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correct_foundationPlace_00033
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FactBench
|
2
| 39
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https://www.knowi.com/docs/marklogic.html
|
en
|
MarkLogic Analytics
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Knowi is a Business Intelligence Tool for structured and unstructured data reporting and visualization.
|
images/icons/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png
|
https://www.knowi.com/docs/marklogic.html
|
MarkLogic Datasource Integration
Knowi enables data plumbing and visualizations from MarkLogic to go from data to visual interactive insights quickly.
Overview
Connect, extract and transform data from your MarkLogic, using one of the following options:
a. Through our UI to connect directly, if your MarkLogic servers are accessible from the cloud.
b. Using our Cloud9Agent for datasources inside your network.
Query, Visualize and track all your key metrics instantly.
UI Based Approach
Connecting
Log in to Knowi and select Queries from the left sidebar.
Click on New Datasource + button and select MarkLogic from the list of datasources.
After navigating to the New Datasource page, either use the pre-configured settings into Cloud9 Chart's own demo MarkLogic database or follow the prompts and configure the following details to set up connectivity to your own MarkLogic database:
a. Datasource Name: Enter a name for your datasource
b. Host Name: Enter the host name to connect to
c. Port: Enter the database port
d. Database Name: Enter database name or leave empty to use default database
e. User: Enter the User ID to connect
f. Password: Enter the password to connect to the database
g. Database Properties: Additional database connection properties/url parameters. For example, ssl=true&anotherProp=anotherVal. To set Connection to an SSL-enabled XDBC App Server, please set ssl=true.
Establish Network connectivity and click on the Test Connection button.
Note: The connection validity of the network can be tested only if it has been established via Direct Connectivity or an SSH tunnel. For more information on connectivity and datasource, please refer to the documentation on- Connectivity & Datasources.
Click on Save and start Querying.
Query
Set up Query using a visual builder or query editor
Visual Builder
After connecting to the Couchbase datasource, Knowi will pull out a list of collections along with field samples.
Step1: After connecting to the MarkLogic datasource, Knowi will pull out a list of collections along with field samples. Using these tables, you can automatically generate queries through our visual builder in a no-code environment by either dragging and dropping fields or making your selections through the drop-down.
Tip: You can also write queries directly in the Query Editor, a versatile text editor that offers more advanced editing functionalities like JavaScript/XQuery, support for multiple language modes, Cloud9QL, and more.
Step 2: Define data execution strategy by using any of the following two options:
Direct Execution: Directly execute the Query on the original Datasource, without any storage in between. In this case, when a widget is displayed, it will fetch the data in real time from the underlying Datasource.
Non-Direct Execution: For non-direct queries, results will be stored in Knowi's Elastic Store. Benefits include- long-running queries, reduced load on your database, and more.
Non-direct execution can be put into action if you choose to run the Query once or at scheduled intervals. For more information, feel free to check out this documentation- Defining Data Execution Strategy
Step 3: Click on the Preview button to analyze the results of your Query and fine-tune the desired output, if required.
The result of your Query is called Dataset. After reviewing the results, name your dataset and then hit the Create & Run button.
Query Editor
A versatile text editor designed for editing code that comes with a number of language modes including Influx Query Language (IQL) and add-ons like Cloud9QL, and AI Assistant which empowers you with powerful transformations and analysis capabilities like prediction modeling and cohort analysis if you need it.
AI Assistant
AI assistant query generator automatically generates queries from plain English statements for searching the connected databases and retrieving information. The goal is to simplify and speed up the search process by automatically generating relevant and specific queries, reducing the need for manual input, and improving the probability of finding relevant information.
Step 1: Select Generate Query from AI Assistant dropdown and enter the details of the query you'd like to generate in plain English. Details can include table or collection names, fields, filters, etc.
Example: XQuery query to show description from feeds
Note: The AI Assistant uses OpenAI to generate a query and only the question is sent to OpenAI APIs and not the data.
Step 2: Define data execution strategy by using any of the following two options:
Direct Execution: Directly execute the Query on the original Datasource, without any storage in between. In this case, when a widget is displayed, it will fetch the data in real time from the underlying Datasource.
Non-Direct Execution: For non-direct queries, results will be stored in Knowi's Elastic Store. Benefits include- long-running queries, reduced load on your database, and more.
Non-direct execution can be put into action if you choose to run the Query once or at scheduled intervals. For more information, feel free to check out this documentation- Defining Data Execution Strategy
Step 3: Click on the Preview button to analyze the results of your Query and fine-tune the desired output, if required.
Note 1: The OpenAI must be enabled by the admin before using the AI Query Generator.
Note 2: The user can copy the API key from the personal OpenAI account and use the same or use the default key provided by Knowi.
{Account Settings > Customer Settings > OpenAI Integration}
Furthermore, AI Assistant offers you additional features that can be performed on top of the generated query as listed below:
Explain Query
Find Issues
Syntax Help
Explain Query
Provides explanations for your existing query. For example, an explanation requested for the query generated below AI Assistant has returned the description-
This MarkLogic query is declaring a variable, $feeds, which contains two XML elements, each with a title and description. The query then returns the description of each feed. The output of the query would be:
Find Issues
Helps in debugging and troubleshooting the query. For example, finding issues in the query generated below returns this error- The feeds is misspelled (should be "feeds")
Syntax Help
Ask questions around query syntax for this datasource. For example, suggesting the syntax for the requested query returned the response- "The following XQuery code can be used to display records from a MarkLogic database:
let $records := fn:collection("records") for $record in $records return {$record/title} {$record/description} "
Semantics SPARQL with XQuery
Semantic SPARQL can be executed using XQuery as following.
xquery version "1.0-ml"; import module namespace sem = "http://marklogic.com/semantics" at "/MarkLogic/semantics.xqy"; sem:sparql(' <SPARQL QUERY> ')
Example:
xquery version "1.0-ml"; import module namespace sem = "http://marklogic.com/semantics" at "/MarkLogic/semantics.xqy"; sem:sparql(' SELECT ?person WHERE { ?person <http://example.org/marklogic/predicate/livesIn> "London" } ')
For more details on Semantics and SPARQL, see MarkLogic Semantics Documentation.
AI Query Generator
The AI query generator automatically generates queries from plain English statements for searching the connected databases and retrieving information. The goal is to simplify and speed up the search process by automatically generating relevant and specific queries, reducing the need for manual input, and improving the probability of finding relevant information.
STEPS:
Step 1: Enter the details of the query you'd like to generate in plain English. Details can include table or collection names, fields, filters, etc. The AI generator uses OpenAI to generate a query.
Only the question is sent to OpenAI APIs and not the data.
Example:
"Return Count of adjustedprice from claims2018age_gender (XML)"
Step 2: Click on the Run and the query will be generated which you can copy to the clipboard and paste into the Query Editor.
Step 3: Click on the Preview button to analyze the results of your Query and fine-tune the desired output, if required.
Note 1: The OpenAI must be enabled by the admin before using the AI Query Generator.
Note 2: The user can copy the API key from the personal OpenAI account and use the same or use the default key provided by Knowi.
{Account Settings > Customer Settings > OpenAI Integration}
Cloud9Agent (StandAlone) Configuration
As an alternative to the UI based connectivity above, you can configure Cloud9Agent directly within your network (instead of the UI) to query MarkLogic. See Cloud9Agent to download and run your agent.
Highlights:
Pull data using XQuery and optionally manipulate the results further with Cloud9QL.
Execute queries on a schedule, or, one time.
The agent contains a datasource_example_markLogic.json and query_example_markLogic.json under the examples folder of the agent installation to get you started.
Edit those to point to your database and modify the queries to pull your data.
Move it into the config directory (datasource_XXX.json files first if the Agent is running).
Datasource Configuration:
Parameter Comments name Unique Datasource Name. datasource Set value to marklogic host Host or IP to connect to port Port to connect to dbName claimsdemo userId User id to connect, where applicable. Password Password, where applicable userId User id to connect, where applicable.
Query Configuration:
Query Config Params Comments entityName Dataset Name Identifier identifier A unique identifier for the dataset. Either identifier or entityName must be specified. dsName Name of the datasource name configured in the datasource_XXX.json file to execute the query against. Required. queryStr MarkLogic SQL query to execute. Required. frequencyType One of minutes, hours, days,weeks,months. If this is not specified, this is treated as a one time query, executed upon Cloud9Agent startup (or when the query is first saved) frequency Indicates the frequency, if frequencyType is defined. For example, if this value is 10 and the frequencyType is minutes, the query will be executed every 10 minutes startTime Optional, can be used to specify when the query should be run for the first time. If set, the the frequency will be determined from that time onwards. For example, is a weekly run is scheduled to start at 07/01/2014 13:30, the first run will run on 07/01 at 13:30, with the next run at the same time on 07/08/2014. The time is based on the local time of the machine running the Agent. Supported Date Formats: MM/dd/yyyy HH:mm, MM/dd/yy HH:mm, MM/dd/yyyy, MM/dd/yy, HH:mm:ss,HH:mm,mm c9QLFilter Optional post processing of the results using Cloud9QL. Typically uncommon against SQL based datastores. overrideVals This enables data storage strategies to be specified. If this is not defined, the results of the query is added to the existing dataset. To replace all data for this dataset within Knowi, specify {"replaceAll":true}. To upsert data specify "replaceValuesForKey":["fieldA","fieldB"]. This will replace all existing records in Knowi with the same fieldA and fieldB with the the current data and insert records where they are not present.
Examples
Datasource Example:
[ { "name": "demoMarkLogic", "host": "54.205.52.22", "port": "8010", "dbName": "claimsdemo", "userId": "user", "password": "pass", "datasource": "marklogic" } ]
Query Examples:
[ { "entityName": "Total Claims", "queryStr": "let $sorted-claims :=\n for $claim in collection(\"claimscsv\")/root\n where $claim/id > 10190 and $claim/id < 10590\n order by $claim/id\n return $claim\nfor $claim at $count in subsequence($sorted-claims, 1, 10)\nreturn $claim", "c9QLFilter": "SELECT service_month, NET_PAID_AMT, BILL_AMT, MBR_AGE", "queryType": "XQuery", "dsName": "demoMarkLogic", "overrideVals": { "replaceAll": true }, "frequencyType":"minute", "frequency":10 } ]
|
||||||
correct_foundationPlace_00033
|
FactBench
|
2
| 81
|
https://www.oxygenxml.com/doc/ug-editor/topics/configure-marklogic-connection.html
|
en
|
How to Configure a MarkLogic Connection
|
https://www.oxygenxml.com/doc/ug-editor/oxygen-webhelp\template\editor-sa/images/favicon.ico
|
https://www.oxygenxml.com/doc/ug-editor/oxygen-webhelp\template\editor-sa/images/favicon.ico
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[] | null |
Notes: Available in the Enterprise edition only. Oxygen XML Editor supports MarkLogic version 4.0 or later. To configure a connection to a MarkLogic database, follow these steps: Open the Preferences ...
|
en
|
../oxygen-webhelp\template\editor-sa/images/favicon.ico
| null | ||||
correct_foundationPlace_00033
|
FactBench
|
2
| 15
|
https://adamfowler.org/2013/11/25/marklogic-huh-what-is-it-good-for/
|
en
|
MarkLogic, huh, what is it good for?…
|
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2013-11-25T00:00:00
|
...tonnes! In this my 100th blog post on NoSQL I thought I'd write up a few reasons you'd want to consider MarkLogic, specifically, over other NoSQL solutions... I've previously written a blog post 'NoSQL, huh, what is it good for?'. I've noticed a lot of chatter lately around confusion as to when you'd use MarkLogic,…
|
en
|
https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico
|
Adam's Deep Technology Blog
|
https://adamfowler.org/2013/11/25/marklogic-huh-what-is-it-good-for/
|
…tonnes! In this my 100th blog post on NoSQL I thought I’d write up a few reasons you’d want to consider MarkLogic, specifically, over other NoSQL solutions…
I’ve previously written a blog post ‘NoSQL, huh, what is it good for?‘. I’ve noticed a lot of chatter lately around confusion as to when you’d use MarkLogic, or even what to use it for, so I thought I’d reprise the idea and apply it to MarkLogic. Go read that page first for a general NoSQL overview.
What is MarkLogic?
In the simplest terms, MarkLogic is a single product that combines features of a highly distributed NoSQL database, a search engine, all with application services layered over the top.
The first thing a database must do (in my professional opinion) is not lose data. If you’re using it as the primary repository of information it MUST have ACID compliance, with HA, DR, backups and restore features. To not do so is insanity.
Sure, if you’re wanting a high speed read cache over an Oracle database and you’re using MongoDB then no transactional consistency may be fine – the data is held safe in Oracle. It’s just an inconvenience when MongoDB fouls up, as you can recover it from the underlying transactional Oracle DB store.
I dislike delegating features like availability and consistency of information to the application developer. They don’t manage that for a living – database admins and db developers do. Same for security permissions too. Call me old fashioned, but in that delegation approach, madness lies. The magical interwebs are full of stories of woe of people failing when using non-transactional NoSQL databases for primary systems. [1] [2] [3] [Great parody video here]
For unstructured and semi-structured document management you need a good way of finding the relevant information. In relational databases you know the columns and table structures up front. In a NoSQL database that is schema-agnostic, you may not have that luxury. Thus a search engine being tightly integrated to your database is a good idea.
In MarkLogic the search engine is part of the same product. Thus you don’t need to ‘bolt on’ a third party product with all the integration code and separate update schedules that implies. Also, MarkLogic uses the same underlying indexes for simple primary/secondary key fetching of documents (a la database access) as it does for use by the search engine. Thus MarkLogic is more frugal on disc requirements for indexes.
Everything in MarkLogic is stored as compressed binary trees – NOT as raw documents – not even simply as gzipped documents – so MarkLogic saves disc space over alternatives. MarkLogic storing documents with an average (say 5-15) range indexes will effectively use the same amount of disc space – for data plus indexes – as the raw document. This is part of our secret sauce, and the algorithms are patented.
MarkLogic’s range indexes are also, frankly, pretty damn cool! You can use them to perform BI style analytics in memory over your entire database in sub second response times. (aka in database Map/Reduce) They power MarkLogic’s ODBC server, allowing access over unstructured data from structured languages like SQL! They also make combining text, value, structure, bi-temporal, geospatial and semantic queries in a single hit a breeze – no more needing 5 products for an application stack.
MarkLogic needed to choose a processing language to use no matter what the incoming document type. XQuery was chosen, with XML being the internal representation type. Documents are stored as compressed binary trees, but processed as XML using XQuery. Other API are layered over the top – so you may not need to learn XQuery at all. Our JavaScript REST API and JSON support mean you can just live in that world – as I have done writing my MLJS javascript API over MarkLogic.
XQuery and XML are about as open a pair of standards as you can get. If my database or application dev team we’re going to learn anything, I’d prefer it to be an open standard with wide applicability over vendors’ own weird and wonderful languages.
You may not find a deluge of people with MarkLogic skills, but those with XML and XQuery experience will pick up MarkLogic easily, and have great productivity over alternatives once they do.
OK, but what the hell do I use it for?
The short answer is ‘lots!’ – but that’s not particularly revealing! Let’s look at a few small scenarios. I’ll trust the reader to be sufficiently intelligent to apply this to their organisation’s IT landscape.
The sparse data and variety problems
RDBMS work well because they have a known schema. This means they pretty much know what space on disc is required, max, to store a particular row. So they typically go ahead and reserve that space. Problem is, sometimes a row may be very sparse. You use a null value in a few places. All of a sudden you’re using disc to store null values in a lot of place. A pithy intro to the problem is available in the first couple of paragraphs of this PDF.
When will this occur? Think of a contact application. You may have spaces for cell phone, home phone, work phone. Then email. Then postal addresses. Then Skype, Facebook etc. etc. Each individual contact though may only have one or two entries of the possible 200 or so possibilities.
Yes, you can normalise this using a key-value approach, and I’m choosing an extreme example, but it is an issue around sparse data issues that you should be aware of as an application developer.
The issue is further complicated when you consider you may not know the future structures of contact information you have to hold. An address is several lines, a phone number may have a country code, area code, and number. What’s the NextBigThing[™] going to have as a format?
Using an RDBMS means you have to design a schema up front before you take even the first new format of information in. This may be fine in some circumstances, but in others it is not. Consider a social network monitoring (open source intelligence) tool.
You build the first version to monitor people threatening to plant bombs on Twitter and Facebook. All of a sudden, the BagGuys[™] move to using a weird and wonderful social network you’ve never heard of. Their messages, although easy to access via RESTful HTTP requests and JSON or XML, are held in a special structure.
You need to bring this online NOW in order to ensure you have all the information required. You don’t have time to design a schema. You don’t want to eat storage by adding another 200 columns to a table.
MarkLogic is schema agnostic. We are document based, but the thing about documents is that you can store rows easily (one parent element matching a table name, several child elements, one per column, in a flat structure), you can also of course hold key-value (document URI, aka ID, for key, document content for value), document structures, naturally, are easy to store too. Think of it as an ‘envelope format’ that you can store anything inside.
Thanks to MarkLogic’s universal index, all of the structure, values, word, word and phrase stems, permissions and collections are indexed on the document during load. They are available as soon as the document is committed (within the transaction boundary). Thus you can bring on new data types and explore their content *before* you add any specific range indexes over individual fields or metadata to that type. No DB schema design up front required. Thus cheaper and quicker to onboard new information types.
MarkLogic’s universal index combined with schema-agnosticism allows this ‘store and explore’ functionality. Other NoSQL DBMS can only store/retrieve as they don’t index the *content* of the information up front, and they certainly don’t combine it with in database analytical functions as is possible in MarkLogic.
The real time valuable information in flight problem
Let’s say you’re sat in an intelligence analysis cell in [your favourite security agency in your favourite country]. You search on a daily basis for certain key phrases, people, places, or combinations thereof.
You do this manually, but since your agency has joined the 21st century you can also use a search engine to do this quickly, across all allied intelligence data held. You can literally ask ‘Tell me everything we know about [your least favourite terrorist organisation]’.
Now lets say a secret squirrel sitting in an oak tree with a long zoom SLR camera has just observed a member of this organisation drop off information to a particular contact. Separately, the military are boots on the ground ready to go arrest this guy half way across the world. Oopsie.
Is it just that you’re going to miss him? Is it a trap for your soldiers? I have no idea, but it’s probably a good idea for that information to be available ASAP after it is recorded to those guys before they go in. The analyst may not know of this operation so can’t pick up the phone.
This is where alerting comes in. Recall that MarkLogic is a database and search engine in a single product. We use one set of indexes that are updated at the same time as the document is committed to the system (within the transactional boundary). This means as soon as the transaction is complete, the document is available to find. Great.
Another feature of MarkLogic is to take any arbitrarily complex search, perhaps crossing text, element, value, geospatial and semantic terms, and store that as a document. Why you ask? Because we have a special index for these stored searches that is used to fire alerts.
If you save your search you can attach one or more actions to it. Thus you can alert people or systems, or perform some other action (BPM process update?) based on a new document entering the system that matches this saved query.
This is the basis of alerting in MarkLogic. It is as near instant as you can get because we have a built in search engine with sophisticated functionality that is updated as information is added, in real time. This makes our alerting real time. This means our troops would be alerted to this person’s latest position, and thus aware to the fact the mission has changed. Hussar! Lives saved, evil terrorist plot thwarted, world peace ensues. (Because as we all know the latest new technology, like NoSQL, can make you toast in the morning and cure world peace, right?)
Use cases exist for other areas too. These could include Summary Care Records – E.g. ‘We’ve just determined this guy is allergic to penicillin’ in a hospital lab, separately a day later he’s in an accident mountaineering elsewhere in the country. You need to ensure that record is up to date ASAP. The FAA also use MarkLogic for this feature too.
The XML is everywhere, like sticky goo, but how the hell to store it problem
Storing XML on disc directly is a sucky solution. XML is quite verbose and eats space. So let’s not do that.
So what to do? You can store it in an XML column in your favourite RDBMS. You’ll need to extract some information to add to the columns as primary/foreign keys, but that’s no hassle in the grand scheme of things.
Problem is though, you’re not taking advantage of the other content in the XML document. You’ve not got a full text index. You’re not processing the document to perform entity extraction or entity enrichment.
You also can’t add an index over geospatial co-ordinates no matter where they appear in any document in the system. You’d have to extract that from the document and store separately in two more columns. Then what if there are more than one set of co-ordinates?… More schema design work.
OK, so storing XML in an XML column sucks too. What about then bowing to the inevitable and shredding the XML document across a set of tables using the XML schema as a basis. That way all information is available for query, and you can rebuild the document to retrieve it.
Sounds good in theory, and many people who add XML to an existing relational application do this. This is best when the document encompasses several known, fixed relational sets of information. A good example is an e-commerce order document. It links to product information, quantity, price, total price, billing details, delivery address. All structures are known up front, you’re just using XML as a convenience to submit the whole set in one go – basically as a transmission format.
What if you want to do more though? In the above, what if you want to place special tags around people, places, organisations, time periods – basically enrich the document as it enters. What if you want to do a free text search in specific areas of the document ‘Find me documents that mention Adam within 10 paragraphs of Cheese’ – doing that in relational is really, really hard. Try writing SQL for ‘where column contains Adam, with the 10 nearest paragraphs (perhaps rows in the same database table) having Cheese’. How do you define ‘near’ across rows in the same table?
Also, if you have to take on new varieties of XML, or versions of existing schema – not out of the range of possibilities with software upgrades in your application stack – how do you manage two schemas (or 200, most likely) at the same time? The answer – it’s a frickin’ nightmare.
Use the most appropriate database for your data. If it’s XML, and a variety of XML at that, and you need advanced query and/or analytics, then use MarkLogic. Using MarkLogic minimises the amount of ‘plumbing code’ to get data in and out. A more appropriate question is ‘Why NOT use MarkLogic?’ for this data set?
MarkLogic scales well with a variety of data, it has Enterprise features around ensuring data is safe and secure. It has advanced search and analytics capabilities. If you need that functionality, you should at least evaluate MarkLogic.
In summary
There are a whole bunch of different solution areas MarkLogic is used for, and it’s been used by a wide range of customers.
Why is MarkLogic better than [my favourite alternative RDBMS or NoSQL product here]?
Because they suck… Just kidding! Stop writing the flames right now.
If you were building a CRM solution with a known data model (and many have) then why not choose an RDBMS? The structure and relationships are known. The data fits well in to rows and columns. The documents that do exist have a class and metadata that can be quantified, and fixed. It’s a good fit for an RDBMS.
Many people, however, approach data problems with this kind of thought process:-
I need to manage lots of information centrally, and not lose it. I’d better use a database.
We have an [Insert your RDBMS product here] site license/ELA – lets try to use that.
Let’s model the data we know about in a schema and use that for phase 1.
Hey look, it works pretty well! Let’s go develop phase two.
Ah. This is really hard now. We’re having to support 4 different formats, and different versions of those formats, across 50 different sources/states/counties with their own rules, and data requirements… Let’s create a lowest common denomator schema that we can crow bar all these formats in to.
Now lets write a bunch of code to reformat the data on the way in, and the way out, of our database schema. Hey it kinda works now.
Oh look. Performance now sucks and it’s costing us millions to maintain. Oops.
There is a better way. I believe in the right database system for the right type of information. If you have lots of documents flying around, be they insurance documents, articles for publishing, intelligence reports, financial trades, even images and word documents – then you should at least consider a document-orientated NoSQL database like MarkLogic. And if you don’t want to lose data, then probably start with MarkLogic.
Is it really that radical to suggest evaluating a document-orientated NoSQL database like MarkLogic for document-orientated information management problems? I don’t think so.
An alternative way of thinking about this data problem is as follows:-
We have this data we need to manage that changes a bunch of times. I’ve heard NoSQL databases are good for that, lets try one.
Open Source means cheaper overall, right? Lets use [insert your favourite community edition of a NoSQL database here], because it’s mentioned a lot on the web! (It may even be ‘Web Scale‘ LOL)
We’ve created a fantastically awesome proof of concept for phase 1 in our community NoSQL database. It was really easy to do! Just a few lines of code. Data goes in, data comes out. It’s really fast too! Let’s go ahead and do this in production.
Hey, we’re getting some weird reports of some changes not being applied to our data. Also we now need to add new sharing/privacy features. Let’s get the devs on that.
It just took me 20 devs and 6 months, but we’re now not losing data! Go open source NoSQL!!! Sure, we’re taking a performance hit now we’ve put security checks in the database, and are doing all this weird transactional code stuff, but hey it still works! Let’s keep going!
We need to process the information we’re storing now. We want reports, analytical charts, we want to provide advanced search. I’ve heard you can plug in [your fave search and / or analytics open source product here] to my community NoSQL database. Lets go try that!
Phew. Finally got that all plugged in together! Glad we have those 20 developers sitting around to write plumbing code when I need it!!!
What do you mean our dev costs are higher than the software license and maintenance costs of an RDBMS or MarkLogic???
You see a similar flaw in the logic. Just because you can do something and it appears simple at the start, doesn’t mean the answer is a simple one.
Let’s be clear. I love the Open Source movement. It’s given us Linux and FreeBSD. We have MySQL, Postgresql because of it. And they are awesome products. And Firefox rocks! (LibreOffice sucks though, let’s be honest).
The one lie that is perpetuated is that software that you don’t have to pay an up front license fee for is ‘free’. It isn’t. Every project has costs. If you have to build functionality on top of a product – any product, whether closed or open source as we see in the above two examples – then that’s extra cost.
Every time you write plumbing code, be it to link a database to a search engine, database to a website, ingest information and transform it (ETL type activity), add security checks, ensure your data is safe (ACID transactional integrity) – that’s extra cost. These costs MUST be taken in to account when planning your project. Also take them in to account over the next three years of functionality you want, else you’ll get bitten in the proverbial posterior.
I believe it is damaging to NoSQL generally for people to ignore these issues, as it sucks people in to projects with the incorrect tools for the job. When they come out of the other side, they feel burned, and disillusioned with an entire breed of technology. The ‘trough of disillusionment’ as Gartner would surely put it.
But where does MarkLogic fit?
We get involved in many of the first set of scenarios mentioned above, but increasingly the second kind too. People try to use RDBMS to solve their issues as they have licenses for it. They find, typically in version 2 or 3 of their platforms, that it has scalability or development cost issues.
Invariably they then need a schema-agnostic database, normally in environments with lots of XML flying around (amongst other things…), but with the same features they are used to from their RDBMS. They’ve just started with the wrong tool for the job.
They want transactional integrity as it’s a mission critical problem. Sometimes this means billions of dollars of trades, or even lives being potentially at risk on the front line. They cannot afford to lose information, to have information delayed, to have security issues, or for a system failure. A down day is quite literally a death day for these people.
MarkLogic is one of only around 4 NoSQL database of over 150 with transactional integrity. It is certainly the only one with Government Grade security build in. It’s the only one that has been around for 12 years and used in mission critical systems every day. We’re also the only one to mix semantic functionality with other data types in a single platform.
What’s it really like to use on a first project though?
Click on Boeing here, top right of the page and you get two very good introductory videos, talking around the issues I’ve mentioned above. It’s really worth a watch. There’s plenty more where that came from too. Just click on any of the logos for more information.
Or even better, ask me a question about a particular problem you have in the comments below, and we’ll have an open chat about it and everyone can chip in.
|
||||
correct_foundationPlace_00033
|
FactBench
|
1
| 17
|
https://www.arubatoday.com/with-the-help-of-aruba-convention-bureau-marklogic-corporation-makes-donation-to-imelda-hof-2/
|
en
|
With the help of Aruba Convention Bureau: Marklogic Corporation makes donation to Imelda Hof – Aruba Today
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2019-07-30T07:22:58+00:00
|
en
|
https://www.arubatoday.com/with-the-help-of-aruba-convention-bureau-marklogic-corporation-makes-donation-to-imelda-hof-2/
|
Recently the Aruba Convention Bureau together with Santa Rosa and ECO DMS, assisted Marklogic Corporation with a beautiful donation to Imelda Hof. The donation consisted of planting 3 fruit plants and also the installation of a bench in the garden.
What is Marklogic Corporation?
MarkLogic Corporation is an American software business that develops and provides an enterprise NoSQL database, also named MarkLogic. The company was founded in 2001 and is based in San Carlos, California. They also have offices in Europe, Asia, and Australia. In 2016, Marlogic was named one of the top 9 providers leading the marketing database by ‘Forrester Research’ and the company is seen as a ‘visionary” in the marketing database.
Achievements
This year Marklogic Corporation came to Aruba to celebrate their‘ President’s Club,’ which recognizes their best employees. Besides their donation to Imelda Hof the company also has a goal to give back to communities all over the world. Seeing that the ceremony took place in Aruba, all the participants of Marklogic Corporation collected school supplies and donated these to JuricaTjon of The helping Hand Foundation, which is an organization that helps children with less resources.
During their stay the participants were able to enjoy differen tactivities and also tried the gastronomy the island has to offer.
Aruba Convention Bureau was honored to be part of this celebration in which the Company gave back to our community. A special thank you goes to Nathalie Maduro and Jennifer Gamez of Santa Rosa, Natalia Hernandez of Imelda Hof, Jose Henriquez of ECO DMS, and JuricaTjon of The Helping Hand Foundation.
Aruba Convention Bureau would like to thank Andie Putnam of Marklogic Corporation for choosing Aruba as their destination to celebrate their achievement.q
|
|||||||
correct_foundationPlace_00033
|
FactBench
|
2
| 42
|
https://www.cdata.com/kb/tech/marklogic-jdbc-dbv.rst
|
en
|
How to connect to MarkLogic Data in DBVisualizer
|
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[] |
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[
""
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[] | null |
Integrate MarkLogic data with visual data analysis tools and data connection wizards in DBVisualizer
|
en
|
/favicon.ico?v=2
|
CData Software
|
https://www.cdata.com/kb/tech/marklogic-jdbc-dbv.rst
|
Database URL: Enter the full JDBC URL. The syntax of the JDBC URL is jdbc:marklogic: followed by the connection properties in a semicolon-separated list of name-value pairs.
Set User, Password, and Server to the credentials for the MarkLogic account and the address of the server you want to connect to. You should also specify the REST API Port if you want to use a specific instance of a REST Server.
Built-in Connection String Designer
For assistance in constructing the JDBC URL, use the connection string designer built into the MarkLogic JDBC Driver. Either double-click the JAR file or execute the jar file from the command-line.
java -jar cdata.jdbc.marklogic.jar
Fill in the connection properties and copy the connection string to the clipboard.
When you configure the JDBC URL, you may also want to set the Max Rows connection property. This will limit the number of rows returned, which is especially helpful for improving performance when designing reports and visualizations.
A typical connection string is below:
jdbc:marklogic:User='myusername';Password='mypassword';Server='http://marklogic';
|
||||
correct_foundationPlace_00033
|
FactBench
|
1
| 2
|
https://help.marklogic.com/News/NewsItem/View/980/what-is-a-data-platform--and-why-do-you-need-one
|
en
|
What Is a Data Platform – and Why Do You Need One?
|
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[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Progress.com
|
https://www.progress.com/resources
|
For decades, enterprises have maintained both systems of record and systems of engagement:
Systems of record are foundational, mission-critical, sources of truth that are accessed primarily by internal programs and users to capture the details of undertaken business and its supporting collateral (contracts, advices, reports, statements, etc.).
Systems of engagement are the digital interfaces with which customers and employees interact. They are useful for customer service interactions, online sales promotion, and the many interactions an organization has with its partners, prospects, and customers
In recent years, a third category of systems has emerged: systems of insight. Systems of insight are data-driven and use analytics to help organizations make better decisions. Organizations are increasingly turning to systems of insight to make decisions about everything from product development to marketing to customer service. In many cases, systems of insight are powered by artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML).
There are many benefits to using systems of insight, including the ability to:
Make better decisions: Systems of insight can help organizations make better decisions by providing them with data-driven insights
Improve customer experience: By understanding customer behavior and preferences, organizations can use systems of insight to improve the customer experience
Increase operational efficiency: Systems of insight can help organizations increase their operational efficiency by identifying inefficiencies and areas for improvement
Drive innovation: By understanding customer needs and trends, organizations can use systems of insight to drive innovation
Any high-fidelity data service needs to be able to address systems of record, engagement, and insight as a single unified data platform. This allows organizations to embrace all the information needed to gain a complete view of data on any subject chosen by any user – all within the constraints of organizational policy.
A data platform is an integrated set of technologies that collectively meet an organization’s end-to-end data needs across the spectrum of the systems discussed above. It enables the acquisition, management, storage, preparation, delivery, and governance of your data and is a security layer for users and applications. A data platform can be on-premises, in the cloud, or a hybrid of the two. Ideally it is a single-vendor solution, or it can be a combination of integrated best-of-breed technologies (although an integration-centric approach adds complexity).
The data platform can be differentiated by its ability to provide users with a complete view of the data and allow them to easily access and analyze the data. Additionally, the data platform must be able to scale to accommodate the needs of the organization as a whole.
There are many reasons to use a data platform. A data platform can help you collect, process, and analyze data. It can also help you share data with others between and across organizational boundaries.
Some common use cases of a data platform are:
Develop data-driven contextually aware applications
Store and manage data in all its varieties
Analyze data across the spectrum of data types, using a single query interface
Surface data via informed search-based applications
Visualize data as a whole
Report across data silos and organizational boundaries
Monitor and manage data including its governance, security, lineage, provenance, and value
Feed, augment, and ingest data from other data repositories, such as data warehouses, data lakes, data lakehouses in order to deliver on the mission of data quality and data security
Clean and enrich data for use within AI-powered analytics
Undertake object- and activity-based intelligence using what one knows about the data, rather than the data itself
The above cases are achievable if you don’t have a data platform. However, without a data platform you need to take an integration-centric approach over many different systems, which adds complexity, risk, and cost to achieve the same ends.
So, we can see the data platform as the backbone of the modern data-driven enterprise. It’s the foundation that supports all data-related activities, from data acquisition and data warehousing to data analysis and data visualization. It supports all data types, including structured, unstructured, and semi-structured data. It scales to support the needs of the enterprise, and it integrates with all the other systems in the enterprise.
The MarkLogic Data Platform
The MarkLogic data platform is a powerful and flexible single unified data resource for managing and analyzing data. Powered by a multi-model database, it offers a number of advantages over traditional single type databases, including the ability to:
Handle complex data structures
Index and search data in real-time
Scale to meet the needs of large organizations
MarkLogic is also designed to be highly available and fault-tolerant, with built-in features to ensure that data is always available and consistent. In addition, the MarkLogic data platform includes features to help developers build applications quickly and easily, including an integrated development environment, a declarative programming model, and a rich set of application services.
|
|||||||
correct_foundationPlace_00033
|
FactBench
|
2
| 54
|
https://www.globaldata.com/company-profile/marklogic-corp/
|
en
|
MarkLogic Corp Company Profile - MarkLogic Corp Overview
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Up-to-date MarkLogic Corp company overview including funding information, company profile, key statistics, peer comparison and more.
|
en
|
https://assets.globaldata.com/gdic/assets/img/icon/favicon.ico
|
https://www.globaldata.com/company-profile/marklogic-corp/
|
MarkLogic Corp (MarkLogic) is a technology company that offers software consulting and IT solutions. The company offers consulting services such as implementation support, expert advice, and full-service development services. MarkLogic serves consumer packaged goods, education, energy, financial services, government, healthcare, insurance, legal, life science, media and entertainment, national security and public safety, and retail sectors. The company operates in the US, the UK, France, and Japan. MarkLogic is headquartered in Redwood City, California, the US.
|
|||||
correct_foundationPlace_00033
|
FactBench
|
1
| 56
|
https://www.airport-technology.com/news/schiphol-airport-marklogic/
|
en
|
MarkLogic to supply operational flight database to Schiphol Airport
|
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[
"Srivani Venna"
] |
2019-09-25T08:35:02+00:00
|
The Netherlands' Amsterdam Schiphol Airport has selected US software firm MarkLogic as its operational flight database provider.
|
en
|
Airport Technology
|
https://www.airport-technology.com/news/schiphol-airport-marklogic/
|
The Netherlands’ Amsterdam Schiphol Airport has selected US software firm MarkLogic as its operational flight database provider.
Schiphol Airport is part of Royal Schiphol Group, which operates airports both in the Netherlands and abroad.
MarkLogic will provide an underlying database for Schiphol Airport’s flight information system. The platform will feature real-time data on the logistical activities of departing and arriving aircraft, parking spaces and ground movements.
The airport will share the data in real-time with sector parties and passengers through the website, app and terminal information screens.
The data platform’s performance and capabilities will contribute in realising the airport’s Enabling Technology Outlook strategy, which seeks to make its technological foundation future-proof.
The multi-model character of MarkLogic’s technology will allow the airport to develop new architectures on the same database in the future.
MarkLogic said its data platform ensures granular data protection and supports users with assigned roles and privileges by confirming the user’s rights prior to enabling access.
Royal Schiphol Group technology lead Arie van der Veek said: “In our flight information systems, data from various Schiphol partners are combined in one central environment.
“With MarkLogic’s data security capabilities, we expect a reduction in the complexity of our software and an increase in flexibility. This is also in line with our Enabling Technology strategy.”
For synergy between technology suppliers, Schiphol Airport asked MarkLogic to run as a clustered database on the Red Hat OpenShift container platform, ensuring supplier support.
MarkLogic chief strategy officer for manufacturing Matt Turner said: “Our technology will enable Schiphol’s growth and modernisation plans as it delivers a better experience for everyone, including service providers.”
Amsterdam Schiphol Airport, which employs about 67,000 people, welcomed 71 million passengers last year and carried 1.7 million tonnes of cargo. It has 327 direct destinations around the world.
Schiphol recently launched a trial to predict waiting times at security control in Departure Hall 1. The predicted information is part of a personalised itinerary offered to passengers.
|
|||||
correct_foundationPlace_00033
|
FactBench
|
2
| 8
|
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/72149964/marklogic-server-side-javascript-and-xquery
|
en
|
MarkLogic server-side JavaScript and XQuery
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2022-05-07T06:14:25
|
I am just starting using NoSQL MarkLogic DB and trying to choose for me the best query language to learn and use in future.
On server side MarkLogic provides the possibility to use JavaScript API or
|
en
|
https://cdn.sstatic.net/Sites/stackoverflow/Img/favicon.ico?v=ec617d715196
|
Stack Overflow
|
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/72149964/marklogic-server-side-javascript-and-xquery
|
It doesn't have to be a binary either/or choice. You can use JavaScript AND XQuery (and XSLT) modules.
Which language to use is largely influenced by your own preference, as well as the type of data you are mostly working with. There are pros and cons for either language, but in terms of APIs and functionality there is almost complete parity.
If you are already familiar with JavaScript and proficient, then you may find it easier and more approachable.
XQuery is not as widely known or popular these days, so it is harder to find developers that are already proficient. It may take a while to get familiar with the syntax and understand what a FLWOR and sequences are.
If you have a lot of XML documents, then XQuery and XSLT would be the natural choice. Building and manipulating XML in JavaScript is kind of awful, in my opinion.
Because the JavaScript API sits on top of the V8 engine, and XQuery is native code, there are some performance differences. For instance, making a call to a MarkLogic built-in function from JavaScript is slower than if it were done in an XQuery module.
|
||||
correct_foundationPlace_00033
|
FactBench
|
1
| 57
|
https://2021-eu.semantics.cc/ingest-curate-and-access-enterprise-data-efficiently-mark-logic-odh
|
en
|
Ingest, curate, and access enterprise data efficiently with Mark Logic ODH
|
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2018-08-30T10:35:04+02:00
|
MarkLogic recently has released ODH, a revolutionary architecture pattern to ingest, curate, and access data from across organizational silos. Mark Logic’s Jen Shorten talks about challenges constraints of integrating data from silos and ODH, the remedy recently introduced.
|
en
|
https://2021-eu.semantics.cc/sites/2021-eu.semantics.cc/files/favicon.ico
|
SEMANTiCS 2021 EU
|
https://2021-eu.semantics.cc/ingest-curate-and-access-enterprise-data-efficiently-mark-logic-odh
|
Premium Sponsor MarkLogic recently has released ODH, a revolutionary architecture pattern to enable organizations to ingest, curate, and access their data from across organizational silos. Mark Logic’s technical delivery architect (or “head consulting nerd” as she calls herself on LinkedIN) took the time to fit us into her busy schedule. In this Interview Jen talks about MarkLogic, constraints large organizations and enterprises face when integrating data from silos into their warehouses and ODH, the remedy recently introduced by our premium sponsor.
What are the focal areas of MarkLogic‘s business activities?
MarkLogic is the world’s best database for integrating data from silos. Organizations around the world rely on MarkLogic—an operational and transactional Enterprise NoSQL database platform—to integrate their most critical data and build innovative applications on a 360-degree view.
Over the years, MarkLogic has worked on some of the toughest data integration challenges faced by large enterprises in government, media, financial services, insurance, and manufacturing – amongst others. What we have found consistently is that organizations are held back by legacy technologies and approaches – such as inflexible relational databases and time-consuming ETL. These technologies and approaches not only eat up a large proportion of the organization’s resources, but they also have contributed to the accrual of significant amounts of technical debt. Significantly, the traditional ways of doing enterprise data management are also impeding innovation; this is because they separate out data management activities that are needed to observe the business (such as data warehouse) from those that run the business. At MarkLogic, we focus on integrating data to meet both of these needs, via an architectural pattern we call the Operational Data Hub that is powered by the MarkLogic Enterprise NoSQL database.
In the recent year you developed ODH, the Operational Data Hub. You are integrating different kind of domain-related sources into one graph. Can you elaborate further on ODH?
The ODH is the missing piece of the data integration puzzle – and one which remediates a lot of that technical debt that organizations have accrued over the years. It’s an architecture pattern that has evolved based on our experiences with customers around the world – and is now supported by productized components and features like the MarkLogic Data Hub Framework and Smart Mastering, which make it even easier for customers to deploy a MarkLogic-based ODH to ingest, curate, and access their data from across organizational silos.
The ODH pattern was only able to emerge due to a technological shift in databases, specifically NoSQL and multi-model databases. Relational databases require extensive up-front modelling and conformance to rigid schemas. Every data item must have its place pre-allocated in the data model, or the data cannot be loaded. This makes the cost of designing a data model to support complex integration too expensive for many use cases. A more flexible schema, provided by modern multi-model databases like MarkLogic, enables data to be loaded with much lower schema-design costs while allowing for much broader data coverage.
The MarkLogic databases has all the features needed to support the ODH pattern, including a flexible data model, sophisticated indexing, the ability to represent complex and evolving semantic relationships within and across data items, the ability to store data and metadata together to support robust data governance, the elasticity to scale to massive enterprise-wide data volumes, and robust security and encryption. And, we at MarkLogic have a track record of having deployed this architectural pattern at some of the largest institutions in the world.
I understand that ODH addresses demands your customers raised. Can you sketch such a use cases to help us better understand the benefits of ODH?
The reality is that for any organization today, data is locked up in silos. A typical company might work exclusively with a mega vendor like SAP for their ERP systems. That is great. But, then they acquire ten other companies, half of which do not use the same ERP system. Now, all their human resources, financial, or customer data is split across multiple systems. Other times, silos developed intentionally. For example, in financial services, banks historically separated out the investment, research, and retail arms. Now, however, regulators require banks to integrate data from those different lines of business. Regulations such as Know Your Customer requires banks to have an integrated, comprehensive view of their customers.
Regardless of how they came to be, the consequence of data silos is that they prevent real-time analysis and decision-making. It used to be okay to piece together data from different sources, look at it, massage it, and find interesting facts. But, that is too slow. Today, organizations need to be able to leverage data in real-time as well as through traditional approaches such as data warehouses.
We describe a number of industry-specific use cases in our free eBook, “Introducing the Operational Data Hub,” which can be downloaded at marklogic.com/odh-ebook.
What is your business perspective on this new product? Or should we rather call it service?
The ODH itself is an architecture pattern, that arose out of real-life data integration scenarios and challenges that we at MarkLogic have encountered at customer sites around the world. As part of our experience solving these data integration challenges, we’ve also developed and productized a number of tools to support critical data integration functionality – like our Smart Mastering feature – as well as a Data Hub Framework™ which makes it easy for organizations to build and deploy an ODH to meet their needs for data ingestion, curation, and data access. As for where we go from here, that continues to be customer demand driven. Not surprisingly this will cover things such as expansion of our cloud-centric offerings as they relate to our core capabilities. For instance, our MarkLogic query service offering that was released earlier this year is based on customers’ feedback around flexible bursting in the cloud. For the most part, that deals with scale and what are considered “non-functional” capabilities. However, with the ODH pattern and the related frameworks we’ve built as a result, we continue to get a lot of inbound requests related to the functional capabilities, all based on what we’ve delivered into production. In that respect we see a very high ceiling with respect to where we (and our customers) can take the pattern.
You have a workshop and a talk at the SEMANTiCS conference. What will be the topic of your talk, what will you talk about and what can we expect from the workshop?
Data integration is time consuming and difficult right? What if you could take unstructured data, enrich it and combine in with structured and semantic data to build a working semantic search and discovery hub in under 3 hours? In this hands on workshop participants will build a semantic data hub combining structured, unstructured and semantic data in a single application using PoolParty and the MarkLogic Database. At the end of the workshop participants will have a working semantic data hub and a good introduction to working with both technologies.
Last but not least, please describe MarkLogic‘s territory in the overall development world of Semantic AI, as it is sketched at the conference?
No matter what new technology is introduced – be it cloud, blockchain, AI, etc – it’s not going to be useful unless it’s working with integrated, accurate, governed data. We see ourselves as the platform to provide that data.
Interested in building a search and discovery hub in under 3 hours with Jen? Join the workshop!
About SEMANTiCS
|
||||
correct_foundationPlace_00033
|
FactBench
|
1
| 3
|
https://aws.amazon.com/marketplace/pp/prodview-bln2lslmkzdkc
|
en
|
Model Database: Enterprise Edition v. 10
|
[
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"https://d7umqicpi7263.cloudfront.net/img/product/e2ccbd7f-6392-4097-92ff-035e230926c0.com/d2591dce87f0b868f03e5ee96382dfe0"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
MarkLogic Server is the agile, scalable, and secure foundation of the MarkLogic Data Platform. A multi-model database with a wide array of enterprise-...
|
en
|
https://d32gc0xr2ho6pa.cloudfront.net/img/general/favicon.ico
|
https://aws.amazon.com/marketplace/pp/prodview-bln2lslmkzdkc
|
MarkLogic Server is the agile, scalable, and secure foundation of the MarkLogic Data Platform. A multi-model database with a wide array of enterprise-level data integration and management features, MarkLogic helps you create value from complex data - faster.
MarkLogic Server natively stores JSON, XML, text, geospatial, and semantic data in a single, unified data platform. This ability to store and query a variety of data models provides unprecedented flexibility and agility when integrating data from silos. MarkLogic is the best, most comprehensive database to power an enterprise data platform.
MarkLogic Server is built to securely integrate data, track it through the integration process, and safely share in it in its curated form. Meet business-critical goals and accelerate innovation with MarkLogic.
|
|||||
correct_foundationPlace_00033
|
FactBench
|
2
| 55
|
https://marklogic.github.io/nifi/getting-started.html
|
en
|
Getting Started
|
[
"https://marklogic.github.io/nifi/nifi-header.png",
"https://marklogic.github.io/nifi/add-process-group.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Mirror of Apache NiFi to support ongoing MarkLogic integration efforts
|
en
|
MarkLogic NiFi Connector
|
https://marklogic.github.io/nifi/getting-started.html
|
Setup
To get started with the MarkLogic connector, first install NiFi if you do not already have it installed. Likewise, if you do not yet have an instance of MarkLogic running, you will need to install MarkLogic as well.
The MarkLogic connector consists of two NAR (NiFi ARchive) files. These two files can be obtained for from the releases pages for the connector. Choose a release and then download and copy the two files to the NIFI_HOME/lib directory in your NiFi installation. Depending on how you installed NiFi, you may instead need to copy the files into the NIFI_HOME/libexec/lib directory of your NiFI installation.
After adding the connector to your NiFi installation, you can start NiFi and begin making use of the connector components in your NiFi flows.
If this is your first time starting NiFi, you will most likely need to read this section in the NiFi docs that explains how to set a username and password for logging into NiFi.
Example flows
The examples directory in this project’s repository contains a NiFi file containing flow definitions that demonstrate several MarkLogic processors in action. Loading the marklogic-nifi_examples.json file into your NiFi application is the quickest way to try out the MarkLogic connector. To use this file, you will first need to either clone this repository locally, or you can access the file via your web browser and save it locally to your workstation.
To load the file, go to the NiFi user interface via a web browser; if you are running NiFi locally, the URL for this is likely https://localhost:8443/nifi/.
Then, in the NiFi header, click on the icon for creating a new Process Group; the icon is represented by a square with two smaller squares inside it and is the furthest icon on the right in the image below:
Click on that icon and drag it onto the NiFi canvas. NiFi will display a dialog titled “Add Process Group”. In the “Process Group Name” text field in this dialog, do not enter a name. Instead, click on the icon on the right side of the text field. This will open a file dialog; select the marklogic-nifi_examples.json file that you either downloaded from your web browser or have available via a clone of this repository. NiFi will display the file that you chose:
Click “Add” to add the new process group containing the configuration in the marklogic-nifi_examples.json file.
Then, double-click on the new “marklogic-nifi_examples” process group in your NiFi canvas. The labels in the process group will provide instructions on how to try each of the flows within the process group.
After trying out these examples, see the list of connector components to understand the features provided by the MarkLogic connector for NiFi.
|
|||||
correct_foundationPlace_00033
|
FactBench
|
2
| 43
|
https://kellblog.com/2006/03/20/marklogic-dbms-or-search-engine/
|
en
|
MarkLogic: DBMS or search engine?
|
[
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[] |
[
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[
"Dave Kellogg"
] |
2006-03-20T00:00:00
|
At Mark Logic Corporation, we make an XML server. The product’s name is (ever so subtly) MarkLogic Server, or just MarkLogic for short. This post provides some Q&A that helps you understand how we think about (or in marketing speak, … Continue reading →
|
en
|
Kellblog
|
https://kellblog.com/2006/03/20/marklogic-dbms-or-search-engine/
|
At Mark Logic Corporation, we make an XML server. The product’s name is (ever so subtly) MarkLogic Server, or just MarkLogic for short.
This post provides some Q&A that helps you understand how we think about (or in marketing speak, “position”) our product.
What is an XML server?
A special-purpose database management system (DBMS) built for handling XML content. (MarkLogic Server is, in fact, a special case of this category because it is architected to handle markup in general. We have implemented XML because it’s the obvious choice today, but were another markup language to take off, my technical team tells me it would not be hard to transition to it.)
What do you mean by content?
In short, anything but data. That is, anything that isn’t exclusively the numerical and short-text fields (e.g., name, birthday, social security number, address, phone, salary) that relational and other prior-generation DBMSs were designed to accommodate. At Mark Logic we usually take content to mean documents, though over time I suspect we will move to a broader definition as more and more multimedia content gets markup added to it.
Is MarkLogic really a DBMS?
Yes. If you think of an RDBMS as server where SQL goes in and tables come back, then you can think of MarkLogic in the exact same way: XQuery goes in and XML comes back. That is, if you a view a DBMS as a system that processes a query language, then MarkLogic is very much a DBMS.
If you take a more internal viewpoint and say a DBMS is something that provides storage, transactions, concurrency, and backup and recovery, then MarkLogic qualifies as a DBMS as well. For example, MarkLogic supports concurrency, ACID transactions, backup and recovery, and read-consistent snapshots, among other core DBMS features.
As an aside, I had this question myself when I joined Mark Logic. So on my third day, I asked John Pilat, formerly VP of software engineering for server technologies at Oracle and now a part-time technology strategist at Mark Logic, if MarkLogic was indeed a “real” DBMS. His three-word answer, typical of his pithy style, was “bits on iron.” Which I very much took for yes.
Is MarkLogic really a search engine?
Since MarkLogic architect and company founder Christopher Lindblad PhD is a search guy, there is most certainly a lot of search engine technology in MarkLogic. Specifically, the product uses search-engine-style indexing (but does so at a sub-document level) and search-engine-style clustering for scaleability.
So while I would not say that MarkLogic is really a search engine, I would say that it uses a lot of search-engine technology — which is one of the things that makes MarkLogic unique.
What’s the best metaphor for MarkLogic?
I think of MarkLogic as a car that looks like a DBMS on the outside, but when you open up the hood, you find a motor that looks more like a search engine than a traditional DBMS.
If MarkLogic is really a DBMS, then why you drone on about search?
Simply because MarkLogic competes with search engines today.
Most customers know that RDBMSs do not handle content well. Sometimes we find customers who have been struggling for 18 months trying to build content applications on Oracle. But usually we find people who don’t bother to try using an RDBMS (and just leave content on the file system) or who do the the spiritual DBMS equivalent of not trying and simply stuff the content into BLOBs and then use a search engine to index it.
But either way, they hope to get query functionality from a search engine, which:
Almost certainly was never designed to handle XML. (I’ll do an upcoming post on how search engines view XML as “that stuff that gets in the way of the text”.)
From a DBMS viewpoint is a one-trick pony (i.e., the one query the search engine runs is: return a list of links to documents containing word or phrase)
Requires you to do a lot of content processing that should have been done in XQuery and processed by the server instead in Java/DOM on a middle tier
We show these people a better way to build content applications.
So the net answer to this question is that since no traditional DBMS is up for the job, most customers turn to search engines to try and solve a DBMS problem. Until they find us, that is.
|
|||||
correct_foundationPlace_00033
|
FactBench
|
1
| 16
|
https://help.marklogic.com/news/newsitem/View/657/welcome-to-the-new-marklogic-media-community
|
en
|
Welcome to the New MarkLogic Media Community!
|
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Progress.com
|
https://www.progress.com/resources
|
The MarkLogic Media Community has its roots all the way back to the start of the company. Our very first customers were information providers who were looking to maximize the value of their content. This expanded to nearly every part of the information industries as MarkLogic helped organizations create, manage and deliver articles, books, standards, reports, data and more.
With big changes in how content is created and how people access it and pay for it, the context around the content became more and more important. With these changes, our media community expanded to include entertainment. Metadata projects for these customers helped to create smart content to deliver films and shows to fans, and enterprise data projects tackled the complexity of rights and availabilities to get content to markets. Along with the data, our media customers have also led the way with cloud adoption, taking advantage of flexibility while maintaining mission-critical uptime and security.
Through it all, the community of MarkLogic media customers has kept growing. At shows and dinners, we’ve all shared our stories about how we’ve tackled ongoing challenges in the industry by better leveraging data.
To keep these great conversations going, we’ve created the MarkLogic Media Community web page. This site will be a single place to learn what’s happening across the industry and a place for all of you to share your great stories. And, to kick things off, I wanted to highlight some stories that chart the evolution of how our customers manage and deliver great content to their fans and customers.
Publishing
Those of you who go way back with MarkLogic may remember Brian Bishop’s talk about the development of this groundbreaking information product platform. Developed in under a year, this project was deemed both undoable by experts and mission-critical by management. Using MarkLogic® as the foundation of the site, Brian and the team delivered the new platform, SpringerLink.com, on time and allowed Springer to take control of its content at a critical time in the industry.
SpringerLink is still today one of the most flexible and powerful information delivery products. Not only does it aggregate over 12 million articles, it can also flexibly deliver them in products defined by queries. Want just 20th century nuclear research from Europe? No problem. Springer can package that content for you on the fly. Go to https://link.springer.com/, do a search and click “Include Preview Only Content.” Presto! See the dynamic entitlements in action!
Springer has gone on to do much more with its content, including groundbreaking API access for data mining and innovative views like periodic table search over its materials science content. But SpringerLink is the heart of the Springer digital content business.
SpringerLink came about after MarkLogic customers explored innovative delivery of scholarly research like the Rotunda project from the University of Virginia Press and just before the large-scale platforms like LexisNexis Advance and Dow Jones Factiva launched. Like SpringerLink, these are also still running … and are stories for another day!
Entertainment
NBC Saturday Night Live – Heading over to entertainment and metadata, the Saturday Night Live project tackled a very different challenge: how to connect fans of an iconic show with the great content they know and love … but can’t find! SNL and NBC Universal Digital knew that people loved the show but were puzzled by the lack of engagement with the archive. It was available online in a number of ways, but only recent episodes got any real numbers.
With the big 40th anniversary show approaching (remember that? it was awesome!) the team had the chance to create their own app for the show and to rethink how they connected with fans. Led by Michael Martin, the team focused on the data—specifically the metadata surrounding each episode. And, critically, instead of just piling more and more tags onto each episode’s record, they created semantic data that described not just the cast and characters, but all the themes, nicknames and insider jokes. This data rejuvenated the archive, letting fans explore their favorite years of the shows (everyone has their own “SNL golden years”) and suggest content based on their interests. And with the whole system—including the database—running in the cloud, it was able to deliver content to fans through the peaks of demand at the launch and now, every weekend when new content becomes available.
This data powered the app and the accompanying online experience with massive success. The engagement was huge. According to Martin, they were able to “make a meal out of snacks” with people spending “hours, not minutes” engaging. The archive was finally getting the attention it deserves.
And it is great data. Take a look at what you can do with it. (Warning: Set aside some time since you might get sucked into the world of SNL!)
Browse every season including the cast and sketches.
Click a cast member (John Belushi maybe?) and you can not only see all the sketches he was in, but every character he played!
From that screen, do a search. “Samurai” should do nicely. Instead of search results, you get topics—the characters, cast members, collections and of course, actual sketches.
If it seems like you’re exploring connections in a semantic data set, that’s because you are!
If you haven’t sucked up enough time exploring this great data, you can get the full experience with the SNL app and also see custom recommendations that tee up a series of sketches and let you swipe by them. It’s what the NBC folks called a mix of Tinder and Pandora … and it really is addictive.
The SNL app followed the groundbreaking BBC Olympics in using semantic data to create a great experience.
Since then, semantics has spread to every part of media from better delivering semantics at BSI to creating context for tax and accounting at Wolters Kluwer … but those are also stories for another day!
Sony Pictures Television – Building on integrating the data around the content, the team at Sony Pictures Television tackled the rights and availability data around its shows. This data controls what shows can be sold to partners in markets around the world. The explosion of digital media outlets has made understanding and being able to act on exactly what titles are available a mission-critical task … and one that is growing ever more complex. In his talk on the project, Robert Maxwell describes it as “taking slices from a pizza where the pizza is continually changing shape.”
In this great talk, Maxwell details the state of modern media “manufacturing” with the many factors that go into putting a show into a specific market. At Sony, he and his team had an opportunity to put this data (much of it in an aging mainframe) into a data hub when the business combined domestic and international systems. This not only enabled them to get all of the data to the modern financial systems in the new platform, it also opened up new ways of looking at the rights and availability. In particular, Rob pointed out what he called “the best screen in Hollywood”—the output of a multi-variable query on which shows are available for a potential partner. This used to take hours to run, but with the new system, it is available to end-users in real time, which greatly speeds up the deal-making process.
Rob also has the best quote to his team: “I don’t want to say we were innovators. Our bosses didn’t want us to be innovative; they wanted us to be efficient and do something that had a high degree of success.” Words to the wise for anyone in the middle of a digital transformation. He goes on to talk about how schema flexibility was the key to delivering this.
Sony Pictures leveraged the Operational Data Hub pattern, loading complex data from multiple sources, curating the data to create links and making that data available to downstream and analytic systems. While this system builds on the concepts of the data around the content, it has much in common with many MarkLogic customers like Eaton, Abbvie, Cisco and more that are leveraging the data hub pattern and MarkLogic’s new data hub service. But those are also more stories for another day!
I hope that you have enjoyed these MarkLogic Media customer success stories. These customers are doing the hard work of getting their data in order and seeing some great results.
The Next Story Is Up to You
What do you have to share with our new MarkLogic Media Community? What is your tale of getting it done and adapting to the many changes in the industry?
Just let me know, and we’ll make sure your great story gets out to this great community of media industry leaders.
And, once again, welcome to the new MarkLogic Media Community!
See you in the community,
Matt
|
|||||||
correct_foundationPlace_00033
|
FactBench
|
2
| 14
|
https://azuremarketplace.microsoft.com/en-au/marketplace/apps/marklogic.ed4b0d54-329e-4f7a-9ea7-68d799349ffa%3Ftab%3DOverview
|
en
|
Microsoft Azure Marketplace
|
https://azuremarketplace.microsoft.com/favicon.ico
|
https://azuremarketplace.microsoft.com/favicon.ico
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
https://azuremarketplace.microsoft.com/en-au/marketplace/apps/marklogic.ed4b0d54-329e-4f7a-9ea7-68d799349ffa?tab=overview
|
MarkLogic Server is a multi-model database that has both NoSQL and trusted enterprise data management capabilities. It is the most secure multi-model database, and it is deployable in any environment. Learn more at https://www.marklogic.com/product/marklogic-database-overview.
MarkLogic Server natively stores JSON, XML, text, geospatial, and semantic triples in one unified platform. This ability to store and query variety of data models result in unprecedented flexibility and agility when integrating data from silos. It is the best database to power an enterprise data hub.
MarkLogic Server is built to securely integrate data, track it through integration process, and safely share its curated form. MarkLogic enables all data professionals to meet their mission-critical goals. Learn more at https://www.marklogic.com/product/data-hub-service/.
Highlights
The latest versions, 9.0-13.7 and 10.0-8.2, contain the fix for log4j. The older versions will no longer be available due to the log4j vulnerability.
Built-in Search: Synchronous auto indexing (words, structure, etc.) for instant data analysis, including raw data. Semantic search enables easy discovery of new relationships and insights.
ACID Transactions: 100% ACID compliant, high-performance distributed transactions. Guaranteed strongly consistent read and write operations. This is not true of other multi-model, distributed databases.
