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+[
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1976395435",
+    "paper_b_id": "2308037539",
+    "paper_a_count": 15,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "1990-01",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "the use ofpatents in economic research has been seriously hindered by the fact that patents vary enormously in their importance or value and hence simple patent counts cannot be informative about innovative output the purpose of this article is to put forward patent counts weighted by citations as indicators of the value of innovations thereby overcoming the limitations of simple counts the empirical analysis of a particular innovation computed tomography scanners indeed shows a close association between citation based patent indices and independent measures of the social value of innovations in that field moreover the weighting scheme appears to be nonlinear increasing in the number of citations implying that the informational content of citations rises at the margin as in previous studies simple patent counts are found to be highly correlated with contemporaneous rd however here the association is within afield over time rather than cross sectional",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "government financed family planning programs that assist individual couples to attain their desired number of children are easily justified but government policies that coerce or use financial incentives to influence couples to alter their desired number of children require stronger justification such justification may reside in the externalities to childbearing the costs and benefits of children that are passed on by parents to society externalities to childbearing might include public costs of education health and pensions as well as taxes to be paid by children in the future cost sharing for public goods and social infrastructure over an enlarged tax base the dilution of per capita value of various forms of collective wealth and the reduction of wages and per capita incomes in the future the authors estimated these externalities for a number of developing countries although the net total estimated externality was typically negative it dominated measurement error only when public holdings of natural resources were important public expenditures on health education and pensions financed by proportional taxes led to negative externalities in most developing countries there are many sources of positive and negative externalities and each estimate is uncertain so the total externality is itself highly uncertain and often does not provide a clear case for policies going beyond family planning inclusion of environmental effects might alter this conclusion",
+    "paper_a_title": "a penny for your quotes patent citations and the value of innovations",
+    "paper_b_title": "population growth externalities to childbearing and fertility policy in developing countries"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2019717847",
+    "paper_b_id": "1970695068",
+    "paper_a_count": 39,
+    "paper_b_count": 9,
+    "time_period": "1991-02",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "institute of university of i business and v california at i economic research berkeley fisher center for real estate and urban economics p working paper series working paper no 88 151 the dynamics of real estate prices by these papers are preliminary in nature their purpose is to i e z i d 2f iz e ey bradford case are nottobccited ortluotedin john mq quigley any publication without the ex press permission of the author walter a haas school of business",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "this paper tests the exclusion of lagged growth rates of money and output from regression equations with serially correlated disturbances for the expected real interest rate the authors empirical approach is an extension of the empirical strategies of eugene f fama 1975 and frederic s mishkin 1981 which invoke the orthogonality of the inflation forecast error to predetermined regressors under the maintained hypothesis of rational expectations they discuss the implications of their tests for simple real business cycle models copyright 1991 by mit press",
+    "paper_a_title": "the dynamics of real estate prices",
+    "paper_b_title": "money output and the expected real interest rate"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2019717847",
+    "paper_b_id": "2117779765",
+    "paper_a_count": 39,
+    "paper_b_count": 8,
+    "time_period": "1991-02",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "institute of university of i business and v california at i economic research berkeley fisher center for real estate and urban economics p working paper series working paper no 88 151 the dynamics of real estate prices by these papers are preliminary in nature their purpose is to i e z i d 2f iz e ey bradford case are nottobccited ortluotedin john mq quigley any publication without the ex press permission of the author walter a haas school of business",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "abstract the inefficiency of allocation mechanisms in the presence of bilateral asymmetric information is reconsidered in an environment with continuous quantities the result of myerson and satterthwaite is proved in this environment under the condition that zero trade is efficient if the highest cost seller or the lowest value buyer appears in addition if this condition fails there may exist mechanisms implementing efficient allocations the problem of hidden endowments is considered where any agent may be either a buyer or seller depending on the realization of the privately observed information in this environment it is often possible to arrange efficient trades ex ante asymmetries rather than interim asymmetries tend to prevent efficient allocations",
+    "paper_a_title": "the dynamics of real estate prices",
+    "paper_b_title": "efficient allocation with continuous quantities"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2016608008",
+    "paper_b_id": "2063403177",
+    "paper_a_count": 13,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "1994-03",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "in analyzing bidding modeling matters this paper is a critical analysis of the models available to aid competitive bidding decision making bidding strategy and auction design in real transactions after an introductory overview this paper describes the contexts in which auctions arise reviews the mainstream theory of single isolated auctions and discusses the important work involved in enrichment of this theory in doing so it indicates results that have been obtained and the sort of changes in analytical approach that are needed to tackle other critical enrichments the paper summarizes briefly what is known about the direct use of models by bidders and auction designers a general theme of this paper is that enriched models are needed to bring bidding theory closer to direct applicability in decision making",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "trading halts increase rather than reduce both volume and volatility volume volatility in the first full trading day after a trading halt is 230 percent 50 to 115 percent higher than following pseudohalts nonhalt control periods matched on time of day duration and absolute net of market returns these results are robust over different halt types and news categories higher posthalt volume is observed into the third day while higher posthalt volatility decays within hours the extent of media coverage is a partial determinant of volume and volatility following both halts and pseudohalts but a separate halt effect remains after controlling for the media effect in the wake of the 1987 market break a number of commentators including the presidential task force on market mechanisms recommended the establishment of circuit breaker mechanisms the primary argument supporting circuit breakers both price limits and trading halts is that nontrading periods provide an opportunity for normal information transmission in times of market duress proponents of circuit breakers claim that during major price changes there can be a breakdown in the transmission of information between the trading floor and market participants therefore the primary function of a circuit breaker should be to reinform participants greenwald and stein 1988 p 17 by lowering informational asymmetries between traders halts could permit the orderly emergence of a new consensus price but would informative trading halts succeed many academics are openly suspicious of any kind of market interference and assume that trading halts are guilty until proven innocent grossman 1990 p 3 for example argues that the closing of markets merely prevents consenting adults from carrying out their desires on the floor of the stock exchange not only do halts impose a liquidity cost on traders but studies suggest that information will not be as",
+    "paper_a_title": "modeling competitive bidding a critical essay",
+    "paper_b_title": "volume volatility and new york stock exchange trading halts"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "3124869892",
+    "paper_b_id": "2036613564",
+    "paper_a_count": 12,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "1997-03",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "abstract we show that in models in which labor services are supplied jointly with human capital the chamley and judd result on zero capital income taxation in the limit extends to labor taxes as long as accumulation technologies are constant returns to scale moreover for a class of widely used preferences consumption taxes are zero in the limit as well however we show by the construction of two examples that these results no longer hold for certains types of restrictions on tax rates or if there are profits generated journal of economic literatureclassification numbers e62 h21",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "value and momentum strategies both have demonstrated power to predict the crosssection of stock returns but are these strategies related measures of momentum and value are negatively correlated across stocks yet each is positively related to the cross section of average stock returns we examine whether the marginal power of value or momentum differs depending upon the level of the other variable value strategies work in general but are strongest among low momentum loser stocks and weakest among high momentum winner stocks the momentum strategy works in general but is particularly strong among low value expensive stocks these results hold despite finding comparable spreads in value measures among stocks with different levels of momentum and comparable spreads in the momentum measure among stocks with different levels of value any explanation for why value and momentum work must explain this interaction",
+    "paper_a_title": "on the optimal taxation of capital income",
+    "paper_b_title": "the interaction of value and momentum strategies"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2169945070",
+    "paper_b_id": "1855749725",
+    "paper_a_count": 41,
+    "paper_b_count": 14,
+    "time_period": "1998-01",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "wagering markets provide a natural laboratory for testing models of market prices and behavior under uncertainty the literature on wagering albeit contentious has established the following first prices set in these markets to a first approximation are efficient forecasts of outcomes second price changes in these markets are driven by an informed class of bettors and improve prediction nevertheless there are important departures from generic notions of market efficiency recent models focusing on diverse information heterogeneous agents and transaction costs help to explain these findings",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "one dimension of the strategies investment houses use to present investment advice is the number of categories in their rating systems we studied three four and five level systems and found that in all rating systems upgrades outnumber downgrades price reactions are more pronounced to multiple level than to single level recommendation changes and to recommendation upgrades to the highest rating category these price reactions confirm that the market gleans new information from analysts research but suggest that investors at least partially recognize analysts tendency toward optimism and thus react more strongly to downgrades the price effects also show that adding more rating categories is not simply a way to portion out information in smaller bits some of the largest price reactions are to changes between the top two categories in a five level system even though the descriptions of the categories would not signal a portfolio action our results are consistent with the view that firms try to",
+    "paper_a_title": "the economics of wagering markets",
+    "paper_b_title": "market reactions to messages from brokerage ratings systems"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2033096392",
+    "paper_b_id": "3124399064",
