerry Lewis for the Nobel Peace Prize for his muscular dystrophy fund-raising on TV; the winner that year was Amnesty Interna¬ tional. Even Hitler! At least, in 1934 the New York Times devoted an entire page, headlined Hitler Nominated for Nobel Prize, to a long essay by Hamilton Fish Armstrong, then editor of the eminent journal Foreign Affairs. His point was that because Hitler had not invaded Austria in 1934 as he threatened, this “helped save the world, in 1934 at any rate, from war.” Armstrong seems to have been writing with heavy-handed irony. But that the sober Times gave it so much space showed that the Nobel Prizes drew public attention. The literature prizes are different. “Great” writers alone should win, but how to determine that? The Nobel abhors a vacuum: each year, a slot opens and another writer must be found to fill it. Nomi¬ nees are of course never lacking. Margaret Mitchell was nominated for Gone with the Wind (and rejected). Charlie Chaplin was nomi¬ nated in 1952 by the prominent Swedish literary critic Olof Lagercrantz, on the grounds that Chaplin was a major “screen author” because he wrote the scripts he acted in his films. Although Chaplin was rejected as primarily an actor rather than a playwright, the 1997 Nobel award went to the Italian Dario Fo, a famous comedian whose playwrighting, like Chaplin’s, mainly consists of scripts for his own performances. Many warn that the economics prize may soon, if not already, face a shortage of worthy candidates. Certainly from Einstein’s prize — in 1922 for the preceding year — the Nobel’s prestige crucially rests on the prestige of its science prizes. Nuclear physics or transfer RNA may puzzle most people, but the wonder and dread inspired by the hydrogen bomb or cloning is inescapably real and obvious. Everyone grasps that these sciences embody vast and revolutionary might of uncertain kind. The violent power crouching in every stick of Mr. Nobel’s dyna¬ mite made this point quite clear earlier. Another reason is that the science juries have long chosen far more impressive laureates than have the literary judges. Planck, Rutherford, Einstein, Bohr, Heisenberg, Dirac, Pauling, Crick and Watson, Feynman — a steady procession of greatness or the nearest Introduction 15 equivalent. Would the Nobel have much of an aura or any at all without those names? The literature prizes, after fifty years of ignoring the likes of Leo Tolstoy, Bertolt Brecht, James Joyce, and Virginia Woolf, can never catch up with the prestige of the science lists. The prizes in literature, peace, and economics are not unlike pale fires, shining more brightly in the reflected light of Einstein and company. The Nobel Theater of Fame When the Nobel Prize is awarded, no “short list” of top candidates is ever announced. The decision is final. Glaring mistakes or omis¬ sions have been made, but no award is ever reversed or altered, even when disputes inside the committees occasionally erupt into public sight.16 The effect is of magisterial authority and finality. The Bench is not to be approached. The decisions are rendered as if from eter¬ nity and for eternity. Those honored are forever of the Elect. Aes¬ thetically, this is as it should be. Any sign of inner dissension spilling into public squabbling could bring the whole lofty drama abruptly down to earth. One should never look behind the scenes of any good theater. If one must have prizes for science and art, which is entirely debatable, they should come as from on high. The Nobel Foundation has always been shrewd about this. The invisibility of the machinery heightens the majesty of the prizes. "Phis machinery is so self-effacing that the decisions seem almost to issue not from mere Stockholm but from some timeless Realm of Objective Judgment. The Nobel Foundation has culti¬ vated a very disciplined anonymity, though selecting the laureates is a process that involves hundreds of nominators and evaluators from around the world. The small army of Swedish and Norwegian evaluators who filter this information are sworn to secrecy and have remained extraordi¬ narily tight-lipped for almost a century, and so too the foreign col¬ leagues in whom they doubtless confide. Leaks are extremely rare, and most apt to happen in that highly volatile category called, with unintentional irony, peace. A flagrant breach of Nobel secretiveness came when the 1994 peace committee awarded a share of the prize to the PLO leader Yasir Arafat. A committee member publicly 16 Introduction denounced Arafat as a terrorist and resigned. Two members publicly resigned when the peace prize was awarded to Henry Kissinger and Le Due Tho in 1973 for a cease-fire in the Vietnam War. The most shocking breach of Nobel secrecy has come from out¬ side. In 1995 the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter, called the most influential in Sweden, printed seven articles charging the Nobel Prize in Medicine with corruption. Dagens Nyheter claimed that Fidia, an Italian pharmaceutical firm, had paid nine million dollars to the medicine judges to make Rita Levi-Montalcini a lau¬ reate: Fidia had funded her research since 1979 on nerve growth factors, and expected great profits if their researcher was a prizewinner. In fact she shared the prize in 1986. A Nobel commit¬ tee member threatened to sue the newspaper. After two weeks of intense protests, Dagens Nyheter printed an editorial retraction, stat¬ ing that bribery had not taken place. Informed sources speculate that the newspaper was trying to boost circulation.17 In Nobel committees as elsewhere, consensus is often hard to reach, much less unanimity. Friction often runs high, and certain committee members operate as power brokers, able to speed up a prize or delay one, sometimes for decades. So can powerful nomina¬ tors: the great physicist Niels Bohr is reported to have personally stalled the physics prize to Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga for almost fifteen years. The identities of the all-important nominators are not publicly disclosed, nor of candidates. The science archives fifty years or older have been opened to outsiders,18 but it may be a long time before anything very accurate is known about why Gandhi never won the peace prize, or why William Golding did win the literature prize. Still, it can come as a slight shock to peer behind the impassively majestic facade of the Nobel Foundation and catch sight of the pro¬ saic Scandinavian professors who actually oil and run the grand machine. The Nobel Foundation is a fair-sized industry. In 1994 the total expenditures on committees, staff, nominators, consultants, and others ran to six million dollars. The selection process is firmly institutional. The key work is done by committees usually of five or six members each, chosen, for literature, by the Royal Swedish Academy in Stockholm; for medicine, by the Karolinska Institute (Caroline Institute) in Stockholm; for physics, chemistry, and eco- Introduction 17 nomics, by the Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm; for peace, by the Norwegian Storting (parliament). These committees invite nominations from an international list of academics, eminent figures, and all former laureates. The Nobel science committees also seek nominations from directors of important laboratories or journals, and the literature committee from some writers. No candi¬ date can be self-nominated, though many try it. Nominations, due before 1 February, are sifted from a few hun¬ dred to about thirty. By summer, the committee elects its winner and sends the choice to the larger groups of the academies involved — in physics, for example, to all the physicists in the Academy of Sciences, then to the entire academy. The full group can overrule the commit¬ tee recommendation and has done so. The final sessions can get rough: “We have finished murdering each other’s candidates,” one scientific member gleefully put it in the early years.19 The literature decisions are perhaps more contentious, but the setting is more elegant. After the committee has made its nomina¬ tion, the eighteen members of the Swedish Academy meet to vote around an antique table.20 Watched over by a bust of King Gustav III, founder of the Swedish Academy, they drop their ballots into a small silver pitcher. Gustav III ruled from 1771 to 1792, when he was assassinated at a masked ball — Sweden was a more romantic place back then. This stately voting is in keeping with the Swedish Academy’s imitation of the brocaded airs of its model and ancestor, the Academie Frangaise. Three members of the Swedish Academy resigned over the Rushdie affair, but have not had their resigna¬ tions accepted, as appointment is for life. These three have not been attending meetings, but their votes still count if they exercise the right. In 1997 they apparently did not, and barely two-thirds of the members decided on the controversial Dario Fo that year. The good news is telephoned to the laureate, to forestall leaks to the media. How well the hushed process works can be seen by how the world’s experts usually guess wrong. For example, in 1995 the Norwegian media, which must be thought in the best position to hear leaks about the peace prize bestowed by the Norwegian peace committee, came up with these leading candidates: the Indonesian Catholic bishop Belo, the Kurdish leader Leyla Zana, former presi¬ dent Jimmy Garter, Mexican bishop Samuel Ruiz, Russian human rights activist Sergei Kovalyov, a Chinese dissident, negotiators for 18 / ntroduction peace in Northern Ireland, and Doctors without Borders. In fact, the prize was shared by the British physicist-peace activist Joseph Rotblat and the Pugwash organization to control nuclear arms. Nobel Monumentalism The Nobel Foundation itself deserves a drama award for the way it glorifies its laureates. Its monumentalizing process begins with the citation that focuses the spotlight on the laureate’s achievements alone — rarely are any colleagues, predecessors, or helpers men¬ tioned. In this, the Nobel sanctions the kind of history that consists of great deeds and high majesty, with the rest of ordinary life ignored. It is true that writers do their work alone. But the Nobels in physics, chemistry, and medicine can leave an unreal and romanti¬ cized impression of science.21 No one can deny the moment of high individual triumph — Rontgen finding X-rays, or Max Planck dis¬ covering the quantum concept in 1900, so excited that he couldn’t resist telling his young son that he had done something of which even Newton would be proud. But if science requires great talent, it also demands a vast collective effort. For a scientist, winning the prize requires working for years with stimulating colleagues and collaborators, and having an incessant exchange of ideas and sug¬ gestions in conferences, seminars, and hallways; scientists are doubtless the best-traveled of all scholars. The Nobel Prize drama¬ tizes only the moment of success, not the perplexity and blunders, tips and hints, that are really the scientist’s daily bread. Nor would one guess from the prizes how relentlessly competitive science is. The difference beween winning a Nobel and not can be a hairline. And the accidental makeup and views of prize committees can often be a decisive factor. As Bertolt Brecht (never a Nobelist) once put it: Alexander the Great conquered the world. What? By himself? Hadn’t he even a cook along? The effect left by the Nobel awards is often like that, the lone heroic explorer on the stage magnified by the limelight, blocking out all else. The Nobel perpetuates the popular view of the lonely genius: Shakespeare, Mozart, Newton, Einstein do not abide our question. Introduction 19 Precisely because of this, the molecular biologist Max Delbrtick was tempted to reject his 1969 prize. He relented, but later spoke blunt words about the Nobel Prize: uBy some random selection pro¬ cedure, you pick out a person and you make him an object of a per¬ sonality cult. After all, what does it amount to?”22 Maria Goeppert Mayer must also have asked herself what it amounted to when she shared the 1963 physics prize, and read in a San Diego newspaper — she was then teaching there — the headline: S.D. MOTHER WINS Nobel Prize. Responding to the Prize During their first ten years, 1901-10, the Nobel Prizes were announced and awarded in Stockholm on the same day, 10 Decem¬ ber. That meant the new laureates had to be secretly notified and then travel to Stockholm on a pretext or incognito. This proved hopelessly impractical and bothersome. And why such secrecy any¬ way? The more publicity, after all, the better. Since then, the new Nobel Prizes have been announced each year in the fall. The usual practice now is that the medicine winners are named on 10 October. On successive days thereafter come the economics award, then physics and chemistry, then literature. The peace prize is usually announced last. The responses follow a well-defined pattern. The new laureates typically declare themselves gratified, astounded, and humbled. The media translate the science awards into digestible terms for the lay audience. In science, colleagues almost always commend the selection for its new benefit to mankind or its deeper understanding of fundamental problems. Very few ever disagree with the choices, at least in public. The literary and political (i.e., peace) communities do not always welcome their new laureates with a choir of approval. A member of the Swedish Academy once publicly resigned when William Gold¬ ing won the literature Nobel. Literary laureates of small countries can become national heroes overnight by winning the prize; they can equally become targets of ideological or religious contempt. The Egyptian novelist Naguib Mahfouz (1988) has been continu¬ ously denounced for his “secularizing” work and status, and in 1994 was stabbed by a religious militant. x 20 Introduction The peace prizes, since they involve political matters, naturally cause the most quarrels. Alfred Nobel set up the award to encour¬ age “fraternity among nations . . . abolition or reduction of standing armies, or promotion of peace congresses.” Political disputes regu¬ larly break out, as with the Soviet government’s fury at Sakharov’s peace award, or China’s at the prize to the Dalai Lama for intimat¬ ing that Tibet should regain its freedom from China. Mother Teresa was even accused of pandering to the rich and exploiting the sick for religious purposes. In any case, a rude celebrity springs on every laureate. The media treat the new laureates like universal experts on almost any¬ thing under the sun: scientists are asked to comment on crime or poverty or religion, writers on foreign policy, peace laureates on the arts. In 1988 President Mitterand of France called a conference of laureates to “create an emergency committee with moral authority in crises around the world.” Laureates reported a “pleasant exchange of ideas.”23 Most bow out as quickly as possible, but a few move on to second careers as publicists for favorite causes. Linus Pauling (chemistry, 1954) even won a second Nobel, the peace prize in 1962, for his protests against H-bomb testing. Of course, in the wake of the prize, other rewards stream in. Sci¬ ence laureates soon find their discoveries in up-to-date textbooks, funding gravitates to them, they are invited to endless congresses, conferences, advisory posts, committees, foundations, and insti¬ tutes. The new literary laureates enjoy a certain rise in sales and renown — at least until the next year and the next laureate. But such prestige brings its perils. The great bacteriologist Robert Koch, after winning the 1905 prize in medicine, was made an “Excellenz.” But then, astounding the “entire German nation to whom he appeared almost a god,” he suddenly divorced his wife and married a young actress. He was much reviled; it may even have contributed to his early death.24 Willy-nilly, all winners have the label “Nobelist” affixed to their names in life and in death. In his Humboldt's Gift Saul Bellow, him¬ self a Nobelist in 1976, portrayed a Pulitzer Prize-winning writer who laments that his very obituary will become only another adver¬ tisement for that prize: “Pulitzer Prize-Winner Dies.” Obituaries of Nobel laureates invariably make winning the prize the major event of that person’s life. Introduction 21 Chewing Over the Bones Nobel Prize winners are proudly and greedily claimed by their nations, universities, hometowns, political causes, professional organizations, and any other interested parties. Nations are of course eager to claim winners, but this can often be confusing. Einstein was born in Germany but left there at six¬ teen and moved to Switzerland. He attended the Swiss scientific university, the ETH (Federal Institute of Technology, something like MIT or CalTech), and became a Swiss citizen. In 1914 he joined the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin. When he won the physics prize for 1921, what nationality was he? In fact, Swiss: that was his legal citizenship. Switzerland was where he grew up from age sixteen, was educated through his doctorate, worked for several years in the Swiss patent office and began teach¬ ing —- and where he made his first great discoveries, including the one the Nobel honored. He kept lifelong Swiss citizenship even after taking U.S. citizenship. But with his Nobel Prize, Einstein’s prestige was so great that the Germans were anxious to claim him as one of their own. They therefore declared that any member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, by German law, had to be considered a Ger¬ man. The Swiss authorities thought otherwise. The Nobel Founda¬ tion finessed the problem by ignoring both the Swiss and the Germans; the Swedish ambassador to Germany presented the Nobel medal directly to Einstein in his home in Berlin. Nonetheless, Ein¬ stein is almost always described as German or German-American. Like all legends, the image of Einstein as German — thus a counter to the hateful face of Nazism — is destined to remain in the books. National gamesmanship and honest confusion are involved here. Many laureates were refugees or emigres at some point in their careers. The German physicist Max Born, who fled Hitler to Britain, is listed in the official Nobel history as British: he was indeed teach¬ ing in Edinburgh in 1954, the year he was awarded a long-delayed prize for work done almost thirty years before in Germany. T. S. Eliot was born in Saint Louis, Missouri, but moved to England before World War I, and became a British citizen in 1927 at age thirtyfive. His greatest poetry was written in Britain, and the Nobel Prize rightly lists him as British. Mother Teresa was born in Albania; she served as a young nun in Calcutta and became an Indian citizen; by any other criterion, she is “global.” Reference works call her Indian. 22 Introduction The prize list makes little sense unless one knows not simply where but when the Nobel-winning work was done. Otherwise, topsy-turvy errors can result. One might conclude that the Ameri¬ can novelist Pearl Buck (Nobel, 1938) was older and more famous than T. S. Eliot or Ernest Hemingway, since she became a laureate well before Eliot (1948) and Hemingway (1954). In fact, both were world-famous before she even began publishing. The Nobel that Max Born won in physics in 1954 seems to make him young enough to have been the student of Werner Heisenberg, who won the prize back in 1932. In fact Born was one of Heisenberg’s teachers, a gen¬ eration older, and an important collaborator on the theory that won Heisenberg his prize. The American biochemist Peyton Rous became a laureate in 1966 — for research done in 1911. Schools claim any piece of a laureate they can. If the laureate studied there, taught there, did some research there, or was some¬ how affiliated, plaques or bronze scrolls or even oil portraits are apt to be in sight. Schools take Nobel glory very seriously, since a school’s reputation can rise or fail thereby. The Business School of the University of Chicago advertises itself as having “more Nobel Prize winners than any other school.” In the United States, the Nobelists in science come mainly from Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Chicago, MIT, CalTech, and Berkeley. The Bronx High School of Science in 1950 graduated two classmates who later shared the Nobel in physics — Steven Weinberg and Sheldon Glashow — while another graduate is the physics laureate Ueon Cooper. The laureate’s hometown, whether Paris or Sauk Centre, Min¬ nesota (Sinclair Uewis’s birthplace), seizes the opportunity as well, commemorating its illustrious offspring by a bust or museum or street name. Tourist organizations remind all visitors that Nobelist X was born or lived or studied or taught or simply liked to vacation here. Books appear celebrating the Jews or Germans or British or Italians who have won Nobels. But Stockholm itself has no plaques or monuments to Alfred Nobel. Through a Glass Darkly Whether all these laureled “discoveries, inventions, and improve¬ ments” have proved themselves contributions “most materially of benefit to mankind” — to quote Alfred Nobel — remains an Introduction 23 entirely open question. Science’s contributions to war, pollution, social blight, and other problems have prompted a decline in the socalled religion of science. Literature’s benefit to the world now often seems confined to a few rather than the multitude: film became by far the dominant popular art in the twentieth century. As for peace, little needs to be said about civilization’s success in reining back war and armies. The Nobel’s own influence — whether beneficial or corrupting to science, literature, and peace — is also entirely unsettled. But no one could ever have accused Alfred Nobel of being unduly optimistic about any of this. It is to that unusual man we now turn. ■N J 'l » The Founding Father A lfred Nobel’s life is a spectacular example of the new type that emerged in the nineteenth century, the capitalist whose energy, ambition, and ingenuity accepted no limits. Nobel invented a motto for himself: “My home is my work and my work is everywhere.” He had no real homeland during his life. This famous Swede left Sweden at age nine and, for the rest of his life, returned only for very brief stays. Nor did he bother to maintain citizenship there. His brothers, too, were rootless, ever ready to migrate as they followed opportunities for profit. Alfred made his millions in the worldwide explosives industry. His father made his fortune, and lost it, manufacturing munitions for the Russian government. Alfred’s two older brothers pioneered in the modern oil industry. Called the Russian Rockefellers, they opened up Russia’s immense Baku oil fields, built a global enterprise, and became wealthier than Alfred. What needs saying first about Alfred Nobel is that he was a singu¬ larly complicated man. He spoke Swedish, German, English, French, Russian, and Italian fluently, wrote plays and poems in En¬ glish, and read far more widely in several languages than most informed people, to say nothing of millionaire inventors. In its time, his dynamite was the most destructive but also constructive weapon ever invented — indeed, one of the great inventions of the century. He gave a fortune to set up a peace prize. But the same man who created that award to alleviate human suffering had a mor¬ dant streak. He liked telling friends about his plan to set up a lavish mansion in Paris where prospective suicides could die amid luxury, rather than drown in the cold, filthy Seine. “A first-class orchestra” would play only “the most beautiful music.”1 26 THE NOBEL PRIZE Inventor Becomes Millionaire Alfred Nobel was born in 1833 in Stockholm^ the third of four sons. The family traced itself back to peasants from a small town named Nobbelov, whence the name. But a seventeenth-century ancestor married into the family of an Uppsala University professor named Rudbeck, one of Sweden’s famous early scientists, a researcher into the circulatory system. If the Nobels thereafter were poor, they remained educated. Alfred’s grandfather was an army surgeon. His father, Immanuel (born 1800), went to a technical school and became an inventor just as Sweden began to industrialize. By his middle twenties, Immanuel Nobel had patented a planing machine, a press with ten rollers, and a rotary machine. But nothing worked out. The year Alfred was born, a fire put the father into bankruptcy. He experimented with India rubber for surgical uses, and invented a barge; it sank. He invented a floating backpack for soldiers; the army was not interested. Since 1800 there had been many schemes to cut a canal across the Isthmus of Suez. Another surfaced in the 1830s, and this one indirectly gave birth to the invention of dynamite and Alfred Nobel’s fortune. Gunpowder was then the only means of blasting out the millions of tons of earth that had to be removed. But it was highly ineffective. This set Immanuel — who, like his sons, always thought big — to thinking about explosives. He taught himself a little chemistry and built a workshop, and in 1837 succeeded in making some chemicals explode. But they also blew up the work¬ shop and alarmed the neighbors, and the authorities forbade further work. Heavily in debt, he left his family in Sweden and went off to Russia to begin again. This was a common move for a Swede at that time. Through the seventeenth century, Sweden and Russia had been rivals as the two great powers in the north of Europe (the wars continued to the early 1800s, when Russia seized Finland from Sweden). When Peter the Great built the fortress in Saint Petersburg, his prize new city, he faced the cannon toward Sweden. The famous equestrian statue of the Bronze Horseman in Saint Petersburg grinds a snake, symboliz¬ ing Sweden, under its hooves. But Russia lagged behind Sweden industrially and technically, and foreign experts were needed. One was John Paul Jones, who served Catherine the Great as Kontradmiral Pavel Ivanovich Jones.2 The Founding Father 27 In Finland and then Russia, Immanuel kept up his explosives work, successfully inventing an underwater mine. With Russian military backing, he opened a factory in Saint Petersburg to pro¬ duce mines, cannon shells, mortars, and machinery to make wheels. This “Michelin of his time,” as someone called him, expanded into steam engines, iron piping, steam hammers weighing several tons, even window sashes and central heating systems for houses; his own house had the first in Russia. The factory was called Colonel Ogarev’s and Mr. Nobel’s Chartered Mechanical Wheel Factory and Pig Iron Foundry. Ogarev had earlier hired the American engi¬ neer George Washington Whistler — the painter’s father — to build Russia’s first important railroad. In 1842 Immanuel was prosperous enough to bring his family to Saint Petersburg. In Sweden, Alfred had attended school only a year, but was privately tutored. He was quick at languages, soon flu¬ ent in French, German, Russian, but especially in English: as an adolescent he fell in love with Shelley’s poetry and wrote skillful if imitative poems in English throughout his life. He also studied chemistry, mostly on his own. His two older brothers, Ludwig and Robert, went to work in their father’s Russian factory. Alfred, aged seventeen, was sent on a long visit (1850-52) to the United States to work with the famous Swedish engineer Ericsson, already plan¬ ning armored vessels like the Monitor of Civil War fame — perhaps an idea borrowed from Immanuel Nobel. Alfred returned to Saint Petersburg, just in time to take part in his family’s boom in munitions work. Russia’s designs on Turkey were raising war tensions in Britain and France, and the czar wanted to be independent of European war supplies. The Nobel factories thus kept enlarging until they were gigantic by nineteenth-century Rus¬ sian standards, employing a thousand workers — almost all un¬ trained and also not very reliable: all were searched on leaving the premises. When the Crimean War broke out in 1854, Immanuel’s underwater mines helped keep the British fleet away from the naval fortress at Kronstadt, and his shells, mortars, and wheel machinery fed the Russian army. But the Russians lost the war, and the czar decided that Russia should no longer depend on home-grown industries. Immanuel Nobel abruptly had all his military contracts canceled and went bankrupt again, and in 1859 the family returned to Sweden to start over. Immanuel was almost sixty. x 28 THE NOBEL PRIZE The decline of the father and ascent of the sons began. The older sons took over the business, and soon headed back for Finland and eventually Russia to try for another fortune. They made projectiles, cannon, rifles. Then in 1873 they saw the enormous oil deposits of Baku lying unexploited. They moved in. Meanwhile Alfred, restless to be on his own, moved to Paris. He had become an inventor himself; his first patent was for a gas meter. That he switched to explosives was mainly due to his father’s new obsession. Immanuel had failed at inventing a self-propelled tor¬ pedo, and even speculated about training seals to carry explosives. But nitroglycerine had become Immanuel’s new passion. An Italian chemist had created nitroglycerine in 1847, then given it up as too dangerously unstable. No one could find a way to handle it safely. Immanuel nonetheless managed to interest the Swedish military in this powerful explosive. Uncontrolled, however, it was useless. Alfred, the chemist, was asked by his brothers to work on the problem, and thus stumbled into his great career. Alfred worked from 1859 to 1863 before he found a partial answer: soaking nitroglycerine in a granular powder added considerable force to the explosion. But this didn’t much decrease the danger of using it. In 1865, however, Alfred made his first major discovery. He invented the detonator. An explosives authority has described the detonator as “certainly the greatest discovery ever made in both the principle and practice of explosives. On it the whole modern practice of blasting has been built.”3 Indeed, the atomic and hydrogen bombs use the same deto¬ nator principle, which is that a small bit of one explosive can ignite another. A tiny amount of mercury fulminate, acting as the firing cap for nitroglycerine, made that dangerously volatile chemical rela¬ tively safe to use. Nobel took out the Swedish patent, quickly fol¬ lowed by others in England, Belgium, France, and Finland. But the personal cost was high. Alfred’s many failures on the way to his discovery had been mocked by his father and older brothers. When triumph did come, the father insulted Alfred by declaring he had had the successful idea first. Even worse, in 1864 the youngest son, Emil, died at twenty-one in a nitroglycerine explosion. Soon after, the father had a severe stroke. He finally recovered enough to keep busy with various schemes. Worried about Swedish emigra¬ tion to the United States, he tried to invent new manufacturing opportunities to keep Swedish workers at home. To this end, he The Founding Father 29 invented plywood — which, ironically, became a popular industry in the United States. Immanuel died in 1872. Alfred set up a factory in Hamburg to manufacture his new invention, and it gained worldwide sales. But nitroglycerine remained unpredictable and its users often handled it recklessly, with disastrous results. In 1865 a salesman managed to pulverize a building in New York City, injuring eighteen. The next month, in Bremerhaven, twenty-eight were killed and more than two hun¬ dred wounded. Another grisly explosion occured in Sydney, Aus¬ tralia. In 1866 Nobel arrived in New York — with twelve cases of nitroglycerine! — to oversee his New York Blasting Oil Company, only to receive news of another catastrophe in San Francisco, with a dozen or more dead. Other explosions soon left more dead or wounded in California and Liverpool. Nobel transferred control of his U.S. interests to the U.S. Blasting Oil Company, keeping onequarter of the shares. Europe, with wars threatening, was more promising territory anyway, and governments there were less strin¬ gent. In the Prussian-Austrian war of 1866, Nobel made a hand¬ some profit. Soon he was in England, demonstrating the advantages of his nitroglycerine for mining and engineering. In 1866 came Nobel’s greatest invention: dynamite. That year he discovered how liquid nitroglycerine, when absorbed in kieselguhr (a kind of silicified earth formable into a paste), could be shaped into sticks safe to handle. By the middle of the nineteenth century, pub¬ lic works were expanding on an unparalleled scale: mining, harbors, road and bridge building, dam construction, railways, great canals such as the Suez (opened in 1869), and military works. Much of this crucially depended on the new dynamite’s power to move tons of earth, tunnel through mountains, dislodge or pulverize huge rocks. Nobel assiduously patented his dynamite throughout Europe and in America, although nitroglycerine was not protected by patents there. Only eight years after his first patent, he had also built fifteen dynamite factories, crisscrossing Europe and the United States. There were factories in Hamburg and Cologne and Prague, in New York and San Francisco, in Norway, Sweden, Fin¬ land, Scotland, France, Spain, Switzerland, Italy, Portugal, and Hungary. Russia was hard to crack, since dynamite might help ter¬ rorists make bombs to assassinate the czar and other notables. In 1870, during the Franco-Prussian War, Nobel supplied dynamite to both sides. The British Dynamite Company was set up in Scotland 30 THE NOBEL PRIZE in 1871, half its capital owned by Nobel, the largest dynamite firm in Europe. Nobel still had two important and immensely profitable inven¬ tions ahead of him. In 1875 he lowered the freezing point of nitro¬ glycerine and thus produced “blasting gelatine,” opening a wide variety of new engineering and military uses. In 1887 he patented a smokeless-powder propellant called ballistite, an invention said to have most influenced all weapons design from the 1890s to 1914.4 To his final days, Nobel worked to improve and diversify his inventions and holdings. But he also tried his hand at other things: cannon borings more resistant to wear and tear, and an aerial projec¬ tile that could be used for war or rescue work.5 In the 1870s he patented an automatic brake, a boiler that wouldn’t explode under pressure, and a method of casting iron. Late in life he sought substi¬ tutes for rubber and leather from nitrocellulose, and ways of manu¬ facturing artificial silk. In 1875 Nobel lived in Paris —- or, more accurately, kept a home there between his endless business travels. But troubles arose. His French company, the Societe Centrale de Dynamite, had been involved in a Suez Canal scandal, and though Nobel did not man¬ age or own this company, he was famous or notorious enough to become the storm center. A few years later, after an arms sale to Italy aroused angry French press and parliamentary denunciations, Nobel was accused of being a foreign spy — his laboratory was near the government one — and of doing illegal experiments. His labo¬ ratory was searched by the police and padlocked. Nobel thereupon migrated in 1890 and set up a home and laboratory in San Remo on the Italian Riviera. His last years were not quiet. His giant French company failed. Nobel, as a member of the board, could by French law be held responsible to the full extent of his fortune and thus wiped out. He reorganized the company with great energy and came out whole. A legal battle dragged on with two British inventors whom he had trusted but who now claimed they had independently invented Nobel’s ballistite under the name of cordite. The British court gave the two Britons only a token victory, but Nobel was embittered. Friends, he complained, are “found only among dogs, whom we feed with the flesh of others, and amongst worms, whom we feed with our own. A grateful belly and a grateful heart are twins.”6 He vented his feelings in a satire called The Bacillus Patent. The Founding Feither 31 Just past sixty, his health began to fail. Rheumatism was the least of it, heart trouble the worst. He was ordered to slow down, but kept on working and visiting his far-flung companies as before. He invested in the Swedish Bofors factory and built a large laboratory there with the latest equipment. He helped finance a dirigible bal¬ loon expedition to the North Pole headed by a Swedish explorer. The balloon vanished in the Arctic; remains were discovered in 1929. As his health got worse, Nobel started writing curious things. One was a drama called Nemesis about the Renaissance nobleman Cenci who forced his daughter into incest. Nobel’s poetic hero, Shelley, had of course written on the same theme in The Cenci. Nobel had not written any poetry since the 1870s, and then in his fluent and force¬ ful English; this play was done in Swedish, which by now he wrote in a stilted manner. After Nobel died, the family tried to have all hectographed copies destroyed, but three copies survived. Then came a massive cerebral hemorrhage which, as so often, reduced its sufferer to his childhood language, Swedish. His French and Italian nurses understood nothing he said. On 10 December 1896 Alfred Nobel died. No member of the family was present; his older brothers had died before him, Robert only a few months earlier, in July 1896, Ludwig in 1888, his mother in 1889. Nor were any friends present. But there is no evidence that Nobel ever had a single close friend. The Vagabond and Wayward Millionaire During the early 1870s, when Nobel was in his prime, an English business associate described him this way: He was of average height, with a slender stooping figure. He wore his beard, whiskers and mustache untrimmed. His eyes which were small and of light gray color were full of vivacity, and his face, espe¬ cially when engaged in a conversation, betokened great intelli¬ gence.7 One of his personal assistants gave a rather different look: Nobel gave the impression of being somewhat nervous. His move¬ ments were lively, his gait somewhat mincing, his facial expression 32 THE NOBEL PRIZE very changeable, as was his conversational style, often spiced with odd remarks and strange ideas. At times these remarks seemed almost absurd and appeared deliberately intended to shock old fogies. To his Swedish fellow-countrymen, unaccustomed to his light, French-inspired way of talking, he often seemed a bit bewil¬ dering, to say the least.8 The inner man was elusive: shy, lonely, never allowing anyone close to him, ironic, moodily changeable, in part a Nordic Shelley, in part a master of vituperation who would wickedly tongue-lash associates in public. A razor-sharp businessman indeed, but also aloof, keeping all his employees at a great distance. In contrast, his richer brother Ludwig’s home was right by his Russian factory and he spent off-hours with his engineers, foremen, and draftsmen.9 Ludwig, this report goes on, was not typical of the Swedish disin¬ terest in human beings — the once-popular reason for “why every second Swede is an engineer.” But Alfred, obviously, fit that stereo¬ type in several ways. Insofar as Nobel had any home, it was in Paris. Victor Hugo, in fact, may have been the one to label him the “millionaire vagabond.” He bought a mansion and had it decorated, but typi¬ cally refused to state any preference for color or style. He added on a private laboratory. The house became the stopping-off headquar¬ ters of his complex business interests, the center of a vast corre¬ spondence in most European languages. Nobel never married, and biographers know of his interest in only two women. In 1876 Bertha Kinsky, of an Austrian aristocratic family, adventurously answered one of Nobel’s advertisements for a private secretary to work for a “wealthy, highly educated, elderly gentleman” — he was then forty-three. She was thirty-three, spoke several languages, and was highly cultivated. They seem to have found each other immediately attractive and sympathetic. She very soon confided her story to him. She had had many suitors, some too old or too young or too wild or tame or otherwise unsuitable. Once, when he found her in despair and weeping, Nobel was moved enough to present her with the manuscript of a hundred-page “philosophic poem” written in English, which seems to have been an outpouring of his most private feelings. That so secretive a man would let anyone see such a poem is remarkable; that he let Bertha read it so soon after meeting suggests he must have been more than The Founding Fdther 33 half in love with the lovely, restless, independent-minded Bertha: a mirror of himself in many ways. But before anything could develop, before she even took up her secretarial duties, Bertha ran off to marry the son of a noble Viennese family When she wrote Nobel the news, she was Bertha von Suttner. He kept contact with her, and when peace later became her crusade, Bertha no doubt persuaded him to add a peace prize to his will. The same year, perhaps on the rebound, he met another woman during a trip to Vienna. She differed from Bertha in every way. Sofie Hess was an eighteen-year-old clerk in a florist’s shop. She was pretty and vulgar and a little stupid, kind-hearted but bored except when talking about herself or gossiping about others. But he was somehow enchanted and bought her an expensive bracelet. He began seeing her whenever in Vienna, and set her up in an apart¬ ment. In one way their liaison was banal: the older rich man keep¬ ing a young mistress with whom he shared a bed and little else. Nobel wrote her continually but was too guarded to reveal much of himself to someone like Sofie. He called her “dear child,” signed himself Brummbar (growling bear — her nickname for him), was avuncular, promised her presents and trips if she was “a good girl.” He moved her into a Paris apartment. And he actually took her to Stockholm to meet his mother, which miraculously went off fairly well. But she was too immature; he shied from marriage or the per¬ sonal intimacy and confidences she wanted. Still, it went on for fifteen years, before ending oddly. He bought her a villa in Ischl, and she began declaring that she was Nobel’s wife. As surprised acquaintances reported this news, Nobel grew more embarrassed. In 1891 the final break came. Sofie announced she was pregnant, not by Nobel but a Hungarian cavalry officer, who had not however proposed marriage. Nobel generously set her up with a comfortable annuity. The cavalry officer, by army code, was obliged to marry Sofie, but the scandal also forced him to resign his commission. He became a champagne salesman and, immedi¬ ately after the marriage ceremony, vanished — or almost: he started writing Nobel for money, in vain. Contemporary Viennese gossip provided an alternative story: that the child was Alfred’s and the cavalry officer only a decoy.10 Nobel seemed most to have loved his inventions and businesses. He was a prodigious, incessant, and single-minded worker who 34 THE NOBEL PRIZE wandered Europe endlessly, watching over the making of his prod¬ ucts, expanding and consolidating his interests, fending off competi¬ tors. He also preferred to work from the outside rather than within. When inspecting one of his many firms, he always did so unobtru¬ sively; he was said to enter even his own laboratory by the rear door. He chose never to personally own or manage any of the factories that manufactured his inventions. He held the patents and some of the shares, but the factories were all locally owned and managed. This sometimes caused two Nobel firms to compete ruthlessly in the same market, even issuing counterinjunctions against each other. Nobel stood aside: when the German Nobel company started exporting to Britain, Nobel thought the best strategy was for the British company to strike back by exporting to Germany.11 Although on the board and a large shareholder of each of his compa¬ nies, he had no authority to give orders. Yet it was the Nobel name that made the companies rich. This ambiguous role apparently suited Nobel. He was after all wealthy enough to remedy the situa¬ tion at any time, simply by retaining the majority of shares in any of the companies. He chose not to do so. This way of being in but never quite of the great companies built from his inventions, of having it always both ways at once by never committing himself wholly, extended to every side of his life. “I wish I could produce a substance of such frightful efficacy for whole¬ sale devastation that wars should thereby become altogether impos¬ sible,” he said. But then, with equal conviction, he told an assistant, “Well, it is fiendish things we are working on, but they are so inter¬ esting as purely technical problems and . . . clear of all financial and commercial considerations, that they are doubly fascinating.”12 Nobel once toyed with buying a Stockholm newspaper, but denied that it was because he wanted influence. He wrote: If I owned a newspaper, I would oppose my own interests. It is one of my peculiarities never to consider my private interests. My policy as a publisher would be: work against armaments and such medieval remnants.13 If armaments must be made, he went on, then each nation should make its own. This was the same man who insisted on the right to sell his weapons to all buyers, and fought legal battles when a client-nation tried to deny him sales to a military rival. The Founding Father 35 In the same way, though he was perhaps the prototype of the international capitalist of the later nineteenth century, he was in but not quite of this group. It is striking that, like Nobel, so many of these were born in the 1830s: Rockefeller, Carnegie, Hill, Harriman, Gould, Pullman, J. P. Morgan Sr., and Nobel’s two older brothers, Ludwig and Robert, those Rockefellers of the North. Depending on one’s criteria, these men were either captains of industry or mere predatory capitalists. But there was another contemporary group, variously known as Merchants of Death or armaments titans: Krupp, Skoda, Vickers, the French Schneiders, the older Morgan, the Rothschilds, Bismarck’s banker Bleichroder. Nobel was a charter member of both groups, self-made million¬ aires who became colossi of profits from wars and industrialization. He was probably the first to invent the great monopolistic trust and holding company of the modern kind: family-owned firms were still the norm in Britain and France, and the Germans hadn’t yet orga¬ nized into cartels, only “profit-pooling” alliances.14 Again, Nobel deliberately stood apart from those otherwise like him. Certainly he could be as sharp and ruthless a competitor as any when necessary. His biographer Halasz noted how Nobel hastened to patent his inventions even before they were perfected.15 Yet some¬ thing in Nobel did not always find it necessary to dominate. The sim¬ plest evidence, as noted, is that he could easily have become far richer and more powerful by owning the companies exploiting his name. Few of those named above would have hesitated to do so. Nobel, however, had a fatal gift of introspection, of mordant self¬ observation, which would have crimped the relentless trajectory of a Rockefeller or a Krupp. Nobel once disapprovingly said of an overeager associate, “Nothing is sacred to him except his own interest.” Not that such views kept Nobel himself from selling his explo¬ sives to all buyers indiscriminately. But it slowed him, turned him inward in an unusual, tormented way, making him doubt anything but brainpower, especially his own. He sold to both sides in a war, but could never say with Basil Zaharoff, the later notorious muni¬ tions king, “I made wars so that I could sell to both sides.” Perhaps Nobel at heart really was an idealist, as his Swedish defenders like to insist: a sort of high-minded sheep — or only half-wolf— among the wolves he did business with. Perhaps his dividedness reflected the melancholia he often complained of, and the sardonic tone that sometimes stung others. •v 36 THE NOBEL PRIZE Whatever the reason, it is surely difficult to imagine a Rocke¬ feller or Krupp sitting like Nobel in his lonely Paris mansion read¬ ing history, classics, and Shelley and Byron. J. P. Morgan collected rare books, not to read but as beautiful artifacts. Between selling and improving his explosives, Nobel frequented “advanced” intel¬ lectual salons in Paris, talking of radical politics or the latest work of Zola or Maupassant. Would Morgan or the others take time from their busy schedules to attend a dinner, as Nobel did, in order to meet a poet like Victor Hugo? Or periodically take to writing poetry, drama, and novels? The Will Nowhere is Nobel’s inclination to have it both ways more apparent than in his will. Most of Nobel’s biographers feel that he was greatly influenced by his brother Ludwig’s death — or, rather, the inaccu¬ rate obituaries that followed it. Some of the press mistakenly thought it was Alfred who had died, and he had the strange experi¬ ence of reading his own obituaries, many of which were hardly flat¬ tering. He was scathingly described as a war profiteer who became rich by inventing new ways to kill and maim people. He may have written a will in 1889, but it does not survive. His 1893 will gives part of his estate for scientific discoveries and an award for peace. Literature was not mentioned. In the 1895 and final will, all these came to share equally. He rewrote his earlier wills to vindicate his life: his riches would now go to benefit humankind. Some questions arise immediately. Especially in light of his shock from the mistaken obituaries upon Ludwig’s death, why didn’t Nobel set up prizes while he lived? He was of course rich enough to have done so. “Surplus wealth,” said Andrew Carnegie in 1889, “is a sacred trust which its possessor is bound to administer in his lifetime for the good of the community,” and also: “The man who dies . . . rich dies disgraced.” Carnegie, at least partly prompted by Nobel’s will, established the Carnegie Trusts in 1900. But Nobel, “the man nobody knew,” characteristically also chose to become the philanthropist nobody knew. By arranging to be posthumously generous, he once again avoided any public intrusion into his privacy. His will nowhere directs that his prizes be named after him. Perhaps, as Elisabeth Crawford suggests, entrusting the i The Founding Father 37 prizes to Swedish institutions increased the distance between him¬ self and those he helped.16 He had always detested celebrity. To a Swedish publisher who simply wanted to publish his picture in a book about famous Swedes, Nobel not only refused but tartly added: “I am not aware that I have deserved fame, and I take no pleasure in its clatter.” To a requested donation for a proposed memorial to Pas¬ teur: “I am sure Pasteur would like to send all such manifestations to the devil, and that he loathes advertising his name.”17 Nobel appar¬ ently valued only two honors given him: election to the Royal Society and to the Swedish Academy of Sciences, which earlier awarded him its Letterstedt Medal for his detonator invention. There is no question here of hypocrisy or false modesty, rather something in Nobel that, while intent on reaping the world’s riches, also distrusted the value of all worldly things. To his nephew’s request for biographical information, he replied sardonically: Alfred Nobel: his miserable half-life should have been terminated at birth by a humane doctor, as he drew his first howling breath. . . . One and only one wish: not to be buried alive. Greatest sin: that he does not worship Mammon.18 The same nephew wanted Nobel to have his portrait painted, and was once more turned down. Nobel claimed he was too old and hadn’t enough vanity to want his “hog-bristle beard” immortalized. Besides, what could a portrait show him that he did not already know about himself, nakedly and painfully? “I am afflicted with a proclivity for self-criticism whereby every blemish is revealed in all its unredeemed ugliness.”19 But his famous will is in fact a kind of self-portrait for the world to see, where his inner tensions are turned outward into criteria of what he thought meaningful in life. The Laureate as “Expert” Many philanthropists hope to improve social conditions; scientific and literary societies usually honor great individual achievements. Nobel coupled these. His prizes go to individuals, who form an elite to benefit society. He distrusted politics and movements, even the companies that sustained his fortune. He trusted only certain individuals. 38 THE NOBEL PRIZE The word “expert” perhaps best captures Nobel’s aim here. The term came into wide use by mid-nineteenth century, reflecting the new prestige of scientists, engineers, inventors, and Captains of Industry. Indeed, in the 1880s, a rage began for what would later be called technocracy, where industrial managers and technical work¬ ers saved society — from itself — by controlling and developing it “rationally.” Edward Bellamy’s 1888 novel Looking Backward 2000-1887 promoted such ideas; it sold a million copies in ten years and was translated into a dozen languages. Nobel read Bellamy both with sympathy and in a cross-grained way: reverence about “cooperative production” and political “corporationism” did not escape his scepticism about any such schemes. Nobel’s laureates in one way reflect his lifelong fascination with Shelley. Nobel’s scientists, writers, and peace workers lack the prophetic grandeur of the Shelleyan prophets, whose true benefac¬ tors of humanity are the “unacknowledged legislators” of the world: Plato, Moses, Jesus, Newton, Shakespeare. But the purpose is akin. If great prophets are not possible in bleak modern times, the “expert” will have to do. Nobel, himself the expert inventor of dynamite, probably included himself among these. At least he would honor those after him. Nobel’s “expert” makes the fundamental discoveries and helps create the new morality. Dynamite and ballistite may help abolish war, but that is up to the politicians. (Like the Nobel expert, the atom-bomb scientists built the terrible weapon but let political leaders decide whether to use it.) This possibility seems to have depressed Nobel’s hope for progress. In his 1893 will, Nobel inserted the following telling restriction: that his will and the prizes perhaps should be canceled in thirty years, for “if in thirty years it is not possible to reform the present system, we shall unavoidably fall back into barbarism.”20 Partly he meant the unlikelihood of pre¬ venting war, partly that of reforming modern democracy. He luckily removed this proviso in his final will. Nobel’s perspective here shows most clearly in his many literary efforts. One is titled In Lightest Africa. The wordplay, of course, is on “darkest Africa”: much of Africa was still unexplored by Europeans in the later nineteenth century. Nobel’s subject, however, is obvi¬ ously modern Europe. He means to strike at Europe’s pride in its all-conquering Enlightenment, embodied in its proud bourgeois success. The Founding Father 39 In Lightest Africa is a fable of politics, ancient and modern. One main character is Avenir (“the future”), a very progressive democrat. T he other is the “I” of the narrative, who favors the sternest, least democratic regimes of the past. Avenir, scorning the past, dismisses as atrocious the three historical forms of government: absolute monarchy, constitutional monarchy, and democracy. Government by heredity is absurd; constitutional monarchy is impotent; democracy is run by those who talk best, the orators and lawyers. When the reactionary “I” urges a return to autocratic powers — ancient Rome was
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	52	https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Hymn_to_Satan_Other_Translated_Poems.html%3Fid%3DywLLswEACAAJ	en	Google Books			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					https://books.google.com/	Search the world's most comprehensive index of full-text books. My library
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	29	http://www.poetryatlas.com/poetry/author/880/giosu%25C3%25A8-carducci.html	en	GiosuÃ¨ Carducci Poems about Places			[ "http://www.poetryatlas.com/poetry/author/880/Giosue_Carducci.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "Poetry Atlas" ]	null	[]	null	Poetry Atlas - Poems by GiosuÃ¨ Carducci Poems by GiosuÃ¨ Carducci about places. Find great poems about places special to you. Learn about your next travel destination through poetry. Search the world map for poems about everyhwere.				null	Poems by GiosuÃ¨ Carducci (1835 - 1907) At High Mass Before San Guido Crossing the Tuscan Maremma Fiesole Martinmas in the Tuscan Maremma Mazzini Piano Antico Rome S. Maria Degli Angeli The Field of Marengo Carducci was born in Tuscany and studied in Pisa. He became a teacher and writer. He was a passionate supporter of Italian unification. He was the first Italian writer to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature and is regarded as Italy's national poet.
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	2	32	https://en.italiani.it/Italian-nobel-prizes/	en	The twenty Italian Nobel Laureates, national pride	https://cdn-italiani-med…Premio-nobel.jpg	https://cdn-italiani-med…Premio-nobel.jpg	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=4467910843236700&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2020/03/logo-italiani-italia-nel-cuore-header.png", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2020/03/logo-italiani-italia-nel-cuore-header.png", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2020/04/stickylogo-dot-italiani.png", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2020/10/Premio-nobel.jpg", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2020/10/Giosue-Carducci-pagina-fb.jpg", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2020/10/Alfred-Nobel.jpg", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2020/10/Grazia-Deledda-Pagina-fb.jpg", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2020/10/Rita-Levi-Montalcini-Pagina-fb.png", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2020/10/Dario-Fo.jpg", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2023/11/image006-424x282.jpg", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2023/11/1969%E2%80%9370_Serie_A_-_US_Cagliari_v_AS_Bari_-_Pasquale_Loseto_and_Gigi_Riva-424x282.jpg", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2023/11/image006-424x282.jpg", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2024/07/bookshelf-413705_1280-424x282.jpg", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2024/06/Picsart_24-06-28_11-13-45-027-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2023/11/thunderstorm-1768742_1280-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2024/07/Picsart_24-07-22_19-20-58-086-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2024/01/calciomercato-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn-media.italiani.it/site-venezia/sites/6/2024/07/leone-oro-biennale-danza-2024-80x80.png", "https://cdn-media.italiani.it/site-frosinone/sites/33/2024/07/cascatelle-tartare-80x80.jpg", "https://cdn-media.italiani.it/site-latina/sites/62/2024/07/spiaggia-capo-portiere-di-latina--80x80.jpg", "https://cdn-media.italiani.it/site-latina/sites/62/2024/07/San-Felice-Circeo-2-80x80.jpg", "https://cdn-media.italiani.it/site-frosinone/sites/33/2024/07/Narni-80x80.jpg", "https://cdn-media.italiani.it/site-conflenti/2018/05/conflenti-madonna-g.-villella-80x80.jpg", "https://cdn-media.italiani.it/site-palazzoloacreide/sites/26/2022/07/VicoliSaporiRitratto3-80x80.jpg", "https://cdn-media.italiani.it/site-venezia/sites/6/2024/07/fuochi-redentore-bacino-2024-80x80.png", "https://cdn-media.italiani.it/site-conflenti/sites/5/2024/07/felici-Conflenti-tre-suonatori-80x80.jpg", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-noi/sites/100/2024/07/Nella-Condorelli-mentre-presenta-il-libro-su-Maria-Giudice-ph-Angela-Strano.jpg", "https://cdn-media.italiani.it/site-matera/sites/46/2024/07/Matera-80x80.jpg", "https://cdn-media.italiani.it/site-londra/sites/3/2024/07/treni-antistress-pendolari-londinesi-80x80.png", "https://graph.facebook.com/fanpageitaliani/picture?size=square&width=80&height=80", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2020/08/banner-fondazione-italiani-it.png", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2020/03/logo-italiani-italia-nel-cuore-footer.png", "https://www.italiani.it/wp-content/plugins/bp-ajax-registration/assets/css/loading.gif", "https://www.italiani.it/wp-content/plugins/bp-ajax-registration/assets/css/loading.gif", "https://www.italiani.it/wp-content/plugins/bp-ajax-registration/assets/css/loading.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Antonietta Malito", "Author: Antonietta Malito" ]	2020-10-18T15:00:00+00:00	The Italian Nobel Prizes are 20: 6 for literature and medicine, 5 for physics, 1 for peace, 1 for economics and 1 for chemistry.	en	https://cdn-italiani-med…0/04/favicon.png	italiani.it	https://en.italiani.it/Italian-nobel-prizes/	How many are the Italian Nobel Laureates? Until today there are twenty and precisely: six for literature and medicine, five for physics, one for peace, one for economics and one for chemistry. The winners of this coveted award, awarded since 1901, are people who have made their precious contribution in the various fields of knowledge or who have fostered peaceful relations between the peoples of the Earth. This year, no Italian has won the 2020 Nobel Prize, which for literature was won by the American poet and writer Louise Glück, former Pulitzer Prize for poetry in 1993. The one for peace, on the other hand, went to the World Food Program ( United Nations agency) to fight hunger in the world. Nobel laureates: the winners The Italian Nobel Prizes, starting with the first one who received it in 1906, are: Camillus Golgi (1906, for medicine), Giosuè Carducci (same year, for literature), Ernesto Teodoro Moneta (1907, for peace), Guglielmo Marconi (1909, for physics), Grazia Deledda (1926, for literature), Luigi Pirandello (1934, for literature), Enrico Fermi (1938, for physics), Daniel bovet (1957, for medicine), Salvatore Quasimodo (1959, for literature), Emilio Segrè (1959, for physics), Julius Natta (1963, for chemistry), Salvatore Edoardo Luria (1969, for medicine), Eugene Montale (1975, for literature), Renato Dulbecco (1975, for medicine), Carlo Rubbia (1984, for physics), Franco Modigliani (1985, for economics), Rita Levi Montalcini (1986, for medicine), Dario Fo (1997, for literature), Richard Giacconi (2002, for physics), Mario Capecchi (2007, for medicine). The origin of the Award The Nobel Prize is a world-class honor that takes place every year in Stockholm, with a solemn ceremony. It is attributed to living personalities who have distinguished themselves in the various fields of human knowledge, bringing "the greatest benefits to humanity" for research, discoveries and inventions, for literary work, for the commitment in favor of world peace. The important award is named after Alfred Nobel (1833 - 1896), Swedish chemist, engineer and inventor. He, in 1894, became president of the Bofors company and developed several experiments on explosives. His numerous inventions, including dynamite, earned him hefty earnings. One day, his brother Ludvig died torn apart by an explosion during an experiment. By mistake, some journalists, believing that he was the one to die, announce his passing, calling him "the lord of death". Alfred was shocked by those words and decided to allocate 94 percent of his fortune to the establishment of an award to be given to those who, in the fields of medicine, physics, chemistry, but also literature and peace, had made "the greater services to humanity ". The Italians who have conquered him In Italy, the only two women who won the Nobel were Grazia Deledda e Rita Levi Montalcini. The writer Grazia Deledda remains the only Italian to have won the Nobel Prize for literature. Born in Nuoro in 1971, she went to school up to the fourth grade, and then continued her studies with a tutor. In fact, in those days, girls did not attend high school. At the age of 15 he published his first short story in a Nuoro newspaper. Collaborations with other newspapers and magazines followed which gradually led her to be known and appreciated. In 1899 he moved to Rome where his stories began to be positively commented by the critics of the time. The Nobel Prize was awarded to her on December 10, 1926 "for her power as a writer, supported by a high ideal, which portrays life in plastic forms as it is in her secluded native island and which deals with problems of general interest with depth and warmth human". In 1986, Rita Levi Montalcini (Turin, 1909 - Rome, 2012) won the Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine. She discovered and identified the nerve fiber growth factor (Nfg) useful for understanding and treating degenerative neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's. Graduated in 1936 in Medicine at the University of Turin, she worked, at the same time as an internist, in the institute of Giuseppe Levi. Here he met two other Nobel Laureates: Salvatore Luria and Renato Dulbecco. When the fascist regime removed her from the university, she set up a laboratory in the house where she continued to study. In 1947 he moved to the United States. In Rome he created a research center on NGF and, in 1969, he founded and directed the Institute of Cell Biology at Cnr. Also in Rome he also founded the Ebri (European Brain Research Institute). The best known Among the Italian Nobel laureates, the best known, or probably those who are remembered most, are certainly the poets Giosuè Carducci, Eugenio Montale and Salvatore Quasimodo, together with the writer Luigi Pirandello, famous for his novels "The late Mattia Pascal" and “One, none and a hundred thousand”. Also famous are the inventor of the radio Guglielmo Marconi and the physicist Enrico Fermi who discovered artificial radioactivity. Among those closest to the present day, we remember instead the playwright, actor, director and writer Dario Fo, who died in 2016. In any case, known and less known, the Italian Nobel Prize winners deserve to be remembered all in the same way because they made Italy great in the eyes of the world. (Facebook photos, Official pages)
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"https://betweenthecovers.cdn.bibliopolis.com/images/btc_ref/1014157_SullyPrudhommeRFA_L.jpg?auto=webp", "https://www.betweenthecovers.com/images/bloomies/awards_guy.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "www.bibliopolis.com" ]	null		en	/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png	Between the Covers	null	Established under the will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel and awarded annually for an outstanding body of work in the field of literature. The Nobel Prize for Literature is a "lifetime achievement award" and is never awarded for a single book, although you will see that some very good references get confused about this (such as the famous ecyclopedia which erroneously states online that Ernest Hemingway won the award for The Old Man and the Sea.) Save for the critical approval of posterity, the Nobel Prize is the most distinguished award bestowed upon a modern author of any nationality. However, as with any long-running award, it has its quirks. Literature Nobel laureates Winston Churchill and Bertrand Russell, for example, were great men in their fields, but their field wasn't really literature. And most modern scholars question the omission of James Joyce and Marcel Proust from the list. Despite these foibles it is not an award to be shunned, unless you're Jean-Paul Sartre, who refused the award in 1964.