Secure and Governed: Granular role-based access controls, and more advanced security certifications than any alternative multi-model, distributed database. Includes features like BYOK, data loss prevention, ABAC policies, and more.
|
||||
correct_foundationPlace_00033
|
FactBench
|
2
| 80
|
https://2021-eu.semantics.cc/article-marklogic
|
en
|
MarkLogic: multi-model NoSQL database
|
[
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"https://2021-eu.semantics.cc/sites/2018.semantics.cc/files/MarkLogic.jpg",
"https://dc.ads.linkedin.com/collect/?pid=1002084&fmt=gif"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2017-08-09T09:25:05+02:00
|
Stephen Buxton, Senior Director Product Management at MarkLogic is excited to hear about the mainstreaming of semantics, made possible by an Enterprise-ready, Multi-model database (MarkLogic Server) and a rich toolset (including PoolParty). Read the article here!
|
en
|
https://2021-eu.semantics.cc/sites/2021-eu.semantics.cc/files/favicon.ico
|
SEMANTiCS 2021 EU
|
https://2021-eu.semantics.cc/article-marklogic
|
Stephen Buxton, Senior Director Product Management at MarkLogic is excited to hear about the mainstreaming of semantics, made possible by an Enterprise-ready, Multi-model database (MarkLogic Server) and a rich toolset (including PoolParty).
Can you tell something about your work/research focus?
MarkLogic is a multi-model NoSQL database. Real-world data very rarely fits naturally into a rectangle (rows and columns in a table). Rather than trying to model real-world entities as a complex collection of tables with anonymous relationships between them, our customers model entities as documents (stored physically as XML or JSON).
Using the document model, entities can be modeled much more easily and naturally. You can represent hierarchy, repeating fields, and sparse data natively. And you can be as strict or relaxed as you want about the schema – it’s trivial to “just add a column”.
To the document model, add RDF triples. In the relational model tables are related to each other via primary key/foreign keys, which are entirely anonymous. In the multi-model world entities (documents) have explicit, named relationships (triples). Triples also give us ontologies that define a hierarchy of concepts/values, and a hierarchy of locations. So if you want to find a customer named John, your ontology will tell you that “Jon” is a common alternate spelling for “John”, so you should also search for “Jon”; it will also tell you the entities that represent customers, and the fields (elements/properties) in those entities that represent the customer’s first name.
To the document model and the RDF model, add SQL. Some things really do fit neatly into rectangles, such as metadata. You can create an SQL lens over your entities and relationships to do SQL queries, calculate aggregates, or hook up a BI tool such as Tableau.
Which trends and challenges you see for linked data/semantic web and why are they important for MarkLogic?
We see a couple of trends in the linked data/semantic web world.
First, more and more people want to use graphs to create Enterprise-grade applications over business-critical data. For that, they need a triple store with all the Enterprise features you’d expect in a relational database – transactions, backup/restore, replication, failover, security, and so on.
Second, people in the linked data/semantic web are beginning to see that, just as not all data is rectangle-shaped, not all data is suitable for representing as RDF triples either. This has long been the downfall of the semantic web vision – the idea that just because graphs are very good at representing some of your data, you must go all-in and represent all your data as triples.
With an Enterprise-ready, Multi-model database (documents+triples+SQL) people can finally make use of the power of semantics by combining it with documents and SQL.
What are your expectations about Semantics 2017 in Amsterdam, what makes it special for MarkLogic as a company?
|
||||
correct_foundationPlace_00033
|
FactBench
|
1
| 94
|
https://www.kornferry.com/
|
en
|
Organizational Consulting
|
[
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Korn Ferry is a global organizational consulting firm. We work with our clients to design optimal organization structures, roles, and responsibilities. We help them hire the right people and advise them on how to reward and motivate their workforce while developing professionals as they navigate and advance their careers.
|
en
|
/etc.clientlibs/kornferry-v2/clientlibs/clientlib-site/resources/images/favicons/safari-pinned-tab.svg
|
https://www.kornferry.com/
|
We don't guess at
success
Using our talent platform, our business experts combine data from your organization and industry benchmarks with our insights as the leaders in creating organizational success, to show you exactly what you need to do to deliver results faster, consistently, and at scale.
We know what success looks like. And how to get there.
|
|||||
correct_foundationPlace_00033
|
FactBench
|
2
| 96
|
https://www.zdnet.com/article/marklogic-9-launched-with-big-data-in-mind/
|
en
|
MarkLogic 9 launched with big data in mind
|
[
"https://www.zdnet.com/a/img/resize/f1474204f4afdd9e5d3e8a66676dd4bdae30d4c0/2022/08/05/bca73539-dbd2-46c5-8de4-f286b3d3e73b/stephanie-condon.jpg?auto=webp&fit=crop&frame=1&height=192&width=192",
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Stephanie Condon"
] |
2017-05-16T12:30:00+00:00
|
The latest release from MarkLogic was built to enable more sharing with less risk.
|
en
|
ZDNET
|
https://www.zdnet.com/article/marklogic-9-launched-with-big-data-in-mind/
|
MarkLogic on Tuesday is launching MarkLogic 9 out of beta, the latest version of its non-relational, document-based (NoSQL) database platform.
The new features include security and data management capabilities that companies need to take full advantage of their data, executive vice president Joe Pasqua told ZDNet.
Large enterprises are faced with a "major dilemma" with the rise of big data, he said.
"They're really motivated to find more ways to get value out of their data," Pasqua said. "At the same time, there's an increasing set of regulatory requirements on how data is managed... You want to make sure the wrong people aren't getting their hands on it."
The launch of MarkLogic 9, he said, was largely drive by "the notion of how you enable more sharing with less risk."
That starts with new security features, including element-level security. This allows specific elements of documents to be hidden from particular users. In other words, if a document has useful information, it can be broadly distributed -- with sensitive information securely hidden. For even more fine-grained control, MarkLogic 9 also comes with redaction capabilities. The redaction capabilities could allow you, for instance, to share some information (such as a person's zip code) while redacting other, closely linked pieces of information (such as a person's phone number).
The updated platform also includes new integration and data management capabilities. With Entity Services, an organization can define a model and vocabulary to harmonize different kinds of data. Built with MarkLogic's existing Semantics capabilities, Entity Services helps organizations understand how their different pieces of data relate to each other. For instance, a company could learn about the ways customers relate to products -- whether they buy, return or open support tickets for various items.
Meanwhile, with a new query interface called Optic API, developers can combine documents, triples and rows to view data in the format of their choice. When MarkLogic built Optic, it was also able to rewrite its SQL interface for organizations that want to use BI tools like Tableau.
Along with the need to leverage big data, Pasqua said that MarkLogic's customers are looking for products and services that can help them handle the evolving regulatory environment, as well as ways to ease the move to the cloud.
Virtually all of MarkLogic's customers are still running on premises, Pasqua said, but more and more organizations are moving parts of their workload to the cloud.
"It's really an enabler," he said. "People want to do more with their data, but they couldn't give you a catalog of everything they want to do and [the resources] it would take. The cloud is giving people the opportunity to implement the programs they want in a flexible way. It's not always cheaper, but it does provide this flexibility that's really important."
|
|||||
correct_foundationPlace_00033
|
FactBench
|
2
| 18
|
https://help.tableau.com/current/pro/desktop/en-us/examples_marklogic.htm
|
en
|
MarkLogic
|
[
"https://help.tableau.com/current/pro/desktop/en-us/Resources/tableau-logo.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
This article describes how to connect Tableau to a MarkLogic database and set up the data source
|
en
| null |
(Optional) Select Initial SQL to specify a SQLÂ command to run at the beginning of every connection, such as when you open the workbook, refresh an extract, sign in to Tableau Server, or publish to Tableau Server. For more information, see Run Initial SQL.
Select Sign In.
If the connection is unsuccessful, verify that your user name and password are correct and that the port number correctly identifies the MarkLogic database configured by your database administrator. If the connection continues to fail, your computer is having trouble locating the server. Contact your network administrator or database administrator.
(Optional) Select the default data source name at the top of the page, and then enter a unique data source name for use in Tableau. For example, use a data source naming convention that helps other users of the data source figure out which data source to connect to.
Drag the table to the canvas, and then select the sheet tab to start your analysis.
Use custom SQL to connect to a specific query rather than the entire data source. For more information, see Connect to a Custom SQL Query.
|
||||||
correct_foundationPlace_00033
|
FactBench
|
1
| 36
|
https://www.applytosupply.digitalmarketplace.service.gov.uk/g-cloud/services/729272484876854
|
en
|
MarkLogic Implementation Services for Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Machine Learning (ML)
|
https://www.applytosupply.digitalmarketplace.service.gov.uk/static/images/favicon.ico
|
https://www.applytosupply.digitalmarketplace.service.gov.uk/static/images/favicon.ico
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
en
|
/static/images/favicon.ico
| null |
We use some essential cookies to make this service work.
We’d also like to use analytics cookies so we can understand how you use the service and make improvements.
|
||||
correct_foundationPlace_00033
|
FactBench
|
1
| 61
|
https://www.progresstalk.com/threads/progress-news-progress-openedge-abl-why-progress-was-marklogics-acquirer-of-choice.201703/
|
en
|
[Progress News] [Progress OpenEdge ABL] Why Progress Was MarkLogic’s Acquirer of Choice
|
[
"https://www.progresstalk.com/progresstalk_forum.png",
"https://www.progresstalk.com/progresstalk_forum.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2023-02-07T10:22:46-05:00
|
As we have now closed on the acquisition of MarkLogic, it is a good time to reflect on why the deal made so much sense. Progress has been executing on a...
|
en
|
ProgressTalk.com
|
https://www.progresstalk.com/threads/progress-news-progress-openedge-abl-why-progress-was-marklogics-acquirer-of-choice.201703/
|
As we have now closed on the acquisition of MarkLogic, it is a good time to reflect on why the deal made so much sense. Progress has been executing on a Total Growth Strategy (TGS) for several years to drive inorganic growth, and MarkLogic is a great example of everything we look for in an acquisition candidate, checking the box on every aspect of our financial and strategic criteria.
A Winning Approach to Growth: Our Total Growth Strategy
Our Total Growth Strategy is focused on helping Progress achieve its goal of doubling in size every four to five years, with the current goal of becoming a $1 billion software company by 2025. Aggressive deal sourcing, a focused due diligence process, and a robust integration playbook have all enabled us to so effectively execute this TGS strategy.
When I joined Progress, our revenue was hovering around $380 million. Once we have a full year of MarkLogic revenue under our belt, this will exceed$700 million, representing an increase of 84% in less than four years. While that is an impressive data point, the TGS approach only works if we remain disciplined in our adherence to key corporate development principles. We only pursue acquisition targets that offer: solid scale and a strong recurring revenue model, a sticky product with high customer retention rates, technology that complements our business, a loyal customer base and the ability to leverage our operating model and infrastructure to run the business more efficiently – and MarkLogic represented a compelling target where all these aspects were hit.
These are rigorous requirements so when we come across a company like MarkLogic that “checks all the boxes”, naturally we all come together to make a deal like that happen. We turn over many rocks to find that shiny gem – and MarkLogic is certainly one.
Why the MarkLogic Deal Works
MarkLogic is a leader in complex data and metadata management. Its products provide a unified enterprise-grade semantic data platform that empowers organizations to derive more value from complex data. This functionality complements what Progress currently offers with DataDirect, our cloud and on-premises data connectivity solution.. Together with MarkLogic, Progress can deliver more customer value across the entire data lifecycle, including greater data agility and data insights.
An acquisition only works if it has a sound financial foundation. In the case of MarkLogic, the company ticked off essential boxes, including strong recurring revenue, significant revenue scale and outstanding net and gross customer retention rates stemming from an incredibly loyal customer base. With a passionate workforce committed to the success of its products, MarkLogic presented a prime opportunity to advance Progress’ growth goals. Adding to that, a cultural alignment with our business, we believe this should be a smooth transition as MarkLogic employees become part of Progress, joining our Application and Data Platform business unit.
Rising Above the Competition
A quality company like MarkLogic was bound to have multiple suitors, and that was the case. Progress was able to differentiate itself with our ability to move quickly and offer certainty to close. In addition, being well capitalized and agile, means we can close deals at a faster pace than other companies. Speed and certainty to close are traits that positioned Progress as an acquirer of choice for this acquisition.
Looking ahead to 2023, we see a great opportunity for Progress to continue executing on our Total Growth Strategy, and we will continue to drive inorganic growth through accretive acquisitions.
For now, I want to wish a warm welcome to our new colleagues from MarkLogic, and I am looking forward to seeing all the great things we accomplish together.
Continue reading...
|
|||||
correct_foundationPlace_00033
|
FactBench
|
2
| 34
|
https://doc.nuxeo.com/nxdoc/marklogic/
|
en
|
MarkLogic
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
MarkLogic. Learn how to get started with Nuxeo documentation.
|
en
|
/assets/icons/apple-touch-icon.png?v=c2d5
|
Nuxeo Documentation
|
https://doc.nuxeo.com/nxdoc/marklogic/
|
This addon is deprecated since Nuxeo Platform LTS 2019.
Document-Based Storage is an architectural abstraction in the Nuxeo Platform that allows the storage of documents in a document-oriented store, for instance NoSQL databases.
The Nuxeo Platform supports the following MarkLogic version:
Installation
Nuxeo Package Installation
This addon requires no specific installation steps. It can be installed like any other package with nuxeoctl command line or from the Marketplace.
Databases
In order to run Nuxeo on MarkLogic, you need to have two databases. One for documents and another one for modules. You can achieve that with MarkLogic administration GUI under Databases.
By default Nuxeo stores its information in the database nuxeo. By convention we use nuxeo-modules as modules database.
XDBC Server Installation
You need to create a new XDBC App Server linked to the nuxeo database and nuxeo-modules modules, as described in the MarkLogic documentation. Main installation information is:
Set / value in root input.
Choose a server name and a port (for example 8010).
Select the nuxeo database in the database input.
Select the nuxeo-modules database in the modules input.
User permissions
Roles
In order to secure your database access, you can create new roles to protect it. Under Security/Roles, create:
A new role named nuxeo-reader, with:
Roles: rest-reader
Execute Privileges: xdbc:eval, xdbc:eval-in, xdbc:invoke, xdbc:invoke-in, xdbc:spawn, xdbc:spawn-in, xdmp:value, xdmp:with-namespaces
A new role named nuxeo-writer, with:
Roles: rest-writer, nuxeo-reader
Execute Privileges: any-collection, any-uri, xdbc:insert, xdbc:insert-in
Default permissions: add nuxeo-reader with read capability, nuxeo-writer with update capability and nuxeo-writer with insert capability
Users
Under Security/Users, create a new user to use in MarkLogic connector to access to your database through XDBC app server. Choose a username and password, and add nuxeo-reader and nuxeo-writer in Roles section.
Modules
The MarkLogic connector needs some modules in order to properly work. These modules are used to update documents, lock/unlock them or search them (NXQL search).
A module is basically a regular document stored in the module database, here nuxeo-modules.
You can use the qconsole to insert properly modules in the modules database, you can access it here: http://[IP]:8000/qconsole/
Below the steps to insert modules:
Create a new Query in qconsole
Declare a variable containing the content of xqy file, like: let $module := '...'.
Declare a variable containing right permissions to execute module, like: let $permissions := ( xdmp:permission("[PERMISSION]", "execute") ).
Finally, insert the module in database, like: return xdmp:document-insert("[PATH]", text { $module }, $permissions).
You should have for each modules something like this:
let $module := ' [MODULE_CONTENT] ' let $permissions := ( xdmp:permission("[PERMISSION]", "execute") ) return xdmp:document-insert("[PATH]", text { $module }, $permissions)
See the matrix above for variables:
Configuration
Once you installed the Nuxeo MarkLogic addon, set up the access to the MarkLogic server in nuxeo.conf. The following properties are available:
nuxeo.marklogic.host: The MarkLogic server, defaults to localhost
nuxeo.marklogic.port: The MarkLogic XDBC App Server port, defaults to 8010
nuxeo.marklogic.user: The MarkLogic user to login to App Server, defaults to nuxeo
nuxeo.marklogic.password: The user password, defaults to password
nuxeo.marklogic.ssl: The SSL switcher, defaults to false, set it to true to enable ssl encryption to your MarkLogic server
The package installation added the marklogic template to your existing list of templates (nuxeo.templates) in nuxeo.conf.
You must keep the template corresponding to your SQL database in nuxeo.templates, because the SQL database may still be used for other things (directories, audit, etc.). For instance you could have:
nuxeo.templates=postgresql,marklogic
or
nuxeo.templates=default,marklogic
Range Index Configuration
In order to properly work, MarkLogic needs a range element index for each elements you want to compare using <, <=, >= or > in a NXQL query.
We also use range index in order to query some elements. To leverage on range indexes, we need to use a different kind of MarkLogic function during NXQL -> MarkLogic query conversion. In order to enable this behavior, you need to add the Nuxeo element in repository configuration. You need to use range-element-index to declare a Nuxeo element to be queried with the range index behavior. The element name in repository configuration are the Nuxeo ones, for example we declare ecm:parentId in the repository configuration and we create ecm__parentId in MarkLogic. Below the default configuration of repository:
<extension target="org.nuxeo.ecm.core.storage.marklogic.MarkLogicRepositoryService" point="repository"> <repository name="test" label="MarkLogic Repository"> ... <range-element-indexes> <range-element-index type="string">ecm:id</range-element-index> <range-element-index type="string">ecm:parentId</range-element-index> <range-element-index type="string">ecm:ancestorIds</range-element-index> <range-element-index type="string">ecm:versionSeriesId</range-element-index> <range-element-index type="string">ecm:proxyTargetId</range-element-index> <range-element-index type="string">ecm:proxySeriesId</range-element-index> <range-element-index type="string">ecm:racl</range-element-index> <!-- Technical element --> <range-element-index type="string">ecm:name</range-element-index> <range-element-index type="string">ecm:primaryType</range-element-index> <range-element-index type="string">ecm:lifeCycleState</range-element-index> <range-element-index type="string">dc:title</range-element-index> <range-element-index type="dateTime">dc:created</range-element-index> <range-element-index type="dateTime">dc:modified</range-element-index> <range-element-index type="string">rend:renditionName</range-element-index> <range-element-index type="dateTime">rend:modificationDate</range-element-index> <range-element-index type="dateTime">rend:sourceModificationDate</range-element-index> <range-element-index type="string">collectionMember:collectionIds</range-element-index> <range-element-index type="dateTime">nt:dueDate</range-element-index> <range-element-index type="dateTime">dc:issued</range-element-index> <range-element-index type="string">webc:name</range-element-index> </range-element-indexes> ... </repository> </extension>
Here's a list of basic Nuxeo elements needing a range element index:
In order to create these indexes, go to your MarkLogic server configuration, under your database you'll find Element Range Indexes. In this section you can create a range element index for each elements with the correct scalar type. Leave namespace uri empty, set range value positions to false, and invalid values to ignore.
Storage Restrictions
Due to the nature of DBS, we use a transaction model equivalent to READ UNCOMMITTED, which means that a transaction may read data written but not yet committed by another transaction.
Full-text configuration is disabled, you should use Elasticsearch with a suitable full-text configuration.
Not Yet Implemented
The following features are planned for a later Nuxeo version but are not implemented currently:
|
||||
correct_foundationPlace_00033
|
FactBench
|
1
| 77
|
https://blog.nashtechglobal.com/ai-marklogic-architecture/
|
en
|
Artificial Intelligence & MarkLogic: An Wonderful Architecture
|
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Khalid Ahmed"
] |
2022-11-21T05:00:00+00:00
|
Introduction Automation is a crucial part of the Artificial Intelligence cycle. It allows organizations to perform tasks that require human input and improves tradecraft. This also increases efficiency in order to keep pace with changing technologies and requirements. And MarkLogic is providing some extra benefits in implementing AI processes. MarkLogic has its own optimized algorithms […]
|
en
|
NashTech Insights
|
https://blog.nashtechglobal.com/ai-marklogic-architecture/
|
Introduction
Automation is a crucial part of the Artificial Intelligence cycle. It allows organizations to perform tasks that require human input and improves tradecraft. This also increases efficiency in order to keep pace with changing technologies and requirements. And MarkLogic is providing some extra benefits in implementing AI processes. MarkLogic has its own optimized algorithms and implementations of some AI methodologies. Achieved due to its internal Data storing mechanism and Implementation. We see how Artificial Intelligence & MarkLogic are Wonderful Architecture together.
Automation
This is the use of software to perform tasks that would otherwise be done by humans. The benefits include:
Increased efficiency and productivity
Increased quality, safety, and security
Reduced costs through reduced error rates, decreased training time, and fewer errors made during production or delivery cycle times. Sometimes automation involves human-machine interaction, as in a robot arm that picks up parts from a factory floor; other times it may involve no direct human control at all (e.g., automatic checkout systems).
Improved Tradecraft
Increased time to focus on the mission.
More time to focus on the customer.
More time to focus on people, including your team members, fellow analysts, and partners.
Increased efficiency and accuracy of the intelligence cycle by having a better knowledge of what’s happening in your environment so you can make faster decisions about how best to proceed with your workflows or activities (e.g., whether or not it’s worth investing more resources into a particular project).
Mission Focus
MarkLogic is a proven technology that has been used in mission-critical environments for many years. It’s also one of the most widely deployed and trusted enterprise data management products on the market.
MarkLogic provides an open, secure platform for integrating, managing, and analyzing large amounts of structured data — including unstructured information such as text files, documents, emails, and images – across heterogeneous systems and environments. MarkLogic’s flexible design allows you to easily build your own applications (such as CRM applications) on top of our platform — without having to worry about writing code!
Increased Efficiency
The increased speed of the intelligence cycle allows you to be more efficient, especially in regard to training. This can allow you to increase your training budget and spend more time on analysis and research instead of man hours!
The ability to analyze large amounts of data has also led MarkLogic developers down a path where they now have an increased focus on mission planning and execution as well.
Proven Technology
MarkLogic is a proven technology for storing and querying unstructured data. MarkLogic has been used in many high-profile projects including the Olympics and the NFL, by government agencies like the FBI, CIA, and NASA.
MarkLogic’s proven record of success can be attributed to its ability to handle large volumes of structured or unstructured data with ease. It also benefits from a unique database architecture that supports high-performance queries on both structured and unstructured sources.
Benefits
Artificial Intelligence and MarkLogic have been proven to provide:
Increased speed, quality, and accuracy of the intelligence cycle.
Improved tradecraft through automation of repetitive tasks, such as data preparation and reporting.
Mission focus on improved efficiency from a single source for all your data needs.
Positive of an Automation Infrastructure
An automation infrastructure is a foundation on which your organization can build an effective AI solution. It provides a framework that helps you automate processes, automate data, and integrate with other technologies.
It can help organizations save time and effort by automating repetitive tasks, thereby freeing up people to focus on more important work. You’ll also see improvements in accuracy as well as consistency across different systems—allowing for faster decision-making, increased efficiency, and improved customer service levels.
Difficulties of Performing Automation Tasks
Automation is not a silver bullet.
Automation can be difficult to implement and maintain, especially when it comes to integrating with other systems that have been developed using different technologies.
Increased speed, quality, and accuracy of the intelligence cycle.
AI can speed up the intelligence cycle, increase the quality of the intelligence cycle, and improve accuracy. AI can also increase efficiency within an organization by automating repetitive processes that would otherwise be handled by humans.
Conclusion
The benefit of automation is that it reduces the amount of manual work and makes your business more efficient. It also helps you to focus on what’s important, rather than spending time dealing with mundane tasks. In addition, automated processes are more reliable and have less risk than human ones as they don’t require any human interaction. Thus we can say that Artificial Intelligence & MarkLogic is a Wonderful Architecture to achieve great AI performance.
|
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correct_foundationPlace_00033
|
FactBench
|
1
| 98
|
https://www.progress.com/resources/videos/lightning-talk-apache-nifi-provides-spokes-for-your-hub
|
en
|
Lightning Talk: Apache NiFi Provides Spokes for Your Hub. Just Point and Integrate
|
[
"https://www.progress.com/images/default-source/resource-center/on-demand-webinars-video-hero-background.png?sfvrsn=e4b7bc0c_11"
] |
[
"https://youtu.be/zUykIUJP71c"
] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Check out Lightning Talk: Apache NiFi Provides Spokes for Your Hub. Just Point and Integrate video and learn more about Progress products.
|
en
|
/favicon.ico?v=2
|
Progress.com
|
https://www.progress.com/resources/videos/lightning-talk-apache-nifi-provides-spokes-for-your-hub
|
Before you work on curating your data in MarkLogic, you need a reliable way to get your data into MarkLogic. Apache NiFi, a tool developed by the NSA and released into the open source community, is a scalable, secure way to manage dataflows between systems. The MarkLogic Data Movement SDK (DMSDK) is designed to efficiently manage MarkLogic dataflows. In this lightning talk, we will demonstrate how our DMSDK-based NiFi processors allow you to create an ingest dataflow in just a few clicks.
Presenter: Ganesh Vaideeswaran, VP of Product Development, MarkLogic
|
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correct_foundationPlace_00033
|
FactBench
|
2
| 22
|
https://datascientest.com/en/marklogic-the-multi-model-nosql-database
|
en
|
Marklogic: The multi-model NoSQL database
|
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Melanie"
] |
2024-03-29T04:25:00+00:00
|
MarkLogic, the versatile multi-model NoSQL database, capable of handling diverse data types and structures, can be ...
|
en
|
Data Science Courses | DataScientest
|
https://datascientest.com/en/marklogic-the-multi-model-nosql-database
|
MarkLogic is a multi-model NoSQL database designed to manage unstructured, semi-structured and structured data. Thanks to its flexibility and agility, MarkLogic is capable of storing, managing and integrating massive volumes of heterogeneous data, both in terms of sources and formats.
This is complemented by a multitude of services (such as metadata or ML models) to help companies build large-scale applications, develop their analytics and machine learning models.
Between its database server and its complete suite of services and applications, MarkLogic is an all-in-one solution for businesses.
Semaphore, the semantic AI tool, facilitates the management of metadata. It’s possible to create and manage metadata to make available information more intelligible, and thus to make more informed decisions.
Here are the main features of Semaphore:
Creation and maintenance of knowledge models;
Collaboration with experts;
Knowledge model enrichment;
Mapping of models and related data;
Workflow and lifecycle management;
Semantic integration and enhancement;
Classification review tools;
The fact extraction framework;
Contextual navigation in the user interface;
Etc.
While MarkLogic is an extremely powerful data management tool, it is not sufficient on its own. Indeed, to manage large volumes of data, create web applications, develop analyses or Machine Learning models, it is essential to have high-performance tools, but also, and above all, to have the necessary skills. And that means training DataScientest helps you develop the knowledge you need through its data training courses. Come and join us!
|
|||||
correct_foundationPlace_00033
|
FactBench
|
1
| 20
|
https://github.com/marklogic-community/marklogic-geotools-plugin/blob/master/LICENSE.txt
|
en
|
marklogic-geotools-plugin/LICENSE.txt at master · marklogic-community/marklogic-geotools-plugin
|
https://opengraph.githubassets.com/6ded5bcb43f08e25b0fb8ac82479a73ec890d497f75051194143cfe08213e16a/marklogic-community/marklogic-geotools-plugin
|
https://opengraph.githubassets.com/6ded5bcb43f08e25b0fb8ac82479a73ec890d497f75051194143cfe08213e16a/marklogic-community/marklogic-geotools-plugin
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"marklogic-community"
] | null |
MarkLogic is a database designed for NoSQL speed and scale, without sacrificing the enterprise features required to run mission-critical, operational applications. The marklogic-geotools-plugin provides direct read-only access to a MarkLogic database via the GeoTools library. - marklogic-geotools-plugin/LICENSE.txt at master · marklogic-community/marklogic-geotools-plugin
|
en
|
GitHub
|
https://github.com/marklogic-community/marklogic-geotools-plugin/blob/master/LICENSE.txt
|
Skip to content
Navigation Menu
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correct_foundationPlace_00033
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FactBench
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2
| 75
|
https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140924005070/en/MarkLogic%25C2%25AE-Expands-Global-Reach-with-New-Offices-in-Chicago-France-Germany-Sweden-and-Singapore
|
en
|
MarkLogic® Expands Global Reach with New Offices in Chicago, France, Germany, Sweden and Singapore
|
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[] |
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[
""
] | null |
[] |
2014-09-24T07:00:00+00:00
|
MarkLogic announces new offices in France and Sweden, and a second office in Germany. The company also recently opened a Representative Office (RO) in
|
en
|
https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140924005070/en/MarkLogic%C2%AE-Expands-Global-Reach-with-New-Offices-in-Chicago-France-Germany-Sweden-and-Singapore
|
LONDON & SINGAPORE--(BUSINESS WIRE)--MarkLogic Corporation, the leading Enterprise NoSQL database platform company, today announced it is expanding its reach globally with new offices in France and Sweden, and a second office in Germany. The company has also recently opened a Representative Office (RO) Registered in Singapore and a regional office in Chicago.
The new European offices will be located in Central Paris, Munich, and Stockholm, each reporting to Adrian Carr, MarkLogic’s vice president of EMEA, based in London.
“The traction MarkLogic has experienced in the US is rapidly extending into Europe, as the awareness for Enterprise NoSQL database solutions continues to build and make good sense for customers looking for secure and proven big data solutions,” said Adrian Carr. “Our new offices in France and Sweden, and our second Germany location, give us the flexibility to work more closely with existing customers such as Thieme and Norwegian Standards Authority, who have deployed MarkLogic, and puts our solutions within close reach to a broad audience of key accounts throughout Europe.”
Jason Hunter, MarkLogic’s Chief Architect, has been appointed to oversee the company’s Representative Office (RO) Registered in Singapore, which officially launched in August. He reports to MarkLogic’s senior vice president of Corporate Development, David Ponzini, and is tasked with the responsibility of cultivating the South East Asia market.
MarkLogic is focused on providing a powerful and trusted Enterprise NoSQL database platform that empowers organizations to turn all data into valuable and actionable information. Its database platform meets the highest standards that enterprises have for mission-critical systems, by providing an Enterprise NoSQL database platform that delivers integrated search, high availability, disaster recovery, ACID transactions, government-grade security, elasticity and out-of-the-box management tools, so customers can effortlessly deploy applications quickly into production.
“The opening of these new offices is well-timed for the growing number of global customers who need the enterprise grade NoSQL solutions we are delivering to US-based customers,” said David Ponzini, senior vice president of corporate development, MarkLogic. “We are in an advantageous position to make an immediate impact in Europe and Southeast Asia. We continue broadening the market awareness for MarkLogic throughout the world.”
MarkLogic has also opened its Midwest regional office, based in Chicago, IL, housing technology consultants, sales, marketing and professional services teams. Vice president of sales, Patrick Quigley oversees operations, and is responsible for growing the US Central regional team. The company currently has headquarters in the Bay Area, and East Coast regional offices in New York City and McLean, VA.
Share This News:
.@marklogic expands global footprint with offices in France, Germany, Singapore and Sweden #NoSQL #bigdata
.@hunterhacker to head @marklogic’s expansion in SE Asia #NoSQL #bigdata
.@marklogic opens new US regional office in Chicago #siliconpraire #midwesttech #NoSQL #ChicagoBiz
Useful Links:
MarkLogic: www.marklogic.com
Blog: www.marklogic.com/blog/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/MarkLogic
About MarkLogic
For more than a decade, MarkLogic has delivered a powerful, agile and trusted Enterprise NoSQL database platform that enables organizations to turn all data into valuable and actionable information. Organizations around the world rely on MarkLogic’s enterprise-grade technology to power the new generation of information applications. MarkLogic is headquartered in Silicon Valley with offices in Chicago, Frankfurt, London, Munich, New York, Paris, Singapore, Stockholm, Tokyo, Utrecht, and Washington D.C. For more information, please visit www.marklogic.com.
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http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/colonialamerica/colonies/delaware
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en
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The Colonies
|
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[
"United States",
"history",
"North America",
"Delaware",
"Native Americans",
"colonies",
"Lenape Indians",
"Kalmar Nyckel",
"William Penn"
] | null |
[
"Small Planet Communications"
] | null |
Colonial America: Delaware, established in 1638, was formerly known as New Sweden.
|
../../../images/favicon.ico
| null |
Made up of just three small counties, Delaware (formerly New Sweden) attracted much attention, greed, and strife in the 17th and 18th centuries. Delaware sits in a desirable and strategic location at the mouth of the Delaware River on the western shore of Chesapeake Bay.
Delaware struggled for its place on the colonial map, but it was a colony destined for mighty deeds. When the time came to fight for independence of the thirteen colonies, Delaware boldly answered the call.
Before the arrival of the first European settlers, the Delaware River Valley was inhabited by a group of American Indians called the Lenni Lenape, which means "original people." Renamed the "Delaware" by European settlers, the Lenni Lenape tribe was comprised of three large groups settled between southern New York to northern Delaware. The southernmost group lived along the northern part of present-day Delaware. The Nanticoke people lived in southwestern Delaware along the Nanticoke River. The Minqua came from Pennsylvania to trade furs along the Delaware River.
The Spanish and Portuguese are believed to have made explorations of the Delaware coastline in the early 16th century. Henry Hudson, an English explorer hired by the Dutch East India Company, discovered what would become known as the Delaware River and the Delaware Bay in 1609. He did not explore the area, however. One year later, Captain Samuel Argallâthe same Englishman who had kidnapped Pocahontasâwas blown off course and sailed into the Delaware Bay. He named a point of land on the western shore Cape De la Warr, in honor of Thomas West, Lord De la Warr, the first governor of the English colony of Virginia. The Delaware River and Bay were first explored in depth by Captain Cornelius Hendricksen. In his journal, Hendricksen recorded trading with American Indians for various types of furs and hides, including sable, otter, mink, and bear.
In 1631, the first European settlement was attempted when the Dutch West India Company, in partnership with a Dutch merchant captain named David Pietersen de Vries, established a tobacco-growing and whaling industry at Zwaanendael near the present town of Lewes. Within the first year, the settlement was destroyed and its inhabitants were massacred in what is believed to be the result of a dispute that began over the theft of a tin plate bearing the Dutch coat of arms.
Unlike most English companies, the Dutch West India Company hoped to expand trade rather than set up colonies. In contrast, in 1637, Swedish, Dutch, and German stockholders formed the New Sweden Company to establish a colony. Several of the members of the Dutch West India Company offered their services to the New Sweden Company. One of them, Peter Minuit, the former Director-General of New Netherland, led an expedition of settlers from Sweden and set sail in late 1637 on the Kalmar Nyckel and Fogel Grip.
They arrived in March, 1638, and the expedition built a fortified trading post on the site of present-day Wilmington. It was named Fort Christina in honor of Sweden's 12-year-old queen. Minuit secured a deed from the American Indians for the land extending north from Bombay Hook to the Schuylkill River, which flows into the Delaware River at what is now Philadelphia. The territory was named New Sweden.
More than a dozen expeditions arrived in New Sweden over the next 17 years, bringing Swedish, Finnish, and Dutch emigrants, as well as supplies. Additional land was purchased, and the colony spread to both sides of the Delaware River.
New Sweden prospered during the governorship of Johan Björnsson Printz (1643â1653). The settlers built forts, mills, and houses up and down the Delaware River. Trade with local American Indian groups flourished, and many colonists planted tobacco.
In 1651, the Dutch West India Company attempted to gain control of New Sweden, believing that the company still held rights to the area. Peter Stuyvesant, governor of New Netherland, led Dutch troops in building Fort Casimir at present-day New Castle. Under the administration of the colony's last governor, Johan Rising, New Sweden captured the fort in 1654. Stuyvesant returned in greater numbers the following year and took back the whole territory, including the fort. This act effectively ended Swedish influence and participation in the colonization of North America.
The English and the Dutch were in constant competition with one another over trade and colonies in North America. These tensions eventually led to a series of wars between them, which were fought between 1652 and 1674. In 1664 England took over all of New Netherland and the Dutch possessions in the Delaware Valley. This prompted the Second Anglo-Dutch War, which resulted in England's possession of the Dutch territories in 1667. The Duke of York annexed Delaware, and for 18 years it was governed by England as part of the colony of New York (formerly New Netherland). Swedish and Finnish inhabitants were allowed to retain their lands, practice their own religion, and be governed by their own court system. Settlers from England and from surrounding English colonies moved to Delaware, causing the population to increase rapidly.
In 1682, William Penn, a Quaker who founded the neighboring Pennsylvania colony, requested lands from England for a sea route to Pennsylvania. The Duke of York consented and granted Penn all the land between New Castle and Cape Henlopen, which included most of what is now Delaware. Delaware then came under the proprietorship of Penn, but it was administered separately from Pennsylvania as a distinct entity called the "three counties of Delaware" or the "Lower Counties." Charles Calvert, or Lord Baltimore, had founded the colony of Maryland and argued against William Penn, claiming the land along the Delaware River for himself. His claim was denied by England, which prompted a long-running dispute between Penn and Baltimore (and later generations of influential people in Maryland and Pennsylvania) over boundary issues. The argument over the Maryland-Delaware boundary was finally put to rest in 1769 with the demarcation of the Mason-Dixon line.
Penn signed a peace treaty with the Lenni Lenape in 1682, and no further conflict occurred between American Indians and the Delaware settlers until the French and Indian War in 1754. Many of the Delaware Indians had moved west in an attempt to stay ahead of white settlement, and most of them already lived in Ohio by the time the French and Indian War broke out along the coast.
The people of Delaware wanted independence from the strong influence of Pennsylvania's large population of Quakers. The Quakers, or Society of Friends, was a religious body that dominated Philadelphia, and the people of Delaware feared the rapid economic growth of the Pennsylvania colony. They were equally unwilling to become the property of Lord Baltimore and Maryland.
Finally, the establishment of a separate assembly was granted to the people of Delaware. The town of New Castle hosted the first assembly meeting in 1704, serving as Delaware's capital. While the assembly passed laws and made decisions about the economy and government in Delaware's three counties, the colony was still technically under the authority of Pennsylvania's governor.
Delaware was the deciding state in whether or not to declare independence from Great Britain. History was made when a delegate named Caesar Rodney rode his horse from Delaware to Philadelphia to cast Delaware's vote in favor of independence from Great Britain. Riding through thunder, lightning, and a heat wave, Rodney's act of courage is depicted on the commemorative Delaware state quarter issued by the United States Mint in 1999.
During the Revolutionary War, Delaware provided 4,000 men to fight for independence. In fact, Delaware fought not just for freedom from England, but for independence from Pennsylvania, as well. In 1787, Delaware was the first state to ratify the U.S. Constitution, becoming the first state in the new federal union.
[Return to Top]
Delaware | Bibliography
Delaware | Image Credits
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https://www.ask-oracle.com/city/new-castle-delaware-united-states/
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New Castle, Delaware, United States
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""
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2012-01-31T07:22:01+00:00
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en
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Ask Oracle
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https://www.ask-oracle.com/city/new-castle-delaware-united-states/
|
New Castle, Delaware, is a city in New Castle County, Delaware, United States, with a latitude of 39.6620600 and longitude of -75.5663100. It is located on the Delaware River, across from Wilmington, Delaware, and has a humid subtropical climate with hot, humid summers and mild winters. New Castle was founded in 1651 by Dutch settlers and was the capital of the Delaware Colony until 1777. It is known for its rich history and heritage, including the New Castle Historic District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Geographic Data for New Castle, Delaware, United States
Latitude 39° 39.724' Longitude -75° -33.979' Timezone America/New_York
Numerology for New Castle, Delaware, United States
Chaldean Name Number : 35 => 8
Pythagorean Name Number : 3
New Castle might be an ideal location for individuals whose birth number or life path numbers align with the values shown above.
Famous Persons from New Castle, Delaware, United States
Kyle Carter - Born on December 17, 1992 - American football player
Patrick Clarke - Born on October 22, 1991 - American football player
Devin Smith - Born on April 12, 1983 - Basketball coach, and Basketball player
Ryan Phillippe - Born on September 10, 1974 - Taekwondo athlete, Film actor, Television actor, Film producer, Film director, Actor, and Screenwriter
Vinnie Moore - Born on April 14, 1964 - Guitarist, Record producer, and Composer
Tim Wilson - Born on January 14, 1954 - American football player (died: November 23, 1996)
Dave May - Born on December 23, 1943 - Baseball player (died: October 20, 2012)
Dorothy Rudd Moore - Born on June 4, 1940 - Music teacher, Musicologist, Librettist, Pianist, Singer, and Composer (died: March 30, 2022)
Green Peyton Wertenbaker - Born on December 23, 1907 - Science fiction writer, Journalist, and Writer (died: July 26, 1968)
Places near New Castle, Delaware, United States
Bear, Delaware, United States
Carneys Point, New Jersey, United States
Delaware City, Delaware, United States
Edgemoor, Delaware, United States
Elsmere, Delaware, United States
Newport, Delaware, United States
Penns Grove, New Jersey, United States
Pennsville, New Jersey, United States
Wilmington Manor, Delaware, United States
Wilmington, Delaware, United States
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https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/essays/lower-delaware-colonies/
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Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia
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The colonies that became the state of Delaware were a contested borderland. William Penn gained control as an addition to his land grant for Pennsylvania.
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en
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Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia
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https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/essays/lower-delaware-colonies/
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Essay
The colonies that became the state of Delaware lay in the middle of the North American Atlantic coast, extending about 120 miles north from the Atlantic Ocean along the southwestern shore of the Delaware (South) Bay and River to within 10 miles of Philadelphia. Between 1609 and 1704, the area was a contested borderland between north and south, as a dozen native and colonial political and commercial regimes sought to assert authority over the region. William Penn (1644-1718) ultimately gained control of the area as an addition to his land grant for Pennsylvania.
The bay and river—named in 1610 by English explorer Samuel Argall (1580-1626) in honor of Virginia’s governor, Thomas West, Lord De La Warr (1576-1618)—provided a rich, diverse estuarine environment for natives and colonists. A network of natural harbors and navigable rivers enabled trade along the coast and access into the interior. Early historic maps show extensive oyster-laden shoals in the shallow southern reaches of the bay. Shad, sturgeon, and other fish migrated annually up the river. An extensive marsh system lined the bay and river, broken by broad meadows and savannahs. Waterfowl, small mammals, fish, and salt hay abounded, and these lands proved amenable to grazing cattle. The forested coastal plain provided wild game and timber for structures, fencing, and shipbuilding, as did the Cypress Swamp in southern Sussex County. The northern Piedmont hills yielded flint for native people’s stone toolmaking and Europeans exploited the iron ore at Iron Hill, near Newark, New Castle County.
Lenape and Susquehannocks
For most of the seventeenth century, Lenape Algonquian people exerted the greatest political and economic control over the country from central New Jersey through eastern Pennsylvania and along the Delaware Bay to its mouth at Cape Henlopen (Sussex County). Led by sachems and councils of elders, they lived in unpalisaded towns and spoke Unami. Over the course of the century, these Lenape natives created with European settlers a distinctive society that valued peace over conflict, religious freedom, collaboration, respect for diverse people, and local authority. Nonetheless, desire for profits led to contention, and native traders shifted among European nations to obtain the quantity and quality of goods they sought. Exchange provided the source of the Lenapes’ power, which they used to provoke colonial rivalries.
Inland, Susquehannock (Minquas) peoples living in fortified villages along the Susquehanna River proved especially determined to maintain independence in the fur trade, and played Swedes, Dutch, and English against each other. A decade of intermittent war with Lenapes between 1626 and 1636 typified the larger contest for control over furs in the North Atlantic world. The outcome earned Susquehannock traders the right to do business in Lenape areas along Delaware Bay and instigated a trade alliance among the groups.
Dutch Republic and Sweden along the Delaware
While the Lenapes defended their homeland against the Susquehannocks and northern Iroquois, Europeans from the Dutch Republic’s West India Company, the City of Amsterdam, and Sweden established small trading colonies. Lenapes welcomed trade with Dutch sailors, who entered the bay and river by about 1615. The Dutch West India Company established Fort Nassau on the eastern side of the Delaware River in 1626 as part of its colony of New Netherland, an outpost of the Dutch commercial empire and potential source of furs for the expanding European market. Dutch activity expanded in 1629, when officials bargained with a southernmost Lenape community, Sickoneysincks, for a tract of land reaching from Cape Henlopen to the mouth of the Delaware River. By 1631 the resulting colony, Zwaanendael, consisted of about thirty colonists housed in a palisaded fort. Within a year, however, the venture ended in violence. After the Sickoneysincks determined that the Dutch intended to build an agricultural settlement, not merely a trading fort, they destroyed the fort and its occupants. Though the colony failed, its brief existence prevented the future area of Delaware, or at least southern Delaware, from being adjudged part of Maryland.
In the mid-1630s, Peter Minuit (c. 1580-1638), former director of New Netherland, negotiated with the Swedish government to establish the New Sweden colony under Swedish protection. He understood the strategic geographical importance of the lower Delaware Valley, and that the Dutch West India Company had insufficient resources to devote to its development and defense. The New Sweden Company, under leadership of Minuit and other investors, benefited from Dutch colonial experience and funding while enjoying the added advantage of patronage and the protection of the Swedish monarch. For the crown, New Sweden promised to strengthen the nation’s new position as a European power, naval experience, and imperial growth.
The New Sweden Company built Fort Christina, the first permanent European settlement in Delaware, in 1638. The fort, which became the base of one of two primary European settlements along the west side of the river in the seventeenth century, stood at the confluence of the Brandywine and Christina Creeks, later Wilmington, northern New Castle County. At its peak, the colony claimed territory along both sides of the Delaware from the mouth of the bay to the falls (later Trenton, New Jersey), and the settlers traded with Lenapes and Susquehannocks. New Sweden officials established fortifications along the river in an effort to control trade with Indian fur suppliers. Most New Sweden settlers lived along the tributaries of the Delaware River between what later became Wilmington and Philadelphia.
Despite their nations’ alliance in Europe, Dutch West India Company and New Sweden Company settlers believed the lower Delaware Valley could not accommodate them both. They maneuvered for trade advantages, particularly after Peter Stuyvesant (d. 1672) became director-general of New Netherland in 1647. By 1650, the Dutch administration on Manhattan Island and directors in Amsterdam had realized the importance of settling the lower Delaware. Stuyvesant provocatively replaced Fort Nassau in 1651 with Fort Casimir, a second principal European settlement just south of the Swedish Fort Christina. Stuyvesant was concerned not only with Swedes but with English efforts to colonize the river.
After Stuyvesant invaded New Sweden in 1655, Sweden lost its tenuous foothold in this middling borderland. The Dutch then divided the settlements on the Delaware into two colonies. The City of Amsterdam created its “City Colony” in the region surrounding Fort Casimir below the Christina River, centered on New Amstel (later New Castle). Two rows of house and garden plots extended south from the fort along the river. Purportedly 110 houses were completed within a year for Dutch administrators, soldiers, traders, and a mix of settlers from across northern Europe. Within a few years, however, political infighting and economic turmoil led to outmigration, and the population plummeted. Settlers arriving from Maryland and Virginia caused concern because Charles Calvert, Lord Baltimore (1637-1715) considered the lands between the Chesapeake Bay and Delaware River part of his proprietorship. Plans to profit from the tobacco trade with Maryland were stymied by epidemic and the inability of farmers to support the population.
The second Dutch colony, the “Company Colony” north of the Christina River, remained under the administration of Dutch West India Company with a predominantly Swedish and Finnish population. Dutch administrators remained suspicious and distrustful of these Finnish and Swedish settlers. The Dutch renamed the Swedes’ Fort Christina as Fort Altena, but the “Swedish nation” remained strong in other settlements upriver. The Dutch depended on the Swedes’ skills as farmers, interpreters, messengers, diplomats, and soldiers.
English: Duke of York
The unstable, contested relationships among the multinational, multicultural population of the lower Delaware Valley paved the way for conquest by the English in 1664, after Charles II (1630-85) granted his brother James, Duke of York (1633-1701), proprietary rights to land extending from New England to the east side of Delaware Bay. A bloodless invasion of the west shore at Fort Casimir extended the English claim, and the Duke created New Castle County (1664). Beginning in the late 1660s, Swedes, Finns, and Dutch from the Christina Valley and New Castle moved west and south, while English settlers, including some from Maryland, moved to the west bank of the Delaware in small but increasing numbers. Often they brought enslaved Africans with them. In 1670 Governor Francis Lovelace (c. 1621-75) established the first local court in southern Delaware, at Whorekill (later Sussex County). By the mid-1670s, distinct communities of Finns, a wealthy elite, and multiethnic peasants had emerged along the west coast of the lower Delaware. The “Swedish nation” remained autonomous and resilient through alliances with Lenapes and Susquehannocks.
Under the Duke of York, the tobacco economy in Delaware flourished. By 1680, pork and corn joined tobacco as the principal agricultural exports to England, Scotland, and the West Indies. Sufficient population growth and economic development had occurred along the central Delaware coast to warrant the division of Kent County from Whorekill in that year. In some areas these new colonists and descendants of earlier settlers expanded into grain farming and milling and established commercial orchards and animal husbandry operations.
English: William Penn
In 1681 William Penn convinced the English Crown to grant him a charter to 45,000 square miles on the western side of the Delaware River, with a southern boundary on the river twelve miles north of New Castle. Two years later, just before Penn sailed for Pennsylvania, the Duke of York deeded him possession of the three Delaware counties of New Castle, Kent, and Sussex (the Lower Counties). At the time, only about four hundred nonnative inhabitants—Swedish, Finnish, Dutch, and English settlers, and approximately one hundred enslaved Africans—shared with Lenape peoples the entire settled area from Cape Henlopen to New Castle.
In the 1690s, many Lenapes sold claims along the Delaware and moved west into former lands of Minquas-Susquehannock peoples. The borderland region remained torn by religious schism and political rivalry. An extended dispute with Lord Baltimore over the Maryland-Three Lower Counties of Delaware boundary also plagued Penn’s administration.
Penn sought to establish a predominantly Quaker colony. The ethnically, religiously diverse Lower Counties resisted efforts to incorporate them under one proprietary government for Pennsylvania based in Philadelphia. Conflicts arose over autonomy, representation, divergent economic interests, and military defense. Although the region remained Penn’s domain, beginning in 1704 a separate Assembly governed the Lower Counties of Delaware.
By the early eighteenth century, the increasingly European-American landscape of Delaware’s three counties consisted of a few small port towns like New Castle in New Castle County and Lewes in Sussex County and dispersed farmsteads where the land possessed good agricultural qualities. Farmers located their farmsteads near waterways or roads, and cleared small areas for buildings and tobacco, rye, barley, and wheat fields, orchards, and livestock grazing lands. As Philadelphia rapidly grew to be the second-largest city in English North America, Delaware became part of the city’s agricultural and commercial hinterland.
Lu Ann De Cunzo holds a Ph.D. in American Civilization with a specialization in historical archaeology. Her research has addressed diverse themes and topics of lower Delaware Valley history and cultures between the seventeenth and twentieth centuries. She is Professor and Chair of Anthropology at the University of Delaware. (Author information current at time of publication.)
Copyright 2016, Rutgers University
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https://kids.kiddle.co/New_Castle,_Delaware
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New Castle, Delaware facts for kids
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Learn New Castle, Delaware facts for kids
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https://kids.kiddle.co/New_Castle,_Delaware
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For the county, see New Castle County, Delaware.
New Castle is a city in New Castle County, Delaware, United States. The city is located six miles (10 km) south of Wilmington and is situated on the Delaware River. As of 2020, the city's population was 5,551. New Castle constitutes part of the Delaware Valley or Philadelphia metropolitan area.
History
17th century
New Castle was originally settled by the Dutch West India Company in 1651 under the leadership of Peter Stuyvesant on the site of a former aboriginal village, "Tomakonck" ("Place of the Beaver"), to assert their claim to the area based on a prior agreement with the aboriginal inhabitants of the area. The Dutch originally named the settlement Fort Casimir, but this was changed to Fort Trinity following its seizure by the colony of New Sweden on Trinity Sunday in 1654. The Dutch conquered the entire colony of New Sweden the following year and rechristened the fort as Nieuw-Amstel, named after the Amstel. This marked the end of the Swedish colony in Delaware as an official entity, but it remained a semi-autonomous unit within the New Netherland colony and the cultural, social, and religious influence of the Swedish settlers remained strong. As the settlement grew, Dutch authorities laid out a grid of streets and established a common green in the town's center, which continues to this day.
In 1664, the English seized the entire New Netherland colony in the Second Anglo-Dutch War. They changed the name of the town to "New Castle" and made it the capital of their Delaware Colony. The Dutch regained the town in 1673 during the Third Anglo-Dutch War but it was returned to Great Britain the next year under the Treaty of Westminster. In 1680, New Castle was conveyed to William Penn by the Duke of York by livery of seisin and was Penn's landing place when he first set foot on American soil on October 27, 1682. This transfer to Penn was contested by Lord Baltimore and the boundary dispute was not resolved until the 1763-1767 survey conducted by Mason and Dixon, now famed in history as the Mason–Dixon line.
18th century
Prior to the establishment of Penn's Philadelphia, New Castle was a center of government. After being transferred to Penn, Delaware's Swedish, Dutch, and English residents became accustomed to the relaxed culture of the Restoration monarchy and grew uncomfortable with the more conservative Quaker influence, so Delaware petitioned for a separate legislature, which was finally granted in 1702. Delaware formally broke from Pennsylvania in 1704. New Castle again became the seat of the colonial government, thriving with the various judges and lawyers that fueled the economy. Many smaller houses were torn down and replaced in this era. In February, 1777, John McKinly was elected the first President of Delaware, a title later renamed "Governor". During the Revolution, when New Castle was besieged by William Howe, the government elected to move its functions south to Dover in May, 1777. McKinley was captured by the British and held prisoner for several months. New Castle remained the county seat until after the Civil War, when that status was transferred to Wilmington. Three of the 56 signers of the Declaration of Independence were from New Castle: Thomas McKean, George Read, and George Ross.
19th century
The 16-mile (26 km) portage between the Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay saved a 400-mile (640 km) trip around the Delmarva Peninsula, so this brought passengers, goods, and business to New Castle's port. In the years following the Revolution, a turnpike was built to facilitate travel between the two major waterways. Later, New Castle became the eastern terminus of the New Castle and Frenchtown Railroad, the second-oldest rail line in the country, launched in 1828 with horse-drawn rail cars, then converting to steam power when an engine was purchased from Great Britain in 1832. The line traversed the Delmarva Peninsula, running to the Elk River, Maryland, from where passengers changed to packet boats for further travel to Baltimore and points south. This helped the New Castle economy to further boom; however, by 1840, rail lines were in place between Philadelphia and Baltimore, which had a stop in Wilmington, thus leaving New Castle to deal with a substantial decline in traffic and revenue.
The decline in New Castle's economy had the long-range fortunate effect of preventing most residents from making any significant structural changes to their homes. The many buildings of historic New Castle have largely not been upgraded or restored and appear much as they did in the Colonial and Federal periods.
20th century
Since 1927, New Castle has offered tours of historical homes, churches, and gardens, which are typically held annually on the third Saturday of May. Householders dress in colonial costumes and an admittance fee, used toward the maintenance of the town's many historic buildings, is charged. Annually in June, New Castle holds its annual Separation Day celebration.
On April 28, 1961, an F3 tornado hit the north side. Although no fatalities or injuries occurred, it was the only tornado of this magnitude ever recorded in Delaware during the Fujita scale area.
21st century
A tornado rated EF3 hit the city on April 1, 2023.
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.2 square miles (8.2 km2), of which 3.0 square miles (7.9 km2) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.3 km2) of it (3.79%) is water.
The city is the home of Broad Dyke, the first dyke built in the United States.
The cupola of the court house is the center of the "Twelve-Mile Circle" that defines much of the border between Delaware and Pennsylvania. The circle also forms a small portion of the border between Delaware and New Jersey and Delaware and Maryland.
Demographics
Historical population Census Pop. %± 1850 1,202 — 1860 1,902 58.2% 1870 1,916 0.7% 1880 3,700 93.1% 1890 4,010 8.4% 1900 3,380 −15.7% 1910 3,351 −0.9% 1920 3,854 15.0% 1930 4,131 7.2% 1940 4,414 6.9% 1950 5,396 22.2% 1960 4,469 −17.2% 1970 4,814 7.7% 1980 4,907 1.9% 1990 4,837 −1.4% 2000 4,862 0.5% 2010 5,285 8.7% 2020 5,551 5.0% U.S. Decennial Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,862 people, 2,012 households, and 1,339 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,594.6 inhabitants per square mile (615.7/km2). There were 2,199 housing units at an average density of 721.2 per square mile (278.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 77.48% White, 20.20% African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.39% Asian, 0.84% from other races, and 0.84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.41% of the population.
There were 2,012 households, out of which 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.1% were married couples living together, 14.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.4% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.93.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.8% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 27.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $52,449, and the median income for a family was $56,368. Males had a median income of $40,153 versus $31,571 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,052. About 3.9% of families and 5.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.8% of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those age 65 or over.
Historic sites
New Castle Historic District is an area approximately four blocks square in the center of town with about 500 historic buildings, built between 1700 and 1940. This area contains one of the highest concentrations of well-preserved buildings dating from the 17th to early 19th centuries. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1967.
The historic district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1967 and it was relisted, with enlarged boundaries and expanded period of significance, in 1984. The historic district then covered 135 acres (55 ha) of area and includes Amstel House and Old Courthouse which are separately listed on the NRHP. The area includes 461 contributing buildings, one other contributing structure, and one contributing object.
The New Castle Court House, the Green, and the Sheriff's House are parts of First State National Historical Park, a unit of the National Park System. The national park interprets Delaware's settlement and role in the founding of the United States.
Notable sites the historic district include:
Amstel House, home of New Castle Historical Society
Stonum, home of George Read, an 18th century Delaware politician
Read House and Garden, former home of Read's son George Read Jr., built between 1801 and 1804
Immanuel Episcopal Church on the Green
New Castle Court House Museum, the original colonial capitol and first State House of Delaware, served as Court House until 1882 when the county seat was moved to Wilmington. Its cupola served as the center of the Twelve-Mile Circle, which defined Delaware's state border with Pennsylvania
Old Dutch House, a small early dwelling built circa 1700
Thomas McKean House, the former home of Thomas McKean, a Founding Father
New Castle Presbyterian Church, built in 1707
Lesley-Travers Mansion, built in 1855
Bellanca Airfield, located outside of the historic district, is the site of the former Bellanca Aircraft Corporation factory, which operated in New Castle from 1928 to 1960 and built over 3,000 airplanes. Delaware Aviation Hall of Fame Museum is located in hangar. Also nearby are Buena Vista, Glebe House, The Hermitage, New Castle Ice Piers, Penn Farm of the Trustees of the New Castle Common, and Swanwyck, all listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Education
New Castle is served by the Colonial School District. It operates William Penn High School.
Private schools located in New Castle include: Serviam Girls Academy, St. Peter's Catholic School (of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Wilmington) and Delaware Valley Classical School.
New Castle Public Library is the public library.
Infrastructure
Transportation
U.S. Route 13 and U.S. Route 40 are the most significant highways serving New Castle directly. They pass along the northwest edge of the city concurrently along Dupont Highway.
Delaware Route 9 runs southwest-to-northeast through New Castle, passing through the city along 7th Street, Washington Street, Delaware Street, and Ferry Cut Off Street; the route bypasses the historic area. DE 9 heads north to Wilmington and south to Delaware City. Delaware Route 141 heads north from New Castle on Basin Road and provides a bypass to the west of Wilmington. Delaware Route 273 heads west from New Castle on Frenchtown Road and provides access to Christiana and Newark. Several important roads are located just outside the city limits. Interstate 295 passes north of New Castle and crosses the Delaware River on the Delaware Memorial Bridge to New Jersey, with DE 9 providing access to New Castle from I-295.
The Wilmington Airport (formerly New Castle Airport) is located northwest of New Castle along US 13/US 40. The airport offers general aviation, commercial air service, and is home to a unit of the Delaware Air National Guard.
A freight line operated by the Norfolk Southern Railway passes through New Castle. The nearest passenger rail station to New Castle is Wilmington station in Wilmington, which is served by Amtrak and SEPTA Regional Rail's Wilmington/Newark Line.
DART First State provides bus service to New Castle along Route 15 and Route 51, which both run between downtown Wilmington and the Christiana Mall and offer connections to multiple bus routes serving points across northern New Castle County.
Utilities
The Municipal Services Commission of the City of New Castle provides electricity and water to the city. The electric department is a member of the Delaware Municipal Electric Corporation. Natural gas service in New Castle is provided by Delmarva Power, a subsidiary of Exelon. The city's Public Works department provides trash and recycling collection to New Castle.
Notable people
Walter W. Bacon, 60th Governor of Delaware
John Walter Bratton, songwriter
William C. Frazer, American lawyer and judge
Thomas Holcomb, Commandant of the United States Marine Corps
Dave May, former MLB player
Thomas McKean, lawyer, politician and a signer of the Declaration of Independence
Vinnie Moore, guitarist
George Read I, signer of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, second Governor of Delaware
George Ross, signer of the Declaration of Independence
Jeff Otah, NFL player
Ryan Phillippe, actor
Devin Smith, professional basketball player for Maccabi Tel Aviv
Charles Thomas, 25th Governor of Delaware
Nicholas Van Dyke I, President of Delaware
Nicholas Van Dyke II, son of Nicholas Van Dyke I, U.S. Senator
Jalen Duren, professional basketball player for the Detroit Pistons
Joe Biden, 46th President of the United States
In film
New Castle has served as the filming location for numerous films and television series, including Dead Poets Society, Beloved, and River Ridge.
See also
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The Delaware Geological Survey
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https://www.dgs.udel.edu/sites/default/files/favicon_0.ico
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https://www.dgs.udel.edu/sites/default/files/favicon_0.ico
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"Hundreds" is a geographic division, smaller than counties and roughly equivalent to the division "townships" in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Delaware is the only state which currently uses this division. There are thirty-three hundreds today. The most recent changes to hundreds were in the 1870s when the last two were established: Gumboro in 1873 and Blackbird in 1875. Prior to the 1960s, hundreds were used as voting districts and as units for reporting taxes. The remaining use of hundreds today is in property tax assessments (tax parcel numbers are assigned by hundreds).
