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Dreamoon loves summing up something for no reason. One day he obtains two integers a and b occasionally. He wants to calculate the sum of all nice integers. Positive integer x is called nice if $\operatorname{mod}(x, b) \neq 0$ and $\frac{\operatorname{... |
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Tavak and Seyyed are good friends. Seyyed is very funny and he told Tavak to solve the following problem instead of longest-path.
You are given l and r. For all integers from l to r, inclusive, we wrote down all of their integer divisors except 1. Find... |
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"QAQ" is a word to denote an expression of crying. Imagine "Q" as eyes with tears and "A" as a mouth.
Now Diamond has given Bort a string consisting of only uppercase English letters of length n. There is a great number of "QAQ" in the string (Diamond ... |
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Codefortia is a small island country located somewhere in the West Pacific. It consists of $n$ settlements connected by $m$ bidirectional gravel roads. Curiously enough, the beliefs of the inhabitants require the time needed to pass each road to be equa... |
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Pikachu had an array with him. He wrote down all the non-empty subsequences of the array on paper. Note that an array of size n has 2^{n} - 1 non-empty subsequences in it.
Pikachu being mischievous as he always is, removed all the subsequences in whic... |
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Vasya and Kolya play a game with a string, using the following rules. Initially, Kolya creates a string s, consisting of small English letters, and uniformly at random chooses an integer k from a segment [0, len(s) - 1]. He tells Vasya this string s, an... |
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In the evenings Donkey would join Shrek to look at the stars. They would sit on a log, sipping tea and they would watch the starry sky. The sky hung above the roof, right behind the chimney. Shrek's stars were to the right of the chimney and the Donkey'... |
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The Little Elephant has an integer a, written in the binary notation. He wants to write this number on a piece of paper.
To make sure that the number a fits on the piece of paper, the Little Elephant ought to delete exactly one any digit from number a ... |
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It is so boring in the summer holiday, isn't it? So Alice and Bob have invented a new game to play. The rules are as follows. First, they get a set of n distinct integers. And then they take turns to make the following moves. During each move, either Al... |
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Mad scientist Mike does not use slow hard disks. His modification of a hard drive has not one, but n different heads that can read data in parallel.
When viewed from the side, Mike's hard drive is an endless array of tracks. The tracks of the array are... |
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A schoolboy named Vasya loves reading books on programming and mathematics. He has recently read an encyclopedia article that described the method of median smoothing (or median filter) and its many applications in science and engineering. Vasya liked t... |
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For a vector $\vec{v} = (x, y)$, define $|v| = \sqrt{x^2 + y^2}$.
Allen had a bit too much to drink at the bar, which is at the origin. There are $n$ vectors $\vec{v_1}, \vec{v_2}, \cdots, \vec{v_n}$. Allen will make $n$ moves. As Allen's sense of dire... |
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Limak is a little bear who loves to play. Today he is playing by destroying block towers. He built n towers in a row. The i-th tower is made of h_{i} identical blocks. For clarification see picture for the first sample.
Limak will repeat the following ... |
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Eighth-grader Vova is on duty today in the class. After classes, he went into the office to wash the board, and found on it the number n. He asked what is this number and the teacher of mathematics Inna Petrovna answered Vova that n is the answer to the... |
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You are given a non-empty string s consisting of lowercase English letters. You have to pick exactly one non-empty substring of s and shift all its letters 'z' $\rightarrow$ 'y' $\rightarrow$ 'x' $\rightarrow \ldots \rightarrow$ 'b' $\rightarrow$ 'a' $\... |
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After a wonderful evening in the restaurant the time to go home came. Leha as a true gentlemen suggested Noora to give her a lift. Certainly the girl agreed with pleasure. Suddenly one problem appeared: Leha cannot find his car on a huge parking near th... |
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Gennady is one of the best child dentists in Berland. Today n children got an appointment with him, they lined up in front of his office.
All children love to cry loudly at the reception at the dentist. We enumerate the children with integers from 1 to... |
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This problem is the most boring one you've ever seen.
Given a sequence of integers a_1, a_2, ..., a_{n} and a non-negative integer h, our goal is to partition the sequence into two subsequences (not necessarily consist of continuous elements). Each el... |
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Ivan wants to make a necklace as a present to his beloved girl. A necklace is a cyclic sequence of beads of different colors. Ivan says that necklace is beautiful relative to the cut point between two adjacent beads, if the chain of beads remaining afte... |
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Recently, Pari and Arya did some research about NP-Hard problems and they found the minimum vertex cover problem very interesting.