+    "paper_a_count": 40,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "1992-06",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "this paper delineates the link between the existence of information the timing of trades and the stochastic process of prices we show that time affects prices with the time between trades affecting spreads because the absence of trades is correlated with volume our model predicts a testable relation between spreads and normal and unexpected volume and demonstrates how volume affects the speed of price adjustment our model also demonstrates how the transaction price series will be a biased representation of the true price process with the variance being both overstated and heteroskedastic few topics in finance are of broader interest than the time series properties of security prices fundamental to research on such diverse topics as security returns market efficiency investor trading strategies option behavior and security market design the stochastic process of prices underlies much of the phenomena studied in financial economics but how the stochastic process of prices behaves or even what factors determine the movement between one security price and the next remains unclear these theoretical questions have spurred extensive research on security price formation much of it in the large and growing area of security market microstructure the microstructure literature investigates how prices evolve by analyzing how traders learn from market data this focus allows researchers to characterize the time series properties of prices as a function of the information trades reveal to the market in the standard microstructure models however time per se plays no role in the kyle 1985 framework for example all trades are batched so that wheni individual orders arrive is not relevant or even known to the market maker similarly in the glosten and milgrom 1985 sequential trade model orders are assumed to arrive in some probabilistic fashion which is independent of any time parameters in these models the timing of trades is irrelevant for the behavior of prices because time itself has no information content",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "we estimate the conditional distribution of trade to trade price changes using ordered probit a statistical model for discrete random variables this approach recognizes that transaction price changes occur in discrete increments typically eighths of a dollar and occur at irregularly spaced time intervals unlike existing models of discrete transactions prices ordered probit can quantify the effects of other economic variables like volume past price changes and the time between trades on price changes using 1988 transactions data for over 100 randomly chosen u s stocks we estimate the ordered probit model via maximum likelihood and use the parameter estimates to measure several transaction related quantities such as the price impact of trades of a given size the tendency towards price reversals from one transaction to the next and the empirical significance of price discreteness",
+    "paper_a_title": "time and the process of security price adjustment",
+    "paper_b_title": "an ordered probit analysis of transaction stock prices"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2033096392",
+    "paper_b_id": "1538563434",
+    "paper_a_count": 40,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "1992-06",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "this paper delineates the link between the existence of information the timing of trades and the stochastic process of prices we show that time affects prices with the time between trades affecting spreads because the absence of trades is correlated with volume our model predicts a testable relation between spreads and normal and unexpected volume and demonstrates how volume affects the speed of price adjustment our model also demonstrates how the transaction price series will be a biased representation of the true price process with the variance being both overstated and heteroskedastic few topics in finance are of broader interest than the time series properties of security prices fundamental to research on such diverse topics as security returns market efficiency investor trading strategies option behavior and security market design the stochastic process of prices underlies much of the phenomena studied in financial economics but how the stochastic process of prices behaves or even what factors determine the movement between one security price and the next remains unclear these theoretical questions have spurred extensive research on security price formation much of it in the large and growing area of security market microstructure the microstructure literature investigates how prices evolve by analyzing how traders learn from market data this focus allows researchers to characterize the time series properties of prices as a function of the information trades reveal to the market in the standard microstructure models however time per se plays no role in the kyle 1985 framework for example all trades are batched so that wheni individual orders arrive is not relevant or even known to the market maker similarly in the glosten and milgrom 1985 sequential trade model orders are assumed to arrive in some probabilistic fashion which is independent of any time parameters in these models the timing of trades is irrelevant for the behavior of prices because time itself has no information content",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "abstract this study separates trading volume into buyer and seller initiated activities and examines the directional volume reaction in small and large trades to different types of earnings news good bad news triggers brief but intense buying selling in the large trades however a persistent period of unusually high buying activity is observed in the small trades irrespective of the news this anomalous proclivity of small traders to buy is robust across firm size trading volume and different earnings expectation models several explanations are discussed although the behavior does not seem fully explained by existing theories",
+    "paper_a_title": "time and the process of security price adjustment",
+    "paper_b_title": "earnings news and small traders an intraday analysis"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2047196615",
+    "paper_b_id": "3124399064",
+    "paper_a_count": 25,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "1992-06",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "this paper analyzes price formation under two trading mechanisms a continuous quote driven system where dealers post prices before order submission and an order driven system where traders submit orders before prices are determined the order driven system operates either as a continuous auction with immediate order execution or as a periodic auction where orders are stored for simultaneous execution with free entry into market making the continuous systems are equivalent while a periodic auction offers greater price efficiency and can function where continuous mechanisms fail traders must sacrifice continuity and bear higher information costs",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "we estimate the conditional distribution of trade to trade price changes using ordered probit a statistical model for discrete random variables this approach recognizes that transaction price changes occur in discrete increments typically eighths of a dollar and occur at irregularly spaced time intervals unlike existing models of discrete transactions prices ordered probit can quantify the effects of other economic variables like volume past price changes and the time between trades on price changes using 1988 transactions data for over 100 randomly chosen u s stocks we estimate the ordered probit model via maximum likelihood and use the parameter estimates to measure several transaction related quantities such as the price impact of trades of a given size the tendency towards price reversals from one transaction to the next and the empirical significance of price discreteness",
+    "paper_a_title": "trading mechanisms in securities markets",
+    "paper_b_title": "an ordered probit analysis of transaction stock prices"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2047196615",
+    "paper_b_id": "1538563434",
+    "paper_a_count": 25,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "1992-06",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "this paper analyzes price formation under two trading mechanisms a continuous quote driven system where dealers post prices before order submission and an order driven system where traders submit orders before prices are determined the order driven system operates either as a continuous auction with immediate order execution or as a periodic auction where orders are stored for simultaneous execution with free entry into market making the continuous systems are equivalent while a periodic auction offers greater price efficiency and can function where continuous mechanisms fail traders must sacrifice continuity and bear higher information costs",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "abstract this study separates trading volume into buyer and seller initiated activities and examines the directional volume reaction in small and large trades to different types of earnings news good bad news triggers brief but intense buying selling in the large trades however a persistent period of unusually high buying activity is observed in the small trades irrespective of the news this anomalous proclivity of small traders to buy is robust across firm size trading volume and different earnings expectation models several explanations are discussed although the behavior does not seem fully explained by existing theories",
+    "paper_a_title": "trading mechanisms in securities markets",
+    "paper_b_title": "earnings news and small traders an intraday analysis"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2156314144",
+    "paper_b_id": "3124399064",
+    "paper_a_count": 23,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "1992-06",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "the behavior of time weighted bid ask spreads over the trading day are examined the plot of minute by minute spreads versus time of day has a crude reverse j shaped pattern schwartz identifies four determinants of spreads activity risk information and competition using a linear regression model a significant relationship between these same factors and intraday spreads is demonstrated but dummy variables for time of day have a reverse j shape for given values of the activity risk information and competition measures spreads are higher at the beginning and end of the day relative to the interior period this study has a dual focus first it extends prior work by examining whether variables previously found to be determinants of spreads using data for intervals of a day or longer also explain spreads during the trading day second the paper furthers previous research concerning intraday patterns in returns variability and volume by examining intraday patterns of spreads schwartz 1988 pp 419 420 identifies four classes of variables as determinants of bid ask spreads activity risk information and competition each of these determinants is considered briefly greater trading activity can lead to lower spreads due to economies of scale in trading costs using trading cost arguments previous researchers show that a number of activity variables are significant determinants of bid ask spreads including 1 the average number of shares traded tinic 1972 2 the volume tinic and west 1972 branch and freed 1977 stoll 1978 and 3 the number of transactions benston and hagerman 1974 copeland and galai 1983 model the bid ask spread as a free straddle option provided by the market maker and show that the bid ask spread is inversely related to the frequency of trading copeland and galai 1983 note that since less frequent trading usually means lower trading volume the bid ask spread is likely to be inversely related to measures of market activity inventory control models garman 1976 and ho and stoll 1980 1981 1983 show that uncertainty in the arrival of buy and sell orders forces dealers away from their optimal inventory position in the model of amihud and mendelson 1980 as the marker maker approaches the desired inventory position the bid ask spread is reduced hence if greater",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "we estimate the conditional distribution of trade to trade price changes using ordered probit a statistical model for discrete random variables this approach recognizes that transaction price changes occur in discrete increments typically eighths of a dollar and occur at irregularly spaced time intervals unlike existing models of discrete transactions prices ordered probit can quantify the effects of other economic variables like volume past price changes and the time between trades on price changes using 1988 transactions data for over 100 randomly chosen u s stocks we estimate the ordered probit model via maximum likelihood and use the parameter estimates to measure several transaction related quantities such as the price impact of trades of a given size the tendency towards price reversals from one transaction to the next and the empirical significance of price discreteness",
+    "paper_a_title": "an analysis of intraday patterns in bid ask spreads for nyse stocks",
+    "paper_b_title": "an ordered probit analysis of transaction stock prices"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2156314144",
+    "paper_b_id": "1538563434",