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https://www.dgs.udel.edu/node/561
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"Hundreds" is a geographic division, smaller than counties and roughly equivalent to the division "townships" in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Delaware is the only state which currently uses this division. There are thirty-three hundreds today. The most recent changes to hundreds were in the 1870s when the last two were established: Gumboro in 1873 and Blackbird in 1875. Prior to the 1960s, hundreds were used as voting districts and as units for reporting taxes. The remaining use of hundreds today is in property tax assessments (tax parcel numbers are assigned by hundreds). The use of hundreds in America dates back to colonial days. Hundreds were used as a sub-county division in England and were introduced in some of the British colonies. For Delaware, the origin is cited as a letter written in 1682 by William Penn, the newly-appointed Lord Proprietor of the province of Pennsylvania and the counties on the Delaware. Penn directed that from this point onward, settlements be divided into sections of 100 families. The first use of the term Hundred in official records relating to the Delaware colony dates to 1687, when reference is made to "a list of taxables of north side of Duck Creek Hundred." (from the New Castle County court records, Returns of the Constables, as cited in Scharf, p. 611f). In 1964, a U.S. Supreme Court ruling in a Delaware case disallowed state election districts based solely on geography. Following this, Delaware redrew its boundaries based on population. The case was Roman v. Sincock 377 US 695 (1964). The case can be found in Findlaw: U.S. Supreme Court Opinions and in LexisNexis Academic Universe [restricted to University of Delaware]. Source: University of Delaware Library
Following are selected references relating to hundreds:
In Delaware Genealogical Research Guide fourth edition, (p. 16): The use of hundreds originates from the time when Delaware and Maryland were colonial holdings of Great Britain. On 25 October 1682, William Penn directed that Delaware be divided into townships occupied by 100 families. Each family was presumed to have an average of 10 members, including servants. By order of the Pennsylvania Provincial Council, these townships were referred to as hundreds after 9 April 1690. Originally, there were five hundreds in New Castle County, five in Kent County and two in Sussex County. As the population grew, several of the hundreds divided, creating new hundreds. In 1875, the total number of hundreds had grown to the present-day thirty-three hundreds. Their boundaries have essentially not changed since and no longer serve as judicial or legislative districts. In Munroe, History of Delaware (p. 49): A hundred is an old English subdivision of a county, its origin shrouded in mystery.... The name was used in many colonies but survived in America only in Delaware, probably because there the counties were all established so early -- by 1680 -- that little reorganization was needed. In New England, the newer English term, town, replaced hundred, and in Pennsylvania and New Jersey the term township was adopted. In Scharf, History of Delaware, a quotation from a letter by William Penn to the justices of the peace in Sussex county (25th of Tenth Month, 1682) (p. 611 note): That you endeavor to seat the land that shall hereafter be taken up in the way of townships. As three thousand acres amongst Tenn familys; if single persons one thousand acres. Amongst Tenn of them laid out in the nature of a long square five or Tenn of a side, and a way of two hundred foot broad left between them for an Highway in the Township, and I would have you careful for the future good and grate benefit of your country. On page 84, Scharf uses the terms "three lower counties" and "Delaware Hundreds" interchangeably. In Delaware 1782 Tax Assessment and Census Lists (p. 2): A "hundred" is an old Saxon land division which is smaller than a county or shire and larger than a tithing. It comprised ten tithings of ten freeholder families each, or 100 families. The following are maps from the Pomeroy and Beers Atlas of 1868. Each hundred is available in Georeferenced Tiff format and in plain PDF format.
Appoquimink: PDF
Baltimore: PDF
Brandywine: PDF
Broad Creek: PDF
Broadkill: PDF
Camden: PDF
Cedar Creek: PDF
Christiana: PDF
Cities in Beers Atlas: TIF
Dagsboro: PDF
Dover: PDF (Dover City), PDF (Dover Hundred)
Duck Creek: PDF
Georgetown: PDF (Georgetown City), PDF (Georgetown Hundred)
Indian River: PDF
Leipsic: PDF
Lewes Rehoboth: TIF, Lewes Rehoboth
Lincoln: PDF
Little Creek Sussex: PDF
Middletown: PDF
Milford: PDF (Milford Hundred), PDF (Milford City)
Mill Creek: PDF
Milton: TIF
Mispillion: PDF
Murderkill: PDF
Nanticoke: PDF
New Castle: PDF (New Castle City), PDF (New Castle Hundred)
Newport: PDF
North Murderkill: TIF
Northwest Fork: PDF
Pencader: PDF
Red Lion: PDF
Smyrna: PDF
St. Georges: PDF
White Clay Creek: PDF
Wilmington: PDF
The Reapportionment Cases
The Delaware case Roman v. Sincock 377 US 695 (1964) was one of six cases commonly referred to as "the Reapportionment Cases." In these cases, the districting methods for state legislative elections were declared to be in violation of the principle of "one man, one vote." The states were directed to redraw the districts to more closely represent equal areas of population and to redraw districts after each decennial census. The equal population requirement was to apply to both houses, if the legislature were bicameral. According to the Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court (p. 710): "These cases effectively declared the apportionment of every state legislature unconstitutional." References Delaware Genealogical Research Guide. 3d ed. Wilmington, DE: Delaware Genealogical Society, 2002. Location: Morris Library - Reference (Ref F163 .D349 2002) Location: Morris Library - Special Collections (Del F163 .D349 2002).
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https://newcastlecity.delaware.gov/2015/05/08/welcome-to-the-city-of-new-castle/
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Welcome to the City of New Castle
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2015-05-08T00:00:00
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Step back in time and experience the charm and beauty of colonial New Castle. Walk the cobblestone streets and enjoy the historic sites of this riverfront community. Historic New Castle, Delaware is located just 10 minutes south of downtown Wilmington with easy access from I-95 and I-295. Overlooking the Delaware River, Historic New Castle is the oldest continuously occupied town in the Delaware Valley. And, thanks to preservation efforts, this vibrant, fully occupied community remains one of the most important Colonial/Federal villages in America – second only to Williamsburg, Virginia in the number and authenticity of its historic structures. The New Castle Court House Museum is part of the the First State National Historical Park. New Castle, originally named Fort Casimir, was founded in 1651 by Peter Stuyvesant, who was sent to provide the Dutch with command of all river traffic. Because of its strategic location, ownership of the settlement […]
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en
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City of New Castle
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https://newcastlecity.delaware.gov/2015/05/08/welcome-to-the-city-of-new-castle/
|
Step back in time and experience the charm and beauty of colonial New Castle. Walk the cobblestone streets and enjoy the historic sites of this riverfront community.
Historic New Castle, Delaware is located just 10 minutes south of downtown Wilmington with easy access from I-95 and I-295. Overlooking the Delaware River, Historic New Castle is the oldest continuously occupied town in the Delaware Valley. And, thanks to preservation efforts, this vibrant, fully occupied community remains one of the most important Colonial/Federal villages in America – second only to Williamsburg, Virginia in the number and authenticity of its historic structures. The New Castle Court House Museum is part of the the First State National Historical Park.
New Castle, originally named Fort Casimir, was founded in 1651 by Peter Stuyvesant, who was sent to provide the Dutch with command of all river traffic. Because of its strategic location, ownership of the settlement was constantly changing. The flags of the Netherlands, Sweden and Great Britain have all flown over New Castle.
The three counties which make up the state of Delaware were added to William Penn’s lands in America. In 1682, Penn came ashore at New Castle and took possession, but these counties, which were well established, became dissatisfied with Penn’s rule. In 1704, when he granted them a separate legislature, New Castle became the colonial capitol of Delaware. The lively town also briefly served as the first state capital, and continued as the county seat until the 1880’s.
New Castle’s location made it an ideal transfer point for trips up and down the coast. As a result, New Castle was a thriving community throughout the 1700’s and early 1800’s. The courts and general assembly also attracted various judges, lawyers and government officials who built handsome houses, many of which still remain. The Great Fire of 1824, which started in the stables behind the Jefferson House, claimed many of the inns and warehouses located on The Strand. Among the buildings destroyed was the modest home of George Read, signer of the Declaration on Independence and the Constitution.
Unlike many historic communities, New Castle is a residential town where people live and work. Each house reflects the individuality of its past and present owners. Because New Castle has been named a National Landmark Historic Area, all renovations and restorations are carefully supervised.
This small, picturesque City allows vacationers, as well as business travelers, a refreshing respite from the pressures of daily life. Whether you are enjoying the beaches, the Brandywine Valley, or other treasures of Delaware, be sure to include New Castle in your itinerary.
A timeline of New Castle City History, compiled by the New Castle Historical Society:
1651 – Fort Casimir established at today’s New Castle by the Dutch under Gov. Peter Stuyvesant.
1682 – William Penn landed in New Castle to take control of the colony of Pennsylvania.
1704 – Penn granted Lower Three Counties (today’s Delaware) independent status, with New Castle as their capital.
1764 – First Board of Trustees of New Castle Common named to manage common land for residents.
1776 – New Castle became the state capital, but the state moved its governmental seat to Dover the following year.
1824 – New Castle was devastated by the Great Fire on Water Street, now known as The Strand.
1831 – New Castle and Frenchtown Railroad opened. It was the first railroad in Delaware and one of the first in the nation.
1875 – New Castle incorporated as a city under an act of the state legislature.
1881 – New Castle County seat moved from New Castle to Wilmington.
1897 – Electric trolley service to Wilmington added.
1925 – New Castle-Pennsville, N.J., ferry service was inaugurated. It ended in 1951.
1934 – New Castle Historical Society established for purpose of opening the 1738 Amstel House as the first historic-house museum in town.
1949 – The town’s central district was surveyed and mapped by Historic New Castle Inc. in a preservation initiative.
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https://delawaretoday.com/things-to-do/separation-day/
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A Look at the 2024 Separation Day Festival in Old New Castle
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2024-06-10T20:44:50+00:00
|
Delawareans gathered in Old New Castle to commemorate Separation Day with historic reenactments, a parade and a festival in Battery Park.
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en
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Delaware Today
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https://delawaretoday.com/things-to-do/separation-day/
|
Delaware boasts a unique colonial history. For a time, Pennsylvania claimed ownership to the three counties along the Delaware River. Yet on June 15, 1776, Delaware declared its independence from both Great Britain and Pennsylvania. Separation Day is now celebrated every year in Old New Castle, where Delaware’s independence was declared.
@delawaretodaymagazine
Separation Day festivities over the weekend in Old New Castle. 🇺🇸 #delaware #fyp
♬ Vibes – ZHRMusic
Separation Day is one of the longest-running traditions in the First State. This year marked the 248th anniversary of the event. Attendees celebrated with a parade through the streets of Old New Castle, colonial reenactors, live performances and a festival in New Castle’s Battery Park.
Here’s a look at the festival and parade in photos.
The Separation Day parade kicked off at noon and included performances from both local and national marching bands. Public figures and local politicians also made appearances to give celebratory addresses. Both Gov. John Carney and Lt. Gov. Bethany Hall-Long spoke during the parade.
In celebration of the First State, a variety of local organizations planned performances and demonstrations including traditional dance, historic reenactments and more.
Wilmington’s Ballet Folklorico Mexico Lindo performed traditional Mexican dance during the parade. Dancers of all ages impressed spectators and celebrated the diverse array of cultures that exists in the First State.
Reenactment groups from around Delaware also gave demonstrations after marching through the streets of Old New Castle, including firing off their muskets in an impressive display enjoyed by spectators of all ages.
The Separation Day parade also included historic police and fire vehicles. Four officers from Wilmington’s Mounted Patrol unit—and their Clydesdales—made an appearance.
Along with the parade, the Separation Day festival featured more live performances, a craft vendor fair, carnival rides, food trucks and historic reenactors in Old New Castle. Festivities continued throughout the day, ending with a fireworks show at dusk.
See yourself in one of these photos? Reach out to our digital editor, Sydney Livingston, at slivingston@delawaretoday.com to be added to the caption.
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https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/explorers/intro28.htm
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Explorers and Settlers (Historical Background)
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The British Colonials and Progenitors (continued)
THE DUKE OF YORK'S GRANT
Only a few months before the English conquered New Netherland in 1664, Charles II granted the territory as a proprietorship to his brother, James, Duke of York, to hold with all customary proprietary rights. James, keeping for himself the Hudson Valley and the islands in the harbor, renamed the province, as well as the town on Manhattan Island, New York. He conveyed the southern part of his grant, between the Hudson and the Delaware Rivers, to two loyal Stuart supporters, Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, who named it New Jersey. New York was quickly amalgamated into the English colonial system and enjoyed a continuing prosperity. When James assumed the throne, the province automatically became a royal colony. It was attached briefly to the Dominion of New England, but regained separate status after the Glorious Revolution (1688).
New Jersey had few settlements when it passed into the possession of the new proprietors. A scattering of Swedes, Dutch, and Finns had filtered into the area from New York. Almost as soon as English control was asserted, New England Puritans moved into the area. They were welcomed by the proprietors' representative, who in 1665 founded the village of Elizabethtown. Because immigration into New Jersey was encouraged by promises of religious toleration, representative government, and moderately priced land, the colony was populated rather quickly.
In 1674, Lord Berkeley sold his interest in New Jersey to two English Quakers. From them, it passed into the hands of three others, one of whom was William Penn. In 1676, Carteret agreed with them to split the colony into East and West Jersey and ceded the latter to them. In 1688, James II reasserted his governing right and brought the Jerseys into the Dominion of New England. After the collapse of the Dominion, in 1689, East and West Jersey reverted to full proprietary control. In 1702, however, the proprietors surrendered their governing power to the Crown, but retained their land titles. In 1738, New Jersey was reestablished as a separate royal colony.
In 1682, to obtain access to the seacoast, William Penn acquired Delaware from the Duke of York, who between 1664 and 1680 had taken over the area on the assumption that it was part of his grant and had divided it into three counties, or "Territories." After Penn's purchase, these counties were at first governed as part of Pennsylvania and basked in the same prosperity. In 1701, however, they were authorized to form a separate assembly, which occurred in 1704, and the colony of Delaware was born. But it remained under the jurisdiction of the Penn family until the War for Independence.
PENNSYLVANIA: A QUAKER PROPRIETORSHIP
Pennsylvania was the most successful of the proprietary colonies. Adm. Sir William Penn was a wealthy and respected friend of Charles II. His son, William, was an associate of George Fox, founder of the Society of Friendsa despised Quaker. When the senior Penn died, in 1670, his Quaker son inherited not only the friendship of the Crown but also an outstanding unpaid debt of some magnitude owed to his father by the King. In settlement, in 1681 he received a grant of land in America, called "Pennsylvania," which he decided to use as a refuge for his persecuted coreligionists. It was a princely domain, extending along the Delaware River from the 40th to the 43d parallel. As proprietor, Penn was both ruler and landlord. The restrictions on the grant were essentially the same as those imposed on the second Lord Baltimore: colonial laws had to be in harmony with those of England and had to be assented to by a representative assembly.
"The Landing of William Penn, 1682." From a painting by J. L. G. Ferris. (Courtesy, William E. Ryder and the Smithsonian Institution.)
Penn lost little time in advertising his grant and the terms on which he offered settlement. He promised religious freedom and virtually total self-government. More than 1,000 colonists arrived the first year, most of whom were Mennonites and Quakers. Penn himself arrived in 1682 at New Castle and spent the winter at Upland, a Swedish settlement on the Delaware that the English had taken over; he renamed it Chester. He founded a capital city a few miles upstream and named it Philadelphiathe City of Brotherly Love. Well situated and well planned, it grew rapidly. Within 2 years, it had more than 600 houses, many of them hand some brick residences surrounded by lawns and gardens.
Shiploads of Quakers poured into the colony. By the summer of 1683, more than 3,000 settlers had arrived. Welsh, Germans, Scotch-Irish, Mennonites, Quakers, Jews, and Baptists mingled in a New World utopia. Not even the great Puritan migration had populated a colony so fast. Pennsylvania soon rivaled Massachusetts, New York, and Virginia. In part its prosperity is attributable to its splendid location and fertile soils, but even more to the proprietor's felicitous administration. In a series of lawsthe Great Law and the First and Second Frames of GovernmentPenn created one of the most humane and progressive governments then in existence. It was characterized by broad principles of religious toleration, a well-organized bicameral legislature, and a forward-looking penal code.
A group of Cherokee Indians brought to London in 1730 by Sir Alexander Cuming. From an engraving by Isaac Basire, after a painting by Markham, in the British Museum. (Courtesy, Smithsonian Institution.)
Symbolic scene representing the various treaties William Penn negotiated with the Indians in Pennsylvania. The Indians admired Penn because he dealt fairly with them in land transactions and protected them. From an engraving by John Hall, 1775, after a painting by Benjamin West. (Courtesy, Library of Congress.)
Another reason for the colony's growth was that, unlike the other colonies, it was not troubled by the Indians. Penn had bought their lands and made a series of peace treaties that were scrupulously fair and rigidly adhered to. For more than half a century, Indians and whites lived in Pennsylvania in peace. Quaker farmers, who were never armed, could leave their children with neighboring "savages" when they went into town for a visit.
By any measure, Penn's "Holy Experiment" was a magnificent success. Penn proved that a state could function smoothly on Quaker principles, without oaths, arms, or priests, and that these principles encouraged individual morality and freedom of conscience. Furthermore, ever a good businessman, he made a personal fortune while treating his subjects with unbending fairness and honesty.
Savannah, in 1734, the year after James Oglethorpe founded the city and colony of Georgia. From an engraving by P. Fourdrinier, after an on-the-scene drawing by Peter Gordon. (Courtesy, Library of Congress.)
GEORGIAEARLY PENETRATION
By 1700, the last of the British colonies in the present United States, Georgia, had not yet been founded. Not until 1733 did the philanthropist Gen. James Oglethorpe begin to settle the colony, which he had conceived as a refuge for oppressed debtors in English prisons [Colonials and Patriots, Vol. VI in this series, pp. 19-20]. As the 17th century neared an end, however, the British were beginning to penetrate the area. English traders set up posts on the Savannah, Oconee, and Ocmulgee Rivers and were active along the Chattahoochee and as far west as the Mississippi. Winning the friendship of two powerful Indian tribes, the Creek and the Chickasaw, they created the antagonism with the Spanish and the French that resulted in the international clashes of the early 1700's.
James Oglethorpe, founder of the colony of Georgia, presents Tomochichi, chief of the Yamacraws, to the Lord Trustees of the colony, in England. Oglethorpe, wearing a black suit, stands in the center. From a painting by William Verelst, 1734. (Courtesy, Smithsonian Institution.)
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE
Life in early colonial times was harsh, and the refinements of the mother country were ordinarily lacking. The colonists, however, soon began to mold their English culture into the fresh environment of a new land. The influence of religion permeated the entire way of life. In most southern colonies, the Anglican Church was the legally established church. In New England, the Puritans were dominant; and, in Pennsylvania, the Quakers. Especially in the New England colonies, the local or village church was the hub of community life; the authorities strictly enforced the Sabbath and sometimes banished nonbelievers and dissenters.
Unfortunately, the same sort of religious intolerance, bigotry, and superstition associated with the age of the Reformation in Europe also prevailed in some of the colonies, though on a lesser scale. In the last half of the 17th century, during sporadic outbreaks of religious fanaticism and hysteria, Massachusetts and Connecticut authorities tried and hanged a few women as "witches." Early in the 18th century, some other witchcraft persecution occurred, in Virginia, North Carolina, and Rhode Island. As the decades passed, however, religious toleration developed in the colonies.
Because of the strong religious influence in the colonies, especially in New England, religious instruction and Bible reading played an important part in education. In Massachusetts, for example, a law of 1647 required each town to maintain a grammar school for the purpose of providing religious, as well as general, instruction. In the southern colonies, only a few privately endowed free schools existed. Private tutors instructed the sons of well-to-do planters, who completed their educations in English universities. Young males in poor families throughout the colonies were ordinarily apprenticed for vocational education.
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https://nj.gov/nj/about/history/short_history.html
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The Official Web Site for The State of New Jersey
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You can find New Jersey on the east coast of the United States, between New York and Pennsylvania. Its location is remarkably accessible and indispensable. While millions call it home, many more millions visit, work, or pass through it each year. Connections to the Garden State include those with longstanding family ties to newcomers arriving to at
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| null |
A Reflection of America: New Jersey History in Brief
You can find New Jersey on the east coast of the United States, between New York and Pennsylvania. Its location is remarkably accessible and indispensable. While millions call it home, many more millions visit, work, or pass through it each year. Connections to the Garden State include those with longstanding family ties to newcomers arriving to attend one of our renowned colleges or universities, work, or raise a family. In fact, wherever you are in the U.S., you’re likely to find someone with Jersey roots.
New Jersey is also a microcosm of the United States of America. In its past are stories that reveal the complexity of the American experience, reflecting the people, places, beliefs, and events that shaped who we are today. By understanding the experiences of Indigenous people, immigrants, free and enslaved African Americans, workers, soldiers, farmers, elected officials, teachers, scholars, activists, social reformers, inventors, and scientists, we hold a mirror up to America, exploring the foundational questions of who we are and where we came from. This brief history provides a general overview of the rich tapestry that constitutes the history of New Jersey.
Homeland of the Lenape
The land now known as New Jersey has been inhabited by Indigenous peoples for over 10,000 years. The ancestors of the Lenape, often referred to as the Delaware, were a network of individual nations whose traditional homelands once covered a vast area along the Eastern seaboard, including parts of present-day New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and New York. They lived in thriving communities with rich cultural beliefs. A visitor to New Jersey in the 1600s would have found a land populated by approximately 8,000 Indigenous people, with myriad histories and social relationships
New Jersey’s complex settler and colonial past began in the seventeenth century. The first Europeans were the Dutch, who established their New Netherlands colony along the Hudson, Raritan, and Passaic rivers. In 1609, Henry Hudson became one of the first European explorers to chart the land that became New Jersey. The Swedes later established a colony along the southern banks of the Delaware River.
Europeans brought enslaved and free Africans to the territory, beginning a long and painful history of slavery and discrimination. Imported enslaved people were primarily subject to work in agriculture. As the colony’s population grew, so did its ethnic and religious diversity. African Americans – consisting mostly of enslaved peoples – accounted for 12% of the colony’s population by 1776.
In 1664, Charles II of England granted his brother James, Duke of York, a large tract of land along the eastern seaboard of North America. Weeks later, James gave a large portion of this land to his two friends, Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, proclaiming it “New Caeserea or New Jersey,” after the Isle of Jersey in the English Channel. A decade later, New Jersey was divided into two separate colonies: East and West Jersey. Each colony had its own proprietors, government, and laws. East Jersey’s capital was Perth Amboy and West Jersey’s capital was Burlington. In 1702, the proprietors of East and West Jersey surrendered their civil authority to the Crown, creating one colony under a royal governor. The English encouraged slavery through legislation that rewarded enslavers with grants of land through an agreement that offered 60 acres of land for every enslaved person imported during 1664, 45 acres for each imported the following year, and 30 acres for each in 1666. As the new English Settlers expanded, the enslaved population grew from just 50 in 1664 to hundreds and eventually thousands from 1625-1763.
Quakers played a significant role in New Jersey’s early colonial history, serving as proprietors in both East and West Jersey and accounting for a large portion of West Jersey’s population. The Dutch, English, and Swedes also set their sights on the land, resulting in a colony that, much like New Jersey today, was noteworthy for its diversity. They were joined by French Huguenots, Walloons, Germans, Finns, Welsh, Scots, and Scots-Irish settlers.
Early Dutch and English colonists engaged in trade with the Lenape people, exchanging European goods for furs. However, conflict between Lenape Nations and the colonists, as well as disease, posed threats to Indigenous people. As other immigrant groups grew, the state’s Indigenous population declined, largely due to forced migration. New Jersey’s changing demographics reflected a diverse population as forced migrations of enslaved people, willing and displaced migrants, and the continual forced displacement of Indigenous people created a shifting landscape. New Jersey’s colonial settlement patterns also left important and lasting legacies: diversity in faith, gender, race, ethnicity, and a tradition of representative self-government.
A Growing Colony Joins the Revolution
In 1746, the College of New Jersey, now known as Princeton University, began in Elizabeth with six students, then moved to Newark and ultimately Princeton. Twenty years later it was joined by Queen’s College, now Rutgers University. These pioneering schools began a long and distinguished tradition of higher education in New Jersey, making it the only North American colony with two chartered colleges at that time.
As ideas around inalienable rights gained popularity, so did the movement for American independence from Britain. After the passage of the Stamp and Townshend Acts, New Jerseyans signed non-importation agreements which increased the demand for domestic goods. In response, women across New Jersey established spinning bees to produce thread for homespun cloth, turning a domestic task into a public and radical act.
During the War for Independence, New Jersey’s unique location between the British stronghold in New York and the rebel capital in Philadelphia made it quite literally the crossroads of the American Revolution. By the War’s conclusion, more than 600 battles and skirmishes were fought on New Jersey soil, more than anywhere else in the former British colonies. Political divisions ran deep among New Jerseyans as the state was repeatedly occupied by both British and Continental armies.
As military actions continued through the War, General George Washington spent more time in New Jersey than in any other colony. Some historians describe Washington’s victory at Trenton in 1776 as the most important American military victory ever, as it revived the nation’s conscience, spirits, and determination. Throughout the winters of 1776 – 1777 and 1779 – 1780, Washington maintained his headquarters in Morristown where the Continental Army, alongside the women who tended to the troops, contended with harsh weather, disease, and mutiny. Without Washington and the Continental Army’s successes in New Jersey, the fledgling nation might have failed in its fight for independence
Immigration and Invention
In 1791, Alexander Hamilton and his associates selected an area along the Passaic River for Paterson, the first planned industrial city, where the rushing water over the Great Falls powered the new city's textile factories. This was the first step in New Jersey's transition into a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution. While the state was predominantly agricultural at the end of the eighteenth century, the state became increasingly industrial in the centuries that followed.
Industrialization continued to expand throughout the century. Trenton was known as the “Staffordshire of America” because of its unrivaled production of ceramics. South Jersey was home to a vibrant glass-making industry. North Jersey excelled in the production of electronics, chemicals, and plastics. Today, the state has a strong advanced manufacturing sector and remains a leader in many industries, including telecommunications, biotech, and pharmaceuticals.
Situated midway between the northern and southern regions of the country, New Jersey embraced the expansion of canals and roads. Several members of the Stevens family played key roles in the state’s development as a transportation hub, building steamboats, steam ferries, and the Camden and Amboy Railroad. The Delaware and Raritan Canal operated from 1834 to 1932, connecting Philadelphia with New York and moving a variety of goods ranging from anthracite coal to cornmeal. John Roebling’s wire rope factory in Trenton supplied material to major bridge projects around the country, most notably the Brooklyn Bridge.
In 1876, Thomas Edison established a pioneering research and development enterprise in Menlo Park, where the light bulb, sound recordings, commercial electric service, and other innovations were created or improved. Edison opened a new, larger laboratory in West Orange in 1887. There he continued to develop the electric light, and the cylinder phonograph, but also expanded into work on motion picture photography and production.
In the nineteenth century, New Jersey’s status as a state of diversity continued. Immigration from northern and western European countries, including Ireland, Germany, and Scandinavia, brought thousands of people to New Jersey in search of work. Following the building of the Transcontinental Railroad, the 1870s would see Belleville, New Jersey become home to the first Chinese American settlement on the East Coast, pre-dating the Chinatowns that would form later in Newark and Manhattan. In the 1880s, Hooghly merchants from West Bengal, India traded on the shores of New Jersey, creating the foundations for South Asian communities along the East Coast.
By the turn of the twentieth century, immigration trends had shifted to southern and eastern European countries. Italians, Hungarians, Poles, Russians, and other Slavic peoples came to New Jersey by the thousands. Located just off the coast of New Jersey, Ellis Island served as the first point of entry for millions of immigrants seeking a better life in America. Those who chose to settle in New Jersey brought rich cultural traditions – including religious customs, languages, and foodways – to the state, many of which persist to the present day. African, Asian, South American, and Caribbean communities were always present in the state but continued to amplify and grow stronger in the twentieth century.
New Jersey and the Civil War
New Jersey served as a passageway on the Underground Railroad and home to a large population of free Black people. While some people utilized the Underground Railroad in New Jersey to travel further north, others, such as Levin and Sidney Still, escaped slavery in Maryland and made the state their new home. The Still family would go on to make numerous contributions to New Jersey and beyond, with notable figures such as Dr. James Still a prominent herbalist in Medford. He became the third largest landowner in Burlington County at the time of his death in 1882. William Still, who aided self-emancipated slaves in Philadelphia, eventually wrote The Underground Railroad in 1872 which is still an important record used by historians to understand the clandestine resistance movement. Other free Blacks, such as John S. Rock, a Black physician and lawyer from Salem, New Jersey, held prominent roles in the Underground Railroad by tending to the health and legal needs of self-emancipated slaves.
The state, however, was divided over the Civil War. Political infighting, fueled by long-standing regional rivalries, led New Jersey to be the only state remaining in the Union that Lincoln lost twice. Nevertheless, New Jersey supported the Union war effort, recording over 88,000 enlistments. New Jersey regiments fought throughout the war including at the key battles of Second Bull Run, Gettysburg, and Vicksburg as well as in the 1864 Shenandoah Valley Campaign.
African Americans from New Jersey supported the Union war effort in invaluable ways. Of the 88,000 New Jersey enlistments, some 2,900 were Black soldiers serving in the U.S. Colored Infantry. In addition to military service, African Americans provided instrumental support to the Union forces as scouts, spies, nurses, cooks, teamsters, carpenters, and laborers.
During the War, Clara Barton – the future founder of the American Red Cross – was a strong supporter of the Union cause. She risked her life on the battlefields of Maryland and Virginia to deliver supplies to Union troops and tend to the wounded. Though not a New Jersey native, Barton made a significant impact on the state as a champion of free education during her years teaching in Bordentown.
While New Jersey provided a large number of troops for the Union cause, the state cannot point to a strong legacy of championing the rights of African Americans during this era. The state legislature initially refused to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment. In 1866, New Jersey became the last northern state to abolish slavery and even revoked its ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868. African Americans, however, stood up for themselves in the courts, streets, and workplace, in addition to petitioning local and state governments for their deserved rights. They created associations and political groups and built churches as well as other institutions to advocate for their communities.
The Fifteenth Amendment was ratified nationally in 1870 but did not pass in New Jersey until 1871. Nevertheless, on March 31, 1870, Thomas Mundy Peterson of Perth Amboy became the first African American in the nation to exercise the right to vote under the authority of this new amendment – a historic day for constitutional equality, but only the beginning of a new struggle for African American civil rights.
Embracing the Twentieth Century
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, progressive reform movements sprung up around the state. As the nation’s most industrial, urban, and ethnically diverse state, New Jersey was considered the prototype for progressive economic, political, and social agendas. A strong union presence and labor organizing resulted in worker strikes in Paterson, Passaic, and Seabrook.
In 1919, both houses of Congress passed the 19th Amendment, which granted women the right to vote. New Jersey was the 29th state to ratify the amendment, passing the State Legislature by a vote of 34-24. While in some ways the battle for suffrage had been won, Alice Paul, a native of Moorestown, was not satisfied. A prominent advocate and vocal leader in the fight for the Nineteenth Amendment, Paul began a new push for a federal constitutional amendment that would guarantee equality, regardless of sex.
World War I, the Great Depression, and World War II played pivotal roles in transforming and modernizing New Jersey. When the United States entered World War I in 1917, New Jersey contributed significantly to the war effort. The state was home to munitions factories and shipbuilding companies. Hoboken operated as a major point of embarkation during the war. Camp Dix in Burlington County, part of today’s Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, was founded as a World War I training ground. Over 140,000 residents served in the armed forces, about 3,400 of whom died fighting for their country. Among those who perished was the poet Joyce Kilmer, known for his poem “Trees,” who posthumously received the French Croix de Guerre for his bravery.
At the start of the War, African Americans continued migrating to New Jersey from the South to seek better opportunities and escape the oppression of Jim Crow laws and race-based violence. Needham Roberts, an African American man from Trenton, served in the 369th Infantry Regiment, also known as the Harlem Hellfighters. For his valor fighting alongside French forces, Roberts was one of the first two Americans to receive the Croix de Guerre.
Throughout the 1930s, New Jersey and the rest of the nation weathered the Great Depression. By 1936, over 120,000 New Jerseyans were working for the Works Progress Administration, a cornerstone of the New Deal. The Civilian Conservation Corps recruited 91,500 New Jerseyans and left an enduring mark on the landscape of the state, erecting 199 bridges, building 47 dams, and planting more than 21 million trees.
During World War II, more than 560,000 New Jerseyans served in branches of the armed services. The state’s economy boomed during the war years, with its agricultural and industrial sectors playing a critical role in the war effort. Over 200 New Jersey companies won the patriotic Army-Navy “E” Award for excellence in the production of vital wartime materials. The industrial workforce increased to nearly a million workers, and unemployment nearly vanished.
The war presented new employment opportunities to women, African American men, and New Jersey’s growing Hispanic and Latino/a communities. During this time, Puerto Ricans and African Americans from the south moved to New Jersey to meet the high demand for agricultural laborers. However, racial discrimination in the workplace persisted. During the 1940s, Seabrook Farms, the site of one of the largest producers of the nations’ produce, hired Japanese labor from WWII incarceration camps, replacing long-time African American laborers who were seeking unionization. Consequently in 1945, New Jersey became the second state in the country to pass a statewide fair employment act barring discrimination by employers on the basis of race, ethnicity, and religion.
In 1947, New Jersey adopted a new constitution that strengthened the office of the governor and streamlined the convoluted judicial system. The constitution ordered desegregation in New Jersey’s schools and National Guard – progressive steps years before the civil rights revolution. It also guaranteed the right of labor to organize and bargain collectively.
Following World War II, the state experienced unprecedented prosperity for some. New Jersey witnessed a massive expansion of its suburbs, made possible by affordable housing developments, federally backed mortgages, and a cutting-edge transportation system that eventually led to the creation of the Garden State Parkway and the New Jersey Turnpike. Despite these advancements, the differential treatment of African American war veterans when it came to accessing GI Bill benefits, in addition to restrictive covenants and redlining practices, created a landscape of inequality that persists to this day.
New Jersey innovation exploded during the twentieth century. African-American newspapers established themselves after emancipation, with Alfred R. Smith of Saddle River being, perhaps, the best New Jersey journalist of this time. Fort Lee was the birthplace of the motion picture industry in 1907, with early stars like Pearl White and Theda Bara appearing in popular studio productions. Elizabeth White and Dr. Frederick Coville cultivated the first domesticated blueberry crop in 1916. The Johnson & Johnson Company expanded its successful line of healthcare products with the introduction of the Band-Aid. Sara Spencer Washington founded Apex News and Hair Company, providing a variety of cosmetic products targeting African-American women.
Bell Labs established its headquarters in Murray Hill in 1941. The groundbreaking research conducted there eventually garnered seven Nobel prizes, culminating in the invention of the transistor in 1947. The arrival of the transistor was transformative, providing the foundation for modern communications technology. In 1946, Dr. Walter McAfee conducted Project Diana, which bounced an electronic echo from the moon’s surface and back to the Evans Signal Laboratory in Wall Township. This experiment was regarded as the beginning of the space age.
New Jersey Today
Known as a haven for immigrants since the colonial period, New Jersey has become even more diverse since the 1960s. While earlier immigrants primarily came from Europe, today’s arrivals now come from countries in Central and South America, Asia, the Caribbean, and Africa. New Jerseyans of Hispanic and Latino/a descent form the state’s largest ethnic minority group representing 18% of the state’s population. New Jersey’s Asian American population continues to grow as well with suburbs including Fort Lee, Palisades Park, and Edison. Immigrants of all backgrounds represent an estimated 20% of New Jersey’s current population, reinforcing the state’s stature as a bastion of cultural diversity.
New Jersey ranks 47th in size and 11th in population, making it the most densely populated state in the nation. Even so, it has preserved hundreds of thousands of acres of open space, including the Pinelands National Reserve, designated in 1978 to preserve the unique ecosystem of the state’s Pine Barrens. Nine million people may call New Jersey home, but 42% of the state is still covered by forest. Scientists continue to marvel at the variety of soil types and plant and animal species found in this relatively small area. Despite its dense population, the “Garden State” still has thousands of acres of farmland and continues its historical legacy as a producer of a wide array of agricultural products. Jersey tomatoes, blueberries, and corn are loved and anticipated by residents and visitors alike.
Through its resort communities along the state’s 130 miles of ocean shoreline, New Jersey has also been a pioneer in recreation and tourism. Cape May was reportedly the nation’s most famous seaside resort in 1850, and consistently ranks among the nation’s top resort towns today. Atlantic City, the “Queen of Resorts,” was home to the first boardwalk and the Miss America Pageant. At present, New Jersey is a destination, – not only for travelers, – but for all people to come for those seeking an exceptional quality of life, abundant work opportunities, a first-rate education, and a chance to improve their prospects for a better tomorrow.
This is a brief overview of New Jersey’s history; you can find more information at history.nj.gov and www.discovernjhistory.org.
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The History of Delaware and William Penn
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Learn about the state of Delaware's early and colonial roots, from the history of the Delaware River valley to how William Penn helped shape the colony. Delaware’s colonial history is fascinating and complex. Control of the Delaware watershed region passed back and forth from Dutch to Swedish control for some time. Finally, English settlers and William Penn shaped Delaware into the state we know today.
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Visit Central Delaware
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https://visitcentraldelaware.com/blog/the-history-of-delaware-and-william-penn-2/
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Learn about the state of Delaware’s early and colonial roots, from the history of the Delaware River valley to how William Penn helped shape the colony.
Delaware’s colonial history is fascinating and complex. Control of the Delaware watershed region passed back and forth from Dutch to Swedish control for some time. Finally, English settlers and William Penn shaped Delaware into the state we know today. About a hundred years later, Delaware helped shape the nation during the American Revolution. From the history of the Delaware River to colonial settlements, the state’s history is riveting. Before visiting the great state of Delaware, immerse yourself in its rich history.
EARLY DELAWARE HISTORY, EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT
Before European explorers arrived, laid claim and settled Delaware, the area belonged to the indigenous people of the Nanticoke, Susquehanna and Lenni Lenape tribes. After the Swedish and Dutch arrived, the native people traded with the European settlers for almost half a century. Many European nations felt they had sole claim over the Delaware watershed area. The English claimed the area had been theirs before the Swedish and Dutch even arrived, though they hadn’t settled there. They based their claim on the 1497 explorations of John Cabot, as well as explorations by the English soldier and colonial governor Captain John Smith. Ultimately, though, by founding the settlement Zwaanendael — what we now know as Lewes, Delaware — in 1631, the Dutch became the first Europeans to occupy the Delaware area.
DUTCH AND BRITISH COLONIES
In the same year that the Dutch established Zwaanendael, there was a shift in colonial authority. Peter Minuit, the director general of the Dutch colony of New Netherland, began having disagreements with the Dutch West India Company and started working with his friends in Sweden. With the country’s considerable power in European politics, Sweden and Minuit worked together to fund a new voyage, intending to settle the territory of New Sweden. Minuit led a group to the Delaware River under Sweden’s flag in 1638, establishing a trading post in what is now Wilmington. The Swedes began a colony there and it gradually began to grow. For a short time, the settlements of New Netherland and New Sweden coexisted. Then the Dutch attacked the Swedish communities in 1655, effectively ending the New Sweden colony and annexing the land back to New Netherland.
However, the British had arrived and the Dutch wouldn’t hold on to their claim for long. Britain and the Netherlands were direct competitors over the New Netherlands territory during the 17th century. Jealous of the Dutch’s success, England became interested in the land. The two countries’ competing claims over the settlement began a series of disputes, and England eventually traveled to the area. Upon arriving at the New Netherland settlement, the British argued they had a rightful claim to the territory. In 1664, Britain’s King Charles II gave the New Netherland settlement to his brother James, the Duke of York, whose troops secured the Dutch governor’s surrender.
ESTABLISHMENT OF DELAWARE UNDER WILLIAM PENN
As one of the key figures in American history, what William Penn did for Delaware is monumental. He is often known as the creator of representative government for the state. William Penn was an English Quaker leader and an advocate for religious freedom. Before coming to the New World, Penn had been imprisoned four times, including in the infamous Tower of London, for publicly questioning the Roman Catholic, Anglican and Protestant religions. Penn had multiple connections to Delaware land, including the establishment of the area that’s now Wilmington, Delaware. In 1638, Swedes established a permanent settlement there called Fort Christina. However, the English took control of Fort Christina in 1664 and it became part of New York until 1682.
THE BIRTH OF WILMINGTON
The Duke of York gave Penn this portion of the territory, which Penn renamed Pennsylvania. Penn received a charter for the Province of Pennsylvania and a lease for the “Lower Counties on the Delaware.” More Quakers settled in these lower counties, attracted by the good farmland and short distance to Philadelphia. In 1739, Quaker merchants established the town of Wilmington.
WILLIAM PENN AND DELAWARE’S REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT
Penn established a combined assembly for his land, as he had outlined in his Frame of Government of Pennsylvania in 1682. The assembly’s meeting place alternated between Philadelphia and what’s now New Castle County, Delaware. However, as Philadelphia grew in size and population, its leaders were less willing to travel to New Castle.
In 1704, both regions agreed to govern themselves, meeting and passing laws separately. The Lower Counties continued to operate as one region and adopted their first constitution in 1776, declaring a communal identity as “The Delaware State.”
CHESAPEAKE AND DELAWARE CANAL
The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal is a 14-mile long waterway connecting the head of the Chesapeake Bay and Port of Baltimore to the head of the Delaware River and Port of Philadelphia. When construction finished in 1829, the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal proved to be a huge benefit to the shipping and trade industry, shortening the trip from Baltimore to Philadelphia by almost 500 miles.
Today, the canal is the only one built in the 19th century that still operates as a major shipping route. The original pump house is now a museum and visitor’s center. Visitors can view two of the steam engines initially installed in 1850, the oldest in America still on their original foundations.
EXPLORE COLONIAL HISTORY IN CENTRAL DELAWARE
The state of Delaware is rich in history, spanning from the early colonial era to the Civil War.
For those looking to get away from the hustle and bustle of urban life, the town of Smyrna gives visitors a chance to connect with the great outdoors. Visit Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge to see the diverse wildlife of the Delaware coast or wander Blackbird State Forest’s trails and campgrounds. In town, visitors can learn about Smyrna’s connection to the Civil War at the Smyrna Museum and wrap up the day at one of the town’s many restaurants and breweries. You can also travel to Camden, a town with a rich Quaker history. Camden features historic Underground Railroad stops that you can explore during your trip, like the Camden Friends Meeting center. Abolitionists used this historic Quakers meetinghouse to shelter runaway slaves on the Underground Railroad.
Wherever you go, Central Delaware has something unique to offer to every visitor looking to learn more about The First State.
FIRST STATE HERITAGE PARK AND DOWNTOWN DOVER
The First State Heritage Park proudly links historical and cultural sites in the city of Dover, creating Delaware’s first “park without boundaries.” The city of Dover has been the seat of government since 1777, hosting numerous historical figures in U.S. history!
While visiting downtown Dover, you can walk in the footsteps of some of Delaware’s most notable historical figures. Learn about history in Delaware at the John Bell House, the oldest wooden structure on The Green or stop by the Old State House, Delaware’s original capitol building. Then, step back in time to colonial America and tour the John Dickinson Plantation, where you can learn about the life of one of America’s founding fathers and signers of the U.S. Constitution!
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History of the Original Kalmar Nyckel
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https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/51847ccb/site_favicon_16_1614876677200.ico
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The original Kalmar Nyckel, one of America’s pioneering colonial ships, is also known as the Swedish Mayflower of the Delaware Valley.
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https://www.kalmarnyckel.org/history-of-the-original-kalmar-nyckel
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Construction & Swedish Service
The original Kalmar Nyckel was one of the great ships of the American colonial era. Built in Amsterdam in 1627, Kalmar Nyckel was an ordinary Dutch Pinnace (Pinas) of about 300 tons and 100 feet on deck, just one of a couple thousand similar small warships and gun-armed merchantmen built by the Dutch in this period.
In 1629, she was purchased by the Swedish Skeppskompaniet (Ship Company) with tax revenue from the strategic harbor town of Kalmar, on Sweden’s southeast coast, and renamed Kalmar Nyckel (“Key of Kalmar”).
When not sailing on colonial voyages for the New Sweden Company, she served the Swedish Navy as an auxiliary warship until 1651. She was part of Gustav II Adolf’s famous invasion fleet at Peenemünde on the German coast of Pomerania in 1630, which marked Sweden’s entry into the Thirty Years’ War (1618-48).
Swedish Admiralty records from 1634 list her as carrying a crew of 55 men and 12 six-pounder cannon – probably typical of her wartime strength. Toward the end of her career, she saw bloody action in Torstenson’s War against the Danes in 1645 and transported Swedish diplomats across the Baltic during the negotiations that led to the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.
Kalmar Nyckel is best remembered today as a colonial ship for the New Sweden Company. She launched the colony of New Sweden in 1638 as Governor Peter Minuit’s flagship, bringing the colonists who established the first permanent European settlement in the Delaware Valley – little Fort Christina, which would grow to become the city of Wilmington, Delaware.
An exceptional ship with an extraordinary record of endurance, Kalmar Nyckel would make eight successful crossings of the Atlantic (four roundtrips between Gothenburg and Fort Christina from 1637 to 1644) more than any documented colonial ship of the era.
Kalmar Nyckel was decommissioned from the Swedish Navy on June 19, 1651, by order of Queen Christina herself, and sold to a Dutch merchant living in Stockholm, Cornelis Roelofsen. An inspection by the Swedish Admiralty had determined that her aging condition would make her unsuitable for a fifth voyage across the Atlantic for the New Sweden Company.
Her new owner, Roelofsen had Kalmar Nyckel – now called by her Dutch name, Kalmar Sleutel (“Sleutel” is Dutch for “Nyckel,” which both mean “Key” in English) refitted and up-gunned to 24 six-pounder cannons. She was anchored in Amsterdam harbor by April 22, 1652, just in time to be leased as a naval escort by the Dutch Navies, which were looking to acquire 150 warships in preparation for a looming war against the English.
Kalmar Sleutel (Nyckel) soon joined 15 ships of the escort squadron that was guarding the Dutch herring fleet in the North Sea off the east coast of Scotland. On July 22, 1652, she would be sunk in the bloody Battle of Buchan Ness, gallantly defending the fishing fleet against a fleet of 66 English ships in the first engagement of what would be called the First Anglo-Dutch War (1652-1654).
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Delaware Colony, History, Facts, Timeline, APUSH, 13 Colonies
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Delaware Colony history, facts, timeline, and AP US History (APUSH) review. One of the 13 Original Colonies that founded the United States.
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American History Central
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https://www.americanhistorycentral.com/entries/delaware-colony/
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Delaware Colony Summary
The history of the Three Lower Counties on the Delaware — one of the official names given to Delaware in its early days, was heavily influenced by Swedish, Dutch, and English colonists. Delaware was first settled as Dutch territory, then was part of New Sweden before returning to Dutch control. In the 1660s, the English finally took control, making it part of the Province of New York. When William Penn needed access to the Atlantic Ocean for his city of Philadelphia, he gained control of the three counties along the Delaware River and eventually granted them a separate government in 1701.
Delaware Colony Facts
Delaware was one of the Middle Colonies in Colonial America.
The territory was originally inhabited by Native American Indians.
European exploration of the Delaware River Valley started in the early 1600s.
Various European groups claimed control of the territory during the Colonial Era, including the Dutch, Swedes, and English.
Indian tribes and European colonists were involved in the Fur Trade.
The first black man in Delaware, Antoni Swart, who was called “Black Anthony,” arrived in 1630.
England first took control of Delaware in 1664, and it was part of the Province of New York.
Delaware became a proprietary colony, under the control of William Penn, in 1682.
Delaware was referred to as the Three Lower Counties on the Delaware until it declared independence from Great Britain in 1776.
Delaware’s history is closely tied to Pennsylvania, because of William Penn.
Geography
The Three Counties on the Delaware
The Province of Delaware was the second smallest of the 13 Original Colonies, covering less than 2,000 square miles across three counties — New Castle, Sussex, and Kent. The northwest corner of Delaware, mainly New Castle County, was covered with rolling foothills, while Southern Delaware ran along the coast and was covered with wetlands.
The River and the Bay
The Delaware River and Delaware Bay dominated the landscape, flowing north to south and providing access to the Atlantic Ocean. European powers vied for control of the region because of access provided by the river and bay, which also made New Castle and Wilmington important port towns during the Colonial Era.
Native American Indians
Archaeological findings indicate that nomadic hunters and gatherers started living in the region — known as the Delmarva Peninsula — around 6500 B.C. From 1000 A.D. to 1300 A.D., the indigenous populations transitioned to more settled lifestyles, relying on hunting and basic agriculture for food.
In their villages, there were clear gender roles. Men hunted alone, and women farmed together. The significant exception was fall deer hunts, which included everyone.
The Delaware Tribes
In the early 17th century, the Delmarva Peninsula was home to three main tribes, even though European colonists referred to them collectively as the Delaware Indians.
Lenope
Lenape
Nanticoke
The Lenope and Lenape were the most prominent, and spoke a dialect of the Algonquin language, although they became distinctly separate tribes around A.D. 1300 A.D. Both tribes lived near the Delaware River and Delaware Bay, relying on the seasonal migration of fish and game for food.
The Nanticoke lived in the southwest part of the peninsula, which later became Sussex County.
Trade with Europeans
By the early 17th century, the Indians, primarily the Lenape, had enjoyed more than 50 years of friendly trade with Dutch and Swedish colonists. This beneficial trade relationship continued, even when Pennsylvania’s government controlled Delaware.
The Delaware tribes were often in conflict with other Indian nations, including the Iroquois Confederacy and the Susquehannocks. Threats from these nations encouraged the Delaware tribes to trade for European goods and move further inland.
Displacement of Indians
By the mid-18th century, three main factors that contributed to the displacement of Indians from their ancestral lands:
European settlement on Native hunting grounds.
The impact of European diseases on the non-immune Native American population.
The growing European population.
In the mid-18th century, the Lenape moved to western Pennsylvania where they continued to participate in the Fur Trade. Over time, they moved further west, relocating to Ohio, Canada, and even west of the Mississippi River into present-day Oklahoma.
European Control of Delaware
Control of the Delaware Colony shifted between England, the Netherlands, and Sweden. In 1664, England finally took control of Delaware, when a fleet of English ships took over New Netherland.
Henry Hudson
In 1609, Henry Hudson, an English explorer working for the Dutch, explored the Delmarva Peninsula, in search of the fabled Northwest Passage. He sailed up the Delaware River, which he called the “South River,” and claimed the region for the Dutch.
Zwaanendael Colony
However, the Dutch did not establish a permanent settlement until 1631. That year, a group of about 30 colonists established Zwaanendael — also spelled Swanendael — at Cape Henlopen on Lewes Creek to hunt whales and produce whale oil.
Unfortunately, the settlement lasted less than a year when the colonists clashed with local Indians. According to most accounts, the Indians stole a piece of tin, intending to use it to make tobacco pipes. The incident escalated, and nearly all of the colonists were killed. The only survivors were two boys, Pierre and Hendrick Wiltsee.
It took the Dutch another 24 years before they attempted to resettle in the Delaware region.
New Sweden
In 1638, the New Sweden Company founded a settlement on Minquan Kil, which was later renamed Christiana River in honor of the Queen of Sweden.
During this period, the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) was taking place in Europe, and Sweden sought to establish itself as a colonial power. Sweden permitted Dutch merchants to create settlements and trading posts along the west bank of the Delaware River, which formed New Sweden. However, New Sweden struggled for most of the time it existed, although there was limited success under the administration of Governor Johan Printz.
In the early 1650s, officials from New Sweden and New Netherland argued over territorial claims, but neither group had the military resources needed to enforce their claims. However, during the Second Northern War (1665–1660), the conflict spilled over to North America and Dutch forces took control of New Sweden, making it part of New Netherland.
During the time of Swedish and Dutch control, Delaware had a small population of a few thousand Indians and less than 1,000 Europeans who were Swedes, Dutch, and Finns. There were also around 100 African slaves and servants.
It is also estimated that around 1,000 Europeans — Swedes, Dutch, and Finns — and Africans were living along the Delaware River Valley. These people were located in trading settlements that went as far north as present-day Burlington, New Jersey.
Delaware Under the Control of New York
In 1664, King Charles II of England issued a charter to his brother James, the Duke of York, granting him the territory between the Delaware River and the Connecticut River. This grant included Dutch territory in New Netherland, including the settlement at New Amsterdam.
James sent a fleet of ships to take control of New Amsterdam, which was surrendered by the Governor, Peter Stuyvesant, without a fight. With New Netherland under English control, it was renamed the Province of New York and New Amsterdam was renamed New York City.
A smaller fleet, led by Sir Robert Carr, attacked the Dutch stronghold at New Amstel in northern Delaware, which was renamed New Castle.
English officials paid little attention to Delaware when it was part of New York.
The Lower Three Counties
Delaware was part of New York until 1682, when William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, requested control from the Duke of York. Penn needed access to the Delaware River, Delaware Bay, and Atlantic Ocean for Philadelphia. The Duke of York responded by leasing the three counties in Delaware to Penn.
Penn decided to keep the name New Castle for the northern county, but he renamed the two southern counties, calling them Kent and Sussex.
The three counties remained part of Pennsylvania and were not independent. The colony was known as the “Government of the Counties of New Castle, Kent, and Sussex on Delaware” or simply the “Lower Counties.”
In December 1682, Penn and the First General Assembly of Pennsylvania convened to enact laws. On December 4, the “Act of the Union of the Province and Territories” was enacted, which joined Pennsylvania and the Lower Counties under one government. A second act, naturalized all “foreigners then residing within the province and territories.”
Penn proposed his Frame of Government, which ensured residents of the Lower Counties had equal representation in Pennsylvania’s General Assembly. As part of the shared government, meetings of the General Assembly were shared between the two colonies, alternating between Philadelphia and New Castle.
In 1701, Penn and the Assembly agreed to the 1701 Charter of Privileges, which allowed Delaware to establish its own General Assembly. As part of the agreement, Delaware agreed to remain under the jurisdiction of the Governor of Pennsylvania, who was appointed by Penn.
The Delaware General Assembly held its first independent meeting in New Castle in 1704. The two colonies shared the same Governor for the remained of the Colonial Era until the Lower Counties declared independence from Great Britain and adopted the name “Delaware.”
Population and Immigration
As New England and the Middle Colonies developed, colonists migrated to Delaware, including Quakers. As Europe continued to be plagued by wars over religion and monarchies, more people emigrated to the English Colonies.
In Northern Delaware, New Castle was the largest settlement and attracted artisans and merchants. The surrounding countryside was populated with small farms owned by Swedes, Dutch, and English. Some of those farms relied on slave labor and nearly all of them were focused on the production of grain, which could be easily shipped to Philadelphia and sold.
Along the waterways that branched off of the Christiana River and Delaware River, mills were built around the town of Wilmington to process corn and wheat into flour. By the 1740s, Wilmington was a leader in the production of flour.
In Southern Delaware, the counties of Kent and Sussex were similar to Maryland, which lay to the south and west. It was in those areas where slavery gained a foothold in Delaware.
Most white families in Southern Delaware were involved in farming, using family labor alongside indentured servants and sometimes as many as two African slaves. However, it was the large plantation owners, who had 20 or more slaves, who dominated society, politics, and the economy of the southern counties.
Slavery in Delaware
During Swedish control of Delaware from 1638 to 1655, only a small number of captured Africans were brought to Delaware as slaves, partly due to the limited resources of the New Sweden Company.
When New Sweden was taken over by the Dutch, settlers in Delaware had access to the slave trade through the Dutch West Indian Company, which contributed to an increase in the number of enslaved Africans in the colony. It is estimated that roughly 20 percent of the population of Delaware was made up of enslaved people by 1664.
While early economies of nearby colonies like Virginia and Maryland relied on Indentured Servants from England to drive the workforce, Delaware’s access to the slave trade contributed to slavery becoming the primary way to acquire workers. Over time, both Virginia and Maryland shifted to slavery, especially after Bacon’s Rebellion took place.
By the early 1700s, around 30 percent of the people in Delaware were enslaved, while that number reached anywhere from 40 to 60 percent in Virginia and Maryland.
After Pennsylvania was founded and unified with the Lower Counties, there was a significant influx of Scots-Irish into Delaware. Many of them arrived as Indentured Servants, brought their families with them, and settled in New Castle County. It is estimated that from the 1720s to the 1760s the number of Indentured Servants was about the same as the enslaved population, roughly 30 percent.
Black Anthony
In 1639, the first documented black man arrived in present-day Delaware. Known as “Black Anthony,” he arrived from the West Indies on the ship Fogel Grip. According to some accounts, he had been kidnapped by the captain of the ship. His real name was Antoni Swart and he eventually became a free man, who found employment with Governor Johan Printz.
Economy
Leading up to the 1750s, Delaware’s agricultural economy was focused on tobacco, corn, and wheat. However, in the 1750s, tobacco became an unprofitable crop, leading planters and farmers to develop trade connections with Philadelphia merchants and transition their focus from tobacco to grain production.
The production of corn and wheat was less labor-intensive than tobacco, which reduced the need for labor in Delaware over the long term. The influx of Indentured Servants supplied enough workers, which helped keep slavery from growing at the rate it did in Virginia and Maryland.
Government and Politics
The “Hundred” was a unique political unit in between Pennsylvania’s townships and Maryland’s counties, and served as the foundation for government and community in Delaware. They were essentially unincorporated subdivisions of the counties.
The first Hundreds were established in 1682. There were five Hundreds in New Castle County, five in Kent County, and two in Sussex County. As the population grew, so did the number of Hundreds
In the southern counties, political life was dominated by wealthy planters who sought the support of middle-class property holders. In northern New Castle County, where there were fewer slaves and planters, both merchants and farmers had more active, equal roles in politics.
Across Delaware, freeholders elected local officials, while the governor, following the assembly’s recommendations, appointed judges and justices of the peace. In each county, voters elected tax assessors and sheriffs. These officials worked with the justices of the peace to govern the three counties.
Society
In Northern Delaware, where there was a larger Quaker community, there was little emphasis on social hierarchy and subordination of the lower classes, including enslaved people and indentured servants. Women also held more authority within their families and in community institutions like churches.
In Southern Delaware, where there was a significant population of slaves and indentured servants, relationships were built around social hierarchy and subordination. Plantation owners were responsible for governing and caring for the people living on their lands, which could include: gentry planters, yeoman farmers, free white people who did not own property, white indentured servants, and enslaved Africans.
Timeline and Chronology
Before the arrival of Europeans, most Indians along the Delaware River identified as Lenni Lenapes, meaning “original people.” They spoke an Algonquian dialect and lived in loosely connected villages. The villages were situated between the Iroquois Confederacy and the Susquehannock, resulting in conflicts between the Delaware tribes and the larger nations.
1609 — Henry Hudson, an Englishman in command of the Dutch ship Half Moon, visited Delaware Bay while searching for the Northwest Passage. His reports increased the interest of both the Dutch and English in the Delaware River Valley.
1610 — Captain Samuel Argall, an Englishman working for the Virginia Company, named Delaware Bay after Thomas West, Baron De La Warr, the governor of Virginia Colony.
1614 — The Dutch identified the whole mid-Atlantic region, from Jamestown to Quebec, as New Netherland. Their goal was to profit from the Fur Trade and fishing in and around Delaware Bay.
1614 — Captain Cornelis Mey explored Delaware Bay, naming Fenwick’s Island and Cape Hindlopen. He also gives present-day Cape Henlopen, across from Cape Mey, the name Cape Cornelis
1615 — Captain Cornelis Hendrkksen explored the Delaware River up to Schuylkill
1621 — The Dutch States-General granted the Dutch West India Company a trade monopoly, including commerce with Africa’s west coast and the Americas. The company established the earliest European settlements in the Delaware River Valley, although they were mostly trading posts and not permanent.
1623 — Captain Mey sailed up Prince Hendricks River and built a Dutch trading post, Fort Nassau, at present-day Gloucester, New Jersey.
1629 — The States-General approved the “Freedoms and Exemptions” charter, which granted independent settlers the right to as much land as they could cultivate. It also allowed stockholders in the West India Company to become patroons by settling 50 adults in New Netherland.
This “Patroon System” also allowed the stockholders to pass the land to their heirs. Patroonships initially included 16 miles of riverfront land and extended inland as far as possible.
Land at Cape Henlopen was granted to Samuel Godyn, Samuel Blommaers, and David de Vries, making them Patroons.
1631 — Samuel Godyn commissioned a group of 28 men, led by Captain Peter Heycs, to establish the first European settlement in present-day Delaware on Noorn Kill. It was called Zwaanendael or Swanendael because of the number of swans living in the area. Today, the area is part of Lewes, Delaware.
1632 — Capt. David Pieterssen De Vries visited Zwaanendael. He found the colony destroyed and all but two boys were killed by Indians.
1637 — The New Sweden company was organized. The first expedition set sail from Gothenburg, Sweden in two ships, the Kalmar Nyckel (Key of Kalmar) and the Fogel Grip (Bird Griffin).
1638 — Fort Christina, the first permanent European settlement in present-day Delaware and the entire Delaware River Valley was established by the New Sweden Company, a joint Dutch-Swedish trading corporation, led by Peter Minuet.
The first colonists were 23 men, including Minuet, Captain Mans Kling, and Hendrick Huygen, the commissary. Minuet and his expedition disembarked at The Rocks
Fort Christina was initially funded by the Dutch but most of the colonists were Swedes. By 1641, Swedish investors bought out the Dutch stockholders.
Fort Christina was located along Minquas Kill (Christina River) at present-day Wilmington, Delaware.
1639 — The first documented African in Delaware, known as “Black Anthony,” arrived at Fort Christina.
1640 — The second and third expeditions arrived at New Sweden. Some of the new colonists included Governor Peter Hollandaer and Reverend Reorus Torkillus, the first clergyman. Torkillus was also the first Lutheran minister in America.
1641 — The fourth expedition arrived with 35 new colonists, including Herr Christoffer, a clergyman. Many of the colonists were from Finland.
1643 — The fifth expedition arrived, carrying Lieutenant Colonel Johan Printz, the new Governor of New Sweden.