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	1	26	https://dokumen.pub/the-nobel-prize-a-history-of-genius-controversy-and-prestige-9781559705370-155970537x-9781559705929-1559705922.html	en	The Nobel Prize: A History of Genius, Controversy, and Prestige 9781559705370, 155970537X, 9781559705929, 1559705922	https://dokumen.pub/img/…9-1559705922.jpg	https://dokumen.pub/img/…9-1559705922.jpg	[ "https://dokumen.pub/dokumenpub/assets/img/dokumenpub_logo.png", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/norway-and-the-nobel-peace-prize-9780231887335.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/brave-genius-a-scientist-a-philosopher-and-their-daring-adventures-from-the-french-resistance-to-the-nobel-prize-9780307952356-2012050707.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/the-worlds-most-prestigious-prize-the-inside-story-of-the-nobel-peace-prize-0198841876-9780198841876.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/synthetic-organic-chemistry-and-the-nobel-prize-volume-1-9780367438975.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/gandhi-and-the-nobel-peace-prize-9781351036122-9781138490031-9781351036146.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/nobel-prize-winners-of-last-10-years-2010-2020-6cbe46f26e4abf4e2af9ddfd837a43ad.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/the-politics-of-cultural-capital-chinas-quest-for-a-nobel-prize-in-literature-9780824864958.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/periodic-table-and-a-missed-nobel-prize-the-1nbsped-9789814295956-9814295957.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/losing-the-nobel-prize-a-story-of-cosmology-ambition-and-the-perils-of-sciences-highest-honor-1324000910-9781324000914.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/marie-curie-the-life-and-legacy-of-the-legendary-scientist-who-became-the-first-woman-to-win-a-nobel-prize.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/the-nobel-prize-a-history-of-genius-controversy-and-prestige-9781559705370-155970537x-9781559705929-1559705922.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/dokumenpub/assets/img/dokumenpub_logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	...	en	https://dokumen.pub/doku…e-icon-57x57.png	dokumen.pub	https://dokumen.pub/the-nobel-prize-a-history-of-genius-controversy-and-prestige-9781559705370-155970537x-9781559705929-1559705922.html	Citation preview FPT $29.95 $44.95 in Canada In this provocative and utterly engaging his¬ tory, Burton Feldman opens wide the carefully guarded doors of the world’s most highly cele¬ brated and coveted honor. Founded by the brilliant, misanthropic inventor of dynamite, the Nobel Prize has for a hundred years claimed to identify the summit of human achievement. But what exactly is the Nobel Institution? How does it choose its winners? Has it ever made a mistake? And why does the prize hold such importance? With deft insight and sparkling wit, The Nobel Prize considers these questions while taking us on a fascinating tour of every aspect of Alfred Nobel’s grand legacy: its founder, its aura, its fields of award — literature, physics, chemistry, medicine, peace, and economics — and its laure¬ ates’ personalities and rivalries, as well as its biases, controversies, and blunders. We learn, for example, that a mistaken cure for > cancer was honored in 1926, and that, just a few years earlier, the renowned physicist Max Planck was overlooked for the 1912 physics prize in favor of a Swedish engineer who improved lighthouse illumination. Leo Tolstoy, James Joyce, Marcel Proust, Virginia Woolf, and Bertolt Brecht (among many others) never won a Nobel. Nor did Sigmund Freud, although as Feldman stingingly reveals, the Nobel did honor the treatment of mental illness by lobotomy and malaria inocula¬ tions. More generally, we discover how the Nobel Foundation’s shaky finances in the 1920s led it arbitrarily to exclude astrophysics and geophysics from the physics prizes for decades, while in recent years calls have multiplied for abolishing the economics award altogether. The Nobel has reshaped itself over time, as Feldman points out. For example, in a radical departure from Alfred Nobel’s conception, the peace prize has shifted from recognizing global disarmament to honoring social reform within a 10002945 N The Nobel Prize The Nobel Prize A History of Genius, Controversy, and Prestige Burton Feldman Arcade Publishing • New York Copyright © 2000 by Burton Feldman All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer, who may quote brief passages in a review. FIRST EDITION Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Feldman, Burton. The Nobel prize : a history of genius, controversy, and prestige / Burton Feldman, p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-55970-537-X 1. Nobel Prizes—History. I. Title. AS911.N9 F38 2000 001.4'4—dc21 00—42002 Published in the United States by Arcade Publishing, Inc., New York Distributed by Time Warner Trade Publishing Visit our Web site at www.arcadepub.com 10 98765432 1 Designed by API EB PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA For Peggy My brave, life-loving, and witty wife, and my life’s treasure Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Kahle/Austin Foundation https://archive.org/details/nobelprizehistorOOfeld Contents Preface Introduction ix 1 1. The Founding Father 25 2. The Nobel Prize Invents Itself 40 3. The Nobel Prize in Literature 55 4. The Nobel Prize and the Sciences 114 5. The Nobel Prize in Physics 125 6. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 201 7. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 237 8. The Peace Prize 290 9. The Economics Memorial Prize 328 Conclusion 356 Chronology of Prizes 363 Appendix A: Value'of Prizes 397 Appendix B: Prizes by Nation 398 Appendix C: Women Laureates 403 Appendix D: Family Laureates 405 Appendix E: Jewish Laureates 407 Notes 411 Selected Bibliography 449 Index 471 PREFACE O ne might expect that in the century since the Nobel Prize began, histories and interpretations would have piled up, so that the present book would be pressed to justify adding itself to an already long shelf. Yet the opposite is true. I began this book because, to my surprise, no comprehensive and critical history of the prizes has yet been written in any language. I soon discovered why. To begin, the account must start with Alfred Nobel himself and his bequest, and then follow the five major prizes from 1901 to the present, as well as the prize in economics beginning in 1969. Additionally, such a book, intended for the general reader who knows something but not enough (someone like myself, for ex¬ ample), must also try to make clear the essence of the prizewinning work of an Einstein and the rest, while maintaining a sense of the relevant lines of scientific research, literary creativity, and peace issues — and cultural outbranchings — across a long century. But the Nobel Prize is more than the sum of its six separate fields: it is a mysterious incarnation of power and authority, an anointed ritual whose claims are accepted as part of the order of things. The Nobel Prize is at once a relic of the past (evidenced by the Swedish king who bestows the awards) and a self-admiring mir¬ ror of our democratized, scientized, secularized modern culture. After a century of existence, the Nobel has become a problematic part of modern history: it helps shape our perception of ourselves, for better or worse. Like monarchy, the Nobel Prize surrounds itself with mystery and extraordinary secretiveness. Indeed, the media have more easily breached the privacy of the British royal family than that of the Nobel institution. The prizes present themselves as if handed down from eternity. But as even a cursory inspection will reveal, the juries that pick the laureates have often shown bias, lapses of judgment, and bitter infighting. In the sciences, a number of quarrels, scandals, and even lawsuits have erupted over claims to priority or credit for collaborations honored by Nobels. And while widely admired, the science prizes have also been charged with swaying research goals X Preface and funding, however inadvertently, and more insidiously with cor¬ rupting scientific ambitions by the lure of Nobel fame. Such contro¬ versies, together with public dissent from several prizes, have been part of the Nobel history since its beginning. All prizes stir argument; the Nobel’s fame simply magnifies this hugely. But to report, as Mon¬ taigne said, “only what is canonical and reverend” is to omit half of any subject. This is the case here: the uncanonical and irreverend need notice if the Nobel institution and its awards are to be approached as the living, changing, and complex things they are. The very glory and stature of the Nobel Prizes prompt some sharp questions. Should such high endeavors of the human spirit as science, literature, and peace be treated as competitions, however exalted? Should these priceless efforts be paid the enormous, though “honorary,” price lavished on the winners? Would it matter if there never had been a Nobel Prize? Or if it vanished tomorrow? The problem is that the prizes are not merely awards and medals but are aspects of power woven into our lives: it was once and future Nobelists who built the nuclear bombs that still hang fate¬ fully over us; Nobelists now play an important part in public and military policy; the cachet of the Nobel Prizes to DNA research gives incalculable support to the possibility of genetic engineering; the Nobel Peace Prizes reverberate today in Israel and the Mideast, in Indonesia, in South Africa, in the civil rights movement in the U.S., and they played a role in the collapse of the USSR. It is also true that the Nobel Prizes show modern fame at its most dignified: the Nobel Prize pays honor to some of the highest human adventures in nature and matter, creativity and justice. Where else, moreover, can both the informed and the general public find a replacement for the authority and coherence, to whatever degree, the Nobel has come to possess? In a world and age as inwardly frac¬ tured as ours, this is a question not lightly dismissed. Such issues thread through this book, though taking them up directly at length would make the book unmanageably large. There is another reason, however, for not addressing them exhaustively. Before judging an institution as complex and formidable as this, one had better first know its history and the achievements it has honored. I have tried to make that history as clear and interesting and full as space permits. I am under no illusions about the problems involved in writing this book. The Nobel Prizes spread across quantum mechanics and Preface xi molecular biology, literature in many genres and languages, peace awards from Teddy Roosevelt to Mother Teresa. To dare to survey and, at times, criticize prizes in six such intricate fields is to take one’s life in one’s hands. Specialists will notice imprecisions (or worse) despite every effort to be lucid and accurate. But when it comes to grasping the volatile, elusive, but potent matters of mod¬ ern fame and authority bodied forth in the Nobel Prize, and how they modify and are modified by ourselves and our times, special¬ ists are in the same leaky boat with the rest of us. I owe debts of all kinds to many people. To Tug Yourgrau, first, whose gift for happiness is outdone only by his gift for generosity — I thank him for launching this book in the right direc¬ tion. To Richard Seaver for believing in this book enough to want to publish it, showing that publishing is still an independent and courageous enterprise. To Webster Younce, my wizardly editor, for his wonderfully cheerful patience and benign surgeon’s eye for improving my writing. To my other editor, Ann Marlowe, this book is blessedly in debt to her extraordinary skill, learning, and passion¬ ate dedication. To Baruch Hochman for his buoying humanity and a couple of helpful miracles. To Katherine Williams for a cherished friendship; no one helped as selflessly with this book. To Allen Mandelbaum, Robert Richardson, and Maria Katzenbach for early and lasting encouragement. To Elizabeth Richardson for her staunch support and her skill as a photographer. To David Markson and Werner Dannhauser for going out of their way to help. To Annie Dillard for a kindness and Garry Trudeau for a favor that saved me much work. To Roald Hoffmann, a Nobelist in chemistry, who has helped me understand the poetry of chemistry, and the chemistry of poetry. To Professor Ze’ev Rosenkrantz of the Ein¬ stein Archives at Hebrew University in Jerusalem for granting me permission to use Einstein’s Nobel medal. To Tad Spencer and Tom Kite for help. To the Nobel Foundation for assistance, espe¬ cially to Fredrick Skog. To Professor Milton Wainwright of Sheffield University for cordial assistance about his original research. I am indebted as well to too many others to name. My debt to my wife would take a book longer than this one. I have had to settle for the dedication. The Nobel Prize J 1 INTRODUCTION T he Nobel Prizes are the most coveted and most potent awards of our time. Only “Nobel Prize winner” bestows instant recognition, lifelong celebrity, and unrivaled authority around the globe. In the media the prizes, along with wars and politics and major disasters, command front-page and prime-time treatment. The public (though not always the experts) accepts the selections as supremely authoritative about the most important scientific dis¬ coveries, the “best” writers, the most significant peace work. To people bewildered by arcane science or strange literary experi¬ ments or “peace” perplexities, the Nobel annually declares with Olympian assurance what is of surpassing importance. In fields that few have the time or ability to follow, the prizes convey a sense that coherence somehow does exist out there. To say “prizes” scarcely conveys the meaning of the Nobel awards. Some view these as only another scramble up the greasy pole of celebrity. But the Nobels are really knighthoods of a new and unusual kind, perhaps the only true aristocracy in our democratic, leveling age. Winning a war for Britain can make you a knight of that realm, but so can being a rich brewer or a winning jockey. To capture the Nobel’s exalted sort of nobility, far greater achievements are needed. And why have an aristocracy unless it is very exclusive? The Nobel group is surely that. From 1901 through 1999 the Nobel Prize has bestowed only 687 awards upon its designees: for peace 87, medicine 169, literature 96, physics 159, chemistry 132, and eco¬ nomics 44. (These figures do not include nineteen awards to peace organizations such as the Red Cross; in many years, no awards were given: see chronology.) Millions may dream of being selected, but few are called and fewer are chosen — in literature and peace an average of one per year, in the sciences an average of fewer than two. The Nobel confers its titles in a ceremony conducted by the king of Sweden. This ritual takes place always on 10 December, the anniversary of the death of Alfred Nobel, its benefactor. Two thou¬ sand dignitaries, tuxedoed and gowned, gather in the Stockholm Concert Hall. At 4 p.m. the ceremony begins. As the Stockholm 2 Introduction Philharmonic plays selections by Mozart and Mendelssohn (or Grieg and Sibelius), laureates from earlier years enter to applause. The king and queen take their places on the stage while the audience sings the Royal Hymn. Then appear the new laureates, also tuxedoed or gowned. They sit on the left of the stage in a fixed order of precedence, according to how Alfred Nobel listed their fields in his 1895 will — first physics, then chemistry, medicine, literature, and peace — with economics, an award established only in 1968, bring¬ ing up the rear. A great blue carpet covers the stage. At stage center, presiding over all, is an enlarged image of Alfred Nobel. The investiture is brief, its script unchanging. One by one the laureates are named, rise, and come forward. A Swedish aca¬ demician in the appropriate field delivers a brief laudatory descrip¬ tion of the achievement honored, addressed to “Your Majesty, Your Royal Highnesses, ladies and gentlemen.” To the laureate he then intones: “I now invite you to receive your prize from the hands of the king.” The king shakes hands and presents the laureate with a leather box that contains a gold medal bearing a replica of Alfred Nobel’s profile and engraved with the laureate’s name (the eco¬ nomics medal somewhat disdainfully inscribes the laureate’s name only on the rim), a diploma, and a certificate for the prize money, to be exchanged the next day for a check. The laureate steps back. Later, in the Stockholm city hall, the king hosts a banquet where the plates are gold-leafed and decorated with replicas of the Nobel medals; the meat is traditionally venison, provided by the king’s own hunters. Each laureate is toasted and returns the honor, speak¬ ing a few minutes in good spirits (Isaac Bashevis Singer, the Yiddish writer and 1978 Nobelist, said he liked writing Yiddish, that dying language, because he liked to write ghost stories). The next day, the laureates give a major address, in which the scientists explain their technical work and the writers and peace laureates speak as the spirit moves. The Israeli novelist S. Y. Agnon included all the animals in his thanks; the Italian dramatist Dario Fo handed out not the text of an address but a booklet of drawings. On following days there are celebrations in other Swedish towns. All the laureates stay up to a week at the Grand Hotel, as guests of Sweden. The media meanwhile fill us in on what the Nobel institution deco¬ rously omits. We learn that the 1995 economics laureate, Robert Lucas of the University of Chicago, had agreed to pay half his Introduction 3 Nobel prize money to his ex-wife if he won within seven years of their divorce, specifically by 31 October 1995; he won in the sev¬ enth year on 10 October, when the announcements are made, and by that thin margin she got half the $600,000 award. All of Ein¬ stein’s Nobel money of 1921 went to his ex-wife by prior agree¬ ment. The Indian government agreed not to tax Mother Teresa’s 1979 Nobel Prize of $193,000, though she was based in Calcutta. But in 1923, when Fritz Pregl won in chemistry, the Austrian gov¬ ernment took two-thirds of his $30,000 award in taxes. In 1986 the U.S. passed a law taxing Nobel awards as ordinary income, thus cut¬ ting heavily into American winners’ receipts since then. The molecular biologist Max Delbruck (Nobel in Medicine, 1969) donated his prize money to Amnesty International. Georg von Bekesy (medicine, 1961) made the Nobel Foundation heir to his art estate worth almost half a million dollars, at least ten times what his actual prize had been worth. Delbruck also at first consid¬ ered rejecting the prize as pointless and distracting, as did the physicists Paul A. M. Dirac and Richard Feynman. They all even¬ tually accepted. Newspaper readers in 1946 learned that James B. Sumner, who shared that year’s chemistry Nobel, had lost his left arm at seventeen while hunting; although left-handed, he trained himself to do laboratory work right-handed. King Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden, an ardent tennis player, was very curious about how Sumner managed to serve the ball during a game. In 1980 a reposi¬ tory of sperm from Nobel laureates was proposed for interested women. Three laureates were rumored to have enrolled and one even made his name public. But for lack of Nobelized sperm, the scheme dropped off. Such tidbits, gossip, and a few scandals swirl about the prize. Child molesters do not usually make national news, but they do if one is a Nobel Prize winner: in 1996 a laureate in medicine was convicted of molesting a child he had brought to the U.S. from an overseas research trip that won him the prize. But even the most deserved fame sometimes reaches only so far. A famous football star happened to attend a speech by William Faulkner, was puzzled by the hushed attention, and asked the person next to him why. “He won the Nobel Prize.” “Oh, the Mobil Prize,” said the footballer, impressed. The Nobel judges have also made mistakes. The wrong codis¬ coverer of insulin may have been honored in the Nobel Prize for Medicine of 1923. A mistaken cure for cancer was honored in 1926. ■V 4 Introduction In 1952 the codiscoverer of streptomycin was omitted in the Nobel Prize for Medicine, although the evidence was on legal record and the Nobel jury could easily have obtained it. In 1912 Nils Dalen, a Swedish engineer, won the physics prize for improving lighthouse illumination, chosen over the great physicist Max Planck, among others. But generally the science prizes are greatly admired, by those who understand them, and by the rest precisely because they don’t. The literature awards, however, have sometimes raised gales of complaints, and several peace prizes have set off official repression or dissident protest. And a far more unsettling question haunts all the prizes: Are blue ribbons, no matter how exalted, relevant to intellectual or artistic or even peace work? If the Nobels disappeared tomorrow, would it make the slightest difference? And if prizes are indeed useful, is the Nobel system the way to decide them? How excellent is the Nobel’s own record? How much has it mattered? And whence these prizes that cause so much fuss? The Nobel Prizes’ celebrity is itself extraordinary. When the awards began, no one could have predicted it. Indeed, they have been forced to live up to their own unique success. This has not always been easy, but it has made the inner life of that institution far more interesting than one would have expected. Alfred Nobel himself provoked most of the interest at first. Quite unexpectedly, even to his family, the inventor of dynamite left his entire immense fortune to fund the prizes. That an inventor should bequeath prizes for science might be expected, but a prize for liter¬ ature was surprising, and a peace prize from a “merchant of death” was startling. Nobel died in 1896; five years later, the first Nobel Prizes were awarded. Only a few years after that, they began to spi¬ ral into ever-widening fame. What helped here was an extremely lucky accident in 1903. In 1901 and 1902, what mainly interested the public and laureates was Nobel’s glamorous name and the huge monies he bestowed. The literature and peace prizes drew most of the public attention, at least when one of the winners was a compatriot. But the first sci¬ ence prizes honored either already well-known discoveries, such as immunization against diphtheria and tetanus or Rontgen’s discov¬ ery of X-rays back in 1895, or work like the synthesis of purines or Introduction 5 electromagnetic theory, intelligible only to a few specialists. Much interest was prompted by national competition, as if the prizes were an exalted kind of modern Olympic Games, begun in 1896. But interest of a different kind quickened dramatically in 1903 when the Nobel Physics Prize was shared by Henri Becquerel and Marie and Pierre Curie. Becquerel was a well-known professor in Paris, who had discovered radioactivity in uranium in 1896. But who were these Curies who had discovered two new radioactive elements? The French press took it up partly because this was the first Nobel Prize awarded to French scientists: national pride was grati¬ fied. But the reporters, and then the world press, also found a most satisfying rags-to-riches story, which some then described as a minor national scandal. The Curies turned out to be a devoted couple in early middle age (Pierre was forty-four, Marie thirty-six), shy, unworldly, utterly absorbed in their work. The reporters were captivated. This couple that had just won two-thirds of the munificent Nobel Prize, worth $40,000 in 1903 buying power, absentmindedly took meager meals when they remembered to eat. Marie, too busy with her science, had never bothered to learn to cook; Pierre never looked away from his experiments long enough to notice. She wore the plainest, most drab dresses. They lived in a little garret on the sixth floor, one hundred long steps up, so cold in winter that they had to sleep fully clothed. Both also had drab jobs, though both had doctorates. Pierre taught at a small and obscure technical institute, and Marie in a girls’ academy — a far cry from Becquerel at the grand Sorbonne. The reporters were especially taken with the shabbiness of the lab¬ oratory in which the great discoveries had taken place. It was a small decrepit workshop with greenhouse windows. There was no heat. The old walls and floor were damp, the roof dripped. The lab¬ oratory equipment was primitive and patched together — the ion¬ ization chamber was made from a jelly can, though Marie had luckily been able to borrow a good electrometer.1 She had begun her work asking if the rays given off by Becquerel’s uranium also came from other elements, and coined the word “radioactivity” to describe their common property. To test this, she begged and bor¬ rowed samples of every element she could from other scientists or obliging museums — and finally discovered that thorium was also radioactive. Working furiously, and meanwhile raising an infant 3 6 Introduction daughter, Marie and Pierre also found the new radioactive elements polonium and radium. To get more precise measurements and confirm Marie’s findings, the Curies bought as much pitchblende and chalcite (uranium ores that contain minute traces of other radioactive elements) as they could afford. It was cheap, and so many gunnysacks of the stuff arrived that they had to expand their workshop across the back court¬ yard into a little shack. This shack was in even worse shape than the workshop: the walls were crumbling, drafts whistled through window cracks, the ceiling threatened to tumble down. But it had an old table, a blackboard, and a treasure — a cast-iron stove. The eminent German chemist and later Nobelist Wilhelm Ostwald, who visited this “laboratory” to pay his respects, could hardly believe he was at the right address; he described it as part stable and part potato cellar.2 Marie set out to purify radium. She did all the work herself. She filled iron cauldrons with the black ore, set them boiling, stirred the noxious mess with a long iron rod for hours, and did the tedious dis¬ tillation procedure. The cauldrons were open and gave off nauseat¬ ing fumes, so she moved them outside into the open courtyard. With every heavy rain, she had to push the cauldrons hastily back into the shed. The dirt, dust, and plaster from the shack tainted the purity of the distillations, forcing her to start over. Meanwhile she began to feel constantly fatigued and ill — the effects of radiation, which were of course then unknown. Her fingertips were soon painfully scorched from touching the radium. But she and Pierre finally proved polonium and radium were new radioactive elements. Bits of scientific recognition came to them. In 1898 Marie won the Gegner Prize, worth almost what Pierre earned in a year. Pierre was made a member of the French Academy of Sci¬ ences after being rejected a few years earlier. Marie got the job in the girls’ academy. In 1903, Pierre was appointed to a chair at the Sorbonne, where Marie received her Ph.D. in physics, summa cum laude — the first woman in Europe ever to earn a doctorate in science (first place in the science examinations, second place in mathematics). In 1903, too, came the Nobel Prize. Theirs was a success story to delight any newspaper reader. The prize suddenly made them sev¬ enty thousand francs richer, almost twice their salaries for the next ten years. In 1891 Marie Sklodowska had been a penniless student just arrived from Poland to enroll in the Sorbonne. Now she and her Introduction 7 husband were a pride of France’s scientific community — and the French press insisted she was now entirely French. While praising the Curies, the press could lament the stinginess with which France treated its scientific treasures. Le Figaro said: “We do not know our scientists, foreigners have to discover them for us.”3 The decrepit workshop, shack, and open courtyard were pictured and described over and over again, like icons. In fact, French science had not really stinted in funding the Curies’ work, there was just not enough to buy them a good laboratory. Marie Curie, more than Pierre, attracted attention. She was Pol¬ ish and thus slightly exotic; she was a mother who was raising a daughter despite heroic hours stirring the boiling cauldrons; she was selfless, wholly absorbed in her quest for knowledge. It was not difficult to portray her as a kind of saint of science. At thirty-six, she was also fairly young. Indeed, compared to prizewinners in other fields often in their sixties or even eighties, she was refreshingly young, and a new face. Radium with its mysterious rays and promise of curing any or all diseases helped swell the publicity. It was also recent enough news to compete with Marconi’s new “wireless telegraphy” for popular atten¬ tion.4 Humorous and serious journals took it up. Loie Fuller, the American “art” dancer, performed a popular “radium dance” in Paris. Marie welcomed the prestige from the prize. After Pierre’s death, she was appointed to the Sorbonne to teach Pierre’s courses — the first woman ever to teach at the Sorbonne. Other rich prizes came in, and she later made a successful tour of the United States to raise a large sum for her new laboratory. That Marie was a working scien¬ tist caused defenders of the home to berate her and feminists to defend her. One biographer, Susan Quinn, notes that this ambiva¬ lence about Marie likely was why four French scientists, including the great mathematician Poincare and the 1908 physics laureate Gabriel Lippmann, tried to persuade the Nobel jury to exclude her from the prize by claiming the discoveries were Pierre’s alone — which was untrue: Lippmann knew their joint work intimately.3 Like later laureates, the Curies found the celebrity at times infuri¬ ating, at times amusing. Marie’s great fame from the physics prize was doubled when she won the Nobel chemistry prize in 1911, specifi¬ cally for the discovery of radium and polonium. But her celebrity at that time almost brought her to disastrous public scandal — which in turn fed more publicity to the Nobel Prize. 8 Introduction s By then a widow — Pierre had died in a street accident in 1906 — she had an affair with the renowned French physicist Paul Langevin, whose wife was madly jealous. Some Paris newspapers blared the affair and the wife’s recriminations across their front pages. It was a media dream. Love letters were stolen, Langevin fought a duel with a journalist, the wife threatened Marie’s life. The scandal might have cost Marie her second Nobel. But other newspapers rebuked the sensationmongers, Langevin reconciled with his wife, the threat of scandal faded. Marie kept a dignified silence and slipped away to Stockholm to collect her second prize. Marie Curie thus became the first recipient of the Nobel Prize in both of its familiar aspects: honored for the importance of her work, but also instantly transformed into a worldwide celebrity. Because of her, newspapers around the globe changed their way of reporting the Nobel Prize, generating endless publicity, and thereby finally changing the meaning of the awards. We are by now used to idoliz¬ ing accounts of Einstein. But soon after 1903, the press could be as extravagant about the Curies as later about Einstein. One paper hailed their study of radioactivity with these words: “Voila, perpet¬ ual motion, the eternal sun, the supreme inexhaustible force have been at last found through the geniuses of Monsieur and Madame Curie, whose Nobel Prize fits them like a glove.”6 The Curie story also demonstrated that the Nobel Prizes had been born at a very lucky time, when both science and literature were turning “modern” and thus increasingly incomprehensible to the public, and also when the media began its own great expansion and influence. Journalists began to feature the personalities behind the prize. Interviewers poked into the laureates’ private lives, charms and foibles, work habits, and opinions on all subjects, however unre¬ lated to their special knowledge. This remains as true today. Reporters, expectedly enough, also saw what they chose to see. They habitually described Marie Curie as saintly and selfless, though her close friends saw her as refusing joy in life. “The soul of a herring,” said Einstein, who admired her, sadly. She always wore a widow’s black. From the latest lottery winner to yesterday’s pop star, ephemeral celebrity (Andy Warhol’s “everyone is famous for fifteen minutes”) now seems a fact of life. But the fame of a Nobel Prize is one of the Introduction 9 scarcest and therefore most valuable, not only because great talent is rare, but in this race a miss is as good as a mile. Though up to three can share a single prize, the runners-up — however deserving, how¬ ever possessed of true greatness — never appear on any Nobel list. The Nobel Prize does not teach the noble wisdom that the work is its own reward, but the harsher lesson that many may be truly wor¬ thy but very few will be chosen, and sometimes not even the most deserving. In a single century, the unchosen “many” have multiplied many times over. In 1901 there were about a thousand active physicists in the world.7 Today there may be as many as 200,000. So too with chemists and medical researchers. Judging by the vast increase in published matter, the number of poets and fiction writers in the world is immensely greater than in the nineteenth century, too large to count. As the pool of competitors increases, the Nobel Prize obviously becomes more difficult to win, but thus also more desir¬ able as the only distinction by which one can rise above nearly all others. The pre-Nobel nineteenth century perpetuated ancient meth¬ ods for honoring scholars and artists. Princes gave out laurels, riches, titles, political rank. The pianist Franz Liszt, in his sensa¬ tional virtuoso days of the 1840s, was regularly laden with ceremo¬ nial swords, medals, monetary tributes, trophies, keys to cities, not to mention a title of nobility. Scientists and artists also received once-in-a-lifetime celebrations. In 1890 the pioneering organic chemist August Kekule von Stradonitz was grandly feted in Berlin on the twenty-fifth anniversary of his famous discovery of the ben¬ zene ring structure. In 1892 a more stupendous international jubilee was held for the great bacteriologist Pasteur on his seventi¬ eth birthday. Only a few years later, this was outdone by an even more spectacular commemoration for the chemist Marcellin Berthelot at which the president of the French Republic presented a flattering medal.M Kekule and Pasteur died too soon for a Nobel Prize; Berthelot lived long enough, but never won. Compared to these, the Nobel Prize ceremony is a modest and sober affair. Extravaganzas no longer suit science or literature. In the mid-1800s, scientists had often been gentlemen-amateurs, lone entrepreneurs (Alfred Nobel is a prime example), or government employees such as that prince of mathematicians Karl Gauss. Some were professors, but usually suffered low academic and social status. 10 Introduction At Yale the science students and faculty were not allowed to sit with regular students in chapel.9 But toward the end of the nineteenth century, science became of crucial value to commerce, government, and the military. German and British industries set up research labo¬ ratories. Scientists entered universities as professors with high standing and began to set up that international network we now call “science.” At the same time, literary scholars started becoming pro¬ fessors and launched societies and journals, turning themselves into professionals quite as respectable as lawyers, ministers, or doctors. The Nobel Prize is the child of all this. It is based in Swedish aca¬ demic institutions, plus a Norwegian committee for the peace prize. Eminent professors and scholars dominate the Nobel committees. But the Nobel ceremony is also and intrinsically a royal cere¬ mony. The king’s presence is symbolically indispensable. In 1901, when the first Nobel Prizes were conferred, many European nations still had monarchs. After World War I, the Swedish ruler kept his throne, if without real power, and his small country on the nothern periphery played a small part in a world dominated by the Great Powers. In the modern world, however, a king is a unique thing, and for Nobel purposes an item of incalculable iconic value. The courtly ceremony over which today’s King Carl XVI Gustav presides is, after all, a vestige of the vanished aristocratic past when princes rewarded artists or political favorites. The Nobel rite is per¬ formed for a modernity nostalgic for such older and vanishing glo¬ ries. The king and queen, the gold medals stamped with Alfred Nobel’s profile and his bas-relief dominating the dais, the royal blue carpet, the atmosphere of ancient nobility: all helps magically trans¬ form laboratory experiments and poems into world-commanding achievements, and for a moment makes its honored individuals imaginably heroic. Nothing is more modern than how the Nobel Prizes marry such old-fashioned individual glory with the flatlands of democratic life — esoteric knowledge with popular opinion. As the works hon¬ ored in science and, latterly, economics have grown increasingly remote and arcane to the general public, the Nobels have become the most important bridge between high intellectual achievement and the marketplace. Where comprehension fails, celebrity fills in. The most dramatic novelty, of course, was the sizable fortunes the Nobel Prizes lavished on the laureates. By one estimate, the / ntroduction 11 French Academy of Sciences was disbursing a total of about 100,000 francs (approximately $20,000) per year from 1901 to 1910. But in 1901 each of the five Nobel Prizes was worth about 210,000 francs or $40,000.10 The Nobels have remained the benchmark in prize money, though their value has gone up and down through the century along with inflations and recessions (see Appendix A). The sudden wealth raining on obscure scholars and impoverished artists also became one of the strongest arguments for the Nobels’ integrity and authority. As early-Nobel historian Elisabeth Craw¬ ford notes, the public was likely to think that only truly worthy achievements could command prizes worth so much money.11 The Nobel here stands as ancestor and prototype to the huge publicity generated by the MacArthur Foundation’s so-called genius awards: why would anyone give five straight years of munificent support to anyone other than a “genius”? The Nobel has its rivals, but none combines the wealth and pres¬ tige of the prize, the range of its subjects, and its century-long record. To be sure, the Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion, established by a wealthy Briton in 1972, is richer — precisely because its founder decreed that it should always be worth more than the Nobel Prize of the same year: in 1998, for example, the Templeton Prize was worth $1.24 million as against $978,000 per Nobel Prize. Unlike the Nobel, most awards specialize either in sci¬ ence or in the arts, with political honors excluded altogether. The (British) Royal Society is restricted to science. The Pulitzer Prize confines itself to journalism and a few of the arts; the Prix Goncourt, like the British Booker Prize (worth $31,500 in 1995), to literature. No award has the aura of the Nobel in literature or peace, though the Royal Society medals in science or the Fields Medals in mathe¬ matics are in some ways as prestigious or more among scientists than the Nobels — and harder to win, one might add. The Fields Medal, for example, is awarded only every four years, by the Inter¬ national Mathematical Union. Other prizes have been created as alternatives to the Nobel.12 The Wolf Prize, established in Israel in 1978, gives annual winners $100,000 each in physics, chemistry, medicine, mathematics, and the arts. Some awards, such as the Balzan Prize, are specifically set up for fields like sociology or political science for which no Nobel exists. Some specify no field, as with the Right Uivelihood Award, founded in 1980. The Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences, which 12 Introduction \S awards the Nobel Prizes in physics, chemistry, and economics, even administers an alternative to itself: the Schock Prize in Philosophy, which honors philosophy, mathematics, music, and fine arts. This award too is bestowed by the king of Sweden; in 1994 the American logician Willard van Orman Quine was the first recipient. But new or old, the Nobel Prize still outranges them all. It was the first important regular prize to include not only the arts and sci¬ ences but politics in the form of “peace.” It was an international prize. “No consideration whatsoever shall be given to the national¬ ity of the candidates,” commanded Alfred Nobel’s will. Earlier lit¬ erary awards had usually restricted eligibility to citizens of their nations, though the eminent scientific awards were open to foreign¬ ers. The Nobel’s internationalism allowed it to include achieve¬ ments anywhere in the world, to reap the harvest of all nations. Inevitably, this appeal to international harmony — like the Olympics — has roused fierce national rivalries. Science may speak a transnational language, but each year, as the new Nobels are announced, national scorecards and rivalries are anxiously scruti¬ nized. When the U.S. swept the prizes in all fields in 1976, the New York Times triumphantly headlined the event on its front page. When, in 1984, the European experimental physicists at the CERN laboratory outraced the U.S. to find the W and Z bosons, American editorialists lamented and warned of falling behind. The unsuc¬ cessful campaign to build the Superconducting Super Collider — at six billion dollars — involved hopes to regain the lead from the Europeans. Statistics are constantly paraded. Americans won 64% of all medicine Nobels in 1983-93, up from 1963-73, when the U.S. won only 50% of the medicine awards. In 1963-73 Americans took 55% of all prizes, but in 1983-93 only 48%, though the chemistry prizes rose from 33% to 60%. That must be progress, since science makes the technology which makes the “future.” So far, it seems, the country is safe. Uuckily for Nobel celebrity, modern science became an interna¬ tional enterprise around 1900. Crawford describes a period of high international cooperation from the 1880s to 1914, followed by dis¬ ruption from the First War through the Second War, and then coop¬ eration again since 1945.13 And since science speaks a language common to all nations, this helps explain why the Nobel record in the sciences has been so good — and the Nobel in literature not so good. Gauging the worth of writing requires knowing a particular Introduction 13 language most fluently and intimately. But the world has scores of languages, though one would not guess this from the few major European languages that have taken almost all the prizes. The peace prizes, of course, cover every part of the globe: human con¬ flict is the same everywhere, only worse. Two other factors helped boost the Nobel to unmatched renown. Nobels will contained a “most recent'1 clause, requiring awards to go only to the latest scientific discovery, invention, or improvement, or to literary works appearing during the “preceding year.” This could clearly have become an unworkable requirement, and it was relaxed when the Nobel Statutes were drawn up in 1900. But this carried a danger. As mordantly stated by the Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius (Nobel in Chemistry, 1903, and a force on the first science commit¬ tees), the “worst thing would be for the prizes to develop into old-age pensions.”14 The literature prizes have come close. Nonetheless, the “recent” requirement helped make the Nobel Prize an annual source of fresh and exciting news. The discovery of radium or the human genetic code or the transistor — or the Israeli/PLO accord — is newsworthy by any standard. Each fall, the public may hope to learn about astonishing breakthroughs, inge¬ nious new techniques, a bold poet or peacemaker. Such novelty was soon expected in all the prize categories: “discoveries awarded the prize were expected to involve surprises, startling effects, leaps into the unknown.”15 But the literature judges, for the first half century or so, actually fought off such excitement by rejecting almost all “provocative” writers” (Ibsen, Joyce, D. H. Lawrence). Of course, startling novelties are rare. No matter. “Amazing” feats in sports also happen far between, yet all fans keep hoping and believing. On the other side, annual awards can quickly wear out the supply of quality goods. The science prizes have an advantage here, since science progresses by refuting or refining its past successes. If par¬ ticle physics stalls, there is still superconductivity, astrophysics, superstrings, and specialties yet aborning. Peace laureates can always be found, since no one has any clear idea how to delimit that category. The Wright brothers were urged as peace laureates in 1909, Kaiser Wilhelm in 1910, Lindbergh after his solo trans-Atlantic flight, the American socialist Eugene Debs in 1924, Baron Pierre de Coubertin who founded the modern Olympic Games in 1896, several of the popes, Stalin’s henchman Maxim 14 Introduction Litvinov in 1933. In 1977, U.S. congressman Les Aspin nominated Jerry Lewis for the Nobel Peace Prize for his muscular dystrophy fund-raising on TV; the winner that year was Amnesty Interna¬ tional. Even Hitler! At least, in 1934 the New York Times devoted an entire page, headlined Hitler Nominated for Nobel Prize, to a long essay by Hamilton Fish Armstrong, then editor of the eminent journal Foreign Affairs. His point was that because Hitler had not invaded Austria in 1934 as he threatened, this “helped save the world, in 1934 at any rate, from war.” Armstrong seems to have been writing with heavy-handed irony. But that the sober Times gave it so much space showed that the Nobel Prizes drew public attention. The literature prizes are different. “Great” writers alone should win, but how to determine that? The Nobel abhors a vacuum: each year, a slot opens and another writer must be found to fill it. Nomi¬ nees are of course never lacking. Margaret Mitchell was nominated for Gone with the Wind (and rejected). Charlie Chaplin was nomi¬ nated in 1952 by the prominent Swedish literary critic Olof Lagercrantz, on the grounds that Chaplin was a major “screen author” because he wrote the scripts he acted in his films. Although Chaplin was rejected as primarily an actor rather than a playwright, the 1997 Nobel award went to the Italian Dario Fo, a famous comedian whose playwrighting, like Chaplin’s, mainly consists of scripts for his own performances. Many warn that the economics prize may soon, if not already, face a shortage of worthy candidates. Certainly from Einstein’s prize — in 1922 for the preceding year — the Nobel’s prestige crucially rests on the prestige of its science prizes. Nuclear physics or transfer RNA may puzzle most people, but the wonder and dread inspired by the hydrogen bomb or cloning is inescapably real and obvious. Everyone grasps that these sciences embody vast and revolutionary might of uncertain kind. The violent power crouching in every stick of Mr. Nobel’s dyna¬ mite made this point quite clear earlier. Another reason is that the science juries have long chosen far more impressive laureates than have the literary judges. Planck, Rutherford, Einstein, Bohr, Heisenberg, Dirac, Pauling, Crick and Watson, Feynman — a steady procession of greatness or the nearest Introduction 15 equivalent. Would the Nobel have much of an aura or any at all without those names? The literature prizes, after fifty years of ignoring the likes of Leo Tolstoy, Bertolt Brecht, James Joyce, and Virginia Woolf, can never catch up with the prestige of the science lists. The prizes in literature, peace, and economics are not unlike pale fires, shining more brightly in the reflected light of Einstein and company. The Nobel Theater of Fame When the Nobel Prize is awarded, no “short list” of top candidates is ever announced. The decision is final. Glaring mistakes or omis¬ sions have been made, but no award is ever reversed or altered, even when disputes inside the committees occasionally erupt into public sight.16 The effect is of magisterial authority and finality. The Bench is not to be approached. The decisions are rendered as if from eter¬ nity and for eternity. Those honored are forever of the Elect. Aes¬ thetically, this is as it should be. Any sign of inner dissension spilling into public squabbling could bring the whole lofty drama abruptly down to earth. One should never look behind the scenes of any good theater. If one must have prizes for science and art, which is entirely debatable, they should come as from on high. The Nobel Foundation has always been shrewd about this. The invisibility of the machinery heightens the majesty of the prizes. "Phis machinery is so self-effacing that the decisions seem almost to issue not from mere Stockholm but from some timeless Realm of Objective Judgment. The Nobel Foundation has culti¬ vated a very disciplined anonymity, though selecting the laureates is a process that involves hundreds of nominators and evaluators from around the world. The small army of Swedish and Norwegian evaluators who filter this information are sworn to secrecy and have remained extraordi¬ narily tight-lipped for almost a century, and so too the foreign col¬ leagues in whom they doubtless confide. Leaks are extremely rare, and most apt to happen in that highly volatile category called, with unintentional irony, peace. A flagrant breach of Nobel secretiveness came when the 1994 peace committee awarded a share of the prize to the PLO leader Yasir Arafat. A committee member publicly 16 Introduction denounced Arafat as a terrorist and resigned. Two members publicly resigned when the peace prize was awarded to Henry Kissinger and Le Due Tho in 1973 for a cease-fire in the Vietnam War. The most shocking breach of Nobel secrecy has come from out¬ side. In 1995 the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter, called the most influential in Sweden, printed seven articles charging the Nobel Prize in Medicine with corruption. Dagens Nyheter claimed that Fidia, an Italian pharmaceutical firm, had paid nine million dollars to the medicine judges to make Rita Levi-Montalcini a lau¬ reate: Fidia had funded her research since 1979 on nerve growth factors, and expected great profits if their researcher was a prizewinner. In fact she shared the prize in 1986. A Nobel commit¬ tee member threatened to sue the newspaper. After two weeks of intense protests, Dagens Nyheter printed an editorial retraction, stat¬ ing that bribery had not taken place. Informed sources speculate that the newspaper was trying to boost circulation.17 In Nobel committees as elsewhere, consensus is often hard to reach, much less unanimity. Friction often runs high, and certain committee members operate as power brokers, able to speed up a prize or delay one, sometimes for decades. So can powerful nomina¬ tors: the great physicist Niels Bohr is reported to have personally stalled the physics prize to Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga for almost fifteen years. The identities of the all-important nominators are not publicly disclosed, nor of candidates. The science archives fifty years or older have been opened to outsiders,18 but it may be a long time before anything very accurate is known about why Gandhi never won the peace prize, or why William Golding did win the literature prize. Still, it can come as a slight shock to peer behind the impassively majestic facade of the Nobel Foundation and catch sight of the pro¬ saic Scandinavian professors who actually oil and run the grand machine. The Nobel Foundation is a fair-sized industry. In 1994 the total expenditures on committees, staff, nominators, consultants, and others ran to six million dollars. The selection process is firmly institutional. The key work is done by committees usually of five or six members each, chosen, for literature, by the Royal Swedish Academy in Stockholm; for medicine, by the Karolinska Institute (Caroline Institute) in Stockholm; for physics, chemistry, and eco- Introduction 17 nomics, by the Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm; for peace, by the Norwegian Storting (parliament). These committees invite nominations from an international list of academics, eminent figures, and all former laureates. The Nobel science committees also seek nominations from directors of important laboratories or journals, and the literature committee from some writers. No candi¬ date can be self-nominated, though many try it. Nominations, due before 1 February, are sifted from a few hun¬ dred to about thirty. By summer, the committee elects its winner and sends the choice to the larger groups of the academies involved — in physics, for example, to all the physicists in the Academy of Sciences, then to the entire academy. The full group can overrule the commit¬ tee recommendation and has done so. The final sessions can get rough: “We have finished murdering each other’s candidates,” one scientific member gleefully put it in the early years.19 The literature decisions are perhaps more contentious, but the setting is more elegant. After the committee has made its nomina¬ tion, the eighteen members of the Swedish Academy meet to vote around an antique table.20 Watched over by a bust of King Gustav III, founder of the Swedish Academy, they drop their ballots into a small silver pitcher. Gustav III ruled from 1771 to 1792, when he was assassinated at a masked ball — Sweden was a more romantic place back then. This stately voting is in keeping with the Swedish Academy’s imitation of the brocaded airs of its model and ancestor, the Academie Frangaise. Three members of the Swedish Academy resigned over the Rushdie affair, but have not had their resigna¬ tions accepted, as appointment is for life. These three have not been attending meetings, but their votes still count if they exercise the right. In 1997 they apparently did not, and barely two-thirds of the members decided on the controversial Dario Fo that year. The good news is telephoned to the laureate, to forestall leaks to the media. How well the hushed process works can be seen by how the world’s experts usually guess wrong. For example, in 1995 the Norwegian media, which must be thought in the best position to hear leaks about the peace prize bestowed by the Norwegian peace committee, came up with these leading candidates: the Indonesian Catholic bishop Belo, the Kurdish leader Leyla Zana, former presi¬ dent Jimmy Garter, Mexican bishop Samuel Ruiz, Russian human rights activist Sergei Kovalyov, a Chinese dissident, negotiators for 18 / ntroduction peace in Northern Ireland, and Doctors without Borders. In fact, the prize was shared by the British physicist-peace activist Joseph Rotblat and the Pugwash organization to control nuclear arms. Nobel Monumentalism The Nobel Foundation itself deserves a drama award for the way it glorifies its laureates. Its monumentalizing process begins with the citation that focuses the spotlight on the laureate’s achievements alone — rarely are any colleagues, predecessors, or helpers men¬ tioned. In this, the Nobel sanctions the kind of history that consists of great deeds and high majesty, with the rest of ordinary life ignored. It is true that writers do their work alone. But the Nobels in physics, chemistry, and medicine can leave an unreal and romanti¬ cized impression of science.21 No one can deny the moment of high individual triumph — Rontgen finding X-rays, or Max Planck dis¬ covering the quantum concept in 1900, so excited that he couldn’t resist telling his young son that he had done something of which even Newton would be proud. But if science requires great talent, it also demands a vast collective effort. For a scientist, winning the prize requires working for years with stimulating colleagues and collaborators, and having an incessant exchange of ideas and sug¬ gestions in conferences, seminars, and hallways; scientists are doubtless the best-traveled of all scholars. The Nobel Prize drama¬ tizes only the moment of success, not the perplexity and blunders, tips and hints, that are really the scientist’s daily bread. Nor would one guess from the prizes how relentlessly competitive science is. The difference beween winning a Nobel and not can be a hairline. And the accidental makeup and views of prize committees can often be a decisive factor. As Bertolt Brecht (never a Nobelist) once put it: Alexander the Great conquered the world. What? By himself? Hadn’t he even a cook along? The effect left by the Nobel awards is often like that, the lone heroic explorer on the stage magnified by the limelight, blocking out all else. The Nobel perpetuates the popular view of the lonely genius: Shakespeare, Mozart, Newton, Einstein do not abide our question. Introduction 19 Precisely because of this, the molecular biologist Max Delbrtick was tempted to reject his 1969 prize. He relented, but later spoke blunt words about the Nobel Prize: uBy some random selection pro¬ cedure, you pick out a person and you make him an object of a per¬ sonality cult. After all, what does it amount to?”22 Maria Goeppert Mayer must also have asked herself what it amounted to when she shared the 1963 physics prize, and read in a San Diego newspaper — she was then teaching there — the headline: S.D. MOTHER WINS Nobel Prize. Responding to the Prize During their first ten years, 1901-10, the Nobel Prizes were announced and awarded in Stockholm on the same day, 10 Decem¬ ber. That meant the new laureates had to be secretly notified and then travel to Stockholm on a pretext or incognito. This proved hopelessly impractical and bothersome. And why such secrecy any¬ way? The more publicity, after all, the better. Since then, the new Nobel Prizes have been announced each year in the fall. The usual practice now is that the medicine winners are named on 10 October. On successive days thereafter come the economics award, then physics and chemistry, then literature. The peace prize is usually announced last. The responses follow a well-defined pattern. The new laureates typically declare themselves gratified, astounded, and humbled. The media translate the science awards into digestible terms for the lay audience. In science, colleagues almost always commend the selection for its new benefit to mankind or its deeper understanding of fundamental problems. Very few ever disagree with the choices, at least in public. The literary and political (i.e., peace) communities do not always welcome their new laureates with a choir of approval. A member of the Swedish Academy once publicly resigned when William Gold¬ ing won the literature Nobel. Literary laureates of small countries can become national heroes overnight by winning the prize; they can equally become targets of ideological or religious contempt. The Egyptian novelist Naguib Mahfouz (1988) has been continu¬ ously denounced for his “secularizing” work and status, and in 1994 was stabbed by a religious militant. x 20 Introduction The peace prizes, since they involve political matters, naturally cause the most quarrels. Alfred Nobel set up the award to encour¬ age “fraternity among nations . . . abolition or reduction of standing armies, or promotion of peace congresses.” Political disputes regu¬ larly break out, as with the Soviet government’s fury at Sakharov’s peace award, or China’s at the prize to the Dalai Lama for intimat¬ ing that Tibet should regain its freedom from China. Mother Teresa was even accused of pandering to the rich and exploiting the sick for religious purposes. In any case, a rude celebrity springs on every laureate. The media treat the new laureates like universal experts on almost any¬ thing under the sun: scientists are asked to comment on crime or poverty or religion, writers on foreign policy, peace laureates on the arts. In 1988 President Mitterand of France called a conference of laureates to “create an emergency committee with moral authority in crises around the world.” Laureates reported a “pleasant exchange of ideas.”23 Most bow out as quickly as possible, but a few move on to second careers as publicists for favorite causes. Linus Pauling (chemistry, 1954) even won a second Nobel, the peace prize in 1962, for his protests against H-bomb testing. Of course, in the wake of the prize, other rewards stream in. Sci¬ ence laureates soon find their discoveries in up-to-date textbooks, funding gravitates to them, they are invited to endless congresses, conferences, advisory posts, committees, foundations, and insti¬ tutes. The new literary laureates enjoy a certain rise in sales and renown — at least until the next year and the next laureate. But such prestige brings its perils. The great bacteriologist Robert Koch, after winning the 1905 prize in medicine, was made an “Excellenz.” But then, astounding the “entire German nation to whom he appeared almost a god,” he suddenly divorced his wife and married a young actress. He was much reviled; it may even have contributed to his early death.24 Willy-nilly, all winners have the label “Nobelist” affixed to their names in life and in death. In his Humboldt's Gift Saul Bellow, him¬ self a Nobelist in 1976, portrayed a Pulitzer Prize-winning writer who laments that his very obituary will become only another adver¬ tisement for that prize: “Pulitzer Prize-Winner Dies.” Obituaries of Nobel laureates invariably make winning the prize the major event of that person’s life. Introduction 21 Chewing Over the Bones Nobel Prize winners are proudly and greedily claimed by their nations, universities, hometowns, political causes, professional organizations, and any other interested parties. Nations are of course eager to claim winners, but this can often be confusing. Einstein was born in Germany but left there at six¬ teen and moved to Switzerland. He attended the Swiss scientific university, the ETH (Federal Institute of Technology, something like MIT or CalTech), and became a Swiss citizen. In 1914 he joined the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin. When he won the physics prize for 1921, what nationality was he? In fact, Swiss: that was his legal citizenship. Switzerland was where he grew up from age sixteen, was educated through his doctorate, worked for several years in the Swiss patent office and began teach¬ ing —- and where he made his first great discoveries, including the one the Nobel honored. He kept lifelong Swiss citizenship even after taking U.S. citizenship. But with his Nobel Prize, Einstein’s prestige was so great that the Germans were anxious to claim him as one of their own. They therefore declared that any member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, by German law, had to be considered a Ger¬ man. The Swiss authorities thought otherwise. The Nobel Founda¬ tion finessed the problem by ignoring both the Swiss and the Germans; the Swedish ambassador to Germany presented the Nobel medal directly to Einstein in his home in Berlin. Nonetheless, Ein¬ stein is almost always described as German or German-American. Like all legends, the image of Einstein as German — thus a counter to the hateful face of Nazism — is destined to remain in the books. National gamesmanship and honest confusion are involved here. Many laureates were refugees or emigres at some point in their careers. The German physicist Max Born, who fled Hitler to Britain, is listed in the official Nobel history as British: he was indeed teach¬ ing in Edinburgh in 1954, the year he was awarded a long-delayed prize for work done almost thirty years before in Germany. T. S. Eliot was born in Saint Louis, Missouri, but moved to England before World War I, and became a British citizen in 1927 at age thirtyfive. His greatest poetry was written in Britain, and the Nobel Prize rightly lists him as British. Mother Teresa was born in Albania; she served as a young nun in Calcutta and became an Indian citizen; by any other criterion, she is “global.” Reference works call her Indian. 