+    "paper_a_count": 23,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "1992-06",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "the behavior of time weighted bid ask spreads over the trading day are examined the plot of minute by minute spreads versus time of day has a crude reverse j shaped pattern schwartz identifies four determinants of spreads activity risk information and competition using a linear regression model a significant relationship between these same factors and intraday spreads is demonstrated but dummy variables for time of day have a reverse j shape for given values of the activity risk information and competition measures spreads are higher at the beginning and end of the day relative to the interior period this study has a dual focus first it extends prior work by examining whether variables previously found to be determinants of spreads using data for intervals of a day or longer also explain spreads during the trading day second the paper furthers previous research concerning intraday patterns in returns variability and volume by examining intraday patterns of spreads schwartz 1988 pp 419 420 identifies four classes of variables as determinants of bid ask spreads activity risk information and competition each of these determinants is considered briefly greater trading activity can lead to lower spreads due to economies of scale in trading costs using trading cost arguments previous researchers show that a number of activity variables are significant determinants of bid ask spreads including 1 the average number of shares traded tinic 1972 2 the volume tinic and west 1972 branch and freed 1977 stoll 1978 and 3 the number of transactions benston and hagerman 1974 copeland and galai 1983 model the bid ask spread as a free straddle option provided by the market maker and show that the bid ask spread is inversely related to the frequency of trading copeland and galai 1983 note that since less frequent trading usually means lower trading volume the bid ask spread is likely to be inversely related to measures of market activity inventory control models garman 1976 and ho and stoll 1980 1981 1983 show that uncertainty in the arrival of buy and sell orders forces dealers away from their optimal inventory position in the model of amihud and mendelson 1980 as the marker maker approaches the desired inventory position the bid ask spread is reduced hence if greater",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "abstract this study separates trading volume into buyer and seller initiated activities and examines the directional volume reaction in small and large trades to different types of earnings news good bad news triggers brief but intense buying selling in the large trades however a persistent period of unusually high buying activity is observed in the small trades irrespective of the news this anomalous proclivity of small traders to buy is robust across firm size trading volume and different earnings expectation models several explanations are discussed although the behavior does not seem fully explained by existing theories",
+    "paper_a_title": "an analysis of intraday patterns in bid ask spreads for nyse stocks",
+    "paper_b_title": "earnings news and small traders an intraday analysis"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2128043116",
+    "paper_b_id": "2081370116",
+    "paper_a_count": 13,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "1994-12",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "using a database that is free of survivorship bias this article finds that book to market equity earnings yield and cash flow yield have significant explanatory power with respect to the cross section of realized stock returns during the period from july 1940 through june 1963 there is a strong january seasonal in the explanatory power of these variables even though small stocks are by construction excluded from the sample copyright 1994 by american finance association",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "this paper offers a three way typology of bank regulation and examines the question of international harmonization for each category for economic regulation the danger is that harmonization could support and preserve domestic protectionist regulatory regimes but it could instead be a beneficial guise for lowering protectionist barriers the latter efforts should be encouraged for prudential regulation national regulation should be adequate to handle the extra stresses of international banking harmonization efforts e g the basle accord may offer only modest help but the accord may offer indirect help by limiting national governments competitive efforts implicitly to subsidize their banks risk taking activities finally for information regulation national regulation appears to be adequate and international harmonization does not appear to be necessary copyright 1994 by oxford university press",
+    "paper_a_title": "the cross section of realized stock returns the pre compustat evidence",
+    "paper_b_title": "on the international harmonization of bank regulation"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2031711446",
+    "paper_b_id": "1978185163",
+    "paper_a_count": 29,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "1997-11",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "micro marketing refers to the customization of marketing mix variables to the store level this paper shows how prices can be profitably customized at the store level rather than adopting a uniform pricing policy across all stores historically there has been a trend by retailers to consolidate independent stores into large national and regional chains this move toward consolidation has been driven by the economies of scale associated with these larger operations however some of these large chains have lost the adaptability of independent neighborhood stores micro marketing represents an interest on the part of managers to combine the advantages of these large operations with the flexibility of independent neighborhood stores a basis for these customized pricing strategies is the result of differences in interbrand competition across stores these changes in interbrand competition are measured using weekly store level scanner data at the product level obviously this presents a huge estimation problem since we wish to measure substitution between each product at a store level for a chain with 100 stores and 10 products in a category we would need to estimate over 100 000 parameters to reliably estimate these individual store differences we phrase our problem in a hierarchical bayesian framework essentially each store level parameter can be thought of as a combination of chain level and random store specific effects the improvement in estimating this model comes from exploiting the common chain level component in addition we relate these store specific changes to demographic and competitive characteristics of the store s trading area which helps explain why these differences are present these estimated differences in price response are in turn used to set store level prices to simplify and focus the problem we limit our attention to everyday price changes i e the prices of products that are not advertised there are many marketing variables that can be adjusted at a storelevel e g promotions and product assortments the reason we concentrate upon everyday pricing is driven by its importance in the marketing mix that most profits are earned on products sold at their everyday price and the amenability of everyday prices to store level customizations a limitation of this approach is that it yields only a partial solution to the retailer s global optimization problem a challenge for the retailer in implementing micro marketing pricing strategies is to retain a consistent image while altering prices that adapt to neighborhood differences in demand our approach is to search for price changes that leave image unchanged we argue that a sufficient condition for holding the input to store image constant from everyday pricing is to hold average price and revenues at their current levels we implement this condition by introducing constraints into the profit maximization problem future research into store choice may yield more efficient conditions a benefit of holding the retailer s image constant is that it does not require costly new information about competitors and promotional activity instead retailers are able to derive these store level customizations based largely upon scanner data this is very advantageous since this information is already being collected and is readily available our results indicate that micro marketing pricing strategies would be profitable and could increase gross profit margins by 4 percent to 10 percent when these gross profit gains are considered after administrative and operating costs are taken into account they could increase operating profit margins by 33 percent to 83 percent these gains come from encouraging consumers through everyday price changes to switch to more profitable bundles of products and not through overall price changes at the chain level these results show that the information contained in the retailer s store level scanner data is an under utilized resource by exploiting this information using newer and more powerful computational techniques managers can better appreciate its value the implication is that profits could be increased and gains can be made by using this information as the basis for micro marketing",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "in recent years it has been shown empirically that stock returns exhibit positive or negative autocorrelation depending on observation frequency in this context of autocorrelated returns the present paper is the first to derive an explicit analytical solution to the dynamic portfolio problem of an individual agent saving for retirement or other change of status like the purchase of a house or starting college using a normal arma1 1 process dynamic programming techniques combined with the use of stein s lemma are employed to examine dollar cost averaging and age effects in intertemporal portfolio choice with cara preferences we show that with a positive moving average parameter and positive riskfree rates if first order serial correlation is nonnegative then the expected value of the optimal risky investment is increasing over time while if first order serial correlation is negative this path can be increasing or decreasing over time thus a necessary but not sufficient condition to obtain the conventional age effect of increasing conservatism over time is that first order serial correlation be negative further dollar cost averaging in the general sense of gradual entry into the risky asset does not emerge as an optimal policy simulation results for u s data are used to illustrate optimal portfolio paths",
+    "paper_a_title": "creating micro marketing pricing strategies using supermarket scanner data",
+    "paper_b_title": "autocorrelated returns and optimal intertemporal portfolio choice"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2114448024",
+    "paper_b_id": "2099697360",
+    "paper_a_count": 121,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "1998-12",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "antitrust law presumes that entry normally prevents or reverses anticompetitive effects from horizontal mergers but when sunk costs associated with entry are at levels suggested by prevailing market structure the opportunity for entry created by an anticompetitive merger plausibly is too small to induce entry even absent stiglerian barriers to entry this is illustrated for cournot and bertrand models significant entry also makes otherwise profitable bertrand mergers unprofitable assuming no efficiency gains consequently the entry issue can be collapsed into the efficiency issue if a presumably profitable merger does not generate significant efficiencies it cannot be expected to induce entry",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "patent counts are very imperfect measures of innovative output this paper discusses how additional data the number of years a patent is renewed and the number of countries in which protection for the same invention is sought can be used to improve on counts in studies that require a measure of the extent of innovation simple weighting schemes are proposed which may remove half of the noise in patent counts as a measure of innovative output we describe models of the patent application and renewal processes whose parameter estimates can be used to assess the value of the proprietary rights created by the patent laws we illustrate their use with estimates of how the value of patent protection would vary under alternative legal rules and renewal fees and with estimates of the international flows of returns from the patent system recent progress in the development of databases has increased the potential for this type of analysis",
+    "paper_a_title": "the entry inducing effects of horizontal mergers an exploratory analysis",
+    "paper_b_title": "how to count patents and value intellectual property the uses of patent renewal and application data"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2063420981",
+    "paper_b_id": "2087061940",
+    "paper_a_count": 67,
+    "paper_b_count": 8,