Under the leadership of Printz, New Sweden had its most successful years. He oversaw the construction of Fort Elfsborg at Varckens Kill, New Jersey., Fort New Gothenburg at Tinicum, Pennsylvania. and a blockhouse at Upland (present-day Chester, Pennsylvania). He also established a tobacco plantation on the Schuylkill River.
By 1643, the population of New Sweden was 118 people.
1644 — The sixth Swedish expedition arrived. Due to deaths and some colonists returning the Europe, the population dropped to 98.
1646 — The seventh expedition arrived, carrying goods, but only a few new colonists.
1649 — A supply ship, The Kattan (The Cat), wrecked near Puerto Rico.
1651 — Peter Stuyvesant of New Amsterdam took control of the Fur Trade from New Sweden. He sailed with a fleet of 11 ships to the Delaware River, marched overland with 120 soldiers, and occupied Sandhook (present-day New Castle). He built Fort Casimir, giving the Dutch control of the river.
1653 — Printz resigned as Governor and returned to Sweden. The population of New Sweden continued to fall, while 36 families were living at the Dutch settlement at Fort Casimir.
1654 — An expedition arrived, carrying Governor Johan Rising and new colonists, boosting the population to 368. Rising captured Fort Casimir, renamed it Fort Trefaldighet and left a garrison of Swedish troops.
In taking the fort, New Sweden regained control of the river. This allowed Rising to make improvements to the colony’s infrastructure, including new roads, farms, and a village near Fort Christina called Christianahamn.
Another expedition followed but failed to land at Delaware Bay. It arrived at New Amsterdam, where it was seized by Peter Stuyvesant.
1655 — Stuyvesant led another military expedition against New Sweden. With 7 ships and 300 men under his command, he forced the garrison at Fort Trefaldighet to surrender. The fort was renamed Fort Casimir.
Stuyvesant led his forces to Fort Christina, where he laid siege to the fort and burned the town of Christinahamn. After 12 days, the Swedes surrendered.
The Dutch had control of the Delaware River and New Sweden. The New Sweden Colony came to an end and became part of New Netherland.
Although some Swedes returned to Europe, many remained and accepted Dutch rule, because they were granted religious freedom.
1656 — A supply ship, the Mercurius arrived from Sweden with 110 new settlers. Jean Paul Jacquet, Dutch Vice-Director and Chief Magistrate of the South River, refused to permit them to land, but they disembarked at Tinicum.
1657 — The territory of Delaware was divided. Fort Altena (formerly Fort Christina) was the seat of government for the northern region. Fort Casimir and its adjoining town, New Amstel, were the seat of government for the southern region.
Together, Fort Casimir and New Amstel were referred to as “City Colony.”
1657 — An expedition carrying Jacob Alrichs, the new Director, and 125 Dutch settlers, including Evert Pietersen, first schoolmaster, arrived at New Amstel. The increase in population increased the number of homes in New Amstel to around 100.
1659 — A trading post was established at Hoorn Kill, which is present-day Lewes.
1659 — The population of New Amstel was devastated by famine and disease, and roughly 30 families remained. The Calvert Family claimed ownership of the western shore of Delaware. Stuyvesant responded by sending Augustine Herrman and Resolved Waldron to discuss the situation with Lieutenant-General Josias Fendall, the 4th Proprietary Governor of Maryland. However, no resolution is reached.
1662 — A Mennonite colony was established at Cape Henlopen by Peter Plockhoy.
1663 — City Colony, was a diverse community of Dutch, Swedish, and Finnish settlers. The northern settlements, or the Upper Colony, were still largely Swedish. In 1663, the two colonies were merged under one government.
1664 — King Charles II of England granted his brother, James, Duke of York, a substantial portion of the American coast, which included the Dutch territory of New Netherland.
James sent an expedition under the command of Sir Richard Nicolls to take possession of the Dutch territories. New Netherland tried to defend itself but was surprised when four ships and 450 soldiers arrived.
Two English ships, under the command of Robert Carr, took possession of the Upper Colony without a fight. However, Fort Casimir resisted, leading the English to storm the fort and capture it. The name was changed to New Castle.
With the victory, the English controlled the Delaware River.
Carr also destroyed the Plockhoy’s Quaker colony.
1667 — Sir Francis Lovelace was named Governor of the Duke of York’s territory. Carr was named Deputy Governor over the Delaware settlements.
1669 — The Long Finn Rebellion took place, led by Marcus Jacobson who was known as the “Long Finn.” The rebellion failed and Jacobson was banished to Barbados.
1673 — Courts were established at Upland, New Castle, and Hoorn Kill.
1673 — During the Third Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch briefly regained control of the Delaware River Valley. However, the 1674 Treaty of Westminster returned the region to English control.
1674 — Edmund Andros was appointed as Governor of New York and its territories, including Delaware.
1676 — Andros applies the Duke’s Laws to Delaware.
1680 — The southern region, Hoornkill County, was divided into St. Jones County (Kent) and Deal County (Sussex).
The first court was held in St. Jones County.
Authorization was given to build a log Courthouse at Hoornkill. The budget was set at 5,000 pounds of tobacco.
1681 — William Penn was granted the charter for Pennsylvania from King Charles II.
1682 — Penn was granted the western portion of New York, running across the Delaware River, by the Duke of York.
1682 — Penn arrived in America on the ship Welcome.
He disembarked at New Castle and officially took control on October 27.
Penn’s deputy, William Markham, was given control of the two southern counties in Delaware, which were renamed by Penn.
1682 — The first General Assembly of “Province of Pennsylvania and Three Lower Counties on the Delaware” met at Upland in December.
1682 — Delaware representatives voted to join with Pennsylvania, however, this created a dispute between Penn and Lord Baltimore, the proprietor of Maryland, over the borders of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware.
1684 — The Calvert Family continued to claim their charter included the territory of southern and western Delaware. Maryland dispatched Colonel George Talbot who built a small fort near the town of Christiana.
1688–1689 — The Glorious Revolution took place in England. King James II, formerly the Duke of York and a close friend of Penn, fled the country in the wake of a Dutch invasion. William of Orange and Mary took the throne of England. Several of James II’s friends and political allies, including Penn, faced imprisonment. Penn was eventually released, but during his absence, Delaware essentially separated from Pennsylvania for three years. In response, Penn appointed a separate governor for the Lower Counties, which had developed differently from Pennsylvania and had a higher percentage of Anglicans.
1690 — The first “Hundreds” were established.
1691 — The Lords of Trade proposed placing Pennsylvania under royal control. The government of the Delaware counties was separated from Pennsylvania and William Markham was named Deputy Governor.
1692 — King William III suspended Penn’s charter and took control of Pennsylvania. Colonel Benjamin Fletcher was appointed Governor. The charter was suspended over accusations the colony was not adequately prepared to defend itself against France, during King William’s War.
1693 — Fletcher, who was also the Governor of New York, arrived in April and appointed William Markham as his Lieutenant Governor. Fletcher was unpopular from the start. He increased the size of the Provincial Council and reduced the size of the Provincial Assembly. He created more controversy when he suggested raising money through a property tax to help the Province of New York Colony defend itself against the French.
1694 — Penn regained influence with the Crown, and requested the return of control of Pennsylvania. His request was granted in July, but Penn was required to accept the laws enacted during Fletcher’s administration. Penn also had to pledge loyalty to King William III and Queen Mary II and acknowledge that William Markham would continue to govern Pennsylvania until he could assume the role himself.
1696 — The General Assembly and Governor’s Council forced Markham to agree to a new Frame of Government, which is known as “Markham’s Frame.” Pennsylvania and Delaware operated under it until 1700.
1697 — A second courthouse was built in Kent County at Dover on the site of the present-day State House. Three Lutheran missionaries, Erick Biork, Andreas Rudman, and Jonas Aureen arrived from from Sweden.
1698 — The town of Lewes was attacked by pirates, who also captured a ship near New Castle. One of the pirates was Captain William Kidd.
1698 — Old Swedes Church was built at what would become the town of Willington.
1699 — Penn returned to Pennsylvania, however, he found the government divided and there were questions about the legality of any laws that were passed in his absence.
1700 — At Penn’s request, the Assembly convened in New Castle. During the meetings, more than 100 laws, known as the “New Castle Laws,” were enacted. Unfortunately, Penn and the Assembly were unable to reach an agreement on a new structure for the government.
1701 — The Assembly convened to address instructions from the Crown regarding the reinforcement of colonial defenses along the New York frontier. Delegates from the Delaware River Valley were upset because they did not have forts, yet they were being asked to pay for forts to protect another colony, which they opposed. Further, their economic interests and safety were at risk and they wanted protection. The Delaware delegates were also concerned that pacifist Quaker policies put them at risk.
1701 — During the Assembly meetings, some delegates questioned whether laws passed at sessions held in Delaware legally applied to Pennsylvania. Delaware argued if that was the case, then laws passed in Pennsylvania could not apply to Delaware. The Delaware delegates walked out of the meetings.
1701 — Penn resolved the issues by agreeing to the Constitution of 1701, which is also known as “The Charter of Privileges.” Penn agreed to allow Delaware to establish its own Assembly, which was allowed to propose laws and approve legislation specifically for Delaware.
1701 — Two surveyors, Isaac Taylor and Thomas Pierson, established the 12 Mile Circle Boundary, which formed most of the boundary between Delaware and Pennsylvania.
1703 — A group of Welsh Baptists settled between Newark and Glasgow.
1704 — In November, the first Delaware Assembly met at New Castle. William Rodney of Kent was the speaker. Each county sent four representatives. The Assembly reaffirmed all the previous joint assembly laws and increased each county’s delegation to six representatives. Despite the success of passing laws, there was tension between New Castle and the Southern Counties. New Castle wanted to establish itself as the main commercial center for Delaware, due to its proximity and economic ties to Philadelphia.
1707 — A new fort was built at New Castle, which required all ships to report to the commander when they passed. This was protested by a group of merchants in Philadelphia.
1709 — A group of men from the Delaware Assembly petitioned the Crown for complete separation from Pennsylvania.
1712 — Faced with financial problems, Penn attempted to sell his governing rights over Pennsylvania and Delaware to the Crown. He eventually agreed to sell the rights for £12,000 but retained ownership of the land. Unfortunately, Penn suffered a severe stroke, from which he never fully recovered.
1717 — William Keith was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Delaware, and Dover Green was laid out per an order issued by Penn in 1683.
1718 — Penn died, leaving his wife Hannah in charge of the proprietorship over the two colonies. She was in charge of executing Penn’s will and managed to retain the Penn family’s influence over Delaware for a few more years.
1720s — In the 1720s, while the Penn estate was being settled in England, Governor Keith started to act like a Royal Governor. He appointed new courts, introduced a new criminal code, and relocated to New Castle County, where he purchased an extensive tract known as Keithsborough and built an ironworks.
1724 — Governor Keith overstepped his authority by expanding the boundaries of New Castle and granting it a new city charter in the name of the King, without mentioning the Penn Family.
1726 — Governor Keith was recalled and replaced by Major Patrick Gordon. However, Keith remained in Pennsylvania and worked against Gordon and his government.
1727 — Penn’s sons, John, Thomas, and Richard, became the Proprietaries of Pennsylvania and Delaware.
1730 — During the 1730s, Delaware continued to exist as a distinct political entity despite various claims on its territory, including a claim made by Charles Calvert, the Fifth Lord Baltimore.
1731 — Thomas Willing founded Willingtown on land he was given by his father-in-law, Andrew Justinson. The first house was built in 1732.
1732 — A group of commissioners from Delaware and Maryland agreed to a boundary line.
1739 — The town of Wilmington, previously known as Willingtown, was chartered. Its layout was like that of Philadelphia, with a rectangular plan along the riverbanks. Wilmington’s population was 600 in 1739, and by the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, it grew to as many as 2,000.
1739 — During the First Great Awakening, Reverend George Whitefield traveled through Delaware, preaching to large crowds.
1742 — The flour milling industry started when Oliver Canby built a flour mill at Wilmington, on the banks of the Brandywine River.
1743 — New London Academy was founded by Reverend Francis Alison at New London, Pennsylvania. The school eventually became the University of Delaware.
1747 — During King George’s War, French and Spanish privateers carried out attacks along the Delaware River.
1748 — The Rocks was fortified to help defend Wilmington against privateers.
1748 — The Nanticoke Indians moved to the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania.
1751 — A seal was adopted that included the coat of arms of the King of England and the words, “Counties on the Delaware.”
1754 — The Delaware General Assembly agreed to raise a company of troops to join British forces for the French and Indian War, along with militia to defend the colony.
1761 — The first printing press was set up in Delaware, by James Adams, at Wilmington.
1763 — The Calverts and Penns agreed to hire Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon to conduct a survey to establish the boundaries between Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.
APUSH Definition and Significance
Use the following links and videos to study Delaware, the Middle Colonies, and Colonial America for the AP US History Exam. Also, be sure to look at our Guide to the AP US History Exam.
APUSH Definition
Delaware Colony for APUSH is defined as one of the original 13 American colonies established by European settlers during the 17th century. Originally settled by the Dutch in the early 17th century and later controlled by the Swedes and English, It was geographically and politically linked to Pennsylvania and shared the same governor for much of its early history. Delaware played a significant role in American independence, ratifying the U.S. Constitution in 1787 as the first state to do so, earning the nickname “The First State.” Its strategic location along the Delaware River, with access to Delaware Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, contributed to the economy and growth of Delaware during the Colonial Era.
APUSH Significance
The significance of the Delaware Colony for APUSH is that it was one of the early European settlements in North America and became one of the 13 Original Colonies that declared independence from Great Britain in 1776 and founded the United States of America.
APUSH Video
This video discusses the history of Delaware.
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Delaware Colony
By: O. K.
Henry Hudson was probably the first white person in the Delaware region. Delaware is the second smallest state in the United States. The state bird is the, Blue Hen Chicken, state flower, Peach Blossom, the state tree, American Holly.
The members of the three country governing serve four-year terms. Delaware is the only state which countries are divided into hundreds. A hundred have no government of their own.
In 1664, England captured all New Netherlands plus the Delaware region. In 1638 the colony Delaware was formed in the middle. Delaware became independent in 1701. This colony was founded by William Penn. They elected a governor and assembly to make laws and to govern the colony.
Before the coming of the white men, the present state of Delaware was inhabited by tribes of the Leni-Lenape stock, later called Delaware Indians. Henry Hudson discovered Delaware bay and river from the Dutch in 1609. In 1682 William Penn took over Delaware countries.
In 1631 Dutch establish Zwaanendael near present site of Lewis. In 1638 Swedes founded the first permanent settlement Fort Christina (New Wilmington). In 1664 English seized Dutch territory on the Delaware for the Duke of York. In 1704 first separate General Assembly of Delaware met at New Castle.
In 1776 Delaware delegates signed the Declaration of Independence. 1777 Betsy Ross flag to have been unfurled for the first time in a land battle at Coochs Bridge. In 1787 convention at Dover ratified the Federal constitution, and thats when it became the first state on December 7,1787.
Delaware was ruled for about eighteen years by governors appointed by Duke of York. The first settlement was made by Dutch in 1631. They built a brick fort at Zwaanendael (swanendael) on the Murder kill in Kent Country. This fort was burned and the colonist killed by the Indians early in 1632.
The Dutch were angry at the Swedes for settling on land which the Dutch considered their territory. within four-years, open conflict broke out. For twenty-two years, the colonies had the same governor and the same legislature.
In 1655 Peter Stuyvesant, the Dutch governor of New Netherland, took possession of all New Sweden, But the Dutch held the Delaware territory only nine years. In1664 it passed into English hands along with New Amsterdam.
bibliography:
page: 194-191 In the Encyclopedia Britannica Volume 7, letter D
page: 93 In the World Book Encyclopedia Volume 5, letter D page: 1931
Delaware Colony
BY: F. A.
Delaware is the second smallest state of the United States. Only Rhode Island has a smaller area. And only four states Alaska, North Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming have fewer people. Delaware lies close to many of the nations largest industrial cities. The Delaware River, and networks of canals, highway, and railroads, carry products from Delaware to Baltimore, New York City, Philadelphia, and Washington D. C. America about 1638 by Swedes and Finns who settled near the mouth of the Delaware River. Log construction was already an established practice in Scandinavia and in other parts of Europe.
Wilmington, in far northeastern corner of Delaware is the states largest city. It is also the leading manufacturing center in Delaware. Wilmingtons history dates back to the 1630s.
The state flag first appeared in its present from in 1913. It bears a shield with a sheaf of wheat, an ear of, corn, and an ox, all of which symbolize agriculture. Above the shield is a sailing ship. A soldier and a farmer support the shield. December 7, 1787 is the date seal was adopted in 1777 and has the same design as the flag. The dates 1795, 1847, and 1911 are years when changes were made.
The State Capitol is in Dover, the capital of Delaware since 1777. New Castle had been the capital since 1704. Land region Delaware has two main land regions. These region are the Atlantic Coastal Plain and the Piedmont.
Delaware became the first state on December 7,1787. On that date, it ratified the U. S. Constitution, the first of the original 13 states to do so.
Indian days two tribes of Algonquin Indians lived in the Delaware region when white explorers first arrived. The Lenape tribe lived along the banks of the Delaware River. The Nanticoke lived along the Nanticoke River. By the mid - 1700s, white settlers had forced most of the Indians out of the region.
The Delaware Water Gap is a scenic gorge that separates New Jersey from Pennsylvania. The Delaware River carved this gorge in the Kittatinny Mountains millions of years ago.
Bibliography:
1. World Book Encyclopedia, Vol. 5, D, p. 96-99, 104
DELAWARE
By N. A.
Delaware was the first state. The population is 666,168 million. It is 2,489 sqare miles. It became state on December 7, 1787. Delaware is named for Lord Delaware, or also named known as De La Warr, who was the first governer of Virgina. Henery Hudson discovered the Delaware Bay but the river was to shallow so he didnt make it in 1609. The Dutch made the first settelment in 1631.
The Dutch made a brick fort at Zwaanendael. the fort was burned down and the colonists were killed by the Native Americans early in 1638. Swedes made the first permanent in 1638. The swedes founded the New Sweden were Wilmington is now located. Wilmington is the largest city along side the Delaware River and across New Jersey.
The colony grew northward as far as the site of Philadelphia across the Delaware River into where now is New Jersey. The Finns were also prominent in the early history of Delaware. Dutch were angry at the Swedens because the Swedens thought it was their land but it really was the Dutchs land. After four years later the Dutch and the Swedens started to fight. IN 1655 Peter Stuyvesant, became the Dutch government of New Nether land and took possession of all New Sweden.
The Dutch held Delaware territory only for nine years. In 1664, it passed to English hands and along with New Amsterdam. Delaware was ruled for only eighteen years by the Duke of York.
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City in Delaware, United States
For the county, see New Castle County, Delaware.
City in Delaware, United States
New Castle is a city in New Castle County, Delaware, United States. The city is located six miles (10 km) south of Wilmington and is situated on the Delaware River. As of 2020, the city's population was 5,551.[3] New Castle constitutes part of the Delaware Valley or Philadelphia metropolitan area.
History
[edit]
17th century
[edit]
New Castle was originally settled by the Dutch West India Company in 1651 under the leadership of Peter Stuyvesant on the site of a former aboriginal village, "Tomakonck" ("Place of the Beaver"), to assert their claim to the area based on a prior agreement with the aboriginal inhabitants of the area. The Dutch originally named the settlement Fort Casimir, but this was changed to Fort Trinity following its seizure by the colony of New Sweden on Trinity Sunday in 1654. The Dutch conquered the entire colony of New Sweden the following year and rechristened the fort as Nieuw-Amstel, named after the Amstel. This marked the end of the Swedish colony in Delaware as an official entity, but it remained a semi-autonomous unit within the New Netherland colony and the cultural, social, and religious influence of the Swedish settlers remained strong. As the settlement grew, Dutch authorities laid out a grid of streets and established a common green in the town's center, which continues to this day.
In 1664, the English seized the entire New Netherland colony in the Second Anglo-Dutch War. They changed the name of the town to "New Castle" and made it the capital of their Delaware Colony. The Dutch regained the town in 1673 during the Third Anglo-Dutch War but it was returned to Great Britain the next year under the Treaty of Westminster. In 1680, New Castle was conveyed to William Penn by the Duke of York by livery of seisin and was Penn's landing place when he first set foot on American soil on October 27, 1682. This transfer to Penn was contested by Lord Baltimore and the boundary dispute was not resolved until the 1763-1767 survey conducted by Mason and Dixon, now famed in history as the Mason–Dixon line.[4][5][page needed]
18th century
[edit]
Prior to the establishment of Penn's Philadelphia, New Castle was a center of government. After being transferred to Penn, Delaware's Swedish, Dutch, and English residents became accustomed to the relaxed culture of the Restoration monarchy and grew uncomfortable with the more conservative Quaker influence, so Delaware petitioned for a separate legislature, which was finally granted in 1702. Delaware formally broke from Pennsylvania in 1704. New Castle again became the seat of the colonial government, thriving with the various judges and lawyers that fueled the economy. Many smaller houses were torn down and replaced in this era. In February, 1777, John McKinly was elected the first President of Delaware, a title later renamed "Governor". During the Revolution, when New Castle was besieged by William Howe, the government elected to move its functions south to Dover in May, 1777. McKinley was captured by the British and held prisoner for several months. New Castle remained the county seat until after the Civil War, when that status was transferred to Wilmington. Three of the 56 signers of the Declaration of Independence were from New Castle: Thomas McKean, George Read, and George Ross.
19th century
[edit]
The 16-mile (26 km) portage between the Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay saved a 400-mile (640 km) trip around the Delmarva Peninsula, so this brought passengers, goods, and business to New Castle's port. In the years following the Revolution, a turnpike was built to facilitate travel between the two major waterways. Later, New Castle became the eastern terminus of the New Castle and Frenchtown Railroad, the second-oldest rail line in the country, launched in 1828 with horse-drawn rail cars, then converting to steam power when an engine was purchased from Great Britain in 1832. The line traversed the Delmarva Peninsula, running to the Elk River, Maryland, from where passengers changed to packet boats for further travel to Baltimore and points south. This helped the New Castle economy to further boom; however, by 1840, rail lines were in place between Philadelphia and Baltimore, which had a stop in Wilmington, thus leaving New Castle to deal with a substantial decline in traffic and revenue.
The decline in New Castle's economy had the long-range fortunate effect of preventing most residents from making any significant structural changes to their homes. The many buildings of historic New Castle have largely not been upgraded or restored and appear much as they did in the Colonial and Federal periods.
20th century
[edit]
Since 1927, New Castle has offered tours of historical homes, churches, and gardens, which are typically held annually on the third Saturday of May. Householders dress in colonial costumes and an admittance fee, used toward the maintenance of the town's many historic buildings, is charged. Annually in June, New Castle holds its annual Separation Day celebration.
On April 28, 1961, an F3 tornado hit the north side.[6] Although no fatalities or injuries occurred, it was the only tornado of this magnitude ever recorded in Delaware during the Fujita scale area.[7]
21st century
[edit]
A tornado rated EF3 hit the city on April 1, 2023.[8]
Geography
[edit]
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.2 square miles (8.2 km2), of which 3.0 square miles (7.9 km2) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.3 km2) of it (3.79%) is water.[citation needed]
The city is the home of Broad Dyke, the first dyke built in the United States.[citation needed]
The cupola of the court house is the center of the "Twelve-Mile Circle" that defines much of the border between Delaware and Pennsylvania. The circle also forms a small portion of the border between Delaware and New Jersey and Delaware and Maryland.[9]
Demographics
[edit]
Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 18501,202—18601,90258.2%18701,9160.7%18803,70093.1%18904,0108.4%19003,380−15.7%19103,351−0.9%19203,85415.0%19304,1317.2%19404,4146.9%19505,39622.2%19604,469−17.2%19704,8147.7%19804,9071.9%19904,837−1.4%20004,8620.5%20105,2858.7%20205,5515.0%
As of the census[11] of 2000, there were 4,862 people, 2,012 households, and 1,339 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,594.6 inhabitants per square mile (615.7/km2). There were 2,199 housing units at an average density of 721.2 per square mile (278.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 77.48% White, 20.20% African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.39% Asian, 0.84% from other races, and 0.84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.41% of the population.
There were 2,012 households, out of which 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.1% were married couples living together, 14.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.4% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.93.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.8% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 27.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $52,449, and the median income for a family was $56,368. Males had a median income of $40,153 versus $31,571 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,052. About 3.9% of families and 5.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.8% of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those age 65 or over.
Historic sites
[edit]
New Castle Historic District is an area approximately four blocks square in the center of town with about 500 historic buildings, built between 1700 and 1940. This area contains one of the highest concentrations of well-preserved buildings dating from the 17th to early 19th centuries. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1967.[12][13]
The historic district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1967 and it was relisted, with enlarged boundaries and expanded period of significance, in 1984.[14] The historic district then covered 135 acres (55 ha) of area and includes Amstel House and Old Courthouse which are separately listed on the NRHP. The area includes 461 contributing buildings, one other contributing structure, and one contributing object.[15]
The New Castle Court House, the Green, and the Sheriff's House are parts of First State National Historical Park, a unit of the National Park System. The national park interprets Delaware's settlement and role in the founding of the United States.[16]
Notable sites the historic district include:
Amstel House, home of New Castle Historical Society
Stonum, home of George Read, an 18th century Delaware politician
Read House and Garden, former home of Read's son George Read Jr., built between 1801 and 1804
Immanuel Episcopal Church on the Green
New Castle Court House Museum, the original colonial capitol and first State House of Delaware, served as Court House until 1882 when the county seat was moved to Wilmington. Its cupola served as the center of the Twelve-Mile Circle, which defined Delaware's state border with Pennsylvania
Old Dutch House, a small early dwelling built circa 1700
Thomas McKean House, the former home of Thomas McKean, a Founding Father
New Castle Presbyterian Church, built in 1707
Lesley-Travers Mansion, built in 1855
Bellanca Airfield, located outside of the historic district, is the site of the former Bellanca Aircraft Corporation factory, which operated in New Castle from 1928 to 1960 and built over 3,000 airplanes. Delaware Aviation Hall of Fame Museum is located in hangar. Also nearby are Buena Vista, Glebe House, The Hermitage, New Castle Ice Piers, Penn Farm of the Trustees of the New Castle Common, and Swanwyck, all listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[17]
Education
[edit]
New Castle is served by the Colonial School District.[18] It operates William Penn High School.
Private schools located in New Castle include: Serviam Girls Academy, St. Peter's Catholic School (of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Wilmington) and Delaware Valley Classical School.
New Castle Public Library is the public library.
Infrastructure
[edit]
Transportation
[edit]
U.S. Route 13 and U.S. Route 40 are the most significant highways serving New Castle directly. They pass along the northwest edge of the city concurrently along Dupont Highway.
Delaware Route 9 runs southwest-to-northeast through New Castle, passing through the city along 7th Street, Washington Street, Delaware Street, and Ferry Cut Off Street; the route bypasses the historic area. DE 9 heads north to Wilmington and south to Delaware City. Delaware Route 141 heads north from New Castle on Basin Road and provides a bypass to the west of Wilmington. Delaware Route 273 heads west from New Castle on Frenchtown Road and provides access to Christiana and Newark. Several important roads are located just outside the city limits. Interstate 295 passes north of New Castle and crosses the Delaware River on the Delaware Memorial Bridge to New Jersey, with DE 9 providing access to New Castle from I-295.[19]
The Wilmington Airport (formerly New Castle Airport) is located northwest of New Castle along US 13/US 40.[19] The airport offers general aviation, commercial air service, and is home to a unit of the Delaware Air National Guard.
A freight line operated by the Norfolk Southern Railway passes through New Castle. The nearest passenger rail station to New Castle is Wilmington station in Wilmington, which is served by Amtrak and SEPTA Regional Rail's Wilmington/Newark Line.[19]
DART First State provides bus service to New Castle along Route 15 and Route 51, which both run between downtown Wilmington and the Christiana Mall and offer connections to multiple bus routes serving points across northern New Castle County.[20]
Utilities
[edit]
The Municipal Services Commission of the City of New Castle provides electricity and water to the city.[21] The electric department is a member of the Delaware Municipal Electric Corporation.[22] Natural gas service in New Castle is provided by Delmarva Power, a subsidiary of Exelon.[23] The city's Public Works department provides trash and recycling collection to New Castle.[24]
Notable people
[edit]
Walter W. Bacon, 60th Governor of Delaware
John Walter Bratton, songwriter
William C. Frazer, American lawyer and judge
Thomas Holcomb, Commandant of the United States Marine Corps
Dave May, former MLB player
Thomas McKean, lawyer, politician and a signer of the Declaration of Independence
Vinnie Moore, guitarist
George Read I, signer of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, second Governor of Delaware
George Ross, signer of the Declaration of Independence
Jeff Otah, NFL player
Ryan Phillippe, actor
Devin Smith, professional basketball player for Maccabi Tel Aviv
Charles Thomas, 25th Governor of Delaware
Nicholas Van Dyke I, President of Delaware
Nicholas Van Dyke II, son of Nicholas Van Dyke I, U.S. Senator
Jalen Duren, professional basketball player for the Detroit Pistons
Joe Biden, 46th President of the United States
In film
[edit]
New Castle has served as the filming location for numerous films and television series, including Dead Poets Society,[25] Beloved, and River Ridge.
References
[edit]
Delaware portal
Philadelphia portal
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William Penn Acquires the Lower Counties | The Panic of 1857
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en
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The Library of Congress
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https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/august-24/
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On August 24, 1682, the Duke of York awarded Englishman William Penn a deed to the “Three Lower Counties” that make up the present state of Delaware, recently transferred from Dutch to British jurisdiction. Penn acquired this tract of land just west of the Delaware Bay in order to ensure ocean access for his new colony of Pennsylvania. While Delaware established its own assembly in 1704, it was not until shortly after July, 1776, that Delaware became a separate state. On December 7, 1787, Delaware was the “first state” to ratify the new U.S. Constitution, thereby earning its current proud nickname.
The final boundary separating Delaware from Pennsylvania and a portion of Maryland is an unusual one, featuring the arc of a circle defined by a twelve-mile radius centered on the courthouse at New Castle. An ongoing dispute between Penn and Maryland’s Lord Baltimore about the extent of each’s territory had led to this unique resolution. The same dispute spurred the creation of the famous Mason-Dixon Line in 1763, when British surveyors Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon were selected to establish a definitive Maryland-Pennsylvania border—a task that took five years to complete. This line, moving west, came to symbolize the divisions of North from South in the years before the American Civil War.
Before Penn, Delaware’s fertile coastal plain attracted the Lenni-Lenape (also known as Delaware Indians), who supported themselves by farming, hunting, and fishing. Swedes, the region’s first permanent European settlers, arrived in the late 1630s, establishing themselves in what is now Wilmington. With its accessibility to other ports, especially the Port of Philadelphia twenty-five miles to the northeast, and its abundance of natural resources, the Wilmington area flourished as a center for saw, paper, and flour mills, aided by creation of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. Later, Wilmington served as home to DuPont’s extensive chemical industries, and to the many banks incorporated in the state.
In 1802, French immigrant Eleuthère Irénée du Pont de Nemours founded DuPontExternal, one of the world’s oldest continuously operating industrial enterprises, as a gunpowder mill outside of Wilmington. While it has transformed itself over the years, the company remains an influential force in the economic life of Delaware, and its founding du Pont family a fixture of the state’s history and institutional growth.
When Delaware sided with the Union during the Civil War, its vital river route was protected by a three-point defense consisting of Fort DuPont on the Delaware shore, Fort Mott on the New Jersey shore, and Fort Delaware in the center of the river. Fort Delaware is perhaps the best known of the three forts because it was used by the Union army to house Confederate prisoners of war, some of whom published their own newspaper. After the Battle of Gettysburg, the fort held a teeming 12,500 prisoners.
One of Delaware’s richest cultural treasures is the former country estate of Henry Francis du Pont, now known as the Winterthur MuseumExternal. A showcase for du Pont’s collection of American decorative arts and architectural interiors, the museum features almost two hundred rooms decorated with objects made or used in America between 1640 and 1860. Winterthur has also become a center for the study of American art and objects, featuring several graduate programs and a premier libraryExternal collection.
The major financial catalyst for the panic of 1857 was the August 24, 1857, failure of the New York branch of the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company. It was soon reported that the entire capital of the Trust’s home office had been embezzled. What followed was one of the most severe economic crises in U.S. history.
The history of the panic is clearly divisible into…two periods: the former, when the banks took the initiative…and the latter, in which the depositors seized it…
The Banks of New York, Their Dealers, the Clearing-House, and the Panic of 1857External, by J. S. Gibbons. New York: Published by D. Appleton & Co., 1858. p. 361 Making of America: BooksExternal. University of Michigan Library
Almost immediately, New York bankers put severe restrictions on even the most routine transactions. In turn, many people interpreted these restrictions as a sign of impending financial collapse and panicked. Individual holders of stock and of commercial paper rushed to their brokers and eagerly made deals that “a week before they would have shunned as a ruinous sacrifice.” As the September 12, 1857, Harper’s Weekly described the scene on the New York Stock Exchange, “…prominent stocks fell eight or ten per cent in a day, and fortunes were made and lost between ten o’clock in the morning and four of the afternoon.”
The Report of the Clearinghouse Committee, produced in the years following the panic of 1857, found that “A financial panic has been likened to a malignant epidemic, which kills more by terror than by real disease.” Yet behind the reaction of New York’s bankers to the closing of a trust company lay a confluence of national and international events that heightened concern:
the British withdrew capital from U.S. banks
grain prices fell
Russia undersold U.S. cotton on the open market
manufactured goods lay in surplus
railroads overbuilt and some defaulted on debts
land schemes and projects dependent on new rail routes failed
To compound the problem, the SS Central America, a wooden-hulled steamship transporting millions of dollars in gold from the new San Francisco Mint to create a reserve for eastern banks, was caught in a hurricane and sunk in mid-September. (The vessel had aboard 581 persons—many carrying great personal wealth—and more than $1 million in commercial gold. She also bore a secret shipment of 15 tons of federal gold, valued at $20 per ounce, intended for the eastern banks.)
As banking institutions of the day dealt in specie (gold and silver coins instead of paper money) the loss of some thirty thousand pounds of gold reverberated through the financial community. Howell Cobb, secretary of the treasury, encouraged not only the placement of vast amounts of such government gold on the market, but also redemption of government bonds at a premium. At his suggestion, President James Buchanan proposed to Congress that the Treasury be authorized to sell revenue bonds for the first time since the Mexican American War.
Although bankers showed the first signs of concern, depositors soon followed. On October 3 there was a marked increase of withdrawals in New York, and over the next two weeks withdrawals nearly quadrupled. Reports of financial instability, perhaps exaggerated, were quickly carried between cities by the new telecommunications medium, the telegraph.
As the public’s faith in soundness of financial institutions continued to plummet, the nation’s banks began to collapse. Although the East Coast was hardest hit—with bank closures in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and elsewhere–bank failures also reached across the Missouri River to cities such as Omaha. The climax came on October 14, Suspension Day, when banking was suspended in New York and throughout New England.
The term panic refers to the worst moments of a financial crisis. What follows is frequently a recession (a period of reduced economic activity) or a depression (a more serious and prolonged period of low economic activity, marked especially by rising unemployment). The contraction of the economy that followed the panic of 1857 was profound and had parallels in Europe, South America, South Africa, and the Far East causing it to be held as the first worldwide economic crisis. In the U.S., the setback caused significant job loss, a major slowdown in capital investment, commerce, land development, and the formation of unions, as well as in the rate of immigration. The effects of the “revulsion,” as it was referred to at the time, lasted a full eighteen months and reverberated until the onset of the Civil War.
Harper’s Weekly for September 12, 1857, took a dim view of dealings on the New York Stock Exchange. They claimed that the greed of speculators underlay the panic and gave examples that included the following:
…Jones believes that we are going to have a “crisis,” a “revulsion,” and “panic.” Or Jones as treasurer of the New Gauge Railway, and having access to the books, knows that it is insolvent. In both these cases Jones directs his broker to sell for his account so many shares of the New Gauge Railway…retaining the right of delivering the stock on any day he pleases prior to the conclusion of the contract. Of course, Jones doesn’t own the stock he sells; he intends to buy it at a reduced price at the time he delivers. Now, if Jones has been right in his prognostications — if the panic and crisis do come, or if the New Gauge Company does turn out to be insolvent, of course the stock goes down, and Jones buys in for delivery at the reduced price, realizing the difference between that price and the one at which he sold. But if Jones has been wrong — if the crisis don’t come, or is unduly postponed — such things have been known to occur — if the New Gauge concern should prove profitable, and not insolvent, why then the stock might go up, and at the end of the contract Jones might be forced to buy for, say $50, that which he sold at $45 — netting a loss of $5 per share.
In the late 1980s the wreck of the SS Central America was located about 8,000 feet under water. One ton of extraordinary riches surfaced including the world’s largest bar of gold ingot, weighing more than eighty pounds, and thousands of 1857-S Liberty Double Eagle twenty-dollar gold pieces, each of which contained nearly a full ounce of gold.
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https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/essays/lower-delaware-colonies/
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en
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Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia
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2016-02-11T21:50:04+00:00
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The colonies that became the state of Delaware were a contested borderland. William Penn gained control as an addition to his land grant for Pennsylvania.
|
en
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Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia
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https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/essays/lower-delaware-colonies/
|
Essay
The colonies that became the state of Delaware lay in the middle of the North American Atlantic coast, extending about 120 miles north from the Atlantic Ocean along the southwestern shore of the Delaware (South) Bay and River to within 10 miles of Philadelphia. Between 1609 and 1704, the area was a contested borderland between north and south, as a dozen native and colonial political and commercial regimes sought to assert authority over the region. William Penn (1644-1718) ultimately gained control of the area as an addition to his land grant for Pennsylvania.
The bay and river—named in 1610 by English explorer Samuel Argall (1580-1626) in honor of Virginia’s governor, Thomas West, Lord De La Warr (1576-1618)—provided a rich, diverse estuarine environment for natives and colonists. A network of natural harbors and navigable rivers enabled trade along the coast and access into the interior. Early historic maps show extensive oyster-laden shoals in the shallow southern reaches of the bay. Shad, sturgeon, and other fish migrated annually up the river. An extensive marsh system lined the bay and river, broken by broad meadows and savannahs. Waterfowl, small mammals, fish, and salt hay abounded, and these lands proved amenable to grazing cattle. The forested coastal plain provided wild game and timber for structures, fencing, and shipbuilding, as did the Cypress Swamp in southern Sussex County. The northern Piedmont hills yielded flint for native people’s stone toolmaking and Europeans exploited the iron ore at Iron Hill, near Newark, New Castle County.
Lenape and Susquehannocks
For most of the seventeenth century, Lenape Algonquian people exerted the greatest political and economic control over the country from central New Jersey through eastern Pennsylvania and along the Delaware Bay to its mouth at Cape Henlopen (Sussex County). Led by sachems and councils of elders, they lived in unpalisaded towns and spoke Unami. Over the course of the century, these Lenape natives created with European settlers a distinctive society that valued peace over conflict, religious freedom, collaboration, respect for diverse people, and local authority. Nonetheless, desire for profits led to contention, and native traders shifted among European nations to obtain the quantity and quality of goods they sought. Exchange provided the source of the Lenapes’ power, which they used to provoke colonial rivalries.
Inland, Susquehannock (Minquas) peoples living in fortified villages along the Susquehanna River proved especially determined to maintain independence in the fur trade, and played Swedes, Dutch, and English against each other. A decade of intermittent war with Lenapes between 1626 and 1636 typified the larger contest for control over furs in the North Atlantic world. The outcome earned Susquehannock traders the right to do business in Lenape areas along Delaware Bay and instigated a trade alliance among the groups.
Dutch Republic and Sweden along the Delaware
While the Lenapes defended their homeland against the Susquehannocks and northern Iroquois, Europeans from the Dutch Republic’s West India Company, the City of Amsterdam, and Sweden established small trading colonies. Lenapes welcomed trade with Dutch sailors, who entered the bay and river by about 1615. The Dutch West India Company established Fort Nassau on the eastern side of the Delaware River in 1626 as part of its colony of New Netherland, an outpost of the Dutch commercial empire and potential source of furs for the expanding European market. Dutch activity expanded in 1629, when officials bargained with a southernmost Lenape community, Sickoneysincks, for a tract of land reaching from Cape Henlopen to the mouth of the Delaware River. By 1631 the resulting colony, Zwaanendael, consisted of about thirty colonists housed in a palisaded fort. Within a year, however, the venture ended in violence. After the Sickoneysincks determined that the Dutch intended to build an agricultural settlement, not merely a trading fort, they destroyed the fort and its occupants. Though the colony failed, its brief existence prevented the future area of Delaware, or at least southern Delaware, from being adjudged part of Maryland.
In the mid-1630s, Peter Minuit (c. 1580-1638), former director of New Netherland, negotiated with the Swedish government to establish the New Sweden colony under Swedish protection. He understood the strategic geographical importance of the lower Delaware Valley, and that the Dutch West India Company had insufficient resources to devote to its development and defense. The New Sweden Company, under leadership of Minuit and other investors, benefited from Dutch colonial experience and funding while enjoying the added advantage of patronage and the protection of the Swedish monarch. For the crown, New Sweden promised to strengthen the nation’s new position as a European power, naval experience, and imperial growth.
The New Sweden Company built Fort Christina, the first permanent European settlement in Delaware, in 1638. The fort, which became the base of one of two primary European settlements along the west side of the river in the seventeenth century, stood at the confluence of the Brandywine and Christina Creeks, later Wilmington, northern New Castle County. At its peak, the colony claimed territory along both sides of the Delaware from the mouth of the bay to the falls (later Trenton, New Jersey), and the settlers traded with Lenapes and Susquehannocks. New Sweden officials established fortifications along the river in an effort to control trade with Indian fur suppliers. Most New Sweden settlers lived along the tributaries of the Delaware River between what later became Wilmington and Philadelphia.
Despite their nations’ alliance in Europe, Dutch West India Company and New Sweden Company settlers believed the lower Delaware Valley could not accommodate them both. They maneuvered for trade advantages, particularly after Peter Stuyvesant (d. 1672) became director-general of New Netherland in 1647. By 1650, the Dutch administration on Manhattan Island and directors in Amsterdam had realized the importance of settling the lower Delaware. Stuyvesant provocatively replaced Fort Nassau in 1651 with Fort Casimir, a second principal European settlement just south of the Swedish Fort Christina. Stuyvesant was concerned not only with Swedes but with English efforts to colonize the river.
After Stuyvesant invaded New Sweden in 1655, Sweden lost its tenuous foothold in this middling borderland. The Dutch then divided the settlements on the Delaware into two colonies. The City of Amsterdam created its “City Colony” in the region surrounding Fort Casimir below the Christina River, centered on New Amstel (later New Castle). Two rows of house and garden plots extended south from the fort along the river. Purportedly 110 houses were completed within a year for Dutch administrators, soldiers, traders, and a mix of settlers from across northern Europe. Within a few years, however, political infighting and economic turmoil led to outmigration, and the population plummeted. Settlers arriving from Maryland and Virginia caused concern because Charles Calvert, Lord Baltimore (1637-1715) considered the lands between the Chesapeake Bay and Delaware River part of his proprietorship. Plans to profit from the tobacco trade with Maryland were stymied by epidemic and the inability of farmers to support the population.
The second Dutch colony, the “Company Colony” north of the Christina River, remained under the administration of Dutch West India Company with a predominantly Swedish and Finnish population. Dutch administrators remained suspicious and distrustful of these Finnish and Swedish settlers. The Dutch renamed the Swedes’ Fort Christina as Fort Altena, but the “Swedish nation” remained strong in other settlements upriver. The Dutch depended on the Swedes’ skills as farmers, interpreters, messengers, diplomats, and soldiers.
English: Duke of York
The unstable, contested relationships among the multinational, multicultural population of the lower Delaware Valley paved the way for conquest by the English in 1664, after Charles II (1630-85) granted his brother James, Duke of York (1633-1701), proprietary rights to land extending from New England to the east side of Delaware Bay. A bloodless invasion of the west shore at Fort Casimir extended the English claim, and the Duke created New Castle County (1664). Beginning in the late 1660s, Swedes, Finns, and Dutch from the Christina Valley and New Castle moved west and south, while English settlers, including some from Maryland, moved to the west bank of the Delaware in small but increasing numbers. Often they brought enslaved Africans with them. In 1670 Governor Francis Lovelace (c. 1621-75) established the first local court in southern Delaware, at Whorekill (later Sussex County). By the mid-1670s, distinct communities of Finns, a wealthy elite, and multiethnic peasants had emerged along the west coast of the lower Delaware. The “Swedish nation” remained autonomous and resilient through alliances with Lenapes and Susquehannocks.
Under the Duke of York, the tobacco economy in Delaware flourished. By 1680, pork and corn joined tobacco as the principal agricultural exports to England, Scotland, and the West Indies. Sufficient population growth and economic development had occurred along the central Delaware coast to warrant the division of Kent County from Whorekill in that year. In some areas these new colonists and descendants of earlier settlers expanded into grain farming and milling and established commercial orchards and animal husbandry operations.
English: William Penn
In 1681 William Penn convinced the English Crown to grant him a charter to 45,000 square miles on the western side of the Delaware River, with a southern boundary on the river twelve miles north of New Castle. Two years later, just before Penn sailed for Pennsylvania, the Duke of York deeded him possession of the three Delaware counties of New Castle, Kent, and Sussex (the Lower Counties). At the time, only about four hundred nonnative inhabitants—Swedish, Finnish, Dutch, and English settlers, and approximately one hundred enslaved Africans—shared with Lenape peoples the entire settled area from Cape Henlopen to New Castle.
In the 1690s, many Lenapes sold claims along the Delaware and moved west into former lands of Minquas-Susquehannock peoples. The borderland region remained torn by religious schism and political rivalry. An extended dispute with Lord Baltimore over the Maryland-Three Lower Counties of Delaware boundary also plagued Penn’s administration.
Penn sought to establish a predominantly Quaker colony. The ethnically, religiously diverse Lower Counties resisted efforts to incorporate them under one proprietary government for Pennsylvania based in Philadelphia. Conflicts arose over autonomy, representation, divergent economic interests, and military defense. Although the region remained Penn’s domain, beginning in 1704 a separate Assembly governed the Lower Counties of Delaware.
By the early eighteenth century, the increasingly European-American landscape of Delaware’s three counties consisted of a few small port towns like New Castle in New Castle County and Lewes in Sussex County and dispersed farmsteads where the land possessed good agricultural qualities. Farmers located their farmsteads near waterways or roads, and cleared small areas for buildings and tobacco, rye, barley, and wheat fields, orchards, and livestock grazing lands. As Philadelphia rapidly grew to be the second-largest city in English North America, Delaware became part of the city’s agricultural and commercial hinterland.
Lu Ann De Cunzo holds a Ph.D. in American Civilization with a specialization in historical archaeology. Her research has addressed diverse themes and topics of lower Delaware Valley history and cultures between the seventeenth and twentieth centuries. She is Professor and Chair of Anthropology at the University of Delaware. (Author information current at time of publication.)
Copyright 2016, Rutgers University
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https://www.ducksters.com/geography/us_states/delaware_history.php
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Delaware State History for Kids
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Kids learn about the history and timeline of the state of Delaware including early explorers, Native Americans, colonial settlers, and the Revolutionary War.
|
en
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/favico2.png
| null | ||||||
7539
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https://dehistory.org/learn/delaware-facts/
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en
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What state has more chickens than humans?
|
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2020-11-29T01:07:27+00:00
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Delaware State Facts. Learn more about Delaware and explore the rest of the website to find out how you can be a part of Delaware history!
|
en
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Delaware Historical Society
|
https://dehistory.org/learn/delaware-facts/
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About Delaware
Facts About the State of Delaware
Delaware may be the second smallest state in the USA, but it certainly packs a punch when it comes to its rich history and fascinating facts. Known as the “First State,” Delaware played a vital role in the founding of the United States, with its residents signing the Declaration of Independence and Constitution. From its colonial beginnings to its modern-day charm, Delaware has plenty of stories to tell.
Delaware State Facts FAQ
How did Delaware become a state?
Delaware declared its independence from Great Britain on June 15, 1776 and thereby also became independent of Pennsylvania with which it had been connected since 1682. Delaware was the first to ratify the U.S. Constitution and thus became known as the “First State.”
What's Delaware's Flag?
Delaware adopted the current state flag on July 24, 1913. The state seal is enclosed in a buff diamond on a colonial blue background. Below the diamond is printed “December 7, 1787,” the date that Delaware ratified the U.S. Constitution and became the first state.
What's the capital of Delaware?
Dover, named by William Penn for Dover in Kent, England, is the capital of Delaware.
What are the counties of Delaware?
Delaware has 3 counties: New Castle (northern Delaware), Kent (center of Delaware, 11 miles south of Dover), and Sussex (downstate, the largest county, measuring 950 square miles).
How did Delaware get its name?
In 1610 explorer Samuel Argall named the Delaware River and Bay for the governor of Virginia, Thomas West, Lord De La Warr. The state of Delaware takes its name from the river and bay.
What's Delaware's government?
Delaware’s government consists of the General Assembly, made up of a Senate and House of Representatives, the Governor, and the judiciary.
Delaware State Facts Flashcards
State Bird
Blue Hen
Named in February 1939 after the “Fighting Blue Hens” the mascot of Delaware Revolutionary War soldiers.
State Butterfly
Tiger Swallowtail (Pterourus glaucus)
Adopted June 10, 1999.
State Flower
Peach Blossom
Adopted on May 9, 1895. Beginning in the early 1800s, Delaware became a leading producer of peaches until a blight called “the yellows” destroyed the orchards in the late 1800s.
State Fruit
Strawberry
Adopted as the state fruit in 2010.
State Herb
Sweet Golden Rod
Adopted June 24, 1996 and indigenous to Delaware. Found throughout the state along coastal areas and by marshes.
State Insect
Ladybug
Adopted April 25, 1974, after state schoolchildren petitioned the General Assembly.
State Tree
Holly American
Adopted on May 1,1939. During the late nineteenth century until the 1930s, Sussex County became the leading supplier of holly, used for Christmas decorations and wreaths.
State Fish
Weakfish
Also known as the sea trout or the yellow fin trout, the weak fish was adopted as state fish in 1981, in recognition of sport fishing’s recreational and economic standing in the state of Delaware.
State Beverage
Milk
Adopted on June 3, 1983.
State Colors
Colonial blue and buff
Representing the uniform of General George Washington.
State Shell
Shell of the channeled whelk
Adopted in May 2014.
State Marine Animal
Horseshoe Crab
Adopted on June 25, 2002.
By clicking the image above, a new tab will open to the website for the Lenape Tribe of Delaware.
Land Acknowledgement
We begin by acknowledging with respect, that we gather today in Lenapehoking, traditional homeland of the Lenape people for tens of thousands of years. Sometimes translated “Original People,” the Lenape were known as mediators and called “The Grandfathers”. Encompassing the Delaware River Basin, Lenapehokink includes present-day New Jersey, most of Delaware, the Eastern parts of New York and Pennsylvania, and was home to 20,000 Lenape.
Resources
Search DHS collections to learn more about the history of Indigenous Peoples in Delaware
Visit the Delaware History Museum and Mitchell Center for African American Heritage to see the “One State, Many Stories” exhibition
Download the Lenape and Settlers in New Sweden primary source packet
Additional Reading
“A Guide to Indigenous Land Acknowledgement” (Native Governance Center)
“So you began your event with an Indigenous land acknowledgment. Now what?” (NPR)
“Honoring Original Indigenous Inhabitants: Land Acknowledgment” (Museum of the American Indian)
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https://www.visitwilmingtonde.com/listing/historic-new-castle/816/
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en
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Historic New Castle
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This charming Colonial town is steeped in history. Enjoy fine restaurants, fabulous museums and quaint shops. Stroll along the Delaware River.
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https://www.visitwilmingtonde.com/listing/historic-new-castle/816/
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This site employs the use of cookies for measurement, ads and optimization. By continuing to use this site, you agree to our privacy policy.
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https://www.legendsofamerica.com/delaware/
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Delaware – The First State – Legends of America
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Delaware bills itself as 'not far from where you are' because it is easily reached by air, rail or road.
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https://www.legendsofamerica.com/delaware/
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Delaware – The First State
This Mid-Atlantic state bills itself as “not far from where you are” because it is easily reached by air, rail, or road. Its rolling Brandywine Valley is home to historic mansions, while southern beaches are favorite havens for city folks fleeing the summer heat. The state is smaller in area than any other but Rhode Island.
Before Europeans explored its coastline in the 16th century, Delaware was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans, including the Lenape in the north and Nanticoke in the south. The state was named after the Delaware River, which in turn derived its name from Thomas West, Lord De La Warr, the English governor of Virginia who first explored Delaware Bay in 1611. Though the Lenape called themselves “the people,” Europeans began to call them Delaware Indians, the name derived from the same source.
The first settlers in Delaware were Dutch colonists. They arrived in 1611 and established an outpost of the New Amsterdam Colony, which later became New York. The Dutch were joined a few years later by a colony of Swedes, accompanied by several Finns. They settled at the present site of Wilmington. The Dutch and the Swedes had many conflicts until 1655 when the Dutch captured the Swedish settlements. Nine years later, William Penn and other English colonists seized both the Dutch and Swedish settlements to keep the Pennsylvania colony from being landlocked.
The town of New Castle, a port on the Delaware River, became the colonial capital of the “Three Lower Counties” (Delaware) in 1704. The “Three Lower Counties” remained a part of Pennsylvania until 1776, when economic, cultural, and political differences fostered a permanent separation. The capital was moved from New Castle to Dover in 1777. In later years, many Scotch, Irish, and English Quakers settled in Delaware, and in Kent, there are today descendants of a shipload of Moors who were wrecked on the Delaware coast generations ago.
Delaware was one of the 13 colonies participating in the American Revolution. On December 7, 1787, Delaware became the first state to ratify the Constitution of the United States, thereby becoming known as “The First State.” Another one of its nicknames is the “Diamond State.”
The growth and prosperity of the state are inseparably interwoven with that of the Great Bay, which provides Delaware with easy transportation, a mild climate, and quantities of good seafood. The state is a low plain, its average elevation being but 60 feet above the bay’s waters. Some of the richest farms are on land that has been recovered from the bay by the building of dikes.
Wilmington, the state’s largest city, was once a great manufacturing and shipbuilding center. Wilmington’s growth was largely due to the vision of a French family, the Dupon de Nemours, who settled here and began making explosives for the American army during the Revolutionary War. Wilmington-made explosives have helped win numerous wars in which our country has taken part. Today, the company is known as DuPont and is one of the largest chemical companies in the nation. Presently, Wilmington remains strong as a financial and service center for numerous corporations.
Delaware is one vast market garden. From one end of the state to the other, there is scarcely an acre of suitable land that is not cultivated, and the farmers have even pushed back the tidelands of the bay to reclaim thousands of acres formerly under water. The output of Delaware farms includes fruit, fresh vegetables, corn, wheat, hay, and dairy products.
Delaware Bay has been a source of wealth to the state’s people since colonial times. It is one of the world’s greatest oyster beds. Its waters yield several kinds of fish, the most important being shad and sturgeon. Delaware Bay is connected with the Chesapeake Bay by a ship canal, 13 miles long, excavated across the state.
Though most Delaware towns are small, they are busy places, particularly during the summer season when the canneries operate. Delaware is widely known for canned goods, particularly tomatoes, peas, corn, and peaches.
Today, Delaware is one of the most industrialized states, known for its chemical research. Lying along the Atlantic coastline, most of Delaware lies in a low, flat coastal plain. The rolling hills and valleys of the Piedmont region cover the northern tip of the state. Delaware’s many freshwater lakes and ponds, ocean beaches, rivers, and streams provide excellent swimming, boating, and fishing. Cultural and historical attractions also attract visitors to the state.
Delaware Facts:
Capital: Dover
Population: More than 945,000 people live in Delaware.
Geography: This small, flat state is 48 kilometers wide, 154 kilometers long, and encompasses 6,452 square kilometers on the U.S. eastern seaboard.
Higher Education: The University of Delaware and Delaware State University both award bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees. Wesley College, affiliated with the United Methodist Church, was founded in 1873 and is the state’s oldest private college.
Major Industries are chemical manufacturing (home to E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, one of the world’s largest chemical companies), the manufacture of scientific instruments, and publishing.
Famous Delawareans include Vice President Biden, surgeon Henry Heimlich, and actress Valerie Bertinelli.
International connection: Delaware’s sister state in Japan is Miyagi Prefecture.
Nicknames: The First State because it was the first state to adopt the constitution. The “Diamond State” is a nickname Thomas Jefferson gave because he described Delaware as a “jewel” among states due to its strategic location on the Eastern Seaboard. The “Blue Hen State” was given to Delaware after the fighting Blue Hen Cocks that were carried with the Delaware Revolutionary War Soldiers for entertainment during Cockfights. “Small Wonder” is given to Delaware due to its size, the contributions it has made to our country as a whole, and the beauty of Delaware.
Fun facts:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Castle,_Pennsylvania
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New Castle, Pennsylvania
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Castle,_Pennsylvania
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Not to be confused with New Castle Township, Pennsylvania.
City in Pennsylvania, United States
New Castle is a city in and the county seat of Lawrence County, Pennsylvania, United States. Located along the Shenango River at the mouth of Neshannock Creek, it is 43 miles (69 km) northwest of Pittsburgh near the Pennsylvania–Ohio border, approximately 17 miles (27 km) southeast of Youngstown, Ohio. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 21,926.[4] The commercial center of a fertile agricultural region, New Castle is included in the northwestern part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area.[5]
History
[edit]
18th century
[edit]
In 1798, John Carlysle Stewart, a civil engineer, traveled to western Pennsylvania to resurvey the "donation lands", which had been reserved for veterans of the Revolutionary War. He discovered that the original survey had neglected to stake out approximately 50 acres (20 ha) at the confluence of the Shenango River and Neshannock Creek, at that time a part of Allegheny County. The Indian town of Kuskusky was listed on early maps in this location.[6] Claiming the land for himself, he laid out in April 1798 what was to become the town of New Castle. It comprised approximately that same 50 acres (20 ha), in what was then part of Allegheny County.[7]
19th century
[edit]
In 1825, New Castle became a borough, having a population of about 300. The city later became a part of Mercer County. On April 5, 1849, the governor of Pennsylvania signed an act creating Lawrence County, named in honor of U.S. Navy Captain James Lawrence. New Castle became a city in 1869 and was headed by its first mayor, Thomas B. Morgan. At that time, the population had increased to about 6,000.[citation needed]
In 1849, a group of Old Order Amish families from Mifflin County, Pennsylvania, settled just north of New Castle in New Wilmington. Later migrations from Holmes County, Ohio, would make this Amish community one of the largest in Pennsylvania. Approximately 2,000 Amish live and work presently in the townships north of New Castle.[citation needed]
Business in New Castle began to flourish in the early 19th century with the construction of the Beaver and Erie Canal system, which made its way through the city. Numerous manufacturing plants became located in New Castle because of the availability of transportation facilities and ready access to raw material markets. The canal system was later supplemented and then replaced by railroads which offered greater speed and capacity for freight, as well as year-round service.[citation needed]
In the 1870s, the city became a major hub of the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad. New Castle's population swelled from 11,600 in 1890 to 28,339 in 1900, and to 38,280 in 1910, as immigrants, particularly from Italy, flocked to the city to work in the mills and nearby limestone quarries.[8] Italian laborers of the era were frequent victims of the Black Hand society, which employed blackmail and extortion to rob the workers of their pay. In 1907 the headquarters of the Black Hand for the entire region was discovered in the village of Hillsville a few miles west of New Castle.[8] By this time New Castle was one of the fastest-growing cities in the country, and with the construction of the largest tin plate mill in America, the city became the tin plate capital of the world. The tin plate industry marked a new increase in the city's prosperity.[citation needed]
External videos Portrait of an American City: 200 Years of New Castle History, Lawrence County Historical Society (2:56)
20th century
[edit]
In 1908, New Castle was linked to Pittsburgh by the Pittsburgh, Harmony, Butler and New Castle Railway, an interurban trolley line. Steel and paper mills, foundries, a bronze bushing factory, and car-construction plants contributed to the region's economy. Shenango China produced commercial china and created the fine Castleton China line for the White House, including dinnerware for Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and Lyndon B. Johnson. Other ceramic factories produced bathroom fixtures and industrial refractory materials.[citation needed]
In the 1920s, New Castle enjoyed its greatest prosperity. The landscape of the city was transformed with the building of many beautiful structures, some of which still stand, such as the Scottish Rite Cathedral, St. Mary's Church, and the Castleton Hotel. The city also established its identity. New Castle is known both as the "hot dog capital of the world" and the "fireworks capital of America". Its chili dogs are the product of Greek immigrants who came to New Castle in the early 20th century and established restaurants along with their homes. The renown for fireworks is credited to two local fireworks companies of international stature, S.Vitale Pyrotechnic Industries, Inc. (Pyrotecnico) and Zambelli Internationale.[citation needed] The first fireworks manufacturer in New Castle was Leopold Fazzoni, who owned and operated the Fazzoni Brothers Fireworks Company. Fazzoni came to New Castle from Italy in 1886 and worked in the tin mills to earn enough money to start his own business. He was issued the first certificate for fireworks manufacturing in the state. Of the people who worked with the Fazzoni family, many founded their own businesses, such as Paul Rozzi, Jacob Conti, Constantino Vitale, and Joseph Zambelli.[citation needed]
Despite recent economic challenges, the city continues to serve as the headquarters of Pyrotecnico Fireworks, the winner of the 2008 Gold Jupiter, awarded at the world's most prestigious fireworks venue: LaRonde in Montreal, Canada. The company was started by Constantino Vitale in Italy in 1889, who immigrated to New Castle in the 1920s, continuing his business there. Five generations of the Vitale family have transformed the company. In the 1990s the company's name was changed to Pyrotecnico and has grown to be a world leader in the industry. Also located in New Castle is Zambelli Fireworks, which was founded in New Castle. Zambelli Fireworks is one of the world's leading fireworks and pyrotechnics companies. These fireworks companies have been featured in venues such as presidential celebrations and Super Bowls. Pyrotecnico and Zambelli Fireworks have changed the face of the fireworks industry. This has gained the city the nickname of "Fireworks Capital of America". New Castle has recently opened Zambelli Plaza near the Cascade Center in 2007 in honor of the Zambelli family's accomplishments.[9]
In the 1930s, the city, along with most cities of America, suffered during the Great Depression. During this time, the federal government established the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). These programs offered jobs to many displaced workers. Many of the stone walls built by the WPA and the CCC still stand as a reminder of the historic demise of the economy.[citation needed] In the 1940s, industry temporarily surged during wartime.[citation needed]
In 1950, the population peaked at 48,834, but became part of the Rust Belt, with population dwindling to 28,334 by 1990. New Castle is the county seat of Lawrence County which has a population of approximately 91,000.