Suppose the graph G is given. Subset A of its vertices is called a vertex cover of this graph, if for each edge uv there ... |
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Students went into a class to write a test and sat in some way. The teacher thought: "Probably they sat in this order to copy works of each other. I need to rearrange them in such a way that students that were neighbors are not neighbors in a new seatin... |
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Mrs. Smith is trying to contact her husband, John Smith, but she forgot the secret phone number!
The only thing Mrs. Smith remembered was that any permutation of $n$ can be a secret phone number. Only those permutations that minimize secret value might... |
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You're playing a game called Osu! Here's a simplified version of it. There are n clicks in a game. For each click there are two outcomes: correct or bad. Let us denote correct as "O", bad as "X", then the whole play can be encoded as a sequence of n cha... |
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Yaroslav is playing a game called "Time". The game has a timer showing the lifespan he's got left. As soon as the timer shows 0, Yaroslav's character dies and the game ends. Also, the game has n clock stations, station number i is at point (x_{i}, y_{i}... |
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Squirrel Liss lived in a forest peacefully, but unexpected trouble happens. Stones fall from a mountain. Initially Squirrel Liss occupies an interval [0, 1]. Next, n stones will fall and Liss will escape from the stones. The stones are numbered from 1 t... |
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Reading books is one of Sasha's passions. Once while he was reading one book, he became acquainted with an unusual character. The character told about himself like that: "Many are my names in many countries. Mithrandir among the Elves, Tharkûn to the Dw... |
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A group of n cities is connected by a network of roads. There is an undirected road between every pair of cities, so there are $\frac{n \cdot(n - 1)}{2}$ roads in total. It takes exactly y seconds to traverse any single road.
A spanning tree is a set o... |
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Dreamoon likes coloring cells very much.
There is a row of $n$ cells. Initially, all cells are empty (don't contain any color). Cells are numbered from $1$ to $n$.
You are given an integer $m$ and $m$ integers $l_1, l_2, \ldots, l_m$ ($1 \le l_i \le n... |
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Vanya wants to minimize a tree. He can perform the following operation multiple times: choose a vertex v, and two disjoint (except for v) paths of equal length a_0 = v, a_1, ..., a_{k}, and b_0 = v, b_1, ..., b_{k}. Additionally, vertices a_1, ..., a_{k... |
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Sasha is taking part in a programming competition. In one of the problems she should check if some rooted trees are isomorphic or not. She has never seen this problem before, but, being an experienced participant, she guessed that she should match trees... |
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You are given $n$ points on the plane. The polygon formed from all the $n$ points is strictly convex, that is, the polygon is convex, and there are no three collinear points (i.e. lying in the same straight line). The points are numbered from $1$ to $n$... |
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The biggest event of the year – Cota 2 world championship "The Innernational" is right around the corner. $2^n$ teams will compete in a double-elimination format (please, carefully read problem statement even if you know what is it) to identify the cham... |
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You work in a big office. It is a 9 floor building with an elevator that can accommodate up to 4 people. It is your responsibility to manage this elevator.
Today you are late, so there are queues on some floors already. For each person you know the flo... |
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Logical quantifiers are very useful tools for expressing claims about a set. For this problem, let's focus on the set of real numbers specifically. The set of real numbers includes zero and negatives. There are two kinds of quantifiers: universal ($\for... |
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Toad Zitz has an array of integers, each integer is between $0$ and $m-1$ inclusive. The integers are $a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_n$.
In one operation Zitz can choose an integer $k$ and $k$ indices $i_1, i_2, \ldots, i_k$ such that $1 \leq i_1 < i_2 < \ldots ... |
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Igor the analyst has adopted n little bunnies. As we all know, bunnies love carrots. Thus, Igor has bought a carrot to be shared between his bunnies. Igor wants to treat all the bunnies equally, and thus he wants to cut the carrot into n pieces of equal... |
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The life goes up and down, just like nice sequences. Sequence t_1, t_2, ..., t_{n} is called nice if the following two conditions are satisfied: t_{i} < t_{i} + 1 for each odd i < n; t_{i} > t_{i} + 1 for each even i < n.
For example, sequences (2,... |
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Vasya's telephone contains n photos. Photo number 1 is currently opened on the phone. It is allowed to move left and right to the adjacent photo by swiping finger over the screen. If you swipe left from the first photo, you reach photo n. Similarly, by ... |
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Doubly linked list is one of the fundamental data structures. A doubly linked list is a sequence of elements, each containing information about the previous and the next elements of the list. In this problem all lists have linear structure. I.e. each el... |
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Hooray! Berl II, the king of Berland is making a knight tournament. The king has already sent the message to all knights in the kingdom and they in turn agreed to participate in this grand event.