+    "time_period": "1993-12",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "we present a model with adverse selection where information sharing between lenders arises endogenously lenders incentives to share information about borrowers are positively related to the mobility and heterogeneity of borrowers to the size of the credit market and to advances in information technology such incentives are instead reduced by the fear of competition from potential entrants in addition information sharing increases the volume of lending when adverse selection is so severe that safe borrowers drop out of the market these predictions are supported by international and historical evidence in the context of the consumer credit market a large body of literature on credit markets has shown that asymmetric information may prevent the efficient allocation of lending leading to credit rationing e g jaffee and russell 1976 stiglitz and weiss 1981 or to a wedge between lending and borrowing rates e g king 1986 in this literature informational asymmetries are taken to be exogenous lenders fail to observe some relevant characteristic or action of potential borrowers and have no way of learning about it in some countries however lenders can improve their knowledge about new customers by exchanging information with other lenders through information brokers generally known as credit bureaus the latter collect file and distribute the information voluntarily supplied by their members and operate on the principle of reciprocity lenders who do not provide data are denied access to the bureau s files in other countries instead these institutions do not exist the literature offers no guide to identify the factors that lead to endogenous communication between lenders this paper is an attempt to fill the gap information sharing is important for a number of reasons it may increase the degree of competitiveness within credit markets vives 1990 improve",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "we develop a model in which the volatility of risky assets is subject to random and discontinuous shifts over time we derive prices of claims contingent on such assets and analyze options based trading strategies to hedge against the risk of jumps in the return volatility unsystematic and systematic events such as takeovers major changes in business plans or shifts in economic policy regimes may drastically alter firms risk profiles our model captures the effect of such events on options markets lumpy arrival of information has long been recognized as a phenomenon of considerable importance in financial markets following merton 1976 1 much of the literature on contingent claims valuation under discontinuous information arrival has studied the case where jumps occur in asset values in this article we model the discontinuous resolution of uncertainty in a new way we allow for the volatility of an asset s return to change randomly and discretely we then derive and analyze valuation equations for claims contingent on such an asset we also show how certain traded options together with the underlying stock and a riskless bond can be used to insure against jumps in the volatility of an asset s returns stock price movements in our model fluctuate randomly between low and high volatility regimes discontinuous changes in the volatility of stock prices may be a result of significant changes in a firm s operating and financial structure its competitive environment or its corporate plan reorganizations caused by takeovers and mergers may also occasion such volatility shifts changes in uncertainty in our model could also be systematic and a result of aggregate supply shocks or shifts in economic policies and political regimes our model can also be interpreted as a model of a market where from time to time firms face the release of an important piece of information that may affect their stock prices significantly the market participants may be aware",
+    "paper_a_title": "information sharing in credit markets",
+    "paper_b_title": "option valuation and hedging strategies with jumps in the volatility of asset returns"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2049234737",
+    "paper_b_id": "2148080284",
+    "paper_a_count": 63,
+    "paper_b_count": 10,
+    "time_period": "1987-06",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "this paper provides simple analytic approximations for pricing exchange traded american call and put options written on commodities and commodity futures contracts these approximations are accurate and considerably more computationally efficient than finite difference binomial or compound option pricing methods options written on a wide variety of commodities and commodity futures contracts now trade in the u s and canada nearly all these options are american style2 and thus have early exercise premiums implicitly embedded in their prices unlike the european style option pricing problems however analytic solutions for the american option pricing problems have not been found and the pricing of american options has usually resorted to finite difference binomial or more recently compound option approximation methods while these approximation methods yield accurate american option values they are cumbersome and expensive to use the purpose of this paper is to provide an accurate inexpensive method for pricing american call and put options written on commodities and commodity futures contracts the development of the quadratic approximation method is contained in section i commodity option and commodity futures option contracts are defined the underpinnings of commodity option valuation are discussed and the solutions to the european call and put option pricing problems are presented unlike the non dividend paying stock option case it is shown that the american call option written on a commodity as well as the american put option may optimally be exercised prior to expiration the approximation methods for the american call and put option values are then derived in the",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "one option pricing problem that has hitherto been unsolved is the pricing of a european call on an asset that has a stochastic volatility this paper examines this problem the option price is determined in series form for the case in which the stochastic volatility is independent of the stock price numerical solutions are also produced for the case in which the volatility is correlated with the stock price it is found that the black scholes price frequently overprices options and that the degree of overpricing increases with the time to maturity one option pricing problem that has hitherto remained unsolved is the pricing of a european call on a stock that has a stochastic volatility from the work of merton 12 garman 6 and cox ingersoll and ross 3 the differential equation that the option must satisfy is known the solution of this differential equation is independent of risk preferences if a the volatility is a traded asset or b the volatility is uncorrelated with aggregate consumption if either of these conditions holds the risk neutral valuation arguments of cox and ross 4 can be used in a straightfoward way this paper produces a solution in series form for the situation in which the stock price is instantaneously uncorrelated with the volatility we do not assume that the volatility is a traded asset also a constant correlation between the instantaneous rate of change of the volatility and the rate of change of aggregate consumption can be accommodated the option price is lower than the blackscholes b s 1 price when the option is close to being at the money and higher when it is deep in or deep out of the money the exercise prices for which overpricing by b s takes place are within about ten percent of the security price this is the range of exercise prices over which most option trading takes place so we may in general expect the b s price to overprice options this effect is exaggerated as the time to maturity increases one of the most surprising implications of this is that if the b s equation is used to determine the implied volatility of a near the money option the longer the time to maturity the lower the implied volatility numerical solutions for the case in which the volatility is correlated with the stock price are also examined the stochastic volatility problem has been examined by merton 13 geske 7 johnson 10 johnson and shanno 11 eisenberg 5 wiggins 16 and",
+    "paper_a_title": "efficient analytic approximation of american option values",
+    "paper_b_title": "the pricing of options on assets with stochastic volatilities"
+  }
+]

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sciscinet/patents_pair/geography_train_pairs.json

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+[
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2043614583",
+    "paper_b_id": "2326674917",
+    "paper_a_count": 90,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "2011",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "information about wolf canis lupus movements anywhere near the northern extreme of the species range in the high arctic 75 n latitude are lacking there wolves prey primarily on muskoxen ovibos moschatus and must survive 4 months of 24 hr day winter darkness and temperatures reaching 53 c the extent to which wolves remain active and prey on muskoxen during the dark period are unknown for the closest area where information is available about winter wolf movements is 2 250 km south we studied a pack of 20 wolves on ellesmere island nunavut canada 80 n latitude from july 2009 through mid april 2010 by collaring a lead wolf with a global positioning system gps argos radio collar the collar recorded the wolf s precise locations at 6 00 a m and 6 00 p m daily and transmitted the locations by satellite to our email straight line distances between consecutive 12 hr locations varied between 0 and 76 km mean se linear distance between consecutive locations n 554 was 11 0 5 km total minimum distance traveled was 5 979 km and total area covered was 6 640 km2 the largest wolf range reported the wolf and presumably his pack once made a 263 km straight line distance foray to the southeast during 19 28 january 2010 returning 29 january to 1 february at an average of 41 km day straight line distances between 12 hr locations this study produced the first detailed movement information about any large mammal in the high arctic and the average movements during the dark period did not differ from those afterwards wolf movements during the dark period in the highest latitudes match those of the other seasons and generally those of wolves in lower latitudes and at least with the gross movements measurable by our methods the 4 month period without direct sunlight produced little change in movements",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "this study proposes a novel morphological building index mbi for automatic building extraction from high resolution remotely sensed imagery the basic idea of mbi is to build a relationship between the implicit characteristics of buildings e g brightness size and contrast and the properties of morphological operators e g reconstruction granulometry and directionality buildings are extracted by performing a threshold on the mbi feature image subsequently the shape features such as area and length width ratio are used to refine the binary building map in order to validate the proposed algorithm a comparative study was performed between mbi a recently developed texture derived built up presence index pantex and the widely used object based approach experiments were conducted on a multispectral geoeye 1 image covering a study area of 5 5 km by 5 3 km in hongshan district of wuhan central china in experiments mbi achieved satisfactory results and outperformed other algorithms in terms of both accuracies and visual inspection the effects of parameters of mbi were also analyzed in detail including directions sizes and the binaryzation threshold",
+    "paper_a_title": "movements of wolves at the northern extreme of the species range including during four months of darkness",
+    "paper_b_title": "a multidirectional and multiscale morphological index for automatic building extraction from multispectral geoeye 1 imagery"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "572570281",
+    "paper_b_id": "1555558609",
+    "paper_a_count": 65,
+    "paper_b_count": 24,
+    "time_period": "2002",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "for mapping applications that require the highest positioning accuracy possible a series of global positioning system gps base stations must be deployed this can often be very difficult especially in inaccessible regions or where the cost of laying out base stations at regular intervals is prohibitive this article reports on the accuracy that can be obtained by using the continuously operating reference stations cors of national geodetic survey as base stations for airborne gps positioning these stations could possibly be used to supplement back up or even replace the base stations usually deployed for a given project cors is a network of over 250 sites containing geodetic quality gps receivers two mapping projects were used to assess the quality reliability repeatability and feasibility of using the cors in airborne mapping missions in both projects the cors in the proximity of the mapping area along with the airborne gps data were used to analyze the accuracy achieved when using the multiple base approach results show that using cors for airborne gps positioning offers great potential for the united states",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "public healthkoltsovo russia in july 1991 in the village of pokhodsk high above the arctic circle a team of russian bioweapons experts in blue respiratory suits entered a wooden vault full of 19th century smallpox victims mummified in the permafrost worried that spring flooding might wash the corpses into inhabited areas and possibly resurrect the smallpox virus authorities in yakutsk had summoned the team to this nightmarish place near the kolyma river",
+    "paper_a_title": "precision aircraft gps positioning using cors",
+    "paper_b_title": "is live smallpox lurking in the arctic"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "572570281",
+    "paper_b_id": "1560849581",
+    "paper_a_count": 65,
+    "paper_b_count": 7,
+    "time_period": "2002",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "for mapping applications that require the highest positioning accuracy possible a series of global positioning system gps base stations must be deployed this can often be very difficult especially in inaccessible regions or where the cost of laying out base stations at regular intervals is prohibitive this article reports on the accuracy that can be obtained by using the continuously operating reference stations cors of national geodetic survey as base stations for airborne gps positioning these stations could possibly be used to supplement back up or even replace the base stations usually deployed for a given project cors is a network of over 250 sites containing geodetic quality gps receivers two mapping projects were used to assess the quality reliability repeatability and feasibility of using the cors in airborne mapping missions in both projects the cors in the proximity of the mapping area along with the airborne gps data were used to analyze the accuracy achieved when using the multiple base approach results show that using cors for airborne gps positioning offers great potential for the united states",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "aim to study the relation between vegetation and pollen spectra as a basic information for the interpretation of quaternary paleoenvironments location southern argentina between latitude 38 47 s and longitude 62 72 w methods pollen analysis statistical analysis geographical information system gis results results of cluster analysis of pollen surface samples show close relations between the dispersal and composition of pollen taxa in the spectra with the corresponding vegetation formations first isopoll maps of this region presented here by using gis demonstrate the relation between the main pollen taxa the vegetation and the mean annual precipitation main conclusions the results prove the usefulness of the method of modern analogues for southern argentina",