In 1998, New Castle was a host city for the History Channel Great Race. Over 15,000 spectators gathered downtown for the festivities. The city celebrated its 200th birthday in 1998 with a downtown fireworks festival that attracted over 30,000 people.[citation needed]
The Lawrence County Courthouse, North Hill Historic District, and Scottish Rite Cathedral are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[10]
Geography
[edit]
New Castle is located in the center of Lawrence County at (40.997325, −80.344556),[11] along the Shenango River at the mouth of Neshannock Creek.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.5 square miles (22.1 km2), of which 8.3 square miles (21.5 km2) are land and 0.2 square miles (0.6 km2), or 2.78%, are water.[12] Via the Shenango River, the city is part of the Beaver River watershed, flowing south to the Ohio River.
Climate
[edit]
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, New Castle has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded in New Castle was 105 °F (40.6 °C) on July 23, 2011, while the coldest temperature recorded was −27 °F (−32.8 °C) on January 19, 1994.[13]
Surrounding and adjacent neighborhoods
[edit]
New Castle has six land borders with townships: Neshannock Township to the north, Hickory Township to the northeast, Shenango Township to the southeast, Taylor Township to the south-southwest, North Beaver Township to the southwest, and Union Township to the west. Also to the south is the border with South New Castle.
Demographics
[edit]
Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1840611—18501,614164.2%18601,88216.6%18706,164227.5%18808,41836.6%189011,60037.8%190028,339144.3%191036,28028.0%192044,93823.9%193048,6748.3%194047,638−2.1%195048,8342.5%196044,790−8.3%197038,559−13.9%198033,621−12.8%199028,334−15.7%200026,309−7.1%201023,273−11.5%202021,926−5.8%
As of the 2010 census,[17] there were 23,273 people, 9,765 households, and 5,793 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,725.2 people per square mile. There were 11,304 housing units at an average density of 1,323.7 per square mile. 1,539 housing units were vacant. The racial makeup of the city was 83.2% White, 12.2% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.4% from other races, and 3.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.6% of the population.
There were 9,765 households, out of which 24.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.8% were married couples living together, 18.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.7% were non-families. 28.4% of all households contained individuals under 18, and 15.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.3 and the average family size was 2.98.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.1% under the age of 20, 5.9% from 20 to 24, 24.0% from 25 to 44, 26.7% from 45 to 64, and 18.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.8 years old. For every 100 females, there were 85.3 males.
As of 2017 American Community Survey estimates, the median income for a household in the city was $31,044, and the median income for a family was $42,807. The per capita income for the city was $13,730. About 23.3% of families and 27.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 40.8% of those under age 18 and 15.4% of those age 65 or over.
Economy
[edit]
Downtown New Castle underwent a redevelopment centered around the Cascade Center. The downtown streets and sidewalks were rebuilt in the early 21st century in earlier styles. The revitalization of downtown also saw two major routes into the city, Pennsylvania Route 65 and U.S. Route 224, which had both had their termini extended into downtown in 2007.
InfoCision, a telemarketing services company, restored the former New Castle Dry Goods Co. building, into which it relocated its offices from their former location inside Cascade Galleria. The building had been vacant since the late 1980s when the Troutman's department store closed. The building is now known as the Pier I Complex Building.
The downtown area has also become the home of several bank offices, hosting the regional headquarters of Huntington and First Commonwealth (all descended from banks formerly based in the city but later acquired) as well as branches for PNC Bank and First National Bank. FirstMerit also had its regional headquarters in New Castle prior to their acquisition by Huntington, and that building is expected to be town down in 2020. Mellon Bank also had offices across the street from the current Zambelli Plaza before selling off its New Castle-area branches to First National Bank, which closed the office building since it already had the aforementioned branch in downtown.
As of 2018, New Castle employed 8,677 people. Industries employing the most were healthcare, social assistance, utilities, transportation and warehouses. Healthcare and social assistance employed 1,724 people, followed by retail trade with 1,172 employees and then manufacturing employing 1,012 employees. The highest paying occupations in this area are utility positions, having a median income of $72,917; professional scientific and technical services, with a median income of $45,125; and educational services, with a median income of $40,469. The current poverty rate in this city is 27.4%, with a median household income of $31,557.[19] The 2017 unemployment rate was 8.1%, greater than the U.S. average of 5.2%.[20] Over the past 40 years, New Castle has been transformed from an industrial economy to a more balanced economy based on manufacturing, retail, and service-related businesses. Many buildings and old homes were being renovated by incoming residents.[21]
Taxes
[edit]
The current U.S. average sales tax rate was 6.0%, the same as New Castle's sales tax rate at 6.0%. The U.S. average income tax rate was 4.6%, slightly less than New Castle's 5.2%.[20]
Income
[edit]
Per year, the average income of a New Castle resident was $18,463 and the U.S. average income per resident was $28,555 per year. The median household income for a New Castle resident was $29,762. This came up short of the U.S. average at $53,482 a year.[20] The current poverty rate in New Castle was 27.4%, much higher than the average for Pennsylvania at 13.3%.[22]
White workers made 1.66 times the amount of salary that African American workers made. African Americans make the second highest salary of any race or ethnicity in New Castle.[19]
Arts and culture
[edit]
The city was the site of an important development in the history of the Warner Bros. empire, given that the first Warner Brothers' theatre, the Cascade, opened here in 1907. The building was nearly condemned in 1996 after a wall fell on the sidewalk. Warner Bros. donated $150,000, which the Pennsylvania government matched, to restore the facade. Municipal officials have planned recent revitalization efforts around the historic site. The Cascade Center currently features two restaurants and a local stage theater, and plans are in progress to turn the complex into New Castle's version of Station Square in Pittsburgh.
The Cascade Center is named after Cascade Park, located on the outskirts of the city's East Side in Shenango Township along Pennsylvania Route 65. A former trolley park, it was restored and converted into a regular outdoor park in the 1980s with a few historical buildings as well as the park's entrance sign restored, avoiding the fate of nearby Idora Park in Youngstown. The park hosts the annual "Back to the 50s Weekend" classic car show, and previously hosted the similarly themed "Thunder in the Cascades" motorcycle show.
The New Castle Playhouse, a community theatre, is located along Long Avenue and puts on several shows a year. It is one of only a few such theatres between Youngstown and Pittsburgh. The Old Princeton School, located nearby, has been the venue for rock concerts.
In the 2011 movie Super 8, New Castle is referenced as the "fireworks capital of the world".[citation needed]
New Castle is the subject of the true crime blog "Small Town Noir", which uses mug shots taken in New Castle between 1930 and 1960, and which were rescued when the town's police department threw them out. The information on the images comes from the New Castle News.
New Castle has a large Arab-American population whose culture is visible throughout the community. Large numbers of Lebanese and Syrian immigrants were attracted by the city's prosperity in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Their culture is especially visible in the local cuisine, which makes popular use of items such as stuffed grape leaves, lamb on the rod, kibbe, and garlic sauce. Although many other Rust Belt cities contain large Arab-American populations, New Castle is unique for its large population of Alawite Muslims from Syria. The Muslim community of the city has a mosque on the East Side of town.[23]
North Hill Historic District
[edit]
In 2000, nearly 450 acres (180 ha) of northern New Castle were listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district. The district consists of 91 blocks between Falls Street near downtown New Castle to Fairmont Avenue near Neshannock Township.[24] Its buildings include late 19th century, early 20th century, late Victorian, and late 19th and 20th century revival styles. Some of these buildings have been torn down since its addition to the register, with the most notable examples being torn down for the construction of the New Castle High School and the construction of a Speedway gas station.[25]
International relations
[edit]
The town is part of a worldwide network of towns and cities with the name Newcastle.[26] These include cities in Australia, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Georgia (country), Germany, Indiana, Japan, Latvia, Malaysia, Montenegro, Slovakia, South Africa, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.[27] Representatives from New Castle have attended the bi-annual Newcastles of the World summit since 1998.[28]
Education
[edit]
Primary and secondary
[edit]
The city is served by the New Castle Area School District, which also serves nearby Taylor Township, including West Pittsburg . The Lawrence County Career and Technical Center is located in the city. As of 2017 the school district consisted of Croton Pre-Kindergarten Center, Harry W. Lockley Early Learning Center (K-2), George Washington Intermediate School (3-5), and New Castle Junior/Senior High School (6-12).[29]
New Castle Christian Academy on Albert Street between Sumner Avenue and Clen-Moore Boulevard serves students from Pre-K to 9th grade. St. Vitus Catholic School on South Jefferson Street and Home Street serves students from Pre-K to 8th grade.
Post-secondary
[edit]
New Castle is primarily served by five post-secondary education facilities: the New Castle Beauty School for cosmetology students in downtown, the New Castle School of Trades for technical trades in Pulaski Township, the Jameson School of Nursing (owned and operated by UPMC Jameson) within the city, and the Lawrence County branch of Butler County Community College, which opened in 2008 in Union Township and serves as a primary community college to Lawrence County.
Media
[edit]
Newspaper
[edit]
The city is served by the New Castle News, a newspaper published daily except for Tuesdays and Sundays.
Television
[edit]
The New Castle area is served by both the Pittsburgh and Youngstown television markets, with regular news coverage in the area from both. Despite being considerably closer to Youngstown, New Castle is part of the Pittsburgh designated market area by Nielsen Media Research. New Castle was home to the first ABC television affiliate in Western Pennsylvania when FCC channel 45 WKST-TV signed on in 1953, as WTAE-TV in Pittsburgh did not sign on until 1958 and WJET-TV did not sign on in Erie until 1966. The station moved its license to Youngstown in 1964, moved to channel 33, and changed its call sign to WYTV.
NCTV45 is the only YouTube channel that currently operates as an internet-based television station in New Castle.
The WNWW radio and cable television channel at Westminster College in New Wilmington operates channel 183 on Comcast cable, currently the only television broadcast outlet in Lawrence County.[30]
In the 1990s, WBGN-TV low-power TV stations were established between Youngstown and Pittsburgh. Later, Michael Dell bought the station and moved it to Cranberry Township, Pennsylvania. WEPA-CD, a low-power television station (channel 16, virtual 59) licensed to serve, which held the call sign WBGN-LP, WBGN-LD, or WBGN-CD from 1998 to 2014.
Radio
[edit]
Radio stations, however, are part of the Youngstown radio market according to Arbitron ratings, even though some Pittsburgh-area radio stations can easily be heard within the area. New Castle is home to two commercial AM radio stations: talk radio station WKST 1200 and sports talk station WUZZ AM 1280, the latter being a Fox Sports Radio affiliate. For FM radio, WKPL FM 92.1, first a full-time country music station called WFEM or C92 then rebranded as Classic Gold an oldies station, was licensed in New Castle before its license was moved back to Ellwood City in 2004, though it still includes New Castle as one of its local communities as part of its FCC-mandated station identification. The AM stations are owned by Altoona-based Forever Broadcasting, LLC while classic rock station WKPL 92.1 FM is owned by Froggy parent Keymarket Communications of Pittsburgh.
WLDJ, a not-for-profit community radio station, also broadcasts out of New Castle. NCRadio450 operates as an internet radio station from NCTV45.com, focused on playing music highlighting the original songs of local/regional bands.
Infrastructure
[edit]
Transportation
[edit]
New Castle has public transportation in the form of the New Castle Transit Authority, which provides bus service to patrons around the city and makes three daily trips to Pittsburgh.
The city is served by numerous highways, with Pennsylvania Route 18 and U.S. Route 422 being the major routes running through the city, while Interstate 376 passes to the west of the city. Two more major routes — Pennsylvania Route 65 and U.S. Route 224 — terminate in the city. Pennsylvania Route 108 and Pennsylvania Route 168 also run through the city. U.S. 422 Business, a former alignment of U.S. 422, runs through the city, ending on each side of the city when the main 422 leaves the New Castle Bypass. I-376 and U.S. 422 are briefly concurrent with each other on the New Castle Bypass, though south of New Castle until Chippewa Township near Beaver Falls, I-376 is tolled by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission. The city is located 12 miles (19 km) west of Interstate 79, 14 miles (23 km) south of Interstate 80, and 13 miles (21 km) north of Interstate 76, the Pennsylvania Turnpike.
The closest airport is the New Castle Municipal Airport, with no commercial service. Most residents of New Castle use Pittsburgh International Airport which is about 42 miles (68 km) south of downtown. Also, Youngstown-Warren Regional Airport, Akron-Canton Airport, and Cleveland Hopkins International Airport, are all within 100 miles (160 km) of the city center.
Healthcare
[edit]
New Castle's only hospital is UPMC Jameson, located at the intersection of Wilmington Avenue and Garfield Avenue.
Medicare reimbursements per enrollee were $11,153 in 2014, but $11,196 in 2013. Medicare reimbursements per enrollee in Lawrence County are $1,565 more than national average.[19]
Notable people
[edit]
References
[edit]
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7539
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https://www.dgs.udel.edu/node/561
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en
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The Delaware Geological Survey
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https://www.dgs.udel.edu/sites/default/files/favicon_0.ico
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https://www.dgs.udel.edu/sites/default/files/favicon_0.ico
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[
"https://www.dgs.udel.edu/sites/default/files/logo_0_0.png",
"https://www.dgs.udel.edu/sites/default/files/inline-images/delaware-geology-book.png",
"https://www.dgs.udel.edu/sites/default/files/styles/content_image/public/infocontent-images/DGS%20Annual%20Report%20image.jpg",
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"https://www.dgs.udel.edu/sites/default/files/inline-images/UDwordprint_60.png"
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"Hundreds" is a geographic division, smaller than counties and roughly equivalent to the division "townships" in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Delaware is the only state which currently uses this division. There are thirty-three hundreds today. The most recent changes to hundreds were in the 1870s when the last two were established: Gumboro in 1873 and Blackbird in 1875. Prior to the 1960s, hundreds were used as voting districts and as units for reporting taxes. The remaining use of hundreds today is in property tax assessments (tax parcel numbers are assigned by hundreds).
|
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/sites/default/files/favicon_0.ico
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https://www.dgs.udel.edu/node/561
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"Hundreds" is a geographic division, smaller than counties and roughly equivalent to the division "townships" in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Delaware is the only state which currently uses this division. There are thirty-three hundreds today. The most recent changes to hundreds were in the 1870s when the last two were established: Gumboro in 1873 and Blackbird in 1875. Prior to the 1960s, hundreds were used as voting districts and as units for reporting taxes. The remaining use of hundreds today is in property tax assessments (tax parcel numbers are assigned by hundreds). The use of hundreds in America dates back to colonial days. Hundreds were used as a sub-county division in England and were introduced in some of the British colonies. For Delaware, the origin is cited as a letter written in 1682 by William Penn, the newly-appointed Lord Proprietor of the province of Pennsylvania and the counties on the Delaware. Penn directed that from this point onward, settlements be divided into sections of 100 families. The first use of the term Hundred in official records relating to the Delaware colony dates to 1687, when reference is made to "a list of taxables of north side of Duck Creek Hundred." (from the New Castle County court records, Returns of the Constables, as cited in Scharf, p. 611f). In 1964, a U.S. Supreme Court ruling in a Delaware case disallowed state election districts based solely on geography. Following this, Delaware redrew its boundaries based on population. The case was Roman v. Sincock 377 US 695 (1964). The case can be found in Findlaw: U.S. Supreme Court Opinions and in LexisNexis Academic Universe [restricted to University of Delaware]. Source: University of Delaware Library
Following are selected references relating to hundreds:
In Delaware Genealogical Research Guide fourth edition, (p. 16): The use of hundreds originates from the time when Delaware and Maryland were colonial holdings of Great Britain. On 25 October 1682, William Penn directed that Delaware be divided into townships occupied by 100 families. Each family was presumed to have an average of 10 members, including servants. By order of the Pennsylvania Provincial Council, these townships were referred to as hundreds after 9 April 1690. Originally, there were five hundreds in New Castle County, five in Kent County and two in Sussex County. As the population grew, several of the hundreds divided, creating new hundreds. In 1875, the total number of hundreds had grown to the present-day thirty-three hundreds. Their boundaries have essentially not changed since and no longer serve as judicial or legislative districts. In Munroe, History of Delaware (p. 49): A hundred is an old English subdivision of a county, its origin shrouded in mystery.... The name was used in many colonies but survived in America only in Delaware, probably because there the counties were all established so early -- by 1680 -- that little reorganization was needed. In New England, the newer English term, town, replaced hundred, and in Pennsylvania and New Jersey the term township was adopted. In Scharf, History of Delaware, a quotation from a letter by William Penn to the justices of the peace in Sussex county (25th of Tenth Month, 1682) (p. 611 note): That you endeavor to seat the land that shall hereafter be taken up in the way of townships. As three thousand acres amongst Tenn familys; if single persons one thousand acres. Amongst Tenn of them laid out in the nature of a long square five or Tenn of a side, and a way of two hundred foot broad left between them for an Highway in the Township, and I would have you careful for the future good and grate benefit of your country. On page 84, Scharf uses the terms "three lower counties" and "Delaware Hundreds" interchangeably. In Delaware 1782 Tax Assessment and Census Lists (p. 2): A "hundred" is an old Saxon land division which is smaller than a county or shire and larger than a tithing. It comprised ten tithings of ten freeholder families each, or 100 families. The following are maps from the Pomeroy and Beers Atlas of 1868. Each hundred is available in Georeferenced Tiff format and in plain PDF format.
Appoquimink: PDF
Baltimore: PDF
Brandywine: PDF
Broad Creek: PDF
Broadkill: PDF
Camden: PDF
Cedar Creek: PDF
Christiana: PDF
Cities in Beers Atlas: TIF
Dagsboro: PDF
Dover: PDF (Dover City), PDF (Dover Hundred)
Duck Creek: PDF
Georgetown: PDF (Georgetown City), PDF (Georgetown Hundred)
Indian River: PDF
Leipsic: PDF
Lewes Rehoboth: TIF, Lewes Rehoboth
Lincoln: PDF
Little Creek Sussex: PDF
Middletown: PDF
Milford: PDF (Milford Hundred), PDF (Milford City)
Mill Creek: PDF
Milton: TIF
Mispillion: PDF
Murderkill: PDF
Nanticoke: PDF
New Castle: PDF (New Castle City), PDF (New Castle Hundred)
Newport: PDF
North Murderkill: TIF
Northwest Fork: PDF
Pencader: PDF
Red Lion: PDF
Smyrna: PDF
St. Georges: PDF
White Clay Creek: PDF
Wilmington: PDF
The Reapportionment Cases
The Delaware case Roman v. Sincock 377 US 695 (1964) was one of six cases commonly referred to as "the Reapportionment Cases." In these cases, the districting methods for state legislative elections were declared to be in violation of the principle of "one man, one vote." The states were directed to redraw the districts to more closely represent equal areas of population and to redraw districts after each decennial census. The equal population requirement was to apply to both houses, if the legislature were bicameral. According to the Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court (p. 710): "These cases effectively declared the apportionment of every state legislature unconstitutional." References Delaware Genealogical Research Guide. 3d ed. Wilmington, DE: Delaware Genealogical Society, 2002. Location: Morris Library - Reference (Ref F163 .D349 2002) Location: Morris Library - Special Collections (Del F163 .D349 2002).
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https://www.newcastlehistory.org/
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New Castle Historical Society
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Plan your visit to New Castle, Delaware and the New Castle Historical Society. Learn the history of New Castle, browse our collections or take a virtual tour. Host a private event in our historic facilities.
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en
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https://static.parastorage.com/client/pfavico.ico
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New Castle History
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https://www.newcastlehistory.org
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The New Castle Historical Society operates three historic museums to share the history of our community -
the c. 1690 Dutch House, the 1738 Amstel House, and the 1892 Old Library Museum.
All three are open to the public for tours, programs and exhibitions throughout the year.
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https://www.newcastleinvestors.com/
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Home -
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[
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2020-11-10T01:21:39+00:00
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Newcastle Investors is a Chicago commercial real estate company that acquires, develops, and operates retail, multifamily, and mixed-use properties across the city.
|
en
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https://www.newcastleinvestors.com/wp-content/themes/newcastle-child/statics/images/favicon/favicon.ico
|
Newcastle Investors
|
https://www.newcastleinvestors.com/
|
Newcastle Investors acquires, develops, and operates retail, multifamily, and mixed-use properties in Chicago. An entrepreneurial investor with institutional backing, we can deploy large amounts of capital and close complex transactions quickly. We are committed to creating value for our capital partners and delivering quality service to our residents and retail tenants.
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https://www.newcastlemaine.us/
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Newcastle, ME
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https://www.newcastlemaine.us/sites/all/themes/custom/sites/newcastleme/newcastleme_theme/favicon.ico
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https://www.newcastlemaine.us/
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Closed for Labor Day (9/2) »
The Town Office will be closed Monday, September 2nd, in observance of Labor Day. Normal business hours will resume on...
Notice on Political Signs Near Town Property »
With the Election Season upon us, we'd like to remind everyone that posting political signage within 250' of a polling...
Podcast on Newcastle's Namesake »
The Town of Newcastle was recently visited by our new friends, Joe and Abram. A father and son duo who are traveling...
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https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/New_Castle_County,_Delaware_Genealogy
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https://www.schoolmaterials.net/the-delaware-colony-by-kevin-cunningham/
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The Delaware Colony by Kevin Cunningham
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"Social Studies"
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Are you thrilled by true adventure stories? do you wonder how our founding fathers conquered the wilds of North America to create the United States? You'll experience it all in these books that tell the story of the brave men and women who escaped tyranny from across the ocean to forge a new world in 13 colonies that led to the birth of the United States of America.
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en
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https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/r-5f167ff47851f50ccf0272c88c3085140f8fec35/img/bc_favicon.ico
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School Materials Network
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https://www.schoolmaterials.net/the-delaware-colony-by-kevin-cunningham/
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(You save )
Author:
Kevin Cunningham
Binding:
Paperback
Series:
True Books: American History
Language:
English
Book Type:
Nonfiction
Grade Content:
3
Guided Reading Level:
S
Lexile:
770
Accelerated Reading Level:
5.3
Subject:
Social Studies
Standard:
SS3H3. British Colonial America SS3H3b. Compare and contrast life in the colonies. SS3H3c. Describe colonial life for the following people: landowners, farmers, artisans, women, children, indentured
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Overview
Product Description
Are you thrilled by true adventure stories? do you wonder how our founding fathers conquered the wilds of North America to create the United States? You'll experience it all in these books that tell the story of the brave men and women who escaped tyranny from across the ocean to forge a new world in 13 colonies that led to the birth of the United States of America.
Product Videos
Custom Field
Author Kevin Cunningham
Binding Paperback
Series True Books: American History
Language English
Book Type Nonfiction
Grade Content 3
Guided Reading Level S
Lexile 770
Accelerated Reading Level 5.3
Subject Social Studies
Standard SS3H3. British Colonial America SS3H3b. Compare and contrast life in the colonies. SS3H3c. Describe colonial life for the following people: landowners, farmers, artisans, women, children, indentured
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The Delaware Colony by Kevin Cunningham
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https://newcastlecity.delaware.gov/
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City of New Castle
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New Castle County Delaware
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City of New Castle
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https://newcastlecity.delaware.gov/
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Welcome to the City of New Castle
Step back in time and experience the charm and beauty of colonial New Castle. Walk the cobblestone streets and enjoy the historic sites of this riverfront community. Historic New Castle, Delaware is located just 10 minutes south of downtown Wilmington with easy access from I-95 and I-295. Overlooking the Delaware River, Historic New Castle is the oldest continuously occupied town in the Delaware Valley. And, thanks to preservation efforts, this vibrant, fully occupied community remains one of the most important Colonial/Federal villages in America – second only to Williamsburg, Virginia in the number and authenticity of its historic structures. The New Castle Court House Museum is part of the the First State National Historical Park. New Castle, originally named Fort Casimir, was founded in 1651 by Peter Stuyvesant, who was sent to provide the Dutch with command of all river traffic. Because of its strategic location, ownership of the settlement [...]
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New Castle Historical Society
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Plan your visit to New Castle, Delaware and the New Castle Historical Society. Learn the history of New Castle, browse our collections or take a virtual tour. Host a private event in our historic facilities.
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https://static.parastorage.com/client/pfavico.ico
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New Castle History
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https://www.newcastlehistory.org
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The New Castle Historical Society operates three historic museums to share the history of our community -
the c. 1690 Dutch House, the 1738 Amstel House, and the 1892 Old Library Museum.
All three are open to the public for tours, programs and exhibitions throughout the year.
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https://www.newcastlehistory.org/historic-district
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New Castle History
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https://static.parastorage.com/client/pfavico.ico
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New Castle History
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https://www.newcastlehistory.org/historic-district
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Becoming New Castle New Castle is a city that has continually faced and adapted to change. At various points in history, it has been a colonial capital, a transportation hub, and a center for commerce and industry. The arc that defines Delaware’s unique northern boundary was first surveyed in 1701, and is based on a circle with a 12-mile radius emanating from New Castle. New Castle’s designation as “The Center of the Circle” is significant not only for the purpose of defining boundaries, but also for establishing New Castle as central to life in Delaware. Transportation New Castle was founded by the Dutch in 1651 as a military outpost called Fort Casimir. During the next 31 years, New Castle was alternately governed by the Dutch, Swedish, and British, changing hands five times. Finally under British control in 1682, New Castle and the three counties that make up the present state of Delaware were granted to William Penn by the Duke of York. Though part of the Pennsylvania colony, Penn granted the “Three Lower Counties on Delaware” their own assembly in 1704. New Castle became the center of colonial government and the courts in the Three Lower Counties. In June of 1776, when Delaware separated permanently from Pennsylvania and declared independence from Great Britain, New Castle became Delaware’s first state capital. “Separation Day” is still celebrated every June in New Castle with parades, fireworks and other activities. New Castle was an important hub in the mid-Atlantic transportation network of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. With its small harbor on the southern end of the Delaware River, New Castle thrived as mercantile & passenger ships and packet boats sailed towards Philadelphia or out to sea. Land and rail routes were also important to transportation development in the city. New Castle was located on the route from Philadelphia to Baltimore, and later Washington. Stagecoaches traveled along a turnpike between New Castle and Frenchtown (Elkton), Maryland, connecting the Delaware River with the Chesapeake Bay. In 1831, the stagecoaches were replaced by the New Castle and Frenchtown Railroad – one of the nation’s first railroads. In the 20th century, trolley lines connected New Castle with other area towns and cities like Wilmington. Regional travelers again were routed through New Castle as ferries served to connect the town to points in New Jersey, and served as a vital link in the travel route between New York City and Norfolk, Virginia. Business & Industry In its heyday, New Castle’s transportation system provided opportunities for businesses to serve travelers and supply ships. Local merchants located their establishments near the waterfront in order to serve and profit from incoming traffic. Taverns and inns provided workers, sailors, and passengers with food, drink, and lodging. Merchants supplied outgoing ships with necessary supplies, such as livestock, before departing for extended voyages, while others purchased goods from incoming ships for resale to local residents. The river also provided an opportunity for New Castle to develop a thriving fishing industry. Until the beginning of the 20th century, shad and sturgeon fishing along the Delaware provided the residents of New Castle with a significant source of income. New Castle’s fishing industry died out around World War I due to river pollution and increased shipping traffic. In the second half of the 19th century, after transportation-related opportunities disappeared, New Castle looked toward industrialization for its economic future. Industries established here included flour, cotton and woolen mills, iron works, a steam engine works, umbrella and glove factories, steel mills, and an aircraft plant. Small businesses that served New Castle’s industrial workers prospered during this time as well. Grocers, butchers, milliners, bakers, shoemakers, harness makers, clothiers, jewelers, lumber yards, dairies, pharmacies, physicians and others made New Castle a self-sufficient town. Eventually, however, local industry closed, and New Castle residents began to commute to Wilmington and elsewhere for work. Automobile-centric development pulled commerce away from New Castle’s downtown businesses toward regional shopping centers and larger stores, eventually forcing the closure of most of New Castle’s essential businesses, and turning the city into a bedroom community. Diversity New Castle’s original Dutch settlers were soon followed by people from other European countries including Sweden, Finland, England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. By the late 17th century, New Castle’s population was a mix of nationalities – a microcosm of what the United States would eventually become. Europeans, notably the Dutch, brought enslaved Africans to America beginning in the 17th century. Enslaved Africans were in New Castle as early as 1662, and the town’s population of enslaved people grew through the early 18th century, until by the middle of the 18th century, one-third of the population of Southern New Castle County was enslaved. Beginning in the late 18th century, a trend toward manumission, or granting freedom to enslaved people, took hold in New Castle. By 1860, only 3% of Black individuals in New Castle County were enslaved, and none of them lived in the town of New Castle. Bolstered by their local abolitionist Quaker populations, both New Castle and Wilmington played significant roles in the Underground Railroad network that helped enslaved people flee north. Thomas Garrett, a prominent Wilmington Quaker, was tried at the New Castle Court House for assisting in the Underground Railroad. Industrialization in the nineteenth century attracted new immigrant groups to New Castle – particularly from Eastern Europe – including Poles, Austrians, Russians, and Lithuanians. Around the turn of the 20th century, Italian immigrants began arriving in New Castle, attracted by employment with the railroad and steel mills. Today, the city still has a close-knit Italian community centered around Ninth and Clayton Streets in the Shawtown neighborhood. Preservation in New Castle The preservation of the history, architecture and landscapes of New Castle began in the early 20th century and continues to be a focus of the city. Prompted by the work of the WPA Federal Writers Project to document the historic buildings of New Castle, a group of concerned citizens raised funds to buy the Amstel House in 1929, the town’s first formal preservation effort. This group evolved into the New Castle Historical Society. Today, the New Castle Historical Society is joined in preserving the town by all of the residents and property owners in the historic district, community organizations, the Delaware Historical Society, the Trustees of the New Castle Common, the City of New Castle and the State of Delaware. The City government supports historic preservation primarily through the Historic Area Commission. All new exterior construction projects in New Castle’s historic district require approval from the Historic Area Commission before a building permit will be issued. This review process helps ensure that New Castle preserves its historic integrity and character.
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New World Encyclopedia
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https://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/favicon.ico
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https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Delaware
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Delaware is a state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. While the U.S. Census Bureau designates Delaware as one of the South Atlantic States, most consider it to be a part of the Mid-Atlantic States and/or Northeastern United States.
The state is named after the Delaware Bay and River, which were named for Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr (1577–1618). Delaware was the first state to ratify the U.S. Constitution and is also distinguished as being a slave state that remained in the Union during the American Civil War. Delaware was the only slave state not to assemble Confederate regiments or militia groups on its own.
Despite being the 45th most populous state, it is the seventh most densely populated state, with a population density of 320 more people per square mile than the national average, ranking ahead of states such as Florida, California, and Texas.
Geography
The state of Delaware is 96 miles long and ranges from 9 to 35 miles across, totaling 1,954 square miles and making it the second-smallest state in the United States, after Rhode Island.
Delaware is bounded to the north by Pennsylvania, to the east by the Delaware River, Delaware Bay, New Jersey and the Atlantic Ocean and to the west and south by Maryland. Small portions of Delaware are also situated on the far, or eastern, side of the Delaware River Estuary, and these small parcels share land boundaries with New Jersey.
The state of Delaware, together with the Eastern Shore counties of Maryland and two counties of Virginia, form the Delmarva Peninsula, a geographical unit stretching far down the Mid-Atlantic Coast.
The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal extends across the northern part of the state to link Delaware Bay and Chesapeake Bay. The canal forms part of the Intracoastal Waterway.
The definition of the northern boundary of the state is highly unusual. Most of the boundary between Delaware and Pennsylvania is defined by an arc extending 12 miles (19 km) from the cupola of the courthouse in New Castle, and is referred to as the Twelve-Mile Circle.
Wilmington is the state's largest city and its economic hub. It is located within commuting distance of both Philadelphia and Baltimore. Despite Wilmington's size, all regions of Delaware have enjoyed phenomenal growth, with Dover and the beach resorts expanding immensely. Dover, in the center of the state, is the capital.
Topography
Delaware is on a level plain; the highest elevation does not even rise 450 feet above sea level. The northern part is associated with the Appalachian Piedmont and is full of hills with rolling surfaces. South of Newark and Wilmington, the state follows the Atlantic Coastal Plain with flat, sandy, and, in some parts, swampy ground. A ridge about 75 to 80 feet in altitude extends along the western boundary of the state and is the drainage divide between the two major water bodies of the Delaware River and several streams falling into Chesapeake Bay in the west.
Climate
Since almost all of Delaware is a part of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, the climate is moderated by the effects of the ocean. The state is somewhat of a transitional zone between a humid subtropical climate and a continental climate. Despite its small size (roughly 100 miles from its northernmost to southernmost points), there is significant variation in mean temperature and amount of snowfall. The southern portion of the state has a somewhat milder climate and a longer growing season than the northern portion. Furthermore, the transitional climate of Delaware supports a surprising variety of vegetation. At Trap Pond State Park in Sussex County, bald cypress grow; this is thought to be one of the northernmost stands of these trees. The vegetation in New Castle County, on the other hand, is more typical of that of the northeastern United States. All parts of Delaware have relatively hot, humid summers.
History
Native Americans
Before Delaware was settled by European colonists, the area was home to the Eastern Algonquian tribes known as the Unami Lenape or Delaware throughout the Delaware valley, and the Nanticoke along the rivers leading into the Chesapeake Bay. The Unami Lenape in the Delaware Valley were closely related to Munsee Lenape tribes along the Hudson River. They had a settled hunting and agricultural society, and they rapidly became middlemen in an increasingly frantic fur trade with their ancient enemy, the Minqua or Susquehannock. With the loss of their lands on the Delaware River and the destruction of the Minqua by the Iroquois of the Five Nations in the 1670s, the remnants of the Lenape had left the region and moved over the Alleghany Mountains by the mid-eighteenth century. A band of the Nanticoke tribe of Indians still remains in Sussex County.
Colonial Delaware
The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle in present-day Delaware by establishing a trading post at Zwaanendael, near the site of Lewes in 1631. Within a year all the settlers were killed in a dispute with Native Americans. In 1638, a Swedish trading post and colony was established at Fort Christina (now in Wilmington) by the Dutchman Peter Minuit at the head of a group of Swedes, Finns and Dutch. Thirteen years later the Dutch, reinvigorated by the leadership of Peter Stuyvesant, established a new fort in 1651, at present-day New Castle, and in 1655, they took over the entire Swedish colony, incorporating it into the Dutch New Netherland.
Only nine years later, in 1664, the Dutch were themselves forcibly removed by a British expedition under the direction of James, the Duke of York. Fighting off a prior claim by Cæcilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore, Proprietor of Maryland, the Duke passed his somewhat dubious ownership on to William Penn in 1682. Penn strongly desired access to the sea for his Pennsylvania province and leased what then came to be known as the "Lower Counties on the Delaware" from the Duke.
Penn established representative government and briefly combined his two possessions under one General Assembly in 1682. However, by 1704 the Province of Pennsylvania had grown so large that their representatives wanted to make decisions without the assent of the Lower Counties, and the two groups of representatives began meeting on their own, one at Philadelphia, and the other at New Castle. Penn and his heirs remained proprietors of both and always appointed the same person as governor for their Province of Pennsylvania and their territory of the Lower Counties. (The fact that Delaware and Pennsylvania shared the same governor was not unique. During much of the colonial period New York and New Jersey shared the same governor, as did Massachusetts and New Hampshire.)
American Revolution
Like the other middle colonies, the Lower Counties on the Delaware initially showed little enthusiasm for a break with Britain. The citizenry had a good relationship with the Proprietary government and generally were allowed more independence of action in their Colonial Assembly than in other colonies. Nevertheless, there was strong objection to the seemingly arbitrary measures of Parliament, and it was well understood that the territory's very existence as a separate entity depended upon its keeping step with its powerful neighbors, especially Pennsylvania.
So it was that New Castle lawyer Thomas McKean denounced the Stamp Act in the strongest terms, and John Dickinson became the "Penman of the Revolution." Anticipating the Declaration of Independence, Patriot leaders McKean and Caesar Rodney convinced the Colonial Assembly to declare itself separated from British and Pennsylvania rule on June 15, 1776, but the person best representing Delaware's majority, George Read, could not bring himself to vote for a Declaration of Independence. Only the dramatic overnight ride of Rodney gave the delegation the votes needed to cast Delaware's vote for Independence. Once the Declaration was adopted, however, Read signed the document.
Delaware provided one of the premier regiments in the Continental Army, known as the "Delaware Blues" and nicknamed the "Blue Hen Chickens." In August 1777, General Sir William Howe led a British army through Delaware on his way to a victory at the Battle of Brandywine and captured of the city of Philadelphia. The only real engagement on Delaware soil was fought on September 3, 1777, at Cooch's Bridge in New Castle County. It is believed to be the first time that the Stars and Stripes was flown in battle.
Following the Battle of Brandywine, Wilmington was occupied by the British. The British remained in control of the Delaware River for much of the rest of the war, disrupting commerce and providing encouragement to an active Loyalist portion of the population, particularly in Sussex County. Only the repeated military activities of Caesar Rodney were able to control them.
Following the American Revolution, statesmen from Delaware were among the leading proponents of a strong central United States government with equal representation for each state. Once the Connecticut Compromise was reached—creating a U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives—the leaders in Delaware were able to easily secure ratification of the U.S. Constitution on December 7, 1787, making Delaware the first state to do so.
Industrialization
In the 1790s, the mills along Brandywine Creek near Wilmington were the new country’s leading source of flour. In 1795, Delaware’s first cotton mill was established near Wilmington, and in 1802, Eleuthère Irénée du Pont de Nemours, a French immigrant, established a gunpowder mill. His firm, E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, supplied nearly all the military explosives used by the United States in its wars and evolved into one of the world’s largest chemical manufacturing firms, providing about 8,000 jobs.
New transportation links in the early nineteenth century encouraged trade. The completion in 1829 of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, between Delaware Bay and Chesapeake Bay, stimulated shipping. Delaware’s first steam-driven railroad went into operation in 1832.
Slavery and race
Many colonial settlers came from Maryland and Virginia, which had been experiencing a population boom. The economies of these colonies were largely based on tobacco and were increasingly dependent on slave labor. At the end of the colonial period, slavery in Delaware began a precipitous decline. Shifts in the agriculture economy, the efforts of local Methodists and Quakers, and greater governmental regulation were all factors. Attempts to abolish slavery failed by narrow margins. By the 1860 census there were only about 1,800 slaves in a state of 90,000 people, including nearly 20,000 free African-Americans. When he freed his slaves in 1777, John Dickinson was Delaware's largest slave owner with 37 slaves. By 1860, the largest owner had 16 slaves.
The oldest black church in the country was chartered in Delaware by former slave Peter Spencer in 1813, as the "Union Church of Africans," which is now the A.U.M.P. Church.
During the American Civil War, Delaware was a slave state that remained in the Union (Delaware voted not to secede on January 3, 1861). Delaware had been the first state to embrace the Union by ratifying the Constitution and would be the last to leave it, according to Delaware's governor at the time. While most Delaware citizens who fought in the war served in the regiments of the state, some served in companies on the Confederate side in Maryland and Virginia regiments. Delaware is notable for being the only slave state not to assemble Confederate regiments or militia groups on its own.
Nevertheless, race relations have remained difficult. The state’s public schools were segregated by race until the Supreme Court of the United States struck down racial segregation in its 1954 decision, Brown v. Board of Education. But de facto segregation—racial imbalance of schools caused by residence patterns—continued to be a problem into the 1970s and beyond. In 1978, a federal court mandated the busing of students to achieve racial balance, which was ended in 1995, when it was found that the goals of integration had been achieved. Segregated housing was also common throughout the state until the federal government banned it in 1968.
A modern economy
In the 1970s, the state legislature drew out-of-state banks' credit card operations to locate in Delaware by relaxing regulations on interest rates they charge their customers. Delaware has also become the corporate home of hundreds of major and minor corporations that take advantage of the state's unrestrictive incorporation law. In 1988, when many American businesses faced hostile corporate takeovers, the legislature enacted a law that makes it difficult to take over a Delaware corporation.
Demographics
Population estimates by the Census Bureau for 2005 place the population of Delaware at 843,524.
The five largest ancestries in Delaware are: African-American (19.2 percent), Irish (16.6 percent), German (14.3 percent), English (12.1 percent), Italian (9.3 percent). Delaware has the highest proportion of African-American residents of any state north of Maryland, and had the largest population of free blacks (17 percent) prior to the Civil War.
As of 2000, 90.5 percent of Delaware residents age 5 and older speak only English at home; 4.7 percent speak Spanish. French is the third most spoken language at 0.7 percent, followed by Chinese at 0.5 percent and German at 0.5 percent. In 2006, legislation was proposed in Delaware that would designate English as the official language, though opponents deemed it unnecessary.
The religious affiliations of the people of Delaware are[4]:
Methodist—20 percent
Baptist—19 percent
Lutheran—4 percent
Presbyterian—3 percent
Pentecostal—3 percent
Episcopalian/Anglican—2 percent
Seventh-day Adventist—2 percent
Churches of Christ—1 percent
Other Christian—3 percent
Roman Catholic—9 percent
Muslim—2 percent
Jewish—1 percent
Other—5 percent
No religion—17 percent
Refused—9 percent
The A.U.M.P. Church, the oldest African-American denomination in the nation, was founded in Wilmington and still has a very substantial presence in the state.
Economy
Delaware's agricultural output consists of poultry, nursery stock, soybeans, dairy products and corn. Its industrial outputs include chemical products, processed foods, paper products, and rubber and plastic products. Delaware's economy generally outperforms the national economy of the United States.
The gross state product of Delaware in 2003 was $49 billion. The per capita personal income was $34,199, ranking 9th in the nation. In 2005, the average weekly wage was $937, ranking 7th in the nation. [5]
The state's largest employers are:
Government (State of Delaware, New Castle County)
Education (University of Delaware)
Chemical and pharmaceutical companies
(E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.—DuPont is the second largest private employer in Delaware, providing more than 8,800 jobs.[6] Also, Syngenta, AstraZeneca, and Hercules, Inc.)
Banking (Bank of America, Wilmington Trust, First USA / Bank One / JPMorgan Chase, AIG, Citigroup, Deutsche Bank)
Automotive manufacturing (General Motors, DaimlerChrysler)
Farming, specifically chicken farming in Sussex County (Perdue Farms, Mountaire Farms)
Dover Air Force Base, located in the capital city of Dover, is one of the largest Air Force bases in the country and is a major employer in Delaware. In addition to its other responsibilities, the base serves as the entry point and mortuary for American military persons (and some U.S. government civilians) who die overseas.
The state does not assess sales tax on consumers. The state does, however, impose a tax on the gross receipts of most businesses. Delaware does not assess a state-level tax on real or personal property. Real estate is subject to county property taxes, school district property taxes, vocational school district taxes, and, if located within an incorporated area, municipal property taxes.
Law and government
The city of Dover is the capital and second largest city in Delaware. It is also the county seat of Kent County, and the principal city of the Dover, Delaware Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of Kent County.
It was founded as the court town for newly established Kent County in 1683 by William Penn, the Proprietor of the territory generally known as the "Lower Counties on the Delaware." Later, in 1717, the city was officially laid out by a special commission of the Delaware General Assembly. The capital of the state of Delaware was moved to Dover from New Castle in 1777 due to its central location and relative safety from British raiders on the Delaware River.
Dover is located on the St. Jones River in the Delaware River coastal plain and as of July 2006, had an estimated population of 34,735.[7]
Delaware's fourth and current constitution, adopted in 1897, provides for executive, judicial and legislative branches. The General Assembly consists of a House of Representatives with 41 members and a Senate with 21 members. Representatives are elected to two-year terms, while senators are elected to four-year terms. The executive branch is headed by the governor of Delaware.
Delaware has three counties: Kent County, New Castle County, and Sussex County. Each county elects its own legislative body.
The Democratic Party holds a plurality of registrations in Delaware. Until the 2000 presidential election, the state tended to be a bellwether state, sending its three electoral votes to the winning candidate for over 50 years in a row. Bucking that trend, however, in 2000 and again in 2004 Delaware voted for the Democratic candidate.
Historically, the Republican Party had an immense influence on Delaware politics, due in large part to the wealthy du Pont family. As the DuPonts' political influence has declined, so has that of the Delaware Republican Party. The Democrats have won the past four gubernatorial elections and currently hold seven of the nine statewide elected offices, while the Republicans hold the remaining two. The Democratic Party gains most of its votes from heavily developed New Castle County, whereas the less-populated Kent and Sussex Counties vote Republican.
Notes
References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees
Heinegg, Paul. Free African Americans of Maryland and Delaware. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
Kolchin, Peter. American Slavery, 1619-1877. New York: Hill and Wang, 1993. ISBN 978-0809025688
Riordan, Liam. Many Identities, One Nation: The Revolution and its Legacy in the Mid-Atlantic. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007. ISBN 0812240014
Schama, Simon. Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves, and the American Revolution. New York: Ecco, 2006. ISBN 978-0060539160
All links retrieved January 28, 2024.
State of Delaware homepage
Delaware Tourism homepage
The Kalmar Nyckel Foundation & Tall Ship Kalmar Nyckel.
Delaware Academy of Medicine
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Delaware — History and Culture
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As America’s very first state, Delaware may be small, but it packs quite a punch between the historic and cultural highlights in the Brandywine Val...
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https://www.iexplore.com/articles/travel-guides/north-america/united-states/delaware/history-and-culture
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As America’s very first state, Delaware may be small, but it packs quite a punch between the historic and cultural highlights in the Brandywine Valley and its scenic coast. A mere hour by car from the bustling Eastern Seaboard, you would never know it from the welcoming, friendly residents who take a lot of pride in their charming and well-rounded home.
History
The Dutch were the first Europeans to actually land in Delaware, in 1631, when they established a settlement. Their culture lingers today in seaside towns like Lewes and New Castle, both of which date back to the 17th century. When England assumed authority over the colonies in 1664, the original Dutch settlement was renamed New Castle and made the first capital of Delaware, at the time making it a vital seaport throughout the colonial era.
At the end of the 1600’s, Delaware was part of Pennsylvania until William Penn gave the colonists their own assembly. Wilmington and Dover were both developed in the early 1700’s. Tiny Delaware played many key roles in shaping America, and its representative Caesar Rodney cast the deciding vote in favor of the Declaration of Independence. Its government was the first to approve the new US Constitution in 1787, thus earning its name as the First State.
Most of the Revolutionary War action was fought outside of Delaware, except for the major Battle of Brandywine, where George Washington greatly impressed the French commander and ultimately changed the course of the war. Delaware’s army of 4,000 men was famously known as the Blue Coats, named for the blue hens they kept with them while traveling.
As young America began to grow, industrialist EI du Pont set up his first black power mill along the Brandywine River in 1802. His company, DuPont, would go on to dominate the chemical industry in America, and his vast wealth would create the famed chateaus in Brandywine Valley like Longwood and Winterthur.
In recent years, the state has turned its focus away from industrial activity towards tourism. Wilmington has revitalized itself following the model of Baltimore’s popular Inner Harbor rebirth, and the state has lured big events like Dover’s NASCAR races and hordes of shoppers by eliminating sales tax. Its beaches like Rehoboth and Dewey are major summer holiday destinations, while the Brandywine Valley continues to impress visitors with its magnificent gardens and mansions.
Culture
Delaware has been at the forefront of American civilization since the first Europeans began arriving on its shores in the 1600’s. It has an incredibly rich history, and its residents have not forgotten their role in shaping the future of the nation despite their state’s modest size. Visitors can experience Delaware’s colonial influence in coastal towns like Lewes and New Castle, which appear largely unchanged even after 300 years.
The Brandywine Valley is another showcase of Delaware’s influence. The home of DuPont has left behind some of America’s most impressive mansions and gardens. The towns in this scenic river valley are as laid back and friendly as any place in the country despite their obvious wealth. In fact, visitors can expect loads of smiles and good attitudes wherever they travel in Delaware. The residents appreciate visitors who come to experience their towns, rivers, and beaches. This is one seriously happy little state that is an ideal destination for enjoying both the nature and early colonial heritage of America.
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https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/regional_review/vol6-1-2d.htm
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The Regional Review (1941)
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DUTCH AND SWEDISH CULTURE
In Colonial America
BY ROGERS W. YOUNG,
ASSISTANT HISTORICAL TECHNICIAN
BRANCH OF HISTORIC SITES
WASHINGTON
Gloria Dei Church
A view of Old Swedes Church from the southwest
Historical thought in this country has gradually felt the need for a more adequate recognition of the valuable contribution of Dutch and Swedish culture and economy to the colonial life of America and its posterity. Bearing this in mind, it is believed that a consideration of certain historic sites associated with seventeenth and eighteenth century Dutch and Swedish settlements would be helpful in evaluating the influence of the two colonial cultures on our national development. While the sites exemplifying these cultures are representative of a smaller segment of American colonial life than that influenced by Spanish, English and, to a lesser degree, French culture, they are nonetheless important as remains of an essential part of our great colonial tradition and heritage. No definitive commemoration of every important phase of our colonial development could afford to ignore the national influence of a Dutch and Swedish colonial culture from which has sprung such figures as Pierre Van Cortlandt, Frederick Philipse, II, Philip Schuyler, Martin Van Buren, Theodore and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, John Morton and John Ericsson.
Through the agency of the Dutch and Swedish pioneers in North America, two of the most important geographic regions on the eastern seaboard were opened for commercial development and permanent colonization. The Dutch in the Hudson Valley and the Swedish in the Delaware valley with their pioneer trading posts and later plantation settlements overcame the physical and human hardships of the wilderness and laid the colonial foundation upon which the permanent English settlement of these regions was established in due course. While the actual period of Dutch and Swedish colonial sovereignty were comparatively brief, the influence of the culture and economy of these sturdy European elements continued dominant in both regions until the Revolution, despite their political control by the English. The penetration of the Dutch into New York and northern New Jersey, and of the Swedes into Delaware, eastern Pennsylvania and southern New Jersey provided these areas with a fundamental European culture which strongly influenced their subsequent development as English colonies and American states, and of which remains are observable even today.
Failure in the past to recognize the importance of Swedish contributions to American colonial life has resulted in the nearly complete disappearance of physical remains from this valuable colonial culture. The Swedes in the Delaware valley proved to be better agriculturists than aggressive colonists or traders, and as pioneer farmers in this region made a definite contribution to the development of American agriculture. In constructing domestic dwellings and farm buildings the Swedes adapted their European log dwellings to colonial conditions and introduced into America the log cabin or house, which appears to have become the prototype of all such structures throughout the American colonies. In addition to this unique type of domestic architecture, of which no unaltered examples exist, the Swedes produced an interesting church architecture, which more or less faithfully followed native Swedish designs. The only important examples of Swedish colonial institutional architecture existing are Holy Trinity (Old Swedes) Church at Wilmington, Delaware, completed 1699, and Gloria Dei (Old Swedes) Church, Philadelphia, completed 1700, both of which are still used for religious services. They are both significant examples of American colonial architecture. These two edifices are symbols of the innate piety and highest cultural aspirations of the Swedish element. They are also eloquent reminders of the Swedish belief in the principle of religious freedom, and their practice of religious tolerance in an age of religious bigotry. Although devoted to the service of Lutheranism, which the Swedes introduced in the Delaware valley, their walls ministered to all sects impartially.
SIGNIFICANT HISTORIC SITES REPRESENTING DUTCH AND SWEDISH COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS IN AMERICA DURING THE SEVENTEETH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES
(click image for an enlargement in a new window)
Physical remains of Swedish political activity have long since disappeared from the Delaware valley. The Swedish court structures, where colonial juries first sat in this region, have vanished, although their system of justice was adopted by William Penn for his colony. While no surface remains exist at the two seats of the Swedish Colonial government, the sites have received official recognition in recent years. Considerable public interest in Swedish colonial sites was engendered by the Swedish Tercentenary Celebrations held in Delaware and Pennsylvania during 1938. During that year, Delaware established Fort Christina State Park at Wilmington, on the site of Fort Christina, which was the capital of New Sweden from 1638 to 1643, and again from 1654 to the end of Swedish sovereignty in 1655. Tinicum Island (Pennsylvania) , on the Delaware, was capital of the Swedish colony from 1643 to 1653. On a portion of the site of the Tinicum Island settlement, Pennsylvania established the Johan Printz State Park in 1938.
The establishment of Dutch and Swedish settlements in America was a small but nevertheless significant phase of the great European movement for colonization of the New World in the seventeenth century. Both colonies were proprietary provinces controlled by European trading companies. Although launched primarily to trade and colonize on the Delaware, the Swedish colony received poor support from Sweden and in the face of Dutch commercial competition turned to agricultural settlement and finally relinquished to the Dutch all political sovereignty in the region. New Netherland was established during the Dutch struggle for control of the world carrying trade, and gave Holland a North American foothold in her growing competition with England. Designed primarily as a commercial venture expected to produce tangible profits from trade, the Dutch colony originally consisted of a series of trading settlements, with little effort being made to undertake agricultural colonization.
The course of Dutch settlement in America was influenced not only by its definite economic motive but also by the geography of the region selected for development. Along the mighty Hudson, from its mouth to the head of navigation, Dutch trading posts were established in the fertile valley and the region was loosely knit into a province by a natural highway which provided communication and transportation for merchandise. The natural point of deposit and transshipment of merchandise was at the mouth of the river and here logically was established the social, economic and political center of the colony in the settlement of New Amsterdam. To provide direct economic and political control of a widespread trading region, which also in claim at least embraced the Connecticut and Delaware valleys as well as the Hudson, a strong executive was placed at Fort Amsterdam, and little self-government was exercised by the outlying trading settlements until late in the Dutch period. Trade remained the paramount activity of the Dutch colony until about 1650 when efforts were underway to expand the Hudson frontier through agricultural colonization. Development of landed agricultural domains was first unsuccessfully attempted by the Dutch through the patroonship system. This social, economic and political experiment succeeded better in the hands of the Dutch element when the manor system was established during the English provincial period in New York.
Van Cortlandt Manor House
Looking northward at the front of the Van Cortlandt Manor House. The nineteenth century wings may be seen at the rear of the main portion of the structure. The nineteenth century veranda masks the high front basement, which reputedly dates from the seventeenth century
The English conquest of 1664 brought Dutch sovereignty to an end, but for over a century afterward Dutch influence continued dominant in local political activity, social life, agricultural pursuits and architectural developments throughout much of New York and northern New Jersey. Although the British had absorbed the Hudson settlements when they proved a threat to the expansion of the English colonial empire, once the transfer of sovereignty was made the British did little to alter the pattern of culture and economy in the old Dutch colony. The most significant sites of Dutch colonial activity would include public and private structures exemplifying social life, commercial occupation and political organization. Few, indeed, are Dutch private structures remaining to day which can be identified positively as ante-dating the English conquest of 1664. Of Dutch public structures erected prior to 1664, including the several forts and trading posts, there are no remains extant. Therefore, the chief sites worthy of present consideration will he found to have been established under Dutch influence and tradition between 1664 and 1776.
The political, economic, social, architectural and religious contributions made by Dutch colonial activity in America can be illustrated by certain significant sites. The site most representative of the centralized Dutch colonial government, commercial activity and colonial town society, is unquestionably that of Fort Amsterdam, the nucleus of New Amsterdam, the capital and trading center of New Netherland. While no remains exist at the site, it is in public ownership.
A notable contribution from Dutch colonial culture was an architectural form, reputed to be one of the earliest true indigenous designs evolved during the development of American architecture. This is the so-called Dutch colonial type, which was an adaptation of European Dutch design to meet colonial living conditions. Guided by the criteria of obvious age, architectural merit and historic value, a study of the examples of Dutch colonial domestic architecture mow existing in northern New Jersey and New York has revealed two especially important structures in Westchester County, New York. The Van Cortlandt Manor House, at Harmon, is an unusually splendid example of a Dutch colonial country residence. Philipse Manor Hall, at Yonkers, on the other hand, is a fine and pretentious mansion, peculiarly representative of the architectural elegance attained by the elite class of Dutch colonial society. Furthermore, these two fine structures are representative physical remains of the manor or land-owning system, that interesting social, economic and political entity of Dutch colonial society on the Hudson.
The colony of New Netherland made a contribution to colonial religious history when it introduced the Dutch Reformed Church into North America. Established in an age of religious bigotry in Europe, the Dutch colony was a landmark in the struggle for the freedom of religious conscience in the New World. Despite the existence of an established church in New Netherland, during the early Dutch period the colony be came an asylum for persecuted beliefs in Europe and the other American colonies. The fundamental Dutch tolerance prevailed over Stuyvesant's brief religious tyranny and was largely the cause for the early establishment of a cosmopolitan atmosphere in New Amsterdam and New York. Sleepy Hollow Church, at Tarrytown, is perhaps the finest existing representative of the splendid tradition of Dutch colonial religious activity. Structurally, this venerable religious edifice is a distinctive and even unique example of Dutch colonial institutional architecture in the Hudson valley.
Public interest has long been manifested in the need for the preservation of Dutch colonial sites. In past years, the States of New York and New Jersey, certain cities and counties in these States, and patriotic organizations and societies have gradually acquired for preservation a select group of interesting examples of Dutch colonial architecture, which have valuable historical associations. This group includes several noteworthy houses deserving of special mention. As early as 1849 New York acquired the Jonathan Hasbrouck House at Newburgh, which served as Washington's headquarters in 1782-1783, and is now maintained as a public museum. he De Clarke-De Wint House at Tappan, New York, Washington's headquarters in 1780 and 1783, is maintained as a museum by the Masonic Order. Philipse Manor Hall at Yonkers was presented to New York in 1908 and has been developed as a museum by the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society which acts as custodian. The Britton-Cubberly House on Staten Island is maintained by the Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences. Included in the New York City park system and maintained as public museums are: the Cornell-Schenck House, Highland Park; the Pieter Lefferts House, Prospect Park; and the Van Cortlandt Mansion, in Van Cortlandt Park. In New Jersey, the state maintains the Zabriskie-Steuben House at New Bridge as a public museum. The Dirck Day House at Lower Preakness, New Jersey, Washington's headquarters, 1780, is owned and maintained by the Passaic County Park Commission.
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https://www.britannica.com/place/New-Castle-Delaware
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New Castle | History, Colonial Era, Dutch Settlement
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New Castle, city, New Castle county, northern Delaware, U.S. It is just south of Wilmington on the Delaware River, there linked to New Jersey by the twin spans of the Delaware Memorial Bridge. The original settlement, called Santhoeck, was established in 1651, when Peter Stuyvesant, the Dutch
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Encyclopedia Britannica
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https://www.britannica.com/place/New-Castle-Delaware
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New Castle, city, New Castle county, northern Delaware, U.S. It is just south of Wilmington on the Delaware River, there linked to New Jersey by the twin spans of the Delaware Memorial Bridge. The original settlement, called Santhoeck, was established in 1651, when Peter Stuyvesant, the Dutch administrator, built Fort Casimir there. The settlement was seized by the Swedes in 1654 but was regained by the Dutch in 1655. It was named New Amstel and was made the Dutch capital of the southern Delaware region, but it was renamed in 1664 (probably for William Cavendish, earl and, from 1665, 1st duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne), after its capture by the British that year. William Penn, the English Quaker, took possession of it in 1682. An early cultural centre, New Castle was the seat of the Lower Counties-on-Delaware (1704–76). On September 21, 1776, a convention of counties meeting there proclaimed a constitution and formed the state of Delaware; New Castle served briefly as state capital until it was moved to Dover in 1777. Three signers of the Declaration of Independence (George Read, George Ross, and Thomas McKean) at one time lived in New Castle.
The Immanuel Church (Episcopal; 1703, rebuilt after it burned in 1980) is a historic landmark. Other colonial landmarks include Amstel House Museum (c. 1730); Old Dutch House, perhaps the state’s oldest dwelling, built in the late 1600s and now maintained as a museum; the New Castle Court House (1732, restored to its 1804 appearance); and the Green (town square), laid out by Stuyvesant in 1655. Wilmington College was opened in 1968 in New Castle. The city has light industries. Inc. 1875. Pop. (2000) 4,862; (2010) 5,285.
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https://kids.kiddle.co/New_Castle,_Delaware
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New Castle, Delaware facts for kids
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Learn New Castle, Delaware facts for kids
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For the county, see New Castle County, Delaware.
New Castle is a city in New Castle County, Delaware, United States. The city is located six miles (10 km) south of Wilmington and is situated on the Delaware River. As of 2020, the city's population was 5,551. New Castle constitutes part of the Delaware Valley or Philadelphia metropolitan area.
History
17th century
New Castle was originally settled by the Dutch West India Company in 1651 under the leadership of Peter Stuyvesant on the site of a former aboriginal village, "Tomakonck" ("Place of the Beaver"), to assert their claim to the area based on a prior agreement with the aboriginal inhabitants of the area. The Dutch originally named the settlement Fort Casimir, but this was changed to Fort Trinity following its seizure by the colony of New Sweden on Trinity Sunday in 1654. The Dutch conquered the entire colony of New Sweden the following year and rechristened the fort as Nieuw-Amstel, named after the Amstel. This marked the end of the Swedish colony in Delaware as an official entity, but it remained a semi-autonomous unit within the New Netherland colony and the cultural, social, and religious influence of the Swedish settlers remained strong. As the settlement grew, Dutch authorities laid out a grid of streets and established a common green in the town's center, which continues to this day.