22 Introduction The prize list makes little sense unless one knows not simply where but when the Nobel-winning work was done. Otherwise, topsy-turvy errors can result. One might conclude that the Ameri¬ can novelist Pearl Buck (Nobel, 1938) was older and more famous than T. S. Eliot or Ernest Hemingway, since she became a laureate well before Eliot (1948) and Hemingway (1954). In fact, both were world-famous before she even began publishing. The Nobel that Max Born won in physics in 1954 seems to make him young enough to have been the student of Werner Heisenberg, who won the prize back in 1932. In fact Born was one of Heisenberg’s teachers, a gen¬ eration older, and an important collaborator on the theory that won Heisenberg his prize. The American biochemist Peyton Rous became a laureate in 1966 — for research done in 1911. Schools claim any piece of a laureate they can. If the laureate studied there, taught there, did some research there, or was some¬ how affiliated, plaques or bronze scrolls or even oil portraits are apt to be in sight. Schools take Nobel glory very seriously, since a school’s reputation can rise or fail thereby. The Business School of the University of Chicago advertises itself as having “more Nobel Prize winners than any other school.” In the United States, the Nobelists in science come mainly from Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Chicago, MIT, CalTech, and Berkeley. The Bronx High School of Science in 1950 graduated two classmates who later shared the Nobel in physics — Steven Weinberg and Sheldon Glashow — while another graduate is the physics laureate Ueon Cooper. The laureate’s hometown, whether Paris or Sauk Centre, Min¬ nesota (Sinclair Uewis’s birthplace), seizes the opportunity as well, commemorating its illustrious offspring by a bust or museum or street name. Tourist organizations remind all visitors that Nobelist X was born or lived or studied or taught or simply liked to vacation here. Books appear celebrating the Jews or Germans or British or Italians who have won Nobels. But Stockholm itself has no plaques or monuments to Alfred Nobel. Through a Glass Darkly Whether all these laureled “discoveries, inventions, and improve¬ ments” have proved themselves contributions “most materially of benefit to mankind” — to quote Alfred Nobel — remains an Introduction 23 entirely open question. Science’s contributions to war, pollution, social blight, and other problems have prompted a decline in the socalled religion of science. Literature’s benefit to the world now often seems confined to a few rather than the multitude: film became by far the dominant popular art in the twentieth century. As for peace, little needs to be said about civilization’s success in reining back war and armies. The Nobel’s own influence — whether beneficial or corrupting to science, literature, and peace — is also entirely unsettled. But no one could ever have accused Alfred Nobel of being unduly optimistic about any of this. It is to that unusual man we now turn. ■N J 'l » The Founding Father A lfred Nobel’s life is a spectacular example of the new type that emerged in the nineteenth century, the capitalist whose energy, ambition, and ingenuity accepted no limits. Nobel invented a motto for himself: “My home is my work and my work is everywhere.” He had no real homeland during his life. This famous Swede left Sweden at age nine and, for the rest of his life, returned only for very brief stays. Nor did he bother to maintain citizenship there. His brothers, too, were rootless, ever ready to migrate as they followed opportunities for profit. Alfred made his millions in the worldwide explosives industry. His father made his fortune, and lost it, manufacturing munitions for the Russian government. Alfred’s two older brothers pioneered in the modern oil industry. Called the Russian Rockefellers, they opened up Russia’s immense Baku oil fields, built a global enterprise, and became wealthier than Alfred. What needs saying first about Alfred Nobel is that he was a singu¬ larly complicated man. He spoke Swedish, German, English, French, Russian, and Italian fluently, wrote plays and poems in En¬ glish, and read far more widely in several languages than most informed people, to say nothing of millionaire inventors. In its time, his dynamite was the most destructive but also constructive weapon ever invented — indeed, one of the great inventions of the century. He gave a fortune to set up a peace prize. But the same man who created that award to alleviate human suffering had a mor¬ dant streak. He liked telling friends about his plan to set up a lavish mansion in Paris where prospective suicides could die amid luxury, rather than drown in the cold, filthy Seine. “A first-class orchestra” would play only “the most beautiful music.”1 26 THE NOBEL PRIZE Inventor Becomes Millionaire Alfred Nobel was born in 1833 in Stockholm^ the third of four sons. The family traced itself back to peasants from a small town named Nobbelov, whence the name. But a seventeenth-century ancestor married into the family of an Uppsala University professor named Rudbeck, one of Sweden’s famous early scientists, a researcher into the circulatory system. If the Nobels thereafter were poor, they remained educated. Alfred’s grandfather was an army surgeon. His father, Immanuel (born 1800), went to a technical school and became an inventor just as Sweden began to industrialize. By his middle twenties, Immanuel Nobel had patented a planing machine, a press with ten rollers, and a rotary machine. But nothing worked out. The year Alfred was born, a fire put the father into bankruptcy. He experimented with India rubber for surgical uses, and invented a barge; it sank. He invented a floating backpack for soldiers; the army was not interested. Since 1800 there had been many schemes to cut a canal across the Isthmus of Suez. Another surfaced in the 1830s, and this one indirectly gave birth to the invention of dynamite and Alfred Nobel’s fortune. Gunpowder was then the only means of blasting out the millions of tons of earth that had to be removed. But it was highly ineffective. This set Immanuel — who, like his sons, always thought big — to thinking about explosives. He taught himself a little chemistry and built a workshop, and in 1837 succeeded in making some chemicals explode. But they also blew up the work¬ shop and alarmed the neighbors, and the authorities forbade further work. Heavily in debt, he left his family in Sweden and went off to Russia to begin again. This was a common move for a Swede at that time. Through the seventeenth century, Sweden and Russia had been rivals as the two great powers in the north of Europe (the wars continued to the early 1800s, when Russia seized Finland from Sweden). When Peter the Great built the fortress in Saint Petersburg, his prize new city, he faced the cannon toward Sweden. The famous equestrian statue of the Bronze Horseman in Saint Petersburg grinds a snake, symboliz¬ ing Sweden, under its hooves. But Russia lagged behind Sweden industrially and technically, and foreign experts were needed. One was John Paul Jones, who served Catherine the Great as Kontradmiral Pavel Ivanovich Jones.2 The Founding Father 27 In Finland and then Russia, Immanuel kept up his explosives work, successfully inventing an underwater mine. With Russian military backing, he opened a factory in Saint Petersburg to pro¬ duce mines, cannon shells, mortars, and machinery to make wheels. This “Michelin of his time,” as someone called him, expanded into steam engines, iron piping, steam hammers weighing several tons, even window sashes and central heating systems for houses; his own house had the first in Russia. The factory was called Colonel Ogarev’s and Mr. Nobel’s Chartered Mechanical Wheel Factory and Pig Iron Foundry. Ogarev had earlier hired the American engi¬ neer George Washington Whistler — the painter’s father — to build Russia’s first important railroad. In 1842 Immanuel was prosperous enough to bring his family to Saint Petersburg. In Sweden, Alfred had attended school only a year, but was privately tutored. He was quick at languages, soon flu¬ ent in French, German, Russian, but especially in English: as an adolescent he fell in love with Shelley’s poetry and wrote skillful if imitative poems in English throughout his life. He also studied chemistry, mostly on his own. His two older brothers, Ludwig and Robert, went to work in their father’s Russian factory. Alfred, aged seventeen, was sent on a long visit (1850-52) to the United States to work with the famous Swedish engineer Ericsson, already plan¬ ning armored vessels like the Monitor of Civil War fame — perhaps an idea borrowed from Immanuel Nobel. Alfred returned to Saint Petersburg, just in time to take part in his family’s boom in munitions work. Russia’s designs on Turkey were raising war tensions in Britain and France, and the czar wanted to be independent of European war supplies. The Nobel factories thus kept enlarging until they were gigantic by nineteenth-century Rus¬ sian standards, employing a thousand workers — almost all un¬ trained and also not very reliable: all were searched on leaving the premises. When the Crimean War broke out in 1854, Immanuel’s underwater mines helped keep the British fleet away from the naval fortress at Kronstadt, and his shells, mortars, and wheel machinery fed the Russian army. But the Russians lost the war, and the czar decided that Russia should no longer depend on home-grown industries. Immanuel Nobel abruptly had all his military contracts canceled and went bankrupt again, and in 1859 the family returned to Sweden to start over. Immanuel was almost sixty. x 28 THE NOBEL PRIZE The decline of the father and ascent of the sons began. The older sons took over the business, and soon headed back for Finland and eventually Russia to try for another fortune. They made projectiles, cannon, rifles. Then in 1873 they saw the enormous oil deposits of Baku lying unexploited. They moved in. Meanwhile Alfred, restless to be on his own, moved to Paris. He had become an inventor himself; his first patent was for a gas meter. That he switched to explosives was mainly due to his father’s new obsession. Immanuel had failed at inventing a self-propelled tor¬ pedo, and even speculated about training seals to carry explosives. But nitroglycerine had become Immanuel’s new passion. An Italian chemist had created nitroglycerine in 1847, then given it up as too dangerously unstable. No one could find a way to handle it safely. Immanuel nonetheless managed to interest the Swedish military in this powerful explosive. Uncontrolled, however, it was useless. Alfred, the chemist, was asked by his brothers to work on the problem, and thus stumbled into his great career. Alfred worked from 1859 to 1863 before he found a partial answer: soaking nitroglycerine in a granular powder added considerable force to the explosion. But this didn’t much decrease the danger of using it. In 1865, however, Alfred made his first major discovery. He invented the detonator. An explosives authority has described the detonator as “certainly the greatest discovery ever made in both the principle and practice of explosives. On it the whole modern practice of blasting has been built.”3 Indeed, the atomic and hydrogen bombs use the same deto¬ nator principle, which is that a small bit of one explosive can ignite another. A tiny amount of mercury fulminate, acting as the firing cap for nitroglycerine, made that dangerously volatile chemical rela¬ tively safe to use. Nobel took out the Swedish patent, quickly fol¬ lowed by others in England, Belgium, France, and Finland. But the personal cost was high. Alfred’s many failures on the way to his discovery had been mocked by his father and older brothers. When triumph did come, the father insulted Alfred by declaring he had had the successful idea first. Even worse, in 1864 the youngest son, Emil, died at twenty-one in a nitroglycerine explosion. Soon after, the father had a severe stroke. He finally recovered enough to keep busy with various schemes. Worried about Swedish emigra¬ tion to the United States, he tried to invent new manufacturing opportunities to keep Swedish workers at home. To this end, he The Founding Father 29 invented plywood — which, ironically, became a popular industry in the United States. Immanuel died in 1872. Alfred set up a factory in Hamburg to manufacture his new invention, and it gained worldwide sales. But nitroglycerine remained unpredictable and its users often handled it recklessly, with disastrous results. In 1865 a salesman managed to pulverize a building in New York City, injuring eighteen. The next month, in Bremerhaven, twenty-eight were killed and more than two hun¬ dred wounded. Another grisly explosion occured in Sydney, Aus¬ tralia. In 1866 Nobel arrived in New York — with twelve cases of nitroglycerine! — to oversee his New York Blasting Oil Company, only to receive news of another catastrophe in San Francisco, with a dozen or more dead. Other explosions soon left more dead or wounded in California and Liverpool. Nobel transferred control of his U.S. interests to the U.S. Blasting Oil Company, keeping onequarter of the shares. Europe, with wars threatening, was more promising territory anyway, and governments there were less strin¬ gent. In the Prussian-Austrian war of 1866, Nobel made a hand¬ some profit. Soon he was in England, demonstrating the advantages of his nitroglycerine for mining and engineering. In 1866 came Nobel’s greatest invention: dynamite. That year he discovered how liquid nitroglycerine, when absorbed in kieselguhr (a kind of silicified earth formable into a paste), could be shaped into sticks safe to handle. By the middle of the nineteenth century, pub¬ lic works were expanding on an unparalleled scale: mining, harbors, road and bridge building, dam construction, railways, great canals such as the Suez (opened in 1869), and military works. Much of this crucially depended on the new dynamite’s power to move tons of earth, tunnel through mountains, dislodge or pulverize huge rocks. Nobel assiduously patented his dynamite throughout Europe and in America, although nitroglycerine was not protected by patents there. Only eight years after his first patent, he had also built fifteen dynamite factories, crisscrossing Europe and the United States. There were factories in Hamburg and Cologne and Prague, in New York and San Francisco, in Norway, Sweden, Fin¬ land, Scotland, France, Spain, Switzerland, Italy, Portugal, and Hungary. Russia was hard to crack, since dynamite might help ter¬ rorists make bombs to assassinate the czar and other notables. In 1870, during the Franco-Prussian War, Nobel supplied dynamite to both sides. The British Dynamite Company was set up in Scotland 30 THE NOBEL PRIZE in 1871, half its capital owned by Nobel, the largest dynamite firm in Europe. Nobel still had two important and immensely profitable inven¬ tions ahead of him. In 1875 he lowered the freezing point of nitro¬ glycerine and thus produced “blasting gelatine,” opening a wide variety of new engineering and military uses. In 1887 he patented a smokeless-powder propellant called ballistite, an invention said to have most influenced all weapons design from the 1890s to 1914.4 To his final days, Nobel worked to improve and diversify his inventions and holdings. But he also tried his hand at other things: cannon borings more resistant to wear and tear, and an aerial projec¬ tile that could be used for war or rescue work.5 In the 1870s he patented an automatic brake, a boiler that wouldn’t explode under pressure, and a method of casting iron. Late in life he sought substi¬ tutes for rubber and leather from nitrocellulose, and ways of manu¬ facturing artificial silk. In 1875 Nobel lived in Paris —- or, more accurately, kept a home there between his endless business travels. But troubles arose. His French company, the Societe Centrale de Dynamite, had been involved in a Suez Canal scandal, and though Nobel did not man¬ age or own this company, he was famous or notorious enough to become the storm center. A few years later, after an arms sale to Italy aroused angry French press and parliamentary denunciations, Nobel was accused of being a foreign spy — his laboratory was near the government one — and of doing illegal experiments. His labo¬ ratory was searched by the police and padlocked. Nobel thereupon migrated in 1890 and set up a home and laboratory in San Remo on the Italian Riviera. His last years were not quiet. His giant French company failed. Nobel, as a member of the board, could by French law be held responsible to the full extent of his fortune and thus wiped out. He reorganized the company with great energy and came out whole. A legal battle dragged on with two British inventors whom he had trusted but who now claimed they had independently invented Nobel’s ballistite under the name of cordite. The British court gave the two Britons only a token victory, but Nobel was embittered. Friends, he complained, are “found only among dogs, whom we feed with the flesh of others, and amongst worms, whom we feed with our own. A grateful belly and a grateful heart are twins.”6 He vented his feelings in a satire called The Bacillus Patent. The Founding Feither 31 Just past sixty, his health began to fail. Rheumatism was the least of it, heart trouble the worst. He was ordered to slow down, but kept on working and visiting his far-flung companies as before. He invested in the Swedish Bofors factory and built a large laboratory there with the latest equipment. He helped finance a dirigible bal¬ loon expedition to the North Pole headed by a Swedish explorer. The balloon vanished in the Arctic; remains were discovered in 1929. As his health got worse, Nobel started writing curious things. One was a drama called Nemesis about the Renaissance nobleman Cenci who forced his daughter into incest. Nobel’s poetic hero, Shelley, had of course written on the same theme in The Cenci. Nobel had not written any poetry since the 1870s, and then in his fluent and force¬ ful English; this play was done in Swedish, which by now he wrote in a stilted manner. After Nobel died, the family tried to have all hectographed copies destroyed, but three copies survived. Then came a massive cerebral hemorrhage which, as so often, reduced its sufferer to his childhood language, Swedish. His French and Italian nurses understood nothing he said. On 10 December 1896 Alfred Nobel died. No member of the family was present; his older brothers had died before him, Robert only a few months earlier, in July 1896, Ludwig in 1888, his mother in 1889. Nor were any friends present. But there is no evidence that Nobel ever had a single close friend. The Vagabond and Wayward Millionaire During the early 1870s, when Nobel was in his prime, an English business associate described him this way: He was of average height, with a slender stooping figure. He wore his beard, whiskers and mustache untrimmed. His eyes which were small and of light gray color were full of vivacity, and his face, espe¬ cially when engaged in a conversation, betokened great intelli¬ gence.7 One of his personal assistants gave a rather different look: Nobel gave the impression of being somewhat nervous. His move¬ ments were lively, his gait somewhat mincing, his facial expression 32 THE NOBEL PRIZE very changeable, as was his conversational style, often spiced with odd remarks and strange ideas. At times these remarks seemed almost absurd and appeared deliberately intended to shock old fogies. To his Swedish fellow-countrymen, unaccustomed to his light, French-inspired way of talking, he often seemed a bit bewil¬ dering, to say the least.8 The inner man was elusive: shy, lonely, never allowing anyone close to him, ironic, moodily changeable, in part a Nordic Shelley, in part a master of vituperation who would wickedly tongue-lash associates in public. A razor-sharp businessman indeed, but also aloof, keeping all his employees at a great distance. In contrast, his richer brother Ludwig’s home was right by his Russian factory and he spent off-hours with his engineers, foremen, and draftsmen.9 Ludwig, this report goes on, was not typical of the Swedish disin¬ terest in human beings — the once-popular reason for “why every second Swede is an engineer.” But Alfred, obviously, fit that stereo¬ type in several ways. Insofar as Nobel had any home, it was in Paris. Victor Hugo, in fact, may have been the one to label him the “millionaire vagabond.” He bought a mansion and had it decorated, but typi¬ cally refused to state any preference for color or style. He added on a private laboratory. The house became the stopping-off headquar¬ ters of his complex business interests, the center of a vast corre¬ spondence in most European languages. Nobel never married, and biographers know of his interest in only two women. In 1876 Bertha Kinsky, of an Austrian aristocratic family, adventurously answered one of Nobel’s advertisements for a private secretary to work for a “wealthy, highly educated, elderly gentleman” — he was then forty-three. She was thirty-three, spoke several languages, and was highly cultivated. They seem to have found each other immediately attractive and sympathetic. She very soon confided her story to him. She had had many suitors, some too old or too young or too wild or tame or otherwise unsuitable. Once, when he found her in despair and weeping, Nobel was moved enough to present her with the manuscript of a hundred-page “philosophic poem” written in English, which seems to have been an outpouring of his most private feelings. That so secretive a man would let anyone see such a poem is remarkable; that he let Bertha read it so soon after meeting suggests he must have been more than The Founding Fdther 33 half in love with the lovely, restless, independent-minded Bertha: a mirror of himself in many ways. But before anything could develop, before she even took up her secretarial duties, Bertha ran off to marry the son of a noble Viennese family When she wrote Nobel the news, she was Bertha von Suttner. He kept contact with her, and when peace later became her crusade, Bertha no doubt persuaded him to add a peace prize to his will. The same year, perhaps on the rebound, he met another woman during a trip to Vienna. She differed from Bertha in every way. Sofie Hess was an eighteen-year-old clerk in a florist’s shop. She was pretty and vulgar and a little stupid, kind-hearted but bored except when talking about herself or gossiping about others. But he was somehow enchanted and bought her an expensive bracelet. He began seeing her whenever in Vienna, and set her up in an apart¬ ment. In one way their liaison was banal: the older rich man keep¬ ing a young mistress with whom he shared a bed and little else. Nobel wrote her continually but was too guarded to reveal much of himself to someone like Sofie. He called her “dear child,” signed himself Brummbar (growling bear — her nickname for him), was avuncular, promised her presents and trips if she was “a good girl.” He moved her into a Paris apartment. And he actually took her to Stockholm to meet his mother, which miraculously went off fairly well. But she was too immature; he shied from marriage or the per¬ sonal intimacy and confidences she wanted. Still, it went on for fifteen years, before ending oddly. He bought her a villa in Ischl, and she began declaring that she was Nobel’s wife. As surprised acquaintances reported this news, Nobel grew more embarrassed. In 1891 the final break came. Sofie announced she was pregnant, not by Nobel but a Hungarian cavalry officer, who had not however proposed marriage. Nobel generously set her up with a comfortable annuity. The cavalry officer, by army code, was obliged to marry Sofie, but the scandal also forced him to resign his commission. He became a champagne salesman and, immedi¬ ately after the marriage ceremony, vanished — or almost: he started writing Nobel for money, in vain. Contemporary Viennese gossip provided an alternative story: that the child was Alfred’s and the cavalry officer only a decoy.10 Nobel seemed most to have loved his inventions and businesses. He was a prodigious, incessant, and single-minded worker who 34 THE NOBEL PRIZE wandered Europe endlessly, watching over the making of his prod¬ ucts, expanding and consolidating his interests, fending off competi¬ tors. He also preferred to work from the outside rather than within. When inspecting one of his many firms, he always did so unobtru¬ sively; he was said to enter even his own laboratory by the rear door. He chose never to personally own or manage any of the factories that manufactured his inventions. He held the patents and some of the shares, but the factories were all locally owned and managed. This sometimes caused two Nobel firms to compete ruthlessly in the same market, even issuing counterinjunctions against each other. Nobel stood aside: when the German Nobel company started exporting to Britain, Nobel thought the best strategy was for the British company to strike back by exporting to Germany.11 Although on the board and a large shareholder of each of his compa¬ nies, he had no authority to give orders. Yet it was the Nobel name that made the companies rich. This ambiguous role apparently suited Nobel. He was after all wealthy enough to remedy the situa¬ tion at any time, simply by retaining the majority of shares in any of the companies. He chose not to do so. This way of being in but never quite of the great companies built from his inventions, of having it always both ways at once by never committing himself wholly, extended to every side of his life. “I wish I could produce a substance of such frightful efficacy for whole¬ sale devastation that wars should thereby become altogether impos¬ sible,” he said. But then, with equal conviction, he told an assistant, “Well, it is fiendish things we are working on, but they are so inter¬ esting as purely technical problems and . . . clear of all financial and commercial considerations, that they are doubly fascinating.”12 Nobel once toyed with buying a Stockholm newspaper, but denied that it was because he wanted influence. He wrote: If I owned a newspaper, I would oppose my own interests. It is one of my peculiarities never to consider my private interests. My policy as a publisher would be: work against armaments and such medieval remnants.13 If armaments must be made, he went on, then each nation should make its own. This was the same man who insisted on the right to sell his weapons to all buyers, and fought legal battles when a client-nation tried to deny him sales to a military rival. The Founding Father 35 In the same way, though he was perhaps the prototype of the international capitalist of the later nineteenth century, he was in but not quite of this group. It is striking that, like Nobel, so many of these were born in the 1830s: Rockefeller, Carnegie, Hill, Harriman, Gould, Pullman, J. P. Morgan Sr., and Nobel’s two older brothers, Ludwig and Robert, those Rockefellers of the North. Depending on one’s criteria, these men were either captains of industry or mere predatory capitalists. But there was another contemporary group, variously known as Merchants of Death or armaments titans: Krupp, Skoda, Vickers, the French Schneiders, the older Morgan, the Rothschilds, Bismarck’s banker Bleichroder. Nobel was a charter member of both groups, self-made million¬ aires who became colossi of profits from wars and industrialization. He was probably the first to invent the great monopolistic trust and holding company of the modern kind: family-owned firms were still the norm in Britain and France, and the Germans hadn’t yet orga¬ nized into cartels, only “profit-pooling” alliances.14 Again, Nobel deliberately stood apart from those otherwise like him. Certainly he could be as sharp and ruthless a competitor as any when necessary. His biographer Halasz noted how Nobel hastened to patent his inventions even before they were perfected.15 Yet some¬ thing in Nobel did not always find it necessary to dominate. The sim¬ plest evidence, as noted, is that he could easily have become far richer and more powerful by owning the companies exploiting his name. Few of those named above would have hesitated to do so. Nobel, however, had a fatal gift of introspection, of mordant self¬ observation, which would have crimped the relentless trajectory of a Rockefeller or a Krupp. Nobel once disapprovingly said of an overeager associate, “Nothing is sacred to him except his own interest.” Not that such views kept Nobel himself from selling his explo¬ sives to all buyers indiscriminately. But it slowed him, turned him inward in an unusual, tormented way, making him doubt anything but brainpower, especially his own. He sold to both sides in a war, but could never say with Basil Zaharoff, the later notorious muni¬ tions king, “I made wars so that I could sell to both sides.” Perhaps Nobel at heart really was an idealist, as his Swedish defenders like to insist: a sort of high-minded sheep — or only half-wolf— among the wolves he did business with. Perhaps his dividedness reflected the melancholia he often complained of, and the sardonic tone that sometimes stung others. •v 36 THE NOBEL PRIZE Whatever the reason, it is surely difficult to imagine a Rocke¬ feller or Krupp sitting like Nobel in his lonely Paris mansion read¬ ing history, classics, and Shelley and Byron. J. P. Morgan collected rare books, not to read but as beautiful artifacts. Between selling and improving his explosives, Nobel frequented “advanced” intel¬ lectual salons in Paris, talking of radical politics or the latest work of Zola or Maupassant. Would Morgan or the others take time from their busy schedules to attend a dinner, as Nobel did, in order to meet a poet like Victor Hugo? Or periodically take to writing poetry, drama, and novels? The Will Nowhere is Nobel’s inclination to have it both ways more apparent than in his will. Most of Nobel’s biographers feel that he was greatly influenced by his brother Ludwig’s death — or, rather, the inaccu¬ rate obituaries that followed it. Some of the press mistakenly thought it was Alfred who had died, and he had the strange experi¬ ence of reading his own obituaries, many of which were hardly flat¬ tering. He was scathingly described as a war profiteer who became rich by inventing new ways to kill and maim people. He may have written a will in 1889, but it does not survive. His 1893 will gives part of his estate for scientific discoveries and an award for peace. Literature was not mentioned. In the 1895 and final will, all these came to share equally. He rewrote his earlier wills to vindicate his life: his riches would now go to benefit humankind. Some questions arise immediately. Especially in light of his shock from the mistaken obituaries upon Ludwig’s death, why didn’t Nobel set up prizes while he lived? He was of course rich enough to have done so. “Surplus wealth,” said Andrew Carnegie in 1889, “is a sacred trust which its possessor is bound to administer in his lifetime for the good of the community,” and also: “The man who dies . . . rich dies disgraced.” Carnegie, at least partly prompted by Nobel’s will, established the Carnegie Trusts in 1900. But Nobel, “the man nobody knew,” characteristically also chose to become the philanthropist nobody knew. By arranging to be posthumously generous, he once again avoided any public intrusion into his privacy. His will nowhere directs that his prizes be named after him. Perhaps, as Elisabeth Crawford suggests, entrusting the i The Founding Father 37 prizes to Swedish institutions increased the distance between him¬ self and those he helped.16 He had always detested celebrity. To a Swedish publisher who simply wanted to publish his picture in a book about famous Swedes, Nobel not only refused but tartly added: “I am not aware that I have deserved fame, and I take no pleasure in its clatter.” To a requested donation for a proposed memorial to Pas¬ teur: “I am sure Pasteur would like to send all such manifestations to the devil, and that he loathes advertising his name.”17 Nobel appar¬ ently valued only two honors given him: election to the Royal Society and to the Swedish Academy of Sciences, which earlier awarded him its Letterstedt Medal for his detonator invention. There is no question here of hypocrisy or false modesty, rather something in Nobel that, while intent on reaping the world’s riches, also distrusted the value of all worldly things. To his nephew’s request for biographical information, he replied sardonically: Alfred Nobel: his miserable half-life should have been terminated at birth by a humane doctor, as he drew his first howling breath. . . . One and only one wish: not to be buried alive. Greatest sin: that he does not worship Mammon.18 The same nephew wanted Nobel to have his portrait painted, and was once more turned down. Nobel claimed he was too old and hadn’t enough vanity to want his “hog-bristle beard” immortalized. Besides, what could a portrait show him that he did not already know about himself, nakedly and painfully? “I am afflicted with a proclivity for self-criticism whereby every blemish is revealed in all its unredeemed ugliness.”19 But his famous will is in fact a kind of self-portrait for the world to see, where his inner tensions are turned outward into criteria of what he thought meaningful in life. The Laureate as “Expert” Many philanthropists hope to improve social conditions; scientific and literary societies usually honor great individual achievements. Nobel coupled these. His prizes go to individuals, who form an elite to benefit society. He distrusted politics and movements, even the companies that sustained his fortune. He trusted only certain individuals. 38 THE NOBEL PRIZE The word “expert” perhaps best captures Nobel’s aim here. The term came into wide use by mid-nineteenth century, reflecting the new prestige of scientists, engineers, inventors, and Captains of Industry. Indeed, in the 1880s, a rage began for what would later be called technocracy, where industrial managers and technical work¬ ers saved society — from itself — by controlling and developing it “rationally.” Edward Bellamy’s 1888 novel Looking Backward 2000-1887 promoted such ideas; it sold a million copies in ten years and was translated into a dozen languages. Nobel read Bellamy both with sympathy and in a cross-grained way: reverence about “cooperative production” and political “corporationism” did not escape his scepticism about any such schemes. Nobel’s laureates in one way reflect his lifelong fascination with Shelley. Nobel’s scientists, writers, and peace workers lack the prophetic grandeur of the Shelleyan prophets, whose true benefac¬ tors of humanity are the “unacknowledged legislators” of the world: Plato, Moses, Jesus, Newton, Shakespeare. But the purpose is akin. If great prophets are not possible in bleak modern times, the “expert” will have to do. Nobel, himself the expert inventor of dynamite, probably included himself among these. At least he would honor those after him. Nobel’s “expert” makes the fundamental discoveries and helps create the new morality. Dynamite and ballistite may help abolish war, but that is up to the politicians. (Like the Nobel expert, the atom-bomb scientists built the terrible weapon but let political leaders decide whether to use it.) This possibility seems to have depressed Nobel’s hope for progress. In his 1893 will, Nobel inserted the following telling restriction: that his will and the prizes perhaps should be canceled in thirty years, for “if in thirty years it is not possible to reform the present system, we shall unavoidably fall back into barbarism.”20 Partly he meant the unlikelihood of pre¬ venting war, partly that of reforming modern democracy. He luckily removed this proviso in his final will. Nobel’s perspective here shows most clearly in his many literary efforts. One is titled In Lightest Africa. The wordplay, of course, is on “darkest Africa”: much of Africa was still unexplored by Europeans in the later nineteenth century. Nobel’s subject, however, is obvi¬ ously modern Europe. He means to strike at Europe’s pride in its all-conquering Enlightenment, embodied in its proud bourgeois success. The Founding Father 39 In Lightest Africa is a fable of politics, ancient and modern. One main character is Avenir (“the future”), a very progressive democrat. T he other is the “I” of the narrative, who favors the sternest, least democratic regimes of the past. Avenir, scorning the past, dismisses as atrocious the three historical forms of government: absolute monarchy, constitutional monarchy, and democracy. Government by heredity is absurd; constitutional monarchy is impotent; democracy is run by those who talk best, the orators and lawyers. When the reactionary “I” urges a return to autocratic powers — ancient Rome was
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	2	73	https://www.scaruffi.com/fiction/nobel.html	en	Winners of the Nobel Prize in Literature			[]	[]	[]	[ "Nobel", "Nobel Prize", "literature" ]	null	[]	null	List of Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature				null	Unfortunately, the Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded to many minor writers, at the expense of many important writers. A list of the great writers who never received the Nobel Prize, notwithstanding a general recognition of their achievements, includes: Jorge-Luis Borges, one of the most influential literary figures of the 20th century Bertold Brecht, the founder of modern theatre Joseph Conrad, one of the greatest novelists in English of all time Federico Garcia Lorca, one of the greatest Spanish poets of the last three centuries Henrik Ibsen, one of the greatest playwrights of all time Henry James, possibly the greatest USA novelist of all time James Joyce, considered by many the most influential writer of the 20th century Franz Kafka, greatest German novelist of the 20th century Vladimir Nabokov, one of the greatest USA novelists of the 20th century Fernando Pessoa, one of the greatest poets of the 20th century Marcel Proust, considered by many the greatest French novelist of the 20th century Paul Valery, greatest French poet of the 20th century Lev Tolstoy, one of the greatest Russian novelists Anton Chekhov, greatest Russian playwright On the other hand, some minor writers have been awarded the prize. Many are simply mysterious decisions. It is difficult to understand what makes the jury prefer mediocre, provincial writers to so many greater writers. The Nobel Prize is awarded by a Swedish Academy. In particular, the writers of Sweden (a country of 10 million people) have won more prizes than the writers of all of Asia (a continent of 4.5 billion people). Is it the rest of the world that is illiterate and uncreative, or is it the Swedish academia that is parochial, nationalistic and anachronistic? Of all literary prizes for literature the Nobel Prize has become the least meaningful.
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history		https://www.italyonthisday.com/favicon.ico		https://www.italyonthisday.com/2017/07/	Fascinating stories from each day of the year about the people and events that have shaped the culture and history of Italy
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	1	5	https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nobel-Prize-Winners-by-Year-1856946	en	Nobel Prize Winners by Year \| By Country, Discipline & Year	https://cdn.britannica.c…e.jpg?v=3.121.12	https://cdn.britannica.c…e.jpg?v=3.121.12	[ "https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png", "https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png", "https://cdn.britannica.com/94/182194-131-A1441287/Andrew-Jackson-town-supporters-inauguration-way-1829.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/36/162636-131-E4AA93A0/Colosseum-Rome-Italy.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/48/221848-131-DF541F62/US-presidential-elections-in-maps.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/57/203257-131-48B2BCA1/Martin-Luther-King-Jr-marchers-speech-I-August-28th-1963.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/92/125692-131-43C78F64/Charles-Pete-Conrad-Apollo-12-surface-flag-Nov-19-1969.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/22/232222-050-C7D008B3/Hand-ballot-box-vote-election.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/38/114738-131-1EC2D535/assassination-Pres-John-Wilkes-Booth-Abraham-Lincoln-April-14-1865.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop" ]	[]	[]	[ "Nobel Prize Winners by Year", "encyclopedia", "encyclopeadia", "britannica", "article" ]	null	[ "The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica" ]	2012-06-25T00:00:00+00:00	The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually from a fund bequeathed for that purpose by the Swedish inventor and industrialist Alfred Bernhard Nobel. They are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards given for intellectual achievement in the world and are conferred in six categories: physics,	en	/favicon.png	Encyclopedia Britannica	https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nobel-Prize-Winners-by-Year-1856946	1901 chemistry Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff Netherlands laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure literature Sully Prudhomme France peace Henri Dunant Switzerland Frédéric Passy France physics Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Germany discovery of X-rays physiology/medicine Emil von Behring Germany work on serum therapy 1902 chemistry Emil Fischer Germany work on sugar and purine syntheses literature Theodor Mommsen Germany peace Élie Ducommun Switzerland Charles-Albert Gobat Switzerland physics Hendrik Antoon Lorentz Netherlands investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation Pieter Zeeman Netherlands investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation physiology/medicine Sir Ronald Ross U.K. discovery of how malaria enters an organism 1903 chemistry Svante Arrhenius Sweden theory of electrolytic dissociation literature Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson Norway peace Sir Randal Cremer U.K. physics Henri Becquerel France discovery of spontaneous radioactivity Marie Curie France investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel Pierre Curie France investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel physiology/medicine Niels Ryberg Finsen Denmark treatment of skin diseases with light 1904 chemistry Sir William Ramsay U.K. discovery of inert gas elements and their places in the periodic system literature José Echegaray y Eizaguirre Spain Frédéric Mistral France peace Institute of International Law (founded 1873) physics Lord Rayleigh U.K. discovery of argon physiology/medicine Ivan Pavlov Russia work on the physiology of digestion 1905 chemistry Adolf von Baeyer Germany work on organic dyes, hydroaromatic compounds literature Henryk Sienkiewicz Poland peace Bertha, baroness von Suttner Austria-Hungary physics Philipp Lenard Germany research on cathode rays physiology/medicine Robert Koch Germany tuberculosis research 1906 chemistry Henri Moissan France isolation of fluorine; introduction of Moissan furnace literature Giosuè Carducci Italy peace Theodore Roosevelt U.S. physics Sir J.J. Thomson U.K. researches into electrical conductivity of gases physiology/medicine Camillo Golgi Italy work on the structure of the nervous system Santiago Ramón y Cajal Spain work on the structure of the nervous system 1907 chemistry Eduard Buchner Germany discovery of noncellular fermentation literature Rudyard Kipling U.K. peace Ernesto Teodoro Moneta Italy Louis Renault France physics A.A. Michelson U.S. spectroscopic and metrological investigations physiology/medicine Alphonse Laveran France discovery of the role of protozoa in diseases 1908 chemistry Ernest Rutherford U.K. investigations into the disintegration of elements and the chemistry of radioactive substances literature Rudolf Christoph Eucken Germany peace Klas Pontus Arnoldson Sweden Fredrik Bajer Denmark physics Gabriel Lippmann France photographic reproduction of colours physiology/medicine Paul Ehrlich Germany work on immunity Élie Metchnikoff Russia work on immunity 1909 chemistry Wilhelm Ostwald Germany pioneer work on catalysis, chemical equilibrium, and reaction velocities literature Selma Lagerlöf Sweden peace Auguste-Marie-François Beernaert Belgium Paul-H.-B. d'Estournelles de Constant France physics Ferdinand Braun Germany development of wireless telegraphy Guglielmo Marconi Italy development of wireless telegraphy physiology/medicine Emil Theodor Kocher Switzerland physiology, pathology, and surgery of the thyroid gland 1910 chemistry Otto Wallach Germany pioneer work in alicyclic combinations literature Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse Germany peace International Peace Bureau (founded 1891) physics Johannes Diederik van der Waals Netherlands research concerning the equation of state of gases and liquids physiology/medicine Albrecht Kossel Germany researches in cellular chemistry 1911 chemistry Marie Curie France discovery of radium and polonium; isolation of radium literature Maurice Maeterlinck Belgium peace Tobias Michael Carel Asser Netherlands Alfred Hermann Fried Austria-Hungary physics Wilhelm Wien Germany discoveries regarding laws governing heat radiation physiology/medicine Allvar Gullstrand Sweden work on dioptrics of the eye 1912 chemistry Victor Grignard France discovery of the Grignard reagents Paul Sabatier France method of hydrogenating organic compounds literature Gerhart Hauptmann Germany peace Elihu Root U.S. physics Nils Dalén Sweden invention of automatic regulators for lighting coastal beacons and light buoys physiology/medicine Alexis Carrel France work on vascular suture; transplantation of organs 1913 chemistry Alfred Werner Switzerland work on the linkage of atoms in molecules literature Rabindranath Tagore India peace Henri-Marie Lafontaine Belgium physics Heike Kamerlingh Onnes Netherlands investigation into the properties of matter at low temperatures; production of liquid helium physiology/medicine Charles Richet France work on anaphylaxis 1914 chemistry Theodore William Richards U.S. accurate determination of the atomic weights of numerous elements physics Max von Laue Germany discovery of diffraction of X-rays by crystals physiology/medicine Robert Bárány Austria-Hungary work on vestibular apparatus 1915 chemistry Richard Willstätter Germany pioneer researches in plant pigments, especially chlorophyll literature Romain Rolland France physics Sir Lawrence Bragg U.K. analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays Sir William Bragg U.K. analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays 1916 literature Verner von Heidenstam Sweden 1917 literature Karl Adolph Gjellerup Denmark Henrik Pontoppidan Denmark peace International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863) physics Charles Glover Barkla U.K. discovery of characteristic X-radiation of elements 1918 chemistry Fritz Haber Germany synthesis of ammonia literature Erik Axel Karlfeldt (declined) Sweden physics Max Planck Germany discovery of the elemental quanta 1919 literature Carl Spitteler Switzerland peace Woodrow Wilson U.S. physics Johannes Stark Germany discovery of Doppler effect in positive ion rays and division of spectral lines in electric field physiology/medicine Jules Bordet Belgium work on immunity factors in blood serum 1920 chemistry Walther Hermann Nernst Germany work in thermochemistry literature Knut Hamsun Norway peace Léon Bourgeois France physics Charles Édouard Guillaume Switzerland discovery of anomalies in alloys physiology/medicine August Krogh Denmark discovery of capillary motor-regulating mechanism 1921 chemistry Frederick Soddy U.K. chemistry of radioactive substances; occurrence and nature of isotopes literature Anatole France France peace Karl Hjalmar Branting Sweden Christian Lous Lange Norway physics Albert Einstein Switzerland work in theoretical physics 1922 chemistry Francis William Aston U.K. work with mass spectrograph; whole-number rule literature Jacinto Benavente y Martínez Spain peace Fridtjof Nansen Norway physics Niels Bohr Denmark investigation of atomic structure and radiation physiology/medicine A.V. Hill U.K. discoveries concerning heat production in muscles Otto Meyerhof Germany work on metabolism of lactic acid in muscles 1923 chemistry Fritz Pregl Austria method of microanalysis of organic substances literature William Butler Yeats Ireland physics Robert Andrews Millikan U.S. work on elementary electric charge and the photoelectric effect physiology/medicine Sir Frederick Grant Banting Canada discovery of insulin J.J.R. Macleod U.K. discovery of insulin 1924 literature Władysław Stanisław Reymont Poland physics Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn Sweden work in X-ray spectroscopy physiology/medicine Willem Einthoven Netherlands discovery of electrocardiogram mechanism 1925 chemistry Richard Zsigmondy Austria elucidation of the heterogeneous nature of colloidal solutions literature George Bernard Shaw Ireland peace Sir Austen Chamberlain U.K. Charles G. Dawes U.S. physics James Franck Germany discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom Gustav Hertz Germany discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom 1926 chemistry Theodor H.E. Svedberg Sweden work on disperse systems literature Grazia Deledda Italy peace Aristide Briand France Gustav Stresemann Germany physics Jean Perrin France work on discontinuous structure of matter physiology/medicine Johannes Fibiger Denmark contributions to cancer research 1927 chemistry Heinrich Otto Wieland Germany researches into the constitution of bile acids literature Henri Bergson France peace Ferdinand-Édouard Buisson France Ludwig Quidde Germany physics Arthur Holly Compton U.S. discovery of wavelength change in diffused X-rays C.T.R. Wilson U.K. method of making visible the paths of electrically charged particles physiology/medicine Julius Wagner-Jauregg Austria work on malaria inoculation in dementia paralytica 1928 chemistry Adolf Windaus Germany constitution of sterols and their connection with vitamins literature Sigrid Undset Norway physics Sir Owen Willans Richardson U.K. work on electron emission by hot metals physiology/medicine Charles-Jules-Henri Nicolle France work on typhus 1929 chemistry Hans von Euler-Chelpin Sweden investigations in the fermentation of sugars and the enzyme action involved Sir Arthur Harden U.K. investigations in the fermentation of sugars and the enzyme action involved literature Thomas Mann Germany peace Frank B. Kellogg U.S. physics Louis de Broglie France discovery of the wave nature of electrons physiology/medicine Christiaan Eijkman Netherlands discovery of the antineuritic vitamin Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins U.K. discovery of growth-stimulating vitamins 1930 chemistry Hans Fischer Germany hemin, chlorophyll research; synthesis of hemin literature Sinclair Lewis U.S. peace Nathan Söderblom Sweden physics Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman India work on light diffusion; discovery of Raman effect physiology/medicine Karl Landsteiner U.S. grouping of human blood types 1931 chemistry Friedrich Bergius Germany invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods Carl Bosch Germany invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods literature Erik Axel Karlfeldt (posthumous award) Sweden peace Jane Addams U.S. Nicholas Murray Butler U.S. physiology/medicine Otto Warburg Germany discovery of nature and action of respiratory enzyme 1932 chemistry Irving Langmuir U.S. discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry literature John Galsworthy U.K. physics Werner Heisenberg Germany creation of quantum mechanics physiology/medicine Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian U.K. discoveries regarding function of neurons Sir Charles Scott Sherrington U.K. discoveries regarding function of neurons 1933 literature Ivan Bunin U.S.S.R. peace Sir Norman Angell U.K. physics P.A.M. Dirac U.K. introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanics Erwin Schrödinger Austria introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanics physiology/medicine Thomas Hunt Morgan U.S. heredity transmission functions of chromosomes 1934 chemistry Harold C. Urey U.S. discovery of heavy hydrogen literature Luigi Pirandello Italy peace Arthur Henderson U.K. physiology/medicine George Richards Minot U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia William P. Murphy U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia George H. Whipple U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia 1935 chemistry Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie France synthesis of new radioactive elements peace Carl von Ossietzky Germany physics Sir James Chadwick U.K. discovery of the neutron physiology/medicine Hans Spemann Germany organizer effect in embryo 1936 chemistry Peter Debye Netherlands work on dipole moments and diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases literature Eugene O'Neill U.S. peace Carlos Saavedra Lamas Argentina physics Carl David Anderson U.S. discovery of the positron Victor Francis Hess Austria discovery of cosmic radiation physiology/medicine Sir Henry Dale U.K. work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses Otto Loewi Germany work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses 1937 chemistry Sir Norman Haworth U.K. research on carbohydrates and vitamin C Paul Karrer Switzerland research on carotenoids, flavins, and vitamins literature Roger Martin du Gard France peace Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil U.K. physics Clinton Joseph Davisson U.S. experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electrons Sir George Paget Thomson U.K. experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electrons physiology/medicine Albert Szent-Györgyi Hungary work on biological combustion 1938 chemistry Richard Kuhn (declined) Germany carotenoid and vitamin research literature Pearl Buck U.S. peace Nansen International Office for Refugees (founded 1931) physics Enrico Fermi Italy disclosure of artificial radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation physiology/medicine Corneille Heymans Belgium discovery of role of sinus and aortic mechanisms in respiration regulation 1939 chemistry Adolf Butenandt (declined) Germany work on sexual hormones Leopold Ruzicka Switzerland work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes literature Frans Eemil Sillanpää Finland physics Ernest Orlando Lawrence U.S. invention of the cyclotron physiology/medicine Gerhard Domagk (declined) Germany antibacterial effect of Prontosil 1943 chemistry Georg Charles von Hevesy Hungary use of isotopes as tracers in chemical research physics Otto Stern U.S. discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton physiology/medicine Henrik Dam Denmark discovery of vitamin K Edward Adelbert Doisy U.S. discovery of chemical nature of vitamin K 1944 chemistry Otto Hahn Germany discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei literature Johannes V. Jensen Denmark peace International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863) physics Isidor Isaac Rabi U.S. resonance method for registration of various properties of atomic nuclei physiology/medicine Joseph Erlanger U.S. researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibres Herbert Spencer Gasser U.S. researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibres 1945 chemistry Artturi Ilmari Virtanen Finland invention of fodder preservation method literature Gabriela Mistral Chile peace Cordell Hull U.S. physics Wolfgang Pauli Austria discovery of the exclusion principle of electrons physiology/medicine Sir Ernst Boris Chain U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative value Sir Alexander Fleming U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative value Howard Walter Florey, Baron Florey Australia discovery of penicillin and its curative value 1946 chemistry John Howard Northrop U.S. preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure form Wendell Meredith Stanley U.S. preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure form James Batcheller Sumner U.S. discovery of enzyme crystallization literature Hermann Hesse Switzerland peace Emily Greene Balch U.S. John R. Mott U.S. physics Percy Williams Bridgman U.S. discoveries in the domain of high-pressure physics physiology/medicine Hermann Joseph Muller U.S. production of mutations by X-ray irradiation 1947 chemistry Sir Robert Robinson U.K. investigation of alkaloids and other plant products literature André Gide France peace American Friends Service Committee U.S. Friends Service Council (FSC) U.K. physics Sir Edward Victor Appleton U.K. discovery of Appleton layer in upper atmosphere physiology/medicine Carl and Gerty Cori U.S. discovery of how glycogen is catalytically converted Bernardo Alberto Houssay Argentina pituitary hormone function in sugar metabolism 1948 chemistry Arne Tiselius Sweden researches in electrophoresis and adsorption analysis; serum proteins literature T.S. Eliot U.K. physics Patrick M.S. Blackett U.K. discoveries in the domain of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation physiology/medicine Paul Hermann Müller Switzerland properties of DDT 1949 chemistry William Francis Giauque U.S. behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures literature William Faulkner U.S. peace John Boyd Orr, Baron Boyd-Orr of Brechin Mearns U.K. physics Yukawa Hideki Japan prediction of the existence of mesons physiology/medicine António Egas Moniz Portugal therapeutic value of leucotomy in psychoses Walter Rudolf Hess Switzerland discovery of function of interbrain 1950 chemistry Kurt Alder West Germany discovery and development of diene synthesis Otto Paul Hermann Diels West Germany discovery and development of diene synthesis literature Bertrand Russell U.K. peace Ralph Bunche U.S. physics Cecil Frank Powell U.K. photographic method of studying nuclear processes; discoveries concerning mesons physiology/medicine Philip Showalter Hench U.S. research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects Edward Calvin Kendall U.S. research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects Tadeus Reichstein Switzerland research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects 1951 chemistry Edwin Mattison McMillan U.S. discovery of and research on transuranium elements Glenn T. Seaborg U.S. discovery of and research on transuranium elements literature Pär Lagerkvist Sweden peace Léon Jouhaux France physics Sir John Douglas Cockcroft U.K. work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton Ireland work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles physiology/medicine Max Theiler South Africa yellow fever discoveries 1952 chemistry A.J.P. Martin U.K. development of partition chromatography R.L.M. Synge U.K. development of partition chromatography literature François Mauriac France peace Albert Schweitzer Alsace physics Felix Bloch U.S. discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids E.M. Purcell U.S. discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids physiology/medicine Selman Abraham Waksman U.S. discovery of streptomycin 1953 chemistry Hermann Staudinger West Germany work on macromolecules literature Sir Winston Churchill U.K. peace George C. Marshall U.S. physics Frits Zernike Netherlands method of phase-contrast microscopy physiology/medicine Sir Hans Adolf Krebs U.K. discovery of coenzyme A–citric acid cycle in metabolism of carbohydrates Fritz Albert Lipmann U.S. discovery of coenzyme A–citric acid cycle in metabolism of carbohydrates 1954 chemistry Linus Pauling U.S. study of the nature of the chemical bond literature Ernest Hemingway U.S. peace Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (founded 1951) physics Max Born U.K. statistical studies of atomic wave functions Walther Bothe West Germany invention of coincidence method physiology/medicine John Franklin Enders U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures Frederick Chapman Robbins U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures Thomas H. Weller U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures 1955 chemistry Vincent du Vigneaud U.S. first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone literature Halldór Laxness Iceland physics Polykarp Kusch U.S. measurement of magnetic moment of electron Willis Eugene Lamb, Jr. U.S. discoveries in the hydrogen spectrum physiology/medicine Axel Hugo Teodor Theorell Sweden nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes 1956 chemistry Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood U.K. work on the kinetics of chemical reactions Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov U.S.S.R. work on the kinetics of chemical reactions literature Juan Ramón Jiménez Spain physics John Bardeen U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor Walter H. Brattain U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor William B. Shockley U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor physiology/medicine André F. Cournand U.S. discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes Werner Forssmann West Germany discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes Dickinson Woodruff Richards U.S. discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes 1957 chemistry Alexander Robertus Todd, Baron Todd U.K. work on nucleotides and nucleotide coenzymes literature Albert Camus France peace Lester B. Pearson Canada physics Tsung-Dao Lee China discovery of violations of the principle of parity Chen Ning Yang China discovery of violations of the principle of parity physiology/medicine Daniel Bovet Italy production of synthetic curare 1958 chemistry Frederick Sanger U.K. determination of the structure of the insulin molecule literature Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (declined) U.S.S.R. peace Dominique Pire Belgium physics Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect Ilya Mikhaylovich Frank U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect physiology/medicine George Wells Beadle U.S. genetic regulation of chemical processes Joshua Lederberg U.S. genetic recombination Edward L. Tatum U.S. genetic regulation of chemical processes 1959 chemistry Jaroslav Heyrovský Czechoslovakia discovery and development of polarography literature Salvatore Quasimodo Italy peace Philip John Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker U.K. physics Owen Chamberlain U.S. confirmation of the existence of the antiproton Emilio Segrè U.S. confirmation of the existence of the antiproton physiology/medicine Arthur Kornberg U.S. work on producing nucleic acids artificially Severo Ochoa U.S. work on producing nucleic acids artificially 1960 chemistry Willard Frank Libby U.S. development of radiocarbon dating literature Saint-John Perse France peace Albert John Luthuli South Africa physics Donald A. Glaser U.S. development of the bubble chamber physiology/medicine Sir Macfarlane Burnet Australia acquired immunity to tissue transplants Sir Peter B. Medawar U.K. acquired immunity to tissue transplants 1961 chemistry Melvin Calvin U.S. study of chemical steps that take place during photosynthesis literature Ivo Andric Yugoslavia peace Dag Hammarskjöld Sweden physics Robert Hofstadter U.S. determination of shape and size of atomic nucleons Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer West Germany discovery of the Mössbauer effect physiology/medicine Georg von Békésy U.S. functions of the inner ear 1962 chemistry Sir John Cowdery Kendrew U.K. determination of the structure of hemoproteins Max Ferdinand Perutz U.K. determination of the structure of hemoproteins literature John Steinbeck U.S. peace Linus Pauling U.S. physics Lev Davidovich Landau U.S.S.R. contributions to the understanding of condensed states of matter physiology/medicine Francis Harry Compton Crick U.K. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA James Dewey Watson U.S. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA Maurice Wilkins U.K. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA 1963 chemistry Giulio Natta Italy structure and synthesis of polymers in the field of plastics Karl Ziegler West Germany structure and synthesis of polymers in the field of plastics literature George Seferis Greece peace International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863) League of Red Cross Societies physics J. Hans D. Jensen West Germany development of shell model theory of the structure of the atomic nuclei Maria Goeppert Mayer U.S. development of shell model theory of the structure of the atomic nuclei Eugene Paul Wigner U.S. principles governing interaction of protons and neutrons in the nucleus physiology/medicine Sir John Carew Eccles Australia study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre Sir Alan Hodgkin U.K. study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley U.K. study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre 1964 chemistry Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin U.K. determining the structure of biochemical compounds essential in combating pernicious anemia literature Jean-Paul Sartre (declined) France peace Martin Luther King, Jr. U.S. physics Nikolay Gennadiyevich Basov U.S.S.R. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Prokhorov U.S.S.R. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles Charles Hard Townes U.S. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles physiology/medicine Konrad Bloch U.S. discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty-acid metabolism Feodor Lynen West Germany discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty-acid metabolism 1965 chemistry R.B. Woodward U.S. synthesis of sterols, chlorophyll, and other substances literature Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov U.S.S.R. peace United Nations Children's Fund (founded 1946) physics Richard P. Feynman U.S. basic principles of quantum electrodynamics Julian Seymour Schwinger U.S. basic principles of quantum electrodynamics Tomonaga Shin'ichiro Japan basic principles of quantum electrodynamics physiology/medicine François Jacob France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of the body cells André Lwoff France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of the body cells Jacques Monod France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of the body cells 1966 chemistry Robert Sanderson Mulliken U.S. work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules literature S.Y. Agnon Israel Nelly Sachs Sweden physics Alfred Kastler France discovery of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms physiology/medicine Charles B. Huggins U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancer Peyton Rous U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancer 1967 chemistry Manfred Eigen West Germany studies of extremely fast chemical reactions Ronald George Wreyford Norrish U.K. studies of extremely fast chemical reactions Sir George Porter U.K. studies of extremely fast chemical reactions literature Miguel Ángel Asturias Guatemala physics Hans Bethe U.S. discoveries concerning the energy production of stars physiology/medicine Ragnar Arthur Granit Sweden discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye Haldan Keffer Hartline U.S. discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye George Wald U.S. discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye 1968 chemistry Lars Onsager U.S. work on theory of thermodynamics of irreversible processes literature Kawabata Yasunari Japan peace René Cassin France physics Luis W. Alvarez U.S. work with elementary particles, discovery of resonance states physiology/medicine Robert William Holley U.S. deciphering of the genetic code Har Gobind Khorana U.S. deciphering of the genetic code Marshall William Nirenberg U.S. deciphering of the genetic code 1969 chemistry Sir Derek H.R. Barton U.K. work in determining actual three-dimensional shape of molecules Odd Hassel Norway work in determining actual three-dimensional shape of molecules economics Ragnar Frisch Norway work in econometrics Jan Tinbergen Netherlands work in econometrics literature Samuel Beckett Ireland peace International Labour Organisation (founded 1919) physics Murray Gell-Mann U.S. classification of elementary particles and their interactions physiology/medicine Max Delbrück U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases A.D. Hershey U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases Salvador Luria U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases 1970 chemistry Luis Federico Leloir Argentina discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates economics Paul Samuelson U.S. work in scientific analysis of economic theory literature Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn U.S.S.R. peace Norman Ernest Borlaug U.S. physics Hannes Alfvén Sweden work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism Louis-Eugène-Félix Néel France work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism physiology/medicine Julius Axelrod U.S. discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmission Ulf von Euler Sweden discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmission Sir Bernard Katz U.K. discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmission 1971 chemistry Gerhard Herzberg Canada research in the structure of molecules economics Simon Kuznets U.S. extensive research on the economic growth of nations literature Pablo Neruda Chile peace Willy Brandt West Germany physics Dennis Gabor U.K. invention of holography physiology/medicine Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. U.S. action of hormones 1972 chemistry Christian B. Anfinsen U.S. fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry Stanford Moore U.S. fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry William H. Stein U.S. fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry economics Kenneth J. Arrow U.S. contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory Sir John R. Hicks U.K. contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory literature Heinrich Böll West Germany physics John Bardeen U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity Leon N. Cooper U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity John Robert Schrieffer U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity physiology/medicine Gerald Maurice Edelman U.S. research on the chemical structure of antibodies Rodney Robert Porter U.K. research on the chemical structure of antibodies 1973 chemistry Ernst Otto Fischer West Germany organometallic chemistry Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson U.K. organometallic chemistry economics Wassily Leontief U.S. input-output analysis literature Patrick White Australia peace Henry A. Kissinger U.S. Le Duc Tho (declined) North Vietnam physics Leo Esaki Japan tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors Ivar Giaever U.S. tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors Brian D. Josephson U.K. tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors physiology/medicine Karl von Frisch Austria discoveries in animal behaviour patterns Konrad Lorenz Austria discoveries in animal behaviour patterns Nikolaas Tinbergen U.K. discoveries in animal behaviour patterns 1974 chemistry Paul J. Flory U.S. studies of long-chain molecules economics Friedrich von Hayek U.K. pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomena Gunnar Myrdal Sweden pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomena literature Eyvind Johnson Sweden Harry Martinson Sweden peace Seán MacBride Ireland Sato Eisaku Japan physics Antony Hewish U.K. work in radio astronomy Sir Martin Ryle U.K. work in radio astronomy physiology/medicine Albert Claude U.S. research on structural and functional organization of cells Christian René de Duve Belgium research on structural and functional organization of cells George E. Palade U.S. research on structural and functional organization of cells 1975 chemistry Sir John Warcup Cornforth U.K. work in stereochemistry Vladimir Prelog Switzerland work in stereochemistry economics Leonid Vitalyevich Kantorovich U.S.S.R. contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources Tjalling C. Koopmans U.S. contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources literature Eugenio Montale Italy peace Andrey Dmitriyevich Sakharov U.S.S.R. physics Aage N. Bohr Denmark work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion Ben R. Mottelson Denmark work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion James Rainwater U.S. work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion physiology/medicine David Baltimore U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell Renato Dulbecco U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell Howard Martin Temin U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell 1976 chemistry William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr. U.S. structure of boranes economics Milton Friedman U.S. consumption analysis, monetary theory, and economic stabilization literature Saul Bellow U.S. peace Mairéad Corrigan Northern Ireland Betty Williams Northern Ireland physics Burton Richter U.S. discovery of new class of elementary particles (psi, or J) Samuel C.C. Ting U.S. discovery of new class of elementary particles (psi, or J) physiology/medicine Baruch S. Blumberg U.S. studies of origin and spread of infectious diseases D. Carleton Gajdusek U.S. studies of origin and spread of infectious diseases 1977 chemistry Ilya Prigogine Belgium widening the scope of thermodynamics economics James Edward Meade U.K. contributions to theory of international trade Bertil Ohlin Sweden contributions to theory of international trade literature Vicente Aleixandre Spain peace Amnesty International (founded 1961) physics Philip W. Anderson U.S. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids Sir Nevill F. Mott U.K. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids John H. Van Vleck U.S. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids physiology/medicine Roger Charles Louis Guillemin U.S. research on pituitary hormones Andrew Victor Schally U.S. research on pituitary hormones Rosalyn S. Yalow U.S. development of radioimmunoassay 1978 chemistry Peter Dennis Mitchell U.K. formulation of a theory of energy transfer processes in biological systems economics Herbert Alexander Simon U.S. decision-making processes in economic organizations literature Isaac Bashevis Singer U.S. peace Menachem Begin Israel Anwar el-Sadat Egypt physics Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa U.S.S.R. invention and application of helium liquefier Arno Penzias U.S. discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theory Robert Woodrow Wilson U.S. discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theory physiology/medicine Werner Arber Switzerland discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA Daniel Nathans U.S. discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA Hamilton Othanel Smith U.S. discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA 1979 chemistry Herbert Charles Brown U.S. introduction of compounds of boron and phosphorus in the synthesis of organic substances Georg Wittig West Germany introduction of compounds of boron and phosphorus in the synthesis of organic substances economics Sir Arthur Lewis U.K. analyses of economic processes in developing nations Theodore William Schultz U.S. analyses of economic processes in developing nations literature Odysseus Elytis Greece peace Mother Teresa India physics Sheldon Lee Glashow U.S. unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles Abdus Salam Pakistan unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles Steven Weinberg U.S. unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles physiology/medicine Allan MacLeod Cormack U.S. development of the CAT scan Sir Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield U.K. development of the CAT scan 1980 chemistry Paul Berg U.S. first preparation of a hybrid DNA Walter Gilbert U.S. development of chemical and biological analyses of DNA structure Frederick Sanger U.K. development of chemical and biological analyses of DNA structure economics Lawrence Robert Klein U.S. development and analysis of empirical models of business fluctuations literature Czesław Miłosz U.S. peace Adolfo Pérez Esquivel Argentina physics James Watson Cronin U.S. demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries Val Logsdon Fitch U.S. demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries physiology/medicine Baruj Benacerraf U.S. investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances Jean-Baptiste-Gabriel-Joachim Dausset France investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances George Davis Snell U.S. investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances 1981 chemistry Fukui Kenichi Japan orbital symmetry interpretation of chemical reactions Roald Hoffmann U.S. orbital symmetry interpretation of chemical reactions economics James Tobin U.S. portfolio selection theory of investment literature Elias Canetti Bulgaria peace Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (founded 1951) physics Nicolaas Bloembergen U.S. applications of lasers in spectroscopy Arthur Leonard Schawlow U.S. applications of lasers in spectroscopy Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn Sweden electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis physiology/medicine David Hunter Hubel U.S. processing of visual information by the brain Roger Wolcott Sperry U.S. functions of the cerebral hemispheres Torsten Nils Wiesel Sweden processing of visual information by the brain 1982 chemistry Aaron Klug U.K. determination of structure of biological substances economics George J. Stigler U.S. economic effects of governmental regulation literature Gabriel García Márquez Colombia peace Alfonso García Robles Mexico Alva Myrdal Sweden physics Kenneth Geddes Wilson U.S. analysis of continuous phase transitions physiology/medicine Sune K. Bergström Sweden biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins Bengt Ingemar Samuelsson Sweden biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins John Robert Vane U.K. biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins 1983 chemistry Henry Taube U.S. study of electron transfer reactions economics Gerard Debreu U.S. mathematical proof of supply and demand theory literature Sir William Golding U.K. peace Lech Wałęsa Poland physics Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar U.S. contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of stars William A. Fowler U.S. contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of stars physiology/medicine Barbara McClintock U.S. discovery of mobile plant genes that affect heredity 1984 chemistry Bruce Merrifield U.S. development of a method of polypeptide synthesis economics Sir Richard Stone U.K. development of national income accounting system literature Jaroslav Seifert Czechoslovakia peace Desmond Tutu South Africa physics Simon van der Meer Netherlands discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the electroweak theory Carlo Rubbia Italy discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the electroweak theory physiology/medicine Niels K. Jerne U.K.-Denmark theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies Georges J.F. Köhler West Germany theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies César Milstein Argentina theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies 1985 chemistry Herbert A. Hauptman U.S. development of a way to map the chemical structures of small molecules Jerome Karle U.S. development of a way to map the chemical structures of small molecules economics Franco Modigliani U.S. analyses of household savings and financial markets literature Claude Simon France peace International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (founded 1980) physics Klaus von Klitzing West Germany discovery of the quantized Hall effect, permitting exact measurements of electrical resistance physiology/medicine Michael S. Brown U.S. discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolism Joseph L. Goldstein U.S. discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolism 1986 chemistry Dudley R. Herschbach U.S. development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactions Yuan T. Lee U.S. development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactions John C. Polanyi Canada development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactions economics James M. Buchanan U.S. public-choice theory bridging economics and political science literature Wole Soyinka Nigeria peace Elie Wiesel U.S. physics Gerd Binnig West Germany development of special electron microscopes Heinrich Rohrer Switzerland development of special electron microscopes Ernst Ruska West Germany development of special electron microscopes physiology/medicine Stanley Cohen U.S. discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells Rita Levi-Montalcini Italy discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells 1987 chemistry Donald J. Cram U.S. development of molecules that can link with other molecules Jean-Marie Lehn France development of molecules that can link with other molecules Charles J. Pedersen U.S. development of molecules that can link with other molecules economics Robert Merton Solow U.S. contributions to the theory of economic growth literature Joseph Brodsky U.S. peace Oscar Arias Sánchez Costa Rica physics J. Georg Bednorz West Germany discovery of new superconducting materials Karl Alex Müller Switzerland discovery of new superconducting materials physiology/medicine Tonegawa Susumu Japan study of genetic aspects of antibodies 1988 chemistry Johann Deisenhofer West Germany discovery of structure of proteins needed in photosynthesis Robert Huber West Germany discovery of structure of proteins needed in photosynthesis Hartmut Michel West Germany discovery of structure of proteins needed in photosynthesis economics Maurice Allais France contributions to the theory of markets and efficient use of resources literature Naguib Mahfouz Egypt peace United Nations Peacekeeping Forces physics Leon Max Lederman U.S. research in subatomic particles Melvin Schwartz U.S. research in subatomic particles Jack Steinberger U.S. research in subatomic particles physiology/medicine Sir James Black U.K. development of new classes of drugs for combating disease Gertrude Belle Elion U.S. development of new classes of drugs for combating disease George Herbert Hitchings U.S. development of new classes of drugs for combating disease 1989 chemistry Sidney Altman U.S. discovery of certain basic properties of RNA Thomas Robert Cech U.S. discovery of certain basic properties of RNA economics Trygve Haavelmo Norway development of statistical techniques for economic forecasting literature Camilo José Cela Spain peace Dalai Lama Tibet physics Hans Georg Dehmelt U.S. development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for study Wolfgang Paul West Germany development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for study Norman Foster Ramsey U.S. development of the atomic clock physiology/medicine J. Michael Bishop U.S. study of cancer-causing genes called oncogenes Harold Varmus U.S. study of cancer-causing genes called oncogenes 1990 chemistry Elias James Corey U.S. development of retrosynthetic analysis for synthesis of complex molecules economics Harry M. Markowitz U.S. study of financial markets and investment decision-making Merton H. Miller U.S. study of financial markets and investment decision-making William F. Sharpe U.S. study of financial markets and investment decision-making literature Octavio Paz Mexico peace Mikhail Gorbachev U.S.S.R. physics Jerome Isaac Friedman U.S. discovery of atomic quarks Henry Way Kendall U.S. discovery of atomic quarks Richard E. Taylor Canada discovery of atomic quarks physiology/medicine Joseph E. Murray U.S. development of kidney and bone-marrow transplants E. Donnall Thomas U.S. development of kidney and bone-marrow transplants 1991 chemistry Richard R. Ernst Switzerland improvements in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy economics Ronald Coase U.S. application of economic principles to the study of law literature Nadine Gordimer South Africa peace Aung San Suu Kyi Myanmar physics Pierre-Gilles de Gennes France discovery of general rules for behaviour of molecules physiology/medicine Erwin Neher Germany discovery of how cells communicate, as related to diseases Bert Sakmann Germany discovery of how cells communicate, as related to diseases 1992 chemistry Rudolph A. Marcus U.S. explanation of how electrons transfer between molecules economics Gary S. Becker U.S. application of economic theory to social sciences literature Derek Walcott St. Lucia peace Rigoberta Menchú Guatemala physics Georges Charpak France inventor of detector that traces subatomic particles physiology/medicine Edmond H. Fischer U.S. discovery of class of enzymes called protein kinases Edwin Gerhard Krebs U.S. discovery of class of enzymes called protein kinases 1993 chemistry Kary B. Mullis U.S. inventors of techniques for gene study and manipulation Michael Smith Canada inventors of techniques for gene study and manipulation economics Robert William Fogel U.S. contributions to economic history Douglass C. North U.S. contributions to economic history literature Toni Morrison U.S. peace F.W. de Klerk South Africa Nelson Mandela South Africa physics Russell Alan Hulse U.S. identifying binary pulsars Joseph H. Taylor, Jr. U.S. identifying binary pulsars physiology/medicine Richard J. Roberts U.K. discovery of "split," or interrupted, genetic structure Phillip A. Sharp U.S. discovery of "split," or interrupted, genetic structure 1994 chemistry George A. Olah U.S. development of techniques to study hydrocarbon molecules economics John C. Harsanyi U.S. development of game theory John F. Nash U.S. development of game theory Reinhard Selten Germany development of game theory literature Oe Kenzaburo Japan peace Yasser Arafat Palestinian Shimon Peres Israel Yitzhak Rabin Israel physics Bertram N. Brockhouse Canada development of neutron-scattering techniques Clifford G. Shull U.S. development of neutron-scattering techniques physiology/medicine Alfred G. Gilman U.S. discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins Martin Rodbell U.S. discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins 1995 chemistry Paul Crutzen Netherlands explanation of processes that deplete Earth's ozone layer Mario Molina U.S. explanation of processes that deplete Earth's ozone layer F. Sherwood Rowland U.S. explanation of processes that deplete Earth's ozone layer economics Robert E. Lucas, Jr. U.S. incorporation of rational expectations in macroeconomic theory literature Seamus Heaney Ireland peace Pugwash Conferences (founded 1957) Joseph Rotblat U.K. physics Martin Lewis Perl U.S. discovery of tau subatomic particle Frederick Reines U.S. discovery of neutrino subatomic particle physiology/medicine Edward B. Lewis U.S. identification of genes that control the body's early structural development Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Germany identification of genes that control the body's early structural development Eric F. Wieschaus U.S. identification of genes that control the body's early structural development 1996 chemistry Robert F. Curl, Jr. U.S. discovery of new carbon compounds called fullerenes Sir Harold W. Kroto U.K. discovery of new carbon compounds called fullerenes Richard E. Smalley U.S. discovery of new carbon compounds called fullerenes economics James A. Mirrlees U.K. contributions to theory of incentives under conditions of asymmetric information William Vickrey U.S. contributions to theory of incentives under conditions of asymmetric information literature Wisława Szymborska Poland peace Carlos Felipe Ximenes Belo Timorese José Ramos-Horta Timorese physics David M. Lee U.S. discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3 Douglas D. Osheroff U.S. discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3 Robert C. Richardson U.S. discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3 physiology/medicine Peter C. Doherty Australia discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells Rolf M. Zinkernagel Switzerland discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells 1997 chemistry Paul D. Boyer U.S. explanation of the enzymatic conversion of adenosine triphosphate Jens C. Skou Denmark discovery of sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase John E. Walker U.K. explanation of the enzymatic conversion of adenosine triphosphate economics Robert C. Merton U.S. methods for determining the value of stock options and other derivatives Myron S. Scholes U.S. methods for determining the value of stock options and other derivatives literature Dario Fo Italy peace International Campaign to Ban Landmines (founded 1992) Jody Williams U.S. physics Steven Chu U.S. process of trapping atoms with laser cooling Claude Cohen-Tannoudji France process of trapping atoms with laser cooling William D. Phillips U.S. process of trapping atoms with laser cooling physiology/medicine Stanley B. Prusiner U.S. discovery of the prion, a type of disease-causing protein 1998 chemistry Walter Kohn U.S. development of the density-functional theory John A. Pople U.K. development of computational methods in quantum chemistry economics Amartya Sen India contribution to welfare economics literature José Saramago Portugal peace John Hume Northern Ireland David Trimble Northern Ireland physics Robert B. Laughlin U.S. discovery of fractional quantum Hall effect Horst L. Störmer U.S. discovery of fractional quantum Hall effect Daniel C. Tsui U.S. discovery of fractional quantum Hall effect physiology/medicine Robert F. Furchgott U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system Louis J. Ignarro U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system Ferid Murad U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system 1999 chemistry Ahmed H. Zewail Egypt/U.S. study of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy economics Robert A. Mundell Canada analysis of optimum currency areas and of policy under different exchange rate regimes literature Günter Grass Germany peace Doctors Without Borders (founded 1971) physics Gerardus 't Hooft Netherlands study of quantum structure of electroweak interactions Martinus J.G. Veltman Netherlands study of quantum structure of electroweak interactions physiology/medicine Günter Blobel U.S. discovery that proteins have signals governing cellular organization 2000 chemistry Alan J. Heeger U.S. discovery of plastics that conduct electricity Alan G. MacDiarmid U.S. discovery of plastics that conduct electricity Shirakawa Hideki Japan discovery of plastics that conduct electricity economics James J. Heckman U.S. development of methods of statistical analysis of individual and household behaviour Daniel L. McFadden U.S. development of methods of statistical analysis of individual and household behaviour literature Gao Xingjian France peace Kim Dae-Jung South Korea physics Zhores I. Alferov Russia development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics Jack S. Kilby U.S. development of the integrated circuit (microchip) Herbert Kroemer Germany development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics physiology/medicine Arvid Carlsson Sweden discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain Paul Greengard U.S. discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain Eric R. Kandel U.S. discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain 2001 chemistry William S. Knowles U.S. work on chirally catalyzed hydrogenation reactions Noyori Ryoji Japan work on chirally catalyzed hydrogenation reactions K. Barry Sharpless U.S. work on chirally catalyzed oxidation reactions economics George A. Akerlof U.S. analysis of markets with asymmetric information A. Michael Spence U.S. analysis of markets with asymmetric information Joseph E. Stiglitz U.S. analysis of markets with asymmetric information literature Sir V.S. Naipaul Trinidad peace United Nations (founded 1945) Kofi Annan Ghana physics Eric A. Cornell U.S. achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates Wolfgang Ketterle Germany achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates Carl E. Wieman U.S. achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates physiology/medicine Leland H. Hartwell U.S. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle R. Timothy Hunt U.K. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle Sir Paul M. Nurse U.K. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle 2002 chemistry John B. Fenn U.S. development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large molecules Tanaka Koichi Japan development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large molecules Kurt Wüthrich Switzerland development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large molecules economics Daniel Kahneman U.S./Israel integration of psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty Vernon L. Smith U.S. establishment of laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis literature Imre Kertész Hungary peace Jimmy Carter U.S. physics Raymond Davis, Jr. U.S. detection of neutrinos Riccardo Giacconi U.S. seminal discoveries of cosmic sources of X-rays Koshiba Masatoshi Japan detection of neutrinos physiology/medicine Sydney Brenner U.K. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis) H. Robert Horvitz U.S. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis) John E. Sulston U.K. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis) 2003 chemistry Peter Agre U.S. discoveries regarding water channels and ion channels in cells Roderick MacKinnon U.S. discoveries regarding water channels and ion channels in cells economics Robert F. Engle U.S. development of techniques for the analysis of time series data Clive W.J. Granger U.K. development of techniques for the analysis of time series data literature J.M. Coetzee South Africa peace Shirin Ebadi Iran physics Alexei A. Abrikosov U.S. discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures Vitaly L. Ginzburg Russia discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures Anthony J. Leggett U.S. discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures physiology/medicine Paul Lauterbur U.S. development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Sir Peter Mansfield U.K. development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 2004 chemistry Aaron Ciechanover Israel discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation Avram Hershko Israel discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation Irwin Rose U.S. discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation economics Finn E. Kydland Norway contributions to dynamic macroeconomics Edward C. Prescott U.S. contributions to dynamic macroeconomics literature Elfriede Jelinek Austria peace Wangari Maathi Kenya physics David J. Gross U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction H. David Politzer U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction Frank Wilczek U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction physiology/medicine Richard Axel U.S. discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system Linda B. Buck U.S. discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system 2005 chemistry Yves Chauvin France development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis Robert H. Grubbs U.S. development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis Richard R. Schrock U.S. development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis economics Robert J. Aumann Israel contributions to game-theory analysis Thomas C. Schelling U.S. contributions to game-theory analysis literature Harold Pinter U.K. peace Mohamed ElBaradei Egypt International Atomic Energy Agency (founded 1957) physics Roy J. Glauber U.S. contributions to the field of optics John L. Hall U.S. contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy Theodor W. Hänsch Germany contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy physiology/medicine Barry J. Marshall Australia discovery of bacteria's role in peptic ulcer disease J. Robin Warren Australia discovery of bacteria's role in peptic ulcer disease 2006 chemistry Roger D. Kornberg U.S. work on the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription economics Edmund S. Phelps U.S. analysis of intertemporal trade-offs in macroeconomic policy literature Orhan Pamuk Turkey peace Grameen Bank (founded 1976) Muhammad Yunus Bangladesh physics John C. Mather U.S. discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation George F. Smoot U.S. discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation physiology/medicine Andrew Z. Fire U.S. discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA Craig C. Mello U.S. discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA 2007 chemistry Gerhard Ertl Germany studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces economics Leonid Hurwicz U.S. work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory Eric S. Maskin U.S. work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory Roger B. Myerson U.S. work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory literature Doris Lessing U.S. peace Al Gore U.S. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (founded 1988) physics Albert Fert France discovery of giant magnetoresistance Peter Grünberg Germany discovery of giant magnetoresistance physiology/medicine Mario R. Capecchi U.S. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells Sir Martin J. Evans U.K. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells Oliver Smithies U.S. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells 2008 chemistry Martin Chalfie U.S. discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP Osamu Shimomura U.S. discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP literature Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio France peace Martti Ahtisaari Finland physiology/medicine Françoise Barré-Sinoussi France discovery of human immunodeficiency virus Luc Montagnier France discovery of human immunodeficiency virus Harald zur Hausen Germany discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer 2009 chemistry Venkatraman Ramakrishnan U.S. studies of the structure and function of the ribosome Thomas Steitz U.S. studies of the structure and function of the ribosome Ada Yonath Israel studies of the structure and function of the ribosome economics Elinor Ostrom U.S. analysis of economic governance, especially the commons Oliver E. Williamson U.S. analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm literature Herta Müller Germany peace Barack Obama U.S. physics Willard Boyle Canada/U.S. invention of the CCD sensor, an imaging semiconductor circuit Charles Kao U.K./U.S. achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibres for optical communication George E. Smith U.S. invention of the CCD sensor, an imaging semiconductor circuit physiology/medicine Elizabeth H. Blackburn U.S. discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase Carol W. Greider U.S. discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase Jack W. Szostak U.S. discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase 2010 chemistry Richard F. Heck U.S. development of techniques to synthesize complex carbon molecules Negishi Ei-ichi Japan development of techniques to synthesize complex carbon molecules Suzmediuki Akira Japan development of techniques to synthesize complex carbon molecules economics Peter A. Diamond U.S. analysis of markets with search frictions Dale T. Mortensen U.S. analysis of markets with search frictions Christopher A. Pissarides Cyprus/U.K. analysis of markets with search frictions literature Mario Vargas Llosa Peru peace Liu Xiaobo China physics Andre Geim Netherlands experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene Konstantin Novoselov Russia/U.K. experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene physiology/medicine Robert Edwards U.K. development of in vitro fertilization 2011 chemistry Daniel Shechtman Israel discovery of quasicrystals economics Thomas J. Sargent U.S. empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy Christopher A. Sims U.S. empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy literature Tomas Tranströmer Sweden peace Leymah Gbowee Liberia Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Liberia Tawakkul Karmān Yemen physics Saul Perlmutter U.S. discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae Adam G. Riess U.S./Australia discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae Brian P. Schmidt U.S. discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae physiology/medicine Bruce A. Beutler U.S. discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity Jules A. Hoffman Luxembourg/France discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity Ralph M. Steinman Canada discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity 2012 chemistry Brian K. Kobilka U.S. studies of G-protein-coupled receptors Robert J. Lefkowitz U.S. studies of G-protein-coupled receptors economics Alvin E. Roth U.S. work on market design and matching theory Lloyd S. Shapley U.S. work on market design and matching theory literature Mo Yan China peace European Union (founded 1993) physics Serge Haroche France development of methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems David J. Wineland U.S. development of methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems physiology/medicine Sir John Bertrand Gurdon U.K. discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent Shinya Yamanaka Japan discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent 2013 chemistry Martin Karplus Austria/U.S. development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems Michael Levitt U.K./U.S./Israel development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems Arieh Warshel Israel/U.S. development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems economics Eugene F. Fama U.S. empirical analysis of asset prices Lars P. Hansen U.S. empirical analysis of asset prices Robert J. Shiller U.S. empirical analysis of asset prices literature Alice Munro Canada peace Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (founded 1997) physics François Englert Belgium theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to the understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles Peter Higgs U.K. theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to the understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles physiology/medicine James E. Rothman U.S. discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells Randy W. Schekman U.S. discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells Thomas C. Südhof Germany/U.S. discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells 2014 chemistry Eric Betzig U.S. development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy Stefan W. Hell Germany development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy William E. Moerner U.S. development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy economics Jean Tirole France analysis of market power and regulation literature Patrick Modiano France peace Kailash Satyarthi India Malala Yousafzai Pakistan physics Akasaki Isamu Japan invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes, which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources Amano Hiroshi Japan invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes, which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources Shuji Nakamura U.S. invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes, which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources physiology/medicine Edvard I. Moser Norway discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain May-Britt Moser Norway discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain John O'Keefe U.S./U.K. discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain 2015 chemistry Tomas Lindahl Sweden mechanistic studies of DNA repair Paul Modrich U.S. mechanistic studies of DNA repair Aziz Sancar Turkey/U.S. mechanistic studies of DNA repair economics Angus S. Deaton U.K. analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare literature Svetlana Alexievich Belarus peace National Dialogue Quartet (founded 2013) physics Kajita Takaaki Japan discovery of neutrino oscillations, which show that neutrinos have mass Arthur B. McDonald Canada discovery of neutrino oscillations, which show that neutrinos have mass physiology/medicine William C. Campbell Ireland discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites Ōmura Satoshi Japan discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites Tu Youyou China discoveries concerning a novel therapy against malaria 2016 chemistry Jean-Pierre Sauvage France design and synthesis of molecular machines J. Fraser Stoddart U.K. design and synthesis of molecular machines Bernard Feringa Netherlands design and synthesis of molecular machines economics Oliver Hart U.K. contributions to contract theory Bengt Holmström Finland contributions to contract theory literature Bob Dylan U.S. peace Juan Manuel Santos Colombia physics David Thouless U.K. theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter Duncan Haldane U.K. theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter Michael Kosterlitz U.K. theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter physiology/medicine Yoshinori Ohsumi Japan discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy 2017 chemistry Jacques Dubochet Switzerland development of cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution Joachim Frank Germany/U.S. development of cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution Richard Henderson U.K. development of cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution economics Richard H. Thaler U.S. contributions to behavioral economics literature Kazuo Ishiguro U.K. peace International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (founded 2007) physics Barry C. Barish U.S. decisive contributions to the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory detector and the observation of gravitational waves Kip S. Thorne U.S. decisive contributions to the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory detector and the observation of gravitational waves Rainer Weiss U.S. decisive contributions to the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory detector and the observation of gravitational waves physiology/medicine Jeffrey C. Hall U.S. discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm Michael Rosbash U.S. discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm Michael W. Young U.S. discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm 2018 chemistry Frances Arnold U.S. first directed evolution of enzymes George P. Smith U.S. development of phage display, a method in which a bacteriophage can be used to evolve new proteins Gregory P. Winter U.K. work using the phage display method for the directed evolution of antibodies economics William Nordhaus U.S. integration of climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis Paul Romer U.S. integration of technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis literature** Olga Tokarczuk Poland peace Denis Mukwege Democratic Republic of the Congo Nadia Murad Iraq physics Arthur Ashkin U.S. invention of optical tweezers and their application to biological systems Gérard Mourou France invention of a method of generating high-intensity ultrashort optical pulses Donna Strickland Canada invention of a method of generating high-intensity ultrashort optical pulses physiology/medicine James P. Allison U.S. discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation Tasuku Honjo Japan discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation 2019 chemistry John B. Goodenough U.S. development of lithium-ion batteries M. Stanley Whittingham U.K./U.S. development of lithium-ion batteries Yoshino Akira Japan development of lithium-ion batteries economics Abhijit Banerjee U.S. experimental approach to alleviating global poverty Esther Duflo French/U.S. experimental approach to alleviating global poverty Michael Kremer U.S. experimental approach to alleviating global poverty literature Peter Handke Austria peace Abiy Ahmed Ethiopia physics James Peebles Canada/U.S. theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology Michel Mayor Switzerland discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star Didier Queloz Switzerland discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star physiology/medicine William G. Kaelin, Jr. U.S. discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability Peter J. Ratcliffe U.K. discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability Gregg L. Semenza U.S. discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability 2020 chemistry Emmanuelle Charpentier France development of a method for genome editing Jennifer Doudna U.S. development of a method for genome editing economics Paul R. Milgrom U.S. improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats Robert B. Wilson U.S. improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats literature Louise Glück U.S. peace World Food Programme (founded 1961) physics Reinhard Genzel Germany discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy Andrea Ghez U.S. discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy Roger Penrose U.K. discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity physiology/medicine Harvey J. Alter U.S. discovery of hepatitis C virus Michael Houghton U.K. discovery of hepatitis C virus Charles M. Rice U.S. discovery of hepatitis C virus 2021 chemistry Benjamin List Germany development of asymmetric organocatalysis David W.C. MacMillan U.K./U.S. development of asymmetric organocatalysis economics Joshua Angrist Israel/U.S. methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships David Card Canada/U.S. empirical contributions to labour economics Guido W. Imbens Neth./U.S. methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships literature Abdulrazak Gurnah Tanz. peace Dmitry Muratov Russia Maria Ressa Phil./U.S. physics Klaus Hasselmann Germany physical modelling of Earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming Manabe Syukuro Japan/U.S. physical modelling of Earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming Giorgio Parisi Italy discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales physiology/medicine David Julius U.S. discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch Ardem Patapoutian U.S. discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch 2022 chemistry Carolyn R. Bertozzi U.S. development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry Morten P. Meldal Neth. development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry K. Barry Sharpless U.S. development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry economics Ben Bernanke U.S. research on banks and financial crises Douglas Diamond U.S. research on banks and financial crises Philip Dybvig U.S. research on banks and financial crises literature Annie Ernaux France peace Ales Bialiatski Belarus Center for Civil Liberties Ukraine Memorial Russia physics Alain Aspect France experiments with quantum entanglement that laid the foundation for a new era of quantum technology John F. Clauser U.S. experiments with quantum entanglement that laid the foundation for a new era of quantum technology Anton Zeilinger Austria experiments with quantum entanglement that laid the foundation for a new era of quantum technology physiology/medicine Svante Pääbo Sweden discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution 2023 chemistry Moungi Bawendi France/U.S. discovery and synthesis of quantum dots Louis Brus U.S. discovery and synthesis of quantum dots Alexei Ekimov Russia/U.S. discovery and synthesis of quantum dots economics Claudia Goldin U.S. research on women’s labour market outcomes literature Jon Fosse U.S. peace Narges Mohammadi Iran physics Pierre Agostini France development of experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter Ferenc Krausz Hungary development of experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter Anne L’Huillier France development of experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter physiology/medicine Katalin Karikó Hungary/U.S. discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	2	12	https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/culture-magazines/carducci-giosue-27-july-1835-16-february-1907	en	Carducci, Giosuè (27 July 1835 - 16 February 1907)			[ "https://www.encyclopedia.com/themes/custom/trustme/images/header-logo.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "Giosuè Carducci (27 July 1835 - 16 February 1907)Thomas E. Peterson University of GeorgiaLettersBiographiesReferencesPapers" ]	null	[]	null	Giosuè Carducci (27 July 1835 - 16 February 1907)Thomas E. Peterson University of GeorgiaLettersBiographiesReferencesPapers Source for information on Carducci, Giosuè (27 July 1835 - 16 February 1907): Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature, Part 1 dictionary.	en	/sites/default/files/favicon.ico		https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/culture-magazines/carducci-giosue-27-july-1835-16-february-1907	Giosuè Carducci (27 July 1835 - 16 February 1907) Thomas E. Peterson University of Georgia Letters Biographies References Papers 1906 Nobel Prize in Literature Presentation Speech BOOKS: Rime di Giosuè Carducci (San Miniato: Tipografia Ristori, 1857); Della scelta di curiosità letterarie inedite o rare (Bologna: G. Romagnoli, 1863); Levia gravia, as Enotrio Romano (Pistoia: Tipografia Niccolai e Quarteroni, 1868); revised as Levia gravia: 1861–1867, as Carducci (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1881; revised, 1888); Poesie di Giosuè Carducci (Enotrio Romano) (Florence: Barbèra, 1871; revised, 1875)’comprises Decennali, Levia gravia, and Juvenilia; Primavere elleniche di Enotrio Romano (Florence: Barbèra, 1872); Nuove poesie di Enotrio Romano (Imola: Galeati, 1873); Studi letterari di Giosuè Carducci (Livorno: Vigo, 1874); Delle poesie latine edite e inedite di Ludovico Ariosto (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1875); republished as La gioventù di Ludovico Ariosto e le sue poesie latine (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1881); Intorno ad alcune rime dei secoli XIII e XIV ritrovate nei Memo-riali dell’Archivio notarile di Bologna, studi di Giosuè Carducci (Imola: Galeati, 1876); Bozzetti critici e discorsi letterari (Livorno: Vigo, 1876); Odi barbare di Giosuè Carducci (Enotrio Romano) (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1877); Satana e polemiche sataniche (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1879); Juvenilia (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1880); Tibullo, by Carducci and Rocco de Zerbi (Milan: Fratelli Treves, 1880); Nuove odi barbare (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1882; revised and enlarged, 1886); Giambi ed epodi di Giosuè Carducci (1867–1872), nuovamente raccolti e corretti con prefazione (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1882); Confessioni e battaglie (Rome: Sommaruga, 1882); revised as Confessioni e battaglie. Serie prima (Rome: Sommaruga, 1883); Confessioni e battaglie. Serie seconda (Rome: Sommaruga, 1883 [i.e., 1882]); Ça ira. Settembre MDCCXCII [1792] (Rome: Sommaruga, 1883); Confessioni e battaglie. Serie terza (Rome: Sommaruga, 1884); Conversazioni critiche (Rome: Sommaruga, 1884); Petrarca e Boccacci (Rome: Perino, 1884); Rime nuove di Giosuè Carducci (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1887; revised, 1889); Il libro delle prefazioni (Castello: Lapi, 1888); Lo studio bolognese: Discorso di Giosuè Carducci per l’ottavo centenario (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1888); Jaufré Rudel: Poesia antica e moderna (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1888); Opere di Giosuè Carducci, 20 volumes in 10 (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1889–1909)—comprises volume 1, Discorsi letterari e storici (1889); volume 2, Primi saggi (1889); volume 3, Bozzetti e scherme (1889); volume 4, Confessioni e battaglie (1890); volume 5, Ceneri e faville, serie prima, 1859–1870 (1891); volume 6, fuvenilia e Levia gravia (1891); volume 7, Ceneri e faville, serie seconda, 1871–1876 (1893); volume 8, Studi letterari (1893); volume 9, Giambi ed epodi e Rime nuove (1894); volume 10, Studi, saggi e discorsi (1898); volume 11, Ceneri e faville, serie terza e ultima, 1877–1901 (1902); volume 12, Confessioni e battaglie, serie seconda (1902); volume 13, Studi su Giuseppe Parini: Il Parini minore (1903); volume 14, Studi su Giuseppe Parini: Il Parini maggiore, con un appendice inedita (1907); volume 15, Su ludovico Ari-osto e Torquato Tasso studi (1905); volume 16, Poesia e storia, con una fototipia (1905); volume 17, Odi bar-bare e Rime e ritmi. Con un’ appendice (1907); volume 18, Archeologia poetica (1908); volume 19, Melica e lirica del settecento, con altri studi di varia letteratura (1909); and volume 20, Cavalleria e umanesimo (1909); Terze odi barbare (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1889); letture italiane, 3 volumes (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1890–1898); Storia del «Giorno» di Giuseppe Parini (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1892); Delle odi barbare di Giosuè Carducci, libri II ordinati e corretti (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1893); Su l’Aminta di T. Tasso. Saggi tre di Giosuè Carducci, con una pastorale inèdita di G. B. Giraldi Cinthio (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1896); Degli spiriti e delle forme nella poesia di Giacomo leopardi (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1898); Rime e ritmi (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1899); Poesie di Giosuè Carducci (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1901); Prose di Giosuè Carducci (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1905); Da un carteggio inedito di Giosuè Carducci, edited by Antonio Messeri (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1907). Editions and Collections: Opere. Edizione Nazionale, 30 volumes (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1935–1940); Giambi ed epodi, edited by Enzo Palmieri (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1959); Odi barbare, edited by Manara Valgimigli (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1959); Rime nuove, edited by Pietro Paolo Trompeo and Giambattista Salinari (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1961); Rime e ritmi, edited by Valgimigli and Salinari (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1964); Poesie e prose scelte, edited by Mario Fubini and Remo Ceserani (Florence: La Nuova Italia, 1968); Poesie, edited by Giorgio Barberi Squarotti and Mario Rettori (Milan: Garzanti, 1982); Prose, edited by Giovanni Falaschi (Milan: Garzanti, 1987); Opere scelte, edited by Mario Saccenti (Turin: Unione Tipografico-Editrice Torinese, 1993). Editions in English: Poems of Italy: Selections from the Odes of Giosue Carducci, translated by M. W. Arms (New York: Grafton Press, 1906); Poems of Giosuè Carducci, translated by Maud Holland (New York: Scribners, 1907); Selections from Carducci: Prose and Poetry, translated by Antonio Marinoni (New York: William R. Jenkins, 1913); Carducci: A Selection of His Poems, translated by G. L. Bickersteth (London: Longmans, Green, 1913); The Rime nuove of Giosuè Carducci, translated by Laura Fullerton Gilbert (Boston: R. G. Badger, 1916); A Selection from the Poems of Giosuè Carducci, translated by Emily A. Tribe (London: Longmans, Green, 1921); From the Poems of Giosuè Carducci, translated by Romilda Rendel (London, 1929); The Barbarian Odes of Giosuè Carducci, translated by William Fletcher Smith (Menasha, Wis.: G. Banta, 1939); The Lyrics and Rhythms of Giosue Carducci, translated by Smith (Colorado Springs, Colo.: Privately printed, 1942); Twenty-Four Sonnets of Giosue Carducci, translated by Arthur Burkhard (Yarmouth Port, Mass.: Register Press, 1947); Giosue Carducci: Selected Verse, translated by David H. Higgins (Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1994). OTHER: L’arpa del popolo. Scelta di poesie religiose, morali e patriottiche cavate dai nostri autori e accomodate all’intelligenza del popolo, edited by Carducci (Florence: Galileiana, 1855); Antologia latina e saggi di studi sopra la lingua e letteratura latina, edited by Carducci (Florence: Galileiana, 1855); Vittorio Alfieri, Satire e poesie minori di Vittorio Alfieri, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1858); Alessandro Tassoni, La Secchia rapita e l’Oceano di Alessandro Tassoni, con note, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1858); republished as La Secchia rapita e altre poesie (Florence: Barbèra, 1861); Giuseppe Parini, Poesie di Giuseppe Parini, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1858); Vincenzo Monti, Le poesie liriche di Vincenzo Monti, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1858; revised and enlarged, 1862); Alfieri, Del principe e delle lettere, con altre prose di Vittorio Alfieri, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1859); Lorenzo de’ Medici, Poesie di Lorenzo de’ Medici, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1859); Giuseppe Giusti, Le poesie di Giuseppe Giusti, con un discorso sulla vita e sulle opere dell’autore, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1859; revised and enlarged, 1861 and 1862); Salvator Rosa, Satire, odi e lettere di Salvator Rosa, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1860); Gabriele Rossetti, Poesie di Gabriele Rossetti, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1861); Cino da Pistoia, Rime di m. Cino da Pistoia e d’altri del secolo XIV, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1862); Monti, Canti e poemi di Vincenzo Monti, 2 volumes, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1862); Angelo Ambrogini Poliziano, Le Stanze, l’Orfeo e le Rime di messer Angelo Ambrogini Poliziano, rivedute su i codici e su le antiche stampe e illustrate con annotazioni di varii e nuove da G. Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1863); Lucretius, Di T. Lucrezio Caro Della natura delle cose, libri VI, edited by Carducci and Alessandro Marchetti (Florence: Barbèra, 1864); Monti, Tragedie, drammi e cantate di Vincenzo Monti, con appendice di versi inediti o rari, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1865); Dino Frescobaldi, Rime di Matteo di Dino Frescobaldi, edited by Carducci (Pistoia: Società Tipografica Pistoiese, 1866); Poeti erotici del secolo XVIII, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1868); Cantilene e ballate, strambotti e madrigali nei secoli XIII e XIV, edited by Carducci (Pisa: Nistri, 1871); Lirici del secolo XVIII, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1871); Benedetto Menzini, Satire, rime e lettere scelte di Benedetto Menzini, edited by Carducci (Florence: Barbèra, 1874); Petrarch, Rime di Francesco Petrarca sopra argomenti storici, morali e diversi, edited by Carducci (Livorno: Vigo, 1876); Strambotti e rispetti dei secoli XIV, XV, XVI raccolti da G. Carducci, per nozze Teza-Perlasca (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1877); Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi, Lettere di F. D. Guerrazzi a cura di Giosuè Carducci, 2 volumes, edited by Carducci (Livorno: Vigo, 1880, 1882); La poesia barbara nei secoli XV e XVI, edited by Carducci (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1881); Pietro Metastasio, Lettere disperse e inedite di Pietro Metastasio, edited by Carducci (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1883); Alberto Mario, Scritti di Alberto Mario, edited by Carducci (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1884); enlarged by Carducci and Jessie White Mario as Scritti letterari e artistici di Alberto Mario (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1901); Letture italiane scelte e ordinate a uso del ginnasio superiore, edited by Carducci and Ugo Brilli (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1885); Monti, Scelte poesie di Vincenzo Monti, edited by Carducci (Livorno: Vigo, 1885); Antiche laudi cadorine, edited by Carducci (Pieve di Cadore: Tipografia Berengan, 1892); Letture del Risorgimento italiano, edited by Carducci (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1895; enlarged, 2 volumes, 1896, 1897); Torquato Tasso, Teatro di Torquato Tasso, edited by Carducci and Angelo Solerti (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1895); Cacce in rima dei secoli XIV e XV raccolte da G. Carducci per nozze Morpurgo-Franchetti (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1896); Petrarch, Le Rime di Francesco Petrarca di su gli originali commentate da G. Carducci e S. Ferrari (Florence: San-soni, 1899); Mario, Scritti politici di Alberto Mario, edited by Carducci (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1901); Primavera e fiore della lirica italiana, 2 volumes, edited by Carducci (Florence: Sansoni, 1903); Antica lirica italiana (canzonette, canzoni, sonetti dei secoli XIII-XV), edited by Carducci (Florence: Sansoni, 1907). Giosuè Carducci’s poetry glorifies the era of the Italian Risorgimento—the lengthy struggle leading up to national unification in 1861. The “age of Carducci” coincides with a vigorous public commitment to the sacred ideal of the homeland and to the role of literature in advancing that civic ideal by defending human dignity. When Carducci was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature on 10 December 1906 (less than three months before his death), C. D. af Wirsén, the secretary of the Swedish Academy, described him as “a poet who is always moved by patriotism and a love of liberty, who never sacrifices his opinions to gain favour, and who never indulges in base sensualism ... a soul inspired by the highest ideals.” As the major Italian poet of his age, Carducci represented in literature the national destiny of Italy over the final third of the nineteenth century. A robust and passionate man, he advocated a restoration of the classical heritage and a return to the civic and natural virtues it represents. Working in several literary forms, he exhorted the Italians to revitalize themselves and to honor the greatness of their ancient, medieval, and Renaissance civilizations. Carducci was commonly referred to as “l’ultimo scudiero dei classici” (the last shield bearer of the classics), and his focus on history spans the centuries and engages Italy’s heroes, from those of the newly formed state to those of antiquity. He embodied the classical figure of the vate, or poet-prophet, who sang of the glory of the civilization and natural landscape of Italy. Carducci produced several highly structured and technically accomplished volumes of poetry, beginning with the 1857 Rime di Giosuè Carducci (Lyrics of Giosuè Carducci) and ending with the 1901 Poesie di Giosuè (Poetry of Giosuè Carducci). The bibliographical history of the works is complex, given the poet’s ongoing involvement in different collections at the same time and his habit of reworking poems over a period of many years. The years of composition of his major collections are: Juvenilia (1871), 1850–1860; Levia gravia (1868, Light and Serious Poems), 1861–1871; Giambi ed epodi (1882, Iambics and Epodes), 1867–1879; Rime nuove (1887, The New Lyrics), 1861–1887; Odi barbare (1877, Barbarian Odes), 1877–1889; and Rime e ritmi (1899, Lyrics and Rhythms), 1887–1899. Thus, Carducci organized his overlapping collections on a thematic and formal basis, not a chronological one. Aided by the poet’s copious self-documentation, scholars can date with confidence almost all of Carducci’s major poems; while each of the separate collections has its own character, they have in common the subject matter of poetry itself. Carducci is a radical stylistic innovator whose formal deviation from established meters and verse forms set a pattern for the poets of the twentieth century. During his forty-four-year career at the University of Bologna, Carducci gained fame as a lecturer and scholar, as the one genuine heir of Italian classicism as well as the major patriotic poet of the nation. At the same time, his career was full of contradictions and reversals as well as personal tragedy. Born in Val di Castello (Pietrasanta) in northwest Tuscany on 27 July 1835, Giosuè Alessandro Giuseppe Carducci resided from 1838 to 1849 in Bólgheri, in the Tuscan Maremma near the Tyrrhenian Sea. Carducci’s mother, Ildegonda Celli, was a well-educated and liberal woman; his father, Michele Carducci, was a provincial physician who taught his son Latin and encouraged him to study the works of Virgil, Homer, Torquato Tasso, and Alessandro Manzoni. Giosuè had two younger brothers, Dante and Valfredo. Michele Carducci, also a member of the Carbonaria (Charcoal-burners), a secret society committed to ending the Austrian occupation, was imprisoned for his republican beliefs. Giosuè inherited his parents’ cosmopolitanism and his father’s political passion. He wrote his first satiric poem in 1846, and by 1850 he had expressed his anti-Romantic, proclassical sympathies in verse. When the family moved to Florence in 1849, his literary education expanded to include Giacomo Leopardi, Friedrich von Schiller, and George Gordon, Lord Byron. From 1849 to 1852 he attended the school of the Scolopi friars in Florence, specializing in rhetoric and classical and Italian literature. In 1852 Carducci founded with a group of classmates the Academy of the Filomusi (Muse Lovers), a literary group that provided the forum for his delivery of two early speeches, “Su lo stato attuale della letteratura italiana” (On the Current State of Italian Literature) and “Della Italia” (On Italy). On 16 June 1855 he graduated from the Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa after writing a thesis on chivalric poetry. In the same year, he and some of his classmates founded a literary society, the Società degli Amici Pedanti (Society of Friendly Pedants), whose declared adversary was Romanticism, which they saw as an enervating and listless cultural tendency that had sapped the will of the Italians with its mysticism, dream states, and evasions of the political problems confronting the country. Shortly after starting a teaching job in the small Tuscan town of San Miniato in 1857, Carducci was twice warned by the archducal authorities that he might lose the job because of his strident prorepublican positions. Also in 1857 Carducci’s brother Dante committed suicide after a bitter argument with their father. Less than a year later, in 1858, their father also died. Carducci was then working in Arezzo as an instructor of Italian literature, rhetoric, and Greek. In 1859 he married his cousin Elvira Menicucci, and their first child, Beatrice, was born. The couple went on to have a son, Dante, and two more daughters, Laura and Libertà. Carducci supported the annexation of Tuscany to Piedmont and publicly exalted the Savoy monarch, Victor Emmanuel II, for that reason. (With the Italian unification, Carducci began a decade-long distancing from the monarchy, based on what he saw as its denial of the patriotic ideals of the republican Giuseppe Mazzini and an unsavory alliance with the Catholic Church, which sought to impede the annexation of Rome and its territories to the new nation.) When Giuseppe Garibaldi liberated Sicily in 1860 and crossed over to the mainland with his expeditionary force of one thousand red-shirted soldiers, a jubilant Carducci wrote the ode “Sicilia e la rivoluzione” (Sicily and the Revolution), published in the poetry review Viola del pensiero in 1863. On 26 September 1860 Carducci was appointed to the chair of Italian literature at the University of Bologna, a position he held for forty-four years. His appointment was a defining moment in his life and career. In his inaugural lecture at this oldest of universities, he announced the renewal of Italian letters under the sign of the now unified Italian nation and the classical literary tradition. A consummate reader of the classic works of Latin, Greek, and Italian literature, Carducci saw the new state as the fulfillment of the promise of the republic of ancient Rome; this concept presupposed a classical ideal of humanity in harmony with nature. Carducci’s early poetry is anti-Romantic and anticlerical in nature; it possesses a strongly classical and patriotic tone. The poems of the first book, Rime di Giosuè Carducci, were eventually reworked and given a definitive form in the 1880 edition of Juvenilia. Enrico Thovez refers to the fuvenilia as an “archaeological exhumation of Greek mythology and Roman rhetoric.” While this assessment is a fair one, it concerns the earliest work, when the poet was still experimenting with a variety of academic forms and maturing; in a more positive light, it suggests the extent of Carducci’s knowledge of