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Islamic extremism – Extreme or radical form of Islam
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Islamic fundamentalism – Ideology which seeks to return to the fundamentals of Islam
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Islamic terrorism – Terrorist acts by groups of individuals who profess Islamic motivations or goals
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List of assassinations by the United States
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Osama bin Laden in popular culture
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Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism – Pakistan's involvement in state-sponsored terrorism
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The Golden Chain – List of sponsors of Al-Qaeda
Notes
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References
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Bibliography
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Further reading
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External links
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Archival Documents
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Osama bin Laden from FBI Records: The Vault
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November 2017 Release of Abbottabad Compound Material from CIA, including Audio, Video, Images and Documents
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The Osama bin Laden File from the National Security Archive, posted 2 May 2011
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Letters from Abbottabad (archived) from Combating Terrorism Center
In the News
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Osama bin Laden collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English
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Osama bin Laden collected news and commentary at Dawn
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Osama bin Laden collected news and commentary at The Guardian
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Osama bin Laden collected news and commentary at The New York Times
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Osama bin Laden news at JURIST
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Full text: Bin Laden's 'letter to America', The Observer, 24 November 2002
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Hunting Bin Laden, PBS Frontline, (November 2002)
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"5 Facts You Probably Didn't Know About Osama bin Laden", Dainik Bhaskar, (May 2016)
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Young Osama by Steve Coll, The New Yorker, 12 December 2005
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How the World Sees Osama bin Laden (archived 2011) – A photo slideshow by Life magazine (Photos date from 2000 to 2010)
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TITLE: Frankenstein
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Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus is an 1818 Gothic novel written by English author Mary Shelley. Frankenstein tells the story of Victor Frankenstein, a young scientist who creates a sapient creature from different body parts in an unorthodox scientific experiment. Shelley started writing the story when she was 18 and staying in Bath, and the first edition was published anonymously in London on 1 January 1818, when she was 20. Her name first appeared in the second edition, which was published in Paris in 1821.
Shelley travelled through Europe in 1815, moving along the river Rhine in Germany, and stopping in Gernsheim, 17 kilometres (11 mi) away from Frankenstein Castle, where, about a century earlier, Johann Konrad Dippel, an alchemist, had engaged in experiments. She then journeyed to the region of Geneva, Switzerland, where much of the story takes place. Galvanism and occult ideas were topics of conversation for her companions, particularly for her lover and future husband Percy Bysshe Shelley.
In 1816—at the suggestion of Lord Byron—Mary, Percy, John Polidori and Byron himself, each agreed to try writing a ghost story.
After thinking for days, Shelley was inspired to write Frankenstein after imagining a scientist who created life and was horrified by what he had made. The novel was first published anonymously in 1818, and in 1831, a revised edition was published under Mary Shelley's name. This version included significant stylistic revisions, a new preface describing the story's conception, and a more explicitly moral tone.
Frankenstein is one of the best-known works of English literature. Infused with elements of the Gothic novel and the Romantic movement, it has had a considerable influence on literature and on popular culture, spawning a complete genre of horror stories, films, and plays. Since the publication of the novel, the name Frankenstein has often been used to refer to the monster.
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