In 1664, the English seized the entire New Netherland colony in the Second Anglo-Dutch War. They changed the name of the town to "New Castle" and made it the capital of their Delaware Colony. The Dutch regained the town in 1673 during the Third Anglo-Dutch War but it was returned to Great Britain the next year under the Treaty of Westminster. In 1680, New Castle was conveyed to William Penn by the Duke of York by livery of seisin and was Penn's landing place when he first set foot on American soil on October 27, 1682. This transfer to Penn was contested by Lord Baltimore and the boundary dispute was not resolved until the 1763-1767 survey conducted by Mason and Dixon, now famed in history as the Mason–Dixon line.
18th century
Prior to the establishment of Penn's Philadelphia, New Castle was a center of government. After being transferred to Penn, Delaware's Swedish, Dutch, and English residents became accustomed to the relaxed culture of the Restoration monarchy and grew uncomfortable with the more conservative Quaker influence, so Delaware petitioned for a separate legislature, which was finally granted in 1702. Delaware formally broke from Pennsylvania in 1704. New Castle again became the seat of the colonial government, thriving with the various judges and lawyers that fueled the economy. Many smaller houses were torn down and replaced in this era. In February, 1777, John McKinly was elected the first President of Delaware, a title later renamed "Governor". During the Revolution, when New Castle was besieged by William Howe, the government elected to move its functions south to Dover in May, 1777. McKinley was captured by the British and held prisoner for several months. New Castle remained the county seat until after the Civil War, when that status was transferred to Wilmington. Three of the 56 signers of the Declaration of Independence were from New Castle: Thomas McKean, George Read, and George Ross.
19th century
The 16-mile (26 km) portage between the Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay saved a 400-mile (640 km) trip around the Delmarva Peninsula, so this brought passengers, goods, and business to New Castle's port. In the years following the Revolution, a turnpike was built to facilitate travel between the two major waterways. Later, New Castle became the eastern terminus of the New Castle and Frenchtown Railroad, the second-oldest rail line in the country, launched in 1828 with horse-drawn rail cars, then converting to steam power when an engine was purchased from Great Britain in 1832. The line traversed the Delmarva Peninsula, running to the Elk River, Maryland, from where passengers changed to packet boats for further travel to Baltimore and points south. This helped the New Castle economy to further boom; however, by 1840, rail lines were in place between Philadelphia and Baltimore, which had a stop in Wilmington, thus leaving New Castle to deal with a substantial decline in traffic and revenue.
The decline in New Castle's economy had the long-range fortunate effect of preventing most residents from making any significant structural changes to their homes. The many buildings of historic New Castle have largely not been upgraded or restored and appear much as they did in the Colonial and Federal periods.
20th century
Since 1927, New Castle has offered tours of historical homes, churches, and gardens, which are typically held annually on the third Saturday of May. Householders dress in colonial costumes and an admittance fee, used toward the maintenance of the town's many historic buildings, is charged. Annually in June, New Castle holds its annual Separation Day celebration.
On April 28, 1961, an F3 tornado hit the north side. Although no fatalities or injuries occurred, it was the only tornado of this magnitude ever recorded in Delaware during the Fujita scale area.
21st century
A tornado rated EF3 hit the city on April 1, 2023.
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.2 square miles (8.2 km2), of which 3.0 square miles (7.9 km2) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.3 km2) of it (3.79%) is water.
The city is the home of Broad Dyke, the first dyke built in the United States.
The cupola of the court house is the center of the "Twelve-Mile Circle" that defines much of the border between Delaware and Pennsylvania. The circle also forms a small portion of the border between Delaware and New Jersey and Delaware and Maryland.
Demographics
Historical population Census Pop. %± 1850 1,202 — 1860 1,902 58.2% 1870 1,916 0.7% 1880 3,700 93.1% 1890 4,010 8.4% 1900 3,380 −15.7% 1910 3,351 −0.9% 1920 3,854 15.0% 1930 4,131 7.2% 1940 4,414 6.9% 1950 5,396 22.2% 1960 4,469 −17.2% 1970 4,814 7.7% 1980 4,907 1.9% 1990 4,837 −1.4% 2000 4,862 0.5% 2010 5,285 8.7% 2020 5,551 5.0% U.S. Decennial Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,862 people, 2,012 households, and 1,339 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,594.6 inhabitants per square mile (615.7/km2). There were 2,199 housing units at an average density of 721.2 per square mile (278.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 77.48% White, 20.20% African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.39% Asian, 0.84% from other races, and 0.84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.41% of the population.
There were 2,012 households, out of which 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.1% were married couples living together, 14.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.4% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.93.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.8% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 27.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $52,449, and the median income for a family was $56,368. Males had a median income of $40,153 versus $31,571 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,052. About 3.9% of families and 5.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.8% of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those age 65 or over.
Historic sites
New Castle Historic District is an area approximately four blocks square in the center of town with about 500 historic buildings, built between 1700 and 1940. This area contains one of the highest concentrations of well-preserved buildings dating from the 17th to early 19th centuries. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1967.
The historic district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1967 and it was relisted, with enlarged boundaries and expanded period of significance, in 1984. The historic district then covered 135 acres (55 ha) of area and includes Amstel House and Old Courthouse which are separately listed on the NRHP. The area includes 461 contributing buildings, one other contributing structure, and one contributing object.
The New Castle Court House, the Green, and the Sheriff's House are parts of First State National Historical Park, a unit of the National Park System. The national park interprets Delaware's settlement and role in the founding of the United States.
Notable sites the historic district include:
Amstel House, home of New Castle Historical Society
Stonum, home of George Read, an 18th century Delaware politician
Read House and Garden, former home of Read's son George Read Jr., built between 1801 and 1804
Immanuel Episcopal Church on the Green
New Castle Court House Museum, the original colonial capitol and first State House of Delaware, served as Court House until 1882 when the county seat was moved to Wilmington. Its cupola served as the center of the Twelve-Mile Circle, which defined Delaware's state border with Pennsylvania
Old Dutch House, a small early dwelling built circa 1700
Thomas McKean House, the former home of Thomas McKean, a Founding Father
New Castle Presbyterian Church, built in 1707
Lesley-Travers Mansion, built in 1855
Bellanca Airfield, located outside of the historic district, is the site of the former Bellanca Aircraft Corporation factory, which operated in New Castle from 1928 to 1960 and built over 3,000 airplanes. Delaware Aviation Hall of Fame Museum is located in hangar. Also nearby are Buena Vista, Glebe House, The Hermitage, New Castle Ice Piers, Penn Farm of the Trustees of the New Castle Common, and Swanwyck, all listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Education
New Castle is served by the Colonial School District. It operates William Penn High School.
Private schools located in New Castle include: Serviam Girls Academy, St. Peter's Catholic School (of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Wilmington) and Delaware Valley Classical School.
New Castle Public Library is the public library.
Infrastructure
Transportation
U.S. Route 13 and U.S. Route 40 are the most significant highways serving New Castle directly. They pass along the northwest edge of the city concurrently along Dupont Highway.
Delaware Route 9 runs southwest-to-northeast through New Castle, passing through the city along 7th Street, Washington Street, Delaware Street, and Ferry Cut Off Street; the route bypasses the historic area. DE 9 heads north to Wilmington and south to Delaware City. Delaware Route 141 heads north from New Castle on Basin Road and provides a bypass to the west of Wilmington. Delaware Route 273 heads west from New Castle on Frenchtown Road and provides access to Christiana and Newark. Several important roads are located just outside the city limits. Interstate 295 passes north of New Castle and crosses the Delaware River on the Delaware Memorial Bridge to New Jersey, with DE 9 providing access to New Castle from I-295.
The Wilmington Airport (formerly New Castle Airport) is located northwest of New Castle along US 13/US 40. The airport offers general aviation, commercial air service, and is home to a unit of the Delaware Air National Guard.
A freight line operated by the Norfolk Southern Railway passes through New Castle. The nearest passenger rail station to New Castle is Wilmington station in Wilmington, which is served by Amtrak and SEPTA Regional Rail's Wilmington/Newark Line.
DART First State provides bus service to New Castle along Route 15 and Route 51, which both run between downtown Wilmington and the Christiana Mall and offer connections to multiple bus routes serving points across northern New Castle County.
Utilities
The Municipal Services Commission of the City of New Castle provides electricity and water to the city. The electric department is a member of the Delaware Municipal Electric Corporation. Natural gas service in New Castle is provided by Delmarva Power, a subsidiary of Exelon. The city's Public Works department provides trash and recycling collection to New Castle.
Notable people
Walter W. Bacon, 60th Governor of Delaware
John Walter Bratton, songwriter
William C. Frazer, American lawyer and judge
Thomas Holcomb, Commandant of the United States Marine Corps
Dave May, former MLB player
Thomas McKean, lawyer, politician and a signer of the Declaration of Independence
Vinnie Moore, guitarist
George Read I, signer of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, second Governor of Delaware
George Ross, signer of the Declaration of Independence
Jeff Otah, NFL player
Ryan Phillippe, actor
Devin Smith, professional basketball player for Maccabi Tel Aviv
Charles Thomas, 25th Governor of Delaware
Nicholas Van Dyke I, President of Delaware
Nicholas Van Dyke II, son of Nicholas Van Dyke I, U.S. Senator
Jalen Duren, professional basketball player for the Detroit Pistons
Joe Biden, 46th President of the United States
In film
New Castle has served as the filming location for numerous films and television series, including Dead Poets Society, Beloved, and River Ridge.
See also
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A Very Brief Look At The Colony Of Delaware
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The Colony of Delaware is one of the most complex colonies and my personal favorite. Land in Delaware belonged to many people in many different parts of the...
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https://www.ipl.org/essay/The-Colony-Of-Delaware-Essay-FKC8U7MEN8TV
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Colony Philidelphia Vs William Penn
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New York Colony Research Paper
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Both the Chesapeake colonies and the New England colonies were vital to Britain’s atlantic trade. They both had large populations and booming economies. However, they both eventually established their own cultures that were different from each other. The colonies’ differing beliefs, environments, and labor lead to the contrasting cultures. The New England Colonies were a Puritanical society, who preached against excess.
The New England and Chesapeake colonies were established during the early 1700s. Despite the population originating from England, the regions had distinct societies. This was due to the fact that many settlers voyaged to the New World in search of riches, to seek new lives, or for religious freedom. They differed socially, politically, economically, and geographically.
Compare And Contrast The 13 Colonies
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Early Jamestown Colony Essay
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In early America, the first successful colony was called the Jamestown Colony. It took a while for this new country to fill up, though. This was because, in the beginning, many people died from disease, starvation, and Native American attacks. Many people in the early Jamestown Colony died from a disease. “Summer sickness kills half the colonists” (J. Frederick Fausz, “An Abundance of Bloodshed on Both Sides: England’s First Indian War 1609-1614,” The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, January 1990).
Jamestown Colony Essay
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Description The Jamestown[1] settlement in the Colony of Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas. William Kelso says Jamestown "is where the British Empire began ... this was the first colony in the British Empire."[2 ] Established by the Virginia Company of London as "James Fort" on May 4, 1607 (O.S., May 14, 1607 N.S.),[3] and considered permanent after brief abandonment in 1610, it followed several earlier failed attempts, including the Lost Colony of Roanoke. Jamestown served as the capital of the colony for 83 years, from 1616 until 1699.
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Delaware
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On December 7, 1787, Delaware became the first of the 13 original colonies to ratify the federal Constitution. Since that historic event, Delaware has been known as “The…
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Introduction
On December 7, 1787, Delaware became the first of the 13 original colonies to ratify the federal Constitution. Since that historic event, Delaware has been known as “The First State” of the Union. Delaware is bounded by Pennsylvania and Maryland. To the east, across the Delaware River and Delaware Bay, sits New Jersey. The First State’s closeness to the large markets in the eastern United States, as well as its good transportation facilities, moderate climate, and well-watered, sandy soil, make it an important agricultural state. While agriculture is based mainly in the middle and southern areas of the state, the northern section is known for its commercial and financial businesses. Dover, Delaware’s capital, is located in the center of the state.
Besides Delaware’s official nickname as the First State, it also has been referred to by several other interesting names. When Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence, called Delaware a “jewel among the states,” he might have been paying tribute to the brilliance of its statesmen in the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention. Some historians believe that Jefferson’s description referred to the compact area and rich soil of the so-called Diamond State. A more likely origin of this popular nickname comes from a line attributed to John Lofland, known as the Milford Bard, in 1847. A romantic storyteller and eccentric, Lofland wrote, “Delaware is like a diamond, diminutive, but having within it inherent value.”
Another nickname for Delaware is the Blue Hen State, for the pet gamecocks carried as mascots by a Delaware regiment during the American Revolution. The strain was developed from a Kent county blue hen celebrated for its fighting ability. The University of Delaware’s nickname for its athletic teams is the Fightin’ Blue Hens. Delaware is sometimes called the Peach State for the fruit that was an important crop in the 1800s. The peach blossom was adopted as the state flower in 1895.
In 1609 Henry Hudson, an explorer for the Dutch East India Company, reached a point at the entrance of what is now Delaware Bay, but he found the waters too shallow for exploration. When Captain Samuel Argall of the Virginia colony saw the bay in 1610, he named it after his colonial governor Sir Thomas West, Baron De La Warr. Later the river and the land along its western shore were also called Delaware.
The extreme northern part of Delaware is in the Piedmont region, from which short, swift streams tumble to lower levels. Flour mills were built on the Brandywine and other streams when the state was first settled. Paper mills were built as early as 1787, and the first cotton mill was established in 1795. Abundant waterpower and easy access to the Delaware River and Delaware Bay helped make Wilmington a manufacturing center and seaport. Leathermaking became a leading industry for the city in 1732, when the Quakers began preparing buckskin and chamois there. The city also developed into the state’s financial and commercial hub.
While Delaware’s research laboratories have created many of the synthetic fibers and fabrics that have revolutionized modern living, the state still cherishes the beautiful things that have been preserved from its past. In Wilmington in 1802—two years after the remarkable Du Pont family emigrated from France to the United States—Éleuthère Irénée du Pont de Nemours founded the great company whose slogan is “Better things for better living through chemistry.” In no other state of the Union has one family been so closely identified with economic development, political fortunes, and social life as have the Du Ponts of Delaware.
The state has carefully preserved some stately old houses and public buildings. Special events such as Old Dover Days and A Day in Old New Castle are celebrated with 18th-century music and dances. Many private homes are open to the public on these occasions, and collections of antiques, paintings, and old documents are also on display. Far from living in the past, however, the First State continues to grow in economic productivity and population. Area 2,489 square miles (6,446 square kilometers). Population (2020) 989,948.
Survey of the First State
One of the Middle Atlantic states, Delaware is on the East Coast of the United States, about midway between Maine and Florida. Its greatest length, north to south, is 96 miles (154 kilometers). Its greatest width, east to west, is 35 miles (56 kilometers). Delaware is the 49th state in size. Only Rhode Island is smaller.
The state is bounded on the east by water—the Atlantic Ocean and the river and bay that separate it from New Jersey’s shore. To the south and west is Maryland. Delaware’s northern boundary curves into Pennsylvania. This boundary was set in a land grant made to William Penn by the duke of York in 1682.
Most of Delaware lies on the Delmarva Peninsula, which also includes parts of Maryland and Virginia. Delaware has only three counties: New Castle, Kent, and Sussex. The counties are divided into “hundreds” rather than townships. An early form of political division, some hundreds date back to the late 1600s. Delaware is the only state to retain this old English method, although today the divisions have no political bearing and are used only as locators.
Natural Regions
Delaware is located mainly within the Coastal Plain province of the extensive Atlantic Plain region, which runs from Rhode Island down to Florida and then west through the eastern half of Texas. The plain is a region of sandy soil that makes good farmland. Altitudes are low, ranging from sea level to 60 feet (18 meters). Delaware is second only to Florida for having the lowest average elevation.
The only part of the state that lies outside the Atlantic Plain is the northern tip, which is considered part of the Appalachian Highlands. This northern section, also known as the Piedmont region, begins at the Christina River and runs northward into the foothills of southeastern Pennsylvania. Erosion is a great problem in the Piedmont region. East of Centerville near the Pennsylvania state line is Ebright Road, at 448 feet (137 meters), the highest point in the state.
Rivers
The watershed in Delaware begins in the north as a low ridge along the western boundary and turns southeast below the center of the state. The Appoquinimink, Smyrna, St. Jones, and Mispillion rivers empty into the Delaware River or Delaware Bay. The Nanticoke River empties southwestward into Chesapeake Bay. In the southeast are Rehoboth and Indian River bays, shallow lagoons behind narrow sandy coastal barriers.
Climate
Delaware’s climate is humid and temperate. The average daily temperature in northern Delaware is 54 °F (12 °C). In the north winter temperatures vary from a low of 23 °F (–5 °C) in January to a high of 86 °F (30 °C) in July. Temperatures in southern Delaware usually run about two degrees higher than these figures. The record low is –17 °F (– 27 ° C); the record high, 110 °F (43 °C). Both records were established at Millsboro in the southeast.
August is generally the rainiest month, with an average precipitation of about 5.5 inches (14 centimeters). February typically has the least precipitation, with an average of about 3 inches (7.5 centimeters). The average annual precipitation is about 45 inches (114 centimeters).
Plants and Animals
Delaware is a transition zone between plants typical of Pennsylvania and New York and those common to coastal Maryland and Virginia. Pine, gum, oak, hickory, walnut, beech, maple, ash, and cedar are Delaware’s native tree species. Deer, foxes, raccoons, opossums, and muskrats are common. Beaches and marshes are a winter refuge for many wildfowl, as well as a stop on the migratory paths of such birds as sandpipers.
The forestry section of the Delaware Department of Agriculture, created with the help of Coleman du Pont in 1927, supervises three state forests: Redden, Blackbird, and Taber. The Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife supervises 19 public wildlife areas covering more than 62,000 acres (25,000 hectares). The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service maintains the 16,251-acre (6,576-hectare) Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge along the coast.
People and Culture
Although Delaware is one of the least populous states, it is one of the most densely populated because of its small size. At the time of the 2020 census non-Hispanic whites made up about 59 percent of the population. African Americans accounted for about 22 percent of the total. Almost 11 percent of Delaware’s residents identified themselves as being of Hispanic origin. Asian Americans made up about 4 percent of the population. Delaware’s small Native American population includes two state-recognized tribes—the Lenape Indian Tribe of Delaware and the Nanticoke Indian Tribe. The Lenape are based in Kent county, and the Nanticoke live in the Millsboro area of Sussex county.
Cities
The largest city in Delaware is Wilmington, with a population of about 70,000. A mill town since colonial days, Wilmington found wealth in its flour and paper mills. In the early 1800s the Du Pont family established a gunpowder mill, the forerunner of the modern gigantic and diversified DuPont Company with its experimental laboratories in Wilmington. The city has been a world leader in the production of plastic materials, synthetic fibers, dyes, paints, and varnishes. Today the city is the state’s industrial, financial, and commercial center and main port. Because of Delaware’s favorable corporation laws, many nationally known businesses have incorporated in Delaware and maintain offices in Wilmington.
Dover, the second city in size, has been the state capital since 1777. Newark is the home of the University of Delaware. Rehoboth Beach is often called the country’s summer capital because many Washington, D.C., government officials commute there for summer vacations.
Education
The first teachers in the Dutch and Swedish colonies of the 1600s were mainly clergymen. The first school buildings were churches. The state constitution of 1792 provided for the establishment of public schools.
Public schools in modern-day Delaware are overseen by the State Board of Education. Its members are appointed by the governor and approved by the Senate. The board provides the secretary of education with advice and guidance concerning the development of education policy. It also must resolve disputes involving the administration of the public school system. School costs are paid primarily out of the state general fund, but some revenue comes from taxes collected by the school districts.
The state supports a few institutions of higher education. The University of Delaware, in Newark, was founded in 1743 and is the major university. Delaware State University, a historically Black institution founded in 1891, is located in Dover. Delaware Technical and Community College, founded by the state in 1967, maintains campuses in all three counties. Private colleges include Wilmington College and Goldey-Beacom College, both located in Wilmington, and Wesley College, in Dover.
Sports and Recreation
Delaware’s mild climate, aided by a long shoreline, invites outdoor activities for much of the year. Rehoboth, Bethany, and Woodland beaches are popular seaside resorts. Many inland lakes offer fishing and swimming. The Division of Parks and Recreation supervises Delaware’s many state parks, including the Delaware Seashore, on the Atlantic Ocean; Trap Pond, near Laurel; Cape Henlopen, near Lewes; Killens Pond, near Felton; Brandywine Creek and Bellevue, both near Wilmington; Lums Pond, near Kirkwood; Fort Delaware, on Pea Patch Island; and Holts Landing, on Indian River Bay. The weeklong Delaware State Fair is held annually in Harrington.
Arts and Cultural Sites
Wilmington is the cultural center of Delaware. The city is home to the professional Opera Delaware, Delaware Symphony Orchestra, First State Ballet Theatre, and Delaware Theatre Company. Museums abound in the area. The Delaware Art Museum boasts a collection that includes British Pre-Raphaelite art and American illustration. The museum was founded in 1912 by the family, friends, and students of Delaware artist Howard Pyle. They wanted to honor his memory and work after his sudden death. The Hagley Museum and Library portrays the development of American manufacturing through the preservation of early mills and other structures of the DuPont Company, as well as by indoor exhibits. The Delaware Museum of Natural History allows visitors to explore the natural world with exhibits and hands-on science activities. It is known for its collections of seashells, birds, and bird eggs.
The Zwaanendael Museum, in Lewes, was dedicated in 1931 to celebrate the 300th anniversary of the first European settlement in Delaware. The Dutch named the colony Swanendael, also spelled Zwaanendael, which means “Valley of the Swans.” The museum is modeled after the town hall in Hoorn, Netherlands.
In Winterthur, just outside Wilmington, is the Winterthur Museum, Garden, and Library. The museum is housed in a historic 175-room Du Pont mansion. The collection consists of more than 90,000 items of ceramics, glass, metalwork, textiles and needlework, and other American decorative arts. These pieces date from 1630 to 1860 and are displayed in authentic period rooms. The 60-acre garden that surrounds the property is treated as a cultural artifact. It is filled with plants, decorative artwork, and architecture that are managed as a collection.
New Castle is rich in historic interest. Its village green was laid out under the direction of Peter Stuyvesant during the period of Dutch rule. Colonial landmarks include the Immanuel Church, the Old Dutch House, the Old Court House, and several other 18th-century buildings. Built about 1730, the Amstel House serves as the headquarters and is one of the several museums of the New Castle Historical Society. There are many fine private homes, some of which are open to the public during the annual event in May called A Day in Old New Castle.
Dover also has many fine old homes. Some of them circle the Green, which was laid out in 1717. The town’s Biggs Museum of American Art exhibits American fine and decorative arts from 1700 to the present.
The village of Arden is an artist colony. It was founded in 1900 by an architect and a sculptor who wanted to create a utopian community. Arden has been home to many artists and has a strong theatrical tradition, with regular performances of Shakespeare and Gilbert and Sullivan. The entire village is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
In Wilmington regular services are still held at the Old Swedes (Holy Trinity) Church, built in 1698–99. Fort Christina Monument is another major Wilmington attraction. The first permanent European settlement in Delaware was established here by Peter Minuit in 1638. These sites, along with several others in New Castle, Dover, and other parts of the state, make up First State National Historical Park.
For brief biographies of some notable people of Delaware, click here.
Government
Before Dover became Delaware’s state capital in 1777, the capital was New Castle. Dover’s historic State House, which is now a museum, was built between 1787 and 1791. The seat of government was transferred to Legislative Hall, the new capitol, in 1933.
The General Assembly is the lawmaking body. It consists of the Senate, with 21 members, and the House of Representatives, with 41 members. The governor is elected for a four-year term and may serve only two terms. The secretary of state is appointed by the governor.
Delaware has had four constitutions, the last one adopted in 1897. The present constitution’s bill of rights guarantees freedom of religion, the right of free elections, freedom from improper arrest, and the right of fair trial. Delaware is the only state in which constitutional amendments do not have to be approved by the voters. They become law after they pass both houses of the General Assembly by a two-thirds vote of the elected members at two successive sessions.
The state’s judicial system is headed by the Supreme Court. There are also chancery, superior, and common pleas courts. The chancery court is unique in that it was specifically established to judge on internal disputes concerning corporations in Delaware.
History
The first people in the state were Native Americans whom Europeans later named the Delaware. They called themselves the Lenni-Lenape, meaning “original people.” About 8,000 Lenni-Lenape lived in the area that became Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. Like many other Northeast Indians, they spoke an Algonquian language. A branch of the Lenni-Lenape, the Nanticoke, lived in what is now southern Delaware and on the eastern shore of Maryland. With the coming of the Europeans, many Native Americans died of disease or were driven westward.
Colonial Days
European knowledge of Delaware began in 1609 when Henry Hudson, in search of a northwest passage to the East Indies, sailed by what is now Cape Henlopen on Delaware Bay. Because the bay seemed too shallow, he continued sailing up the Atlantic Coast. One year later Samuel Argall sailed north from Jamestown, Virginia, into the bay and named the area.
For the next few years Dutch captains explored the Delaware waters. The Dutch West India Company gave some goods, such as beads and cloth, to the Native Americans in the area in exchange for land in 1630. The company planned to establish a farming and whaling community. The next year the Zwaanendael colony was started by a small group of Dutch who settled on Blommaert’s Kill (now Lewes). The settlement was raided and destroyed by Native Americans after a disagreement between the two groups.
Some Dutch withdrew their support from the Dutch West India Company and offered it to Sweden. With their help a Swedish colony was set up in 1638 at present-day Wilmington. This first permanent European settlement in Delaware was called Fort Christina, and the area was called New Sweden. Although the Swedes had many setbacks, they generally prospered.
In 1655 the Dutch captured Fort Christina, and the Swedes were forced to give up New Sweden. The Dutch did not stay in power long, however. In 1664 the English seized all the Dutch territory in America. Delaware became part of the province granted to the duke of York by his brother, King Charles II. Marcus Jacobsen led some Swedes in a revolt, which was put down, and then the Dutch regained control for a year.
The colony reverted to English hands in 1674. In 1682 the duke of York gave Delaware, then called the Three Lower Counties, to William Penn, and the land became part of Pennsylvania Province. The Delaware counties formed their own assembly in 1704 but remained under the rule of the Pennsylvania governor.
During Penn’s governorship, members of the Society of Friends (Quakers) came to northern Delaware because it was close to Philadelphia and offered good farmland. Quaker merchants established the town of Wilmington in 1739. Another group of newcomers were the Scots-Irish, who brought with them their Presbyterian religion and an emphasis on education. In 1743 Francis Alison, a Presbyterian minister, established a school that became the foundation for the later University of Delaware.
Southern Delaware was populated largely by English settlers, many coming from nearby Maryland, and by Africans, who were brought in and enslaved to clear the land and work the farms. Toward the end of the 18th century, Methodist preachers found many converts among both Black and white residents of southern Delaware.
Statehood and Economic Development
Delaware shared in the tension preceding the American Revolution by refusing to obey the Stamp Act in 1765. When the Continental Congress met to vote on the Declaration of Independence, the Delaware delegates were tied. Caesar Rodney rode from Dover to Philadelphia on July 1, 1776, to break the tie and vote for independence. Delaware adopted its first constitution on September 21, 1776. On December 7, 1787, it became the first state to ratify the federal Constitution.
In 1802 Frenchman Éleuthère Irénée du Pont settled on the Brandywine Creek and established the country’s largest black powder factory. As his gunpowder business expanded and diversified into one of the richest manufacturing companies in the world, he set the pattern for the state’s enduring prosperity. In the following years one of the many useful inventions developed under Du Pont sponsorship was nylon. Oliver Evans of Newport, called the first great American inventor, devised many machines, including the first high-pressure steam engine, and created the first continuous production line. Textiles, tobacco, and the first continuous-roll paper mill in the country were also established in Delaware.
Wilmington’s merchants and millers encouraged improvements in transportation. Roads were built to connect Wilmington with remote areas, and a railroad connecting the city with Baltimore, Maryland, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was established in 1838. The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal gave farmers and merchants another way to transport their products to new markets. It was completed in 1829. The Delaware Railroad connected Wilmington to Seaford in western Sussex county by 1856. Steamboats on the Delaware River encouraged development of the state’s agriculture, especially the growing of peaches for urban markets.
Steam-powered transportation also provided the key to Wilmington’s rapid industrialization in the mid-19th century. The city grew from about 5,500 people in 1840 to some 77,000 by 1900 and attracted immigrants from Ireland, England, and Germany. Its industries included the manufacture of railroad cars, steamboats, leather, and carriages.
Slavery, the Civil War, and Reconstruction
Throughout the first half of the 19th century, the people of Delaware became increasingly divided over the issue of slavery. Delaware was a border state between North and South. For both economic and religious reasons, many slaveholders freed their captives during this period, but a few stubbornly refused. Some residents helped enslaved people escape along the Underground Railroad, while others captured free Blacks to be shipped southward into slavery. In 1860, on the eve of the American Civil War, the number of enslaved people in Delaware had been reduced to about 1,800. The number of the state’s free Blacks had grown to some 20,000.
Delaware never seriously considered joining the Confederacy. Many residents favored the Union cause, though men from the state served in the armies of both sides. Fort Delaware, built on a small island in the Delaware River to protect Wilmington and Philadelphia in the 1850s, became one of the Union’s major prisoner-of-war camps.
Race relations continued to be a source of controversy in Delaware society and politics after the war. Since 1829 the state had supported public education, but its schools were open to whites only. During the Reconstruction period (1865–77) that followed the Civil War, schools for African Americans were introduced throughout the state. Democrats, who controlled the state government at the time, were hostile to granting equality to Blacks. They pushed through a state poll tax, which reduced the participation of Blacks in government. The Democrats lost their dominance in state politics in the 1890s, when Republican groups began giving out money to secure voter support and Blacks were admitted to the polls. However, segregation in education, housing, and public accommodations remained the norm in Delaware until the U.S. Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional in 1954 (see Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka).
Delaware in the 20th and 21st Centuries
In the early 20th century the Du Pont family and their gunpowder company dominated Delaware’s development. The DuPont Company, the country’s largest producer of explosives, earned huge profits through its sales to both the United States and its allies during World War I.
Several Du Ponts used their wealth to benefit the state. T. Coleman du Pont, an engineer and early automobile enthusiast, built the Du Pont Highway to connect southern Delaware to Wilmington. It was completed in 1923. His cousin Pierre S. du Pont organized citizen support to improve public education and, during the 1920s, paid for the construction of new schools throughout the state. Alfred I. du Pont, another cousin, introduced old-age pensions and built a state welfare home in 1930.
During the second half of the 20th century, Delaware changed significantly. Population flowed from Wilmington to its suburbs. Resort and retirement communities developed along the Atlantic Coast in the southeastern portion of the state. The state’s economy continued to thrive as it made a business of incorporating companies. Wilmington, Delaware’s financial center, gained a modern skyline of new banking facilities. Major companies continue to flock to Delaware to take advantage of its favorable laws and its moderate tax policies. (See also United States, “Middle Atlantic Region.”)
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NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE: A WALK THROUGH TIME
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New Castle, Delaware: Oak Knoll Press, 2011. 7 x 10 inches paperback 240 pages ISBN: 1584562978 ISBN: 9781584562979
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Oak Knoll
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https://www.oakknoll.com/pages/books/106155/barbara-e-benson-carol-e-hoffecker/new-castle-delaware-a-walk-through-time
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New Castle, Delaware: A Walk Through Time traces the evolution of one town from its seventeenth-century settlement to the leafy, beautiful, and well-preserved small city of today. The historic arc begins in the conflicts of European exploration and colony building that pitted the Netherlands against Sweden and then Great Britain. New Castle slowly developed under the flags of those three countries from a small settlement of wood into Delaware's jewel-like brick colonial capital. Today New Castle has retained its beautiful historic town center, with outstanding examples of colonial and federal architecture that surround its preserved village center, called the Green, which dates back to Peter Stuyvesant.
Yet New Castle is more than a town frozen in the Colonial and Federal eras, for its history continued through time to mirror the economic opportunities and challenges of an expanding nation. Railroad, factories, and automobiles brought expansion that trans-formed it from its role as a county seat into a small industrial city. Neighborhoods east and west of the town center developed to house the shopkeepers, factory workers, owners, and managers brought by industrialization. Those neighborhoods remain today as the physical examples of changing architectural styles and evolving standards of urban planning and preservation.
The New Castle of today presents a work-in-progress. It continues to evolve as a twenty-first-century city while protecting the historic fabric of its long, rich past. New Castle, Delaware: A Walk through Time is heavily illustrated with maps, drawings, and photographs that visually illuminate the city's past and present.
Barbara E. Benson, Ph.D., Indiana University, 1976, retired from the Historical Society of Delaware as executive director in 2003. At the Society, she oversaw the collection, exhibition, education, and publication programs as well as the protection of the organization's eight historic properties, including the George Read II House and Gardens in New Castle. Dr. Benson currently chairs the New Castle County Historic Review Board.
Carol E. Hoffecker, Ph.D., Harvard University, 1967, retired from the faculty of the University of Delaware in 2003 as Richards Professor of History and Alison Professor. In a career focused on the history of Delaware, she has written numerous books and articles that explore many aspects of the state, its government, its people, and its economy. Her two volumes on the history of Wilmington, Delaware, continue to provide perspective on the connection of urban and industrial development.
In addition to New Castle, Delaware, A Walk through Time, Dr. Benson and Dr. Hoffecker have collaborated on several projects in Delaware history, ranging from an expert report submitted by the State of Delaware to the Supreme Court of the United States in State of New Jersey v. State of Delaware (2008) to a textbook about the state entitled The Delaware Adventure.
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Aktuelle Zeit in New Castle, Delaware, Vereinigte Staaten
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Exact time now, time zone, time difference, sunrise/sunset time and key facts for New Castle, Delaware, Vereinigte Staaten.
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Delaware ‑ Capital, Map & State
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Delaware, one of the smallest but most densely populated states, was the first of the original 13 colonies to ratify the U.S. Constitution in 1787.
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HISTORY
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https://www.history.com/topics/us-states/delaware
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Delaware's Native American History
Paleo-Indians inhabited the area now known as Delaware at least 12,000 years ago. Thousands of years later, various Native American tribes, including the Algonquian, Lenape, Nanticoke and others, lived in settled communities, farmed and traded along the region’s waterways.
The Dutch and Swedes arrived in the early 17th century, with the Dutch founding the colony of New Sweden. The region’s name comes from the Delaware River and Delaware Bay, named after Sir Thomas West, Lord De La Warr, an English nobleman who became the first colonial governor of Virginia.
European-introduced diseases, including smallpox and measles, killed many Native Americans in the Delaware Valley, and conflict over land and with the Iroquois Confederacy forced most surviving Lenape to relocate.
Delaware's Colonial History
English Explorer Henry Hudson’s 1609 discovery of Delaware Bay led to European settlements in the area. In 1631, Dutch traders established Zwaanendael (archaic Dutch for "swan valley”) near present-day Lewes, which members of the Lenape tribe destroyed due to cultural misunderstandings. In 1638, Swedish settlers founded Fort Christina, now Wilmington, the first permanent European settlement in Delaware. New Castle, founded in 1651, was another significant settlement, serving as a major colonial port.
The Dutch and Swedes clashed over the territory, leading to the Dutch-Swedish War (1655-1657). The war ended with Dutch control, but the English seized the territory in 1664, incorporating it into the English colony of New York. William Penn gained the land in 1682, putting it under Pennsylvania governance, and in 1703, it was granted its own provincial assembly until 1776, when it became its own colony.
Delaware and the American Revolution
In 1776, during the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783), Delaware’s delegates were divided on whether to vote for the Declaration of Independence. Famously, Caesar Rodney, elected to serve as the first president of Delaware two years later, rode 70 miles in the rain from Dover to Philadelphia to cast his vote for independence from England.
Delaware’s location along the Atlantic coast made it a strategic asset for trade and military operations during the war. The state contributed troops, including the Delaware Regiment and the “Blue Hen Chicks,” but saw only one Revolutionary War battle in 1777, at the Battle of Cooch’s Bridge.
Following the British defeat, delegates to the Constitutional Convention drafted a new U.S. Constitution, and Delaware was the first state to ratify it on December 7, 1787.
Delaware and the Civil War
A border state, Delaware was a slave state in 1861, divided between its northern and the southern population, much like the nation. However, it remained in the Union during the Civil War (1861-1865). When asked to join the Confederate cause, Delaware Governor William Burton said, “As the first state to join the Union, Delaware will be the last state to leave it.”
Fort Delaware became a significant site during the war, holding Confederate prisoners, and nearly 12,000 Delawareans fought for the Union Army, while approximately 2,000 joined the Confederacy.
Wilmington’s Quaker population played a crucial role in the Underground Railroad, helping enslaved people escape to freedom. However, despite the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, slavery continued in Delaware until the 13th Amendment was ratified in 1865. Delaware enforced Jim Crow laws into the late 1960s.
Delaware's Industrial Revolution and Economic Growth
Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, Delaware saw waves of immigration, particularly from Ireland, Germany and Italy, as people sought work in the state’s growing industries, which played an important role in the American Industrial Revolution.
Among the most notable was French immigrant Éleuthère Irénée du Pont de Nemours, founder of the gunpowder-producing DuPont company founded near Wilmington in 1802. DuPont expanded, developing innovations such as nylon, neoprene, Teflon, Mylar, Kevlar, Lycra, Styrofoam and more, and remains in Wilmington as one of the nation’s oldest companies.
The state was key in shipbuilding, gunpowder production, and later chemical manufacturing. It is home to the first automated flour mills and the invention of the high-pressure steam engine. Agricultural output in Delaware includes poultry, dairy products, corn and soybeans.
Delaware’s industries were crucial in supplying materials during both World Wars. Post-war, the state’s economy diversified into finance and corporate services, with Wilmington becoming a hub for credit card banking and corporate headquarters.
Delaware Quick Facts
Date of Statehood: December 7, 1787
Capital: Dover
Population: 989,948 (2020 U.S. Census)
Size: 1,949 square miles
Nickname: The First State
Motto: Liberty and Independence
Tree: American Holly
Flower: Peach Blossom
Bird: Delaware Blue Hen
Delaware Interesting Facts
Delaware is home to twice as many chickens as people.
The state has three counties (the fewest of any state): New Castle to the North, Kent in the center and Sussex to the South.
Delaware does not have a state sales tax.
The News Journal, one of the nation’s oldest newspapers, was established in 1785.
The Delaware Bay is home to the world’s largest horseshoe crab population.
Notable Delaware residents have included U.S. President Joe Biden, Howard Pyle, author of The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood, Dr. Henry Heimlich of the Heimlich Maneuver, and astronomer Annie Jump Cannon.
The official state song is “Our Delaware.”
Delaware is the second-smallest state in the country, measuring 96 miles long and 35 miles wide.
The nation’s first commercially produced ice cream was made in the state in 1851.
Peach pie has been the official state dessert since 2009.
In addition to “The First State,” Delaware is also known as the “Blue Hen State” (after a Revolutionary War regiment), “The Diamond State” (Thomas Jefferson reportedly called Delaware a “jewel”), and “Small Wonder” (owing to its small land mass but large contributions).
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Delaware Colony
By: O. K.
Henry Hudson was probably the first white person in the Delaware region. Delaware is the second smallest state in the United States. The state bird is the, Blue Hen Chicken, state flower, Peach Blossom, the state tree, American Holly.
The members of the three country governing serve four-year terms. Delaware is the only state which countries are divided into hundreds. A hundred have no government of their own.
In 1664, England captured all New Netherlands plus the Delaware region. In 1638 the colony Delaware was formed in the middle. Delaware became independent in 1701. This colony was founded by William Penn. They elected a governor and assembly to make laws and to govern the colony.
Before the coming of the white men, the present state of Delaware was inhabited by tribes of the Leni-Lenape stock, later called Delaware Indians. Henry Hudson discovered Delaware bay and river from the Dutch in 1609. In 1682 William Penn took over Delaware countries.
In 1631 Dutch establish Zwaanendael near present site of Lewis. In 1638 Swedes founded the first permanent settlement Fort Christina (New Wilmington). In 1664 English seized Dutch territory on the Delaware for the Duke of York. In 1704 first separate General Assembly of Delaware met at New Castle.
In 1776 Delaware delegates signed the Declaration of Independence. 1777 Betsy Ross flag to have been unfurled for the first time in a land battle at Coochs Bridge. In 1787 convention at Dover ratified the Federal constitution, and thats when it became the first state on December 7,1787.
Delaware was ruled for about eighteen years by governors appointed by Duke of York. The first settlement was made by Dutch in 1631. They built a brick fort at Zwaanendael (swanendael) on the Murder kill in Kent Country. This fort was burned and the colonist killed by the Indians early in 1632.
The Dutch were angry at the Swedes for settling on land which the Dutch considered their territory. within four-years, open conflict broke out. For twenty-two years, the colonies had the same governor and the same legislature.
In 1655 Peter Stuyvesant, the Dutch governor of New Netherland, took possession of all New Sweden, But the Dutch held the Delaware territory only nine years. In1664 it passed into English hands along with New Amsterdam.
bibliography:
page: 194-191 In the Encyclopedia Britannica Volume 7, letter D
page: 93 In the World Book Encyclopedia Volume 5, letter D page: 1931
Delaware Colony
BY: F. A.
Delaware is the second smallest state of the United States. Only Rhode Island has a smaller area. And only four states Alaska, North Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming have fewer people. Delaware lies close to many of the nations largest industrial cities. The Delaware River, and networks of canals, highway, and railroads, carry products from Delaware to Baltimore, New York City, Philadelphia, and Washington D. C. America about 1638 by Swedes and Finns who settled near the mouth of the Delaware River. Log construction was already an established practice in Scandinavia and in other parts of Europe.
Wilmington, in far northeastern corner of Delaware is the states largest city. It is also the leading manufacturing center in Delaware. Wilmingtons history dates back to the 1630s.
The state flag first appeared in its present from in 1913. It bears a shield with a sheaf of wheat, an ear of, corn, and an ox, all of which symbolize agriculture. Above the shield is a sailing ship. A soldier and a farmer support the shield. December 7, 1787 is the date seal was adopted in 1777 and has the same design as the flag. The dates 1795, 1847, and 1911 are years when changes were made.
The State Capitol is in Dover, the capital of Delaware since 1777. New Castle had been the capital since 1704. Land region Delaware has two main land regions. These region are the Atlantic Coastal Plain and the Piedmont.
Delaware became the first state on December 7,1787. On that date, it ratified the U. S. Constitution, the first of the original 13 states to do so.
Indian days two tribes of Algonquin Indians lived in the Delaware region when white explorers first arrived. The Lenape tribe lived along the banks of the Delaware River. The Nanticoke lived along the Nanticoke River. By the mid - 1700s, white settlers had forced most of the Indians out of the region.
The Delaware Water Gap is a scenic gorge that separates New Jersey from Pennsylvania. The Delaware River carved this gorge in the Kittatinny Mountains millions of years ago.
Bibliography:
1. World Book Encyclopedia, Vol. 5, D, p. 96-99, 104
DELAWARE
By N. A.
Delaware was the first state. The population is 666,168 million. It is 2,489 sqare miles. It became state on December 7, 1787. Delaware is named for Lord Delaware, or also named known as De La Warr, who was the first governer of Virgina. Henery Hudson discovered the Delaware Bay but the river was to shallow so he didnt make it in 1609. The Dutch made the first settelment in 1631.
The Dutch made a brick fort at Zwaanendael. the fort was burned down and the colonists were killed by the Native Americans early in 1638. Swedes made the first permanent in 1638. The swedes founded the New Sweden were Wilmington is now located. Wilmington is the largest city along side the Delaware River and across New Jersey.
The colony grew northward as far as the site of Philadelphia across the Delaware River into where now is New Jersey. The Finns were also prominent in the early history of Delaware. Dutch were angry at the Swedens because the Swedens thought it was their land but it really was the Dutchs land. After four years later the Dutch and the Swedens started to fight. IN 1655 Peter Stuyvesant, became the Dutch government of New Nether land and took possession of all New Sweden.
The Dutch held Delaware territory only for nine years. In 1664, it passed to English hands and along with New Amsterdam. Delaware was ruled for only eighteen years by the Duke of York.
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Delaware State Facts. Learn more about Delaware and explore the rest of the website to find out how you can be a part of Delaware history!
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Delaware Historical Society
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https://dehistory.org/learn/delaware-facts/
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About Delaware
Facts About the State of Delaware
Delaware may be the second smallest state in the USA, but it certainly packs a punch when it comes to its rich history and fascinating facts. Known as the “First State,” Delaware played a vital role in the founding of the United States, with its residents signing the Declaration of Independence and Constitution. From its colonial beginnings to its modern-day charm, Delaware has plenty of stories to tell.
Delaware State Facts FAQ
How did Delaware become a state?
Delaware declared its independence from Great Britain on June 15, 1776 and thereby also became independent of Pennsylvania with which it had been connected since 1682. Delaware was the first to ratify the U.S. Constitution and thus became known as the “First State.”
What's Delaware's Flag?
Delaware adopted the current state flag on July 24, 1913. The state seal is enclosed in a buff diamond on a colonial blue background. Below the diamond is printed “December 7, 1787,” the date that Delaware ratified the U.S. Constitution and became the first state.
What's the capital of Delaware?
Dover, named by William Penn for Dover in Kent, England, is the capital of Delaware.
What are the counties of Delaware?
Delaware has 3 counties: New Castle (northern Delaware), Kent (center of Delaware, 11 miles south of Dover), and Sussex (downstate, the largest county, measuring 950 square miles).
How did Delaware get its name?
In 1610 explorer Samuel Argall named the Delaware River and Bay for the governor of Virginia, Thomas West, Lord De La Warr. The state of Delaware takes its name from the river and bay.
What's Delaware's government?
Delaware’s government consists of the General Assembly, made up of a Senate and House of Representatives, the Governor, and the judiciary.
Delaware State Facts Flashcards
State Bird
Blue Hen
Named in February 1939 after the “Fighting Blue Hens” the mascot of Delaware Revolutionary War soldiers.
State Butterfly
Tiger Swallowtail (Pterourus glaucus)
Adopted June 10, 1999.
State Flower
Peach Blossom
Adopted on May 9, 1895. Beginning in the early 1800s, Delaware became a leading producer of peaches until a blight called “the yellows” destroyed the orchards in the late 1800s.
State Fruit
Strawberry
Adopted as the state fruit in 2010.
State Herb
Sweet Golden Rod
Adopted June 24, 1996 and indigenous to Delaware. Found throughout the state along coastal areas and by marshes.
State Insect
Ladybug
Adopted April 25, 1974, after state schoolchildren petitioned the General Assembly.
State Tree
Holly American
Adopted on May 1,1939. During the late nineteenth century until the 1930s, Sussex County became the leading supplier of holly, used for Christmas decorations and wreaths.
State Fish
Weakfish
Also known as the sea trout or the yellow fin trout, the weak fish was adopted as state fish in 1981, in recognition of sport fishing’s recreational and economic standing in the state of Delaware.
State Beverage
Milk
Adopted on June 3, 1983.
State Colors
Colonial blue and buff
Representing the uniform of General George Washington.
State Shell
Shell of the channeled whelk
Adopted in May 2014.
State Marine Animal
Horseshoe Crab
Adopted on June 25, 2002.
By clicking the image above, a new tab will open to the website for the Lenape Tribe of Delaware.
Land Acknowledgement
We begin by acknowledging with respect, that we gather today in Lenapehoking, traditional homeland of the Lenape people for tens of thousands of years. Sometimes translated “Original People,” the Lenape were known as mediators and called “The Grandfathers”. Encompassing the Delaware River Basin, Lenapehokink includes present-day New Jersey, most of Delaware, the Eastern parts of New York and Pennsylvania, and was home to 20,000 Lenape.
Resources
Search DHS collections to learn more about the history of Indigenous Peoples in Delaware
Visit the Delaware History Museum and Mitchell Center for African American Heritage to see the “One State, Many Stories” exhibition
Download the Lenape and Settlers in New Sweden primary source packet
Additional Reading
“A Guide to Indigenous Land Acknowledgement” (Native Governance Center)
“So you began your event with an Indigenous land acknowledgment. Now what?” (NPR)
“Honoring Original Indigenous Inhabitants: Land Acknowledgment” (Museum of the American Indian)
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The Dutch first settled Delaware in 1631, although all of the original settlers were killed in a disagreement with local Indians. Seven years later, the Swedes set up a colony and trading post at Fort Christina
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The Dutch, the Swedish, the Dutch Again, and the English
The Dutch first settled Delaware in 1631, although all of the original settlers were killed in a disagreement with local Indians. Seven years later, the Swedes set up a colony and trading post at Fort Christina in the northern part of Delaware. Today, Fort Christina is called Wilmington. In 1651, the Dutch reclaimed the area and built a fort near present day New Castle. By 1655, the Dutch had forcibly removed the Swedes from the area and reincorporated Delaware into their empire. In 1664, however, the British removed the Dutch from the east coast.
Originally Part of the Pennsylvania Charter
After William Penn was granted the land that became Pennsylvania in 1682, he persuaded the Duke of York to lease him the western shore of Delaware Bay so that his colony could have an outlet to the sea. The Duke agreed and henceforth, Penn's original charter included the northern sections of present-day Delaware, which became known as "The Lower Counties on the Delaware".
100-Year Family Feud
The decision by the Duke angered Lord Baltimore, the first proprietary governor of Maryland, who believed he had the rights to it. A lengthy and occasionally violent 100-year conflict between Penn’s heirs and Baltimore's heirs was finally settled when Delaware's border was defined in 1750 and when the Maryland/Pennsylvania and Maryland/Delaware borders were defined as part of the Mason-Dixon Line in 1768.
Delaware Colony Articles and Activities
Delaware Colony Reading Passage and Critical Thinking Multiple Choice Questions (Printable)
Delaware Colony Reading Passage and Critical Thinking Multiple Choice Questions (Interactive with Immediate Feeback and Score Report)
Who were the Quakers? Reading Passage and Critical Thinking Multiple Choice Questions (Printable)
Who were the Quakers? Reading Passage and Critical Thinking Multiple Choice Questions (Interactive with Immediate Feeback and Score Report)
13 Colonies Navigation
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Other 13 Colonies Articles
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streetsofsalem
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https://streetsofsalem.com/tag/new-castle/
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Last week was my spring break, and I was determined to get away after spending the past three right here at home during the prolonged Covid Time. I wanted to drive off alone so I could indulge myself with days of endless historic house-spotting: my husband needs a destination and a drink after too much of that! First I planned an extensive trip around revolutionary taverns along much of the east coast, and then I narrowed down my target area to the short-lived colony of New Sweden, incorporating areas of New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania (and even a bit of Maryland, I think). This trip was further restricted by a delayed departure and the big snowstorm that hit many parts of the northeast: I ended up snowed in at my brother’s house in Rhinebeck, New York. And then I was off, bound for New Castle, Delaware, a small historic city that I had always passed through too quickly. This would be the center of my exploration, but along the way, right before I passed over the Delaware Memorial Bridge, I decided to get off the turnpike and explore Salem County, one of the counties of southern New Jersey that borders Delaware Bay. The sun was shining and it was warm: it seemed as if I had passed from winter into spring, and from the North into the South. I had never been in this region of Jersey, but I had heard about some of its revolutionary history and seen pictures of some of its distinct 18th century houses built of patterned brick, dated and decoratively embellished on one side. I wanted to see one, and I did, and then I wanted to see more: and so I drove down rural roads for hours to do so. Before I knew it, it was dusk, and then I had to drive over that damn bridge in the dark (I have a mild bridge phobia issue and a much stronger tunnel one). New Castle was charming at night and the next morning, when I saw rows of little brick town houses. So forget about any theme of history or function: my spring break (or what was left of it) was just going to be all about little brick houses—and some big brick houses too.
The Dickinson and Oakford Houses, Alloway Township, Salem County New Jersey; the collage is all New Castle houses, with the exception of the conjoined houses in the center–which are in Salem TOWN, New Jersey (more about this other Salem below); New Castle’s old library; this 18th century map shows my travels–on both sides of the Delaware.
Established in 1651 by the Dutch, New Castle was at the center of shifting colonial sovereignties in the middle of the seventeenth century: it became part of a the short-lived colony of New Sweden in 1654, but was recaptured by the Dutch within the year, and in 1680 it was included in the land grant of William Penn, along with the rest of Delaware. New Castle was the capital of the Delaware colony until the Revolution, but before and after it was a center of trade and transportation due to its strategic location on the river. Its pre-revolutionary and pre-industrial wealth created a beautiful city that survives today relatively intact. I don’t really agree with its chamber-of-commerce description: thanks to preservation efforts, this vibrant, fully occupied community remains one of the most important Colonial/Federal villages in America—second only to Williamsburg, Virginia in the number and authenticiy of its historic structures. Williamsburg is a creation, an open-air museum: New Castle is a living city. Though they both have that fixed-in-time feeling, I saw the residents walking around engaged in all sorts of tasks as I walked the streets of New Castle, and they weren’t in colonial costume, like the “residents” of Williamsburg. New Castle is real, but almost too perfect: perfectly-preserved buildings, perfect signage, perfectly laid and -maintained brick sidewalks (it’s like an opposite-word of Salem: they seem to be letting their asphalt sidewalks languish as they replace with brick!), no litter in sight. And while late colonial and federal houses rule, they come in different sizes and were built with different materials: rows of modest brick and wooden houses were just as perfectly maintained as more stately structures. And there are new houses too, built with an obvious mandate to integrate with the old.
Just perfect New Castle, on a perfect day! These are all residences: I’m going to show the museums in my next post. The last two photos show a new house rising on the Strand, and the very old Anglican/Episcopalian Church, Immanuel on the Green, the parish of which has been operating continuously since 1689.
I spent a couple of days in New Castle and then drove lightly northeast into the Brandywine Valley, ostensibly to do some research at the Winterthur library, but I spent more time in the museum and (you guess it) driving around looking for little stone houses. And on my way back home, I turned off the bridge right after I crossed into Jersey rather than before I crossed into Delawar: I wanted to go back to Salem County to hunt for more houses and see the city of Salem as well: I had driven through it days before but didn’t stop. It’s somewhat blighted, with boarded up houses on the main street, but other houses were perfectly restored: it seemed to have quite a bit of integrity and potential. Of course, this Salem has a historical society, and a completely over-the-top but unfortunately former city hall: I wonder what will become of it?
Salem, New Jersey: historical society, murals, and the “exuberant Queen Anne” former municipal building.
One last stop in old New Jersey and then I turned northward. Most of the patterned brick houses are in private hands and hard to find, but one has been turned into a state park: the Hancock House, in Alloway Township, or more particularly a little village within called Hancock’s Bridge. On this very day in 1778, raiding British rangers under the command of Major John Simcoe raided the house and bayoneted as many people as they could find inside: at the very least ten Patriot milita men and also the owner of the house, Judge William Hancock, who was a Loyalist and also, as a Quaker, a pacifist. This became known as the Massacre at Hancock’s Bridge, and just as I was arriving at the house on Saturday morning regiments of reenactors were as well, for the annual commemoration of the massacre. I couldn’t stay around, unfortunately, but I have borrowed a photograph from the HM 17th Regiment of Infantry in America’s facebook page, below. Then I drove home to Massachusetts, making just one stop along the way: at Guilford, Connecticut to see another very old stone house, the 1639 Henry Whitefield House.
Above: The Hancock House, 1734 and members of the HM 17th Regiment of Infantry in America, 1775-1784 on Saturday. Just two streets over, the Quaker Meeting House, built on land donated to the community by Judge Hancock, who was slain on March 21, 1778.
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https://www.newcastlepa.org/
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The City of New Castle, Pennsylvania
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2019-04-16T14:47:08+00:00
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Mayor Chris Frye welcomes You to New Castle, Pennsylvania - a great place to Live, Work & Visit!
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en
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The City of New Castle, Pennsylvania
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https://www.newcastlepa.org/
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Welcome you to historic New Castle, Pennsylvania. Located in Lawrence County between Pittsburgh, Cleveland & Erie, we are a close visit from just about anywhere!
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https://www.philadelphia-reflections.com/blog/450.htm
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Philadelphia Reflections: New Castle, Delaware
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Related Topics
Delaware (State of)
Originally the "lower counties" of Pennsylvania, and thus one of three Quaker colonies founded by William Penn, Delaware has developed its own set of traditions and history.
City of Rivers and Rivulets
Philadelphia has always been defined by the waters that surround it.
Sights to See: The Outer Ring
There are many interesting places to visit in the exurban ring beyond Philadelphia, linked to the city by history rather than commerce.
Revolutionary Philadelphia's Patriots
All kinds of people were patriots in 1776, and many of them were all mixed up about what was going on and how they stood. Hotheads in the London Coffee House stirred up about an inoffensive Tea Act, Scotch-Irish come here to escape the British Crown, the local artisan class and the local smuggler class, unexpectedly prospering under non-importation, and the local gentry -- offended to be denied seats in Parliament like other Englishmen. Pennsylvania wavered until Ben Franklin stepped forward with a plan.
Land Tour Around Delaware Bay
Start in Philadelphia, take two days to tour around Delaware Bay. Down the New Jersey side to Cape May, ferry over to Lewes, tour up to Dover and New Castle, visit Winterthur, Longwood Gardens, Brandywine Battlefield and art museum, then back to Philadelphia. Try it!
Railroad Town
It's generally agreed, railroads failed to adjust their fixed capacity to changing demands. It's less certain Philadelphia was pulled down by that collapsing rail system.
Philadelphia Places
New topic 2017-02-06 20:19:14 description
New Castle, Delaware
New Castle is easy to get to, but hard to find. It's right on Delaware Bay, at the start of the old National Road (Route 40), next to two huge bridges, a few miles from the main north-south turnpikes, a couple of miles from an airport -- and lost in a sea of suburban housing and highway slums. It's lost, so to speak, in plain sight.
And yet it is a perfect jewel of early American history and architecture. It's just as attractive and historically important as Williamsburg, Virginia, except these buildings are not reproductions, but the real thing. The town says it was founded in 1651 by Peter Stuyvesant, but Peter Minuit in 1638 could make a claim to be even earlier. Located at the narrow neck of the funnel that is Delaware Bay, it was a natural place to start a colony, eventually to be the capital of the state. The Delaware River makes a rightward turn at that point, and creates a river highway all the way to Trenton. But a few miles upriver at Tinicum, now Philadelphia International Airport, the river started to fill up with islands and snags; was it better to locate upriver or downriver from the narrows? New Castle was placed downriver.
But in 1777 the British fleet came to visit with hostile intent, and New Castle could look out the windows along the Strand right into the mouths of ships with twenty or thirty cannons pointing at them. Philadelphia, on the other hand, was protected upriver by a series of mud flats and barricades at Fort Mifflin that could quite effectively bar passage to enemy sailing ships. Delaware got the point, and shortly thereafter, the capital of Delaware was prudently moved to Dover, while even the county seat of New Castle County was moved to Wilmington. New Castle had a big fire in 1824; rebuilding afterward accounts for much of the present uniformly Federalist architecture. The final nail in the commercial coffin of the town was driven by the Pennsylvania Railroad, which just by-passed the town. For a century, this little architectural jewel just sat there in the fields, until the narrow neck of the Delmarva Peninsula became such a transportation crossroads that the fields filled up with construction more appropriate to Los Angeles. New Castle disappeared, without moving an inch.
For fifty years in Colonial days, the rector of Immanuel Episcopal Church in New Castle was one George Ross. His son, also named George Ross became a lawyer in Lancaster and signed the Declaration of Independence. His widowed daughter, Gertrude Ross Till married George Read, a lawyer in New Castle who also signed the Declaration. And, a third signer Thomas McKean, lived two houses away. George Read had studied law under John Moland, whose house served as Washington's headquarters in 1777.
The northern border of Delaware is a semicircle, with a twelve-mile radius based on the cupola of the New Castle courthouse. It was originally the border of New Castle County, and it proved to be slightly imperfect. In the first place, it extended across the Delaware River into New Jersey, but it was a nuisance to go there, so that segment of land was abandoned to New Jersey. However, the legal border of the State of Delaware, therefore, extends to the high-water bank of the river on the New Jersey side, rather than running down the middle of the river. The significance of this curiosity appeared when the Delaware Memorial Bridges were built, and all of the tolls go to Delaware, instead of being split between the states as is more customary. The other problem with the semi-circular arc was that three lines meet at the northwestern corner of Delaware, and each was defined in its own way. The Mason-Dixon line goes due east-west, the border with Maryland goes north-south, and the idea was that the semicircular arc would meet the other two lines at a point. However, the instructions could be read in two different ways, leaving a little "wedge" of territory that could be reasonably said to lie in either Pennsylvania or Delaware, depending on the sequence of describing them. This was certainly a circumstance where any decision was better than no decision, but it took until 1921 for the states to harrumph their way to a final pronouncement. In the meantime, the disputed wedge of land was a good place to have duels, cockfights and other matters of questionable legality.
REFERENCES
Lewes, Delaware: Celebrating 375 Years of History Kevin N. Moore ASIN: B006DL8TC6 Amazon
Originally published: Thursday, June 03, 1993; most-recently modified: Thursday, January 09, 2020
Posted by: DouglasWentworthCampbell | Aug 27, 2011 12:22 PM
Posted by: DouglasWentworthCampbell | Aug 27, 2011 12:15 PM
Posted by: Sally | Oct 18, 2010 8:15 AM
Posted by: Donald A.Reese | Jun 9, 2009 11:04 AM
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Delaware Colony
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The Dutch first settled Delaware in 1631, although all of the original settlers were killed in a disagreement with local Indians. Seven years later, the Swedes set up a colony and trading post at Fort Christina
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The Dutch, the Swedish, the Dutch Again, and the English
The Dutch first settled Delaware in 1631, although all of the original settlers were killed in a disagreement with local Indians. Seven years later, the Swedes set up a colony and trading post at Fort Christina in the northern part of Delaware. Today, Fort Christina is called Wilmington. In 1651, the Dutch reclaimed the area and built a fort near present day New Castle. By 1655, the Dutch had forcibly removed the Swedes from the area and reincorporated Delaware into their empire. In 1664, however, the British removed the Dutch from the east coast.