philology, rhetoric, and Italian and Roman literary and political history. Carducci remained an inveterate experimenter and imitator of sources. His poems displayed a mastery of various metric and stanzaic solutions. Thus, the reader is rarely afforded the experience of a pure lyric. On a linguistic plane, the reader of Carducci’s poetry must gloss references from the historical matrices of ancient Rome, the medieval Italy of the communes, and the Risorgimento; the reader must also consider the poetic traditions of the classical period in Rome and Greece, the lyrical vocabulary of the dolce stil nuovo (sweet new style, designating courtly love lyrics) tradition, the language of the chivalric epics of the Renaissance, the moral odes of Giuseppe Parini and Vincenzo Monti, and the transition from neoclassicism into Romanticism. Fiercely anticlerical in a country in which the Catholic Church long exercised considerable political power, Carducci combined his erudition with the secular progressive thrust of the Enlightenment. But rather than drawing on the political thinkers of the eighteenth century, he drew on its literary examples, especially the neoclassical poets Parini, Monti, Vittorio Alfieri, and Ugo Foscolo, and sought his political models in the distant past of republican and imperial Rome. The poetic results can be bookish, since the idealistic fervor the poet imputes to the past and its ability to inspire change in the present is unrealistic. His nostalgic dream and his desire that the future Italian state will overcome the crises that beset it after unification are charged with a monumental sense of gravity, which strikes the reader as somehow false. Yet, there is another Carducci, the poet of melancholy landscapes and the pastoral rhythms of the countryside, the exquisite love poet and the author of parodies and satires. Carducci had many complaints about the new state, with its capital in Turin. He was skeptical of the monarchy of Victor Emmanuel and the ruling elite of the Liberal Party, which effectively dismissed the republicanism of Mazzini and marginalized Garibaldi. Carducci praises Garibaldi in “Dopo Aspromonte” (1864, After Aspromonte), an ode that recounts the Sicilian’s heroism, his being wounded at the battle of Aspromonte on 29 August 1862, and his subsequent arrest, all as part of the struggle against the absolutism of the reactionary governments of Europe. Carducci saves his most biting sarcasm for Pope Pius IX, who continued to resist the territorial unification of Italy by blocking the resolution of the Institutional Question (the annexation of papal Rome to the Italian state, which finally occurred in 1870). In the two-hundred-line hymn “A Satana” (1865, To Satan), published under the pen name Enotrio Romano (a pseudonym he used frequently to denote his polemical side as a defender of the Roman heritage), Carducci exalts a life principle that is not Christian or otherwise dependent on religious dogma. The title of this tour de force should not be misunderstood: by “Satan” he intends the regenerative, creative forces of Nature and human Reason. Not only was Carducci unfazed about offending the clerics or the bourgeoisie, but he seemed to invite controversy, especially when he republished the poem on 8 December 1869 in the Bolognese newspaper Indipendente as a political protest against the Church on the occasion of the meeting of the Twentieth Vatican Council. In these lines he defends the moral validity of the temples torn down by the early Christians: Che val se barbaro Il nazareno Furor de l’agapi Dal rito osceno Con sacra fiaccola O templi t’arse E i segni argolici A terra sparse? (To what avail did the barbarous Christian fury of agape, in obscene ritual, With holy torch burn down your temples, scattering their Greek statuary? [translated by David H. Higgins]) This Satan, “bello e orribile / Mostro si sferra” (beautiful and awful / a monster is unleashed), is at once a destructive, devouring force that roams over the earth, and a figure of reason and the native human ability to achieve harmony in nature and construct a noble, just, and free civilization. Poetry is a primary means toward this end, and Carducci seeks to expand the number of its practical applications. On the one hand, he does so in order to evoke the majesty, equilibrium, and serenity of nature; on the other, he chastizes the indolent and corrupt, making of poetry a political vehicle. Carducci’s Levia gravia includes poems “light and heavy,” as the title indicates. As Carducci wrote in a letter to Felice Tribolati on 24 September 1868, “Levia gravia vuol dire: fantasie di gioventù, e dolori ed esperimenti della vita: cose leggere per sentimento e per istile, mescolate ad altre gravi per le stesse ragioni” (Levia gravia means: the fantasies of youth, and the sorrows and experiments of life: things that are light in their feelings and style, mixed with others that are heavy for the same reasons). The poet understands the dichotomy of light and heavy as one of ease and difficulty, both of composition and comprehension. He is aware that the cult of the past that he proposes, which embraces the great figures of antiquity and the Italian tradition, goes against the grain of a certain literary taste and will seem ponderous and burdensome to many; he also knows that his incessant formal experimentation may be seen as frivolous or lacking in substance. From his perspective, the light and heavy are natural features of youth and memory; the memory of youth that comes forward in the collection includes the youth of the new country, remembered through the icons of its past poetical and historical greatness. In the opening lines to the sonnet “L’antica poesia toscana” (1866, Ancient Tuscan Poetry), the speaker is, in fact, the old Tuscan poetry: Su le piazze pe’ campi e ne’ verzieri d’amor tra i ludi e le tenzon civili crebbi’ e adulta cercai templi e misteri, scuole pensose ed agitati esili. Or dove son le donne alte e gentili, i franchi cittadini e’ cavalieri? dove le rose de’ giocondi aprili? dove le querce de’ castelli neri? (On the piazzas, in the fields and meadows of love among the delights and civic battles I grew up and as an adult sought temples and mysteries, pensive schools and agitated exiles. Oh but now where are the noble and graceful ladies, the stalwart citizens and knights? Where the roses of joyous Aprils? Where the oaks of black castles?) In Giambi ed epodi, the most satirical of Carducci’s poetic collections, aspects of his personal style emerge, in particular the penchant for polemic and melancholy. As the self-proclaimed spokesman of the “Third Italy,” he was disappointed when the new country did not prove to be the glorious thing he had hoped for; thus, he became a serious critic of the present. His political enemies at this time were the Italian monarchy, the Vatican, the feudalist aristocracy, the Historic Right of the Liberal Party, and the Romantics. His inspiration came from Mazzini and Garibaldi, the French Revolution, and the historical example of the age of the Italian communes (thirteenth-century city-states). The epode is a moral-satirical form made up of distichs (or couplets) in which the second line—the epodoò is shorter. Carducci’s main literary model in this regard is Horace, whose iambic epodes are largely satires inspired by Archilochus. Carducci believed that this type of acerbic poetry belongs justly to a limited period in one’s life—for him, it was a three-year period, 1867 to 1869 (though some works included in this collection, notably “II canto dell’amore” [1878, Love Song], were written much later). The thirty-one poems of Giambi ed epodi include evocations of Italy’s past as mirrored in the geography; the poet frequently wrote poems based on visits to specific sites. For example, after an 1867 trip to the origins of the Tiber River in the Tuscan Appenines, Carducci wrote an ode to those new friends who had hosted him. In “Agli amici della valle Tiberina” (To Friends in the Tiber Valley), the Tiber River possesses the transcendent virtues of the Roman people, and nature is viewed as healthy and virtuous, so that the landscape itself takes on a metahistor-ical significance. Giambi ed epodi is dominated by satires and invectives, appropriate subjects in the poet’s view for those classical verse forms; the targets are predominately the Italian middle classes, whose mediocrity Carducci denounces, comparing them (and their institutions, first among them the Catholic Church) negatively to the glories of republican Rome, as recounted by Livy and embodied by Mazzini, the subject of the 1872 sonnet “Giuseppe Mazzini”: Qual da gli aridi scogli erma su ‘l mare Genova sta, marmorëo gigante, Tal, surto in bassi dí, su ‘l fluttuante Secolo, ei grande, austero, immoto appare. (Like Genoa, a marble giant standing solitary above the sea on its barren reefs, so he too appears, tall, severe, motionless, rising above the stormy century in a time barren of greatness. [translated by Higgins]) Giambi ed epodi includes homages in the form of imitations of such poets as Victor Hugo and Heinrich Heine, whose work had helped Carducci grow as a poet. The structure of the book suggests an ascensional path, beginning with the “Prologue,” which announces the poet’s great sorrow over his deceased family members and his desire to endure this time of darkness, not simply in grief but in protest against “the false world” and the cowardice and fraud that that world adores. He concludes the book with “II canto dell’amore,” a hymn to universal love and a celebration of the Italian nation (seen in lofty panoramic views with its landscape figured as a woman cherished by her lover, the sun) as it moves forward in progress and under the sign of Libertà (Freedom). Also in Giambi ed epodi are poems centered on civic virtues and vices, lofty patriotic ideals, and the highly personal emotions of regret, melancholy, and nostalgia. One example of Carducci’s satirical bent is the ironic epode “Canto dell’Italia che va in Campidoglio” (1872, Song of Italy on Its Way to the Capitoline), which documents the historic moment when Rome and its territories have finally been annexed by the Italian state and Rome has been named the capital, though the king has yet to pay a visit. The poem is an account of the king’s first visit to the capital. With the Rime nuove, Carducci’s polemical voice is diminished, though not eliminated. On a personal level he is more introspective; on an historical level he is more retrospective. From the start, as a poet, he tended to control the overly subjective impulses with classical forms and derivations; but some things are genuinely beyond one’s control. Carducci was stricken by the death of his mother on 3 February 1870, and on 9 November 1870 his son, Dante, died at age two and a half. This event is recalled in several poems, primarily in the Rime nuove. In the first of these, “Funere mersit acerbo” (Plunged into Bitter Death), written on the day of the boy’s death, Carducci addresses the spirit of his brother who died thirteen years earlier, asking if he has heard the voice of little Dante, who has just now passed on. The title is a Virgil-ian hemistich (half a line of verse) from when Aeneas descends to the underworld and hears the weeping of the souls of dead children. In the Rime nuove, the poet repudiates the contentiousness of his earlier persona, instead looking inward. Still, the historical passion remains strong. The sonnet form is revitalized by Carducci, who, in “Il sonetto” (1870, The Sonnet), inserts himself in the secular tradition among the greatest Italian lyric poets: Sesto io no, ma postremo, estasi e pianto E profumo, ira ed arte, a’ miei dí soli Memore innovo ed a i sepolcri canto. (Not sixth, but last, I bring to it new gifts of ecstasy and grief and scent, of anger and of art, as mindful of my solitary days and of our dead, I sing. [translated by Higgins]) The poets alluded to in the final tercet are Dante (ecstasy), Petrarch (grief), Tasso (scent), Alfieri (anger), and Foscolo (art). Much of the Carduccian style concerns his cultivation and imitation of the poetic models of the past. Good taste and decorum are essential components of these models and are found lacking in the modern poetry of symbolism and decadence. The moderns, like the Romantics, eschew the old categories of distinction of levels; Carducci recovers them. The moderns, he claims, do not recognize the oratorical, rhetorical purpose of the division of form and content, or the value of imitation. Carducci maintains the division and engages in imitation as the one proper means to discover his own authentic voice. Carducci sees Romanticism and the poets of the nineteenth-century avant-garde scapigliatura (bohemianism) movement as mired in dream-like mysteries and uncertainties; if such poets sing of illness and physical degradation, he presents himself as a picture of emotional and intellectual virtue and health. He tends to ignore those aspects of Romanticism that represent a continuation of the neoclassical tradition, including the cult of beauty and the preference for the idyll, the hymn, and the elegy. In “Classicismo e Romanticismo” (1869, Classicism and Romanticism), Carducci presents the opposition of these two currents in Italian culture as much more than a clash of aesthetics; rather it is a choice between the dignified and solar force of reason and heroism, of classical strength and virtue, versus the vainly spiritualistic, sentimental, weak, lunar, and enervated Romanticism: Ma tu, luna, abbellir godi co ‘l raggio Le ruine ed i lutti; Maturar nel fantastico vïaggio Non sai né fior né frutti. (But thy delight, O moon, is adorning ruins and tombs with thy rays; yet in thy fabled voyage thou art helpless to ripen either flower or fruit. [translated by Higgins]) Carducci was viewed as a wholesome bulwark against the Romantic decadence. His reputation and influence grew considerably in the 1870s and 1880s; his reputation as a scholar and orator contributed to his prestige as a poetic authority, and the acclaim with which his nuanced and technically accomplished books of verse were received added to his fame as a public figure. Carducci’s hostility to the current of verismo (regionalist realism) that arose in the 1880s reflected his increasingly aristocratic and elitest political ideology. He sang the praises of the Risorgimento, recasting its political and military leaders as heroic patriots. He composed celebratory verses on the anniversaries of battles and conquests, creating in the process a gap between the heraldic and idealized version of events and the often mediocre reality. While the actual unification that resulted in the “Third Italy” was accomplished by a distinct minority and through feats more diplomatic than military, the poet preferred to mythologize and glorify the new nation, endowing it with the aura of the earlier two imperial Italys, that of the ancient Roman Republic and that of the Renaissance popes. As Carducci came to recognize the severity of this gap between the ideal and the real, his emotional distress began to mount. In the gap between the ideal and real there emerges another Carducci: the melancholic whose intimate strains of amorous passion and nostalgic evocations of the desolate landscape of the Maremma result in a newly modern form of the idyll. In “Idillio marem-mano” (1872, Maremman Idyll), the poet evokes the distant memory of a ladylove from the Maremma. Written as a capitolo— an amorous or satirical poem written in Dantean terza rima—the melancholy idyll is tinged with regret: Oh come fredda indi la vita mia, Come oscura e incresciosa è trapassata! Meglio era sposar te, bionda Maria! Meglio ir tracciando per la sconsolata Boscaglia al piano il bufolo disperso, Che salta fra la macchia e sosta e guata, Che sudar dietro al piccioletto verso! Meglio oprando oblїar, senza indagarlo; Questo enorme mister de l’universo! (Oh how cold has my life been since, how dark and tedious has it sped away! To marry you would have been the better course, my fair- haired Maria! Better far to range through the desolate thickets of our plains, tracking down some lost steer, which leaps amongst the scrub, pauses and watches, Than to sweat after puny poetry! Better far to labour, and forget this vast mystery of the uni- verse, than to question it! [translated by Higgins]) In 1874 Carducci declared an end to the writing of epodes and began working on more objective odes, and with them returned to a purer and more serene art. In the ode “Davanti San Guido” (1874, completed in 1886, Outside San Guido), the poet travels back to his childhood home in the town of Bolgheri near Pisa. It is a confessional poem that alternates between dream and reality, youth and adulthood. Its dominant motifs are the figure of Carducci’s grandmother and a double row of cypress trees who recognize the poet and speak to him. The poem is a prime example of Carducci’s ability to include a broad variety of themes and emotional tonalities within a still coherent overall structure. As translator David H. Higgins writes, “These are the trees which, in the poem, vainly invite Carducci to stay and pick up the threads of his happy childhood and adolescence. The offer is debated at length by Carducci, but declined: it is too late.” The poet addresses himself to the trees, which represent a purer time and way of thinking than the poet now enjoys in his late middle age. In response to the crises in his own life and that of the nation, and in harmony with his readings of Charles Baudelaire, Carducci’s poetry grew less nominal and more verb-centered. The increased motion and movement in his verse occurs in an imaginary space that is remote from the historical situation he had invoked with such optimism in his earlier patriotic poems. As he recognizes the inertia and stasis of the Italian nation, he enters into that situation of crisis on a wholly personal plane, providing a new dynamic variously described as sentimental, nostalgic, and melancholy. “Davanti San Guido” serves as an example of this fundamental stylistic change, as does the poem “Pianto antico” (1871, Grief of Ages), written on the death of his son. The sonnet contrasts the perennial life cycle of a budding pomegranate tree in the household garden to the abrupt and absolute cessation of the innocent life on which the poet had placed so much hope: Sei ne la terra fredda, Sei ne la terra negra; Né il sol piú ti rallegra Né ti risveglia amor. (Thou art in the cold earth, thou art in the darkling earth; nor doth the sun cheer thee, nor love awake thee more. [translated by Higgins]) Carducci strikes a new depth in brief elegies and laments such as “Pianto antico.” Walter Binni labels Carducci a “poet of the contrast of earthly existence,” as one who deals with the feelings of vitality and of death translated into light and darkness, sound and silence, the green earth in its springtime fertility and the black tomb-like earth of winter. The rhyme scheme of “Pianto antico” is also found in the celebrated “Tedio invernale” (1875, Winter Tedium) and “San Martino” (1883, Saint Martin’s Day). In 1872 daughter Libertà was born to the poet and his wife. Also that year, Carducci wrote the sonnet “II bove” (The Ox). This best known of Carducci’s poems concerns the virtue and piety of the ox, a simple beast of burden. It is reminiscent of the sonnet to Mazzini, in which the central figure was also a giant, alone. Though modern critics have belittled the humanization of the ox, “Il bove” lays down a simple and irrefutable truth in a distinctive manner reminiscent of the realistic Italian landscape painters of the late nineteenth century. The impact of the final tercet concerning the ox’s dignified gaze is heightened by the use of hypallage, the rhetorical figure of radically altering the natural word order: “E del grave occhio glauco entro l’austera / Dolcezza si rispecchia ampio e quїieto / Il divino del pian silenzio verde” (Whilst in the sweet severity of your solemn, glaucous eye / is reflected, broad and calm, / the divine silence of the green plain [translated by Higgins]). In July 1871 Carducci received a letter of admiration from the Milanese socialite Carolina Cristofari Piva, the wife of an army officer and mother of seven children. Her connection to the writer was through a common friend, the poet Maria Antonietta Torriani. Carducci quickly responded to Cristofari Piva’s letter, and the two began a poetically amorous correspondence even before their first meeting, in April 1872. The relationship grew into an intense love affair that provided the inspiration for some of Carducci’s most remarkable love poetry. Piva is referred to as Lina (and sometimes Lidia) in these poems. In “Primavere elleniche (II. Dorica)” (1872, Hellenic Springtimes [II. Dorian Mode]), she is praised in the ideal landscape of an imagined and archaic Sicily, saturated with the figures of Greek myth. This divine beauty is able to administer a draft of nepenthe and other sacred balms to her hero— the poet—just as Helen of Troy was empowered in classic times. She is endowed by oreads and dryads with bouquets of flowers and the ability to understand the glorious and woeful tales they tell. The love affair with Piva lasted for several years and provided the sentimental material for many powerful poems. In a farewell letter to Piva (who died in 1881), Carducci wrote on 15 July 1878: Amami dunque ancora; e ricòrdati, con benevolenza, del bene; e oblia, con pia indulgenza, i miei torti. Io ricordo e amo e desidero con molta mestizia, ma non senza una speranza di conforto e di gioia. Addio, dolce amore. Io ti amo ancora come nei primi giorni che mi ti desti. E non voglio avere altri ricordi tristi e affannosi. (So love me still; and remember, with benevolence, the good; and forget, with pious indulgence, my faults. I remember and I love and I desire with much sadness, but not without a hope of comfort and joy. Farewell, my sweet love. I still love you as I did in the first days when you gave yourself to me. And I do not wish to have any other sad and troubled memories.) Carducci had other dalliances—including Annie Vivante, Adele Bergamini, Dafne Gargiolli—who, in addition to Piva, played an important part in the history of his poetry. Before their affair ended, Piva accompanied Carducci on an 1878 visit to Trieste and the former seaside retreat of the Austrian archduke Maximillian, Miramare. The sapphic ode “Miramar” (1889) is an homage to that leader, whom Napoleon III had named emperor of Mexico in 1864 and who was slain by rebels loyal to Benito Juarez on an 1867 mission to Mexico with his wife, the Empress Charlotte. After the slaying, Charlotte went insane. In Carducci’s view, these events are a manifestation of Nemesis, the paying of an historical debt incurred by one’s ancestors. The poem is remarkable for its setting and for the generous attitude of the poet toward a man who had been the resident leader (in Lombardy and Venetia) of Italy’s occupier and its primary enemy during the Risorgimento. Also in 1878, Carducci wrote an ode to the queen of Italy and was named the official poet of the House of Savoy. From the 1880s forward, Carducci’s poetry was extolled by academic and nonacademic critics alike as the embodiment of a fresh neoclassicism, elevated in its mythic virtues above the baseness of daily life, combined in its essence with the spiritual reclamation of the Italian countryside and its agriculturally based virtues. The countryside is viewed as a primitive landscape compatible with the myth of infancy—both the infancy of the individual (as in Carducci’s memorialistic evocations of his childhood) and that of the Italian culture. While the critic Thovez in 1926 accused Carducci of a false and brittle archaism based on outdated rhetorical models, far more important was the earlier praise by Benedetto Croce, who extolled Carducci in 1920 as the “poet of history,” a vital and wholesome voice of civic and heroic inspiration to his countrymen. In the Rime nuove, Carducci’s historical and anthropological research emerges in a way reminiscent of the Romanticists’ exploration of popular folklore, legends, and verse forms. In fact, the poet who had polemically opposed Romanticism now dedicated a celebratory ode to Shelley: “Presso l’urna di Percy Bysshe Shelley” (1884, By the Funeral Urn of Percy Bysshe Shelley). Preoccupied with death, Carducci writes of an Elysium shared only by the great poets: “la bella / isola risplendente di fantasia” (that blessed / island of the imagination), and of his final doubts about immortality. In his celebrated sonnet “Traversando la Maremma toscana” (1885, Crossing the Tuscan Maremma), Carducci evokes a by-now-familiar sentimental landscape, but with irony toward himself and toward the code of courtly love. Stricken by melancholy upon seeing the landscape of his youth, acknowledging the vanity of his efforts, he finds solace in the landscape: E dimani cadrò. Ma di lontano Pace dicono al cuor le tue colline Con le nebbie sfumanti e il verde piano Ridente ne le pioggie mattutine. (And tomorrow I shall fall. But from afar your hills speak peace to my heart, as the mists rise and sunlight plays upon your green plain amongst the morning showers, [translated by Higgins]) “San Martino” is another Anacreontic ode in four quatrains like “Pianto antico.” In it, a hunter stands at the threshold of a stone house, turning a spit and watching in the sunset the migration of birds. The landscape is depicted with the minimalist techniques of the impressionists or the Italian macchiaioli (blotchnadas;painters), the equivalent being a swift application of colors and sounds to reflect passing climatic phenomena and other sensory impressions. Among the fortynadas;seven sonnets in Rime nuove are the twelve of Ça ira (1883, It Will Pass), a sequence initially published as a pamphlet in praise of the spirit of the French Revolution. Inspired by his reading of Jules Michelet’s Histoire de la Révolution française (1847–1853), Carducci proposed the French Revolution as a heroic model to his countrymen; and when several legislators, journalists, and educators objected to his sonnet series, accusing him of Jacobin tendencies, he responded with Ça ira (Prosa), a lengthy polemic divided into ten chapters, in the third series of Confes-sioni e battaglie (1884, Confessions and Battles). When the final sonnet closes, the French have defeated the Prussians at Valmy, and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe has the final word, as he attests to the monumental import of the current events: “Al mondo oggi da questo / luogo incomincia la novella storia” (Events you witness here today / Chart new horizons for the human race [translated by Arthur Burkhard]). Here and throughout his poetic production Carducci writes of man in history, not of man in the cosmos. His frequent recourse to irony is necessary because of the persistent force of Nemesis, or the reality of vendettas and retributive justice in human history: “Ahimć tutta la storia umana è un orribile marea di sangue” (Alas, all of human history is a horrible tide of blood). Herein lies the progressivist and ultimately positivist orientation of the poet. In Ça ira the notion of Nemesis is the revenge of the French populace against centuries of monarchical abuse. While such a blind force works for the good in this instance, in others it does not; what Carducci dreams of is a final victory over Nemesis by Reason. Plutarch was a major inspiration for Carducci, representing the ability to isolate the particular human essence within a given historical context, and to mirror the national glory. In this spirit, the final poem of the Rime nuove,“Congedo” (1873, completed in 1887, Envoi), presents the figure of the poet as a blacksmith whose arduous work is centered on the forge: investing all his skills and memories, his artistry and intellect, into the poem, the craftsman yields up the final product of “uno strale / D’oro” (a golden shaft) that he casts to the sun, desiring no more. The first edition of Odi barbare was followed by editions in 1882 and 1889. In this ambitious project Carducci aims to recreate in Italian verse the quantitative verse forms of classical Greek and Latin poetry. He seeks modern versions of the hexameter and pentameter line forms set into imitations of the classic elegy and such strophic forms as the Alchaic, the Archilochean, and the sapphic. At the same time he does not impose the metric stresses those forms would dictate, but allows for their natural, grammatical accenting in Italian. The “barbaric” verse is not a scientific re-creation on Carducci’s part but an intuitive one; his knowledge of classical Greek meter was mediocre, so he was free to approximate and not get bogged down in unnecessary philological details. Even those scholars who are expert in the classical verse forms he adopts will not necessarily recognize them because of the impracticality of adapting a language in which rhythms are generated by tonic accents to a language in which rhythms are determined by the length of vowel sounds. Odi barbare begins in light and moves toward darkness, the inverse of the ascensional pattern of Levia gravia. Carducci designated these works as “barbaric” or “pagan” in order to indicate the foreignness of their sound to the classical poets, should they hear the adaptation of their strophic poetic forms into Italian. One of the effects of this ongoing experiment is a novel sense of the beauty of words, and by extension of the calm and repose that is generated by their use in this highly skilled and anachronistic compositional format. The themes are those of separation from the world of struggle and harking back to the landscapes of one’s childhood and youth. By creating an alternative to the qualitative “parisyllabic” verse of the Italian lyric and epic tradition, Carducci created an opening for the entry of free verse in the poetry of coming generations. Since parisyllabic verse tends to be rhythmic and repetitive, by going against it and suppressing rhyme, one creates a less melodic, more severe, and more elevated metrical space. If traditional Italian verse lends itself too easily to musical harmonies and facile sentimentality, Carducci’s pursuit of a neutral ground with precedents in the dignity and sobriety of the classical past suggested new, more modern, tonalities to his poetic successors. One of Carducci’s best-known barbaric odes, “Alle fonti del Clitumno” (1876, At the Springs of the Clitunno), maps the historical-mythic itinerary of the Clitunno (Clitumnus) River from its source near Spoleto in Umbria as it proceeds downstream. The thirtynine sapphic quatrains are mostly unrhymed, though the poet is free to rhyme if he wishes. By invoking the tutelary river god of the Umbrians, Etruscans, and Romans and referring to Virgil’s evocation in the Georgics of this site and the bleaching in the sacred water of the coats of livestock intended for rituals, the poet imagines a living historical record that might again serve as a model for cultural prosperity. The conceit of the river’s mythic correspondence to ancient history allows the poet to evoke the various distant cultures (in contrast to what he saw as the mystical fanaticism of Christianity) in order to praise the fertility and abundance associated with the god Pan and the pagan religions of the indigenous pre-Roman cultures. The poem ends with the poet’s praise of Italy in its natural beauty as it renews itself. Carducci’s positivistic conviction that secular civilization is progressing is complicated by the evocation of ancient religions, beliefs, and the expression of piety found in classical and earlier indigenous myths. In the final stanza, “il vapore” (the steam engine) is depicted as a symbol of Italy moving forward to meet the challenge of industrial civilization, together with the ancient virtues and fecundity symbolized by the river. In December 1876 Carducci wrote “Alla stazione in una mattina d’autunno” (At the Station, One Autumn Morning), a poem that characterizes the strength of his more melancholy later poems. Carducci’s later poetry grows pessimistic and anticipates, with a proliferation of autumnal and wintery images, his own decline. In response to the crisis of this perceived twilight, the poet seeks an escape into dream and memory. The vision of autumn alludes to the autumn of his own life, when literature and myth no longer offer solace and consolation: metaphors of death abound, the primary one being that of the monstrous train whose arrival marks the final separation between the poet and his beloved. With the lover’s departure, the dream of love itself departs. The image of the train has a wholly different resonance from the steam engine in “Alle fonti del Clitumno”: Già il mostro, conscio di sua metallica anima, sbuffa, crolla, ansa, i fiammei occhi sbarra; immane pe ’l buio gitta il fischio che sfida lo spazio. Va l’empio mostro; con traino orribile sbattendo l’ale gli amor miei portasi. (Already the monster, aware of its metallic soul, puffs, shudders, pants, glaring flames; huge in the darkness it whistles challenging the empty air. The monster departs, pitiless; with flapping wings it bears off my beloved in its awful train, [translated by Higgins]) A nostalgia for the classical world now permeates Carducci’s poetics, a vision born from books and a disdain for the mediocrity of the current day. “Dinanzi alle Terme di Caracalla” (1877, By the Baths of Caracalla) is a pastoral symphony in various movements; in it Carducci deplores the touristic indulgence in monuments and ruins. If Italy had become a musty museum for the arid and self-involved perusal of curiosity seekers, Carducci exhorts his countrymen to reinhabit the greatness of the past and to be satisfied with nothing less in the present. The Canzone di Legnano (1879, Song of Legnano) is an epic song projected in three parts, of which only the first, “Il parlamento” (The Parliament), is complete. It first appeared in the periodical Rassegna settimanale (30 March 1879) and was subsequently included in Rime nuove. It is concerned with the truthful evocation of the free commune of Milan in the Middle Ages and the resistance against the German emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who devastated Milan in 1162, a fact that led to the formation of the Lombard League, an armed coalition of cities that defeated Barbarossa at the Battle of Legnano in 1176, thus regaining the cities’ autonomy. Such an historical theme is intended to praise the current nation and glorify its struggles. Despite Carducci’s dedication to civic poetry, the lower class is conspicuously absent from his treatments of Italian society, and the middle class is the target of much criticism. Rather than addressing the urgent economic and educational needs of the nation, as had been done by Mazzini or the Federalist Carlo Cattaneo, Carducci looked to literature for his model of the nation, to the classic Roman republic. Unimpressed by the recent discoveries of classical philology and archaeology, he preferred to filter his classicism through the eighteenth-century Enlightenment myths, in particular the idealism of serenity and beauty, and the view of poetry as a heroic act. In the early 1890s his scholarship focused on Parini, culminating in the publication of Storia del «Giorno» di Giuseppe Parini (1892, History of the “Day” of Giuseppe Parini). In the poems of Rime e ritmi it is clear that Carducci’s days of poetic genius are past; yet, some remarkable poems are produced nonetheless, such as the twelveline elegy “Ad Annie” (1890, To Annie). Carducci met the twenty-year-old Annie Vivante, then an aspiring writer and opera singer, in 1889; she became the amorous presence in this final book of poems. In “As Annie” the poet adopts the form of the Horatian paraclausithyron, the song before the woman’s closed door: Batto a la chiusa imposta con un ramicello di fiori glauchi ed azzurri, come i tuoi occhi, o Annie. Vedi: il sole co ‘1 riso d’un tremulo raggio ha baciato la nube, e ha detto-Nuvola bianca, t’apri. (I knock at the closed shutter with a branch of flowers sea-green and blue, like your eyes, oh Annie. See: the sun with its tremulous smiling ray has kissed the cloud, and said: “Open up, white cloud.”) Good taste and decorum are essential components of classical poetry, and thus of Carducci’s. These elements are absent from modern poetry, which, starting with Romanticism, tends to dismiss the oratorical, rhetorical purpose of poetry and the classical division of form and content. Two stylistic registers in particular are prevalent throughout Carducci’s work: the noble and dignified classical diction, and the day-to-day language of satire, journalism, and populist polemics. While Carducci believed in the function and specific properties of genres—the ode to celebrate, the iambic to polemicize, the sonnet to lyricize, the ballad for romantic narration, and the elegy to solemnize—he knew that this faith in fixed genres belongs to an earlier time. He knew that, in the modern era, any reliance on them would be a reminiscence, and to that extent ironic. While Carducci tended to ignore the poetry of Symbolism, which focuses on the unconscious motivations and mysteries of the poet’s psyche, ultimately his exploration of the self leaves the greatest imprint on the modern reader, more than the heraldic verse. Luigi Baldacci has stated that Carducci is “il piú centrifugo dei poeti italiani” (the most centrifugal of Italian poets), resistant to categorization. One does not find abrupt transitions in the work but rather a slow evolution in response to changes in the outside world and the poet’s personal life. There are many internal references within the poems, and also a self-referential tendency that includes the occasional lament of the poet’s inability to truly master his medium, or of the inability of poetry to measure up to the demands of a tragic and disordered reality. The first great critic of Carducci’s poetic opus was Croce, the authoritative founder of the journal La critica. According to Croce, Carducci’s “historical reconstructions” in verse are successful because “the sentiment of the poet doesn’t gloss the event, but permeates it.” Moreover, Carducci’s love is “voluptas in the elevated meaning of the word, the joy of one’s entire being, of one’s eyes and one’s imagination.” Writing in 1920, Croce contrasted Carducci’s “pure and sober poetry ... in which the fundamental and essential lines are always drawn with confidence” to the other literature that had dominated Europe over the previous fifty years, “the nausea of all that impressionism, symbolism, sensualism, verism, vaunted as superrefined art.” Later generations were less impressed by Carducci’s “religion of letters” and his wholesome and heroic “human dignity.” In the aftermath of World War II, Natalino Sapegno labeled Carducci a “minor” poet, reflecting the taste of the era; but this judgment itself has waned as Carducci’s critical fortunes have risen once again, in particular regarding the derivations of twentieth-century poets from the stylistic novelty of his work. Sapegno also writes that Carducci exhibits “an ingenuous ability to ignite and give himself over to the sung rhythms of his fantasies, in the bursting energy of his plastic imagination.” This strength of imagination and willingness to venture into the unknown distinguished Carducci’s writings during his own lifetime—an historical period when Italians had few things to celebrate and much to be disappointed about—and guarantees his continued relevance. In addition to his work as a poet, Carducci’s gifts as a public speaker were considerable. On 4 June 1882 he gave an extemporaneous speech on the death of Garibaldi two days earlier. He spoke publicly at Arqua to memorialize Petrarch and at Certaldo on Boccaccio. When the monument to Dante Alighieri was dedicated in Trent on 13 September 1896, Carducci delivered a celebratory poem for the occasion. In 1890 he was named a senator just as the first of two terms of Prime Minister Francesco Crispi (1887–1891, 1893–1896) was about to end. When the Italian Socialist Party was formed in 1892, Italy was facing the growing phenomenon of class struggle, including strikes by newly formed labor unions and peasant uprisings. Carducci, a member of the Liberal Party, opposed the Socialists and defended the imperialistic politics of Crispi, whose government was unresponsive to the problems of the Italian laborer and farmer, particularly in the south, where the problems of ignorance, poverty, and a subsistence-level agricultural economy were aggravated. Carducci ultimately came to believe that his own role as vate, or prophetic bard, was best served by his embrace of the existing monarchy. Under his guidance, the Facoltà di Lettere (Department of Italian Lit erature) at Bologna grew from a small to a large program; his regular lectures were heavily attended by students from around the university and by the general public, especially women. Carducci’s fame was such that after 1880 he was generally considered as the national authority on matters of Italian literary scholarship. There is in Carducci the scholar a positivistic use of the historical method. His critical thought endures in two major areas. One is the literary history he assiduously pursued from his adolescent years forward with major studies of Dante, Parini, Tasso, Ludovico Ariosto, and especially Petrarch, in the form of his commentary in an 1899 edition of Petrarch’s Rime. As a literary historian his work is distinguished by the clarity and equanimity of his judgments, even as regards a figure such as Manzoni, whom he criticized in verse. The second area is represented by the three volumes (or “series”) of Confessioni e battaglie, texts of a more cultural flavor. This prose has a familiar character, including many colorful polemics and personal reminiscences. The quintessentially Tuscan character of the man and his language forms a link between the region and the nation as between the entire range of the social classes, from the popular to the aristocratic. While Croce valued the poetry highly, he undervalued Carducci’s prose. This oversight is significant, given Croce’s enormous influence during the first half of the twentieth century. In fact, Carducci is the greatest nineteenth-century Italian critic after Francesco De Sanctis. As his critical prose matured, Carducci’s best essays were not the highly synthetic ones—typically celebratory, nationalistic, and moralizing—but rather the analytic, keenly insightful, and technical examinations of texts, such as his studies of Politian, Petrarch, and Leopardi. In this area of literary analysis he surpasses De Sanctis. Carducci provides as close to an exhaustive representation of the Italian literary patrimony that one can find; there are few periods or masters in the Italian literary canon he did not treat. He has also incorporated into his readings the contributions of the major literary historians of the previous two centuries. The technique of this “poor laborer of literature,” as he called himself, was to reconstruct the historical times and context of an author by a close textual and linguistic analysis of individual works. Thus he provides in the composite a rigorous history of the literary institutions and of Italian literary forms. Carducci suffered a paralytic attack to his right arm and hand on 25 September 1899; a debilitating hemiplegia was the long-term result. In 1901 he lost most of his ability to write because of increased weakening from the attack two years earlier. He was forced to dictate most of his works. In 1904 he was awarded a pension for life by the Italian Parliament, as had been done only for Alessan-dro Manzoni. In December 1904 he retired from teaching and soon afterward hired a personal nurse who assisted him until the end of his life. His temperament grew even more restless and melancholy. While he received many homages and honors, he avoided public gatherings and preferred whenever possible (even against doctors’ orders) to travel to his favorite spot in the Lombard Alps, Madesimo. When on 10 December 1906 the Swedish Academy awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature to Carducci, he was too frail to travel, but a celebratory event was held at his home in Bologna at the same hour. (Earlier in 1906, Carducci’s home had been purchased for the nation by the queen.) Vittorio Puntoni, the rector of the University of Bologna, had been nominating Carducci for the prize since 1902; but these efforts were unsuccessful until a member of the Academy, Baron De Bildt, made the nomination. The baron was present in Bologna for the personal conferral; Carducci mustered the strength to gesture positively to the small group in attendance—including his wife and three daughters—and then, after the baron’s speech, which extolled the poet’s exaltation of the ideals of country, freedom, and justice, managed to utter a few words: “Salutatemi il popolo svedese, nobile nei pensieri e negli atti” (Please send my greetings to the Swedish people, noble in their thoughts and their actions). Carducci did not have much opportunity to enjoy the prize or to spend the money; he died on 16 February 1907. Certainly the fact that Carducci was the first Italian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature enhanced his reputation; but in Italy, Carducci’s fame was already considerable. The effect of the award was perhaps more important internationally, as it informed the world that the first poet laureate of the relatively new Italian nation had been conferred with this high honor. The general tendency of twentieth-century criticism has been to ignore Carducci’s philological novelty and rigor and to consider the challenge of his poetry as a fact of the past. Yet, this view is a misreading of the Tuscan poet’s insistence on historical and practical matters in combination with an archaic lexicon and anachronistic reliance on classical forms. In the seeming incongruities lies his true contemporaneity to later poets and scholars. Carducci unknowingly set the benchmark for free verse; he also perfected a form of secular contemplation in verse that seeks to confront death honestly in the sphere of the immanent. In his oratory and prose he emerged as the most dignified and respected spokesman of his age; he was called on to memorialize and eulogize, to make sense of the changing tides of the modern world. In addition, he gave an increasingly literate Italian public a dignified vision of its national narrative, which combined past, present, and future. As he wrote in “Il canto dell’amore,” from Giambi ed epodi:“Il mondo è bello e santo l’avvenir” (The world is beautiful and holy is the future). Letters Lettere. Edizione Nazionale, 22 volumes (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1938–1968). Biographies Giovanni Papini, L’uomo Carducci (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1913); Mario Biagini, Giosuè Carducci (Milan: Mursia, 1976). References Luigi Baldacci, “Carducci,” in his Secondo Ottocento (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1969), pp. 55–73; Walter Binni, Carducci e altri saggi (Turin: Einaudi, 1973), pp. 3–83; Benedetto Croce, Giosuè Carducci. Studio critico (Bari: Laterza, 1920); Cesare De Lollis, Appunti sulla lingua poetica del Carducci (1912), in his Scrittori d’ltalia (Milan ’& Naples: Ric-ciardi, 1968), pp. 539–570; Mario Praz, Il classicismo di Giosuè Carducci (1935), in his Gusto neoclassico (Milan: Rizzoli, 1974), pp. 359–374; Luigi Russo, Carducci senza retorica (Bari: Laterza, 1957); Giambattista Salinari, “Giosuè Carducci,” in Storia della lettertura italiana, VIII: Datt’Ottocento al Novecento (Milan: Garzanti, 1968), pp. 627–729; Mario Santoro, Introduzione al Carducci critico (Naples: Liguori, 1968); Natalino Sapegno, Storia di Carducci (1949), in his Ritratto del Manzoni e altri saggi (Bari: Laterza, 1961), pp. 205–225; Renato Serra, Per un catalogo (1910), in his Scritti, I, edited by G. De Robertis and A. Grilli (Florence: Le Monnier, 1938), pp. 71–100; Raffaele Sirri, Retorica e realtà nella poesia giambica del Carducci (Naples: Il Tripode, 1965); Enrico Thovez, il pastore, il gregge e la zampogna: dall’Inno a Satana alla laus vitae (Naples: Ricciardi, 1926). Papers The “Casa Carducci” in Bologna is the center of Giosuè Carducci studies; it houses an archive of the poet’s books and manuscripts and maintains a comprehensive catalogue of studies of his work.
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	2	86	https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/sully-prudhomme-leo-tolstoy-and-the-first-nobel-prize	en	Sully Prudhomme, Leo Tolstoy, and the First Nobel Prize	https://blog.bookstellyo…omme_Tolstoy.jpg	https://blog.bookstellyo…omme_Tolstoy.jpg	[ "https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/hs-fs/hub/237126/file-24000257-png/images/logo.png", "https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/hs-fs/hub/237126/file-294270925-png/ilab.png", "https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/hs-fs/hub/237126/file-293390527-png/abaa.png", "https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/237126/4f5afc0e-4fe1-46f6-bebb-f93fe6f22263.png", "https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/hs-fs/hub/237126/file-590016015-jpg/Prudhomme_Tolstoy.jpg?width=400&name=Prudhomme_Tolstoy.jpg", "https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/237126/8cbcff41-ebea-41f3-b97a-db9c8a930894.png", "https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/hs-fs/hub/237126/file-312821311-jpg/Kristin_Masters.jpg?width=80&name=Kristin_Masters.jpg", "https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/237126/639676e5-ddf3-45f7-be51-d4bcbf6fa6b8.png", "https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/237126/edd00eb4-b601-4ee2-b639-b62ddf28ed93.png", "https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/237126/73b09407-0389-43d3-8221-0b8358f11602.png", "https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/237126/4a376006-1872-4939-a6e6-bf7cd379d53e.png" ]	[ "//www.youtube.com/embed/oxHr1ku9DGI" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Kristin Masters" ]	2014-03-14T13:00:00+00:00	Though Sully Prudhomme won the first Nobel Prize, many authors and critics thought the honor should have gone to Leo Tolstoy. Did the committee make the right choice?	en	//blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/hubfs/file-21251103-ico.ico		https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/sully-prudhomme-leo-tolstoy-and-the-first-nobel-prize	When the inaugural Nobel Prize in literature was awarded in 1901, it went to the now relatively unknown Sully Prudhomme. Born on March 16, 1839, Prudhomme was a French poet and essayist who eschewed the Romantic movement. Loosely connected to the Parnassus school, Prudhomme desired to create a scientific poetry for his era. According to the Nobel committee, the prize was given"in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect." Leo Tolstoy was also up for the award that year. The Russian author was passed over because of his eccentric religious perspective and espousal of anarchism. The committee wanted a less controversial figure for the very first Nobel Prize, but the decision didn't sit well with the artistic community--or even many members of the committee. Following the decision, Tolstoy received a letter from a group of Swedish artists and critics who were disappointed--and perhaps even a bit scandalized--by the committee's decision: To Leo Tolstoy: With regard to the awarding of the Nobel Prize for Literature for the first time, we, the undersigned authors, artists, and critics, wish to express our admiration for you. In specific, we see in your person not only the most revered patriarch of today's literature, but also for us the greatest and most profound poet who, in our opinion, should have been the first to be thought of, even if you yourself never strove for this sort of reward. We feel ourselves very much called upon to let you know that, as a consequence of its current membership, we consider the institution which has control over said Prize reflects neither the view of the artists nor of public opinion. It must not be other countries' impression that art which comes from free-thinkers and freely creative persons, even among our remotely residing citizens, is not appreciated as of the finest quality and of a status greater than all others. Signed: George Nordensvan Gustaf Janson August Strindberg P. Staaff Per Hallström Axel Lundegård Oscar Levertin Gustaf af Geijerstam Karl-Erik Forsslund Hilma Angered-Strandberg Ellen Key Hellen Lindgren Nils Kreuger Anders Zorn Acke Andersson Karl Nordström Robert Thegerström Albert Engström Carl Larsson Andreas Hallén Wilhelm Peterson-Berger Selma Lagerlöf Otto Sylwan Sven Söderman Tor Hedberg Klas Fåhraeus Verner v. Heidenstam Henning Berger Hjalmar Söderberg Daniel Fallström Henning v. Melsted Edv. Alkman Georg Pauli Richard Bergh Christian Eriksson Oscar Björck Eugène Jansson Gustaf Wickman Bruno Liljefors Emil Sjögren Wilh. Stenhammar Tor Aulin In 1902, Tolstoy was again passed over for the prize; the Nobel committee awarded it to Theodor Mommson. Losing out on the prize didn't seem to bother Tolstoy much. In fact, he said "it saved me the painful necessity of dealing in some way with the money...generally regarded as very necessary and useful, but which I regard as the source of every kind of evil." Despite Tolstoy's own conciliatory reaction, the furor continued. A Swedish newspaper published an editorial in 1902 calling the the Nobel committee "unfair craftsmen and literature amateurs." Three years later Tolstoy published Great Sin. Though now mostly forgotten, the novel recounts the difficult life of a Russian peasant. The Russian Academy of Sciences decided that the work truly enhanced Tolstoy's standing as a writer, so they decided to nominate him again for the Nobel Prize. The nomination letter was approved by all of Russia's outstanding academic institutions and was accompanied by a copy of Great Sin. But Tolstoy still genuinely wanted nothing to do with the prize. The moment he learned of the nomination, he took up a pen for himself. Tolstoy wrote to his friend Arvid Jarnefelt, a Finnish writer. He entreated Jarnefelt, "“If it was meant to happen, then it would be very unpleasant for me to refuse from it. That is why, I have a favor to ask. If you have any links in Sweden (I think you have), please try to make it so I would not be awarded with the prize. Please, try to do the best you can to avoid the award of the prize to me.” Whether Jarnefelt intervened or the committee had designs of its own, Tolstoy didn't win the prize. Giosuè Carducci did. Should the committee have made a different decision?
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	25	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1906/carducci/bibliography/	en	Giosuè Carducci – Bibliography	https://www.nobelprize.o…scape-medium.jpg	https://www.nobelprize.o…scape-medium.jpg	[ "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2023/10/nobelprizes_2023-1024x676.jpg", "https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/images/spinner.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	The Nobel Prize in Literature 1906 was awarded to Giosuè Carducci "not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces"	en	https://www.nobelprize.o…avicon-50x50.png	NobelPrize.org	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1906/carducci/bibliography/	Selected poetry Rime di Giosuè Carducci. – San Miniato : Tipografia Ristori, 1857 Levia gravia. – Pistoia : tipografia Niccolai e Quarteroni, 1868 Poesie di Giosuè Carducci. – Florence : Barbèra, 1871 Nuove poesie di Enotrio Romano. – Imola : Galeati, 1873 Odi barbare di Giosuè Carducci. – Bologna : Zanichelli, 1877 Satana e polemiche sataniche. – Bologna : Zanichelli, 1879 Juvenilia. – Bologna : Zanichelli, 1880 Levia gravia : 1861-1867. – Bologna : Zanichelli, 1881 Nuove odi barbare. – Bologna : Zanichelli, 1882 Giambi ed epodi di Giosuè Carducci (1867-1872). – Bologna : Zanichelli, 1882 Rime nuove. – Bologna : Zanichelli, 1887 Opere di Giosuè Carducci. – Bologna : Zanichelli, 1889-1909. – 20 vol. Terze odi barbare. – Bologna: Zanichelli, 1889 Rime e ritmi. – Bologna : Zanichelli, 1899 Poesie di Giosuè Carducci. – Bologna : Zanichelli, 1901 Opere scelte di Giosue Carducci. – 1: Poesie / a cura di Mario Saccenti. – Torino : Unione tipografico-editrice torinese, 1993 Miscellaneous works Della scelta di curiosità letterarie inedite o rare. – Bologna : G. Romagnoli, 1863 Studi letterari di Giosuè Carducci. – Livorno : Vigo, 1874 Delle poesie latine edite e inedite di Ludovico Ariosto. – Bologna : Zanichelli, 1875 Bozzetti critici e discorsi letterari. – Livorno : Vigo, 1876 Confessioni e battaglie.Serie prima. – Roma : Sommaruga, 1883 Confessioni e battaglie. Serie seconda. – Roma: Sommaruga, 1883 Confessioni e battaglie. Serie terza. – Roma : Sommaruga, 1884 Conversazioni critiche. – Roma : Sommaruga, 1884 Petrarca e Boccacci. – Roma : Perino, 1884 Jaufré Rudel : poesia antica e moderna. – Bologna : Zanichelli, 1888 Letture italiane. – Bologna : Zanichelli, 1890-1898. – 3 vol. Degli spiriti e delle forme nella poesia di Giacomo Leopardi. – Bologna : Zanichelli, 1898 Prose di Giosuè Carducci. – Bologna : Zanichelli, 1905 Opere. – Edizione Nazionale. – Bologna : Zanichelli, 1935-1940. – 30 vol. Lettere. – Edizione Nazionale. – Bologna : Zanichelli, 1938-1968. – 22 vol. Poesie e prose scelte / introduzione, scelta e commento di Mario Fubini e Remo Ceserani. – Firenze : La nuova Italia, 1968 Opere scelte di Giosue Carducci. – 1: Prose, commenti, lettere / a cura di Mario Saccenti. – Torino : Unione tipografico-editrice torinese, 1993 Works translated into English Poems of Giosuè; translated with two introductory essays. – New York : Dodd, Mead & company, 1892 Poems of Italy : Selections from the Odes of Giosue Carducci / translated by Maud Holland. – New York : Scribners, 1907 Selections from Carducci : Prose and Poetry / translated by Antonio Marinoni. – New York : William R. Jenkins, 1913 Carducci : a Selection of his Poems / translated by G. L. Bickersteth. – London : Longmans, Green, 1913 The Rime Nuove of Giosuè Carducci / translated by Laura Fullerton Gilbert. – Boston: R. G. Badger, 1916 A Selection from the Poems of Giosuè Carducci / translated by Emily A. Tribe. – London : Longmans, Green, 1921 From the Poems of Giosuè Carducci / translated by Romilda Rendel. – London : K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & co., 1929 The Barbarian Odes of Giosuè Carducci / translated by William Fletcher Smith. – Menasha, Wis.: G. Banta, 1939 Political and Satiric Verse of Giosue Carducci. – Colorado Springs, Colo., Priv. print., 1942 The New Lyrics of Giosue Carducci / translated from the Italian by William Fletcher Smith. – Colorado Springs, Colo.: Privately printed, 1942 The Lyrics and Rhythms of Giosue Carducci / translated by Smith. – Colorado Springs, Colo.: Privately printed, 1942 Twenty-Four Sonnets of Giosue Carducci / translated by Arthur Burkhard. – Yarmouth Port, Mass. : Register Press, 1947
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	0	27	https://www.abebooks.co.uk/books/nobel-prize-in-literature-winners	en	Nobel Prize in Literature winners	https://assets.brightspot.abebooks.a2z.com/dims4/default/92ed360/2147483647/strip/true/crop/800x420+0+90/resize/1200x630!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fabebooks-brightspot.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe6%2F12%2F33e1ec2548ef9f929ade36f49b60%2Fnobel-prize-for-literature-image-promo.png	https://assets.brightspot.abebooks.a2z.com/dims4/default/92ed360/2147483647/strip/true/crop/800x420+0+90/resize/1200x630!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fabebooks-brightspot.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe6%2F12%2F33e1ec2548ef9f929ade36f49b60%2Fnobel-prize-for-literature-image-promo.png	[ "https://assets.brightspot.abebooks.a2z.com/dims4/default/9935ffb/2147483647/strip/true/crop/374x500+0+0/resize/748x1000!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fabebooks-brightspot.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F37%2F00%2Fd1941ce04f6c887c1bd326fffe0a%2F9781628971088-us.jpg 2x", "https://assets.brightspot.abebooks.a2z.com/dims4/default/d3f925c/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1013x760+283+0/resize/1600x1200!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fabebooks-brightspot.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F71%2F0a%2Fc082198e427f9ffb4bddc5a3ca54%2Fcarousel-newbery-v2.png 2x", "https://assets.brightspot.abebooks.a2z.com/dims4/default/1d579c5/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1240x930+0+0/resize/1600x1200!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fabebooks-brightspot.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fa8%2Fd9%2Fbbc1469f4af3ae7d64dbfba82125%2Flarge-promo-womens-prize.png 2x", "https://assets.brightspot.abebooks.a2z.com/dims4/default/f1cc1a8/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1240x930+0+0/resize/1600x1200!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fabebooks-brightspot.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F16%2Fd0%2Fdf50a842439dbc35245f79ecb669%2Fintl-booker-promo.png 2x", "https://assets.prod.abebookscdn.com/cdn/shared/images/common/social/facebook.svg", "https://assets.prod.abebookscdn.com/cdn/shared/images/common/social/x-twitter.svg", "https://assets.prod.abebookscdn.com/cdn/shared/images/common/social/instagram.svg", "https://assets.prod.abebookscdn.com/cdn/shared/images/common/footer/abebooks-footer-logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "list of nobel writers", "nobel authors", "nobel prize for literature" ]	null	[]	2022-09-22T00:00:00	The Nobel Prize for Literature is the world’s most important international literary honour. Browse the complete list of winning authors since 1901.	en	https://www.abebooks.co.uk/favicon.ico	AbeBooks UK	https://www.abebooks.co.uk/books/nobel-prize-in-literature-winners	The Nobel Prize for Literature is the world’s most important international literary honour. Alfred Nobel - the Swedish scientist, engineer, and inventor - left his fortune to establish awards for physics, chemistry, physiology/medicine, peace, and literature. The prizes began in 1901, and the first winner for literature was the French poet and essayist Sully Prudhomme. The winner is decided by a committee consisting of members from the Swedish Academy, which was founded in 1786. The Swedish Academy features 18 people of note – such as writers, scholars, and historians - who have the role for life. The prize is awarded for a writer’s overall body of work although individual works of importance have been cited at times. Past winners include Annie Ernaux, Ernest Hemingway, Albert Camus, Hermann Hesse, José Saramago, Pablo Neruda, Kazuo Ishiguro, and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. Swedish author Selma Lagerlöf was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1909. The Nobel Prize looks for excellence in more than just fiction. Non-fiction authors (Winston Churchill and Bertrand Russell), poets (such as T.S. Eliot), playwrights (such as Harold Pinter and Nelly Sachs), a short story writer (Alice Munro), and even a singer/songwriter, Bob Dylan, have been honoured. The 2023 winner is Jon Fosse, one of Norway’s most prominent and celebrated playwrights and novelists. His works, often marked by their minimalist style and deep existential themes, explore the interior lives of rather solitary characters. He published his first novel, “Red, Black,” in 1983, and his debut play, Someone Is Going to Come followed in 1992. His work A New Name: Septology VI-VII was a finalist for the International Booker Prize in 2022 and his other major works include Melancholy; Morning and Evening and Aliss at the Fire.
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	7	https://gangalib.org/carduccihealth.php	en	Ganga Library Inc			[ "https://gangalib.org/images/KB-Logo.png", "https://gangalib.org/images/ganga_header1.png", "https://gangalib.org/images/speaker.png", "https://gangalib.org/images/paypal-small.png", "https://gangalib.org/images/border_image.png", "https://gangalib.org/images/us_flag.png", "https://gangalib.org/images/amharic_flag.jpg", "https://gangalib.org/images/azerbaijan-flag.jpg", "https://gangalib.org/images/german-flag.jpg", "https://gangalib.org/images/kannada_flag.png", "https://gangalib.org/images/portugese.jpg", "https://gangalib.org/images/russia_flag.png", "https://gangalib.org/images/spanish_flag.png", "https://gangalib.org/images/carducci.jpg", "https://gangalib.org/images/paypal-small.png", "https://gangalib.org/images/QR-Code-Silvia.jpg", "https://gangalib.org/images/linkedin-logo.png", "https://gangalib.org/images/logo-square.png", "https://gangalib.org/images/guidestar.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null			images/favicon-32.png		null	Giosuè Carducci The Nobel Prize in Literature 1906 Nobel Co-recipient Ernesto Teodoro Moneta Poet, Senator. Wrote poetry as child. Excellent translator, literary historian, orator. Conducted research in every phase of literature and eloquently expressed his findings. Poetry inspired compatriots in war for Italian independence, enjoyed immense popularity at home and abroad. Greatest Italian literary figure in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Health The Nobel Prize Award Ceremony Banquet was held on December 10, 1906. C.D. af Wirsén, Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy, delivered his Presentation Speech in Italian. He spoke about the poet, Giosuè Carducci [age 71 yrs], who, due to illness was unable to travel to Stockholm to attend the ceremony to receive the award. Mr. Caprara, the Italian chargé d'Affaires, expressed his gratitude in French. He addressed his speech to the country of Alfred Nobel and promised to convey the homage to the poet, Giosuè Carducci.