As for you, you're just a simple peasant. There's no sur... |
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Allen dreams of one day owning a enormous fleet of electric cars, the car of the future! He knows that this will give him a big status boost. As Allen is planning out all of the different types of cars he will own and how he will arrange them, he realiz... |
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We all know the impressive story of Robin Hood. Robin Hood uses his archery skills and his wits to steal the money from rich, and return it to the poor.
There are n citizens in Kekoland, each person has c_{i} coins. Each day, Robin Hood will take exact... |
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Bob recently read about bitwise operations used in computers: AND, OR and XOR. He have studied their properties and invented a new game.
Initially, Bob chooses integer m, bit depth of the game, which means that all numbers in the game will consist of m... |
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Helen works in Metropolis airport. She is responsible for creating a departure schedule. There are n flights that must depart today, the i-th of them is planned to depart at the i-th minute of the day.
Metropolis airport is the main transport hub of Me... |
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Gerald plays the following game. He has a checkered field of size n × n cells, where m various cells are banned. Before the game, he has to put a few chips on some border (but not corner) board cells. Then for n - 1 minutes, Gerald every minute moves ea... |
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$n$ boys and $m$ girls came to the party. Each boy presented each girl some integer number of sweets (possibly zero). All boys are numbered with integers from $1$ to $n$ and all girls are numbered with integers from $1$ to $m$. For all $1 \leq i \leq n$... |
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Each New Year Timofey and his friends cut down a tree of n vertices and bring it home. After that they paint all the n its vertices, so that the i-th vertex gets color c_{i}.
Now it's time for Timofey birthday, and his mother asked him to remove the tr... |
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Andrew and Eugene are playing a game. Initially, Andrew has string s, consisting of digits. Eugene sends Andrew multiple queries of type "d_{i} → t_{i}", that means "replace all digits d_{i} in string s with substrings equal to t_{i}". For example, if s... |
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You are given two binary strings $a$ and $b$ of the same length. You can perform the following two operations on the string $a$:
Swap any two bits at indices $i$ and $j$ respectively ($1 \le i, j \le n$), the cost of this operation is $|i - j|$, that... |
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We have a string of letters 'a' and 'b'. We want to perform some operations on it. On each step we choose one of substrings "ab" in the string and replace it with the string "bba". If we have no "ab" as a substring, our job is done. Print the minimum nu... |
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Sonya was unable to think of a story for this problem, so here comes the formal description.
You are given the array containing n positive integers. At one turn you can pick any element and increase or decrease it by 1. The goal is the make the array s... |
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Evlampiy has found one more cool application to process photos. However the application has certain limitations.
Each photo i has a contrast v_{i}. In order for the processing to be truly of high quality, the application must receive at least k photos ... |
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The "BerCorp" company has got n employees. These employees can use m approved official languages for the formal correspondence. The languages are numbered with integers from 1 to m. For each employee we have the list of languages, which he knows. This l... |
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3R2 as DJ Mashiro - Happiness Breeze Ice - DJ Mashiro is dead or alive
NEKO#ΦωΦ has just got a new maze game on her PC!
The game's main puzzle is a maze, in the forms of a $2 \times n$ rectangle grid. NEKO's task is to lead a Nekomimi girl from cell $... |
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Andrewid the Android is a galaxy-famous detective. He is now investigating the case of vandalism at the exhibition of contemporary art.
The main exhibit is a construction of n matryoshka dolls that can be nested one into another. The matryoshka dolls a... |
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In the official contest this problem has a different statement, for which jury's solution was working incorrectly, and for this reason it was excluded from the contest. This mistake have been fixed and the current given problem statement and model solut... |
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One Big Software Company has n employees numbered from 1 to n. The director is assigned number 1. Every employee of the company except the director has exactly one immediate superior. The director, of course, doesn't have a superior.
We will call perso... |
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The Fair Nut is going to travel to the Tree Country, in which there are $n$ cities. Most of the land of this country is covered by forest. Furthermore, the local road system forms a tree (connected graph without cycles). Nut wants to rent a car in the c... |
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You are given an array $a$ of $n$ integers.
You want to make all elements of $a$ equal to zero by doing the following operation exactly three times: Select a segment, for each number in this segment we can add a multiple of $len$ to it, where $len$ is... |
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Karen has just arrived at school, and she has a math test today! [Image]
The test is about basic addition and subtraction. Unfortunately, the teachers were too busy writing tasks for Codeforces rounds, and had no time to make an actual test. So, they ... |
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Watchmen are in a danger and Doctor Manhattan together with his friend Daniel Dreiberg should warn them as soon as possible. There are n watchmen on a plane, the i-th watchman is located at point (x_{i}, y_{i}).