+    "paper_a_title": "precision aircraft gps positioning using cors",
+    "paper_b_title": "modern pollen vegetation and isopoll maps in southern argentina"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1555558609",
+    "paper_b_id": "1560849581",
+    "paper_a_count": 24,
+    "paper_b_count": 7,
+    "time_period": "2002",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "public healthkoltsovo russia in july 1991 in the village of pokhodsk high above the arctic circle a team of russian bioweapons experts in blue respiratory suits entered a wooden vault full of 19th century smallpox victims mummified in the permafrost worried that spring flooding might wash the corpses into inhabited areas and possibly resurrect the smallpox virus authorities in yakutsk had summoned the team to this nightmarish place near the kolyma river",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "aim to study the relation between vegetation and pollen spectra as a basic information for the interpretation of quaternary paleoenvironments location southern argentina between latitude 38 47 s and longitude 62 72 w methods pollen analysis statistical analysis geographical information system gis results results of cluster analysis of pollen surface samples show close relations between the dispersal and composition of pollen taxa in the spectra with the corresponding vegetation formations first isopoll maps of this region presented here by using gis demonstrate the relation between the main pollen taxa the vegetation and the mean annual precipitation main conclusions the results prove the usefulness of the method of modern analogues for southern argentina",
+    "paper_a_title": "is live smallpox lurking in the arctic",
+    "paper_b_title": "modern pollen vegetation and isopoll maps in southern argentina"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2070583628",
+    "paper_b_id": "2035965089",
+    "paper_a_count": 13,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "2005",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "the vehicle borne laser measurement system vlms is a mobile mapping system where three single row laser range scanners six line ccd cameras and a gps ins based navigation unit are mounted on a van to measure object geometry and texture along a street this paper contributes to a method of fusing the data output of vlms with existing geographic data sources where the focus is on the rectification of the vehicle s motion data derived from gps ins which may be quite erroneous in an urban area an algorithm is developed to correct the four variables of the vehicle s motion data i e x y and z coordinates of the vehicle position and yaw angle of orientation by registering the laser points of the vlms with an existing data source e g a dsm the algorithm was examined using the vlms data that were taken in the ginza district tokyo by manually assigning 18 sets of tie points the vehicle s motion data were corrected automatically and efficiently such that the laser points of vlms were matched to a dsm in data fusion a set of objects which contained commercial signboards traffic signs and signals road boundaries and road lights were extracted from the corrected vlms data using an interface described in a previous paper they were integrated with a 1 2500 3d map that consists of only building frames in addition line images from the vlms were projected onto the building facades of the 3d map and textures were generated automatically",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "abstract the automatic extraction of objects from laser scans and images has been a topic of research for decades nowadays with new services expected especially in the area of navigation systems location based services and augmented reality the need for automated efficient extraction systems becomes more urgent than ever this paper reviews a number of automatic and semi automatic reconstruction methods in more detail in order to reveal their underlying principles it then discusses some general properties of reconstruction approaches which have evolved this shows that although research is still far from the goal of the initially envisioned fully automatic reconstruction systems there is now a much better understanding of the problem and the ways it can be tackled",
+    "paper_a_title": "updating a digital geographic database using vehicle borne laser scanners and line cameras",
+    "paper_b_title": "building reconstruction from images and laser scanning"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2012545543",
+    "paper_b_id": "1970934976",
+    "paper_a_count": 25,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "2008",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "in the absence of individual data ecological or contextual measures of socioeconomic level are frequently used to describe social inequalities in health this work focuses on the methodological aspects of the development and validation of a french small area index of socioeconomic deprivation and its application to the evaluation of the socioeconomic differentials in health outcomes this index was derived from a principal component analysis of 1999 national census data from the strasbourg metropolitan area in eastern france at the census block level composed of 19 variables that reflect the multiple aspects of socioeconomic status income employment housing family and household and educational level it can discriminate disadvantaged urban centres from more privileged rural and suburban areas several statistical tests cronbach s alpha coefficient convergent validity tests with other deprivation indices from the literature provided internal and external validation its successful application to another french metropolitan area lille in northern france confirmed its transposability finally its capacity to capture the social inequalities in health when applied to myocardial infarction data shows its potential value this study thus provides a new tool in french public health research for characterising neighbourhood deprivation and detecting socioeconomic disparities in the distribution of health outcomes at the small area level",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "the publisher regrets that in the january 2007 issue of thejournal of human evolution in the article entitled variationin brain size and ecology by taylor and van schaik thecorrect version of fig 1 p 63 was not included the correct gure is shown here and includes the symbols that correspondto the published gure legend",
+    "paper_a_title": "a small area index of socioeconomic deprivation to capture health inequalities in france",
+    "paper_b_title": "variation in brain size and ecology in pongo j hum evol 52 1 2007 59 71"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2012545543",
+    "paper_b_id": "2155148032",
+    "paper_a_count": 25,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "2008",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "in the absence of individual data ecological or contextual measures of socioeconomic level are frequently used to describe social inequalities in health this work focuses on the methodological aspects of the development and validation of a french small area index of socioeconomic deprivation and its application to the evaluation of the socioeconomic differentials in health outcomes this index was derived from a principal component analysis of 1999 national census data from the strasbourg metropolitan area in eastern france at the census block level composed of 19 variables that reflect the multiple aspects of socioeconomic status income employment housing family and household and educational level it can discriminate disadvantaged urban centres from more privileged rural and suburban areas several statistical tests cronbach s alpha coefficient convergent validity tests with other deprivation indices from the literature provided internal and external validation its successful application to another french metropolitan area lille in northern france confirmed its transposability finally its capacity to capture the social inequalities in health when applied to myocardial infarction data shows its potential value this study thus provides a new tool in french public health research for characterising neighbourhood deprivation and detecting socioeconomic disparities in the distribution of health outcomes at the small area level",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "we propose a new building detection and description algorithm for lidar data and photogrammetric imagery using directional histograms splitting and merging segments and line segments matching our algorithm consists of three steps in the first step we extract initial building regions from lidar data here we apply a modified local maxima technique coupled with directional histograms and the entropies of these histograms in the second step given the color segmentation results from the photogrammetric imagery we extract coarse building boundaries based on the lidar results with region segmentation and merging from aerial imagery in the third step we extract precise building boundaries based on the coarse building boundaries using line segments matching and perceptual grouping experimental results on multisensor data demonstrate that the proposed algorithm produces accurate and reliable results",
+    "paper_a_title": "a small area index of socioeconomic deprivation to capture health inequalities in france",
+    "paper_b_title": "fusion of lidar and imagery for reliable building extraction"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1994326378",
+    "paper_b_id": "2077838057",
+    "paper_a_count": 20,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "2003",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "by 2050 the human population will probably be larger by 2 to 4 billion people more slowly growing declining in the more developed regions more urban especially in less developed regions and older than in the 20th century two major demographic uncertainties in the next 50 years concern international migration and the structure of families economies nonhuman environments and cultures including values religions and politics strongly influence demographic changes hence human choices individual and collective will have demographic effects intentional or otherwise",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "abstract in the pacific island of guam flying fox pteropus mariannus and p tokudae populations historically persisted for centuries despite subsistence foraging by the indigenous chamorro people however the militarization of guam in the twentieth century with an increased emphasis on a cash rather than a subsistence economy led to two features that had deleterious effects on the flying fox populations easy access to firearms greatly increased hunter yields and disposable income facilitated commercial traffic in flying foxes as a result consumption of flying foxes dramatically increased leading to the extinction of one indigenous species and near extinction of another the demise of the flying fox populations was mirrored by a subsequent decrease in the health of the chamorro people amyotrophic lateral sclerosis parkinsonism dementia complex als pdc a neurological disease with aspects of als alzheimer s and parkinson s disease became a major cause of adult death in some villages it has been recently hypothesized that consumption of flying foxes by the chamorro may have generated sufficiently high cumulative doses of neurotoxins to result in the observed high levels of als pdc among the chamorros in guam because flying foxes forage on cycad seeds that are rich in neurotoxins commercialization of traffic in wild flying fox populations may have therefore produced grave health consequences for the chamorro people",
+    "paper_a_title": "human population the next half century",
+    "paper_b_title": "conservation implications of chamorro consumption of flying foxes as a possible cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis parkinsonism dementia complex in guam"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2034572572",
+    "paper_b_id": "2130685296",
+    "paper_a_count": 39,
+    "paper_b_count": 19,