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wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	64	https://www.livescience.com/16364-nobel-prize-literature-history.html	en	Nobel Prize in Literature: 1901-Present	https://cdn.mos.cms.futu…n8Ao-1200-80.jpg	https://cdn.mos.cms.futu…n8Ao-1200-80.jpg	[ "https://mos.fie.futurecdn.net/nsn8tjxqmqhfgoo4-16455329884552.png", "https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/uaQ2tD3hpUGUsdKxfWn8Ao-320-80.jpg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg", "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p/?c1=2&c2=10055482&cv=4.4.0&cj=1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Live Science Staff" ]	2019-10-11T12:53:00+00:00	A history of the Nobel Prize in Literature, including winners Toni Morrison, Gabriel Garcia Marquez and John Steinbeck.	en	https://vanilla.futurecd…e-touch-icon.png	livescience.com	https://www.livescience.com/16364-nobel-prize-literature-history.html	The Nobel Prize in Literature is given to "the person who shall have produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction," according to Alfred Nobel's will. The 18-member Swedish Academy selects the Nobel Laureates in Literature. The winners, along with the reasons given by the Swedish Academy for the award, are: 2019: Peter Handke "for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience," the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced. The 76-year-old Austrian author is perhaps best known for his novella on his mother's suicide, "A Sorrow Beyond Dreams." Handke was a controversial choice due to his support for the Serbs during the 1990s Yugoslav war, the BBC News reported. 2018: Olga Tokarczuk "for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life," the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced. Her novel "Primeval and Other Times" traces the history of Poland from WWI to the 1980s, the BBC News reported. 2017: English author Kazuo Ishiguro "who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world," according to the Swedish Academy. His novels include: "The Remains of the Day," "Never Let Me Go," "The Buried Giant," "When We Were Orphans," "An Artist of the Floating World," "A Pale View of Hills," "Nocturnes: Five Stories of Music and Nightfall" and "The Unconsoled. 2016: The Swedish Academy of Science has awarded this year's Nobel Prize in Literature to Bob Dylan, "for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition." 2015: Belarusian author Svetlana Alexievich "for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time," according to the Swedish Academy. She is known for her works about the women involved in World War II; the consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in 1986; a portrayal of the Soviet Union's war in Afghanistan; and other books depicting life in the Soviet Union. 2014: Patrick Modiano "for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation," according to the Swedish Academy. 2013: Alice Munro, for "her finely tuned storytelling." 2012: Mo Yan, for his "mixture of fantasy and reality, historical and social perspectives." 2011: Tomas Tranströmer, "because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality." 2010: Mario Vargas Llosa, "for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt and defeat." 2009: Herta Müller,"who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed." 2008: Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio, "author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization." 2007: Doris Lessing, "that epicist of the female experience, who with skepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilization to scrutiny." 2006: Orhan Pamuk, "who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures." 2005: Harold Pinter, "who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms." 2004: Elfriede Jelinek, "for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power." 2003: John M. Coetzee, "who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider." 2002: Imre Kertész, "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history." 2001: Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul, "for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories." 2000: Gao Xingjian, "for an œuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama." 1999: Günter Grass, "whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history." 1998: José Saramago, "who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality." 1997: Dario Fo, "who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden." 1996: Wislawa Szymborska, "for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality." 1995: Seamus Heaney, "for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past." 1994: Kenzaburo Oe, "who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today." 1993: Toni Morrison, "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality." 1992: Derek Walcott, "for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment." 1991: Nadine Gordimer, "who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity." 1990: Octavio Paz, "for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity." 1989: Camilo José Cela, "for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability." 1988: Naguib Mahfouz, "who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind." 1987: Joseph Brodsky, "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity." 1986: Wole Soyinka, "who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence." 1985: Claude Simon, "who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition." 1984: Jaroslav Seifert, "for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man." 1983: William Golding, "for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today." 1982: Gabriel García Márquez, "for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts." 1981: Elias Canetti, "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power." 1980: Czeslaw Milosz, "who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts." 1979: Odysseus Elytis, "for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness." 1978: Isaac Bashevis Singer, "for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life." 1977: Vicente Aleixandre, "for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars." 1976: Saul Bellow, "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work." 1975: Eugenio Montale, "for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions." 1974: Eyvind Johnson, "for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom," and Harry Martinson, "for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos." 1973: Patrick White, "for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature." 1972: Heinrich Böll, "for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature." 1971: Pablo Neruda, "for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams." 1970: Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn, "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature." 1969: Samuel Beckett, "for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation." 1968: Yasunari Kawabata, "for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind." 1967: Miguel Angel Asturias, "for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America." 1966: Shmuel Yosef Agnon, "for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people," and Nelly Sachs, "for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength." 1965: Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov, "for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people." 1964: Jean-Paul Sartre, "for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age." 1963: Giorgos Seferis, "for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture." 1962: John Steinbeck, "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception." 1961: Ivo Andric, "for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country." 1960: Saint-John Perse, "for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time." 1959: Salvatore Quasimodo, "for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times." 1958: Boris Leonidovich Pasternak, "for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition." 1957: Albert Camus, "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times." 1956: Juan Ramón Jiménez, "for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity." 1955: Halldór Kiljan Laxness, "for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland." 1954: Ernest Miller Hemingway, "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in 'The Old Man and the Sea,' and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style." 1953: Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values." 1952: François Mauriac, "for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life." 1951: Pär Fabian Lagerkvist, "for the artistic vigor and true independence of mind with which he endeavors in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind." 1950: Earl (Bertrand Arthur William) Russell, "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought." 1949: William Faulkner, "for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel." 1948: Thomas Stearns Eliot, "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry." 1947: André Paul Guillaume Gide, "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight." 1946: Hermann Hesse, "for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style." 1945: Gabriela Mistral, "for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world." 1944: Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style." 1940-1943: No Nobel Prize awarded 1939: Frans Eemil Sillanpää, "for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature." 1938: Pearl Buck, "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces." 1937: Roger Martin du Gard, "for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les Thibault." 1936: Eugene Gladstone O'Neill, "for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy." 1935: No Prize awarded. 1934: Luigi Pirandello, "for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art." 1933: Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin, "for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing." 1932: John Galsworthy, "for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga." 1931: Erik Axel Karlfeldt, for his poetry. 1930: Sinclair Lewis, "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters." 1929: Thomas Mann, "principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature." 1928: Sigrid Undset, "principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages." 1927: Henri Bergson, "in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented." 1926: Grazia Deledda, "for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general." 1925: George Bernard Shaw, "for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty." 1924: Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont, "for his great national epic, The Peasants." 1923: William Butler Yeats, "for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation." 1922: Jacinto Benavente, "for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama." 1921: Anatole France, "in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament." 1920: Knut Pedersen Hamsun, "for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil." 1919: Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler, "in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring." 1918: No Prize awarded 1917: Karl Adolph Gjellerup, "for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals," and Henrik Pontoppidan, "for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark." 1916: Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam, "in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature." 1915: Romain Rolland, "as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings." 1914: No Prize awarded 1913: Rabindranath Tagore, "because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West." 1912: Gerhart Johann Robert Hauptmann, "primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art." 1911: Count Maurice (Mooris) Polidore Marie Bernhard Maeterlinck, "in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations." 1910: Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse, "as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories." 1909: Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf, "in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings." 1908: Rudolf Christoph Eucken, "in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life." 1907: Rudyard Kipling, "in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author." 1906: Giosuè Carducci, "not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces." 1905: Henryk Sienkiewicz, "because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer." 1904: Frédéric Mistral, "in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist," and José Echegaray y Eizaguirre, "in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama." 1903: Bjørnstjerne Martinus Bjørnson, "as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit." 1902: Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen, "the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A history of Rome."
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	2	90	https://literaturecurry.com/news-details/1317/nobel-prize-in-literature-winners-till-now	en	News Details	https://literaturecurry.…JYMRRXN2E77U.jpg		[ "https://literaturecurry.com/content/web/images/logouniver.jpg", "https://literaturecurry.com/uploads/news/2040145a-8b27-4631-944c-d5bf063c92bb_MO2FI6NVQCQZWNJYMRRXN2E77U.jpg", "https://literaturecurry.com/content/web/images/Untitled.png", "https://literaturecurry.com/content/web/images/logouniver-white.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/content/web/images/favicon.ico		https://literaturecurry.com/news-details/1317/nobel-prize-in-literature-winners-till-now	SOURCE: THENATIONALNEWS There have been 114 literature prizes The Nobel Prize for Literature is the only one decided by the Swedish Academy, founded in 1786 by Swedish King Gustav III, which has 18 life tenure members. Alfred Nobel’s will orders that the award goes to “the person who shall have produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction”. There have been 114 literature prizes awarded ― and nine years when no one won. The youngest winner was a 41-year-old Rudyard Kipling in 1907 “in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterise the creations of this world-famous author”. And the oldest was Doris Lessing, “epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny”. 2021 Abdulrazak Gurnah “for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents” 2020 Louise Glück “for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal” 2019 Peter Handke “for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience” 2018 Olga Tokarczuk “for a narrative imagination that with encyclopaedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life” 2017 Kazuo Ishiguro “who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world” 2016 Bob Dylan “for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition” 2015 Svetlana Alexievich “for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time” 2014 Patrick Modiano “for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation” 2013 Alice Munro “master of the contemporary short story” 2012 Mo Yan “who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary” 2011 Tomas Transtromer “because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality” 2010 Mario Vargas Llosa “for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual’s resistance, revolt, and defeat” 2009 Herta Muller “who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed” 2008 Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clezio “author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilisation” 2007 Doris Lessing “that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny” 2006 Orhan Pamuk “who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures” 2005 Harold Pinter ”who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression’s closed rooms” 2004 Elfriede Jelinek “for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society’s clichés and their subjugating power” 2003 John M Coetzee “who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider” 2002 Imre Kertesz “for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history” 2001 Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul “for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories” 2000 Gao Xingjian “for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama” 1999 Gunter Grass “whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history” 1998 José Saramago who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality” 1997 Dario Fo “who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden” 1996 Wislawa Szymborska “for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality” 1995 Seamus Heaney “for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past” 1994 Kenzaburo Oe “who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today” 1993 Toni Morrison “who in novels characterised by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality” 1992 Derek Walcott “for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment” 1991 Nadine Gordimer “who through her magnificent epic writing has — in the words of Alfred Nobel — been of very great benefit to humanity” 1990 Octavio Paz “for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterised by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity” 1989 Camilo Jose Cela “for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man’s vulnerability” 1988 Naguib Mahfouz “who, through works rich in nuance — now clearsightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous — has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind” 1987 Joseph Brodsky “for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity” 1986 Wole Soyinka “who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence” 1985 Claude Simon “who in his novel combines the poet’s and the painter’s creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition” 1984 Jaroslav Seifert “for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man” 1983 William Golding “for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today” 1982 Gabriel García Márquez “for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent’s life and conflicts” 1981 Elias Canetti “for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power” 1980 Czeslaw Milosz who with uncompromising clearsightedness voices man’s exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts” 1979 Odysseus Elytis “for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clearsightedness modern man’s struggle for freedom and creativeness” 1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer “for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life” 1977 Vicente Aleixandre “for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man’s condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars” 1976 Saul Bellow “for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work” 1975 Eugenio Montale “for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions” 1974 Eyvind Johnson “for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom” Harry Martinson “for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos” 1973 Patrick White “for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature” 1972 Heinrich Boll “for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterisation has contributed to a renewal of German literature” 1971 Pablo Neruda “for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent’s destiny and dreams” 1970 Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn “for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature” 1969 Samuel Beckett “for his writing, which — in new forms for the novel and drama — in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation” 1968 Yasunari Kawabata “for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind” 1967 Miguel Angel Asturias “for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America” 1966 Shmuel Yosef Agnon “for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people” Nelly Sachs” for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel’s destiny with touching strength” 1965 Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov “for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people” 1964 Jean-Paul Sartre “for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age” 1963 Giorgos Seferis “for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture” 1962 John Steinbeck “for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception” 1961 Ivo Andric “for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country” 1960 Saint-John Perse “for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time” 1959 Salvatore Quasimodo “for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times” 1958 Boris Leonidovich Pasternak “for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition” 1957 Albert Camus “for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times” 1956 Juan Ramón Jiménez “for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity” 1955 Halldór Kiljan Laxness “for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland” 1954 Ernest Miller Hemingway “for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style” 1953 Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill “for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values” 1952 François Mauriac “for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life” 1951 Pär Fabian Lagerkvist “for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind” 1950 Earl (Bertrand Arthur William) Russell “in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought” 1949 William Faulkner “for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel” 1948 Thomas Stearns Eliot “for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry” 1947 Andre Paul Guillaume Gide “for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight” 1946 Hermann Hesse “for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style” 1945 Gabriela Mistral “for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world” 1944 Johannes Vilhelm Jensen “for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style” 1943 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with one-third allocated to the Main Fund and with two-thirds to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1942 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with one-third allocated to the Main Fund and with two-thirds to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1941 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with one-third allocated to the Main Fund and with two-thirds to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1940 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with one-third allocated to the Main Fund and with two-thirds to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1939 Frans Eemil Sillanpaa “for his deep understanding of his country’s peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature” 1938 Pearl Buck “for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces” 1937 Roger Martin du Gard “for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les Thibault” 1936 Eugene Gladstone O’Neill “for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy” 1935 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with one-third allocated to the Main Fund and with two-thirds to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1934 Luigi Pirandello “for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art” 1933 Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin “for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing” 1932 John Galsworthy “for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga” 1931 Erik Axel Karlfeldt “The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt” 1930 Sinclair Lewis “for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters” 1929 Thomas Mann “principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature” 1928 Sigrid Undset “principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages” 1927 Henri Bergson “in recognition of his rich and vitalising ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented” 1926 Grazia Deledda “for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general” 1925 George Bernard Shaw “for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty” 1924 Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont “for his great national epic, The Peasants” 1923 William Butler Yeats “for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation” 1922 Jacinto Benavente “for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama” 1921 Anatole France “in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterised as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament” 1920 Knut Pedersen Hamsun “for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil” 1919 Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler “in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring” 1918 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1917 Karl Adolph Gjellerup “for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals” Henrik Pontoppidan “for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark” 1916 Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam “in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature” 1915 Romain Rolland “as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings” 1914 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1913 Rabindranath Tagore “because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West” 1912 Gerhart Johann Robert Hauptmann “primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art” 1911 Count Maurice (Mooris) Polidore Marie Bernhard Maeterlinck “in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers’ own feelings and stimulate their imaginations” 1910 Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse “as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories” 1909 Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf “in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterise her writings” 1908 Rudolf Christoph Eucken “in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life” 1907 Rudyard Kipling “in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterise the creations of this world-famous author” 1906 Giosue Carducci “not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterise his poetic masterpieces” 1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz “because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer” 1904 Frederic Mistral “in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist” Jose Echegaray y Eizaguirre “in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama” 1903 Bjornstjerne Martinus Bjornson “as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit” 1902 Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen “the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A history of Rome” 1901 Sully Prudhomme “in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect”
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	33	https://brandesautographs.com/products/carducci-giosue	en	Giosue Carducci Autograph	http://brandesautographs.com/cdn/shop/products/giosue-carducci-autograph-printed-poem-signed-mounted-36600117624981.jpg?v=1676536331	http://brandesautographs.com/cdn/shop/products/giosue-carducci-autograph-printed-poem-signed-mounted-36600117624981.jpg?v=1676536331	[ "https://brandesautographs.com/cdn/shop/files/Logo_Markus_rechteck_200x@2x.png?v=1674066332", "https://brandesautographs.com/cdn/shop/products/giosue-carducci-autograph-printed-poem-signed-mounted-36600117624981.jpg?v=1676536331&width=1752", "https://brandesautographs.com/cdn/shop/products/giosue-carducci-autograph-printed-poem-signed-mounted-36600118706325.jpg?v=1676536344&width=920", "https://brandesautographs.com/cdn/shop/products/giosue-carducci-autograph-printed-poem-signed-mounted-36600119558293.jpg?v=1676536337&width=872", "https://brandesautographs.com/cdn/shop/products/giosue-carducci-autograph-printed-poem-signed-mounted-36600120934549.jpg?v=1676536342&width=920", "https://brandesautographs.com/cdn/shop/products/giosue-carducci-autograph-printed-poem-signed-mounted-36600117624981.jpg?v=1676536331&width=1752", "https://brandesautographs.com/cdn/shop/products/giosue-carducci-autograph-printed-poem-signed-mounted-36600118706325.jpg?v=1676536344&width=920", "https://brandesautographs.com/cdn/shop/products/giosue-carducci-autograph-printed-poem-signed-mounted-36600119558293.jpg?v=1676536337&width=872", "https://brandesautographs.com/cdn/shop/products/giosue-carducci-autograph-printed-poem-signed-mounted-36600120934549.jpg?v=1676536342&width=920" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Printed poem signed, 6 x 8 inch (folded), in Italian, poem entitled `ALLA VITTORIA - nel Museo di Brescia`, signed and inscribed in black ink "A Vinzenzo Ferrari - con ringramiento - Giosue Carducci", mounted for display with a photograph of Giosue Carducci (11,75 x 8,25 inch), in nearly fine condition.	en	//brandesautographs.com/cdn/shop/files/Kopie_von_Kopie_von_Ohne_Titel_2_96x96.png?v=1614367079	Brandes Autographs	https://brandesautographs.com/products/carducci-giosue	Biography (AI generated) Giosue Carducci was an Italian poet, scholar and teacher who lived from 1835 to 1907. He was one of Italy's most famous poets and is celebrated as the first Italian to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1906. Carducci was born in Val di Castello, near Pisa, in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. He was educated in the classical tradition at the universities of Pisa and Bologna, and at the age of twenty-four, he became a professor of literature at the University of Bologna. Carducci's literary career began with the publication of his first collection of poems, Rime Nuove (1861). His work soon gained attention for its strong sentiment and romantic themes. He was especially known for his vivid descriptions of nature and landscapes. He wrote a great deal of prose, including several books on the history of Italian literature and a biography of the Renaissance poet Petrarch. He also wrote several plays and essays, and was an active contributor to the magazines and newspapers of his day. Carducci's poetry was characterized by a passionate intensity and a strong sense of patriotism. He was a proponent of the Italian unification movement, and his work often reflected his strong nationalist sentiments. He was also a powerful critic of the Church, and his work often challenged the traditional values of his time. He was an outspoken opponent of the Papacy and the Catholic Church's influence on Italian society. Carducci was also a literary innovator who experimented with new forms and styles of writing. He was an early proponent of free verse and wrote several modernist poems. He was also an important figure in the Symbolist movement, which sought to express the spiritual and emotional realities of life through symbols and imagery. Carducci's influence on Italian literature was immense. He was a major influence on later poets such as D'Annunzio and Pascoli, and his work is still widely read today. He was a major inspiration for the Italian Futurists, and his work is also seen as a precursor to the modernist movement. Carducci's legacy is one of passion, intensity, and a powerful love of Italy and its culture. Carducci's work was not without controversy. He was often criticized for his strong anti-clerical and nationalist views, but his work is still widely respected and admired. He was an important figure in Italian literature and his influence can still be felt today.
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"literature", "physics", "chemistry", "peace", "medicine", "physiology", "economics", "winner", "Java", "prize", "prizes", "award", "awards", "noble", "price" ]	null	[]	null	A comprehensive list of Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature, at the Nobel Prize Internet Archive.				null	2022 ANNIE ERNAUX for the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory 2021 ABDULRAZAK GURNAH for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents 2020 LOUISE GL&UumlCK for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal. 2019 PETER HANDKE for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience. 2018 OLGA TOKARCZUK for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life. 2017 KAZUO ISHIGURO who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world 2016 BOB DYLAN for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition 2015 SVETLANA ALEXIEVICH for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time. 2014 PATRICK MODIANO for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation. 2013 ALICE MUNRO, master of the contemporary short story. 2012 MO YAN who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary. 2011 TOMAS TRANSTRÖMER because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality. 2010 MARIO VARGAS LLOSA for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat. 2009 HERTA MÜLLER who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed. 2008 JEAN-MARIE GUSTAVE LE CLÉZIO author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization. 2007 DORIS LESSING that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny. 2006 ORHAN PAMUK who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures. 2005 HAROLD PINTER who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms. 2004 ELFRIEDE JELINEK for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clich s and their subjugating power 2003 JOHN MAXWELL COETZEE who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider 2002 IMRE KERTÉSZ for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history 2001 V. S. NAIPAUL for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories. 2000 GAO XINGJIAN for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama. 1999 GUNTER GRASS whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history. 1998 JOSE SARAMAGO who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality. 1997 DARIO FO who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden. 1996 WISLAWA SZYMBORSKA for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality. 1995 SEAMUS HEANEY for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past. 1994 KENZABURO OE who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today. 1993 TONI MORRISON who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality. 1992 DEREK WALCOTT for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment. 1991 NADINE GORDIMER who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity. 1990 OCTAVIO PAZ for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity. 1989 CAMILO JOSÉ CELA for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability. 1988 NAGUIB MAHFOUZ who, through works rich in nuance-now clearsightedly realistic, now evocatively ambigous-has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind. 1987 JOSEPH BRODSKY for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity. 1986 WOLE SOYINKA who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence. 1985 CLAUDE SIMON who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition. 1984 JAROSLAV SEIFERT for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man. 1983 SIR WILLIAM GOLDING for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today. 1982 GABRIEL GARCÍA MÁRQUEZ for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts. 1981 ELIAS CANETTI for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power. 1980 CZESLAW MILOSZ who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts. 1979 ODYSSEUS ELYTIS (pen-name of ODYSSEUS ALEPOUDHELIS ), for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness. 1978 ISAAC BASHEVIS SINGER for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life. 1977 VICENTE ALEIXANDRE for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry beween the wars. 1976 SAUL BELLOW for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work. 1975 EUGENIO MONTALE for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions. 1974 The prize was divided equally between: EYVIND JOHNSON for a narrative art, farseeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom. HARRY MARTINSON for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos. 1973 PATRICK WHITE for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature. 1972 HEINRICH BÖLL for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature. 1971 PABLO NERUDA for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams. 1970 ALEKSANDR ISAEVICH SOLZHENITSYN for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature. 1969 SAMUEL BECKETT for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation. 1968 YASUNARI KAWABATA for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind. 1967 MIGUEL ANGEL ASTURIAS for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America. 1966 The prize was divided equally between: SHMUEL YOSEF AGNON for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people. NELLY SACHS for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength. 1965 MICHAIL ALEKSANDROVICH SHOLOKHOV for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people. 1964 JEAN-PAUL SARTRE for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a farreaching influence on our age. (Declined the prize.) 1963 GIORGOS SEFERIS (pen-name of GIORGOS SEFERIADIS ), for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture. 1962 JOHN STEINBECK for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception. 1961 IVO ANDRI´C for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country. 1960 SAINT-JOHN PERSE (pen-name of ALEXIS LÉGER ), for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time. 1959 SALVATORE QUASIMODO for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times. 1958 BORIS LEONIDOVICH PASTERNAK for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition. (Accepted first, later caused by the authorities of his country to decline the prize.) 1957 ALBERT CAMUS for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times. 1956 JUAN RAMÓN JIMÉNEZ for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity. 1955 HALLDÓR KILJAN LAXNESS for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland. 1954 ERNEST MILLER HEMINGWAY for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea ,and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style. 1953 SIR WINSTON LEONARD SPENCER CHURCHILL for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values. 1952 FRANÇOIS MAURIAC for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life. 1951 PÄR FABIAN LAGERKVIST for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind. 1950 EARL BERTRAND ARTHUR WILLIAM RUSSELL in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought. 1949 WILLIAM FAULKNER for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel. 1948 THOMAS STEARNS ELIOT for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry. 1947 ANDRÉ PAUL GUILLAUME GIDE for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight. 1946 HERMANN HESSE for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humaitarian ideals and high qualities of style. 1945 GABRIELA MISTRAL (pen-name of LUCILA GODOY Y ALCA-YAGA ), for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world. 1944 JOHANNES VILHELM JENSEN for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style. 1943-1940 The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section. 1939 FRANS EEMIL SILLANPÄÄ for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature. 1938 PEARL BUCK (pen-name of PEARL WALSH née SYDENSTRICKER ), for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces. 1937 ROGER MARTIN DU GARD for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novelcycle Les Thibault. 1936 EUGENE GLADSTONE O'NEILL for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy. 1935 The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section. 1934 LUIGI PIRANDELLO for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art. 1933 IVAN ALEKSEYEVICH BUNIN for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing. 1932 JOHN GALSWORTHY for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsythe Saga. 1931 ERIK AXEL KARLFELDT The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt. 1930 SINCLAIR LEWIS for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters. 1929 THOMAS MANN principially for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature. 1928 SIGRID UNDSET principially for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages. 1927 HENRI BERGSON in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brillant skill with which they have been presented. 1926 GRAZIA DELEDDA (pen-name of GRAZIA MADESANI née DELEDDA) , for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general. 1925 GEORGE BERNARD SHAW for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty. 1924 WLADYSLAW STANISLAW REYMONT (pen-name of REYMENT ), for his great national epic, The Peasants. 1923 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation. 1922 JACINTO BENAVENTE for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama. 1921 ANATOLE FRANCE (pen-name of JACQUES ANATOLE THIBAULT ), in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament. 1920 KNUT PEDERSEN HAMSUN for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil. 1919 CARL FRIEDRICH GEORG SPITTELER in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring. 1918 The prize money for 1918 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1917 The prize was divided equally between: KARL ADOLPH GJELLERUP for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals. HENRIK PONTOPPIDAN for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark. 1916 CARL GUSTAF VERNER VON HEIDENSTAM in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature. 1915 ROMAIN ROLLAND as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings. 1914 The prize money for 1914 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1913 RABINDRANATH TAGORE because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with comsummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West. 1912 GERHART JOHANN ROBERT HAUPTMANN primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art. 1911 COUNT MAURICE (MOORIS) POLIDORE MARIE BERNHARD MAETERLINCK , in appreciation of his manysided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations. 1910 PAUL JOHANN LUDWIG HEYSE as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories. 1909 SELMA OTTILIA LOVISA LAGERLÖF in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings. 1908 RUDOLF CHRISTOPH EUCKEN in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life. 1907 RUDYARD KIPLING in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author. 1906 GIOSUÈ CARDUCCI not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces. 1905 HENRYK SIENKIEWICZ because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer. 1904 The prize was divided equally between: FRÉDÉRIC MISTRAL in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist. JOSÉ ECHEGARAY Y EIZAGUIRRE in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama. 1903 BJØRNSTJERNE MARTINUS BJØRNSON as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit. 1902 CHRISTIAN MATTHIAS THEODOR MOMMSEN the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A history of Rome. 1901
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	1	60	https://www.academia.edu/35416640/Time_Elements_and_the_Phoenix_Hour_in_Lives_and_Poetry_of_Nobel_Laureates_and_their_Celestial_Twins	en	Time, Elements and the Phoenix Hour in Lives and Poetry of Nobel Laureates and their Celestial Twins	http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif	http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif	[ "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg", "https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/55277408/mini_magick20180819-21948-iej2rq.png?1534697056", "https://0.academia-photos.com/22713426/6179057/7001894/s65_elizabetha.levin.jpg", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Elizabetha Levin", "independent.academia.edu" ]	2017-12-13T00:00:00	In our times both the works and the biographies of the Nobel laureates {NL} are accessible to empirical study. Their biographic materials portray distinguished personalities as real people with their faults and weaknesses. Such biographic studies				https://www.academia.edu/35416640/Time_Elements_and_the_Phoenix_Hour_in_Lives_and_Poetry_of_Nobel_Laureates_and_their_Celestial_Twins	Time has an impact on every single person but it has been poorly studied by western intellectuals; especially philosophers and scientists. As Newton knew (and Einstein eventually realized): physics, as the study of material reality, is about Time, so this connection is reviewed here (without mathematics). Major attention is focused on the role of philosophy and even more on the bad uses of language (developed by the Great Greeks) that fails to expose the poor assumptions about Time and its critical role in relationships, especially between humans. Again, bad language (which concentrates on timeless nouns instead of time-oriented verbs, produced the illusion that Time could be understood via objective thinking (using static concepts) when our broad understanding is constructed on experiential intuition. SUMMARY This essay explores the vast range of human thinking about the difficult subject of Time. It begins with attempts to put this concept on a scientific or objective basis but concludes with human psychology, in particular, the critical facility of human memory. The overall framework is to adopt a philosophical view, as this is how most thinkers have approached the problem of the nature of Time. There is also a discussion of the history of ideas of Time across several civilizations and includes a critical analysis of how modern physics views Time, which is not as comprehensive as many think. The conclusion is that Time is NOT an illusion; it is all about Activity and that's the secret of living: doing, the quality actions in life, especially building relationships; substituting numerical views of life (or Time) is a complete waste of time. We show how metaphors are so important in abstract thinking. In November 1915 Freud wrote one of his most beautiful, albeit extremely short, texts: ‘On Transience’. This text, consisting of a dialogue between Freud and a poet whom we now know was Rilke, is a rumination on the meaning and implications of transience in our life: does transience rob life of its value and meaning, or does it add to that value? In this article I explore the reflection on the passing of time that ‘On Transience’ suggests: how the passing of time interacts with our attribution of meaningfulness and shapes our approach to life. The article also deals with the tension between repetitiveness and the uniqueness or specificity of objects within time, and explores the question of the persistence of value, especially literary value, in the face of time and transience, and the link between death and literary creation. Finally, the article refers to the immediate historical context of this reflection on the ephemeral, namely the destruction brought about by war. This paper analyzes Body Clock: Poems 2 in the perspective of Julia Kristeva's Desire in Language A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art. It explicitly sheds light on Eleni Sikelianos's poems in Body Clock with two different theorists such as Kristeva and Egan. Eleni Sikelianos' (1965-) both visual and verbal narrative style attribute an authentic outlook for readers, and they see the power of her performative style. The process of giving birth is narrated so creatively that when people read her poems, they will understand how life is a meaningful thing. The study will start with the life of Eleni Sikelianos, who is the author of Body Clock which reveals the idea of birth, womanhood, imaginative mind, and so on. Secondly, Body Clock is explained with its main concepts such as time, biology, motherhood including the growth of body and birth, and her drawings. The third part of the study will examine the poems of Body Clock from the perspective of Julia Kristeva's Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art. This analysis will concern four theoretical backgrounds: "the speaking/ split subject," "semiotic chora & symbolic device," "maternal body/ drive," and "poetic language/carnivalesque." In the fourth section of the paper, Body Clock is analyzed in terms of three concepts such as the mirror conception, body status and language in control of meaning in Mirror Talk: Genres of Crisis in Contemporary Autobiography written by Susanna Egan.
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	0	7	https://huxley.media/en/wrong-money-of-strange-geniuses-why-they-rejected-the-nobel-prize/	en	Â«WRONGÂ» MONEY OF STRANGE GENIUSES: why they rejected the Nobel Prize	https://huxley.media/wp-…/04/nobeliii.jpg	https://huxley.media/wp-…/04/nobeliii.jpg	[ "https://huxley.media/wp-content/themes/bootstrap-basic4/assets/img/magnifying-glass.png", "https://huxley.media/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/kik02214-kopija-750x485.jpg", "https://huxley.media/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Huxley_author3-300x300.jpg", "https://huxley.media/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/nobeliii.jpg", "https://huxley.media/images/huxley_svg.svg", "https://huxley.media/images/huxley_svg.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Huxley", "www.facebook.com", "huxley.world" ]	2024-04-20T16:30:40+00:00	The prize â is glory, recognition of merit, and, finally, money. Who is in a position to refuse such a thing? It turns out that there are such people. And they deserve our attention, at least because, unlike many hundreds of established Nobel laureates, these Â«refusersÂ» can be counted on the fingers	en		Huxley	https://huxley.media/en/wrong-money-of-strange-geniuses-why-they-rejected-the-nobel-prize/	Knut Hamsun, Leo Tolstoy, Jean-Paul Sartre / Artwork: huxley.media via Photoshop The Nobel Prize is awarded to people who make a significant contribution to the development of our civilization. The prize â is glory, recognition, and, finally, money. In 2024, the size of the prize was about 9 million dollars. Who is able to refuse such a thing? It turns out that there are such people. And they deserve our attention, at least because, unlike many hundreds of Nobel laureates, these Â«refuseniksÂ» can be counted on the fingers. LEO TOLSTOY: IT’S DISGUSTING TO TAKE MONEY! From the point of view of ordinary common sense, Tolstoy is traditionally regarded as a man Â«with strangenessÂ». They spread to his attitude toward money. For example, Leo Nikolayevich refused ownership of his works and royalties from their publication. His wife, Sofia Andreevna, absolutely disliked this. It was incredibly generous to be guided by the rule Â«nothing to yourself â all to the people!Â». But when you gave birth to a count of 13 children, of whom 5 died early, you think more about the well-being of the family, not about the happiness of humankind. An irresponsible attitude toward loved ones and money caused a severe disagreement among the Tolstoy family. But what can you do if the spontaneous count thought money was evil? He was nominated for the Nobel Prize four times â in 1902, 1903, 1904 and 1905. Everything was going to the fact that in 1906, at the fifth attempt, he still would receive the prize. Tolstoy could not let the image of a Â«minimalistÂ» go to waste. Formally, the writer did not refuse the prize because it was not awarded to him. However, he did everything not to get it. Tolstoy appealed to his Finnish colleague Arvid JÃ¤rnefelt with a request to influence the Nobel Committee that the prize would not be awarded to him in any case. Arvid fulfilled the request. After twisting their fingers at their head, the Swedes awarded the prize to the Italian Giosue Carducci â a Freemason, revolutionary poet-satirist, ruthlessly criticizing the Pope. Despite his habit of slapping public morality, Carducci gladly accepted both money and the title of laureate. The only things he had in common with Tolstoy were his spade beard and his attitude to the church. Today, even in Italy, few people will tell you who Carducci is. His name is most often mentioned in connection with the curiosity of Tolstoy’s rejection of the Nobel Prize. The writer was delighted by the non-awarding of the prize. After all, he got rid of Â«a great difficulty â to dispose of this money, which, like all money, can only bring evilÂ». It is not difficult to guess what Sofia Andreevna thought of this Tolstoy’s Â«good fortuneÂ». KNUT HAMSUN: THE THIRD REICH NEEDS MONEY MORE! The Norwegian writer Knut Hamsun got rid of Nobel money in a very specific way. Hamsun’s life was not easy. He was born in terrible poverty, in school almost never studied. He wandered across America and Norway, where he worked hard, owning a half-starved existence. His success brought him the novel Â«HungerÂ», where he described what he knew firsthand. In personal communication Hamsun was a man unpleasant, and epathetized the public not worse than Tolstoy â Sofia Andreevna. For example, heÂ spoke in the face of the Norwegian classics Ibsen and Bjornson, saying that they are hopelessly outdated and that it is time for them to leave literature. The classics turned out to be more sympathetic than Hamsun and supported him in spite of his vulgar behavior. Hamsun was never beaten up, although there were direct calls to do so even in the press. In 1920, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his novel Growth of the Soil, about the life of Norwegian peasants. Hamsun himself was proud of his peasant originsÂ andÂ his closeness to Â«blood and soilÂ».Â Life is a fierce struggle for existence. When confronted with it, the husks of civilization are instantly stripped away. As a Nietzsche follower, Hamsun believed that war was useful â it would send a decrepit and deceitful Europe into oblivion. He tied his hopes for a new world to the Third Reich. Therefore, after receiving the prize, he went to Berlin and solemnly handed it over to the Minister of Propaganda Goebbels. He also received a meeting with Hitler. But here, again, Hamsun’s habit of going against the tide took place. Hitler was furious with the writer’s manner of telling how the Fuhrer should behave in general and with Norway in particular. But this was not the last spit in the political trend. When Hitler committed suicide, loved ones in vain dissuaded the writer from scandalous publication: in the necrology, Hamsun called the Fuhrer a fighter for the rights of the people. Germany lost the war, the Nobel Prize was wasted. Hamsun was tried but forgiven, although he did everything he could to prevent this from happening. Out of pure stubbornness, Hamsun did not abandon his views and did not apologize to the victims of fascism. The end of his life he met in the poverty with which he began. The press, not for nothing, called him an old blindÂ giant,Â who wanders through the dark forest in a direction known to him alone. His name and work were tabooed and semi-forgotten. He finished his last book, Â«On Overgrown PathsÂ», in a mental hospital and a nursing home. Surprisingly, it was published and received wide acclaim, and the writer himself is a world classic, although directors still avoid screen adaptations of it. JEAN-PAUL SARTRE: THE PHILOSOPHER WHO CAN NOT BE TAMED Strictly speaking, French writer and philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre was the first to literally and voluntarily refuse the Nobel Prize awarded to him. He refused it on his own rather than being forced to do so by the state, as in the case of Pasternak, whose son Eugene received the prize 31 years later. Alexandr Solzhenitsyn temporarily refused the award in 1970 because he was afraid that he would not be allowed back to the USSR after the ceremony in Stockholm. But as soon as the writer was expelled from the Union, he gladly took his money. However, the German scientists Richard Kuhn (1938, chemistry), Adolf Butenandt, and Gerhard Domagk (1939, chemistry and physiology and medicine) did not get their money. But again, not of their own free will. Hitler, angry at the Nobel Committee, forbade the Germans to cooperate with it. After the war, the scientists got their diplomas and medals but were not paid. The rock bard Bob Dylan almost refused the Nobel Prize in 2016. He did not react in any way to the award. After 10 days, the secretary of the Swedish Academy ran out of patience. He tried to contact the musician but still could not do it. At the same time, Dylan gave concerts calmly and did not say a single word about his award. Moreover, even the message about it was removed from the singer’s website. Members of the Nobel Committee tensed up: will he refuse? Such antics have been observed for Dylan before â once he ignored the Oscars, and here is some Nobel Prize! Academics publicly accused him of arrogance. However, after torturing their nerves, Dylan finally received the prize. But Sartre was different. In 1964, he gave it up voluntarily. Apparently, the reason is the same as that of Leo Tolstoy â the fear of destroying the image of the Â«ruler of thoughtsÂ». De Gaulle called Sartre Â«our VoltaireÂ». The philosopher felt himself to be a tribune who defended the people from the central government. He held left-wing views and opposed the bourgeoisie, one of the embodiments of which he considered the Nobel Prize. He saw it as an attack on independence. In addition, what is the value of the prize for literature if the practical value of literature itself is questionable? After rejecting the prize, Sartre declared that he would cease his literary activity. From now on, he was interested in the real, not imaginary, transformation of the world. The intricacy of the argumentation proves once again that to refuse the prize, you have to be very Â«strangeÂ», even compared to the geniuses who are traditionally famous for unconventional behavior. Not surprisingly, Sartre has had only one follower so far. In 1974, the Vietnamese politician Le Duc Tho refused his part of the Peace Prize, which he was awarded together with Henry Kissinger. He was outraged that awards were already being handed out for resolving the conflict, even though the Vietnam War was still ongoing. Kissinger, on the other hand, was not perturbed. And he accepted the award two years before the war ended. No one else has been added to the company of Sartre and Tho in the last 50 years. When copying materials, please place an active link to www.huxley.media
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	1	37	https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/34650234/nobel-prize-in-literature-1906pdf-ijsidonlineinfo	en	Nobel prize in Literature 1906.pdf - Ijsidonline.info	https://www.yumpu.com/en…ook/34650234.jpg	https://www.yumpu.com/en…ook/34650234.jpg	[ "https://assets.yumpu.com/release/Gb2iuBFx8UHm6GO/v5/img/logo/Yumpu_Logo_RGB.png", "https://assets.yumpu.com/release/Gb2iuBFx8UHm6GO/v5/img/account/document_privacy_modal/step1.png", "https://assets.yumpu.com/release/Gb2iuBFx8UHm6GO/v5/img/account/document_privacy_modal/step2.png", "https://img.yumpu.com/34650234/1/500x640/nobel-prize-in-literature-1906pdf-ijsidonlineinfo.jpg", "https://assets.yumpu.com/v4/img/avatar/female-200x200.jpg", "https://img.yumpu.com/51341686/1/190x245/the-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine-1968-ijsidonlineinfo.jpg?quality=85", "https://img.yumpu.com/51119737/1/184x260/validated-hplc-stability-indicating-ijsidonlineinfo.jpg?quality=85", "https://img.yumpu.com/50799344/1/184x260/rp-hplc-method-development-and-validation-for-the-ijsidonlineinfo.jpg?quality=85", "https://img.yumpu.com/48804899/1/184x260/drug-nanocrystals-novel-technique-for-delivery-of-ijsidonlineinfo.jpg?quality=85", "https://img.yumpu.com/48467079/1/184x260/improved-protocol-for-shoot-regeneration-in-ijsidonlineinfo.jpg?quality=85", "https://img.yumpu.com/48180739/1/184x260/goro-abubakar-ahmed-ijsidonlineinfo.jpg?quality=85", "https://img.yumpu.com/43580747/1/184x260/single-rp-hplc-method-for-the-estimation-of-losartan-ijsidonlineinfo.jpg?quality=85", "https://img.yumpu.com/43267946/1/190x245/the-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine-1934-ijsidonlineinfo.jpg?quality=85", "https://img.yumpu.com/43189342/1/190x245/the-nobel-prize-in-literature-1951-was-awarded-to-ijsidonlineinfo.jpg?quality=85", "https://img.yumpu.com/42639856/1/184x260/fab-lepidoptera-noctuidae-larvae-ijsidonlineinfo.jpg?quality=85", "https://img.yumpu.com/42542034/1/190x245/single-rp-hplc-method-for-the-ijsidonlineinfo.jpg?quality=85", "https://img.yumpu.com/42085454/1/190x245/the-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine-2001-ijsidonlineinfo.jpg?quality=85", "https://img.yumpu.com/41684538/1/190x245/alkaline-phosphatase-activity-after-ijsidonlineinfo.jpg?quality=85", "https://img.yumpu.com/41457557/1/184x260/rp-hplc-elsd-method-determination-of-ijsidonlineinfo.jpg?quality=85", "https://img.yumpu.com/40624114/1/184x260/novel-rp-hplc-method-for-the-ijsidonlineinfo.jpg?quality=85", "https://assets.yumpu.com/release/Gb2iuBFx8UHm6GO/v5/img/logo/yumpu-footer2x.png", "https://assets.yumpu.com/v5/img/footer/worldmap-retina.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "ijsidonline.info", "carducci", "ijsid", "innovations", "discoveries", "peer", "poet", "articles", "poetic", "poems", "nobel", "literature", "ijsidonline.info" ]	null	[ "Yumpu.com" ]	null	Nobel prize in Literature 1906.pdf - Ijsidonline.info	en	https://assets.yumpu.com…icon-favicon.png	yumpu.com	https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/34650234/nobel-prize-in-literature-1906pdf-ijsidonlineinfo	ISSN:2249-5347 IJSID International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries An International peer Review Journal for Science Giosuè Carducci The <strong>Nobel</strong> Prize <strong>in</strong> <strong>Literature</strong> 1906 was awarded to Giosuè Carducci "not only <strong>in</strong> consideration of his deep learn<strong>in</strong>g and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces". From the unusually large number of poets and authors proposed for the <strong>Nobel</strong> Prize this year, the Swedish Academy has chosen a great Italian poet who for a long time has attracted the attention both of the Academy and of the entire civilized world. S<strong>in</strong>ce antiquity, Northern men have been drawn to Italy by her history and her artistic treasures as well as by her sweet and gentle climate. The Northerner does not stop until he has arrived <strong>in</strong> the eternal city of Rome, just as the war for Italian unity could not stop before Rome was conquered. But before arriv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Rome the visitor is fasc<strong>in</strong>ated by the beauty of so many other places. Among these, <strong>in</strong> the Appen<strong>in</strong>es, is the Etruscan city of Bologna, which is known to us through the Songs of Enzo by Carl August Nicander. S<strong>in</strong>ce the Middle Ages, when a famous university gave it the title of learned, Bologna has been of great importance <strong>in</strong> the cultural history of Italy. Although <strong>in</strong> ancient times it was renowned as an authority on jurisprudence, it has now become especially famous for Call for research and Review articles publication: ijsidonl<strong>in</strong>e<strong>in</strong>fo@gmail.com
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	2	19	https://allpoetry.com/Giosue-Carducci	en	Poems by the Famous Poet	https://ap-pics2.gotpoem…5big.jpg?145x190	https://ap-pics2.gotpoem…5big.jpg?145x190	[ "https://ap-pics2.gotpoem.com/ap-pics/user/4912/195big.jpg?145x190", "https://ap-pics2.gotpoem.com/ap-pics/user/4912/195big.jpg?145x190", "https://ap-pics2.gotpoem.com/ap-pics/user/4912/195.jpg?145x190", "https://ap-pics2.gotpoem.com/ap-pics/user/4911/519.jpg?149x190", "https://ap-pics2.gotpoem.com/ap-pics/user/4912/553.jpg?images1jpg35", "https://ap-pics2.gotpoem.com/ap-pics/user/4912/345.jpg?Sylviaplathjpg", "https://ap-pics2.gotpoem.com/ap-pics/user/4911/555.jpg?imagesjpg341", "https://ap-pics2.gotpoem.com/ap-pics/user/4912/321.jpg?downloadjpg978", "https://ap-pics2.gotpoem.com/ap-pics/user/4911/817.jpg?104x131", "https://ap-pics2.gotpoem.com/ap-pics/user/4911/577.jpg?134x190", "https://ap-pics2.gotpoem.com/ap-pics/user/4911/569.jpg?110x128", "https://ap-pics2.gotpoem.com/ap-pics/user/4912/255.jpg?eecummings1jpg", "https://ap-pics2.gotpoem.com/ap-pics/user/4912/411.jpg?156x190", "https://ap-pics2.gotpoem.com/ap-pics/user/4911/573.jpg?cbrwotgrmdca10l", "https://ap-pics2.gotpoem.com/ap-pics/user/4911/865.jpg?143x190", "https://ap-pics2.gotpoem.com/ap-pics/user/4912/287.jpg?130x190", "https://ap-pics2.gotpoem.com/ap-pics/user/4912/225.jpg?163x190", "https://ap-pics2.gotpoem.com/ap-pics/user/4912/293.jpg?190x188", "https://ap-pics2.gotpoem.com/ap-pics/user/4911/505.jpg?EmilyDickinsonj", "https://ap-pics2.gotpoem.com/ap-pics/user/4911/547.jpg?download1jpg989", "https://ap-pics2.gotpoem.com/ap-pics/user/4911/579.jpg?134x190", "https://ap-pics2.gotpoem.com/ap-pics/user/4912/717.jpg?148x190" ]	[]	[]	[ "Giosue", "Carducci", "poems", "poets", "poetry", "biograpy", "resources", "poet", "books", "comments", "works", "information", "literature" ]	null	[]	null	Poems by Giosue Carducci.	en	/apple-touch-icon.png		null	Giosue Carducci was an Italian poet, teacher, and literary critic. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1906, the first Italian to receive this honor. His work was influential throughout Europe and helped to shape the development of modern Italian poetry. Carducci's poetry is characterized by its classical themes and forms, often drawing inspiration from Greek and Roman mythology and history. He also wrote about patriotic and political themes, reflecting the turbulent times in which he lived, as Italy underwent unification and emerged as a modern nation. His style is known for its precision, clarity, and evocative imagery, often employing traditional meters and rhyme schemes. Carducci was influenced by the Romantic poets, such as Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lordbyron, as well as classical authors like Horace and Virgil. However, he developed his own distinct voice that blended these influences with his own contemporary concerns and perspectives. His work helped to bridge the gap between traditional Italian literature and the emerging trends of modernism.