They need to arrange a plan, but there a... |
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Edo has got a collection of n refrigerator magnets!
He decided to buy a refrigerator and hang the magnets on the door. The shop can make the refrigerator with any size of the door that meets the following restrictions: the refrigerator door must be rec... |
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Bike loves looking for the second maximum element in the sequence. The second maximum element in the sequence of distinct numbers x_1, x_2, ..., x_{k} (k > 1) is such maximum element x_{j}, that the following inequality holds: $x_{j} \neq \operatorname{... |
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It is known that there are k fish species in the polar ocean, numbered from 1 to k. They are sorted by non-decreasing order of their weight, which is a positive number. Let the weight of the i-th type of fish be w_{i}, then 0 < w_1 ≤ w_2 ≤ ... ≤ w_{k} h... |
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You are given set of n points in 5-dimensional space. The points are labeled from 1 to n. No two points coincide.
We will call point a bad if there are different points b and c, not equal to a, from the given set such that angle between vectors $\vec{a... |
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Little X has n distinct integers: p_1, p_2, ..., p_{n}. He wants to divide all of them into two sets A and B. The following two conditions must be satisfied: If number x belongs to set A, then number a - x must also belong to set A. If number x belong... |
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Barney lives in NYC. NYC has infinite number of intersections numbered with positive integers starting from 1. There exists a bidirectional road between intersections i and 2i and another road between i and 2i + 1 for every positive integer i. You can c... |
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Maxim always goes to the supermarket on Sundays. Today the supermarket has a special offer of discount systems.
There are m types of discounts. We assume that the discounts are indexed from 1 to m. To use the discount number i, the customer takes a spe... |
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Nikita likes tasks on order statistics, for example, he can easily find the $k$-th number in increasing order on a segment of an array. But now Nikita wonders how many segments of an array there are such that a given number $x$ is the $k$-th number in i... |
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Slime and his $n$ friends are at a party. Slime has designed a game for his friends to play.
At the beginning of the game, the $i$-th player has $a_i$ biscuits. At each second, Slime will choose a biscuit randomly uniformly among all $a_1 + a_2 + \ldot... |
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Levko loves array a_1, a_2, ... , a_{n}, consisting of integers, very much. That is why Levko is playing with array a, performing all sorts of operations with it. Each operation Levko performs is of one of two types:
Increase all elements from l_{i} ... |
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Once Vasya and Petya assembled a figure of m cubes, each of them is associated with a number between 0 and m - 1 (inclusive, each number appeared exactly once). Let's consider a coordinate system such that the OX is the ground, and the OY is directed up... |
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Recently, on the course of algorithms and data structures, Valeriy learned how to use a deque. He built a deque filled with $n$ elements. The $i$-th element is $a_i$ ($i$ = $1, 2, \ldots, n$). He gradually takes the first two leftmost elements from the ... |
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Vasya has n items lying in a line. The items are consecutively numbered by numbers from 1 to n in such a way that the leftmost item has number 1, the rightmost item has number n. Each item has a weight, the i-th item weights w_{i} kilograms.
Vasya need... |
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Genos recently installed the game Zuma on his phone. In Zuma there exists a line of n gemstones, the i-th of which has color c_{i}. The goal of the game is to destroy all the gemstones in the line as quickly as possible.
In one second, Genos is able to... |
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Petya learned a new programming language CALPAS. A program in this language always takes one non-negative integer and returns one non-negative integer as well.
In the language, there are only three commands: apply a bitwise operation AND, OR or XOR wit... |
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In some country there are exactly n cities and m bidirectional roads connecting the cities. Cities are numbered with integers from 1 to n. If cities a and b are connected by a road, then in an hour you can go along this road either from city a to city b... |
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Sereja has a bracket sequence s_1, s_2, ..., s_{n}, or, in other words, a string s of length n, consisting of characters "(" and ")".
Sereja needs to answer m queries, each of them is described by two integers l_{i}, r_{i} (1 ≤ l_{i} ≤ r_{i} ≤ n). The ... |
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There are literally dozens of snooker competitions held each year, and team Jinotega tries to attend them all (for some reason they prefer name "snookah")! When a competition takes place somewhere far from their hometown, Ivan, Artsem and Konstantin tak... |
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Ivan has an array consisting of n different integers. He decided to reorder all elements in increasing order. Ivan loves merge sort so he decided to represent his array with one or several increasing sequences which he then plans to merge into one sorte... |
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When Serezha was three years old, he was given a set of cards with letters for his birthday. They were arranged into words in the way which formed the boy's mother favorite number in binary notation. Serezha started playing with them immediately and shu... |
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DZY loves planting, and he enjoys solving tree problems.