+    "time_period": "1997",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "abstract a method is presented for designing a geographic information systems gis based automatic transit traveler information system attis in such a way that trip plans can be automatically generated based on the active transit network and real time service schedule at the time of travel the design method ensures the logical relationship between stops time points and routes by registering the transit network with the street network using dual reference systems and by linking stops time points and transit routes in a linear system using dynamic segmentation the design enables the attis to access the active network with services available at the time of travel by linking time points in the transit network with the actual service schedule the gis based attis provides a better and more productive means of trip planning for transit customers than the prevailing customer services that are based on paper maps printed schedules and manual planning it also offers a foundation to further link with real time traffic information to become a multimodal traveler information system",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "a fully operational automatic interior orientation auto 10 for digital aerial images based on a modified hough transform for rough localization of fiducial marks and leastsquares matching for precise measurement is introduced in this paper for cameras with fiducial mark identification symbols e g as used in leica rc30 cameras the program is capable of determining the orientation of the photos results are presented using images taken by leica and zeiss cameras which were scanned on different scanners in various resolutions to demonstrate the potential and robustness of the automatic i0 procedure auto i0 is implemented on a helava leica dpw770 digital photogrammetric workstation and is used in a digital production environment at swissair photo surveys ltd switzerland",
+    "paper_a_title": "a methodology for design of a gis based automatic transit traveler information system",
+    "paper_b_title": "automatic interior orientation of digital aerial images"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2521075285",
+    "paper_b_id": "2328638467",
+    "paper_a_count": 19,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "1994",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "the remote sensing techniques of infrared thermography and ground penetrating radar can be used to detect buried waste sites buried tanks pits and both potentially hazardous and non hazardous fluid leak plumes these technologies can be used to investigate tens of acres per day when used in a combined format which includes rapid survey techniques and manual data analysis this new fusion of technologies is demonstrated with the use of empirical data in the form of case studies",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "red adipose fin and the presence of dark pigment on only the lateral unbranched ray of the pectoral fin other characters which in combination serve to distinguish c hysginus include the presence of hooks on only the first two or three anal fin rays nine or 10 anal fin rays and a rounded or blotchlike humeral mark una nueva especie de creagrutus es descrita basada en material proveniente de los rios que drenan en el golfo de paria en el noreste de venezuela esta especie se distingue por caracteres derivados en la pigmentacion de las aletas incluido una aleta adiposa rojo brilliante y la presencia de pigmentos oscuros sobre solo el radio simple y lateral de la aleta pectoral otros caracteres que en combinaci6n sirven para distinguir a c hysginus incluyen la presencia de ganchos sobre solo primeros 2 6 3 radios anales 9 6 10 radios anales y una mancha humeral redondeada",
+    "paper_a_title": "investigations of hazardous waste sites using thermal ir and ground penetrating radar",
+    "paper_b_title": "creagrutus hysginus teleostei characiformes a new species of characid from northeastern venezuela sucre state"
+  }
+]

sciscinet/patents_pair/geography_val_pairs.json

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+[
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1529885821",
+    "paper_b_id": "2346489200",
+    "paper_a_count": 66,
+    "paper_b_count": 9,
+    "time_period": "1992-03",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "different methods can be applied to generate digital orthophotos three commonly used approaches are analyzed and compared in this paper they can be applied to rectify both digitized aerial photographs and satellite scenes these methods are polynomial projective and differential rectifications the first two are defined by analytical transformations between image and orthophoto without considering the geometry and orientation of the camera they are approximate solutions the last one models the physical reality of the imaging process by means of the collinearity equations and corrects for relief displacements all three methods were implemented on a workstation and were tested with digitized aerial photographs and video images by overlaying gis data over the digital orthophoto the quality of the rectification is checked to determine the planimetric accuracy of the results the coordinates of targets were measured in a digital orthophoto and compared to known map coordinates",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "studies were made at 2 rangeland areas in south texas to measure canopy cover and distribution with an airborne laser profiler in a comparison of laser and ground measurements of canopy cover on the same eighteen 30 5 m segments at the yturria area laser measurements of canopy cover ranged from 1 to 89 and were correlated significantly r2 0 89 with ground measurements 1 to 88 on the same eighteen 30 5 m segments comparisons of laser measurements of canopy cover for 500 and 940 m segments with an average of three 30 5 m ground measurements of canopy cover made within these segments were also significantly correlated r2 0 95 topography vegetation height and spatial distribution of canopy cover for 6 to 7 km flightlines were also measured with the laser profiler airborne laser measurements of land surface features can provide quick and accurate measurements of canopy cover and distribution for large areas of rangeland accurate and timely data on the amount and distribution of plant cover are valuable for understanding vegetation characteristics improving estimates of infiltration erosion and evapotranspiration for rangeland areas and making decisions for managing rangeland vegetation",
+    "paper_a_title": "rectification of digital imagery",
+    "paper_b_title": "airborne laser measurements of rangeland canopy cover and distribution"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2072444276",
+    "paper_b_id": "2028227795",
+    "paper_a_count": 28,
+    "paper_b_count": 11,
+    "time_period": "2008",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "summary this paper sets out the results of fairly regular observation of oreotrochilus chimborazo on mt cotopaxi between 1964 and 1967 the species is found between 13 000 and 15 000 ft in a small area just south of the equator where it nests on cliffs climate terrain food and nesting are described breeding continues throughout the year particular attention is given to the importance of nesting sites in this harsh climate and the consequent tendency towards colonial nesting in favoured spots the high degree of segregation between the sexes is also considered a brief account is given of the o chimborazo population in the guamani pass on the rim of the amazon basin where climate and terrain have produced some differences in breeding habits",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "stringer et al 1 report 149 mollusk shells 5 seal bones 3 dolphin bones and 3 fish bones from mousterian layers in 2 caves on gibraltar from this they argue that the neanderthals had focused coastal visits repeated during particular times possibly seasonal p 14323 and that in this respect they surpassed",
+    "paper_a_title": "a high altitude hummingbird on the volcano cotopaxi",
+    "paper_b_title": "gibraltar data are too sparse to inform on neanderthal exploitation of coastal resources"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2072444276",
+    "paper_b_id": "2157984006",
+    "paper_a_count": 28,
+    "paper_b_count": 8,
+    "time_period": "2008",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "summary this paper sets out the results of fairly regular observation of oreotrochilus chimborazo on mt cotopaxi between 1964 and 1967 the species is found between 13 000 and 15 000 ft in a small area just south of the equator where it nests on cliffs climate terrain food and nesting are described breeding continues throughout the year particular attention is given to the importance of nesting sites in this harsh climate and the consequent tendency towards colonial nesting in favoured spots the high degree of segregation between the sexes is also considered a brief account is given of the o chimborazo population in the guamani pass on the rim of the amazon basin where climate and terrain have produced some differences in breeding habits",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "this study applies a number of multivariate numerical techniques in the analysis of modern and fossil pollen data for the purpose of paleovegetational reconstruction in the tibetan plateau modern pollen spectra from 227 sampling sites in the tibetan plateau were classified into groups using cluster analysis and detrended correspondence analysis by comparing the quantitatively derived groups with local vegetation types at sampling locations the modern pollen spectra were assigned into five major vegetation types shrubland forest meadow steppe and desert these were used as a priori groups for discriminant analysis a set of discriminant functions was derived that correctly classifies 93 3 percent of the surface samples these functions were then applied to a fossil pollen record from yidun glacial lake near the sichuan tibet border to reconstruct the major pattern of vegetational changes since the last glacial maximum the results show that steppe and meadow prevailed around the site during the late",
+    "paper_a_title": "a high altitude hummingbird on the volcano cotopaxi",
+    "paper_b_title": "numerical analysis of modern and fossil pollen data from the tibetan plateau"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2097599521",
+    "paper_b_id": "2169059815",
+    "paper_a_count": 16,
+    "paper_b_count": 7,
+    "time_period": "2003",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "model provides a rigorous accurate method to block adjust this paper describes how to block adjust high resolution ikonos data outside of the ground stations satellite imagery described by rational polynomial coefficient this publication of a technique for block adjusting ikonos rpc camera models and illustrates the method with an ikonos images described by rpc data is motivated by a desire to satisfy example by incorporating a priori constraints into the the needs of those users who would like to perform their own adjustment model multiple independent images can be block adjustment and to ensure that ikonos images are proadjusted with or without ground control the rpc block cessed in such way as to consistently achieve the highest possiadjustment model presented in this paper is directly related ble accuracy in developing the adjustment model described to geometric properties of the physical camera model multiple here the authors had access to the complete description of physical camera model parameters having the same net effect ikonos imaging geometry familiarity with all of the satellite on the object image relationship are replaced by a single maneuvering modes the resources of extensive test ranges and adjustment parameter consequently the proposed method is imagery with which to test and validate and the experience numerically more stable than the traditional adjustment of gained calibrating testing and troubleshooting ikonos metric exterior and interior orientation parameters this method is projects generally applicable to any photogrammetric camera with a narrow field of view calibrated stable interior orientation and physical camera models accurate a priori exterior orientation data as demonstrated owing to the dynamic nature of satellite image collection phoin the paper for ikonos satellite imagery the rpc block togrammetric processing of satellite imagery is more compliadjustment achieves the same accuracy as the ground station cated than is aerial frame camera processing aerial cameras block adjustment with the full physical camera model acquire the entire image at an instant of time with a unique exposure station and orientation high resolution pushbroom background satellite cameras including ikonos use linear sensor arrays",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "the main objective of this study was to develop reliable processing and analysis techniques to facilitate the use of small footprint lidar data for estimating tree crown diameter by measuring individual trees identifiable on the three dimensional lidar surface in addition the study explored the importance of the lidar derived crown diameter for estimating tree volume and biomass the lidar dataset was acquired over deciduous coniferous and mixed stands of varying age classes and settings typical of the southeastern united states for identifying individual trees lidar processing techniques used data fusion with multispectral optical data and local filtering with both square and circular windows of variable size the crown diameter was calculated as the average of two values measured along two perpendicular directions from the location of each tree top by fitting a fourth degree polynomial on both profiles the lidar derived tree measurements were used with regression models and cross validation to es",
+    "paper_a_title": "block adjustment of high resolution satellite images described by rational polynomials",
+    "paper_b_title": "measuring individual tree crown diameter with lidar and assessing its influence on estimating forest volume and biomass"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2073794668",
+    "paper_b_id": "2029008153",