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	55	https://www.bolgheridoc.com/en/history/	en	Bolgheri DOC	https://www.bolgheridoc.…terna-storia.jpg	https://www.bolgheridoc.…terna-storia.jpg	[ "https://www.bolgheridoc.com/wp-content/themes/bolgheri/static/img/bolgheri-bianco.svg", "https://www.bolgheridoc.com/wp-content/themes/bolgheri/static/img/bolgheri-steso-bianco.svg", "https://www.bolgheridoc.com/wp-content/themes/bolgheri/static/img/bolgheri-bianco.svg", "https://www.bolgheridoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/LVR_9870.jpg", "https://www.bolgheridoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Linda_Vukaj_Aicod_stemma.jpg", "https://www.bolgheridoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Oratorio.jpg", "https://www.bolgheridoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Linda_Vukaj_Aicod-viale.jpg", "https://www.bolgheridoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/3761248_Marchese_Mario_e_Marchese_Nicol_Incisa_della_Rocchetta.jpg", "https://www.bolgheridoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Linda-Vukaj-Aicod-Castiglioncello.jpg", "https://www.bolgheridoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Vini_Rossi_Blocco3.jpg", "https://www.bolgheridoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/DSC_4780.jpg", "https://www.bolgheridoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/LVR_6665.jpg", "https://www.bolgheridoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/DSC_1464.jpg", "https://www.bolgheridoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Membri_Bolgheri-Doc.jpg", "https://www.bolgheridoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/DSC_1406.jpg", "https://www.bolgheridoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Produttori_Bolgheri-1.jpg", "https://www.bolgheridoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Linda-Vukaj-Aicod-viale-5962.jpg", "https://www.bolgheridoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/LVR_9896.jpg", "https://www.bolgheridoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Linda-Vukaj-sito-1287.jpg", "https://www.bolgheridoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/DSC_1445.jpg", "https://www.bolgheridoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/DSC_1084.jpg", "https://www.bolgheridoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/DSC_3668.jpg", "https://www.bolgheridoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/LVR_9025.jpg", "https://www.bolgheridoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/DSC_3703.jpg", "https://www.bolgheridoc.com/wp-content/themes/bolgheri/static/img/bolgheri-bianco.svg", "https://www.bolgheridoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Logo_finanziamento_EU-75x50.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2020-09-24T10:13:40+00:00	The ancient and modern history of Bolgheri of one of the first areas in Europe where the vine plant was ever cultivated.	en		Bolgheri DOC	https://www.bolgheridoc.com/en/history/	Ancient and Medieval History Bolgheri’s surrounding territory holds evidence of anthropic activities that date back to the XII century B.C., principally in the hillsides due to the fact that the flat terrain was swampland for many centuries. Ancient Etruscan civilization influenced the area and had established viticultural practices well before the arrival of the Greeks in Southern Italy and the birth of Rome. This is therefore one of the first areas in Europe where grape vines were cultivated. Bolgheri’s ancient history follows the events of the Italian peninsula, affected by the rise and fall of Roman civilization. After a lengthy period of conflicts that ravaged Italy following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, signs of stability surfaced under the Lombards between the VI and VIII centuries. Its location on the coast made Bolgheri vulnerable to raids from the sea, so under the reign of Liutprand, the area was fortified to provide protection and defend the territory. Settlements during this time were positioned on hilltops for two reasons; to avoid unhealthy conditions in the flat swamplands and also for strategic defense. It was during this historical period of Lombard settlements in the area that Walfredo, the forefather of the Della Gherardesca family, was born. The Della Gherardesca family has played a fundamental role in the history of regional development in Bolgheri starting prior to the year 1000 A.D. and continuing up to the present day. Modern History Despite Bolgheri’s ancient origins, its Early Middle Age settlement and fortress that later became the Castle of Bolgheri, the territory where most of today’s vineyards and wineries are located wasn’t developed for many centuries. It wasn’t until the end of the 1600’s that viticulture and land development began to take shape. The Della Gherardesca Counts decided to initiate vast land improvements in the territory including planting the first vineyards in the flat terrain around the San Guido and Belvedere estates. Agricultural practices flourished and more farmland and vineyards were established in the areas of Grattamacco, Lamentano, Sant’Agata, Castellaccio, Casavecchia and Felciaino. The person who made the greatest contribution to the territory’s agricultural and viticultural history is, without a doubt, Guidalberto Della Gherardesca. Guidalberto planted the famous Cypress Avenue that connects Bolgheri to San Guido, renovated the older vineyards following the most up-to-date agronomic principles and planted new vines. His work was the first rough outline of what would become the boundaries of the first wineries in Bolgheri. The Capanne a Castiglioncello estate, founded in 1816, is worthy of attention. In 1833, Guidalberto was recognized for his skills and expertise in viticulture and was appointed as the Principal Steward and Cellar Master of Grand Duke of Tuscany Leopoldo II of Habsburg. Unfortunately, innovations introduced by Guidalberto were abruptly disrupted in the second half of the 1800’s due to vine diseases that came from America; powdery mildew, downy mildew and especially phylloxera. After two centuries of viticulture and great prospects for the future, at the beginning of the XX century Bolgheri found itself back to square one. Contemporary History Although viticulture was seriously compromised in Bolgheri and in the rest of Europe by diseases from North America, the guidelines Guidalberto established in agricultural practices remained strong. Small vineyards populated one part of the territory and were part of the sharecropping system. This rural production was mainly subsistence agriculture. Vinification was rudimentary and wines produced were for immediate consumption and had a very short shelf life. Most of these agricultural workers were from Le Marche and came to Bolgheri during the 1940’s because of the abundance of uncultivated farmland and lack of a work force. On the other side, there were several very large vineyards that belonged to the historical properties. These estates were managed directly by the owners, with a certain degree of mechanization, more efficient cellars but production was more or less the same, rustic and unsophisticated. Bolgheri’s history was revolutionized by Marchese Mario Incisa Della Rocchetta, half Piedmontese and half of Roman descendent from the Chigi family, who moved to Tuscany after marrying Countess Clarice Della Gherardesca in 1930. That same year Clarice’s sister, Carlotta, married Marchese Niccolò Antinori. The largest estate in Bolgheri was divided between these two families. Wines produced in the area were mostly unsophisticated and Marchese Mario Incisa wanted to try to create a new wine, inspired by the fine quality of French wines he was used to drinking. He took cuttings from Duke Salviati’s vineyards in Migliarino Pisano, which were scions of Cabernet (hence an Italian clone) and planted them in 1942 and later in 1944 in Castiglioncello di Bolgheri, in an area protected from the nearby sea. The belief at that time was that the proximity to the sea was the cause of the poor quality of local wines. Local inhabitants, who were used to drinking wines from the last harvest in February, weren’t able to comprehend this new wine and thought the Marchese’s experiments were extravagant Up until the end of the 1960’s, Sassicaia was made only for a few intimate friends and family. Marchese Piero Antinori (son of Niccolò and nephew of Marchese Mario) proposed the idea of selling the wine so the task of marketing and sales was handed over to Marchesi Antinori. At the same time, Antinori’s young enologist, Giacomo Tachis, began to work together with Marchese Mario Incisa. The first official Sassicaia was introduced to the world in 1972 with the 1968 vintage. In just two short years, Gino Veronelli fell in love with the wine and began promoting it in the Italian market. Sassicaia’s achievements were not only national but also international. In a blind tasting hosted by Decanter in 1978, Sassicaia emerged victorious over the other Cabernets which came from all over the world. However, it was the 1985 vintage that officially recognized Sassicaia’s legendary reputation when Robert Parker, for the first time, awarded 100 points to an Italian wine. Recent History In 1983, a first set of production regulations was adopted to protect wine made in Bolgheri. At the public hearing, despite some doubts and disputes, the general assembly approved production rules that were rather traditional in nature. Unfortunately, 1983 was also the year Marchese Mario passed away leaving to his son Nicolò, and many other producers who were inspired by him, the framework to continue to build Bolgheri’s future. His legacy goes beyond just viticulture and winemaking as he embraced a modern and harmonious vision of man and the environment. Mario Incisa della Rocchetta was the first president of WWF Italy and established the Wildlife Sanctuary “Padule di Bolgheri” in 1959. The appearance of Vini da Tavola (table wines) whose quality levels often exceeded those of the famous appellations was disconcerting in the international market, especially with Anglo Saxon reporters. For their highly pragmatic mentality, it was inconceivable that the finest quality wines didn’t belong to, or were protected by, an important appellation; it was considered a terrible Italian mix up and the term Super Tuscan was coined. Super Tuscan describes superior quality red wines from Tuscany that often include non-indigenous grape varieties such as Cabernet and Merlot and that are not protected by an appellation. After enologist Giacomo Tachis’ experience with Marchese Mario, he used his expertise to develop acclaimed wines also in other areas, but most notably he created two iconic Tuscan reds; Tignanello and Solaia made in Chianti Classico. When Bolgheri’s original DOC was established, two different wine making trends took shape: white and rosé wines that were protected by the appellation; and Vini da Tavola (table wines) that were referred to as Super Tuscans. Consequently, Bolgheri didn’t get the recognition it deserved because the area’s most highly acclaimed red wines did not have Bolgheri written on the label, while the whites and rosés protected by the designation of origin weren’t yet unique enough to put Bolgheri on the map as a famous and prominent territory. The history of Bolgheri style red wine production was associated exclusively with Sassicaia up until the 1970’s. Other producers began to follow in the footsteps of Marchese Mario from 1978 on. It is surprising to notice that producers who were first inspired by Sassicaia were not from the area (even Marchese Mario wasn’t originally from the area). One such producer is Piermario Meletti Cavallari who moved to Castagneto from Bergamo in 1977 and founded Podere Grattamacco in the area called Grattamacco. Shortly after that, Michele Satta came to Bolgheri from Varese and established his own winery after having farmed the land extensively. The Belvedere property was developed into two distinct estates; Marchese Lodovico Antinori founded Ornellaia while his older brother Piero founded Guado al Tasso. The only producer who is a native of Bolgheri is Eugenio Campolmi who established Le Macchiole. These are not the only wineries that existed at the time; however, they were the first to have personally adopted Bolgheri’s new winemaking approach laying down the foundation for an entire movement that was no longer about just one wine but embraced the whole territory. The increased number of outstanding wines being produced, combined with the complete lack of protection further stigmatized the shortcomings of the 1983 production regulations. Producers had to wait until 1994 for the long-awaited modified production rules that established provisions and protection for red wines made from blends with other grape varieties such as Cabernet and Merlot. At the same time, a new subzone, Bolgheri Sassicaia DOC, was granted. The denomination defines the territorial boundaries where this wine can be produced which is exclusively on the San Guido estate. Shortly thereafter in January 1995, the consortium, “Consorzio per la Tutela dei vini DOC Bolgheri” was founded and Marchese Nicolò Incisa della Rocchetta became the organization’s first president. Under these new rules, a large part of production in the area fell under the protection of the DOC appellation. The only wines excluded were those made with a single grape variety, which at the time were not yet very well-known; two Merlots, Masseto from Ornellaia and Messorio from Le Macchiole. Cultivated vineyards in Bolgheri, which had stabilized at about 190 hectares, began to experience rapid expansion and in less than 10 years, total vineyard extension reached 1,000 hectares. This increase is due to two parallel situations: first, important entrepreneurs had a growing interest in investing in the area as they believed in the potential of Bolgheri; secondly, farmers in Bolgheri became more knowledgeable and progressively began cultivating grape vines, often sacrificing traditional farming of fruit and vegetables that the area was well-known for, or they opted for alternative approaches to viticulture that broke with earlier methods. In 2011, in order to keep the escalating success of the area under control, the DOC production quotas were frozen and production regulations were updated to include wines produced with the three main grape varieties; Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Cabernet Franc, which could also be used to produce monovarietal wines. In 2013, after 18 years at the helm of the Consortium, Marchese Nicolò Incisa decided to step down from the position. The role of president was accepted by Federico Zileri Dal Verme who, like the Marchese, was a descendent of the Della Gherardesca family on his mother’s side, a continuation of the family’s tradition of guiding and protecting the territory. The end of this year brought the most recent change to production regulations in which the subzone Bolgheri Sassicaia was separated from the broader Bolgheri DOC and awarded its own independent appellation, Bolgheri Sassicaia DOC, protected by the consortium. In October 2019, Albiera Antinori was elected as the third president of the consortium. Over the years, membership has grown from the original 7 to 60 members and vineyard extension has expanded from 190 hectares to about 1,110 ha with DOC status, while the number of wines produced and awards received has increased at the same pace. Bolgheri’s challenge for the future is to preserve and safeguard the extraordinary efforts and results that producers have achieved while keeping alive the spirit of unity, cooperation, love and respect for the territory that has inspired and encouraged them from the very beginning. The Avenue “I cipressi che a Bolgheri alti e schietti Van da San Guido in duplice filar, Quasi in corsa giganti giovinetti, Mi balzarono incontro e mi guardar.” This is the beginning of the poem “Davanti a San Guido” published in the collection of poetry entitled Rime Nuove by poet and writer Giosuè Carducci, the first Italian author to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1906. A scenic straight avenue, about 5 kilometers long bordered by majestic cypress trees, leads straight to the medieval town of Bolgheri. The street name is Provincial Road 16D and it connects the Oratory of San Guido, located on the old Via Aurelia, to the magnificent Castle of Bolgheri that dominates the entrance into the charming historic center. Guidalberto Della Gherardesca, who lived in the early 19th century, is famous for having planted the famous Cypress Avenue, that today is a national monument. He was also a pioneer implementing modern agricultural practices in the area and introducing innovations in viticulture. His ideas were ahead of his time as he realized numerous land reclamation projects. Presently, Cypress Avenue is 4,962 meters long with 2,540 cypress trees. Its history is truly unique. In 1841, the reconstruction of Via Pisana (also known as Via Regia) was completed all the way to Grosseto. Many perpendicular streets were subsequently built to connect Via Pisana to all the small inland towns and villages; one of these was the avenue at San Guido. After road reconstruction was completed; new roadbed was laid down and lateral drainage ditches were added. Guidalberto decided to create a more pleasant environment along Via Pisana and San Guido Avenue with ornamental plants best adapted to marshy areas, confident that the city of Castagneto would be responsible for their future maintenance. He chose a species that wasn’t a true cypress tree but were poplars shaped like cypresses and proceeded to plant them on Via Pisana and the first section of San Guido avenue. Unfortunately, local water buffalo herds found these tender young plants delicious. The trees were finally able to grow only when farmers decided to confine these free-roaming water buffaloes into enclosed pastures. The first stretch of the avenue, from Via Pisana to the large farmhouse called San Guido, was planted with real cypress trees that were not devoured by the animals. The results were promising, even if cypress trees tend to thrive in drier hillside climates, and this encouraged the Della Gherardesca family to continue their planting program creating Bolgheri’s Cypress Avenue. The first cypress trees were brought to the area on a small ship that docked at San Vincenzo and were then transported to San Guido by carts. Later, the trees were brought in from Florence, Pisa, Ripafratta and, consideration was given to setting up special nurseries. Italian poet Giosuè Carducci wrote about Bolgheri in his poem “Davanti a San Guido” (Before San Guido) in which he praised the majestic tree-lined avenue: Tall stately cypresses in a double row troop from San Guido down to Bolgheri. However, when the poet lived in Bolgheri, between 1838 and 1848, a portion of the street (from San Guido to Le Capanne) had not yet been fully planted. It was only after the poem’s success that Count Ugolino Della Gherardesca was inspired to replace the imposing centuries-old olive trees that lined a section of the road between Le Capanne and Bolgheri with trees fulfilling Giosuè Carducci’s vision of the suggestive Cypress tree-lined avenue that he narrated in his verses of Davanti San Guido.
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	2	5	https://www.unibo.it/en/university/who-we-are/our-history/famous-people-and-students/giosue-carducci	en	Giosuè Carducci — University of Bologna	https://www.unibo.it/en/…e96d3673c648.png	https://www.unibo.it/en/…e96d3673c648.png	[ "https://www.unibo.it/en/++theme++unibotheme.portale/img/header/sigillo1x_xl.png?v=2", "https://www.unibo.it/it/immagini/400X266sepia_Carducci.jpg/@@images/e91a8f49-3e0e-4323-9cc0-df91f3395f52.jpeg", "https://www.unibo.it/en/images/Carduccieng.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Poet, literary critic, professor of Italian literature, senator of the Kingdom of Italy, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature (Valdicastello (Lucca) 1835 – Bologna 1907).	en			https://www.unibo.it/en/university/who-we-are/our-history/famous-people-and-students/giosue-carducci	Who but Carducci could have opened up the celebration of the 8th Centenary of the University of Bologna, which had called him, along with other young scholars, to bring it back to its past glories? Just as his Risorgimento poetics found the classicism of the remote past in medieval writers, so the university was entering the wider world evoking its glorious past, marked by the rediscovery of Rome’s legal texts. Two of Carducci’s missions, that of poetics and that of teaching, could therefore coincide at Bologna. Giosuè Carducci was born in Valdicastello, in the area of Versilia, in 1835. His father, Michele, was a district doctor, fervent liberal and already an active supporter of the Italian national independence movement. Carducci’s childhood was marked by a precarious economic situation, and, after several moves, the family finally settled in Bolgheri, on the Maremma coast, the wild, pristine landscape of which remained forever imprinted on his aesthetic sensibility. Not being able to afford school, he was educated at home by his father and a priest by the name of Bertinelli, immediately revealing a propensity for Italian poetry and Latin. In 1849, his family moved to Florence, where Carducci attended the Scuole Pie secondary school of the Scolopi di San Giovannino, where he became friends with his future wife, Elvira Menicucci, a relative by marriage. These were the years that shaped the young man’s poetic inclination: patriotic and classicist, critical of the contemporary political situation. Within the Scuole Pie, Carducci attended the Accademia dei Risoluti e Fecondi, where he caught the attention of Ranieri Sbragia, rector of the Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa at the time, who convinced him to enrol in the Faculty of Literature in 1853. The strict religious directives in force at the Scuola Normale at the time were intolerable to the anticlerical Carducci, who found his place as a contributor to the periodical Letture di famiglia, the appendix of which, l’Arpa del popolo, introduced ordinary citizens to literature, embodying D’Azeglio and Cavour’s aim to “make Italians, now that we have made Italy”. Taking a degree in philology in 1856, Carducci’s dissertation, Della poesia cavalleresca o trovadorica, cemented the rediscovery of the classics in the literature of medieval Italian poets, the ancestors of those of the Risorgimento. The latter, while romantic, were harshly criticised by the Tuscan and his fellow intellectuals in the Amici pedanti group. Following his graduation, Carducci turned down private teaching, choosing public education instead and moving to San Miniato al Tedesco, where he taught rhetoric at the grammar school. His initial enthusiasm soon gave way to intolerance for the location, which was isolated and narrow-minded, and his growing debt pushed him to publish his Rime in 1857. Weary of San Miniato, Carducci returned to Florence (1857) and began a philological and literary collaboration with the publisher Gasparo Barbera. But just when things started looking up for the young man, his life was turned upside down by the suicide of his brother Dante and the death of his father (1858), after which it fell to him to support the family. As soon as the grand duke of Tuscany was removed from power, he circulated the song A Vittorio Emanuele II, which was then transformed into the ode Alla Croce di Savoia: the resulting fame won Carducci the post of professor of Greek at the Pistoia secondary school. In 1860, in recognition of Carducci’s dedication of the Rime to him, the minister of education Mamiani offered him a professorship in Italian eloquence (later called Italian literature) at the University of Bologna. The young professor was probably hoping for the University of Florence, but, partly to stay close to his family, he accepted the offer and held the post until 1904. Welcomed by his colleague Emilio Teza, Carducci initially lived near Piazza Caprara. Then, when his family joined him, he moved to the modest via di Broccaindosso, where he stayed until 1876. Mamiani’s plan was to revitalise the University of Bologna, bringing in leading lights from various disciplines (Luigi Cremona, Camillo De Meis, Pietro Ellero, G.B. Gandino, Emilio Teza, Francesco Magni, Giovanni Capellini). Although the university had been poorly run for more than two centuries, it had still been named one of the kingdom’s top schools, a distinction not bestowed upon Parma and Modena. When Carducci began teaching, however, he found himself almost without students, and lamented their preference for disciplines with more modern appeal, in a school that had very low enrolment overall (one-third of that at its competitor, the University of Pavia). Outside the university, Carducci immediately formed a good rapport with members of Bologna’s intellectual community, meeting at the city’s cafés (Caffè Dei Grigioni in via Ugo Bassi, Caffè dei Cacciatori in what was once via del Mercato di Mezzo, Caffè del Pavaglione, near the university’s old premises), and joined and founded numerous democratic and pro-Garibaldi masonic lodges. His enthusiasm for scientific progress and fascination with nature, demeaned for millennia by Church morality, inspired his famed hymn A Satana (1863). The years that followed were, in general, full of frustrations: the failure of Garibaldi’s march on Rome (1862), the lacklustre reception of the collection Levia Gravia (1868) and constant arguing with colleagues and fellow Masons. Although he had deliberately avoided political texts in Levia Gravia, which he had also published under the pseudonym Enotrio Romano, in 1869 he unleashed his writings against Pius IX and celebrated the heroism of Giovanni Cairoli and Ugo Bassi (he dedicated one sonnet to the naming of a main street in Bologna after the Barnabite friar). His republican and democratic leanings also came to the fore in his participation at the meeting organised at the Teatro Comunale by the professor of penal law Pietro Ellero against the death penalty and then at the Congresso di mutuo soccorso (1880), where he forcefully defended the principles of universal suffrage. In the meantime, in 1865, Carducci had been appointed secretary of the Regia Deputazione di Storia Patria, an association devoted to the medieval history of the Romagna provinces (he became its president in 1887). In 1867, he began a collaboration with the Zanichelli bookshop, where his “coterie” met. The same year, he supported the launch of Enrico Panzacchi’s ‘Rivista bolognese’ and published his first Giambi ed Epodi in the republican newspaper “L’amico del popolo” (the offices of which were in Palazzo Paleotti, in via Zamboni, now a university building) In 1868, he was removed from teaching for having celebrated the anniversary of the Roman Republic, but this only made him more of a hero in the students’ eyes. The following year, he and other democratic academics sat on the Casarini town council. He was devastated by the deaths of his beloved mother and his son Dante, both in 1870, and he struggled to recover, aided in part by the success of the anthological publication of his poetry, a project championed by Barbera and divided into Decennali (1860-70), Levia Gravia (1857-70) and Juvenilia (1850-57), followed in 1873 by Nuove Poesie, which, although stirring quick reactions for their strong political condemnation, were a widespread success in Italy and abroad, winning him international fame. This did not, however, distract Carducci from his educational mission, and in 1871 he became president of the nascent Lega per l’istruzione del popolo (league for the education of the people), in a city where 47% of the population was illiterate at the time. The city helped mitigate this situation by offering scholarships for the Faculty of Literature, one of which was won by Giovanni Pascoli (in 1866, Carducci had had just one student, whereas in the years that followed he managed to have barely five). The professor knew that cultural deterioration could only be overcome by giving women access to education (his student Giulia Cavallari Cantalamessa was the first in Italy to take a degree in literature and philosophy). Towards this end, the transformation of the teacher training school into a faculty (1876) was of fundamental importance, contributing to the university enrolment of an unprecedented number of women. Carducci served as head of the humanities department until 1896. In the interest of making a concrete difference, he began contributing in 1900 to the periodical Strenna universitaria, which collected funds for less well-off students. Rich, famous and satisfied, Carducci moved to the more respectable Palazzo Rizzoli, in Strada Maggiore, in 1876, remaining there until 1890. That same year, he was elected member of parliament for the district of Lugo di Romagna, a largely honorific post. He also began the Odi barbare. In 1877, he published the fourteen odes to the immensity of nature and wisdom of history. Political wrath and social criticism had given way to a search for beauty. The odes were misunderstood, especially by the public, but the criticism did not distract Carducci from his newest passion: Carolina Cristofori Piva, who appears in his works as Lina and Lidia. The other woman who captured the poet’s imagination was Margaret of Savoy, queen of Italy. Arriving in Bologna with her husband Umberto I in 1878, the poet was seduced by her presence and harshly criticised by his fellow republicans as a result. He belatedly tried to justify himself in the article Eterno feminino regale (1882), in which he declared himself a follower of love for his country and not a political ideal. This was, however, the beginning of his growing support for the monarchy. His stays in Rome became longer and more frequent, during which the poet could breathe in the classicism that he had held in his heart since adolescence. In the capital, he met Angelo Sommaruga, who persuaded him to contribute to his successful new literary magazine – in truth, more interested in gossip than criticism – Cronaca Bizantina, the first issue of which was came out in 1881. The same year, the poet was made a member of the Consiglio Superiore dell’Istruzione. For Carducci, the 1880s were a time of new editions and new publications (Juvenilia, Nuove Odi barbare, Giambi ed Epodi, Rime Nuove, Terze Odi barbare and Opere). In 1886, after years of absence, he was re-elected to the town council and helped win approval of the celebratory date of the 8th Centenary of the University of Bologna, a date arbitrarily suggested by the young Corrado Ricci and supported by Carducci and Cesare Albicini. Thus began the complex organisation of the university’s relaunch, thanks to the university committee conceived by the jurist Giuseppe Ceneri and presided over by the rector Giovanni Capellini. On 12 June 1888, at the freshly-scrubbed university and in the presence of the king and queen, Carducci sang the praises of the oldest university of the west (his famous speech was immediately published by Zanichelli). In the wake of this celebration, he triumphed the following year in the city elections, on the party list of the liberal democrats. 1889 was also the year in which he became president of the Commissione per i Testi di Lingua, a cultural association devoted to tracing and making known 14th- and 15th-century Italian writers (a post he held until his death). In 1890, he moved to his new home in via del Piombo, now Piazza Carducci, where he remained until the end of his days. That same year, he was named senator and passionately supported the conservative politics of Francesco Crispi (in reality, he only spoke out three times, the first in 1892, to defend the importance of secondary-school teaching) His positions distanced him from his students, who attacked him in 1891 for having attended the inauguration of the Circolo Liberale Monarchico Universitario and, in 1895, for having supported the African campaigns. Nevertheless, when he celebrated his thirty-five years of teaching in 1896, he was treated with affection and appreciation and given honorary citizenship, in part for having turned down the Dante professorship in Rome in 1887. His last literary effort was published in 1898: Rime e Ritmi. Finally, he was an enthusiastic, active participant in projects for urban redevelopment, for which the Comitato per Bologna Storica Artistica, of which he became an honorary member in 1901, played a critical role in decision-making. These were the years of the city’s first town plan (1889-1899), which also involved the expansion and modernisation of the university. In a speech delivered to the Senate in 1899, Carducci complained about the inadequacy and precariousness of the university’s facilities, which had seen enrolment increase from 400 students in the 1860s to more than four times that at the end of the century. The small classroom where he gave lectures was not, however, touched, and can be visited today in the university’s Palazzo Poggi. When he won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1906, he had been sick for quite some time and confined to his home, which is where he received the coveted award. His professorship was given that same year to Giovanni Pascoli, following the suicide of Carducci’s student and designated successor, Severino Ferrari. A few months later, Carducci himself died, in 1907, in the house that was then purchased by Queen Margaret, passed to the city, which preserved its original objects and furnishings and important library, and, finally, became home to the Museo del Risorgimento (1990). The best possible place, for the bard of liberation and the Italian tradition (indeed, in 1893, Carducci joined the committee for the creation of a museum for the collection of relics of the Risorgimento).
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	2	97	https://in.pinterest.com/pin/115686284172882213/	en		https://s.pinimg.com/web…x48-7470a30d.png	https://s.pinimg.com/web…x48-7470a30d.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-03-29T21:05:53+00:00	29/mar/2024 - Leather Bound Nobel Prize for Literature Volume Vintage. Found in a flea market in Avignon. Printed on paper. Leather cover with gold embossed title. Listing includes one book. We'll chooses a pretty one for you. 9.25"x 7.25" x 1.25"thick Curator's notes These lovely Nobel Prize edition caught our eyes when JP and	en	https://s.pinimg.com/web…144-3da7a67b.png	Pinterest	https://in.pinterest.com/pin/leather-bound-nobel-prize-for-literature-volume-em-2024--115686284172882213/
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	63	https://bronasbooks.com/awards-prizes/nobel/	en	Nobel	https://bronasbooks.com/…banner-460px.jpg	https://bronasbooks.com/…banner-460px.jpg	[ "https://bronasbooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cropped-cropped-cropped-cropped-this-reading-life-1.jpg", "https://bronasbooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/f91a4-nobel-banner-460px.jpg?w=640&h=172", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=60&d=retro&r=G", "https://bronasbooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/image-1.png", "https://bronasbooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/image.png", "https://bronasbooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cropped-img_8603.jpg?w=50", "https://bronasbooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cropped-img_8603.jpg?w=50", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2019-09-19T05:28:00+00:00	Nobel Prize For Literature Alfred Nobel, in his will declared that an annual award would be awarded "in the field of literature to the most outstanding work in an ideal direction". In recent years the prize has "become widely seen as a political one - a peace prize in literary disguise", whose judges are prejudiced…	en	https://bronasbooks.com/…mg_8603.jpg?w=32	This Reading Life	https://bronasbooks.com/awards-prizes/nobel/	In recent years the prize has “become widely seen as a political one – a peace prize in literary disguise”, whose judges are prejudiced against authors with different political tastes to them.” The prize’s focus on European men, and Swedes in particular, has been the subject of criticism over the years.
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	0	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1906/carducci/facts/	en	Giosuè Carducci – Facts	https://www.nobelprize.o…scape-medium.jpg	https://www.nobelprize.o…scape-medium.jpg	[ "https://www.nobelprize.org/images/carducci-12849-portrait-medium.jpg", "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2023/10/nobelprizes_2023-1024x676.jpg", "https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/images/spinner.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	The Nobel Prize in Literature 1906 was awarded to Giosuè Carducci "not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces"	en	https://www.nobelprize.o…avicon-50x50.png	NobelPrize.org	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1906/carducci/facts/	Giosuè Carducci Facts Giosuè Carducci The Nobel Prize in Literature 1906 Residence at the time of the award: Italy Prize motivation: “not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces” Language: Italian Prize share: 1/1 Life Giosué Carducci was born in Valdicastello, Italy. After graduating from the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, he began teaching. In 1860, he was appointed the chair of Italian literature at the University of Bologna, where he lectured for more than 40 years. He was a popular lecturer and a literary and social critic who led an active political life. He was elected to the Senate in 1890. Work Inspired both by his own time as well as his study of the classical and Italian poets, Carducci began writing poetry when he was a child. His first collection of poetry was Rime (1857). He was an atheist whose criticism of Christianity is most prominently showcased in the provocative poem “Hymn to Satan” (published in 1865). To cite this section MLA style: Giosuè Carducci – Facts. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Wed. 24 Jul 2024. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1906/carducci/facts/>
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	75	https://commons.wikimedi…ile:Carducci.jpg	en	File:Carducci.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…/c9/Carducci.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…/c9/Carducci.jpg	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Carducci.jpg?20090401203733", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/64px-PD-icon.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dialog-warning.svg/25px-Dialog-warning.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Carducci.jpg/91px-Carducci.jpg?20090401203733", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/archive/c/c9/20090401203732%21Carducci.jpg/92px-Carducci.jpg", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/static/apple-touch/commons.png		https://commons.wikimedi…ile:Carducci.jpg	This work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 70 years or fewer. You must also include a United States public domain tag to indicate why this work is in the public domain in the United States. Note that a few countries have copyright terms longer than 70 years: Mexico has 100 years, Jamaica has 95 years, Colombia has 80 years, and Guatemala and Samoa have 75 years. This image may not be in the public domain in these countries, which moreover do not implement the rule of the shorter term. Honduras has a general copyright term of 75 years, but it does implement the rule of the shorter term. Copyright may extend on works created by French who died for France in World War II (more information), Russians who served in the Eastern Front of World War II (known as the Great Patriotic War in Russia) and posthumously rehabilitated victims of Soviet repressions (more information).
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	0	20	https://www.kaggle.com/code/devisangeetha/nobel-prize-winners-story	en	Nobel Prize Winners- Story	https://storage.googleap…ls/662963-kg.jpg	https://storage.googleap…ls/662963-kg.jpg	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "devisangeetha" ]	2018-07-21T16:31:15.206666+00:00	Explore and run machine learning code with Kaggle Notebooks \| Using data from Nobel Laureates, 1901-Present	en	/static/images/favicon.ico		https://www.kaggle.com/code/devisangeetha/nobel-prize-winners-story
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	22	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_Nobel_laureates	en	List of Italian Nobel laureates	https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico	https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Camillo_Golgi_nobel.jpg/90px-Camillo_Golgi_nobel.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci2.jpg/90px-Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta.jpg/90px-Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg/90px-Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Grazia_Deledda_1926.jpg/90px-Grazia_Deledda_1926.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Luigi_Pirandello_1932.jpg/90px-Luigi_Pirandello_1932.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Enrico_Fermi_1943-49.jpg/90px-Enrico_Fermi_1943-49.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Daniel_Bovet_nobel.jpg/90px-Daniel_Bovet_nobel.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Segre.jpg/90px-Segre.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Salvatore_Quasimodo_1959.jpg/90px-Salvatore_Quasimodo_1959.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Giulio_Natta_1960s.jpg/90px-Giulio_Natta_1960s.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Salvador_E._Luria_ca.1969.jpg/90px-Salvador_E._Luria_ca.1969.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Renato_Dulbecco_crop.jpg/90px-Renato_Dulbecco_crop.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Eugenio_Montale.jpg/90px-Eugenio_Montale.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Carlo_Rubbia_2012.jpg/90px-Carlo_Rubbia_2012.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Franco_Modigliani.jpg/90px-Franco_Modigliani.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Rita_Levi_Montalcini.jpg/90px-Rita_Levi_Montalcini.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dario_Fo%2C_Italian_playwright.jpg/90px-Dario_Fo%2C_Italian_playwright.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/RiccardoGiacconi.jpg/90px-RiccardoGiacconi.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/MarioCapecchiFotoThalerTamas.JPG/90px-MarioCapecchiFotoThalerTamas.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Parisi_giorgio.jpg/90px-Parisi_giorgio.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/100px-Nobel_Prize.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2015-10-17T06:24:36+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_Nobel_laureates	Laureates by field Field Number of recipients Physics 6 Chemistry 1 Physiology or Medicine 6 Literature 6 Peace 1 Economic Sciences 1 The Nobel Prize is a set of annual international awards bestowed on "those who conferred the greatest benefit on humankind" in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace and Economic Sciences[nb 1],[1] instituted by Alfred Nobel's last will, which specified that a part of his fortune be used to create the prizes. Each laureate (recipient) receives a gold medal, a diploma and a sum of money, which is decided annually by the Nobel Foundation.[2] They are widely recognized as one of the most prestigious honours awarded in the aforementioned fields.[3] First instituted in 1901, the Nobel Prize has been awarded to a total of 965 individuals and 27 organizations as of 2023 .[4] Among them, 21 Italian nationals have been honored with the Nobel Prize.[5][6] The latest Italian laureate is Giorgio Parisi, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2021. Two women received the award: Grazia Deledda in 1926, and Rita Levi-Montalcini in 1986. The 21 prizes are distributed as follows: six for physics, literature, and medicine; one for chemistry, peace, and economic sciences.
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	59	https://letsquiz.com/quiz/giosue-carducci-quiz-how-much-do-you-know-about-this-fascinating-topic	en	Giosuè Carducci Quiz	https://upload.wikimedia…A8_Carducci2.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…A8_Carducci2.jpg	[ "https://letsquiz.com/_next/image?url=%2Flogo_23.png&w=256&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2Flogo_23.png&w=384&q=75 2x", "https://letsquiz.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=48,format=webp/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci2.jpg/400px-Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci2.jpg 1x, /cdn-cgi/image/width=96,format=webp/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci2.jpg/400px-Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci2.jpg 2x", "https://letsquiz.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=128,format=webp/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci2.jpg/400px-Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci2.jpg 1x, 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"https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=3564506823827494&ev=PageView&noscript=1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Think you're a Giosuè Carducci expert? Put your knowledge to the test with this challenging quiz! With 31 questions covering a wide range of Giosuè Carducci topics, this is not for the faint of heart.	en	/apple-touch-icon.png		https://letsquiz.com/quiz/giosue-carducci-quiz-how-much-do-you-know-about-this-fascinating-topic	Giosuè Carducci Quiz: How Much Do You Know About This Fascinating Topic? Updated: Jul 10, 2024
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	1	40	https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/fact-finding-39120233/39120233	en	Fact finding : REFERENCE AND INFORMATION SERVICES IN INFORMATION AGENCIES (IMD353/307)	https://cdn.slidesharecd…t=640&fit=bounds	https://cdn.slidesharecd…t=640&fit=bounds	[ "https://public.slidesharecdn.com/images/next/logo-slideshare-scribd-company.svg?w=128&q=75 1x, https://public.slidesharecdn.com/images/next/logo-slideshare-scribd-company.svg?w=256&q=75 2x", "https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/profile-photo-kumprinx-48x48.jpg?cb=1523692358", "https://image.slidesharecdn.com/factfinding-140915171044-phpapp02/85/Fact-finding-REFERENCE-AND-INFORMATION-SERVICES-IN-INFORMATION-AGENCIES-IMD353-307-1-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/factfinding-140915171044-phpapp02/85/Fact-finding-REFERENCE-AND-INFORMATION-SERVICES-IN-INFORMATION-AGENCIES-IMD353-307-1-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/factfinding-140915171044-phpapp02/75/Fact-finding-REFERENCE-AND-INFORMATION-SERVICES-IN-INFORMATION-AGENCIES-IMD353-307-1-2048.jpg 2048w" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2014-09-15T17:10:44+00:00	Fact finding : REFERENCE AND INFORMATION SERVICES IN INFORMATION AGENCIES (IMD353/307) - Download as a PDF or view online for free	en	https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/favicon.7bc3d920.ico	SlideShare	https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/fact-finding-39120233/39120233	1. FACULTY OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT MARA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY DIPLOMA OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT (IM110) REFERENCE AND INFORMATION SERVICES IN INFORMATION AGENCIES (IMD353/307) FACT FINDING Prepared By: MUHAMMAD NOORAMIN BIN MOHD HASSAN (2010xxxxx) KHAIRUL AZWAN BIN KHAIRUDIN (2010xxxxxx) MOHAMAD KAMARULAZHAR BIN MOHAMAD FADZLEY IRZAD BIN MISNANI (2010xxxxx) Prepared For: ADILLAH BINTI MUSTAFA Februari 2014 2. IMD353: REFERENCE AND INFORMATION SERVICES IN INFORMATION AGENCIES (Facts Findings) (Group of 4) 10% Q 1. Who is Giosue Carducci? What was his date of birth and his death date? Q 2. What is the name for the Medical Library of Potomac Hospital in Virginia, USA and when was it founded? Q 3. What was the outstanding comedy series that won the Emmy Award for 1998- 1999? Q 4. When was the first issue of Bulletin of the Institute of Information Scientists published? Q 5. In what year was the integrated library software, VIRTUA being introduced? Q 6. What is meant by blurker? Q 7. Where can I get the article “clinical medical librarianship: a review of the literature” written in 1985 and who is the writer? Q 8. State two (2) objectives of coronary bypass surgery. Q 9. What is meant by eponym? Q 10. State one (1) synonym for facsimile. 3. Q 1. Who is Giosue Carducci? What was his date of birth and his death date? Answer: Giosue Carducci is an Italian poet and winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1906 Birth date: 27th July 1835 Death date: 16th February 1906 Source: The New Encyclopedia Britannica Vol.2 15th Edition, 1992. Edinburgh, Scotland Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc 5. Q 2. What is the name for the Medical Library of Potomac Hospital in Virginia, USA and when was it founded? Answers: R.P. Immerman Memorial Library Founded on 1972 Sources: R.P. Immerman Memorial Library http://www.sentara.com/Northern-Virginia/locations/sentara-northern-virginia-medical-center/ Pages/Library.aspx Date of access: 10th February 2014 & Sentara Northern Virginia Medical Center – Wikipedia – The Free Encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_Hospital Retrieved on: 10th February 2014 7. Q 3. What was the outstanding comedy series that won the Emmy Award for 1998-1999? Answers: 1998 – Frasier 1999 Ally McBeal Source: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Comedy_Series #1990s Retrieved on: 10th February 2014 9. Q 4. When was the first issue of Bulletin of the Institute of Information Scientists published? Answers: February 1979 Source: Sage Journals: Journal of Information Science http://jis.sagepub.com/ Retrieved on: 10th February 2014 11. Q 5. In what year was the integrated library software, VIRTUA being introduced? Answers: 1998 Source: VTLS Historic Timeline http://www.vtls.com/history Retrieved on: 10th February 2014 13. Q 6. What is meant by blurker? Answers: One who reads many blogs but leaves no evidence, leave no comment. Source: Start Your Own Blogging Business 2nd Edition, 2010 California Entrepreneur Press 15. Q 7. Where can I get the article “clinical medical librarianship: a review of the literature” written in 1985 and who is the writer? Answers: Bulletin of the Medical Library AssociationVolume 73(1); January 1985 Page 21-28 Author: Kay Cimpl Source: Bulletin of the Medical Library Association Volume 73(1); January 1985 Publisher : Medical Library Association 17. Q 8. State two (2) objectives of coronary bypass surgery. Answer: -To relieve the pain of angina pectoris. -Create newpath for arterial blood to flow from the aorta through the coronary arteries. Source: The New Encyclopedia Britannica Vol.3 15th Edition, 1992. Edinburgh, Scotland Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc 19. Q 9. What is meant by eponym? Answers: A person after whom a discovery, invention, place, etc., is named or thought to be named. Source: Oxford Dictionaries http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/eponym Retrieved on: 10th February 2014
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VaiaOriginal!	en	https://website-cdn.stud…icon-120x122.png	Vaia	https://www.vaia.com/en-us/explanations/italian/italian-social-issues/italian-nobel-laureates/	Italian Nobel Laureates in Literature Biographies Italian Nobel Laureates in Literature have greatly contributed to the growth and development of literature, showcasing Italy's rich cultural heritage and its significant impact on global literature. The lives of these laureates provide fascinating insights into the journeys and achievements that have been recognised by the Nobel Prize in Literature. Exploring the Lives of Italian Nobel Prize Winners in Literature Giosuè Carducci, celebrated for his classical poetry, was the first Italian to be honoured with the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1906. His life’s work reflects deep patriotism and a revival of classical themes, embodying the Italian spirit of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.Luigi Pirandello, awarded in 1934, dramatically changed the landscape of modern drama with his exploration of the human condition. His plays question the nature of reality and identity, showcasing his innovative spirit.Salvatore Quasimodo, honoured in 1959, was a prominent figure in the Hermetic movement. His poetry, known for its lyrical intensity and exploration of human emotions, deeply resonates with themes of suffering and love.Their contributions have not only enriched Italian literature but also left an indelible mark on world literature. The Journey to the Nobel: Stories of Italian Laureates Giosuè Carducci was a revered professor and poet who drew inspiration from the classics to invigorate Italian literary traditions. His pioneering spirit led him to become the first Italian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, setting a precedent for future Italian laureates.Luigi Pirandello faced personal tragedy and lived through turbulent times, which deeply influenced his groundbreaking works in drama. His innovative approach to narrative and identity made him a pivotal figure in the development of theatrical arts.Salvatore Quasimodo emerged from the shadow of World War II with a poetic voice that captured the collective consciousness of a war-torn Europe. His evocative portrayals of human despair and resilience struck a chord with the Nobel Committee, earning him one of the highest accolades in literature.The journeys of these Italian Nobel Laureates in Literature underscore the profound impact of personal experiences and historical contexts on literary creation and recognition. Nobel Prize Winning Italian Literary Works Explained Italian Nobel Laureates in Literature have greatly contributed to global literature with their masterpieces, often reflecting Italy's rich cultural and historical landscape. Understanding these works provides insights into the themes and innovations that have shaped modern literature. Understanding the Masterpieces: Italian Nobel Laureates' Contributions The masterpieces of Italian Nobel Laureates are renowned for their reflection of Italy's rich history, social norms, and human psyche. From Giosuè Carducci's revival of classical themes to Luigi Pirandello’s exploration of the nature of reality, these works showcase a breadth of literary styles and philosophical inquiries.Salvatore Quasimodo's poetry, for example, delves deep into the human condition, portraying both the despair and hope that arose from the calamities of the 20th century. Each laureate’s contribution has added a unique flavour to the tapestry of global literature. Hermeticism: A literary movement that emerged in Italy in the early 20th century, focusing on the use of symbolic language to express emotions and sensations. Salvatore Quasimodo was a prominent figure in this movement. Example: Ed è subito sera (And Suddenly It's Evening) by Salvatore Quasimodo is a prime example of Hermetic poetry, encapsulating the brevity of life and the inevitability of death in just a few lines. Pirandello’s plays, such as Six Characters in Search of an Author, challenge traditional narrative structures, allowing characters to interact with their creators. Decoding the Themes in Works of Italian Nobel Laureates in Literature The works of Italian Nobel Laureates in Literature present themes that are both universal and deeply rooted in Italian culture. Identity and reality: Luigi Pirandello’s works question the essence of reality and individual identity, making groundbreaking contributions to modern drama and philosophy. Classical heritage and patriotism: Giosuè Carducci’s poetry celebrates Italy’s classical heritage and the unification of Italy, reflecting national pride and historical consciousness. Human suffering and resilience: Salvatore Quasimodo’s verses offer a poignant look into the human soul, exploring themes of despair, love, and hope against the backdrop of war and adversity. The examination of these themes not only reveals the depth of Italian literature but also offers a mirror to the human condition, transcending spatial and temporal boundaries. Luigi Pirandello was not only a playwright but also a novelist and poet, offering a diverse portfolio that delves into the complexities of human psychology. His innovative narrative techniques, including the breaking of the fourth wall and the fluidity of characters’ identities, have influenced countless artists and writers beyond the realm of literature, such as in film and theatre. This interdisciplinary impact underscores the transformative power of Italian Nobel Laureates' works on a global scale. Themes in Works of Italian Nobel Laureates in Literature The works of Italian Nobel Laureates in Literature are a profound exploration of themes that delve into the essence of human experience, societal norms, and the rich tapestry of Italian heritage. These themes not only showcase the literary prowess of the laureates but also mirror Italy's cultural and historical complexities. Exploring Recurrent Themes in Italian Nobel Literature Italian Nobel literature is typified by a few recurrent themes that are evident across the works of laureates such as Giosuè Carducci, Luigi Pirandello, and Salvatore Quasimodo. These themes include: Existential struggles and the human condition: Reflecting on the complexities of existence and the multifaceted nature of human emotions and experiences. Identity and alienation: The quest for self-discovery and the feeling of being disconnected from society or oneself. The impact of history and culture: How Italy's rich history and cultural evolution influence individual lives and societal norms. Nature and beauty: A celebration of the natural world and the artistic heritage of Italy, often as a source of inspiration and contemplation. How Italian Social Issues Are Reflected in Nobel Literature Italian Nobel Laureates in Literature have skillfully woven social issues into the fabric of their narratives, reflecting the socio-political landscapes of their times. Class struggle and social inequality: Themes addressing the disparities between social classes and the impact of socio-economic factors on individuals and communities. War and its aftermath: The devastating effects of wars, particularly the World Wars, on human lives, relationships, and societies as a whole. Modernisation and loss of tradition: The tension between the encroaching forces of modernity and the preservation of Italy's rich cultural and historical traditions. Through their literary works, these laureates offer a lens through which to examine and understand the evolving social fabric of Italy. Existentialism: A philosophical theory that emphasizes individual freedom, choice, and subjective experiences. This theory often underpins themes of existential struggles in literature, highlighting the inherent uncertainties and complexities of human life. Example: Luigi Pirandello’s play Six Characters in Search of an Author exemplifies the theme of identity and alienation, as it presents characters who are conscious of being fictional yet seeking their own distinct realities and truths within the confines of a playwright’s world. The impact of World War II on Italian society and its reflection in literature is profound. Salvatore Quasimodo’s poems, rooted in the Hermeticism movement, deeply articulate the anguish and devastation of the war. His verse not only explores the personal and collective loss but also hope and human resilience. This exploration offers a poignant commentary on the scars left by the war on Italy's landscape and its people, serving as a testament to the enduring spirit and the painful recovery in the aftermath of destruction. Giosuè Carducci’s admiration for Italy’s classical past and his aspirations for the nation’s future often led him to juxtapose ancient Roman virtues with contemporary Italian society, offering a unique perspective on the modernisation and loss of tradition. Impact of Italian Nobel Laureates on Modern Literature The contributions of Italian Nobel Laureates in Literature have significantly influenced the landscape of modern literature. Their innovative narratives, profound exploration of themes, and stylistic brilliance have not only enriched Italian literature but also had a lasting impact on global literary traditions. The Legacy of Italian Nobel Prize Winners in Literature Italian Nobel Prize winners in Literature such as Giosuè Carducci, Luigi Pirandello, and Salvatore Quasimodo have left an indelible mark on literature with their unique contributions. Each laureate brought forward a distinct voice that resonated with both Italian and international audiences, elevating the global status of Italian literature.Their works are celebrated for their deep engagement with societal, philosophical, and personal themes. From Carducci’s celebration of Italian nationalism and classical heritage to Pirandello’s examination of the fluidity of identity and Quasimodo’s lyrical portrayal of human emotions amidst the ravages of war, these Italian laureates have broadened the horizons of literary exploration. Modern Literature: A term referring to literature written from the late 19th century through the 20th century, characterising a break from traditional ways of writing, in style and subject matter. It often includes a focus on individual consciousness and a departure from linear narratives. Example: Sei personaggi in cerca d'autore (Six Characters in Search of an Author) by Luigi Pirandello, a landmark play, exemplifies the break from traditional narrative forms. It introduces characters that are self-aware and in conflict with the author, thereby questioning the nature of reality and the role of theatre. How Italian Nobel Laureates Shaped Contemporary Literature The influence of Italian Nobel Laureates in Literature extends beyond the boundaries of the country and era in which they wrote, significantly shaping the course of contemporary literature. Their innovative approaches to narrative structure, characterisation, and theme exploration have inspired writers and artists across the globe. Giosuè Carducci’s integration of classical and national themes offered a bridge between Italy’s past and its burgeoning national identity, inspiring a sense of unity and pride in Italian heritage. Luigi Pirandello’s challenge to conventional perceptions of reality and identity has paved the way for postmodern and existential thought in literature, influencing countless genres including theatre, novel, and film. Salvatore Quasimodo’s emotive communication of the human condition through his hermetic poetry has deepened literature’s capacity for emotional expression and introspection, particularly in the face of adversity and socio-political turmoil. Pirandello's contribution to literature through plays like Six Characters in Search of an Author went beyond the theoretical exploration of narrative and identity. His practical application in the form of theatre introduced a new way of engaging with the audience, establishing a direct dialogue that questioned the very fabric of reality. This was not only innovative for its time but also had a profound influence on later avant-garde movements and contemporary performance arts, encouraging a more interactive and introspective form of theatre that continues to resonate today. While the explicit contributions of Italian Nobel Laureates like Quasimodo are often celebrated for their poetic achievements, the subtle yet profound influence on encouraging literary expression amidst political and social upheaval is a critical component of their legacy. Italian Nobel Laureates - Key takeaways Italian Nobel Laureates in Literature have had a significant impact on modern literature, often reflecting Italy's cultural and historical narratives. Giosuè Carducci, the first Italian Nobel Laureate in Literature, is known for his classical poetry that stirred Italian patriotism and the revival of classical themes. Luigi Pirandello’s works challenged traditional dramatic and narrative structures, innovating modern drama with themes of reality and identity. Salvatore Quasimodo, a key figure in the Hermetic movement, explored human emotions and the human condition, particularly in the context of war and suffering. Themes prevalent in the works of Italian Nobel Laureates include existential struggles, identity, social issues, the impact of history and culture, and nature's beauty.
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	1	2	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes/all/	en	All Nobel Prizes	https://www.nobelprize.o…size-496x328.jpg	https://www.nobelprize.o…size-496x328.jpg	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	All Nobel Prizes	en	https://www.nobelprize.o…avicon-50x50.png	NobelPrize.org	https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes	Between 1901 and 2023, the Nobel Prizes and the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel were awarded 621 times to 1000 people and organisations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 965 individuals and 27 organisations. Below, you can view the full list of Nobel Prizes and Nobel Prize laureates. Find all prizes in \| physics \| chemistry \| physiology or medicine \| literature \| peace \| economic sciences \| all categories 2024 The 2024 Nobel Prizes will be announced 7–14 October.