DZY has a weighted tree (connected undirected graph without cycles) containing n nodes (they are numbered from 1 to n). He defines the function g(x, y) (1 ≤ x, y ≤ n) as the longest edge in the s... |
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As you know, majority of students and teachers of Summer Informatics School live in Berland for the most part of the year. Since corruption there is quite widespread, the following story is not uncommon.
Elections are coming. You know the number of vot... |
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Permutation p is an ordered set of integers p_1, p_2, ..., p_{n}, consisting of n distinct positive integers not larger than n. We'll denote as n the length of permutation p_1, p_2, ..., p_{n}.
Your task is to find such permutation p of len... |
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There are $n$ water tanks in a row, $i$-th of them contains $a_i$ liters of water. The tanks are numbered from $1$ to $n$ from left to right.
You can perform the following operation: choose some subsegment $[l, r]$ ($1\le l \le r \le n$), and redistrib... |
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Ujan has a lot of useless stuff in his drawers, a considerable part of which are his math notebooks: it is time to sort them out. This time he found an old dusty graph theory notebook with a description of a graph.
It is an undirected weighted graph on... |
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Pavel made a photo of his favourite stars in the sky. His camera takes a photo of all points of the sky that belong to some rectangle with sides parallel to the coordinate axes.
Strictly speaking, it makes a photo of all points with coordinates $(x, y)... |
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As Will is stuck in the Upside Down, he can still communicate with his mom, Joyce, through the Christmas lights (he can turn them on and off with his mind). He can't directly tell his mom where he is, because the monster that took him to the Upside Down... |
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Our beloved detective, Sherlock is currently trying to catch a serial killer who kills a person each day. Using his powers of deduction, he came to know that the killer has a strategy for selecting his next victim.
The killer starts with two potential ... |
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Recently, Duff has been practicing weight lifting. As a hard practice, Malek gave her a task. He gave her a sequence of weights. Weight of i-th of them is 2^{w}_{i} pounds. In each step, Duff can lift some of the remaining weights and throw them away. S... |
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Lesha plays the recently published new version of the legendary game hacknet. In this version character skill mechanism was introduced. Now, each player character has exactly n skills. Each skill is represented by a non-negative integer a_{i} — the curr... |
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You are given an array $a$ consisting of $n$ non-negative integers. You have to choose a non-negative integer $x$ and form a new array $b$ of size $n$ according to the following rule: for all $i$ from $1$ to $n$, $b_i = a_i \oplus x$ ($\oplus$ denotes t... |
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Jeff has become friends with Furik. Now these two are going to play one quite amusing game.
At the beginning of the game Jeff takes a piece of paper and writes down a permutation consisting of n numbers: p_1, p_2, ..., p_{n}. Then the guys take turns t... |
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DZY loves Physics, and he enjoys calculating density.
Almost everything has density, even a graph. We define the density of a non-directed graph (nodes and edges of the graph have some values) as follows: $\left\{\begin{array}{ll}{\frac{v}{e}} & {(e > ... |
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Little Petya likes points a lot. Recently his mom has presented him n points lying on the line OX. Now Petya is wondering in how many ways he can choose three distinct points so that the distance between the two farthest of them doesn't exceed d.
Note ... |
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Mike is the president of country What-The-Fatherland. There are n bears living in this country besides Mike. All of them are standing in a line and they are numbered from 1 to n from left to right. i-th bear is exactly a_{i} feet high.
[Image]
A gr... |
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Sam has been teaching Jon the Game of Stones to sharpen his mind and help him devise a strategy to fight the white walkers. The rules of this game are quite simple: The game starts with n piles of stones indexed from 1 to n. The i-th pile contains s_{i... |
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You are given an array consisting of n non-negative integers a_1, a_2, ..., a_{n}.
You are going to destroy integers in the array one by one. Thus, you are given the permutation of integers from 1 to n defining the order elements of the array are destr... |
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Polycarp starts his own business. Tomorrow will be the first working day of his car repair shop. For now the car repair shop is very small and only one car can be repaired at a given time.
Polycarp is good at marketing, so he has already collected n re... |
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Niwel is a little golden bear. As everyone knows, bears live in forests, but Niwel got tired of seeing all the trees so he decided to move to the city.
In the city, Niwel took on a job managing bears to deliver goods. The city that he lives in can be r... |
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