+    "paper_a_count": 15,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "2010",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "recognizing high level human behavior and decisions from their digital traces are critical issues in pervasive computing systems in this paper we develop a novel methodology to reveal cabdrivers operation patterns by analyzing their continuous digital traces for the first time we systematically study large scale cabdrivers behavior in a real and complex city context through their daily digital traces we identify a set of valuable features which are simple and effective to classify cabdrivers delineate cabdrivers operation patterns and compare the different cabdrivers behavior the methodology and steps could spatially and temporally quantify visualize and examine different cabdrivers operation patterns drivers were categorized into top drivers and ordinary drivers by their daily income we use the daily operations of 3000 cabdrivers in over 48 million of trips and 240 million kilometers to uncover 1 spatial selection behavior 2 context aware spatio temporal operation behavior 3 route choice behavior and 4 operation tactics though we focused on cabdriver operation patterns analysis from their digital traces the methodology is a general empirical and analytical methodology for any gps like trace analysis our work demonstrates the great potential to utilize the massive pervasive data sets to understand human behavior and high level intelligence",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "abstract road selection is a prerequisite to effective road network generalization this article introduces a novel algorithm for road network selection in map generalization which take four types of information into consideration statistical metric topological and thematic at three spatial scales macro scale which describes the general pattern of networks mezzo scale that handles relationships among road segments and micro scale that focuses on individual roads properties a set of measures is selected to quantify these different types of information at various spatial levels an algorithm is then developed with the extraction of these measures based on voronoi diagrams and a perceptual grouping method called stroke the selection process consists of three consecutive steps measuring network information based on voronoi partitioning and stroke generation selecting roads based on information extraction in the first step with strokes as selection unit and assessing selection results the algorithm is further tested with a real world dataset road network map at 1 10 000 scale and its generalized version at 1 50 000 scale in wuhan china the result reveals that the algorithm can produce reasonable selection results and thus has the potential to be adopted in road selection in map generalization",
+    "paper_a_title": "uncovering cabdrivers behavior patterns from their digital traces",
+    "paper_b_title": "road selection based on voronoi diagrams and strokes in map generalization"
+  }
+]

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sciscinet/patents_pair/politicalscience_val_pairs.json

@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+[
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1593741949",
+    "paper_b_id": "1486645363",
+    "paper_a_count": 27,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "1998-09",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "biomedical policya group of scientists and funders last week gave an initial thumbs up to a new strategy for bankrolling what could amount to a 30 million a year program to develop drugs against malaria one of the world s biggest scourges although details are still being worked out drug company representatives and potential donors who gathered at a closed door meeting on 17 september at the rockefeller foundation in new york city believe they have overcome key hurdles that undermined a similar effort last november",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "kenya9s conservation leader david western is once again out of office this time permanently just 4 months after losing and then regaining his post as head of the kenya wildlife service kws which manages some of the world9s best known natural areas western was abruptly sacked again last week by kenyan president daniel arap moi the unexpected ouster prompted dismay among observers in kenya and international conservation circles",
+    "paper_a_title": "raising the stakes in the race for new malaria drugs",
+    "paper_b_title": "kenya parks chief ousted again"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2027071954",
+    "paper_b_id": "1994154243",
+    "paper_a_count": 28,
+    "paper_b_count": 7,
+    "time_period": "2011-10",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "figure 1 credit linda a cicero stanford news figure 1 credit hfspo this year marks the 25th anniversary of the national natural science foundation of china nsfc the largest funding agency for basic research in the country on this occasion the leadership of the nsfc and the chinese ministry of finance arranged for the nsfc to be reviewed by an international evaluation committee iec which sets a new precedent for china part of the motivation for this review was a desire on the part of the chinese government to determine how well their extensive efforts to boost the support of scientific research measure up to international standards apart from logistical arrangements the iec was completely independent in its operations an evidence based review that is an overview with extensive data was carefully prepared by china s national center for science and technology evaluation we were also given access to anyone with whom we wanted to speak including those critical of the present chinese research culture both the evidence based review and the full report with our comments and recommendations are accessible online www nsfc gov cn english 13rp index html 2 the process and results of this report should be useful not only for china but also for many other nations striving to produce a merit based culture for science we believe that a periodic external review of a nation s research funding mechanisms is of immense benefit not only to the country concerned but also to all those who interact with its scientists there are many different ways in which problems can arise to reduce the effectiveness with which valuable national resources are distributed to support scientific research often management has already identified potential directions for improvement as in the case of the nsfc nevertheless when an international group of respected experts confirms these desired directions for change this can produce outcomes that management alone cannot achieve figure 1 credit michael reynolds epa newscom almost everyone we talked to researchers inside and outside china university administrators applicants whose proposals were accepted or rejected and representatives of various chinese ministries was of the opinion that the research funding mechanisms of the nsfc are the best in china the nsfc processes its applications by means of peer review the form of review that we consider to be the best practice internationally this is a significant achievement given that the chinese research system had to start nearly from scratch a quarter of a century ago and underwent extremely rapid growth so that the number of potential applicants is now huge we advised the nsfc to focus its attention on several areas where improvements could further increase its effectiveness compared to similar institutions elsewhere it is clear that the number of nsfc staff needs to be substantially increased to handle the ever increasing number of research applications in addition we recommend that drastic steps be taken to reduce the number of proposals submitted there is also a need to promote early career researchers as well as to provide considerably more flexibility in the way that researchers can use their resources after a grant is awarded the nsfc also needs to improve its assessment of interdisciplinary proposals enhanced attention should be given to conflict of interest issues for example in response to complaints from active researchers we advised the nsfc to restrict the tenure of panel members and to broaden the composition of grant evaluation panels to include early career scientists female researchers and international members increasing internationality remains a key challenge for china although the nsfc has already made commendable efforts in this respect the innovations that the chinese economy would like to stimulate will require breakthroughs in basic research which in turn must have sustainable funding there is no doubt that the nsfc deserves strong increases in its budget we also hope that the model of the nsfc might be transferable to other granting agencies in china thereby improving the entire chinese research culture 1 pending yes 2 http www nsfc gov cn english 13rp index html",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "in her news focus story climate change sparks battles in classroom 5 august p 688 1 s reardon writes that my organization the heartland institute has received significant funding from exxon mobil the story did not clarify that the amount of support we received never exceeded 5 of our budget nor did the story make clear that we haven t received exxon mobil funding since 2006 3 years before we began mailing research material to school board presidents 1 lookup doi 10 1126 science 333 6043 688",
+    "paper_a_title": "china s science funding",
+    "paper_b_title": "exxon mobil funding overstated"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1989787051",
+    "paper_b_id": "2166722256",
+    "paper_a_count": 14,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "2000-02",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "t he pursuit and production of knowledge through scientific research offer enormous intellectual rewards while also performing an important social function human stem cell research holds great promise of falling into this category as reflected in the papers appearing in this special issue but as several authors point out certain types of stem cell research engender controversy it seems sensible therefore to consider how best to balance the promise of such research with the genuine concerns about proceeding with it that are held by some sectors of society during the past year policy proposals have been issued by three bodies in the united states the national bioethics advisory commission bioethics gov stemcell pdf 1 the national institutes of health www nih gov news stemcell draftguidelines htm 2 and the american association for the advancement of science aaas www aaas org spp dspp sfrl projects stem report pdf 3 these constitute a basis for informed and broad based public discourse and policy deliberations at the national level outside the united states many countries are revisiting their policies on embryo research in light of the recent advances related to primordial human stem cells see the viewpoint by lenoir p 1425 4 we must accept the fact that public policy in a pluralistic society cannot resolve all differences that arise regarding sensitive social issues tension is inevitable between what we can do and what we should do nevertheless to forego efforts to construct policy where important social values are at stake would be to abdicate a critical public responsibility what criteria then should be used for assessing these various policy proposals regarding stem cells surely we want a policy that promises to advance knowledge that contributes to improved patient welfare to achieve this will undoubtedly require a large and sustained infusion of public funds justifying such a public investment however calls for a policy that embodies broad social values such as assurances that people in need will have access to the benefits derived from the research and that personal autonomy will be respected public policy should provide a basis for developing uniform ethical guidelines a task as critically important as it is inevitably difficult but one that can draw on the reservoir of values deeply rooted in religious and secular traditions it should balance the promotion of scientific inquiry with public accountability providing scientists with clear expectations and requirements for conducting stem cell research while also establishing the transparency of the research for public review and oversight such oversight should be in proportion to the seriousness of the concerns raised and not create unwarranted barriers to realizing potential benefits public policy should also recognize an appropriate role for public private partnerships thereby acknowledging the crucial role that industry has and can continue to play in supporting stem cell research finally but by no means least policy should be informed by and continue to support civic discourse so that the values of all stakeholders can be carefully considered and weighed as part of that national conversation scientists should be prepared to communicate the results of their research in ways that are understandable to a diverse audience and to temper their enthusiasm about the promises of stem cell research with realistic appraisals of the hard work that remains to be done in our search for common ground on a subject that so stirs emotions all parties must tone down the rhetoric if we are to craft a workable and acceptable policy for human stem cell research we must not let this policy moment pass without action neither scientific inquiry nor all those challenged daily by serious diseases who might benefit from medical applications derived from stem cell research whatever the source of the stem cells should have to endure an extended period of uncertainty about what is permitted and what is not 1 http bioethics gov stemcell pdf 2 http www nih gov news stemcell draftguidelines htm 3 http www aaas org spp dspp sfrl projects stem report pdf 4 lookup doi 10 1126 science 287 5457 1425",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "this study applies the theory of conditional party government to the interaction between the republican party and the appropriations committee in the 104th house seen in the context of developments since the 96th congress as expected by the theory we find that the relatively homogenous preferences of the republican contingent in the house led them to adopt new institutional arrangements to enhance the powers of their leaders which in turn were used to advance the party s policy goals given that the leadership decided to use appropriations as one of the vehicles of major policy change they and the conference sought to monitor the committee s actions and to influence it to behave as they wanted the leaders used their enhanced powers over incentives and with regard to the agenda to advance the party cause both leaders and the conference sought to block policy shifts away from what they wanted but facilitated changes in the desired direction finally we expected to see evidence of the increasing",