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	2	54	http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/prize.html	en	Winning Books Online			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en			null	The Online Books Page presents PRIZE-WINNING BOOKS ONLINE In this exhibit, you can read online the complete text of books that have won major literary prizes, like the Newbery Award, the Nobel Prize, and the Pulitzer Prize. The books listed below are either out of copyright (at least in some countries), or are online with the permission of the copyright holder. Please inform us of any bad links. Newbery Award The Newbery award for outstanding children's books by Americans was established in 1922. Each year a medal is given to a book published the previous year. In most years, Honor Books are designated as well. More information, including information on recent winners, can be found at the official Newbery Medal Home Page. 1922 Medalist: The Story of Mankind by Hendrik Van Loon Honor book: Cedric, the Forester by Bernard Marshall Honor book: The Golden Fleece and the Heroes Who Lived Before Achilles by Padraic Colum Honor book: The Great Quest by Charles Boardman Hawes Honor book: The Old Tobacco Shop by William Bowen Honor book: The Windy Hill by Cornelia Meigs 1923 Medalist: The Voyages of Dr. Dolittle by Hugh Lofting (No record of honor books in 1923) 1924 Medalist: The Dark Frigate by Charles Boardman Hawes (No record of honor books in 1924) 1925 Medalist: Tales From Silver Lands by Charles Finger Honor book: Nicholas: A Manhattan Christmas Story by Anne Carroll Moore Honor book: The Dream Coach by Anne and Dillwyn Parrish 1926 Medalist: Shen of the Sea by Arthur Bowie Chrisman Honor book: The Voyagers: Being Legends and Romances of Atlantic Discovery by Padraic Colum 1927 Medalist: Smoky, the Cowhorse by Will James (No record of honor books in 1927) 1928 Medalist: Gay-Neck: The Story of a Pigeon by Dhan Gopal Mukerji Honor book: Downright Dencey by Caroline Snedeker Honor book: The Wonder Smith and His Son by Ella Young 1929 Medalist: The Trumpeter of Krakow by Eric P. Kelly Honor book: The Pigtail of Ah Lee Ben Loo by John Bennett Honor book: Millions of Cats by Wanda Gág Honor book: The Boy Who Was by Grace Hallock Honor book: Clearing Weather by Cornelia Meigs Honor book: The Runaway Papoose by Grace Moon Honor book: Tod of the Fens by Elinor Whitney Due to copyright restrictions, we cannot yet be complete for subsequent years of the Newbery awards. The following later Newbery awardees are online: A 1930 Honor book: The Jumping-Off Place by Marion Hurd McNeely A 1931 Honor book: Spice and the Devil's Cave by Agnes Danforth Hewes A 1934 Honor book: The Big Tree of Bunlahy: Stories of My Own Countryside by Padraic Colum A 1934 Honor book: New Land by Sarah Schmidt A 1935 Honor book: A Day on Skates: The Story of a Dutch Picnic by Hilda von Stockum A 1940 Honor book: Runner of the Mountain Tops: The Life of Louis Agassiz by Mabel Louise Robinson A 1947 Honor book: The Heavenly Tenants by William Maxwell A 1948 Honor book: The Quaint and Curious Quest of Johnny Longfoot by Catherine Besterman A 1949 Honor book: My Father's Dragon by Ruth Stiles Gannett A 1950 Honor book: The Blue Cat of Castle Town by Catherine Coblentz A 1952 Honor book: The Defender by Nicholas Kalashnikoff 1964 Medalist: It's Like This, Cat by Emily Neville 2009 Medalist: The Graveyard Book by Neil Gaiman (as read by the author on video) Nobel Prize in Literature The Nobel Prize in Literature, awarded to an author from any country who has produced "the most outstanding work of an idealistic tendency", was established in 1901. The prize is given to an author, and does not usually cite individual books. Winning authors with books freely readable online are listed below; select the link on the author's name to see books by the author, and possibly to see links to books and other information about the author as well. For more information on the Nobel Prize, including information on recent winners, see the official Nobel Prize web site. 1901: Sully Prudhomme (France, 1839-1907) 1902: Chrisian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (Germany, 1817-1903) 1903: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson (Norway, 1832-1910) 1904: Frédéric Mistral (France, 1830-1914) 1904: José Echegaray y Eizaguirre (Spain, 1832-1916) 1905: Henryk Sienkiewicz (Poland, 1846-1916) 1906: Giosuè Carducci (Italy, 1835-1907) 1907: Rudyard Kipling (UK, 1865-1936) 1908: Rudolf Christoph Eucken (Germany, 1846-1926) 1909: Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf (Sweden, 1858-1940) 1910: Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse (Germany, 1830-1914) 1911: Maurice Maeterlinck (Belgium, 1862-1949) 1912: Gerhart Johann Robert Hauptmann (Germany, 1862-1946) 1913: Rabindranath Tagore (India, 1861-1941) 1914: No award 1915: Romain Rolland (France, 1866-1944) 1916: Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam (Sweden, 1859-1940) 1917: Karl Adolph Gjellerup (Denmark, 1857-1919) 1917: Henrik Pontoppidan (Denmark, 1857-1943) 1918: No award 1919: Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler (Switzerland, 1845-1924) 1920: Knut Pedersen Hamsun (Norway, 1859-1952) 1921: Anatole France (France, 1844-1924) 1922: Jacinto Benavente (Spain, 1866-1954) 1923: William Butler Yeats (Ireland, 1865-1939) 1924: Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont (Poland, 1867-1925) 1925: George Bernard Shaw (UK, 1856-1950) 1926: Grazia Deledda (Italy, 1871-1936) 1927: Henri Bergson (France, 1859-1941) 1928: Sigrid Undset (Norway, 1882-1949) 1929: Thomas Mann (Germany, 1875-1955) 1930: Sinclair Lewis (USA, 1885-1951) 1931: Erik Axel Karlfeldt (Sweden, 1864-1931) 1932: John Galsworthy (UK, 1867-1933) 1933: Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin (France, 1870-1953) 1934: Luigi Pirandello (Italy, 1867-1936) 1935: No award 1936: Eugene O'Neill (USA, 1888-1953) 1937: Roger Martin Du Gard (France, 1881-1958) 1938: Pearl S. Buck (USA, 1892-1973) 1939: Frans Emil Sillanpää (Finland, 1888-1964) 1940: No award 1941: No award 1942: No award 1943: No award 1944: Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (Denmark, 1873-1950) 1945: Gabriela Mistral (Chile, 1889-1957) 1946: Hermann Hesse (Germany, 1877-1962) 1947: André Gide (France, 1869-1951) 1948: T. S. Eliot (UK, 1888-1965) 1949: William Faulkner (USA, 1897-1962) 1950: Bertrand Russell (UK, 1872-1970) 1951: Pär Fabian Lagerkvist (Sweden, 1891-1974) 1952: François Mauriac (France, 1885-1970) 1953: Winston Churchill (UK, 1874-1965) 1954: Ernest Hemingway (USA, 1899-1961) 1955: Halldór Laxness (Iceland, 1902-1998) 1956: Juan Ramón Jiménez (Spain, 1881-1958) 1957: Albert Camus (France, 1913-1960) 1958: Boris Pasternak (Russia, 1890-1960) Due to copyright restrictions, we cannot yet list books online for all subsequent years of the Nobel prizes. However, the following later Nobel awardees have free books online. 1960: Saint-John Perse (France, 1887-1975) 1962: John Steinbeck (US, 1902-1968) 1970: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (Russia, 1918-2008) 1988: Naguib Mahfouz (Egypt, 1911-2006) 2007: Doris Lessing (UK, 1919-2013) Pulitzer Prizes The Pulitzer Prizes were established in 1917, with awards for journalism and literature. The early literature prize categories were American biography, drama, fiction, history, and poetry. For more information on the Pulitzer Prize, including full lists of winners, see the official Pulitzer Prize web site. Journalism Most of the journalism prizes have been awarded to articles and photographs in newspapers. As digitized newspapers come on line, we may link to some of the early winners. Full texts of many of the recent journalism winners are linked from the official Pulitzer journalism prize listings. A one-time prize for newspaper history was awarded in 1918 for the following essay: 1918: A History of the Services Rendered to the Public by the American Press During the Year 1917 by Minna Lewinson and Henry Beetle Hough A special citation was awarded posthumously in 2020 for the reporting of Ida B. Wells. Biography Except where noted, the subject of each biography is either the person mentioned in the title, or the author. 1917: Julia Ward Howe, 1819-1910 by Laura E. Richards and Maud Howe Elliott 1918: Benjamin Franklin, Self-Revealed by William Cabell Bruce 1919: The Education of Henry Adams by Henry Adams 1920: The Life of John Marshall by Albert Jeremiah Beveridge 1921: The Americanization of Edward Bok by Edward Bok 1922: A Daughter of the Middle Border by Hamlin Garland (about the author and his family) 1923: The Life and Letters of Walter H. Page by Burton J. Hendrick 1924: From Immigrant to Inventor by Michael Pupin 1925: Barrett Wendell and His Letters edited by M. A. De Wolfe Howe 1926: The Life of Sir William Osler by Harvey Cushing 1927: Whitman: An Interpretation in Narrative by Emory Holloway (about Walt Whitman) 1928: The American Orchestra and Theodore Thomas by Charles Edward Russell 1929: The Training of an American: The Earlier Life and Letters of Walter H. Page by Burton J. Hendrick Drama 1918: Why Marry? by Jesse Lynch Williams 1919: No award 1920: Beyond the Horizon by Eugene O'Neill 1921: Miss Lulu Bett by Zona Gale 1922: Anna Christie by Eugene O'Neill 1923: Icebound by Owen Davis 1924: Hell-Bent Fer Heaven by Hatcher Hughes 1925: They Knew What They Wanted by Sidney Howard 1926: Craig's Wife by Sidney Howard 1927: In Abraham's Bosom by Paul Green (pre-production version in his collection Lonesome Road) 1928: Strange Interlude by Eugene O'Neill Fiction 1918: His Family by Ernest Poole 1919: The Magnificent Ambersons by Booth Tarkington 1920: No award 1921: The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton 1922: Alice Adams by Booth Tarkington 1923: One of Ours by Willa Cather 1924: The Able McLaughlins by Margaret Wilson 1925: So Big by Edna Ferber 1926: Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis 1927: Early Autumn by Louis Bromfield 1928: The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder. 1929: Scarlet Sister Mary by Julia Peterkin History 1917: With Americans of Past and Present Days by J. J. Jusserand 1918: A History of the Civil War, 1861-1865 by James Ford Rhodes 1919: No award 1920: The War with Mexico by Justin Harvey Smith 1921: The Victory at Sea by William S. Sims 1922: The Founding of New England by James Truslow Adams 1923: The Supreme Court in United States History by Charles Warren 1924: The American Revolution: A Constitutional Interpretation by Charles Howard McIlwain 1925: History of the American Frontier, 1763-1893 by Frederic L. Paxson 1926: A History of the United States (Volume VI: The War for Southern Independence, 1849-1865) by Edward Channing 1927: Pinckney's Treaty by Samuel Flagg Bemis 1928: Main Currents in American Thought (Volume I: The Colonial Mind, and Volume II: The Romantic Revolution in America) by Vernon Louis Parrington 1929: The Organization and Administration of the Union Army, 1861-1865 by Fred A. Shannon Poetry 1918: Love Songs by Sara Teasdale 1919: The Old Road to Paradise by Margaret Widdemer 1919: Cornhuskers by Carl Sandburg 1920: No award 1921: No award 1922: Collected Poems by Edwin Arlington Robinson 1923: Poetry by Edna St. Vincent Millay from 1922: The Ballad of the Harp-Weaver A Few Figs from Thistles Eight sonnets in American Poetry 1922: A Miscellany 1924: New Hampshire by Robert Frost 1925: The Man Who Died Twice by Edwin Arlington Robinson 1926: What's O'Clock by Amy Lowell 1927: Fiddler's Farewell by Leonora Speyer 1928: Tristram by Edwin Arlington Robinson 1929: John Brown's Body by Stephen Vincent Benét We have not yet determined whether any later Pulitzer Prize-winning books can go online. Home -- Books -- News -- Features -- Archives -- The Inside Story
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	2	9	https://www.churchofsatan.com/giosue-carducci-poet-statesman/	en	Giosue Carducci: 19th Century Poet, Statesman and Satanist	https://www.churchofsata…met-Featured.png	https://www.churchofsata…met-Featured.png	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1671579289530248&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://www.churchofsatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/church-of-satan-logo-black.png", "https://www.churchofsatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/church-of-satan-logo-black.png", "https://www.churchofsatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/text-serpent.png", "https://www.churchofsatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/carducci.jpg", "https://www.churchofsatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Carducci1875.jpg", "https://www.churchofsatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/carduci3.gif", "https://www.churchofsatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/carduci2.jpg", "https://www.churchofsatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/deco-book-end-left.png", "https://www.churchofsatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/deco-book-end-right.png", "https://www.churchofsatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/brinstone-header-2.gif", "https://www.churchofsatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/r-meciless-avatar.jpg", "https://www.churchofsatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/lavey-sigil.png", "https://www.churchofsatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/lavey-sigil.png", "https://www.churchofsatan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/lavey-sigil.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Reverend Campbell", "R. Merciless" ]	2018-07-24T13:22:14+00:00	Giosue Carducci: 19th Century Poet, Statesman and Satanist R. Merciless In 1906 the Nobel Prize for literature was awarded to Giosue Carducci of Italy for extraordinary lifelong accomplishment in the field of poetry. He was a Satanist. By the time he won the Nobel, Carducci had firmly established himself as one of the world’s most […]	en	https://www.churchofsata…phomet-32x32.png	Church of Satan	https://www.churchofsatan.com/giosue-carducci-poet-statesman/	R. Merciless In 1906 the Nobel Prize for literature was awarded to Giosue Carducci of Italy for extraordinary lifelong accomplishment in the field of poetry. He was a Satanist. By the time he won the Nobel, Carducci had firmly established himself as one of the world’s most well-known and influential literary figures with a large body of distinguished work and a long career of artistic achievement, political activism and religious agitation. He had published several volumes of poetry attracting worldwide critical acclaim. In addition, his prose writings including literary criticism, biographies, speeches and essays filled some 20 volumes. [1] He had also been elected a Senator of Italy and voted a very substantial life-long pension. The Nobel prize was merely the capstone of a long, brilliant and highly successful life. [2] Carducci’s credentials as a Satanist include not only his worldly successes and overt opposition to Christianity but his writing of the highly controversial poem, Inno a Satana or “Hymn to Satan.” In writing, publicly reciting and twice publishing this astounding poem, he stepped firmly beyond his paganism and even his anti-clericalism into the realm of modern Satanism by embracing the mythic character of Satan as an exemplary role model and heroic archetypal symbol. Indeed, it is this taking of Satan as an exemplar symbol that is the defining characteristic of the Modern Satanist. [3] Of course, living as he did in 19th century Italy, Carducci probably would not have referred to himself as a “Satanist.” The linking of that term to the Satanic character would have to wait almost exactly 100 more years when Anton Szandor LaVey, founder of The Church of Satan, defined it for the modern world in The Satanic Bible in 1969. [4] Nonetheless, Carducci’s explicit and life-long adoption of Satan as archetypically symbolic of his personal philosophy which he called “radical rationalism,” unequivocally places the Nobel laureate firmly within the Satanic tradition, even if less daring biographers have preferred the term “pagan” to describe him. Carducci felt great affinity for the classical world and wrote several internationally acclaimed homages to ancient Roman gods and the long lost, Christian-obliterated happy pagan lifestyle of old. But unlike Baudelair, Leopardi, Levi, Rimbaud, Huysmans and other 19th century literary figures who penned somewhat Satanic works, Carducci did not die on his knees whimpering and begging forgiveness from a previously scorned Christian god.[5]Instead, he died an unabashed enemy of the Pope and ended his days as defiantly anti-clerical as he ever was. Carducci was born near Verana, Italy in 1835. From an early age, guided by his politically active physician father, he learned Latin and studied the Iliad and classical works of Homer. He also energetically read the works of the famous Italian poet, Giacomo Leopardi (1798 - 1837) and was perhaps somewhat inspired towards Inno a Satana by reading the despondent Leopardi’s unfinished Ad Ahrimane (“To Ahriman,”) an at times depressing prayer addressed to the Prince of Darkness and acknowledging His rule of the Earth. [6] By 1860, at age 25, he had been appointed to the chair in Italian Literature at Bologna University where he would spend a long, brilliant career of over 40 years. He was also actively involved in the political upheavals reshaping Italy at the time. It was a time of revolution in Italy as Republicans, inspired and assisted by revolutionary France, struggled to throw off the old tyrannical Hapsburg order and unite and democratize Italy’s many separate feudal states and kingdoms. By the mid-1860s, after years of civil war and political struggle most of the Italian peninsula had been united under a constitutional republican monarchy. However, one of the last vestiges of tyrannical domination on the Italian peninsula was the continued direct political control of Rome and surrounding regions by the Pope. With the military backing of Hapsburg Austria, the Pope held direct secular political power over the Italian provinces known as the Papal States. Naturally, the anti-clerical freethinkers among the Republicans found tyrannical rule by the papacy to be as odious as, or even worse than, that by unelected, hereditary nobles. Both impeded human progress by locking power in the hands of those who were long on hereditary or ecclesiastical connections and short on any actual demonstrated merit or ability. Throughout Italy, 19th century Masonic lodges were centers of organizing revolutionary activities ranging from anti-royalist propaganda to underground guerrilla attacks. Carducci was, of course, a member as were nearly all the other significant leaders of the Italian revolutionary movement. Other prominent masons of the time included influential political philosopher Giuseppe Mazinni, head of the successful Young Italy movement, and Giuseppe Garibaldi, the internationally famous Italian revolutionary war hero. In contrast to the overtly theistic and even Christian flavor to be found among German and Anglo-American Freemasons at the time, French and Italian masonry both adopted a much more pan-religious, nearly overtly atheist tone. Like Masons everywhere, they too used the term “Grand Architect of the Universe” to refer to the “creator.” For many of the more sharp-witted Italian and French Masons, however, it had a very different meaning. Applauding its own expansive view of the Mason’s “Grand Architect”, the official newsletter of the Italian lodge noted, “The formula of the Grand Architect, which is reproached to Masonry as ambiguous and absurd, is the most large-minded and righteous affirmation of the immense principle of existence and may represent as well the (revolutionary) God of Mazzini as the Satan of Giosue Carducci (in his celebrated Hymn to Satan); God, as the fountain of love, not of hatred; Satan, as the genius of the good, not of the bad.” [7] This Masonic newsletter reference to Carducci in the same breath as Mazzini, one of the republic’s most effective and inspiring revolutionary thinkers and leaders, clearly demonstrates Carducci’s great prominence and influence at the time. Moreover, the sort of religious outlook quoted above made all of Italian masonry an explicit enemy of the Vatican. On March 18, 1902, Pope Leo XIII issued “Annum ingressi,” a pronouncement against Italian Freemasonry. Of the above quotation, The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1910 disapprovingly sniffed, “In both interpretations it is in reality the principle of Revolution that is adored by Italian Masonry.” The deep anti-church sentiment of French masons—most likely shared in full by their Italian brothers—is amply reflected in the following quote from a 20 September, 1902 speech by Senator Delpech, president of the Grand Orient de France: “The triumph of the Galilean has lasted twenty centuries. But now he dies in his turn. The mysterious voice, announcing (to Julian the Apostate) the death of Pan, today announces the death of the impostor God who promised an era of justice and peace to those who believe in him. The illusion has lasted a long time. The mendacious God is now disappearing in his turn; he passes away to join in the dust of ages the divinities of India, Egypt, Greece, and Rome, who saw so many creatures prostrate before their altars. Bro. Masons, we rejoice to state that we are not without our share in this overthrow of the false prophets. The Romish Church, founded on the Galilean myth, began to decay rapidly from the very day on which the Masonic Association was established.”[8] Carducci, the firebrand masonic freethinker and revolutionary, wrote Inno a Satana in September 1863, at the age of 28 and three years into his teaching chair at the University of Bologna. It was composed as a brindisi or toast which he recited at a dinner party among friends. [9] Appropriately for reciting with a raised glass of chianti, the poet titled it “A Satana” or “To Satan.” It was then published in 1865 under the title Inno a Satana or “Hymn to Satan” but should probably have more accurately carried the title of “A Toast to Satan.” The tone, rhyme, meter and content all bear this out clearly and well-reflect the origination of the work. It is not difficult to imagine a table full of Carducci’s freethinking revolutionary pals hoisting their glasses at the conclusion of the recitation, shouting “Here, here,” and quaffing a glass of Italy’s finest produce. In vino veritas, indeed! Modern literary scholars have recognized Inno a Satana as an in-your-face manifesto of Carducci’s most deeply felt convictions and cherished beliefs, which he occasionally modified but never abandoned over the course of his long life. For Carducci, like for LaVey, Satan symbolically represents all of those wonderful things which the hierarchy of orthodox Christianity opposes and attempts to suppress: beauty in nature and art, sensual pleasures, confidence in man’s ability to transform the physical world, freedom of thought and expression, unprejudiced intellectual inquiry, economic and social progress. It is unfortunate that an English-reading person of the 21st century is not able fully to grasp the emotional power the poem invoked in 19th century Italy with its clever rhyming language and allusions to well-known recent and historical events and figures. Still, it can serve as an inspiration to others. Indeed, a glimmer of the impact can be discerned by seeing it (and even trying to read it aloud) in its original Italian. All readers should try this. [To open a window showing Inno a Satana in Italian and English, click here.] Readers will note that Carducci’s poem includes 50 stanzas of 4 lines each where the second and fourth are rhymed. This meter seems to resonate something like a a train’s locomotive steaming along under full power and this is a metaphor which the poet brings around the bend into full view at the close of the poem. It was published a second time in 1869 in Bologna’s radical newspaper, Il Popolo, as a provocation timed to coincide with the 20th Vatican Ecumenical Council, a time when revolutionary fervor directed against the papacy was running high as republicans were pressing both politically and militarily for an end of the Vatican’s domination over the so-called papal states under the military support of the hated Austrian Hapsburgs. The second publication was meant to be a provocation and provocative it was. Reaction to the reappearance of the controversial poem was quite strong. Even some of Carducci’s fellow republicans publicly distanced themselves from embracing Satan along with the poet even if they were opposed to the Pope. Moderate newspapers excoriated Carducci for potentially harming the cause with such blasphemous and inflammatory writings. But, in fact, the republican cause was triumphant. In 1870, Hapsburg Austrian military support for the Pope collapsed and republican troops marched into Rome, ending by force the papacy’s secular political control of the region. It is quite likely that, as they took the city, at least some of those troops had Inno a Satana fresh in their minds. But, as moderate republicans had feared, the Vatican seized upon the poem as a propaganda item. As Carducci introduced Satan as a worthy and honorable symbol of the republican opposition to the tyrannical earthly power of the papacy, the Vatican’s propaganda to its faithful sheep painted the revolutionaries as accursed minions of the literal Devil. The 1910Catholic Encyclopedia proclaimed Masonic Lodges to be “the advanced outposts and standard-bearers of the whole immense anti-Catholic and anti-papal army in the world-wide spiritual warfare of our age. In this sense also the pope, like the Masonic poet Carducci in his Hymn to Satan, considers Satan as the supreme spiritual chief of this hostile army.” [10] Clearly the Catholic Church stewed with such great frustration and hatred for the masons’ anti-clerical activity, that it’s disdain for Carducci in particular was never far from mind as indicated in the above passage. Had he lived to read it, Carducci would have no doubt been pleased to see his name thus immortalized in the Catholic Encyclopedia as a leading enemy of the church. While Inno a Satana was extremely effective as a political device it was not considered by scholars and critics—or even by Carducci—to be great art. In the middle part of a major Oxford University lecture on Carducci’s work in 1926, scholar John Baily, for example, offered the following analysis of Inno a Satana: “It is at the bottom [Carducci’s] faith in a sound mind and healthy body, [his] scorn of weaklings and palterers, which is the inspiration of the famous, or notorious Hymn to Satan. I cannot, of course, discuss it here from the point of view of religion. It gave and no doubt was meant to give, great offence to Catholics and indeed to all Christians—and still does. We must admit that he was always definitely a pagan: and often, especially in the first half of his life, not merely a pagan but an anti-Christian. This attitude is seen at its height in the Hymn to Satan though the title is, as we shall see, a misnomer. But to judge it or him fairly we must remember the time and place in which he wrote: an Italy which had long been ruled by priests who allied themselves with foreigners and tyrants, in which the Pope who had deserted the national cause still held Rome; in which one Pope had declared the steam engine to be an invention of the Devil and another was now replying to the spirit of the nineteenth century by getting himself declared Infallible. The Ode was written in one day in 1863, published in 1865, and again on the day of the opening of the Vatican Council. It is enough if it stood alone to disprove the notion of Carducci as mere academic pedant. It sputters with fiery life from the first word to the last. But the Satan whom it proclaims and glorifies is not the spirit of evil; there is no less immoral poet than Carducci. His Satan is reason and nature, the body and the mind, all that revolts against the asceticism, sacerdotalism and obscurantism which have so often claimed to represent the Christian religion. The Hymn is as full of imagination as it is of spontaneity, sincerity, and strength. What it is not full of, either in thought or in language, is that grave music of the mind and of the word without which poetry cannot be entirely itself...Carducci’s [Hymn to Satan] reads as little more than a piece of polemical journalism.” [11] Thereafter, Bailey went on to speak of what “is great and permanent” in the work of Carducci and to enumerate the many later poems and prose which did, indeed, in his opinion rise to the highest levels of the literary art and which were, of course, the basis of his winning the Nobel Prize. At the close of his lecture, Bailey concluded: “The smith does not always succeed nor does the poet, each is clumsy sometimes and each sometimes finds his metal too hard to shape. What I have wished to say today is that Carducci succeeded often, and that when he succeeded it was with such materials, so finely worked, that his place among the poets is assured and immortal.” So, despite the revolutionary impact of Inno a Satana, Carducci’s greatest poetic achievements still lay ahead. Carducci was a revolutionary on multiple fronts both political and artistic. Like his politics, Carducci’s more advanced poetry became revolutionary as well. He was not afraid to undertake bold, daring adventures in his works. The Rime Nuove(“New Rhymes”) and the Odi Barbare (“Barbaric Odes”) which appeared in the 1880s contain the best of Carducci’s poetry. Odi Barbare in particular included brilliant, ground-breakng innovations. Carducci reintrocued old classical Latin poetry styles and meters into contemporary Italian-language works. This adaptation of ancient technique to new Italian recalled the pace and flavor of Homer and Virgil and was Carducci’s way of honoring both classicism and paganism. It was also an attack upon two things he abhorred: the romanticism in contemporary poetry and the Christianity in contemporary society. Indeed, all of Carducci’s work extolled Italian hope and Roman glory and was an assertion of classic reason as opposed to romantic mysticism and Roman Catholic piety. He also wrote scathing reviews of what he considered trite sentimentalism in the gushing, unoriginal romantic poetry being churned out and lauded by his contemporaries. These were all gutsy moves. To undertake such radical innovation in his own work and to so harshly criticize the popular Romantics, Carducci certainly showed he was willing to risk attracting condemnation that could hamper his popularity and his career. But, just as he had helped republican efforts to liberate Italian political life from royalist Hapsburg and Papal domination, Carducci also lead the liberation of Italian poetry from sentimental romanticism while at the same time offering it the innovation of his re-introduction of the meters of the classics. This was the cutting-edge artistry that brought him the Nobel. When Carducci was selected to receive Nobel Prize in recognition of his worldwide acclaim, he was an old man and, indeed, was too ill to travel to Stockholm to accept the award in person. Had he been present, the Nobel committee might not have been so presumptuous as to try to make apologies for the great poet’s “Satanism” or to attempt to separate him from Inno a Satana. It is clear that even the relatively progressive intellectuals of the Nobel committee were uneasy with publicly embracing a pagan and Satanist like Carducci before a global audience. Their efforts to downplay these aspects of the man are evident in the presentation speech properly noting that his poetic brilliance transcended such things and (improperly) trying to show that he had disavowed/retracted Inno a Satana. While the whole of the Nobel presentation speech included the expected long laudatory recounting of the honored poet’s life and accomplishments, it also included this tidbit of back-pedaling. There is a good deal of justice in many of the attacks on Carducci’s anti-Christianity. Although one cannot perfectly approve of the way in which he has tried to defend himself in Confessioni e Battaglie (“Confessions and Battles”) and in other writings, knowledge of the attendant circumstances helps to explain, if not to justify, Carducci’s attitudes. Carducci’s paganism is understandable to a Protestant, at least. As an ardent patriot who saw the Catholic Church as in many ways a misguided and corrupt force opposed to the freedom of his adored Italy, Carducci was quite likely to confuse Catholicism with Christianity, extending to Christianity the severe judgments with which he sometimes attacked the Church. And as to the impetuous Inno a Satana, it would be a great wrong to Carducci to identify him, for example, with Baudelaire and to accuse Carducci of poisonous and unhealthy “Satanism.” In fact, Carducci’s Satan has an ill-chosen name. The poet clearly means to imply a Lucifer in the literal sense of the word—the carrier of light, the herald of free thought and culture, and the enemy of that ascetic discipline which rejects or disparages natural rights. Yet it seems strange to hear Savanarola praised in a poem in which asceticism is condemned. The whole of the hymn abounds with such contradictions. Carducci himself in recent times has rejected the entire poem and has called it a “vulgar sing-song.” Thus, there is no reason to dwell any longer on a poem which the poet himself has disavowed. [12] Their little fig leaf probably fooled no one for it was obvious that the master poet Carducci looked back to the dinner-table political toast of the early days of his art with a condemning eye only in assessing the poem’s lack of artistic sophistication. Calling the poem “vulgar sing-song” was merely a repudiation of its youthful, immature poetic style. In his professional work, having introduced immense contributions to the field of poetry, he had long since moved beyond the silly, elementary structure of the provocative little rhyme he shared with friends and compatriots over a raised wine glass. But such self-criticism of that early work certainly did not imply any rejection of the substance of the sentiments expressed therein. Those he held to without apology to the very end of his days. “I know neither truth of God nor peace with the Vatican or any priests. They are the real and unaltering enemies of Italy.” he said in his later years. [13] At the end of Carducci’s life, Romanticism, Catholicism and (one could argue) political domination remained quite popular with the great mass of Italians, but his daring stabs at all three had unforgettably opened the door for the elite few seeking to liberate themselves politically, artistically and religiously. His lasting contribution to freedom of the mind and spirit is forever immortalized in the roster of the Nobel Prize, the highest literary distinction on Earth; in a beautiful stone monument in Bologna; in the pages of his still-acclaimed works, and in the hearts of all that they still touch. And really, how much more immortality can any successful Satanist hope for than that? NOTES & REFERENCES
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"https://cdn.britannica.com/52/218752-131-8C199F95/Chinese-author-Gao-Xingjian-2008.jpg" ]	[ "https://cdn.britannica.com/80/22480-101-92AA2CBE/default.html" ]	[]	[ "Nobel Prize", "encyclopedia", "encyclopeadia", "britannica", "article" ]	null	[ "The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica" ]	1999-11-05T00:00:00+00:00	Nobel Prize, any of the prizes (five in number until 1969, when a sixth was added) that are awarded annually from a fund bequeathed by Alfred Nobel.	en	/favicon.png	Encyclopedia Britannica	https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nobel-Prize	Nobel Prize award Recent News July 22, 2024, 6:21 AM ET (ABC News (U.S.)) Nobel laureates call on Belarus' leader to release all political prisoners July 18, 2024, 11:36 PM ET (Straits Times) UN experts urge Belarus to free Nobel winner Bialiatski from prison July 15, 2024, 9:40 AM ET (New York Times) Bengt Samuelsson, Biochemist and Nobel Laureate, Is Dead at 90 July 14, 2024, 12:42 AM ET (The Hindu) Nobel laureate supports India’s pursuit of a neutrino lab July 12, 2024, 1:19 PM ET (CBC) Western University reconsiders ties with Nobel laureate-writer Alice Munro after daughter's disclosure Nobel Prize, any of the prizes (five in number until 1969, when a sixth was added) that are awarded annually from a fund bequeathed for that purpose by the Swedish inventor and industrialist Alfred Nobel. The Nobel Prizes are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards given for intellectual achievement in the world. To browse Nobel Prize winners alphabetically, chronologically, and by prize, see below. In the will he drafted in 1895, Nobel instructed that most of his fortune be set aside as a fund for the awarding of five annual prizes “to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.” These prizes as established by his will are the Nobel Prize for Physics, the Nobel Prize for Chemistry, the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, the Nobel Prize for Literature, and the Nobel Prize for Peace. The first distribution of the prizes took place on December 10, 1901, the fifth anniversary of Nobel’s death. An additional award, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, was established in 1968 by the Bank of Sweden and was first awarded in 1969. Although not technically a Nobel Prize, it is identified with the award; its winners are announced with the Nobel Prize recipients, and the Prize in Economic Sciences is presented at the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony. After Nobel’s death, the Nobel Foundation was set up to carry out the provisions of his will and to administer his funds. In his will, he had stipulated that four different institutions—three Swedish and one Norwegian—should award the prizes. From Stockholm, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences confers the prizes for physics, chemistry, and economics, the Karolinska Institute confers the prize for physiology or medicine, and the Swedish Academy confers the prize for literature. The Norwegian Nobel Committee based in Oslo confers the prize for peace. The Nobel Foundation is the legal owner and functional administrator of the funds and serves as the joint administrative body of the prize-awarding institutions, but it is not concerned with the prize deliberations or decisions, which rest exclusively with the four institutions. The selection process The prestige of the Nobel Prize stems in part from the considerable research that goes into the selection of the prizewinners. Although the winners are announced in October and November, the selection process begins in the early autumn of the preceding year, when the prize-awarding institutions invite more than 6,000 individuals to propose, or nominate, candidates for the prizes. Some 1,000 people submit nominations for each prize, and the number of nominees usually ranges from 100 to about 250. Among those nominating are Nobel laureates, members of the prize-awarding institutions themselves; scholars active in the fields of physics, chemistry, economics, and physiology or medicine; and officials and members of diverse universities and learned academies. The respondents must supply a written proposal that details their candidates’ worthiness. Self-nomination automatically disqualifies the nominee. Prize proposals must be submitted to the Nobel Committees on or before January 31 of the award year. Britannica Quiz A Nobel Prize for Literature (Mostly) Quiz On February 1 the six Nobel Committees—one for each prize category—start their work on the nominations received. Outside experts are frequently consulted during the process in order to help the committees determine the originality and significance of each nominee’s contribution. During September and early October the Nobel Committees have accomplished their work and submit their recommendations to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the other prize-awarding institutions. A committee’s recommendation is usually but not invariably followed. The deliberations and the voting within these institutions are secret at all stages. The final decision by the awarders must be made by November 15. Prizes may be given only to individuals, except the Peace Prize, which may also be conferred upon an institution. An individual may not be nominated posthumously, but a winner who dies before receiving the prize may be awarded it posthumously, as with Dag Hammarskjöld (for peace; 1961), Erik Axel Karlfeldt (for literature; 1931), and Ralph M. Steinman (for physiology or medicine; 2011). (Steinman was named a winner several days after his death, which was unbeknownst to the Nobel Assembly. It was decided that he would remain a Nobel laureate, since the purpose of the posthumous rule was to prevent prizes being deliberately awarded to deceased individuals.) The awards may not be appealed. Official support, whether diplomatic or political, for a certain candidate has no bearing on the award process because the prize awarders, as such, are independent of the state.
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	19	https://www.casedellamemoria.it/en/associated-homes/giosue-carducci.html	en	Associazione Nazionale Case della Memoria	https://www.casedellamem…rducci-alias.png	https://www.casedellamem…rducci-alias.png	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=271705401803332&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/logo/logoheader.jpg", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/logo/logo_colore.jpg 1x", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/media/mod_languages/images/it.gif", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Carducci_icone.jpg", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/case_della_memoria/giosue_carducci_smariaamonte_pisa/Museo-casa-carducci.jpg", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/icon/Icona-Collezionisti.jpg", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/icon/Icona-Musicisti-e-Cantanti.jpg", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/icon/Icona-Papi-e-Santi.jpg", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/icon/Icona-Politici-e-Patrioti.jpg", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/icon/Icona-Scrittori-e-Letterati.jpg", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/icon/Icona-Pittori-e-Scultori.jpg", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/icon/Icona-Scienziati-Inventori-e-Architetti.jpg", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/icon/Icona-Personaggi-dello-Spettacolo.jpg", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/icon/Icona-Case-Partner.jpg", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/icon/Icona-Case-della-Rete-Toscana.jpg", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/Box/rassegna.png", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/Box/youtube.png", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/logo/logo_bianco_footer.png", "https://www.casedellamemoria.it/images/Template/logo/login_sistema_toscano_rv.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Santa Maria a Monte Giosue’ Carducci was one of the most famous and admired poets of the Italian Ottocento. He actively participated in the cultural life of his times as critic, scholar, and professor. Carducci was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature for his poetry. The museum is located in the home where the Carducci family lived between 1856 and 1858. In this home the great tragedy of the Poet’s family unfolded: the death for unknown causes of the second-born Dante and, a few months after that tragic event, the death of his father. They were both buried in the old village cemetery, today called “Campo della Rimembranza”. The Poet recalls the event with the famous verses: "O tu che dormi là sulla fiorita collina tosca e ti sta il padre accanto" . In this frame the town council has created a guided path along the family life and the socio-cultural context of Carducci in that period through photographs, reproductions of documents, books and figurative material ad hoc. Opening hours updated to 5 May 2021 Wednesday-Friday-Saturday 10-13 RESERVATION REQUIRED	en	/images/Template/logo/logofavicon.jpg	Associazione Nazionale Case della Memoria	https://www.casedellamemoria.it/en/associated-homes/giosue-carducci.html	Address: Casa Carducci Via Carducci 29 - 56020 S.Maria a Monte (PI) tel. +39 0587 261632 Visiting Hours: Monday closed Tuesday 3pm - 6pm Wednesday 10 am - 1pm Thursday 3pm - 6pm Friday 10am - 1pm Saturday 10am - 1pm Saturday afternoon and Sunday by reservation Website: Santa Maria a Monte (Pisa) Giosue’ Carducci (Valdicastello 1835 – Bologna 1907) was one of the most famous and admired poets of the Italian Ottocento. He actively participated in the cultural life of his times as critic, scholar, and professor. Carducci was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature for his poetry. The museum is located in the home where the Carducci family lived between 1856 and 1858. In this home the great tragedy of the Poet’s family unfolded: the death for unknown causes of the second-born Dante and, a few months after that tragic event, the death of his father. They were both buried in the old village cemetery, today called “Campo della Rimembranza”. The Poet recalls the event with the famous verses: "O tu che dormi là sulla fiorita collina tosca e ti sta il padre accanto" (Oh, you that sleeps there on the flowered tuscan hillside and your father beside you). In this frame the town council has created a guided path along the family life and the socio-cultural context of Carducci in that period through photographs, reproductions of documents, books and figurative material ad hoc. Opening hours updated to 5 May 2021 Wednesday-Friday-Saturday 10-13 RESERVATION REQUIRED (tel.: 3333495168; mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.) Hotspots
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	1	16	https://en.italiani.it/Italian-nobel-prizes/	en	The twenty Italian Nobel Laureates, national pride	https://cdn-italiani-med…Premio-nobel.jpg	https://cdn-italiani-med…Premio-nobel.jpg	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=4467910843236700&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2020/03/logo-italiani-italia-nel-cuore-header.png", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2020/03/logo-italiani-italia-nel-cuore-header.png", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2020/04/stickylogo-dot-italiani.png", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2020/10/Premio-nobel.jpg", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2020/10/Giosue-Carducci-pagina-fb.jpg", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2020/10/Alfred-Nobel.jpg", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2020/10/Grazia-Deledda-Pagina-fb.jpg", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2020/10/Rita-Levi-Montalcini-Pagina-fb.png", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2020/10/Dario-Fo.jpg", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2023/11/image006-424x282.jpg", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2023/11/1969%E2%80%9370_Serie_A_-_US_Cagliari_v_AS_Bari_-_Pasquale_Loseto_and_Gigi_Riva-424x282.jpg", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2023/11/image006-424x282.jpg", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2024/07/bookshelf-413705_1280-424x282.jpg", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2024/06/Picsart_24-06-28_11-13-45-027-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2023/11/thunderstorm-1768742_1280-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2024/07/Picsart_24-07-22_19-20-58-086-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2024/01/calciomercato-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn-media.italiani.it/site-venezia/sites/6/2024/07/leone-oro-biennale-danza-2024-80x80.png", "https://cdn-media.italiani.it/site-frosinone/sites/33/2024/07/cascatelle-tartare-80x80.jpg", "https://cdn-media.italiani.it/site-latina/sites/62/2024/07/spiaggia-capo-portiere-di-latina--80x80.jpg", "https://cdn-media.italiani.it/site-latina/sites/62/2024/07/San-Felice-Circeo-2-80x80.jpg", "https://cdn-media.italiani.it/site-frosinone/sites/33/2024/07/Narni-80x80.jpg", "https://cdn-media.italiani.it/site-conflenti/2018/05/conflenti-madonna-g.-villella-80x80.jpg", "https://cdn-media.italiani.it/site-palazzoloacreide/sites/26/2022/07/VicoliSaporiRitratto3-80x80.jpg", "https://cdn-media.italiani.it/site-venezia/sites/6/2024/07/fuochi-redentore-bacino-2024-80x80.png", "https://cdn-media.italiani.it/site-conflenti/sites/5/2024/07/felici-Conflenti-tre-suonatori-80x80.jpg", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-noi/sites/100/2024/07/Nella-Condorelli-mentre-presenta-il-libro-su-Maria-Giudice-ph-Angela-Strano.jpg", "https://cdn-media.italiani.it/site-matera/sites/46/2024/07/Matera-80x80.jpg", "https://cdn-media.italiani.it/site-londra/sites/3/2024/07/treni-antistress-pendolari-londinesi-80x80.png", "https://graph.facebook.com/fanpageitaliani/picture?size=square&width=80&height=80", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2020/08/banner-fondazione-italiani-it.png", "https://cdn-italiani-media.italiani.it/site-italiani/2020/03/logo-italiani-italia-nel-cuore-footer.png", "https://www.italiani.it/wp-content/plugins/bp-ajax-registration/assets/css/loading.gif", "https://www.italiani.it/wp-content/plugins/bp-ajax-registration/assets/css/loading.gif", "https://www.italiani.it/wp-content/plugins/bp-ajax-registration/assets/css/loading.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Antonietta Malito", "Author: Antonietta Malito" ]	2020-10-18T15:00:00+00:00	The Italian Nobel Prizes are 20: 6 for literature and medicine, 5 for physics, 1 for peace, 1 for economics and 1 for chemistry.	en	https://cdn-italiani-med…0/04/favicon.png	italiani.it	https://en.italiani.it/Italian-nobel-prizes/	How many are the Italian Nobel Laureates? Until today there are twenty and precisely: six for literature and medicine, five for physics, one for peace, one for economics and one for chemistry. The winners of this coveted award, awarded since 1901, are people who have made their precious contribution in the various fields of knowledge or who have fostered peaceful relations between the peoples of the Earth. This year, no Italian has won the 2020 Nobel Prize, which for literature was won by the American poet and writer Louise Glück, former Pulitzer Prize for poetry in 1993. The one for peace, on the other hand, went to the World Food Program ( United Nations agency) to fight hunger in the world. Nobel laureates: the winners The Italian Nobel Prizes, starting with the first one who received it in 1906, are: Camillus Golgi (1906, for medicine), Giosuè Carducci (same year, for literature), Ernesto Teodoro Moneta (1907, for peace), Guglielmo Marconi (1909, for physics), Grazia Deledda (1926, for literature), Luigi Pirandello (1934, for literature), Enrico Fermi (1938, for physics), Daniel bovet (1957, for medicine), Salvatore Quasimodo (1959, for literature), Emilio Segrè (1959, for physics), Julius Natta (1963, for chemistry), Salvatore Edoardo Luria (1969, for medicine), Eugene Montale (1975, for literature), Renato Dulbecco (1975, for medicine), Carlo Rubbia (1984, for physics), Franco Modigliani (1985, for economics), Rita Levi Montalcini (1986, for medicine), Dario Fo (1997, for literature), Richard Giacconi (2002, for physics), Mario Capecchi (2007, for medicine). The origin of the Award The Nobel Prize is a world-class honor that takes place every year in Stockholm, with a solemn ceremony. It is attributed to living personalities who have distinguished themselves in the various fields of human knowledge, bringing "the greatest benefits to humanity" for research, discoveries and inventions, for literary work, for the commitment in favor of world peace. The important award is named after Alfred Nobel (1833 - 1896), Swedish chemist, engineer and inventor. He, in 1894, became president of the Bofors company and developed several experiments on explosives. His numerous inventions, including dynamite, earned him hefty earnings. One day, his brother Ludvig died torn apart by an explosion during an experiment. By mistake, some journalists, believing that he was the one to die, announce his passing, calling him "the lord of death". Alfred was shocked by those words and decided to allocate 94 percent of his fortune to the establishment of an award to be given to those who, in the fields of medicine, physics, chemistry, but also literature and peace, had made "the greater services to humanity ". The Italians who have conquered him In Italy, the only two women who won the Nobel were Grazia Deledda e Rita Levi Montalcini. The writer Grazia Deledda remains the only Italian to have won the Nobel Prize for literature. Born in Nuoro in 1971, she went to school up to the fourth grade, and then continued her studies with a tutor. In fact, in those days, girls did not attend high school. At the age of 15 he published his first short story in a Nuoro newspaper. Collaborations with other newspapers and magazines followed which gradually led her to be known and appreciated. In 1899 he moved to Rome where his stories began to be positively commented by the critics of the time. The Nobel Prize was awarded to her on December 10, 1926 "for her power as a writer, supported by a high ideal, which portrays life in plastic forms as it is in her secluded native island and which deals with problems of general interest with depth and warmth human". In 1986, Rita Levi Montalcini (Turin, 1909 - Rome, 2012) won the Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine. She discovered and identified the nerve fiber growth factor (Nfg) useful for understanding and treating degenerative neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's. Graduated in 1936 in Medicine at the University of Turin, she worked, at the same time as an internist, in the institute of Giuseppe Levi. Here he met two other Nobel Laureates: Salvatore Luria and Renato Dulbecco. When the fascist regime removed her from the university, she set up a laboratory in the house where she continued to study. In 1947 he moved to the United States. In Rome he created a research center on NGF and, in 1969, he founded and directed the Institute of Cell Biology at Cnr. Also in Rome he also founded the Ebri (European Brain Research Institute). The best known Among the Italian Nobel laureates, the best known, or probably those who are remembered most, are certainly the poets Giosuè Carducci, Eugenio Montale and Salvatore Quasimodo, together with the writer Luigi Pirandello, famous for his novels "The late Mattia Pascal" and “One, none and a hundred thousand”. Also famous are the inventor of the radio Guglielmo Marconi and the physicist Enrico Fermi who discovered artificial radioactivity. Among those closest to the present day, we remember instead the playwright, actor, director and writer Dario Fo, who died in 2016. In any case, known and less known, the Italian Nobel Prize winners deserve to be remembered all in the same way because they made Italy great in the eyes of the world. (Facebook photos, Official pages)
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	58	https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/50/article/517243/pdf	en	Century Italian Literature in Translation: An Annotated Bibliography, 1929–1997 by Robin Healey (review)	https://muse.jhu.edu/art…243/og_image.jpg	https://muse.jhu.edu/art…243/og_image.jpg	[ "https://muse.jhu.edu/images/institution.png", "https://muse.jhu.edu/images/person.png", "https://muse.jhu.edu/images/icon_accessibility.png", "https://muse.jhu.edu/images/muselogo.png", "https://muse.jhu.edu/images/muselogo_notext.png", "https://muse.jhu.edu/images/search_blue.png", "https://muse.jhu.edu/images/search_blue.png", "https://muse.jhu.edu/images/access/no_access.png", "https://muse.jhu.edu/images/icon_related.png", "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/517243/pdfimage", "https://muse.jhu.edu/images/muselogo_notext.png", "https://muse.jhu.edu/images/footer_icon_fb.png", "https://muse.jhu.edu/images/footer_icon_linkedin.png", "https://muse.jhu.edu/images/footer_icon_twitter.png", "https://muse.jhu.edu/images/muselogoblack.png", "https://muse.jhu.edu/images/muselogo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Carl Spadoni" ]	null		en	/favicon.ico		null	In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content: 476 letters in canada 1999 Own,' work with this generic eclectisism and reread two major critical texts, setting them in dialogue with each other, identifying the features they share (voice, irony, use of occasion, criticism understood as literature) as well as their fundamental disagreements, especially concerning history. What Rosenbaum does best is on display in the Woolf essay B archival sleuthing with a touch of the serendipitous and skilfull extrapolation from his materials. His discovery of the manuscript of the lecture allowed him to trace its development from its occasion to its printed form as well as allowing `us to defamiliarise the text and re-experience the originality of a work so original that it has become our commonplace.' The decision to leave the essays relatively untouched makes for an occasionally annoying repetition, but this is a minor cavil. Rosenbaum takes Wittgenstein's `fundamental notion of overlapping and criss-crossing similarities' as the basis for his conception of Bloomsbury's literary history and makes this volume its elegant instance. (JUDITH SCHERER HERZ) Robin Healey. Twentieth-Century Italian Literature in Translation: An Annotated Bibliography, 1929B1997 University of Toronto Press 1998. xxx, 606. $95.00 In the twentieth century, six Italian authors have won the Nobel Prize for Literature: Giosuè Carducci (1906), Grazia Deledda (1926), Luigi Pirandello (1934), Salvatore Quasimodo (1959), Eugenio Montale (1975), and Dario Fo (1997). For the serious literary scholar who comprehends Italian fluently, there is no substitute for the richness and subtle complexity embedded in the original texts of these authors. But for the vast majority of English readers who have a fondness for Italian literature, the only avenue for understanding and appreciation is a good fluid translation. Not only have the works of Italian Nobel laureates been translated frequently into English but there abounds, for example, a virtual plethora of translations into English of popular novelists such as Ignazio Silone, Alberto Moravia, Italo Calvino, and Umberto Eco. There have also been many translations, especially of modern Italian poetry, published by smaller, non-commercial presses of lesser-known Italian authors. Robin Healey's annotated bibliography is a shining testament to the abundant variety of these English translations. Healey earned his doctorate in 1976 with a dissertation entitled `Family and Social Change in a South Italian Town.' His love of Italian literature stems from that formative period in his career. His bibliography, which contains 2500 listings of some 1400 works, is an exemplary reference tool. Firmly grounded in biography and publishing history, it is a work of erudition and clarity, which complements and surpasses its predecessor, Nancy C. Shields's landmark study, Italian Translations in America (1931). humanities 477 Whereas Shields's scholarly bibliography is relegated to English translations in American editions from the beginnings of Italian literature up to 1928, Healey's bibliography documents practically the rest of the twentieth century, encompassing all countries in which English translations have appeared in monograph and serial form. The bibliography begins with a comprehensive introduction that gives an overview of the patterns in English translation, the economic aspects of publishing, the translators themselves, previous bibliographies in the field, the structure of the bibliographical entries, the bibliographical principles at work, and access points. Separate preliminary sections list the sources consulted and abbreviations employed. The bibliography is organized chronologically by year and then within each year entries appear alphabetically under each author's name. There is also an appendix of translations found by Healey at the penultimate stage of his work, primarily translations recorded in the OCLC WorldCat database. Bibliographical descriptions consist of a unique four-digit reference number, the main entry (usually the author's name), the uniform title (ordinarily the Italian title with the original date of publication), the English title, the name of the translator, imprint, series if any, pagination, notes, and sources of data (copies examined, another bibliography or an online database). Access to the bibliography is provided by six separate indexes keyed to item numbers: author, title, translator, editor, publisher, and periodical. There are many outstanding features of Healey's bibliography, including its organization, accuracy, comprehensiveness, and ease of access. `A good annotated bibliography,' Healey points out in his introduction, `should encourage readers who consult it to look...
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	2	80	https://www.abebooks.com/books/nobel-prize-in-literature-winners	en	Nobel Prize in Literature winners	https://assets.brightspot.abebooks.a2z.com/dims4/default/92ed360/2147483647/strip/true/crop/800x420+0+90/resize/1200x630!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fabebooks-brightspot.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe6%2F12%2F33e1ec2548ef9f929ade36f49b60%2Fnobel-prize-for-literature-image-promo.png	https://assets.brightspot.abebooks.a2z.com/dims4/default/92ed360/2147483647/strip/true/crop/800x420+0+90/resize/1200x630!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fabebooks-brightspot.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe6%2F12%2F33e1ec2548ef9f929ade36f49b60%2Fnobel-prize-for-literature-image-promo.png	[ "https://assets.brightspot.abebooks.a2z.com/dims4/default/9935ffb/2147483647/strip/true/crop/374x500+0+0/resize/748x1000!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fabebooks-brightspot.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F37%2F00%2Fd1941ce04f6c887c1bd326fffe0a%2F9781628971088-us.jpg 2x", "https://assets.brightspot.abebooks.a2z.com/dims4/default/6fe56be/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1240x930+0+0/resize/1600x1200!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fabebooks-brightspot.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fbd%2F58%2F54b371294866a0fac37dd5020a70%2Fkazuo-ishiguro-large-promo.png 2x", "https://assets.brightspot.abebooks.a2z.com/dims4/default/393db56/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1240x930+0+0/resize/1600x1200!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fabebooks-brightspot.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fd4%2Fc0%2F5234be7b40b78340d4212f0dcf67%2Fnational-book-award-promo.png 2x", "https://assets.brightspot.abebooks.a2z.com/dims4/default/1d579c5/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1240x930+0+0/resize/1600x1200!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fabebooks-brightspot.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fa8%2Fd9%2Fbbc1469f4af3ae7d64dbfba82125%2Flarge-promo-womens-prize.png 2x", "https://assets.prod.abebookscdn.com/cdn/shared/images/common/social/facebook.svg", "https://assets.prod.abebookscdn.com/cdn/shared/images/common/social/x-twitter.svg", "https://assets.prod.abebookscdn.com/cdn/shared/images/common/social/instagram.svg", "https://assets.prod.abebookscdn.com/cdn/shared/images/common/footer/abebooks-footer-logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "list of nobel writers", "nobel authors", "nobel prize for literature" ]	null	[]	2022-09-21T00:00:00	The Nobel Prize for Literature is the world’s most important international literary honor. Browse the complete list of winning authors since 1901.	en	https://www.abebooks.com/favicon.ico	AbeBooks	https://www.abebooks.com/books/nobel-prize-in-literature-winners	The Nobel Prize for Literature is the world’s most important international literary honor. Alfred Nobel - the Swedish scientist, engineer, and inventor - left his fortune to establish awards for physics, chemistry, physiology/medicine, peace, and literature. The prizes began in 1901, and the first winner for literature was the French poet and essayist Sully Prudhomme. The winner is decided by a committee consisting of members from the Swedish Academy, which was founded in 1786. The Swedish Academy features 18 people of note – such as writers, scholars, and historians - who have the role for life. The prize is awarded for a writer’s overall body of work although individual works of importance have been cited at times. Past winners include Annie Ernaux, Ernest Hemingway, Albert Camus, Hermann Hesse, José Saramago, Pablo Neruda, Kazuo Ishiguro, and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. Swedish author Selma Lagerlöf was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1909. The Nobel Prize looks for excellence in more than just fiction. Non-fiction authors (Winston Churchill and Bertrand Russell), poets (such as T.S. Eliot), playwrights (such as Harold Pinter and Nelly Sachs), a short story writer (Alice Munro), and even a singer/songwriter, Bob Dylan, have been honored. The 2023 winner is Jon Fosse, one of Norway’s most prominent and celebrated playwrights and novelists. His works, often marked by their minimalist style and deep existential themes, explore the interior lives of rather solitary characters. He published his first novel, “Red, Black,” in 1983, and his debut play Someone Is Going to Come followed in 1992. His work A New Name: Septology VI-VII was a finalist for the International Booker Prize in 2022 and his other major works include Melancholy; Morning and Evening and Aliss at the Fire.
wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	3	23	https://gangalib.org/carduccibooks.php	en	Ganga Library Inc			[ "https://gangalib.org/images/KB-Logo.png", "https://gangalib.org/images/ganga_header1.png", "https://gangalib.org/images/speaker.png", "https://gangalib.org/images/paypal-small.png", "https://gangalib.org/images/border_image.png", "https://gangalib.org/images/us_flag.png", "https://gangalib.org/images/amharic_flag.jpg", "https://gangalib.org/images/azerbaijan-flag.jpg", "https://gangalib.org/images/german-flag.jpg", "https://gangalib.org/images/kannada_flag.png", "https://gangalib.org/images/portugese.jpg", "https://gangalib.org/images/russia_flag.png", "https://gangalib.org/images/spanish_flag.png", "https://gangalib.org/images/bwlogo.jpg", "https://gangalib.org/images/no_cover_thumb.gif", "https://gangalib.org/images/internet_archive_logo.png", "https://gangalib.org/images/speaker.png", "https://gangalib.org/images/logo_wcmasthead_en.png", "https://gangalib.org/images/paypal-small.png", "https://gangalib.org/images/QR-Code-Silvia.jpg", "https://gangalib.org/images/linkedin-logo.png", "https://gangalib.org/images/logo-square.png", "https://gangalib.org/images/guidestar.png", "https://gangalib.org/images/carducci.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null			images/favicon-32.png		null	Giosuè Carducci The Nobel Prize in Literature 1906 Nobel Co-recipient Ernesto Teodoro Moneta Poet, Senator. Wrote poetry as child. Excellent translator, literary historian, orator. Conducted research in every phase of literature and eloquently expressed his findings. Poetry inspired compatriots in war for Italian independence, enjoyed immense popularity at home and abroad. Greatest Italian literary figure in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Books On Giosuè Carducci from Pegasos Author's Calendar. ENGLISH. Title: Giosuè Carducci Author: Orlo Williams Publisher: Hard Press, 2012 ISBN: 129004676X, 9781290046763 Length: 134 pages Subjects: History General Language: ENGLISH Works by or about Giosuè Carducci at Internet Archive Works by Giosuè Carducci at LibriVox Carducci: all the poems Giosuè Carducci poems Original Italian text Find in a library near you. In Worldcat page, click book of interest to you. Scroll down to libraries which possess book. Possibly more than one person with same name Discover Your Abilities and Aspirations! $10 $25 $50 $100 Other Tax Exempt 501(c)3 Non-Profit Organization Any Currency “One comes to be of just such stuff as that on which the mind is set” - Maithri Upanishath, VI.34:3 “…the peace that is found in libraries and laboratories…” - Louis Pasteur Contact Us E-Mail: info@GangaLib.org Ganga library non-profit 501(c)(3) org. Contributions tax deductible. IRS Tax ID 46-2892728 Copyright © 2023 Ganga Library Inc. All Rights reserved.; Photo: Wikiphedia Name: Giosuè Alessandro Giuseppe Carducci Birth: 27 July 1835, Val di Castello, Tuscany (now Italy) Death: 16 February 1907, Bologna, Italy Residence at the time of the award: Italy Prize motivation: "not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces" Field: poetry Biography Books Images Audio/Visual health
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wrong_mix_range_award_00064	FactBench	2	38	https://underworldamusements.com/products/a-hymn-to-satan	en	A Hymn to Satan \| Giosue Carducci & Robert Merciless	http://underworldamusements.com/cdn/shop/products/Carducci-HymnToSatan-Cover-Final-12-05-17_a0f85c6f-837b-4acd-a0f9-cd0412545330_1200x1200.jpg?v=1643890655	http://underworldamusements.com/cdn/shop/products/Carducci-HymnToSatan-Cover-Final-12-05-17_a0f85c6f-837b-4acd-a0f9-cd0412545330_1200x1200.jpg?v=1643890655	[ "https://underworldamusements.com/cdn/shop/files/UA-wbg-400w_e253261c-5620-4046-8b91-9f597033c51e_{width}x.png?v=1693160307", "https://underworldamusements.com/cdn/shop/files/UA-wbg-400w_e253261c-5620-4046-8b91-9f597033c51e_500x.png?v=1693160307", "https://underworldamusements.com/cdn/shop/products/Carducci-HymnToSatan-Cover-Final-12-05-17_a0f85c6f-837b-4acd-a0f9-cd0412545330_300x300.jpg?v=1643890655", "https://underworldamusements.com/cdn/shop/products/Carducci-HymnToSatan-Cover-Final-12-05-17_a0f85c6f-837b-4acd-a0f9-cd0412545330_580x.jpg?v=1643890655", "https://underworldamusements.com/cdn/shop/products/photo_2017-12-29_11-25-18_1de0e7a2-23b2-44ed-921a-f89a1217e064_{width}x.jpg?v=1643890655", "https://underworldamusements.com/cdn/shop/products/Carducci-HymnToSatan-Cover-Final-12-05-17_a0f85c6f-837b-4acd-a0f9-cd0412545330_compact.jpg?v=1643890655", "https://underworldamusements.com/cdn/shop/products/photo_2017-12-29_11-25-18_1de0e7a2-23b2-44ed-921a-f89a1217e064_compact.jpg?v=1643890655", "https://underworldamusements.com/cdn/shop/products/MonsterMidway-DunceBooks-Cover_dbca7089-ed85-4337-8894-09e9092a8701_{width}x.png?v=1638621027", "https://underworldamusements.com/cdn/shop/products/MonsterMidway-DunceBooks-Cover_dbca7089-ed85-4337-8894-09e9092a8701_580x.png?v=1638621027", "https://underworldamusements.com/cdn/shop/products/MightIsRight-AuthoritativeEdition_{width}x.jpg?v=1585490142", "https://underworldamusements.com/cdn/shop/products/MightIsRight-AuthoritativeEdition_580x.jpg?v=1585490142", "https://underworldamusements.com/cdn/shop/products/9781943687268-Perfect-Cover_{width}x.png?v=1627679319", "https://underworldamusements.com/cdn/shop/products/9781943687268-Perfect-Cover_580x.png?v=1627679319", "https://underworldamusements.com/cdn/shop/products/IMG_20221019_081353_836_{width}x.jpg?v=1666181679", "https://underworldamusements.com/cdn/shop/products/IMG_20221019_081353_836_580x.jpg?v=1666181679", "https://underworldamusements.com/cdn/shop/products/RivalCover_{width}x.jpg?v=1601821929", "https://underworldamusements.com/cdn/shop/products/RivalCover_580x.jpg?v=1601821929" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	In 1906 the Nobel Prize for literature was awarded to Giosuè Carducci of Italy for extraordinary lifelong accomplishment in the field of poetry. He was a Satanist. By the time he won the Nobel, Carducci had firmly established himself as one of the world’s most well-known and influential literary figures with a large bo			Underworld Amusements	https://underworldamusements.com/products/a-hymn-to-satan	In 1906 the Nobel Prize for literature was awarded to Giosuè Carducci of Italy for extraordinary lifelong accomplishment in the field of poetry. He was a Satanist. By the time he won the Nobel, Carducci had firmly established himself as one of the world’s most well-known and influential literary figures with a large body of distinguished work and a long career of artistic achievement, political activism and religious agitation. He had published several volumes of poetry attracting worldwide critical acclaim... Carducci’s credentials as a Satanist include not only his worldly successes and overt opposition to Christianity but his writing of the highly controversial poem, Inno a Satana or “Hymn to Satan.” In writing, publicly reciting and twice publishing this astounding poem, he stepped firmly beyond his paganism and even his anti-clericalism into the realm of modern Satanism by embracing the mythic character of Satan as an exemplary role model and heroic archetypal symbol. Indeed, it is this taking of Satan as an exemplar symbol that is the defining characteristic of the Modern Satanist. --R.Merciless, from his introduction.
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