Originally Part of the Pennsylvania Charter
After William Penn was granted the land that became Pennsylvania in 1682, he persuaded the Duke of York to lease him the western shore of Delaware Bay so that his colony could have an outlet to the sea. The Duke agreed and henceforth, Penn's original charter included the northern sections of present-day Delaware, which became known as "The Lower Counties on the Delaware".
100-Year Family Feud
The decision by the Duke angered Lord Baltimore, the first proprietary governor of Maryland, who believed he had the rights to it. A lengthy and occasionally violent 100-year conflict between Penn’s heirs and Baltimore's heirs was finally settled when Delaware's border was defined in 1750 and when the Maryland/Pennsylvania and Maryland/Delaware borders were defined as part of the Mason-Dixon Line in 1768.
Delaware Colony Articles and Activities
Delaware Colony Reading Passage and Critical Thinking Multiple Choice Questions (Printable)
Delaware Colony Reading Passage and Critical Thinking Multiple Choice Questions (Interactive with Immediate Feeback and Score Report)
Who were the Quakers? Reading Passage and Critical Thinking Multiple Choice Questions (Printable)
Who were the Quakers? Reading Passage and Critical Thinking Multiple Choice Questions (Interactive with Immediate Feeback and Score Report)
13 Colonies Navigation
Massachusetts Bay Colony
New Hampshire Colony
Connecticut Colony
Rhode Island Colony
New York Colony
New Jersey Colony
Pennsylvania
Delaware Colony
Maryland Colony
Virginia Colony
North Carolina Colony
South Carolina Colony
Georgia Colony
Other 13 Colonies Articles
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https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/august-24/
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Today in History - August 24
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William Penn Acquires the Lower Counties | The Panic of 1857
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The Library of Congress
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https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/august-24/
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On August 24, 1682, the Duke of York awarded Englishman William Penn a deed to the “Three Lower Counties” that make up the present state of Delaware, recently transferred from Dutch to British jurisdiction. Penn acquired this tract of land just west of the Delaware Bay in order to ensure ocean access for his new colony of Pennsylvania. While Delaware established its own assembly in 1704, it was not until shortly after July, 1776, that Delaware became a separate state. On December 7, 1787, Delaware was the “first state” to ratify the new U.S. Constitution, thereby earning its current proud nickname.
The final boundary separating Delaware from Pennsylvania and a portion of Maryland is an unusual one, featuring the arc of a circle defined by a twelve-mile radius centered on the courthouse at New Castle. An ongoing dispute between Penn and Maryland’s Lord Baltimore about the extent of each’s territory had led to this unique resolution. The same dispute spurred the creation of the famous Mason-Dixon Line in 1763, when British surveyors Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon were selected to establish a definitive Maryland-Pennsylvania border—a task that took five years to complete. This line, moving west, came to symbolize the divisions of North from South in the years before the American Civil War.
Before Penn, Delaware’s fertile coastal plain attracted the Lenni-Lenape (also known as Delaware Indians), who supported themselves by farming, hunting, and fishing. Swedes, the region’s first permanent European settlers, arrived in the late 1630s, establishing themselves in what is now Wilmington. With its accessibility to other ports, especially the Port of Philadelphia twenty-five miles to the northeast, and its abundance of natural resources, the Wilmington area flourished as a center for saw, paper, and flour mills, aided by creation of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. Later, Wilmington served as home to DuPont’s extensive chemical industries, and to the many banks incorporated in the state.
In 1802, French immigrant Eleuthère Irénée du Pont de Nemours founded DuPontExternal, one of the world’s oldest continuously operating industrial enterprises, as a gunpowder mill outside of Wilmington. While it has transformed itself over the years, the company remains an influential force in the economic life of Delaware, and its founding du Pont family a fixture of the state’s history and institutional growth.
When Delaware sided with the Union during the Civil War, its vital river route was protected by a three-point defense consisting of Fort DuPont on the Delaware shore, Fort Mott on the New Jersey shore, and Fort Delaware in the center of the river. Fort Delaware is perhaps the best known of the three forts because it was used by the Union army to house Confederate prisoners of war, some of whom published their own newspaper. After the Battle of Gettysburg, the fort held a teeming 12,500 prisoners.
One of Delaware’s richest cultural treasures is the former country estate of Henry Francis du Pont, now known as the Winterthur MuseumExternal. A showcase for du Pont’s collection of American decorative arts and architectural interiors, the museum features almost two hundred rooms decorated with objects made or used in America between 1640 and 1860. Winterthur has also become a center for the study of American art and objects, featuring several graduate programs and a premier libraryExternal collection.
The major financial catalyst for the panic of 1857 was the August 24, 1857, failure of the New York branch of the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company. It was soon reported that the entire capital of the Trust’s home office had been embezzled. What followed was one of the most severe economic crises in U.S. history.
The history of the panic is clearly divisible into…two periods: the former, when the banks took the initiative…and the latter, in which the depositors seized it…
The Banks of New York, Their Dealers, the Clearing-House, and the Panic of 1857External, by J. S. Gibbons. New York: Published by D. Appleton & Co., 1858. p. 361 Making of America: BooksExternal
Almost immediately, New York bankers put severe restrictions on even the most routine transactions. In turn, many people interpreted these restrictions as a sign of impending financial collapse and panicked. Individual holders of stock and of commercial paper rushed to their brokers and eagerly made deals that “a week before they would have shunned as a ruinous sacrifice.” As the September 12, 1857, Harper’s Weekly described the scene on the New York Stock Exchange, “…prominent stocks fell eight or ten per cent in a day, and fortunes were made and lost between ten o’clock in the morning and four of the afternoon.”
The Report of the Clearinghouse Committee, produced in the years following the panic of 1857, found that “A financial panic has been likened to a malignant epidemic, which kills more by terror than by real disease.” Yet behind the reaction of New York’s bankers to the closing of a trust company lay a confluence of national and international events that heightened concern:
the British withdrew capital from U.S. banks
grain prices fell
Russia undersold U.S. cotton on the open market
manufactured goods lay in surplus
railroads overbuilt and some defaulted on debts
land schemes and projects dependent on new rail routes failed
To compound the problem, the SS Central America, a wooden-hulled steamship transporting millions of dollars in gold from the new San Francisco Mint to create a reserve for eastern banks, was caught in a hurricane and sunk in mid-September. (The vessel had aboard 581 persons—many carrying great personal wealth—and more than $1 million in commercial gold. She also bore a secret shipment of 15 tons of federal gold, valued at $20 per ounce, intended for the eastern banks.)
As banking institutions of the day dealt in specie (gold and silver coins instead of paper money) the loss of some thirty thousand pounds of gold reverberated through the financial community. Howell Cobb, secretary of the treasury, encouraged not only the placement of vast amounts of such government gold on the market, but also redemption of government bonds at a premium. At his suggestion, President James Buchanan proposed to Congress that the Treasury be authorized to sell revenue bonds for the first time since the Mexican American War.
Although bankers showed the first signs of concern, depositors soon followed. On October 3 there was a marked increase of withdrawals in New York, and over the next two weeks withdrawals nearly quadrupled. Reports of financial instability, perhaps exaggerated, were quickly carried between cities by the new telecommunications medium, the telegraph.
As the public’s faith in soundness of financial institutions continued to plummet, the nation’s banks began to collapse. Although the East Coast was hardest hit—with bank closures in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and elsewhere–bank failures also reached across the Missouri River to cities such as Omaha. The climax came on October 14, Suspension Day, when banking was suspended in New York and throughout New England.
The term panic refers to the worst moments of a financial crisis. What follows is frequently a recession (a period of reduced economic activity) or a depression (a more serious and prolonged period of low economic activity, marked especially by rising unemployment). The contraction of the economy that followed the panic of 1857 was profound and had parallels in Europe, South America, South Africa, and the Far East causing it to be held as the first worldwide economic crisis. In the U.S., the setback caused significant job loss, a major slowdown in capital investment, commerce, land development, and the formation of unions, as well as in the rate of immigration. The effects of the “revulsion,” as it was referred to at the time, lasted a full eighteen months and reverberated until the onset of the Civil War.
Harper’s Weekly for September 12, 1857, took a dim view of dealings on the New York Stock Exchange. They claimed that the greed of speculators underlay the panic and gave examples that included the following:
…Jones believes that we are going to have a “crisis,” a “revulsion,” and “panic.” Or Jones as treasurer of the New Gauge Railway, and having access to the books, knows that it is insolvent. In both these cases Jones directs his broker to sell for his account so many shares of the New Gauge Railway…retaining the right of delivering the stock on any day he pleases prior to the conclusion of the contract. Of course, Jones doesn’t own the stock he sells; he intends to buy it at a reduced price at the time he delivers. Now, if Jones has been right in his prognostications — if the panic and crisis do come, or if the New Gauge Company does turn out to be insolvent, of course the stock goes down, and Jones buys in for delivery at the reduced price, realizing the difference between that price and the one at which he sold. But if Jones has been wrong — if the crisis don’t come, or is unduly postponed — such things have been known to occur — if the New Gauge concern should prove profitable, and not insolvent, why then the stock might go up, and at the end of the contract Jones might be forced to buy for, say $50, that which he sold at $45 — netting a loss of $5 per share.
In the late 1980s the wreck of the SS Central America was located about 8,000 feet under water. One ton of extraordinary riches surfaced including the world’s largest bar of gold ingot, weighing more than eighty pounds, and thousands of 1857-S Liberty Double Eagle twenty-dollar gold pieces, each of which contained nearly a full ounce of gold.
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https://libraries.psu.edu/about/collections/unearthing-past-student-research-pennsylvania-history/new-sweden-brief-history
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New Sweden: A Brief History
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by Elizabeth Covart The history of New Sweden began in 1637 with the founding of the New Sweden Company. The formation of the Company was the brainchild of Dutch, German, and Swedish investors who convinced Axel Oxenstierna, Chancellor of the Realm and Queen Christina’s regent,(1) that Sweden stood to profit in the tobacco and fur trades of North America.
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en
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/themes/custom/psul_theme/favicon.ico
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Penn State University Libraries
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https://libraries.psu.edu/about/collections/unearthing-past-student-research-pennsylvania-history/new-sweden-brief-history
|
by Elizabeth Covart
The history of New Sweden began in 1637 with the founding of the New Sweden Company. The formation of the Company was the brainchild of Dutch, German, and Swedish investors who convinced Axel Oxenstierna, Chancellor of the Realm and Queen Christina’s regent,(1) that Sweden stood to profit in the tobacco and fur trades of North America.
Hoping to advance its world power status and become a dominant member of the European economic market, the Swedish government permitted the Company to form and Peter Minuit was brought in from the Netherlands to lead Sweden’s first New World expedition.(2)
Minuit, the former Governor of New Netherlands and famous purchaser of Manhattan, was the perfect choice for the New Sweden Company’s expedition leader. Minuit was still disgruntled over his 1631 recall to Holland and was willing to retaliate against the Dutch by working for the advantage of the Swedes.(3)
With map in hand, Minuit showed the Swedish government where he thought the boundary lines of the French, English, Spanish, and Dutch colonies were. In between England’s claim to Virginia and the Dutch claim to New Amsterdam, Minuit pointed to a vast amount of land from the Minquas Kill, the present-day Christina River, up to Sankikan Kill, present-day Trenton, New Jersey, which was currently unoccupied.(4) The land between those two points, and along both banks of the Delaware River,was chosen as the place for Sweden’s colony.
In December 1637, Minuit and his settlers began their trip across the Atlantic from Goethenburg, Sweden. The travelers landed on the banks of the Delaware in the spring of 1638, disembarked, and met with the local Native Americans to purchase the land. Minuit and his Lenape translator, Andres Lucassen, met with Mattahorn, Mitatsemint, Eru Packen, Mohomen, and Chiton, the five local Lenape Chiefs and purchased sixty-seven miles of Delaware River frontage, centering around Minquas Kill, and extending as far west as the “setting sun.”(5) With title in hand the Swedes began building their first outpost, Fort Christina, which today would sit in Wilmington, Delaware.
After constructing the fort, Minuit boarded his ship, in June 1639, and set sail for Gothenburg to let the Swedish government know that they now had a colony in the New World. At Fort Christina, Minuit left behind twenty-three soldiers, Antonius, a black slave, and the colony’s first Commissioner, Hendrick Huygen. Unlike the English settlers of New England and Virginia, the Swedes were fortunate to settle in an area where the Native Americans were sedentary and had huge farms. After establishing good trading relations with the Algonquin tribes, most notably the Lenape and Minquas, the Swedes were able to buy Indian corn, apples, plums, watermelons, grapes, beans, turkeys, geese, fish, venison, moose, and bear to make it through their first season.(6)
In the spring of 1640, the second Swedish expedition landed with supplies, more soldiers, a chaplain, colonists, goods to be traded with the Indians, and the new Governor, Peter Hollender Ridder. Ridder was pivotal in the colony’s expansion. Though the Swedes had more than enough land for its small population, Ridder insisted on expanding the colony’s boundaries. With the aid of some soldiers and a sloop, Ridder sailed north on the Delaware River and defiantly passed the Dutch Fort Nassau, located in present-day Gloucester City, New Jersey. Well beyond Fort Nassau, Ridder met with the local Indian chiefs and bought a title to the land from the Schuylkill tributary to Trenton, New Jersey.
Today, the combined purchases of Minuit and Ridder would comprise one hundred and twenty miles of land on both banks of the Delaware, from just north of Trenton, New Jersey to as far south as Wilmington, Delaware—including the land that the Dutch Fort Nassau sat on.(7)
The Dutch had begun to protest Swedish claims to the land on the Delaware as early as 1639, but since they, like the Swedes, had few soldiers, neither side was able make a decisive move against the other.(8) Around late 1641-early 1642, however, the two groups temporarily stopped bickering and combined their efforts to evict a group of sixty English men and women, who had come to establish England’s claim to the region.
The first English settlers on the Delaware River were representatives of the English Delaware Company based in New Haven, Connecticut. Finding the area around the Delaware to be sparsely populated, the Company was successful in purchasing tracts of land from the region’s Indians. Having purchased its land, the Company sent a group of sixty settlers to establish two new communities; one at the mouth of the Schuylkill River and the other at Varkens Kill or present-day Salem, New Jersey. Both the Swedes and the Dutch felt threatened by the English presence and their almost instantaneous monopolization of the region’s Indian fur trade. Tired of having to compete for furs and living in fear of their developing a more substantial settlement, the Swedes and Dutch joined forces and forcibly removed the English from the region.(9)
By 1642, the New Sweden Company became the sole property of the Swedish government. Though the colony had expanded and thrived since its start in 1638, the profits that were projected in 1637 were not forthcoming and as a result the Company’s private financiers relinquished their shares to the government. Now fully in control of their colony, the Swedish government appointed Johan Printz as the colony’s Governor. Before setting sail from Gothenburg in 1642, Oxenstierna sent Printz a list of instructions so that he might know the extent of his gubernatorial power and exactly what the Crown expected from him.
With dark, unforgiving eyes, a protruding jaw, and a girth of approximately four hundred pounds, which led the local Indians to call him “Mighty Belly,” Printz had a commanding presence. The day after his February 15, 1643 arrival, Printz set to work plotting strategic points along the Delaware where forts, blockhouses, and farms could be built. Almost immediately Printz and his Swedes set to work building their second fort, Fort Elfsborg, on the site of the former English colony of Varkens Kill. The purpose of the fort was to, in combination with Fort Christina, control the opening of the Delaware and the Dutch at Fort Nassau.
Also in 1643, Printz established the official capital of New Sweden on Tinicum Island, which lies in the Delaware River just southwest of present-day Philadelphia. In honor of Sweden’s major port, where the majority of New Sweden’s settlers departed from, Printz named the capital New Gothenburg and had both his house, Printzhof, and a new fort built there.(10) In addition, Printz also built Fort Korsholm, near present-day Chester, Pennsylvania, in 1647 to add to the Swedes’ defense.
What is interesting about Printz’s rule, is not only was he New Sweden’s longest reigning Governor, 1643-1653, but he also managed to keep the Swedes on good terms with the Indians. It seemed that every colony in North America had problems with neighboring tribes. The French quarreled with the Iroquois, the Dutch with the Algonquins, and the Southern English with the Susquehannocks or Minquas as they were called in New Sweden. Unlike the Swedes, the English carried out-right extermination against the Minquas. From 1643-1644 the animosity and violence between the Indians and the English escalated into massacres on both sides. Printz had strict orders to maintain favorable relations with the Indians and he followed through on them, which allowed the Swedes to continue trading with the Indians.(11)
Between 1651-1653 New Sweden began to decline. The Swedish government had lost interest in its colony, which was evident as they did not send a single supply ship or any ship, from 1648-1654.(12) Part of this neglect was due to the fact that all of the colony’s supply ships, which for the first five years of Printz’s governorship came with some regularity, were commandeered by the Swedish government to help in its war against the Netherlands.
Another reason for the colony’s decline was that in 1647 the Dutch sent a new governor, Peter Stuyvesant, who was as quick to take action and defend his colony’s right to the Delaware as Printz was. Without supply ships and reinforcements, Printz was a lame-duck.(13)
For the next six years, Stuyvesant and Printz fought each other over their respective country’s claims to the Delaware.
Unfortunately for Printz, Stuyvesant often had the upper hand. He received regular ships filled with supplies and reinforcements while Printz did not receive a single ship. Stuyvesant had soldiers who were full of confidence about the Dutch colony; Printz was constantly trying to keep his soldiers and settlers from deserting to Maryland or New Amsterdam.
Left with few men to fight, Printz abandoned both Fort Elfsborg and Fort Korsholm in order to concentrate his forces at Fort Christina and New Gothenburg, allowing the Christina River to become the de facto boundary between New Sweden and New Netherlands.(14) Seeing that his opponent was weak, Stuyvesant seized the opportunity to establish Fort Casimir, near present-day New Castle, Delaware, just five miles below Fort Christina, in 1651.
By abandoning Fort Nassau and strengthening Fort Casimir with its resources, Stuyvesant was better able to keep Printz in check and control ship traffic on the Delaware.(15)
Faced with the many problems that Stuyvesant caused for him and with the problems created by Sweden’s temporary abandonment of their colony, Printz often had to rule with an “iron fist” to keep his colonists and soldiers from deserting. In 1653, Printz was presented with a document signed by twenty-two colonists, one-fourth of New Sweden’s male population. In the document, the colonists reported that they no longer felt safe in New Sweden and complained about Printz’s restrictions concerning their trading with the Indians and other non-Swedish Christians. The document also accused Printz of abusing the powers of his office; Printz did not take this document well and declared it an act of mutiny. In response, to the colonists’ accusations, Printz had their leader arrested, tried, and executed by a firing squad.
Frustrated with the lack of support from home and the dissatisfaction of his colonists, Printz packed his bags and left for Old Sweden in late 1653.(16) He was officially replaced in 1654 with Johan Rising. With Rising came a supply ship which not only contained material supplies for the colony, but a group of two hundred and fifty new colonists to replenish its near-extinct population of seventy. Unfortunately for Rising, a man with great vision and plans for New Sweden, he was only able to govern for year.
Yet, during that year he was very active; he evicted the Dutch from Fort Casimir and re-named it Fort Trinity, which allowed New Sweden to reassume control of the Delaware River, and he encouraged more settlers to come over from Old Sweden, which allowed the colony to boast a population of three hundred and sixty-eight, but he was not able to stave off the famine and disease that decimated the colony.(17)
By 1655, Dutch General Stuyvesant was done dealing with the Swedes and their desire to control the Delaware. With three hundred and seventeen soldiers and seven armed ships, Stuyvesant invaded New Sweden and took its forts one by one, ending with Fort Christina in September 1655. Stuyvesant’s capturing of Fort Christina marked the end of New Sweden and Swedish claims to the New World.(18)
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Delaware ‑ Capital, Map & State
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Delaware, one of the smallest but most densely populated states, was the first of the original 13 colonies to ratify the U.S. Constitution in 1787.
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HISTORY
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https://www.history.com/topics/us-states/delaware
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Delaware's Native American History
Paleo-Indians inhabited the area now known as Delaware at least 12,000 years ago. Thousands of years later, various Native American tribes, including the Algonquian, Lenape, Nanticoke and others, lived in settled communities, farmed and traded along the region’s waterways.
The Dutch and Swedes arrived in the early 17th century, with the Dutch founding the colony of New Sweden. The region’s name comes from the Delaware River and Delaware Bay, named after Sir Thomas West, Lord De La Warr, an English nobleman who became the first colonial governor of Virginia.
European-introduced diseases, including smallpox and measles, killed many Native Americans in the Delaware Valley, and conflict over land and with the Iroquois Confederacy forced most surviving Lenape to relocate.
Delaware's Colonial History
English Explorer Henry Hudson’s 1609 discovery of Delaware Bay led to European settlements in the area. In 1631, Dutch traders established Zwaanendael (archaic Dutch for "swan valley”) near present-day Lewes, which members of the Lenape tribe destroyed due to cultural misunderstandings. In 1638, Swedish settlers founded Fort Christina, now Wilmington, the first permanent European settlement in Delaware. New Castle, founded in 1651, was another significant settlement, serving as a major colonial port.
The Dutch and Swedes clashed over the territory, leading to the Dutch-Swedish War (1655-1657). The war ended with Dutch control, but the English seized the territory in 1664, incorporating it into the English colony of New York. William Penn gained the land in 1682, putting it under Pennsylvania governance, and in 1703, it was granted its own provincial assembly until 1776, when it became its own colony.
Delaware and the American Revolution
In 1776, during the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783), Delaware’s delegates were divided on whether to vote for the Declaration of Independence. Famously, Caesar Rodney, elected to serve as the first president of Delaware two years later, rode 70 miles in the rain from Dover to Philadelphia to cast his vote for independence from England.
Delaware’s location along the Atlantic coast made it a strategic asset for trade and military operations during the war. The state contributed troops, including the Delaware Regiment and the “Blue Hen Chicks,” but saw only one Revolutionary War battle in 1777, at the Battle of Cooch’s Bridge.
Following the British defeat, delegates to the Constitutional Convention drafted a new U.S. Constitution, and Delaware was the first state to ratify it on December 7, 1787.
Delaware and the Civil War
A border state, Delaware was a slave state in 1861, divided between its northern and the southern population, much like the nation. However, it remained in the Union during the Civil War (1861-1865). When asked to join the Confederate cause, Delaware Governor William Burton said, “As the first state to join the Union, Delaware will be the last state to leave it.”
Fort Delaware became a significant site during the war, holding Confederate prisoners, and nearly 12,000 Delawareans fought for the Union Army, while approximately 2,000 joined the Confederacy.
Wilmington’s Quaker population played a crucial role in the Underground Railroad, helping enslaved people escape to freedom. However, despite the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, slavery continued in Delaware until the 13th Amendment was ratified in 1865. Delaware enforced Jim Crow laws into the late 1960s.
Delaware's Industrial Revolution and Economic Growth
Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, Delaware saw waves of immigration, particularly from Ireland, Germany and Italy, as people sought work in the state’s growing industries, which played an important role in the American Industrial Revolution.
Among the most notable was French immigrant Éleuthère Irénée du Pont de Nemours, founder of the gunpowder-producing DuPont company founded near Wilmington in 1802. DuPont expanded, developing innovations such as nylon, neoprene, Teflon, Mylar, Kevlar, Lycra, Styrofoam and more, and remains in Wilmington as one of the nation’s oldest companies.
The state was key in shipbuilding, gunpowder production, and later chemical manufacturing. It is home to the first automated flour mills and the invention of the high-pressure steam engine. Agricultural output in Delaware includes poultry, dairy products, corn and soybeans.
Delaware’s industries were crucial in supplying materials during both World Wars. Post-war, the state’s economy diversified into finance and corporate services, with Wilmington becoming a hub for credit card banking and corporate headquarters.
Delaware Quick Facts
Date of Statehood: December 7, 1787
Capital: Dover
Population: 989,948 (2020 U.S. Census)
Size: 1,949 square miles
Nickname: The First State
Motto: Liberty and Independence
Tree: American Holly
Flower: Peach Blossom
Bird: Delaware Blue Hen
Delaware Interesting Facts
Delaware is home to twice as many chickens as people.
The state has three counties (the fewest of any state): New Castle to the North, Kent in the center and Sussex to the South.
Delaware does not have a state sales tax.
The News Journal, one of the nation’s oldest newspapers, was established in 1785.
The Delaware Bay is home to the world’s largest horseshoe crab population.
Notable Delaware residents have included U.S. President Joe Biden, Howard Pyle, author of The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood, Dr. Henry Heimlich of the Heimlich Maneuver, and astronomer Annie Jump Cannon.
The official state song is “Our Delaware.”
Delaware is the second-smallest state in the country, measuring 96 miles long and 35 miles wide.
The nation’s first commercially produced ice cream was made in the state in 1851.
Peach pie has been the official state dessert since 2009.
In addition to “The First State,” Delaware is also known as the “Blue Hen State” (after a Revolutionary War regiment), “The Diamond State” (Thomas Jefferson reportedly called Delaware a “jewel”), and “Small Wonder” (owing to its small land mass but large contributions).
Sources
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https://www.dgs.udel.edu/delaware-geology/summary-geologic-history-delaware
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A Summary of the Geologic History of Delaware
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https://www.dgs.udel.edu/sites/default/files/favicon_0.ico
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The State of Delaware is located within two physiographic provinces, the Appalachian Piedmont and the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The Fall Zone divides these two provinces and essentially runs parallel to Delaware Rt. 2, Kirkwood Highway.
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/sites/default/files/favicon_0.ico
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https://www.dgs.udel.edu/delaware-geology/summary-geologic-history-delaware
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The State of Delaware is located within two physiographic provinces, the Appalachian Piedmont and the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Most of the state lies within the Coastal Plain; it is only the hills of northern New Castle County that lie within the Piedmont. Piedmont means foothills. Delaware's rolling hills, which rise to over 400 feet above sea level, are a part of the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains. The rocks at the surface in the Piedmont are old, deformed, metamorphic rocks that were once buried in the core of an ancient mountain range. This range formed early in a series of tectonic events that built the Appalachians between about 543 and 250 million years ago. During an early event, called the Taconic orogeny, an offshore chain of volcanoes collided with the ancient North American continental margin to push up a gigantic mountain range that was as tall as the Alps or the Rockies of today. Geologists date the Taconic orogeny between 470 and 440 million years ago. The Taconic orogeny is important to our understanding of the geology of Delaware, because during this event, the rocks of Delaware's Piedmont were deeply buried under miles of overlying rock and metamorphosed by heat from the underlying mantle. Since that time, rivers and streams have carried the erosional products, mostly sand, clay, and gravel, from the mountains onto the Atlantic Coastal Plain and continental shelf. As the mountains wear down, the buried rocks rebound and rise to the surface. Thus what we see in the Piedmont today are old, deformed, metamorphic rocks that were once buried deep within an ancient mountain range.
The oldest rocks in Delaware also preserve the history of an earlier mountain-building event called the Grenville orogeny. This event occurred approximately one billion years ago. Within Delaware's Piedmont, five distinct rock units can be recognized: (1) rocks of the volcanic arc (Wilmington Complex), (2) rocks formed from the mud and sand deposited in the deep ocean that existed between the volcanic arc and the ancient continental margin (Wissahickon Fm.), (3 & 4) rocks that were once sand and carbonates (calcite and dolomite) lying on the shallow shelf of the ancient continental margin (Setters Fm. and Cockeysville Marble), and (5) rocks of the ancient North American continent (Baltimore Gneiss). The names given to these units indicate the geographic area where they were first identified. Because of the total absence of fossils, determining the age of the Piedmont rocks has always been difficult. Age must be determined either by correlation with units elsewhere in the Piedmont, or by calculating radiometric ages from measurements of radioactive elements and their decay products (usually uranium-lead). Fall Line Delaware's Piedmont ends at the Fall Line where the metamorphic rocks dip under and disappear beneath the sediments of the Coastal Plain. The Fall Line roughly follows Kirkwood Highway, Route 2, across the state between Newark and Wilmington. Parallel to the Fall Line is a narrow zone where rapids and waterfalls are common. Delaware's early settlers built near the rapids using the energy generated from the falls to power their mills. Explorers and sea captains of the colonial period found the bays, rivers, and streams of the Coastal Plain navigable until they reached the fall zone. Here it was necessary to dock their ships, unload the cargo, and move it inland by rail or road. Many of the settlements that grew around these unloading sites later became large cities. Richmond, Washington, Baltimore, Wilmington, and Philadelphia are cities built around ports located along the fall zone. Atlantic Coastal Plain Delaware's Coastal Plain rises to about 100 feet above sea level. Its streams drain into the Delaware River or Bay, and for much of their length they are tidal. The Coastal Plain is made up of sediments, mostly silt, sand, and gravel, that have been eroded off the Piedmont and adjacent Appalachian Mountains. In cross section these sediments form a southeastward thickening wedge that increases from 0 feet at the Fall Line to over 10,000 feet along Delaware's coast. Offshore, on the continental shelf, the sediments become even thicker with reported thicknesses of 8 to 10 miles. In the 1970s and 1980s, exploratory drilling in this thick pile of sediments found no commercial deposits of gas or oil, although one noncommercial gas deposit was discovered. Underlying the sand, silt, and gravel of the Coastal Plain lie consolidated rocks that geologists refer to as the basement. While test drilling into the basement near the Fall Line, metamorphosed and deformed rocks similar to those of the Piedmont were extracted; therefore, the basement is probably a subsurface extension of the Piedmont.
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Pennsylvania ‑ State, Map & Capital
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2009-11-09T15:11:53+00:00
|
Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn as a haven for his fellow Quakers, and became known as the birthplace of independence as one of the 13 colonies.
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en
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HISTORY
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https://www.history.com/topics/us-states/pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania’s Early Colonial History
The first English charter to colonize land in the New World that is today known as Pennsylvania was set forth by King Charles II as a way to repay William Penn, a member of upper-class nobility, whose father had lent the king money before his death. Penn was a supporter of the Society of Friends, or Quakers, a controversial religion at the time that rejected rituals and oaths and opposed war. Penn wanted to create a haven for his persecuted friends in the New World and asked the King to grant him land in the territory between the province of Maryland and the province of New York.
On March 4, 1681, King Charles signed the Charter of Pennsylvania, and it was officially proclaimed on April 2. The king named the colony after Penn’s father, Admiral Sir Penn. In October 1682, Penn sent a proprietor to Pennsylvania who visited the capital city Philadelphia, created the three original counties and summoned a General Assembly to Chester on December 4.
Native Americans in Pennsylvania
Before Penn was granted land rights to build his colony, King Charles and his heirs bought the claims of the Native Americans who lived in the region. By 1768, all of present Pennsylvania except the northwestern third was purchased. Despite a seemingly peaceful transition of land, after multiple battles and failed attempts to live harmoniously, many of Pennsylvania’s Native Americans gradually left and migrated west.
Penn, on behalf of the Quakers, initially sought peace with the Lenape, one of the most prominent Native American tribes that occupied the region. The two groups signed the Treaty of Shackamaxon in 1682 which effectively formalized the purchase of the land and declared peace between the two groups.
The relationship between natives and settlers soured over the years as a result of miscommunication, an increase in the number of English colonizers coming to Pennsylvania, outward land expansion, disease and, most notably, a transfer of power. After he died, Penn gave control of the land to his sons, John and Thomas, who were known to sell parts of the land without consent from the local tribes. Eventually, colonial officials called on the Iroquois, another prominent local Native tribe, to help remove the Lenape from the land in 1741. From there, the Lenape to Indiana, Kansas and Oklahoma before further splintering into different groups.
Industrialization in Philadelphia
During the late 1800s, Philadelphia was the leader in industrial production, especially in manufacturing. The city was the world’s largest and most varied manufacturer of textile weaving including Weavers at the Quaker Lace Company, the Pennsylvania Woven Carpet Mills and the New Glen Echo Mills. The Cramp Shipyards, a producer of passenger steamships and warships, also helped pave the way for the state’s industrial profile. The Cramp Shipyards built the St. Louis, St. Paul and the USS Maine and supplied numerous federal governments with armored warships including the United States, Turkey, Russia and Japan.
Fueling the industry at this time relied heavily on Pennsylvania’s natural resources. The state became a major oil refinery and storage center. Reading Terminal became a hub for locomotive transportation and innovation across the country. The terminal often featured Baldwin’s steam locomotives, which were considered state-of-the-art and manufactured for countries including Russia, Finland, New Zealand, Brazil and Chile.
Population Shifts During the 1900s
Pennsylvania’s industry extended overseas and brought over more people from Germany, the Far East and South America. More than one million people arrived in Pennsylvania between 1870 and the early 1900s. Similar to other major cities at the time, immigrants grouped themselves by income and ethnicity. (Neighborhoods such as Southwark, Spring Garden and Northern Liberties comprised a larger population of Latin American residents, many of who worked as cigar makers and at Baldwin Locomotive Works.)
Newspapers in foreign languages and mutual aid networks sprouted as more immigrants moved into Pennsylvania. Amateur and professional baseball teams, department stores, a new free library system and theaters also came about around the same time. (The African American-led Pythian Baseball Club and the Cuban Giants emerged in the 1860s and 1880s, respectively, around the same time as the Philadelphia Phillies.)
Around the early 1900s, educational opportunities became more readily available through expanding colleges and universities. The University of Pennsylvania, for example, added several graduate programs, admitted women to them, and enrolled students of color. Meanwhile, the Woman’s Medical College of Pennsylvania brought African American women from the south and students from India, Japan and Syria. It was the only college in the world at the time to train female physicians.
Philadelphia: The Birthplace of Independence
The “City of Brotherly Love” as it's known is where the Continental Congress held its first meeting and where the Declaration of Independence, U.S. Constitution and the Gettysburg Address were written. Philadelphia was home to Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, Thomas Paine, members of the Founding Fathers and many of America’s early thinkers. The city is also the site of many firsts including the first mass celebrated in an American Catholic church and the first U.S. hospital.
Pennsylvania: The Chocolate State
When Isaac Hershey purchased four tracts of land in what is today known as Dauphin County, chocolate hadn’t yet been invented, let alone popularized. But in just a few decades, his great-grandson, Milton Hershey, would become one of the most famous chocolatiers in the world and transformed their homestead into the unofficial chocolate capital of the country.
Milton ended his formal education in 1871 and worked with a printer before starting an apprenticeship with Joseph R. Royer, a confectioner in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. After learning the trade, Milton opened his first business making and selling candy on Garden Street in Philadelphia in 1876. However, the business closed in 1882, and Milton traveled the country honing his trade before opening a location in Lancaster for his third confectionery business specializing in caramels.
In 1884, Milton made the Hershey Chocolate Company a subsidiary of the already established Lancaster Caramel Company. Not long after, he sold the Lancaster Caramel Company to focus on making chocolate and broke ground on the first Hershey chocolate factory in his hometown in Derry Township, Pennsylvania. Hershey Chocolate was first sold commercially on April 17, 1895, and the company began marketing its signature Milk Chocolate bars in 1900. The Hershey Chocolate Factory was completed in 1905.
Because of Hershey's success, Milton was able to fund the town of Hershey and his Hershey Industrial School for orphan boys. At the same time the company was coming up and its park was being built, the town of Hershey flourished with its own post office, fire department, bank, hotel, public school, churches, parks and golf courses.
Today, the Hershey name decorates numerous buildings in the town known for its chocolate factory, hotel and theme park as well as its community and cultural and educational institutions.
Date of Statehood: December 12, 1787
Capital: Harrisburg
Population: 12,702,379 (2010)
Size: 46,055 square miles
Nickname(s): Keystone State
Motto: Virtue, Liberty and Independence
Tree: Hemlock
Flower: Mountain Laurel
Bird: Ruffed Grouse
Interesting Facts
Named by Governor William Penn after his arrival in the New World in 1682, Philadelphia combined the Greek words for love (phileo) and brother (adelphos), engendering its nickname of “the city of brotherly love.”
Although born in Boston, Philadelphia claims Ben Franklin as one of its sons as the renowned statesman, scientist, writer and inventor moved to the city at the age of 17. Responsible for many civic improvements, Franklin founded the Library Company of Philadelphia in 1731 and organized the Union Fire Company in 1736.
On September 18, 1777, fearing that the approaching British army would seize and melt the Liberty Bell for ammunition, 200 cavalrymen transported the iconic symbol of freedom by caravan from the Philadelphia State House to the basement of the Zion Reformed Church in Allentown, where it remained until the British finally left in June of 1778.
Now the largest city in Pennsylvania, Philadelphia served as the nation’s capital from 1790 until a permanent capital was established in Washington, D.C., in 1800. Both the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution were signed in Philadelphia.
In July of 1952, Jonas Salk developed the first polio vaccine from the killed virus at the University of Pittsburgh. First tested on himself and his family, the vaccine was made available nationwide a few years later. The vaccine reduced the number of polio cases from nearly 29,000 in 1955 to less than 6,000 in 1957.
In 1903, the Boston Americans and Pittsburgh Pirates competed against each other in the first official World Series of Major League Baseball at Exposition Park in Pittsburgh. In the best-of-nine series, Boston won five games to three.
The worst nuclear accident in United States history occurred on March 28, 1979, on Three Mile Island near Harrisburg. Caused by a series of system malfunctions and human errors, the plant’s nuclear reactor core partially melted, and thousands of residents were evacuated or fled the area, fearing exposure to radiation.
William Penn initially requested his land grant be named “Sylvania,” from the Latin for “woods.” Charles II instead named it “Pennsylvania,” after Penn’s father, causing Penn to worry that settlers would believe he named it after himself.
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https://www1.udel.edu/researchmagazine/issue/vol3_no2/new_castle.html
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University of Delaware Research
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This exciting magazine showcases the discoveries, inventions and excellence of UD's faculty, staff and students.
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There’s a time-stood-still feeling that permeates old New Castle, with a past so rich and pervasive that walking the cobblestone street is like entering an 18th-century painting.
Buildings have been preserved; gardens restored. But as Lu Ann De Cunzo learned early in her career, “Most people don’t think of themselves as responsible for what’s below the ground.”
And that’s where her story begins.
A professor of anthropology and early American culture, De Cunzo has long been fascinated by the ability to unearth stories of the past. New Castle, which she has studied and excavated for nearly 20 years now, is her research home.
Historic New Castle
From the Federal architecture of the brick row houses that line the Delaware River, to the building where William Penn was rumored to have entered after first setting foot on American soil, the small port town is a historical gem.
New Castle’s history is rife with tales of conquest and defeat, beginning in 1651, when the Dutch West India Company asserted its claim on the Delaware land. Initially named Fort Casimir, it was prime real estate, serving as a trading post with Native Americans and as fortification against European ships engaged in the fur and tobacco trade. Three years later, it was seized and renamed Fort Trinity by the Swedes as part of New Sweden, only to be conquered by the Dutch the following year and named New Amstel, by England nearly 10 years later who named it “New Castle,” and again by the Dutch in 1683.
“We’ve always known that New Castle was an important port from the history books,” De Cunzo says, “but we never knew what new and alternative perspectives the archaeological record could offer on the town’s cultural history.”
That changed in the early 1990s, as she began collaborating with the Delaware Historical Society, the New Castle Historical Society and the State of Delaware Division of Historical and Cultural Affairs.
“The initial goal was to learn what archaeology might contribute to our collective understanding of the area,” she remembers. But there was a practical purpose, as well: “As organizations and individuals in town continue to develop and build on their land, there was the imminent question of ‘What areas should we avoid?’ ”
Excavating centuries past
For De Cunzo, the project was the epitome of discovery learning, serving as a great educational resource for both students and the broader community.
In 1994, with teams of University and high school students and local volunteers, she began working on the grounds of the Read House, a 22-room, 14,000-square-foot mansion built in 1801–1804 by the son of Delaware’s George Read, signer of both the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution.
By 1999, she had uncovered more than 70,000 artifacts — Dutch smoking pipes, collections of food bone, ceramics, buttons, bottles, “odd metal things that we couldn’t quite identify.”
“As we started on the Read property alone, we found everything from Native American arrowheads, to remains from the earliest European settlers, to yesterday’s trash,” De Cunzo says.
The vast collection that spanned multiple centuries proved “a wonderful find,” but even more important was “the context; the fact that we had the relationships of things to each other, over time and across space on each site, allowing us to link the artifacts, the landscaping, the building activities and the people.”
And yet it also posed a serious challenge: Where should De Cunzo focus her research?
Preserving colonial history
The colonial period was the era in New Castle’s history with the greatest direct global involvement, as well as a time in which the town enjoyed a unique situation as one of the “middle colonies” that was simultaneously a borderland between New England and the British Chesapeake. And until it was displaced by Dover in 1777, New Castle was Delaware’s capital city.
De Cunzo consequently narrowed in on the colonial period and has since reconstructed a 100-piece collection of colonial artifacts owned by the Delaware Historical Society (DHS). The objects have been featured in exhibits of early Dutch and early Swedish history. Part of the collection remains at UD for research and teaching.
DHS Assistant CEO and Chief Program Officer Michele Anstine regards the collection as a “great tool for the public to understand and picture things they can’t see because they no longer exist.”
The Read House has long told the stories of the families who inhabited the residence. But as Anstine explains, “The stories don’t end with them.”
“The work Lu Ann has done and the questions she has asked are pushing the outer boundaries of our interpretation,” she adds. “Her research allows us to more fully explore the Delaware story, using the property as a tool.”
Discovery Learning
Since De Cunzo began her first excavation in 1994, she has trained nearly 70 high school and college students — including Anstine, who calls her an inspiration and “the reason I finished my master’s at UD” — in excavating, documenting and interpreting archaeological remains on the museum ground.
In spring 2011, as part of a larger cultural landscape report by the DHS to further explore New Castle’s historic Read House, undergraduates in De Cunzo’s “Introduction to Archaeology Field Methods” course participated in documentary research and used ground-penetrating radar to survey the land.
With shovels and trowels, dustpans and dental picks, 19 students spent each Friday of the semester surveying, mapping and excavating the property’s four-acre riverfront lot. Its garden — installed in 1847 and featured in the 1901 issue of House and Garden magazine — remains one of the oldest surviving gardens in the region.
“This isn’t a discipline you can just learn from a book,” says Elanor Sonderman, a senior anthropology major and student in the course. “You can’t really understand stratigraphic sequence or collection and processing until you’re in the ground.”
In addition to the archaeological fieldwork, the students also performedhistorical research on the property and previous owners of the land.
As an anthropology and women’s studies double major, Marissa Kinsey was fascinated to discover a last will and testament that left specific instructions for the living arrangements of the deceased’s wife and slave.
“Objects alone aren’t enough,” Kinsey explains. “Part of the satisfaction of discovering artifacts is learning more about the people who used them.”
De Cunzo agrees.
“Archaeology teaches a process of how to do research,” she says. “It forces the question, ‘What is this thing?’ And more importantly, ‘So what? What did it mean? Why did it matter? Why was it thrown away?’ ”
Marking New Sweden’s 375-year anniversary
De Cunzo, who can now identify nearly 80 percent of what she finds on the New Castle site, has spent nearly two decades answering these questions.
This fall, she is expanding her research to answer them from an internationallens.
As 2013 marks the 375th anniversary of New Sweden, De Cunzo is collaborating with colleagues in the University of Lund in Sweden to organize a virtual conference on the archaeology and material culture of 17th-century Sweden, Native America and New Sweden.
New Sweden itself had a brief history, from 1638 to 1657, but the conference aims to examine the diverse social and cultural groups that contended over and cohabited the colony at a time when Europeans were regarded as “others.”
“We’re entering the larger scholarship and a deeper conversation about colonialism,” says De Cunzo, adding that researchers who have been excavating 17th-century sites in Sweden “give us different perspectives than what we have now.”
Slated for late October or early November 2013, the conference there-fore aims to present cutting-edge research while fostering global approaches to Swedish colonialism in North America.
Because of the six-hour time difference, De Cunzo anticipates the virtual conference would take place simultaneously at the University of Delaware and the University of Lund, with podcasts and resources made available online afterward. She is hopeful it will appeal to scholars across the world researching 17th-century Scandinavian and Middle Atlantic regional colonialism.
“What’s striking about 17th-century Sweden and Scandinavia,” she says, “is that artifacts were largely imported from other parts of Europe.”
That creates a unique challenge for those studying early American settlements — and an incredible opportunity to compare and contrast artifacts from homecountries and the New World.
“In New Castle, you had a new community of Europeans all using the same things,” De Cunzo explains.
So then, what’s Swedish about the Swedish colony? How did they transmit and transform theirculture here?
“We ask the same questions of the Finns, Dutch, English, Africans and native and immigrant American Indians,” she adds. “Colonial borderlands like New Castle are so complex. The archaeological remains are sometimes the only resources we have to answer those questions.”
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A Primary Source History of the Colony of Delaware
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New Castle is a city in New Castle County, Delaware, located six miles south of Wilmington on the Delaware River. It was settled by Peter Stuyvesant and the Dutch West India Company in 1651 on the site of a Native American village, Tomakonck, and it was originally called Fort Casimir. In 1654...
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Historica Wiki
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https://historica.fandom.com/wiki/New_Castle
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New Castle is a city in New Castle County, Delaware, located six miles south of Wilmington on the Delaware River. It was settled by Peter Stuyvesant and the Dutch West India Company in 1651 on the site of a Native American village, Tomakonck, and it was originally called Fort Casimir. In 1654, New Sweden seized the fort and renamed it Fort Trinity due to seizing it on Trinity Sunday, but the Dutch reconquered the region a year later and renamed it to New Amstel. In 1664, England seized the colony and renamed New Amstel to "New Castle", making it the capital of Delaware. On 27 October 1682, New Castle was the site of William Penn's landing on American soil, and it was a center of government prior to the establishment of Philadelphia. In 1704, New Castle became the seat of government of the new colony of Delaware after it split from Pennsylvania, and the capital was moved to Dover in May 1777 during the American Revolutionary War. New Castle remained the county seat until after the American Civil War, when it was moved to Wilmington. In 2016, New Castle had a population of 5,357 people.
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What year did Delaware become a royal colony?
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Generally Speaking: 1664.The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle in present-day Delaware by establishing a trading post at Zwaanendael, near the site of Lewes in 1631. Within a year all the settlers were killed in a dispute with area Indian tribes. In 1638 New Sweden, a Swedishtrading post and colony, was established at Fort Christina (now in Wilmington) by Peter Minuit at the head of a group of Swedes, Finns and Dutch. Thirteen years later, the Dutch, reinvigorated by the leadership of Peter Stuyvesant, established a new fort in 1651 at present-day New Castle, and in 1655 they took over the New Sweden colony, incorporating it into the Dutch New Netherland.Only nine years later, in 1664, the Dutch were themselves forcibly removed by a British expedition under the direction of James, the Duke of York. Fighting off a prior claim by Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore, Proprietor of Maryland, the Duke passed his somewhat dubious ownership on to William Penn in 1682. Penn strongly desired access to the sea for his Pennsylvania province and leased what then came to be known as the "Lower Counties on the Delaware" from the Duke.Penn established representative government and briefly combined his two possessions under one General Assembly in 1682. However, by 1704 the Province of Pennsylvania had grown so large that their representatives wanted to make decisions without the assent of the Lower Counties and the two groups of representatives began meeting on their own, one at Philadelphia, and the other at New Castle. Penn and his heirs remained proprietors of both and always appointed the same person Governor for their Province of Pennsylvania and their territory of the Lower Counties. The fact that Delaware and Pennsylvania shared the same governor was not unique. During much of the colonial period, New York and New Jersey shared a governor, as did Massachusettsand New Hampshire.Dependent in early years on indentured labor, Delaware imported more slaves as the number of English immigrants decreased with better economic conditions in England. The colony became a slave society and cultivated tobacco as a cash crop. Before the Revolution, it had begun to shift to mixed agriculture.
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https://www.answers.com/us-history/What_year_did_Delaware_become_a_royal_colony
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Generally Speaking: 1664.
The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle in present-day Delaware by establishing a trading post at Zwaanendael, near the site of Lewes in 1631. Within a year all the settlers were killed in a dispute with area Indian tribes. In 1638 New Sweden, a Swedishtrading post and colony, was established at Fort Christina (now in Wilmington) by Peter Minuit at the head of a group of Swedes, Finns and Dutch. Thirteen years later, the Dutch, reinvigorated by the leadership of Peter Stuyvesant, established a new fort in 1651 at present-day New Castle, and in 1655 they took over the New Sweden colony, incorporating it into the Dutch New Netherland.
Only nine years later, in 1664, the Dutch were themselves forcibly removed by a British expedition under the direction of James, the Duke of York. Fighting off a prior claim by Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore, Proprietor of Maryland, the Duke passed his somewhat dubious ownership on to William Penn in 1682. Penn strongly desired access to the sea for his Pennsylvania province and leased what then came to be known as the "Lower Counties on the Delaware" from the Duke.
Penn established representative government and briefly combined his two possessions under one General Assembly in 1682. However, by 1704 the Province of Pennsylvania had grown so large that their representatives wanted to make decisions without the assent of the Lower Counties and the two groups of representatives began meeting on their own, one at Philadelphia, and the other at New Castle. Penn and his heirs remained proprietors of both and always appointed the same person Governor for their Province of Pennsylvania and their territory of the Lower Counties. The fact that Delaware and Pennsylvania shared the same governor was not unique. During much of the colonial period, New York and New Jersey shared a governor, as did Massachusettsand New Hampshire.
Dependent in early years on indentured labor, Delaware imported more slaves as the number of English immigrants decreased with better economic conditions in England. The colony became a slave society and cultivated tobacco as a cash crop. Before the Revolution, it had begun to shift to mixed agriculture.
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City of New Castle
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Visit Lawrence County, Pennsylvania
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https://www.visitlawrencecounty.com/members/city-of-new-castle/
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Name *
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See information that needs updated, just let us know!
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New Castle, Delaware, United States
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Ask Oracle
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https://www.ask-oracle.com/city/new-castle-delaware-united-states/
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New Castle, Delaware, is a city in New Castle County, Delaware, United States, with a latitude of 39.6620600 and longitude of -75.5663100. It is located on the Delaware River, across from Wilmington, Delaware, and has a humid subtropical climate with hot, humid summers and mild winters. New Castle was founded in 1651 by Dutch settlers and was the capital of the Delaware Colony until 1777. It is known for its rich history and heritage, including the New Castle Historic District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Geographic Data for New Castle, Delaware, United States
Latitude 39° 39.724' Longitude -75° -33.979' Timezone America/New_York
Numerology for New Castle, Delaware, United States
Chaldean Name Number : 35 => 8
Pythagorean Name Number : 3
New Castle might be an ideal location for individuals whose birth number or life path numbers align with the values shown above.
Top 10 Common & Popular Names in New Castle, Delaware, United States
Dave ♀️
beloved, friend
Christian
Dave ♂️
beloved, friend
Hebrew
Devin ♀️
Christian, Celtic
Devin ♂️
divine, poet
Celtic
Dorothy ♀️
gift of God
Christian
Dorothy ♂️
gift of God
Christian
Green ♂️
The name Green directly ref...
N/A
Kyle ♀️
narrow strait, channel
N/A
Kyle ♂️
narrow strait, channel
N/A
Patrick ♀️
nobleman, patrician
Christian
Patrick ♂️
nobleman, patrician
Christianity
Ryan ♀️
little king, king's son
Christian
Ryan ♂️
little king, kinglet
Christian
Tim ♀️
honoring God
Christian
Tim ♂️
The name Tim is a shortened...
Christian
Vinnie ♀️
Victory
Christian
Vinnie ♂️
conquering, victorious
Christian
Famous Persons from New Castle, Delaware, United States
Kyle Carter - Born on December 17, 1992 - American football player
Patrick Clarke - Born on October 22, 1991 - American football player
Devin Smith - Born on April 12, 1983 - Basketball coach, and Basketball player
Ryan Phillippe - Born on September 10, 1974 - Taekwondo athlete, Film actor, Television actor, Film producer, Film director, Actor, and Screenwriter
Vinnie Moore - Born on April 14, 1964 - Guitarist, Record producer, and Composer
Tim Wilson - Born on January 14, 1954 - American football player (died: November 23, 1996)
Dave May - Born on December 23, 1943 - Baseball player (died: October 20, 2012)
Dorothy Rudd Moore - Born on June 4, 1940 - Music teacher, Musicologist, Librettist, Pianist, Singer, and Composer (died: March 30, 2022)
Green Peyton Wertenbaker - Born on December 23, 1907 - Science fiction writer, Journalist, and Writer (died: July 26, 1968)
Places near New Castle, Delaware, United States
Bear, Delaware, United States
Carneys Point, New Jersey, United States
Delaware City, Delaware, United States
Edgemoor, Delaware, United States
Elsmere, Delaware, United States
Newport, Delaware, United States
Penns Grove, New Jersey, United States
Pennsville, New Jersey, United States
Wilmington Manor, Delaware, United States
Wilmington, Delaware, United States
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Newcastle, ME
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TOWN OF NEWCASTLE, MAINENewcastle is located on U.S. Route 1. It is a town between the Sheepscot and Damariscotta Rivers. Nearby Great Salt Bay is the first marine shellfish area to be protected by Maine legislation.
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https://www.newcastlemaine.us/about/pages/our-town
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TOWN OF NEWCASTLE, MAINE
Newcastle is located on U.S. Route 1. It is a town between the Sheepscot and Damariscotta Rivers. Nearby Great Salt Bay is the first marine shellfish area to be protected by Maine legislation. Dodge Point Public Reserved Land, with over 8,000 feet of frontage on the western shore of the Damariscotta River, encompasses 521 acres. Recreation there includes hiking and cross-country skiing, and fishing.
The family home of Frances Perkins, the first woman Secretary of Labor from 1933-1947 under President Franklin Roosevelt is located in Newcastle on the River Road.
The earliest settlement in Newcastle was at Sheepscot, called Sheepscot Farms. The settlement in Sheepscot grew and enjoyed more than 50 years of tranquility and success. There were some 100 residents.
There were 7 garrisons erected around the 1700s due to mounting problems with native Indians.
Newcastle was incorporated into a District on June 19, 1753, in the county of York. A District is not a town and, as such could not send a representative to the General Assembly. It was brought to the attention of the General Assembly. To rectify that, on August 23, 1775, Newcastle became a town.
Some say Newcastle is the 12th town, and some say it is the 30th town established in Maine.
Newcastle was named for the Duke of Newcastle. It was a compliment to him as the principal secretary to King George II.
The Europeans brought boat building to this quaint area. Boats such as the Ontario, Golden Rule, Thomas Kennedy, State of Maine and Virginia Dare were built in Newcastle.
There were once great sawmills and grist mills at Damariscotta Mills. In 1799 the first schoolhouse was built in Sheepscot. The oldest Catholic Church in New England, still in continuous use, is located at Damariscotta Mills. It is Saint Patrick's Catholic Church on Academy Hill Road. One of the last bells cast by Paul Revere hangs inside.
In 1871 the 1st train arrived in Newcastle operated by the Knox Lincoln Railroad. In 1959 connecting passenger train service was ended by Maine Central Railroad.
Newcastle residents have a strong sense of community. It is a place where people know their neighbors and welcome visitors. Newcastle residents enjoy evenings watching the abundant wildlife and nature that surrounds them. Quiet walks and time to reflect in this fast paced world. That is the way life should be and the way life is in Newcastle, Maine.
- Excerpts provided by Arlene Cole & Edmee Dejean -
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Municode Library
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MunicodeNEXT, the industry's leading search application with over 3,300 codes and growing!
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History of Lawrence County
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Lawrence County was created on March 20, 1849, from parts of Beaver and Mercer Counties and named for Perry’s Flagship, Lawrence, which had been named for Captain James Lawrence, a naval hero. New Castle, the county seat, was laid out … →
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Visit Lawrence County, Pennsylvania
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https://www.visitlawrencecounty.com/about-lawrence-county/history-of-lawrence-county/
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Lawrence County was created on March 20, 1849, from parts of Beaver and Mercer Counties and named for Perry’s Flagship, Lawrence, which had been named for Captain James Lawrence, a naval hero. New Castle, the county seat, was laid out in 1802, incorporated as a borough on March 25, 1825, and chartered as a city on February 25, 1869. It is not certain whether it was named for Newcastle, England, or New Castle, Delaware.
The heritage of the area also produced the theme of Fireworks Capital of America. At one time there were more fireworks manufactured in Lawrence County than in any other part of the United States. Two of the largest fireworks display companies in America are still located in the community.
THE STORY
In 1798, John Carlysle Stewart, a civil engineer, traveled to western Pennsylvania to resurvey the “donation lands” granted by the government to revolutionary war veterans. In the course of performing his task, he discovered that the original survey forgot to stake out 50 acres at the confluence of the Shenango River and Neshannock Creek. Stewart claimed it for himself. There and then was the beginning of the City of New Castle, Pennsylvania.
Stewart laid out the town of New Castle in April of 1798. It was comprised of approximately 50 acres in what was then part of Allegheny County. New Castle became a borough in 1825, having a population of about 300. The city later became a part of Mercer County. On April 5, 1849 the Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania signed an act creating Lawrence County. New Castle became a city in 1869 and was headed by its first Mayor, Thomas B. Morgan. At that time, the population had increased to about 6,000.
Business in New Castle began to flourish in the early 1800’s with the construction of the canal system which made its way through the city. Numerous manufacturing plants located in New Castle because of the availability of transportation facilities and ready access to raw material markets. The canal system was later supplemented and then replaced by the railroad system which offered greater speed and capacity for freight as well as year round service.
By the turn of the century, New Castle was one of the fastest growing cities in the country as it became the tin plate capital of the world. The tin plate industry marked a turn in the prosperity of New Castle. New Castle’s population swelled from 11,600 in 1890 to 28,339 in 1900, to 38,280 in 1910, as immigrants flocked to the city to work in the mills. In the 1920’s, New Castle enjoyed its greatest prosperity. The landscape of the city was transformed with the building of many beautiful structures, some of which still stand such as The Scottish Rite Cathedral, St. Mary’s Church, and the Castleton Hotel. The city also established its identity. New Castle is known both as the “hot dog capital of the world” and the “fireworks capital of America.” Its chili dogs are the product of Greek immigrants who came to New Castle in the early 1900’s and established restaurants along with their homes. The notoriety for fireworks is credited to two local fireworks companies of international stature, S.Vitale Pyrotechnic Industries, Inc. (Pyrotecnico) and Zambelli Internationale.
In the 1930′ the city, along with most of America, suffered tremendously during the Great Depression. As many businesses closed, members of the community lost their jobs and homes. During this trying time, the federal government established the Works Project Program (WPA) and the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). These programs offered jobs to many displaced workers. Many of the stone walls built by the WPA and the CCC still stand as a reminder of the historic demise of our economy.
During World Wars I and II, and the Korean War, industry enjoyed a temporary reprieve. In 1950, the population peaked at 48,834 and rapidly dwindled with the fall of the industrial age to 28,334 by 1990. The present population is about the same. New Castle is the County Seat of Lawrence County which has a population of approximately 100,000. In 1998, the City of New Castle was a host city for the History Channel Great Race. Over 15,000 spectators gathered downtown for the festivities. The city also proudly celebrated its 200th birthday in 1998 with a downtown fireworks festival that attracted over 30,000 people.
Over the past 40 years, New Castle has been transformed from its primary reliance on industry to a well balanced economic base comprised of manufacturing, retail and service related business establishments. Many buildings and old stately homes are being restored by developers and families.
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2004-02-25T04:18:47+00:00
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Colony
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British colony in North America (1664–1776)
The Delaware Colony, officially known as the three "Lower Counties on the Delaware", was a semiautonomous region of the proprietary Province of Pennsylvania and a de facto British colony in North America.[1] Although not royally sanctioned, Delaware consisted of the three counties on the west bank of the Delaware River Bay.
In the early 17th century, the area was inhabited by Lenape and possibly Assateague Native American Indian tribes. The first European settlers were Swedes, who established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina in present-day Wilmington, Delaware, in 1638. The Dutch captured the colony in 1655 and annexed it to New Netherland to the north. Great Britain subsequently took control of it from the Dutch in 1664. In 1682, William Penn, the Quaker proprietor of the Province of Pennsylvania to the north leased the three lower counties on the Delaware River from James, the Duke of York, who went on to become King James II.
The three lower counties on the Delaware River were governed as part of the Province of Pennsylvania from 1682 until 1701, when the lower counties petitioned for and were granted an independent colonial legislature; the two colonies shared the same governor until 1776. The English colonists who settled in Delaware were mainly Quakers. In the first half of the 18th century, New Castle and Philadelphia became the primary ports of entry to the new world for a quarter of a million Protestant immigrants from Northern Ireland, referred to as "Scotch-Irish" in America and "Ulster Scots" in Northern Ireland. Delaware had no established religion at this time.
The American Revolutionary War began in April 1775, and on June 15, 1776, the Delaware Assembly voted to break all ties with Great Britain, creating the independent State of Delaware.[1] On July 4, 1776, Delaware joined 12 other British colonies to form the United States of America.
Dutch and Swedish settlements
[edit]
Historical populationYearPop.±%1670700— 16801,005+43.6%16901,482+47.5%17002,470+66.7%17103,645+47.6%17205,385+47.7%17309,170+70.3%174019,870+116.7%175028,704+44.5%176033,250+15.8%177035,496+6.8%177437,219+4.9%178045,385+21.9%Source: 1670–1760;[2] 1774[3] 1770–1780[4]
From the early Dutch settlement in 1631 to the colony's rule by Pennsylvania in 1682, the land that later became the U.S. state of Delaware changed hands many times. Because of this, Delaware became a heterogeneous society made up of individuals who were diverse in country of origin and religion.[citation needed]
The first European exploration of what would become known as the Delaware Valley was made by the Dutch ship Halve Maen under the command of Henry Hudson in 1609. He was searching for what was believed to be a Northwest Passage to Asia. Hudson sailed into what now is the Delaware Bay. He named it the South River, but this would later change after Samuel Argall came across the mouth of the river in 1610, after being blown off course. Argall later renamed this waterway as the river Delaware, after Thomas West, Lord De La Warr, the second governor of Virginia.[5]
Follow-up expeditions by Cornelius May in 1613 and Cornelius Hendrickson in 1614 mapped the shoreline of what would become the colony and state of Delaware for inclusion in the New Netherland colony. Initial Dutch settlement was centered up the Delaware River at Fort Nassau at Big Timber Creek, south of what is now Gloucester City, New Jersey.
Neither the Dutch nor the English showed any early interest in establishing settlement on this land. It was not until 1629 that agents of the Dutch West India Company, Gillis Hossitt and Jacob Jansz, arrived to negotiate with the Native Americans to "purchase" land for a colony. (The Dutch always purchased land from the Native Americans, rather than take it by force, but the peoples had differing concepts of property and use. The Native Americans often considered the Dutch "payments" to be gifts in keeping with their Native custom, and expected to share use of the common land.) Hossitt and Jansz secured a treaty granting the Dutch a parcel of land running along the shore eight Dutch miles long and half a Dutch mile deep (roughly 29 by just under 2 US miles). This nearly coincided with the length of the coast of modern Sussex and Kent counties in Delaware.
In 1631 the Dutch sent a group of twenty-eight men to build a fort inside Cape Henlopen on Lewes Creek to establish the Zwaanendael Colony.[6] This first colony was intended to take advantage of the large whale population in the bay and to produce whale oil. A cultural misunderstanding with the Native Americans resulted in their killing of these 28 colonists before a year had passed.[6] Patroon David Pietersz. de Vries arrived shortly thereafter with an additional 50 settlers. Although he concluded a treaty with the Indians, de Vries, his partners in Holland, and the Dutch West India Company decided the location was too dangerous for immediate colonization. They took the additional settlers to New Amsterdam (New York) instead.
In March 1638, the Swedish colony of New Sweden was established as the first permanent European settlement in Delaware. The Kalmar Nyckel anchored at a rocky point on the Minquas Kill. Today this site is called Swedes' Landing; it is located in Wilmington, Delaware.[6] The New Sweden Company was organized and overseen by Clas Larsson Fleming, a Swedish admiral and administrator. Samuel Blommaert, a Flemish director of the Dutch West India Company who had grown frustrated with the company's policies, assisted the fitting-out.[7] The expedition was led, and had been instigated by Peter Minuit, the founding governor of New Netherland. He had been dismissed by the Dutch West India Company, which operated the colony as a concession. Minuit resented the company and was well aware that the Dutch had little settlement in the Zuyd (Delaware) river valley. New Sweden was a multicultural affair, with Finns, Dutch, Walloons (Belgians), and Germans, in addition to Swedes among the settlers.
The first outpost of the Swedish settlement was named Fort Christina (now Wilmington) after Queen Christina of Sweden. The Swedes introduced log cabin construction to the New World and the humble house form was later spread to the American backcountry by Scotch-Irish immigrants who entered the colony through the port of New Castle. Swedish colonial Governor Johan Björnsson Printz administered the colony of New Sweden from 1643 to 1653. He was succeeded by Johan Classon Risingh, the last governor of New Sweden.[5] The Dutch had never accepted the Swedish colony as legitimate, and the Dutch West India Company competed with the officials and backers of New Sweden. In 1651, New Netherland Governor Peter Stuyvesant had Fort Nassau dismantled and reassembled downriver of Fort Christina as Fort Casimir. This meant that the Dutch effectively encircled the Swedish colony. The Swedes abandoned Fort Beversreede, a short-lived attempt to establish a foothold at the end of the Great Minquas Path (in modern Philadelphia).
Three years later, the New Sweden colony attacked and seized Fort Casimir, renaming it Fort Trinity. The struggle finally came to an end in September 1655. With the Second Great Northern War raging in Europe, Stuyvesant assembled an army and naval squadron sufficient to capture the Swedish forts, thus re-establishing control of the colony. The Dutch renamed Fort Casimir/Trinity as New Amstel (later translated to New Castle). It became their center for fur trading with Native Americans and the colony's administration headquarters.[5] The area's European population grew rapidly.
English conquest
[edit]
In 1664, after English Colonel Richard Nicolls captured New Amsterdam, Robert Carr was sent to the Delaware River settlements. He took over New Amstel, pillaging it and mistreating its settlers, some of whom he sold into slavery in Virginia.[8][9] Carr translated the name of the post from Dutch into English and it has been known since as New Castle.[6] Carr and his troops continued down the shore, ravaging and burning settlements, including a Mennonite utopian community led by Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy near present-day Lewes, Delaware. This effectively ended the Dutch rule of the colony and, for that matter, ended their claims to any land in colonial North America. The English took over New Netherland, renaming it New York. Delaware was thenceforth claimed by New York under a Deputy of the Duke of York from 1664 to 1682, but neither the Duke nor his colonists controlled it. The proprietors of Maryland took action to take advantage of this situation.[6]
Durham County, Maryland
[edit]
Between 1669 and 1672, Delaware was an incorporated county under the Province of Maryland. When the Duke of York made use of his charter on behalf of courtier William Penn, through conveyances made by the governor of New York, there was a brief conflict of interest between the Catholic, Tory, and sometime Jacobite sympathizer Lord Baltimore with his friend the aforesaid Duke. A hard-fought court battle was subsequently relegated to a proprietary dispute between the Calvert and Penn families since both were held in favor by both the King and Prince James. By 1768, the Mason-Dixon line is said to have legally resolved vague outlines in the overlap between Maryland and Pennsylvania. By this boundary, Delaware was substantially awarded to Pennsylvania. Eventually, Delaware gained its own independence from Pennsylvania and fended off Maryland.
New Castle, Kent, and Sussex Counties, Pennsylvania
[edit]
The area now known as Delaware was owned by William Penn, the Quaker owner of Pennsylvania. In contemporary documents from the early Revolutionary period, the area is generally referred to as "The Three Lower Counties on the Delaware River" (Lower Counties on Delaware) or by the names of the three counties.[10]
After William Penn was granted the province of Pennsylvania by King Charles II in 1681, he asked for and later received the lands of Delaware from the Duke of York.[5][11] Penn had a very hard time governing Delaware because the economy and geology resembled those of the Chesapeake Bay colonies more than that of Pennsylvania. The lowland areas were developed for tobacco plantations and dependent on enslaved Africans and African Americans for labor. Penn attempted to merge the governments of Pennsylvania and the lower counties of Delaware. Representatives from each area clashed strongly and, in 1701 Penn agreed to allow two assemblies to be elected and conduct their separate affairs. Delawareans would meet in New Castle, and Pennsylvanians would gather in Philadelphia.[6] Delaware, like Philadelphia and more so than Maryland, continued to be a melting pot of sorts. It was home to Swedes, Finns, Dutch, and French, in addition to the English, who constituted the dominant culture.
References
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Place: New Castle, DE - New Amstel - Fort Casimir - Fort Trinity
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https://encyclopedia.nahc-mapping.org/place/new-castle-de-new-amstel-fort-casimir-fort-trinity
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New Castle was originally settled by the Dutch West India Company in 1651 under the leadership of Peter Stuyvesant on the site of a former aboriginal village, "Tomakonck" ("Place of the Beaver"), to assert their claim to the area based on a prior agreement with the aboriginal inhabitants of the area.
The Dutch originally named the settlement Fort Casimir, but this was changed to Fort Trinity following its seizure by the colony of New Sweden on Trinity Sunday in 1654. The Dutch conquered the entire colony of New Sweden the following year and rechristened the fort as Nieuw-Amstel, named after the Amstel. This marked the end of the Swedish colony in Delaware as an official entity, but it remained a semi-autonomous unit within the New Netherland colony and the cultural, social, and religious influence of the Swedish settlers remained strong. As the settlement grew, Dutch authorities laid out a grid of streets and established a common green in the town's center, which continues to this day.
In 1664, the English seized the entire New Netherland colony in the Second Anglo-Dutch War. They changed the name of the town to "New Castle" and made it the capital of their Delaware Colony.
The Dutch regained the town in 1673 during the Third Anglo-Dutch War but it was returned to Great Britain the next year under the Treaty of Westminster. In 1680, New Castle was conveyed to William Penn by the Duke of York by livery of seisin and was Penn's landing place when he first set foot on American soil on October 27, 1682. This transfer to Penn was contested by Lord Baltimore and the boundary dispute was not resolved until the 1763-1767 survey conducted by Mason and Dixon, now famed in history as the Mason–Dixon line.
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https://www.britannica.com/place/New-Castle-county-Delaware
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New Castle | county, Delaware, United States
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Other articles where New Castle is discussed: Delaware: …three counties—from north to south, New Castle, Kent, and Sussex—all established by 1682. Its population, like its industry, is concentrated in the north, around Wilmington, where the major coastal highways and railways pass through from Pennsylvania and New Jersey on the north and east into Maryland on the
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Encyclopedia Britannica
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https://www.britannica.com/place/New-Castle-county-Delaware
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In Delaware
…three counties—from north to south, New Castle, Kent, and Sussex—all established by 1682. Its population, like its industry, is concentrated in the north, around Wilmington, where the major coastal highways and railways pass through from Pennsylvania and New Jersey on the north and east into Maryland on the
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Delaware Colony Facts
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The Delaware Colony was one of the 13 original colonies in America, which were divided into three regions including the New England Colonies, the Middle Colonies, and the Southern Colonies. The Delaware Colony was one of the four Middle Colonies which also included the Pennsylvania Colony, the New York Colony, and the New Jersey Colony. The Delaware Colony was founded in 1638 by Peter Minuit. The Delaware Colony was named after its major river the Delaware River, which was named after Sir Thomas West, also known as Lord de la Warr, one of Virginia Colony's early governors.
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Interesting Delaware Colony Facts: Major religious groups in the Delaware Colony included Quakers, Catholics, Jews, and Lutherans. There was no dominating religion like in the New England Colonies and religious tolerance made the area attractive to those who were not purists. Major towns in the Delaware Colony included Georgetown and Wilmington. The Delaware Colony was divided into three counties in 1682 including New Castle, Sussex, and Kent. The major agricultural industries in the Delaware Colony included livestock, indigo (a dye), grain, wheat, and rice. Manufacturing in the Delaware Colony included products derived from iron ore such as nails, locks, kettles, tools, and plows. A lot of these products were exported to England. Natural resources in the Delaware Colony included farmland, forest (timber), coal, furs, fish, and iron ore. The Delaware Colony's landscape includes Atlantic coastal plains and flat lowland. Delaware`s southern region is made up of more than 30,000 swampy acres. The Delaware Colony's mild climate made farming and agricultural pursuits feasible for the colonists. The Delaware Colony was often referred to as the breadbasket colony. The colony grew a lot of wheat (which is used to make bread), and after being ground into four it was exported to England. A Delaware Colony farmer's property usually included between 50 and 150 acres with a house, yard, and barn. In 1664 the British gained control of the Delaware Colony. William Penn was given the deed by the Duke of York, and from 1682 to 1701 it was governed under Pennsylvania. In 1701 the Lower Counties, which included Delaware Colony petitioned for independent colonial legislature. Despite being granted its request, the Delaware Colony continued to share Pennsylvania's governor until 1776. In 1776 the Delaware Colony's assembly voted to break ties with Pennsylvania and with England as well, essentially declaring its independence in a document signed by representatives from all 13 colonies. It joined in the rebellion against Great Britain, along with the other 12 colonies, and laid the groundwork to becoming a U.S. state. The Delaware Colony was the first of the original 13 colonies to ratify the federal Constitution. The Delaware Colony became a state on December 7th, 1787. Delaware encompasses 2,489 square miles. It is the smallest state but also one of the most densely populated states in the U.S. Nicknames given to Delaware over the years include The First State, The Diamond State, the Blue Hen State, and Small Wonder. Delaware's motto is 'Liberty and Independence'.
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Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia
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Wilmington, Delaware’s largest city, originated as a colonial trading area and became an industrial and chemical-producing center.
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Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia
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https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/essays/wilmington-delaware/
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Essay
Located thirty miles southwest of Philadelphia, Wilmington is Delaware’s largest city and the New Castle County seat. It originated as a colonial trading area and ferry crossing and later became one of the country’s most vital industrial and chemical-producing centers. With the decline of manufacturing near the close of the twentieth century, the city emerged as America’s “corporate capital.” Despite the city’s industrial might and corporate wealth, its history also reflected the spatial, economic, and racial disparities seen in cities across Greater Philadelphia and the nation. Often overshadowed by the region’s larger cities, Wilmington remained modest in size yet ambitious in scope.
Prior to Swedish and Dutch colonization in the early 1600s, the area that became Wilmington contained a vast population of Lenni Lenape Indians scattered in villages along the Delaware River. Over time, the Indians and settlers engaged in trade, exchanging furs for European-made goods. New Castle, six miles to the south, initially served as the area’s primary trading center. But in 1638, Swedish colonists erected Fort Christina on a narrow stretch of land between the Brandywine and Christina Rivers, the latter of which fed into the larger Delaware. In 1669, Governor Francis Lovelace (1621-75) chartered the Christina’s first ferry service north of present-day Newport. Twenty years later, an additional crossing opened over the Brandywine, generating commerce on the peninsula between the rivers. In 1731, with the colony then under English rule, the humble settlement gained incorporation.
Thomas Penn (1702-75), son of Pennsylvania founder William Penn (1644-1718), served as the first proprietor of the Borough of Wilmington, which he named for Spencer Compton (1673-1743), the First Earl of Wilmington and close associate of King George II (1683-1760). With easy river access to the interior and the Atlantic Ocean, Wilmington attracted craftsmen, merchants, millers, and artisans, who transformed the fledgling borough into a key producer of flour and grain; the city’s so-called “Brandywine Superfine” flour reached markets throughout the colonies and ports as far away as Europe and the West Indies. In 1771, after concluding a carpentry apprenticeship, Samuel Canby (1751-1832) established the borough’s first textile mill along the Brandywine near Orange Street. Later, his son James Canby (1781-1858) assumed control of the mills and eventually helped found the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad, serving as its first chief executive. Although Wilmington witnessed no significant combat during the American Revolution, the borough provided shelter for American troops during the 1777-78 British occupation of nearby Philadelphia. Regiments from Maryland and Delaware remained in Wilmington to protect patriot supply lines along the Elk and Delaware Rivers.
Brandywine Village
Industrialization expanded in the Wilmington area during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Brandywine Village, a flour milling center, opened in 1753. Founded by prominent Quakers William Shipley (1693-1768), his wife Elizabeth Levis-Shipley (1690-1777), and their partner Thomas Canby Jr. (1702-1764), the complex contained twelve mills and more than sixty homes. In 1783, engineer Oliver Evans (1755-1819) introduced his automatic flour mill to the complex, a system that later revolutionized the industry. Working from his Newport, Delaware, and Philadelphia shops, Evans also experimented with steam and refrigeration technologies. With industry came growth; by the early 1800s, Wilmington’s population reached five thousand residents and its papermaking, grain, and flour processing operations were complemented by new technologies and industries. In 1802, French chemist E.I. du Pont (1771-1834) established a gunpowder mill along the Brandywine upstream from the city. Over the next century, his namesake company remained headquartered in Wilmington and grew into the world’s largest explosives manufacturer. Other prominent local families during the period included the Talleys, active in the timber business; the Bringhursts, who prospered in shipping and banking; and the Bancrofts, whose patriarch Joseph Bancroft (1803-1874) opened a textile mill along the Brandywine in 1831.
The Delaware legislature rechartered the borough as the city of Wilmington in 1832, and with the completion of the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad five years later, the city’s riverfront advantages merged with the Northeast’s burgeoning rail network. Shipbuilding, carriage making, and iron founding flourished during the 1840s, generating demand for raw materials and skilled workers. Yet railroad cars and their related components generated much of the city’s nineteenth-century economic activity. Prior to the Civil War, companies including Harlan and Hollingsworth, Pusey and Jones, and Jackson and Sharp opened factories along the Christina, placing Wilmington at the forefront of U.S railcar production. The Lobdell Car Wheel Company led the nation in train wheel production while Jackson and Sharp exported cars and later electric trolleys to Europe, Latin America, and Asia. As Wilmington’s industrial base increased, so too did its population of foreign workers, many of whom arrived from Ireland and Germany during the 1840s and 1850s.
The population of New Castle County had included numerous enslaved Africans, primarily in its rural southern areas, since the 1700s, but by the early 1800s members of Wilmington’s free Black community achieved considerable home and property ownership and established a number of schools and churches. In 1827, the Wilmington Union Colonization Society petitioned the state assembly for a resolution to manumit slaves, provided they return to Africa, a measure deeply at odds with the city’s free Blacks, who argued colonization ran counter to the nation’s founding principles. Wilmington also harbored considerable abolitionist sentiment and with its location less than ten miles from the Pennsylvania border served as the northeastern terminus for the Underground Railroad. Hardware purveyor Thomas Garrett (1789-1871) assisted Harriet Tubman (?-1913) on eight of her missions. Garrett’s covert activities eventually landed him in federal court, where in 1848, he was fined $5,400 for violating the Fugitive Slave Act. Other notable Wilmington abolitionists included shoemaker Abraham Doras Shadd (1801-82) and his daughter Mary Ann Shadd (1823-93), who used their homes to aid escaped slaves, as well as Samuel Burris (1808-68), who coordinated escape routes north into Philadelphia and out of Kent and Sussex Counties to the south. Although a slave state in 1860, with its citizens polarized by Northern and Southern sympathies, Delaware remained in the Union following the outbreak of the Civil War. During the conflict, Wilmington’s industries provided the Union Army with much-needed clothing, blankets, riverboats, rail cars, and artillery.
A Key Industrial Contributor
Despite competition from larger cities in the Northeast and Midwest, Wilmington’s productive capacity and population rose after 1865, making the city a key element in greater Philadelphia’s industrial network. Its yards and factories churned out carriages and rail cars, and by 1870, produced more iron ships than the rest of the nation’s facilities combined, earning the city the nickname “the American Clyde.” With such activity, the city’s population, which stood at 21,258 people at the onset of the Civil War, grew steadily, reaching nearly 77,000 by 1900. Newly arrived immigrants from Italy, Hungary, and Poland settled in neighborhoods on the edges of downtown or in low-lying, flood-prone areas along the Christina. Most lived in two- or three-story brick row houses, similar to those in Philadelphia and Camden, and found work in textiles or constructing the Baltimore and Ohio (B&O) Railroad. However, fierce competition for jobs prompted the Wilmington City Council in the 1880s to temporarily prohibit Italian or Hungarian immigrants from employment on public works projects.
In the late nineteenth century, Wilmington confronted side effects from decades of industrial activity. The Brandywine River, the city’s main source of municipal water, became heavily polluted. Outbreaks of cholera and typhoid fever occurred regularly in the 1870s and 1880s, prompting city officials to build reservoirs, a modern sewer system in 1890, and in 1909, Wilmington’s first water purification plant. In recognizing the ills of the industrial city, Wilmington’s elite removed to the suburbs, constructing mansions in areas such as Kentmere, Westover Hills, and Montchanin. Yet many prominent citizens such as U.S. Sen. Thomas F. Bayard (1828-98), William Poole Bancroft (1835-1928), Pierre S. du Pont (1870-1954), businessman John Jacob Raskob (1879-1950), and U.S. Sen. T. Coleman du Pont (1863-1930) donated influence, land, funding, or ingenuity to beautify Wilmington’s public spaces and improve its infrastructure. Bancroft, known as the godfather of Wilmington’s park system, at Bayard’s urging in 1889 bequeathed to the city acreage for both Rockford Park and Brandywine River Park; the former’s observation tower, built in 1901, became one of Wilmington’s most beloved landmarks. Pierre S. du Pont personally financed road improvements of Kennett Pike (State Route 52), and enlisted Raskob to redesign Rodney Square, the city’s main public square. In 1905, the Pennsylvania Railroad elevated its street-level tracks through Wilmington and retained architect Frank Furness (1839-1912) to design a new station.
The Du Pont family also left an indelible architectural legacy in the city, opening the twelve-story Du Pont Building on Rodney Square in 1906 and the luxurious Hotel Du Pont in 1913. The hotel and its restaurant, the Green Room, remain two of Wilmington’s finest establishments. In 1924 the Du Pont Highway (US 13), personally financed by Pierre Du Pont, opened to vehicular traffic, allowing easier travel between the city and Delaware’s southern counties. Following the death of Wilmington-based artist Howard Pyle (1853-1911), friends, patrons, and former students honored his legacy by establishing the Wilmington Society for Fine Arts. The society later received the art collection of William’s brother Samuel Bancroft Jr. (1840-1915), who also donated eleven acres in Kentmere for the site of the Delaware Art Museum, which opened to the public in 1938. Decades later, artist Helen Farr Sloan (1911-2005) donated to the museum hundreds of paintings and prints executed by her husband John French Sloan (1871-1951), a member of the Philadelphia-founded Ashcan School; over time, her contributions amounted to the largest collection of his works held by a museum.
A Boost From World War I
In the 1910s, Pierre S. du Pont foresaw conflict in Europe, and in 1915 his company began supplying the Allies with armaments. By World War I’s conclusion, Du Pont had provided 40 percent of Allied explosives and seen its labor force increase dramatically, from 5,300 in 1914 to 48,000 four years later. The company’s regional footprint grew as well, as its facility in Carney’s Point, New Jersey, expanded and handled the bulk of wartime production. Hundreds of soldiers from Wilmington fought in the Battle of Argonne while thousands more at home participated in roadbuilding and maintenance work. The city’s shipyards supplied hundreds of submarine-chaser yachts and patrol craft. After the war, Du Pont reduced its munitions production and, aided by confiscated German research and patents, greatly expanded its production of chemicals, dyes, and cinematic film. Over time, this growth led Wilmingtonians to call Du Pont simply “the company.” Aiding the city’s postwar boom, in 1920 the Lobdell Car Wheel Company sold 101 acres of land to the city for the construction of modern port facilities. Two years later, the Port of Wilmington opened for commerce, exporting lumber, cork, burlap, lead, iron ore, fertilizer, and petroleum. As the 1920s drew to a close, Wilmington’s 110,000 residents enjoyed the prosperity seen elsewhere around the country, evident in its movie theaters, clothing stores, hotels and restaurants, sporting venues, and growing use of automobiles.
During the Great Depression, Wilmington benefited from several New Deal projects overseen by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and the Civil Works Administration (CWA). These included new public schools; road, sidewalk, and bridge improvements; upgraded dikes along the Christina River; and new buildings for the Wilmington Waterworks and the United States Postal Service. Located on Rodney Square, the Classical Revival-style post office opened in 1937 and contained murals designed by Albert Pels (1910-98) and Herman Zimmerman. As the nation plunged into World War II, Wilmington’s citizens and industries rushed to meet Allied demands. Thousands enlisted for military service. The New Castle County Airport shifted solely to military use. Iron founding, textile, and shipbuilding activity all increased dramatically as did the chemical and munitions output of the Du Pont, Hercules, and Atlas companies. Additionally, Du Pont engineers, working in Wilmington; Oak Ridge, Tennessee; and Hanford, Washington, played key roles in the Manhattan Project, the secret program to develop the atomic bomb.
Wilmington prospered after World War II. Du Pont increased its workforce by ten thousand in the early 1950s and over the next three decades pioneered advances in plastics, nylon, rayon, Kevlar, Tyvek, and several other chemicals and products that helped fuel the nation’s postwar consumption; the company even advertised its famous “nylon suites” at the Hotel du Pont. With thousands of new jobs in the area, housing developments appeared in suburbs such as Sherwood Park, Pike Creek, Duncan Woods, Talleyville, and Forest Hills Park. While railcar production declined sharply, automobile production emerged as the state’s largest industry, second only to Du Pont. Shifting to peacetime operations, General Motors opened its Wilmington plant in 1947 on Boxwood Road while Chrysler opened a plant in Newark in 1952. In 1957, construction commenced on Interstate 95, which passed directly through downtown Wilmington between Jackson and Adams Streets. The highway, which many neighborhood residents opposed, was completed in 1968 and over time, ferried commuters away from downtown businesses. To relieve traffic congestion, the Interstate 495 bypass, along the city’s eastern edge, opened in 1977. With suburbanization came new recreational opportunities such as the Concord Mall (1965), the Delcastle Sports Complex (1970), and the Christiana Mall (1978).
Rioting of 1968
Despite Wilmington’s prosperity, race relations remained fraught in the postwar decades. While local institutions such as Salesianum High School, the YMCA, and the Hotel Du Pont began integrating in the early 1950s, the fight to desegregate the city’s public schools did not end until the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education. Wilmington’s schools complied with the decision later that year. In July 1967, civil disturbances in the city’s Black neighborhoods prompted Mayor John E. Babiarz (1915-2004) to establish an evening curfew and temporary bans on liquor sales. Following the April 1968 assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-68), three thousand National Guard troops arrived to quell ten days of widespread rioting and looting of downtown stores. Though Babiarz requested the troops be withdrawn after twenty-four days, Governor Charles L. Terry, Jr. (1900-70), a southern-style Democrat who won office on a platform of law and order, refused on the grounds of maintaining security and protecting property. The troops remained for nine months, leading to Terry’s reelection loss in November and marking the longest military occupation of an American city since the Civil War.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, many of Wilmington’s industrial interests contracted or relocated out of state. Its population dwindled. But the city entered a new phase. Du Pont, Hercules, and BASF continued to grow. Hercules, which spun off from Du Pont decades earlier, completed a 680,000-square-foot headquarters at the edge of the Midtown-Brandywine neighborhood—the state’s largest office building erected during the 1980s. Although Du Pont continued as the city’s largest employer, in September 2017 the storied company completed a $130 billion merger with Dow Chemical; by mid-2019, the newly formed conglomerate planned to break into three independent, publicly traded units. Beyond chemicals, Wilmington continued to diversify. In 1981, with the passage of the Financial Center Development Act, the state’s banking and tax laws were liberalized to attract outside investment. Banking giants such as Chase Manhattan, Bank of America, ING, MBNA, and Barclays opened offices as did pharmaceutical and telecommunications companies. By the 1990s, the city gained a somewhat dubious reputation as a base for “shell companies” suspected of avoiding government regulations and laundering foreign sources of income. These developments earned Wilmington yet another nickname, “corporate capital.”
Even with the influx of corporate investment, Wilmington faced other challenges in the 1990s and early 2000s, such as the environmental cleanup of dozens of industrial sites, the disappearance of automobile manufacturing, and persistent inequality between the city and its suburbs. Decades of manufacturing led to a high concentration of Superfund and brownfield locations, with New Castle County alone containing more than several U.S. states. Many of the most contaminated, such as the Tybout’s Corner landfill, saw remediation completed by the early 2000s. One of the most successful brownfield projects, Justison Landing, was completed in 2005; once home to tanneries and shipyards, the thirty-three-acre site transformed into apartments, offices, restaurants, and a stadium for the Wilmington Blue Rocks, a minor league baseball affiliate of the Kansas City Royals. In 2009, the last active car factory in the eastern U.S, Wilmington’s Boxwood Road GM plant, closed. As of 2019, with the plant demolished, plans included a new e-commerce facility on the site.
Demographic Shifts
Demographics in Wilmington shifted after 1990. The proportion of white residents fell from 40 to 28 percent by 2010, a period of steady gains in the African American population (which reached 58 percent) and Latino residents (12 percent). After the 2010 census, projections estimated Wilmington’s population growing by 0.4 per cent, far below the gains of Philadelphia. Although surrounded by affluent areas on its northern and western edges, in 2018 Wilmington had one of the nation’s highest murder rates and nearly half of its residents under age eighteen lived below the federal poverty line.
Throughout its nearly 350-year existence, Wilmington has mirrored the aspirations, tensions, and historical changes of the United States as a whole. Although never achieving the prominence of nearby Philadelphia or Baltimore to its south, the city at times exerted enormous influence for one of its comparatively smaller size. And despite the many challenges that Wilmington faced in the early twenty-first century, it still strived to be, as welcome signs at the city limits proclaimed, “a place to be somebody.”
Stephen Nepa teaches history at Temple University, Pennsylvania State University-Abington, Rowan University, and Moore College of Art and Design. He is a contributing author to numerous books and journals, and regularly appears in the Emmy Award-winning documentary series Philadelphia: The Great Experiment. He received his B.A and M.A. from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, and his Ph.D. from Temple. A native of Wilmington, he lives in Philadelphia. (Author information current at time of publication.)
Copyright 2019, Rutgers University
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Fort Delaware, the Union fortress dating back to 1859, once housed Confederate prisoners of war. It was originally built to protect the ports of Wilmington and Philadelphia.
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Delaware State Parks
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Fort Delaware Open to the Public
Friday, August 30, 2024
10:00 AM
Come out and visit the greatest Civil War site in Delaware! We have several programs going on daily, including artillery and musketry demonstrations, tours and interactive activities. You can also visit with our costumed interpreters, who can show you what we believe life was like in the 1860s. Fort Delaware is a great experience for visitors of all ages. Cost is $12 for adults, $7 for kids and $11 for seniors and military.
Add to Calendar 8/30/2024 10:00:00 AM 8/30/2024 3:00:00 PM America/New_York Fort Delaware Open to the Public Come out and visit the greatest Civil War site in Delaware! We have several programs going on daily, including artillery and musketry demonstrations, tours and interactive activities. You can also visit with our costumed interpreters, who can show you what we believe life was like in the 1860s. Fort Delaware is a great experience for visitors of all ages. Cost is $12 for adults, $7 for kids and $11 for seniors and military. Fort Delaware
Fort Delaware Open to the Public
Saturday, August 31, 2024
10:00 AM
Come out and visit the greatest Civil War site in Delaware! We have several programs going on daily, including artillery and musketry demonstrations, tours and interactive activities. You can also visit with our costumed interpreters, who can show you what we believe life was like in the 1860s. Fort Delaware is a great experience for visitors of all ages. Cost is $12 for adults, $7 for kids and $11 for seniors and military.
Add to Calendar 8/31/2024 10:00:00 AM 8/31/2024 3:00:00 PM America/New_York Fort Delaware Open to the Public Come out and visit the greatest Civil War site in Delaware! We have several programs going on daily, including artillery and musketry demonstrations, tours and interactive activities. You can also visit with our costumed interpreters, who can show you what we believe life was like in the 1860s. Fort Delaware is a great experience for visitors of all ages. Cost is $12 for adults, $7 for kids and $11 for seniors and military. Fort Delaware
Fort Delaware Open to the Public
Sunday, September 1, 2024
10:00 AM
Come out and visit the greatest Civil War site in Delaware! We have several programs going on daily, including artillery and musketry demonstrations, tours and interactive activities. You can also visit with our costumed interpreters, who can show you what we believe life was like in the 1860s. Fort Delaware is a great experience for visitors of all ages. Cost is $12 for adults, $7 for kids and $11 for seniors and military.
Add to Calendar 9/1/2024 10:00:00 AM 9/1/2024 3:00:00 PM America/New_York Fort Delaware Open to the Public Come out and visit the greatest Civil War site in Delaware! We have several programs going on daily, including artillery and musketry demonstrations, tours and interactive activities. You can also visit with our costumed interpreters, who can show you what we believe life was like in the 1860s. Fort Delaware is a great experience for visitors of all ages. Cost is $12 for adults, $7 for kids and $11 for seniors and military. Fort Delaware
Fort Delaware Open to the Public
Monday, September 2, 2024
10:00 AM
Come out and visit the greatest Civil War site in Delaware! We have several programs going on daily, including artillery and musketry demonstrations, tours and interactive activities. You can also visit with our costumed interpreters, who can show you what we believe life was like in the 1860s. Fort Delaware is a great experience for visitors of all ages. Cost is $12 for adults, $7 for kids and $11 for seniors and military.
Add to Calendar 9/2/2024 10:00:00 AM 9/2/2024 3:00:00 PM America/New_York Fort Delaware Open to the Public Come out and visit the greatest Civil War site in Delaware! We have several programs going on daily, including artillery and musketry demonstrations, tours and interactive activities. You can also visit with our costumed interpreters, who can show you what we believe life was like in the 1860s. Fort Delaware is a great experience for visitors of all ages. Cost is $12 for adults, $7 for kids and $11 for seniors and military. Fort Delaware
Sunset River Cruise
Friday, September 6, 2024
6:00 PM
Join us for an hour and a half-long cruise up the Delaware River onboard the Delafort Ferry to experience the unique natural and historical resources along the Delaware River. Participants will get the chance to view historic Fort Delaware and Pea Patch Island. Being on the river gives a very enlightening perspective to how Fort Delaware, Fort Mott and Fort DuPont worked together to protect the river passage to Wilmington and Philadelphia from enemy navies. In addition, Pea Patch Island is home to an impressive heronry, so we should see a wide variety of wading birds, and perhaps some osprey and bald eagles. This cruise offers a beautiful view of the setting sun.
Register Online
Add to Calendar 9/6/2024 6:00:00 PM 9/6/2024 7:30:00 PM America/New_York Sunset River Cruise Join us for an hour and a half-long cruise up the Delaware River onboard the Delafort Ferry to experience the unique natural and historical resources along the Delaware River. Participants will get the chance to view historic Fort Delaware and Pea Patch Island. Being on the river gives a very enlightening perspective to how Fort Delaware, Fort Mott and Fort DuPont worked together to protect the river passage to Wilmington and Philadelphia from enemy navies. In addition, Pea Patch Island is home to an impressive heronry, so we should see a wide variety of wading birds, and perhaps some osprey and bald eagles. This cruise offers a beautiful view of the setting sun. Fort Delaware
Fort Delaware Open to the Public
Saturday, September 7, 2024
10:00 AM
Come out and visit the greatest Civil War site in Delaware! We have several programs going on daily, including artillery and musketry demonstrations, tours and interactive activities. You can also visit with our costumed interpreters, who can show you what we believe life was like in the 1860s. Fort Delaware is a great experience for visitors of all ages. Cost is $12 for adults, $7 for kids and $11 for seniors and military.
Add to Calendar 9/7/2024 10:00:00 AM 9/7/2024 3:00:00 PM America/New_York Fort Delaware Open to the Public Come out and visit the greatest Civil War site in Delaware! We have several programs going on daily, including artillery and musketry demonstrations, tours and interactive activities. You can also visit with our costumed interpreters, who can show you what we believe life was like in the 1860s. Fort Delaware is a great experience for visitors of all ages. Cost is $12 for adults, $7 for kids and $11 for seniors and military. Fort Delaware
Escape Fort Delaware
Saturday, September 7, 2024
5:00 PM
You have been arrested on the presumption of committing some disloyal act. Can you use the resources available to you to get out of Fort Delaware successfully? Come find out in this unique take on an escape room! Cost: $50 per person. Call the park to register 302-834-7941.
Register Online
Add to Calendar 9/7/2024 5:00:00 PM 9/7/2024 7:30:00 PM America/New_York Escape Fort Delaware You have been arrested on the presumption of committing some disloyal act. Can you use the resources available to you to get out of Fort Delaware successfully? Come find out in this unique take on an escape room! Cost: $50 per person. Call the park to register 302-834-7941. Fort Delaware
Fort Delaware Open to the Public
Sunday, September 8, 2024
10:00 AM
Come out and visit the greatest Civil War site in Delaware! We have several programs going on daily, including artillery and musketry demonstrations, tours and interactive activities. You can also visit with our costumed interpreters, who can show you what we believe life was like in the 1860s. Fort Delaware is a great experience for visitors of all ages. Cost is $12 for adults, $7 for kids and $11 for seniors and military.
Add to Calendar 9/8/2024 10:00:00 AM 9/8/2024 3:00:00 PM America/New_York Fort Delaware Open to the Public Come out and visit the greatest Civil War site in Delaware! We have several programs going on daily, including artillery and musketry demonstrations, tours and interactive activities. You can also visit with our costumed interpreters, who can show you what we believe life was like in the 1860s. Fort Delaware is a great experience for visitors of all ages. Cost is $12 for adults, $7 for kids and $11 for seniors and military. Fort Delaware
Sunset River Cruise
Friday, September 13, 2024
6:00 PM
Join us for an hour and a half-long cruise up the Delaware River onboard the Delafort Ferry to experience the unique natural and historical resources along the Delaware River. Participants will get the chance to view historic Fort Delaware and Pea Patch Island. Being on the river gives a very enlightening perspective to how Fort Delaware, Fort Mott and Fort DuPont worked together to protect the river passage to Wilmington and Philadelphia from enemy navies. In addition, Pea Patch Island is home to an impressive heronry, so we should see a wide variety of wading birds, and perhaps some osprey and bald eagles. This cruise offers a beautiful view of the setting sun.
Register Online
Add to Calendar 9/13/2024 6:00:00 PM 9/13/2024 7:30:00 PM America/New_York Sunset River Cruise Join us for an hour and a half-long cruise up the Delaware River onboard the Delafort Ferry to experience the unique natural and historical resources along the Delaware River. Participants will get the chance to view historic Fort Delaware and Pea Patch Island. Being on the river gives a very enlightening perspective to how Fort Delaware, Fort Mott and Fort DuPont worked together to protect the river passage to Wilmington and Philadelphia from enemy navies. In addition, Pea Patch Island is home to an impressive heronry, so we should see a wide variety of wading birds, and perhaps some osprey and bald eagles. This cruise offers a beautiful view of the setting sun. Fort Delaware
Fort Delaware Open to the Public
Saturday, September 14, 2024
10:00 AM
Come out and visit the greatest Civil War site in Delaware! We have several programs going on daily, including artillery and musketry demonstrations, tours and interactive activities. You can also visit with our costumed interpreters, who can show you what we believe life was like in the 1860s. Fort Delaware is a great experience for visitors of all ages. Cost is $12 for adults, $7 for kids and $11 for seniors and military.
Add to Calendar 9/14/2024 10:00:00 AM 9/14/2024 3:00:00 PM America/New_York Fort Delaware Open to the Public Come out and visit the greatest Civil War site in Delaware! We have several programs going on daily, including artillery and musketry demonstrations, tours and interactive activities. You can also visit with our costumed interpreters, who can show you what we believe life was like in the 1860s. Fort Delaware is a great experience for visitors of all ages. Cost is $12 for adults, $7 for kids and $11 for seniors and military. Fort Delaware
US Corps of Engineers Weekend
Saturday, September 14, 2024
10:00 AM
Join us for this special event when we will be joined by reenactors from the US Engineers! In addition to our regular programming, we will have engineers, craftsmen, a guest blacksmith, and other special opportunities to learn about Fort Delaware and other forts like it! No registration required. Free, with paid park admission!
Add to Calendar 9/14/2024 10:00:00 AM 9/14/2024 3:00:00 PM America/New_York US Corps of Engineers Weekend Join us for this special event when we will be joined by reenactors from the US Engineers! In addition to our regular programming, we will have engineers, craftsmen, a guest blacksmith, and other special opportunities to learn about Fort Delaware and other forts like it! No registration required. Free, with paid park admission! Fort Delaware
Fort Delaware Open to the Public
Sunday, September 15, 2024
10:00 AM
Come out and visit the greatest Civil War site in Delaware! We have several programs going on daily, including artillery and musketry demonstrations, tours and interactive activities. You can also visit with our costumed interpreters, who can show you what we believe life was like in the 1860s. Fort Delaware is a great experience for visitors of all ages. Cost is $12 for adults, $7 for kids and $11 for seniors and military.
Add to Calendar 9/15/2024 10:00:00 AM 9/15/2024 3:00:00 PM America/New_York Fort Delaware Open to the Public Come out and visit the greatest Civil War site in Delaware! We have several programs going on daily, including artillery and musketry demonstrations, tours and interactive activities. You can also visit with our costumed interpreters, who can show you what we believe life was like in the 1860s. Fort Delaware is a great experience for visitors of all ages. Cost is $12 for adults, $7 for kids and $11 for seniors and military. Fort Delaware
US Corps of Engineers Weekend
Sunday, September 15, 2024
10:00 AM
Join us for this special event when we will be joined by reenactors from the US Engineers! In addition to our regular programming, we will have engineers, craftsmen, a guest blacksmith, and other special opportunities to learn about Fort Delaware and other forts like it! No registration required. Free, with paid park admission!
Add to Calendar 9/15/2024 10:00:00 AM 9/15/2024 3:00:00 PM America/New_York US Corps of Engineers Weekend Join us for this special event when we will be joined by reenactors from the US Engineers! In addition to our regular programming, we will have engineers, craftsmen, a guest blacksmith, and other special opportunities to learn about Fort Delaware and other forts like it! No registration required. Free, with paid park admission! Fort Delaware
Sunset River Cruise
Friday, September 20, 2024
6:00 PM
Join us for an hour and a half-long cruise up the Delaware River onboard the Delafort Ferry to experience the unique natural and historical resources along the Delaware River. Participants will get the chance to view historic Fort Delaware and Pea Patch Island. Being on the river gives a very enlightening perspective to how Fort Delaware, Fort Mott and Fort DuPont worked together to protect the river passage to Wilmington and Philadelphia from enemy navies. In addition, Pea Patch Island is home to an impressive heronry, so we should see a wide variety of wading birds, and perhaps some osprey and bald eagles. This cruise offers a beautiful view of the setting sun.
Register Online
Add to Calendar 9/20/2024 6:00:00 PM 9/20/2024 7:30:00 PM America/New_York Sunset River Cruise Join us for an hour and a half-long cruise up the Delaware River onboard the Delafort Ferry to experience the unique natural and historical resources along the Delaware River. Participants will get the chance to view historic Fort Delaware and Pea Patch Island. Being on the river gives a very enlightening perspective to how Fort Delaware, Fort Mott and Fort DuPont worked together to protect the river passage to Wilmington and Philadelphia from enemy navies. In addition, Pea Patch Island is home to an impressive heronry, so we should see a wide variety of wading birds, and perhaps some osprey and bald eagles. This cruise offers a beautiful view of the setting sun. Fort Delaware
Fort Delaware Open to the Public
Saturday, September 21, 2024
10:00 AM
Come out and visit the greatest Civil War site in Delaware! We have several programs going on daily, including artillery and musketry demonstrations, tours and interactive activities. You can also visit with our costumed interpreters, who can show you what we believe life was like in the 1860s. Fort Delaware is a great experience for visitors of all ages. Cost is $12 for adults, $7 for kids and $11 for seniors and military.
Add to Calendar 9/21/2024 10:00:00 AM 9/21/2024 3:00:00 PM America/New_York Fort Delaware Open to the Public Come out and visit the greatest Civil War site in Delaware! We have several programs going on daily, including artillery and musketry demonstrations, tours and interactive activities. You can also visit with our costumed interpreters, who can show you what we believe life was like in the 1860s. Fort Delaware is a great experience for visitors of all ages. Cost is $12 for adults, $7 for kids and $11 for seniors and military. Fort Delaware
Fort Delaware After Hours: Night of Fire
Saturday, September 21, 2024
5:00 PM
Join us as the fort opens late for a special night of weapons demonstrations. We will be looking at how weapons changed during the 19th century, doing hands-on tactical demonstrations, and finishing the night with our 8-inch firing at dusk. We will also have our furnished areas open for touring. This is a great chance to see the fort in the evening for a different perspective! Cost: $25 per person.
Add to Calendar 9/21/2024 5:00:00 PM 9/21/2024 7:30:00 PM America/New_York Fort Delaware After Hours: Night of Fire Join us as the fort opens late for a special night of weapons demonstrations. We will be looking at how weapons changed during the 19th century, doing hands-on tactical demonstrations, and finishing the night with our 8-inch firing at dusk. We will also have our furnished areas open for touring. This is a great chance to see the fort in the evening for a different perspective! Cost: $25 per person. Fort Delaware
Fort Delware: Night of Fire
Saturday, September 21, 2024
5:00 PM
Join us as the fort opens late for a special night of weapons demonstrations. We will be looking at how weapons changed during the 19th century, doing hands-on tactical demonstrations, and finishing the night with our 8-inch firing at dusk. We will also have our furnished areas open for touring. This is a great chance to see the fort in the evening for a different perspective! Registration required, $25 per person.
Register Online
Add to Calendar 9/21/2024 5:00:00 PM 9/21/2024 7:30:00 PM America/New_York Fort Delware: Night of Fire Join us as the fort opens late for a special night of weapons demonstrations. We will be looking at how weapons changed during the 19th century, doing hands-on tactical demonstrations, and finishing the night with our 8-inch firing at dusk. We will also have our furnished areas open for touring. This is a great chance to see the fort in the evening for a different perspective! Registration required, $25 per person. Fort Delaware
Fort Delaware Open to the Public
Sunday, September 22, 2024
10:00 AM
Come out and visit the greatest Civil War site in Delaware! We have several programs going on daily, including artillery and musketry demonstrations, tours and interactive activities. You can also visit with our costumed interpreters, who can show you what we believe life was like in the 1860s. Fort Delaware is a great experience for visitors of all ages. Cost is $12 for adults, $7 for kids and $11 for seniors and military.
Add to Calendar 9/22/2024 10:00:00 AM 9/22/2024 3:00:00 PM America/New_York Fort Delaware Open to the Public Come out and visit the greatest Civil War site in Delaware! We have several programs going on daily, including artillery and musketry demonstrations, tours and interactive activities. You can also visit with our costumed interpreters, who can show you what we believe life was like in the 1860s. Fort Delaware is a great experience for visitors of all ages. Cost is $12 for adults, $7 for kids and $11 for seniors and military. Fort Delaware
Sunset River Cruise
Friday, September 27, 2024
6:00 PM
Join us for an hour and a half-long cruise up the Delaware River onboard the Delafort Ferry to experience the unique natural and historical resources along the Delaware River. Participants will get the chance to view historic Fort Delaware and Pea Patch Island. Being on the river gives a very enlightening perspective to how Fort Delaware, Fort Mott and Fort DuPont worked together to protect the river passage to Wilmington and Philadelphia from enemy navies. In addition, Pea Patch Island is home to an impressive heronry, so we should see a wide variety of wading birds, and perhaps some osprey and bald eagles. This cruise offers a beautiful view of the setting sun.
Register Online
Add to Calendar 9/27/2024 6:00:00 PM 9/27/2024 7:30:00 PM America/New_York Sunset River Cruise Join us for an hour and a half-long cruise up the Delaware River onboard the Delafort Ferry to experience the unique natural and historical resources along the Delaware River. Participants will get the chance to view historic Fort Delaware and Pea Patch Island. Being on the river gives a very enlightening perspective to how Fort Delaware, Fort Mott and Fort DuPont worked together to protect the river passage to Wilmington and Philadelphia from enemy navies. In addition, Pea Patch Island is home to an impressive heronry, so we should see a wide variety of wading birds, and perhaps some osprey and bald eagles. This cruise offers a beautiful view of the setting sun. Fort Delaware
Fort Delaware Open to the Public
Saturday, September 28, 2024
10:00 AM
Come out and visit the greatest Civil War site in Delaware! We have several programs going on daily, including artillery and musketry demonstrations, tours and interactive activities. You can also visit with our costumed interpreters, who can show you what we believe life was like in the 1860s. Fort Delaware is a great experience for visitors of all ages. Cost is $12 for adults, $7 for kids and $11 for seniors and military.
Add to Calendar 9/28/2024 10:00:00 AM 9/28/2024 3:00:00 PM America/New_York Fort Delaware Open to the Public Come out and visit the greatest Civil War site in Delaware! We have several programs going on daily, including artillery and musketry demonstrations, tours and interactive activities. You can also visit with our costumed interpreters, who can show you what we believe life was like in the 1860s. Fort Delaware is a great experience for visitors of all ages. Cost is $12 for adults, $7 for kids and $11 for seniors and military. Fort Delaware
Fort Delaware Overnight Family Campout
Saturday, September 28, 2024
5:00 PM
Join us on September 28th, for a unique overnight family camping experience on Pea Patch Island. This program is designed for the whole family to explore Fort Delaware in a special event. Participants will have the opportunity to camp on the fort's parade ground, cook dinner over an open fire, interact with state parks staff, enjoy a lantern tour of the fort and s'mores around the campfire, and more! Reservations for this one-of-a-kind experience are limited. Participants should pack lightly and backpack-type tents are recommended. Call the park office at 302-834-7941 for details and to sign up. Cost: $80/family of four, $10 for each additional family member.
Add to Calendar 9/28/2024 5:00:00 PM 9/28/2024 10:30:00 AM America/New_York Fort Delaware Overnight Family Campout Join us on September 28th, for a unique overnight family camping experience on Pea Patch Island. This program is designed for the whole family to explore Fort Delaware in a special event. Participants will have the opportunity to camp on the fort's parade ground, cook dinner over an open fire, interact with state parks staff, enjoy a lantern tour of the fort and s'mores around the campfire, and more! Reservations for this one-of-a-kind experience are limited. Participants should pack lightly and backpack-type tents are recommended. Call the park office at 302-834-7941 for details and to sign up. Cost: $80/family of four, $10 for each additional family member. Fort Delaware
Fort Delaware Open to the Public
Sunday, September 29, 2024
10:00 AM
Come out and visit the greatest Civil War site in Delaware! We have several programs going on daily, including artillery and musketry demonstrations, tours and interactive activities. You can also visit with our costumed interpreters, who can show you what we believe life was like in the 1860s. Fort Delaware is a great experience for visitors of all ages. Cost is $12 for adults, $7 for kids and $11 for seniors and military.
Add to Calendar 9/29/2024 10:00:00 AM 9/29/2024 3:00:00 PM America/New_York Fort Delaware Open to the Public Come out and visit the greatest Civil War site in Delaware! We have several programs going on daily, including artillery and musketry demonstrations, tours and interactive activities. You can also visit with our costumed interpreters, who can show you what we believe life was like in the 1860s. Fort Delaware is a great experience for visitors of all ages. Cost is $12 for adults, $7 for kids and $11 for seniors and military. Fort Delaware
Firework's River Cruise
Saturday, October 5, 2024
7:00 PM
Come celebrate Delaware City Day with a fireworks cruise on the river! This event marks our 1st Annual Delaware City Day Fireworks River Cruise. Join us on the ferry to take in the exciting views of the celebratory fireworks from the water rather than the shore. Registration is required, and tickets are $30 per person. Limited availability!
Register Online
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https://www.britannica.com/place/New-Castle-Delaware
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New Castle | History, Colonial Era, Dutch Settlement
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New Castle, city, New Castle county, northern Delaware, U.S. It is just south of Wilmington on the Delaware River, there linked to New Jersey by the twin spans of the Delaware Memorial Bridge. The original settlement, called Santhoeck, was established in 1651, when Peter Stuyvesant, the Dutch
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/favicon.png
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Encyclopedia Britannica
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https://www.britannica.com/place/New-Castle-Delaware
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New Castle, city, New Castle county, northern Delaware, U.S. It is just south of Wilmington on the Delaware River, there linked to New Jersey by the twin spans of the Delaware Memorial Bridge. The original settlement, called Santhoeck, was established in 1651, when Peter Stuyvesant, the Dutch administrator, built Fort Casimir there. The settlement was seized by the Swedes in 1654 but was regained by the Dutch in 1655. It was named New Amstel and was made the Dutch capital of the southern Delaware region, but it was renamed in 1664 (probably for William Cavendish, earl and, from 1665, 1st duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne), after its capture by the British that year. William Penn, the English Quaker, took possession of it in 1682. An early cultural centre, New Castle was the seat of the Lower Counties-on-Delaware (1704–76). On September 21, 1776, a convention of counties meeting there proclaimed a constitution and formed the state of Delaware; New Castle served briefly as state capital until it was moved to Dover in 1777. Three signers of the Declaration of Independence (George Read, George Ross, and Thomas McKean) at one time lived in New Castle.
The Immanuel Church (Episcopal; 1703, rebuilt after it burned in 1980) is a historic landmark. Other colonial landmarks include Amstel House Museum (c. 1730); Old Dutch House, perhaps the state’s oldest dwelling, built in the late 1600s and now maintained as a museum; the New Castle Court House (1732, restored to its 1804 appearance); and the Green (town square), laid out by Stuyvesant in 1655. Wilmington College was opened in 1968 in New Castle. The city has light industries. Inc. 1875. Pop. (2000) 4,862; (2010) 5,285.
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https://www.newcastlehistory.org/historic-district
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New Castle History
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New Castle History
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https://www.newcastlehistory.org/historic-district
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Becoming New Castle New Castle is a city that has continually faced and adapted to change. At various points in history, it has been a colonial capital, a transportation hub, and a center for commerce and industry. The arc that defines Delaware’s unique northern boundary was first surveyed in 1701, and is based on a circle with a 12-mile radius emanating from New Castle. New Castle’s designation as “The Center of the Circle” is significant not only for the purpose of defining boundaries, but also for establishing New Castle as central to life in Delaware. Transportation New Castle was founded by the Dutch in 1651 as a military outpost called Fort Casimir. During the next 31 years, New Castle was alternately governed by the Dutch, Swedish, and British, changing hands five times. Finally under British control in 1682, New Castle and the three counties that make up the present state of Delaware were granted to William Penn by the Duke of York. Though part of the Pennsylvania colony, Penn granted the “Three Lower Counties on Delaware” their own assembly in 1704. New Castle became the center of colonial government and the courts in the Three Lower Counties. In June of 1776, when Delaware separated permanently from Pennsylvania and declared independence from Great Britain, New Castle became Delaware’s first state capital. “Separation Day” is still celebrated every June in New Castle with parades, fireworks and other activities. New Castle was an important hub in the mid-Atlantic transportation network of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. With its small harbor on the southern end of the Delaware River, New Castle thrived as mercantile & passenger ships and packet boats sailed towards Philadelphia or out to sea. Land and rail routes were also important to transportation development in the city. New Castle was located on the route from Philadelphia to Baltimore, and later Washington. Stagecoaches traveled along a turnpike between New Castle and Frenchtown (Elkton), Maryland, connecting the Delaware River with the Chesapeake Bay. In 1831, the stagecoaches were replaced by the New Castle and Frenchtown Railroad – one of the nation’s first railroads. In the 20th century, trolley lines connected New Castle with other area towns and cities like Wilmington. Regional travelers again were routed through New Castle as ferries served to connect the town to points in New Jersey, and served as a vital link in the travel route between New York City and Norfolk, Virginia. Business & Industry In its heyday, New Castle’s transportation system provided opportunities for businesses to serve travelers and supply ships. Local merchants located their establishments near the waterfront in order to serve and profit from incoming traffic. Taverns and inns provided workers, sailors, and passengers with food, drink, and lodging. Merchants supplied outgoing ships with necessary supplies, such as livestock, before departing for extended voyages, while others purchased goods from incoming ships for resale to local residents. The river also provided an opportunity for New Castle to develop a thriving fishing industry. Until the beginning of the 20th century, shad and sturgeon fishing along the Delaware provided the residents of New Castle with a significant source of income. New Castle’s fishing industry died out around World War I due to river pollution and increased shipping traffic. In the second half of the 19th century, after transportation-related opportunities disappeared, New Castle looked toward industrialization for its economic future. Industries established here included flour, cotton and woolen mills, iron works, a steam engine works, umbrella and glove factories, steel mills, and an aircraft plant. Small businesses that served New Castle’s industrial workers prospered during this time as well. Grocers, butchers, milliners, bakers, shoemakers, harness makers, clothiers, jewelers, lumber yards, dairies, pharmacies, physicians and others made New Castle a self-sufficient town. Eventually, however, local industry closed, and New Castle residents began to commute to Wilmington and elsewhere for work. Automobile-centric development pulled commerce away from New Castle’s downtown businesses toward regional shopping centers and larger stores, eventually forcing the closure of most of New Castle’s essential businesses, and turning the city into a bedroom community. Diversity New Castle’s original Dutch settlers were soon followed by people from other European countries including Sweden, Finland, England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. By the late 17th century, New Castle’s population was a mix of nationalities – a microcosm of what the United States would eventually become. Europeans, notably the Dutch, brought enslaved Africans to America beginning in the 17th century. Enslaved Africans were in New Castle as early as 1662, and the town’s population of enslaved people grew through the early 18th century, until by the middle of the 18th century, one-third of the population of Southern New Castle County was enslaved. Beginning in the late 18th century, a trend toward manumission, or granting freedom to enslaved people, took hold in New Castle. By 1860, only 3% of Black individuals in New Castle County were enslaved, and none of them lived in the town of New Castle. Bolstered by their local abolitionist Quaker populations, both New Castle and Wilmington played significant roles in the Underground Railroad network that helped enslaved people flee north. Thomas Garrett, a prominent Wilmington Quaker, was tried at the New Castle Court House for assisting in the Underground Railroad. Industrialization in the nineteenth century attracted new immigrant groups to New Castle – particularly from Eastern Europe – including Poles, Austrians, Russians, and Lithuanians. Around the turn of the 20th century, Italian immigrants began arriving in New Castle, attracted by employment with the railroad and steel mills. Today, the city still has a close-knit Italian community centered around Ninth and Clayton Streets in the Shawtown neighborhood. Preservation in New Castle The preservation of the history, architecture and landscapes of New Castle began in the early 20th century and continues to be a focus of the city. Prompted by the work of the WPA Federal Writers Project to document the historic buildings of New Castle, a group of concerned citizens raised funds to buy the Amstel House in 1929, the town’s first formal preservation effort. This group evolved into the New Castle Historical Society. Today, the New Castle Historical Society is joined in preserving the town by all of the residents and property owners in the historic district, community organizations, the Delaware Historical Society, the Trustees of the New Castle Common, the City of New Castle and the State of Delaware. The City government supports historic preservation primarily through the Historic Area Commission. All new exterior construction projects in New Castle’s historic district require approval from the Historic Area Commission before a building permit will be issued. This review process helps ensure that New Castle preserves its historic integrity and character.
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https://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2007/12/american-colonies-delaware.html
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The Year: 1638 Early explorations of Delaware’s coastline were made by Samuel Argall in 1610. During a storm, Argall was blown off course and sailed into a bay that he named in honor of his governor—Lord De La Warr. In 1631, the first white settlement was made on Delaware soil, after a group of Dutchmen formed a trading company headed by Captain David Pietersen de Vries. The expedition of about 30 individuals sailed from the town of Hoorn on the ship De Walvis (The Whale). Arriving in the New World in 1632, Captain de Vries found the settlers had been killed and their buildings burned by the Indians. The Swedes In 1638, a Swedish trading post and colony was established...Read Article
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https://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2007/12/american-colonies-delaware.html
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The Year: 1638
Early explorations of Delaware’s coastline were made by Samuel Argall in 1610. During a storm, Argall was blown off course and sailed into a bay that he named in honor of his governor—Lord De La Warr. In 1631, the first white settlement was made on Delaware soil, after a group of Dutchmen formed a trading company headed by Captain David Pietersen de Vries. The expedition of about 30 individuals sailed from the town of Hoorn on the ship De Walvis (The Whale). Arriving in the New World in 1632, Captain de Vries found the settlers had been killed and their buildings burned by the Indians.
The Swedes
In 1638, a Swedish trading post and colony was established at Fort Christina (now Wilmington) by Dutchman Peter Minuit and a group of Swedes, Finns, and Dutch. This was the first permanent European settlement in the Delaware Valley.
The first expedition, consisting of two ships, Kalmar Nyckel and Vogel Grip, under the leadership of Peter Minuit, landed about March 29. The location of the first Swedish settlement was at The Rocks. A fort was built called Fort Christina after the young queen of Sweden, and they named their settlement New Sweden.
The Swedes purchased lands of the Indians on the western side of the Delaware as far up as a point opposite Trenton, founded a town on the site of Philadelphia, built churches here and there, and soon presented the appearance of a happy and prosperous community. The Dutch claimed the entire Delaware Valley as part of New Netherland, and Dutch Governor Kieft had protested the Swedes’ settlement, but Sweden was too powerful a nation to be defied at that time.
New Sweden grew by immigration and spread over the surrounding country. It seemed for a time that the whole Delaware Valley would be settled and held by the Scandinavians, but the Dutch came in 1651 and built Fort Casimir where New Castle now stands, and took control of the bay. In 1654, the new Swedish governor Johan Rising seized Fort Casimir.
In 1655, Peter Stuyvesant was the governor of New Amsterdam, and he was determined to put an end to New Sweden. He entered the bay with a fleet bearing over six hundred men, and the Swedes were overtaken. New Sweden, which had existed for seventeen years, ceased to exist as a separate colony, but the people were allowed to keep their farms, and the community continued to prosper under its new government.
The conquest of New Amsterdam by the English, in 1664, included Delaware, which then became the property of the Duke of York. The Duke’s Laws were soon extended to Delaware, and the people were granted some measure of self-government.
Province of Pennsylvania
In 1681, Pennsylvania was granted to William Penn by King Charles II, and Penn’s agents soon arrived on the Delaware River. They reported to Penn that the new province would be landlocked if the colonies on either side of the Delaware River or Bay were hostile. As a result, Penn petitioned the Crown for the land on the west side of the bay below his province, which the Duke of York conveyed in March 1682.
On October 27 1682, William Penn landed in America and took possession from the Duke of York’s agents as Proprietor of the lower counties. The colonists took an oath of allegiance to the new proprietor, and the first general assembly was held in the colony.
The following year, the three Lower Counties were annexed to the Province of Pennsylvania as territories with full privileges under Penn’s famous “Frame of Government.” Penn established representative government and briefly combined his two possessions under one General Assembly.
A long dispute ensued between William Penn and Lord Baltimore of the Province of Maryland as to the exact dominion controlled by Penn on the lower Delaware. The dispute continued between the heirs Penn and Baltimore until almost the end of the colonial period.
By 1704, the Province of Pennsylvania had grown so large that their representatives wanted to make decisions without the assent of the Lower Counties and the two groups of representatives began meeting on their own, one at Philadelphia, and the other at New Castle.
Independence at Last
In 1776, at the time of the Declaration of Independence, Delaware not only declared itself free from the British Empire, but also established a state government entirely separate from Pennsylvania.
During the American Revolution, nearly 4,000 men enlisted for service from the small state. The colonial wars had built up the militia system and supplied a number of capable officers who led the troops of Delaware in all the principal engagements from the battle of Long Island to the siege of Yorktown. The only Revolutionary engagement fought on Delaware soil was the battle of Cooch’s Bridge, near Newark, on September 3, 1777.
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