+    "paper_a_title": "in search of stem cell policy",
+    "paper_b_title": "the republican revolution and the house appropriations committee"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1481555413",
+    "paper_b_id": "1486645363",
+    "paper_a_count": 21,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "1998",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "chen lu tsou was director of the national laboratory for biomacromolecules in beijing from 1988 to 1993 he is president of the chinese biochemical society and director of the department of life sciences chinese academy of sciences and has twice been awarded the china national natural science",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "kenya9s conservation leader david western is once again out of office this time permanently just 4 months after losing and then regaining his post as head of the kenya wildlife service kws which manages some of the world9s best known natural areas western was abruptly sacked again last week by kenyan president daniel arap moi the unexpected ouster prompted dismay among observers in kenya and international conservation circles",
+    "paper_a_title": "science and scientists in china",
+    "paper_b_title": "kenya parks chief ousted again"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1659029522",
+    "paper_b_id": "1630396375",
+    "paper_a_count": 37,
+    "paper_b_count": 17,
+    "time_period": "1999",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "peer reviewunder pressure from advocacy groups to open up the grant review process the national institutes of health nih is adding lay members to some peer review study sections particularly those dealing with potential therapies some scientists worry that nih is diluting expert advice but others who have served on study sections with laypeople say that the lay members serve as a reality check raising issues that scientists wouldn t have thought about and that by serving on study sections they can become allies of scientists rather than critics",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "washingtonthe national institutes of health has moved one step closer to funding stem cell research after a working group met to refine a draft set of ethical guidelines that scientists would have to obey in order to proceed",
+    "paper_a_title": "nih invites activists into the inner sanctum",
+    "paper_b_title": "nih stem cell guidelines face stormy ride"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1647726267",
+    "paper_b_id": "2053242646",
+    "paper_a_count": 14,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "1996",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "when scientists from yale university and corvas international inc joined forces in 1993 it seemed like a perfect marriage bound by a strong common interest the yale group wanted to develop a vaccine to protect people infected by a bloodsucking parasite the hookworm and the company was hoping to isolate a hookworm protein that could compete in the lucrative anticoagulant drug market the birth announcement this month a journal report of the amino acid sequences of hookworm anticoagulant proteins should have been a joyous occasion it was not the partners have separated and the rights to one molecule may become the object of a nasty custody battle these wrangles seem to be happening more often as academic scientists increasingly work with for profit corporations and one observer calls them special commercialization projects from hell",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "despite the allegations being made in the cistron vs immunex case e marshall news comment 30 aug p 1162 1 and despite the obvious irregularities of peer review and research reporting that permeate the whole matter there remains an undeniable fact rank and file scientists at immunex",
+    "paper_a_title": "new anticoagulant prompts bad blood between partners",
+    "paper_b_title": "interleukin 1 research"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1634753842",
+    "paper_b_id": "2111331278",
+    "paper_a_count": 49,
+    "paper_b_count": 22,
+    "time_period": "2000",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "the recent revelations of problems in gene therapy trials have clearly indicated that the current federal mechanisms for review regulation and oversight of human gene transfer studies require modification this policy forum discusses the basic principles that form the foundation of clinical research with the most important being patient protection and makes recommendations for changes in oversight that will ensure that the highest standards are met",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "this study argues that the eighteenth century political philosophy of federalism found its roots in the covenant theology of early reformed protestantism in zurich it contends that there was a progression in covenant orfederal thought from the first published articulation of the theological covenant by heinrich bullinger in 1534 through the use of the covenant notion in defense of tyrannicide by philippe duplessismornay to johannes althusius s political philosophy of federalism as well as the political theories of thomas hobbes andjohn locke to the declaration of independence and the constitution of the united states these different faces or variations offederalism shared several common elements over the 250year span",
+    "paper_a_title": "principles for human gene therapy studies",
+    "paper_b_title": "faces of federalism from bullinger to jefferson"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1634753842",
+    "paper_b_id": "1989787051",
+    "paper_a_count": 49,
+    "paper_b_count": 14,
+    "time_period": "2000",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "the recent revelations of problems in gene therapy trials have clearly indicated that the current federal mechanisms for review regulation and oversight of human gene transfer studies require modification this policy forum discusses the basic principles that form the foundation of clinical research with the most important being patient protection and makes recommendations for changes in oversight that will ensure that the highest standards are met",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "t he pursuit and production of knowledge through scientific research offer enormous intellectual rewards while also performing an important social function human stem cell research holds great promise of falling into this category as reflected in the papers appearing in this special issue but as several authors point out certain types of stem cell research engender controversy it seems sensible therefore to consider how best to balance the promise of such research with the genuine concerns about proceeding with it that are held by some sectors of society during the past year policy proposals have been issued by three bodies in the united states the national bioethics advisory commission bioethics gov stemcell pdf 1 the national institutes of health www nih gov news stemcell draftguidelines htm 2 and the american association for the advancement of science aaas www aaas org spp dspp sfrl projects stem report pdf 3 these constitute a basis for informed and broad based public discourse and policy deliberations at the national level outside the united states many countries are revisiting their policies on embryo research in light of the recent advances related to primordial human stem cells see the viewpoint by lenoir p 1425 4 we must accept the fact that public policy in a pluralistic society cannot resolve all differences that arise regarding sensitive social issues tension is inevitable between what we can do and what we should do nevertheless to forego efforts to construct policy where important social values are at stake would be to abdicate a critical public responsibility what criteria then should be used for assessing these various policy proposals regarding stem cells surely we want a policy that promises to advance knowledge that contributes to improved patient welfare to achieve this will undoubtedly require a large and sustained infusion of public funds justifying such a public investment however calls for a policy that embodies broad social values such as assurances that people in need will have access to the benefits derived from the research and that personal autonomy will be respected public policy should provide a basis for developing uniform ethical guidelines a task as critically important as it is inevitably difficult but one that can draw on the reservoir of values deeply rooted in religious and secular traditions it should balance the promotion of scientific inquiry with public accountability providing scientists with clear expectations and requirements for conducting stem cell research while also establishing the transparency of the research for public review and oversight such oversight should be in proportion to the seriousness of the concerns raised and not create unwarranted barriers to realizing potential benefits public policy should also recognize an appropriate role for public private partnerships thereby acknowledging the crucial role that industry has and can continue to play in supporting stem cell research finally but by no means least policy should be informed by and continue to support civic discourse so that the values of all stakeholders can be carefully considered and weighed as part of that national conversation scientists should be prepared to communicate the results of their research in ways that are understandable to a diverse audience and to temper their enthusiasm about the promises of stem cell research with realistic appraisals of the hard work that remains to be done in our search for common ground on a subject that so stirs emotions all parties must tone down the rhetoric if we are to craft a workable and acceptable policy for human stem cell research we must not let this policy moment pass without action neither scientific inquiry nor all those challenged daily by serious diseases who might benefit from medical applications derived from stem cell research whatever the source of the stem cells should have to endure an extended period of uncertainty about what is permitted and what is not 1 http bioethics gov stemcell pdf 2 http www nih gov news stemcell draftguidelines htm 3 http www aaas org spp dspp sfrl projects stem report pdf 4 lookup doi 10 1126 science 287 5457 1425",
+    "paper_a_title": "principles for human gene therapy studies",
+    "paper_b_title": "in search of stem cell policy"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1634753842",
+    "paper_b_id": "2166722256",
+    "paper_a_count": 49,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "2000",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "the recent revelations of problems in gene therapy trials have clearly indicated that the current federal mechanisms for review regulation and oversight of human gene transfer studies require modification this policy forum discusses the basic principles that form the foundation of clinical research with the most important being patient protection and makes recommendations for changes in oversight that will ensure that the highest standards are met",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "this study applies the theory of conditional party government to the interaction between the republican party and the appropriations committee in the 104th house seen in the context of developments since the 96th congress as expected by the theory we find that the relatively homogenous preferences of the republican contingent in the house led them to adopt new institutional arrangements to enhance the powers of their leaders which in turn were used to advance the party s policy goals given that the leadership decided to use appropriations as one of the vehicles of major policy change they and the conference sought to monitor the committee s actions and to influence it to behave as they wanted the leaders used their enhanced powers over incentives and with regard to the agenda to advance the party cause both leaders and the conference sought to block policy shifts away from what they wanted but facilitated changes in the desired direction finally we expected to see evidence of the increasing",
+    "paper_a_title": "principles for human gene therapy studies",
+    "paper_b_title": "the republican revolution and the house appropriations committee"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1634753842",
+    "paper_b_id": "2115470711",
+    "paper_a_count": 49,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "2000",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "the recent revelations of problems in gene therapy trials have clearly indicated that the current federal mechanisms for review regulation and oversight of human gene transfer studies require modification this policy forum discusses the basic principles that form the foundation of clinical research with the most important being patient protection and makes recommendations for changes in oversight that will ensure that the highest standards are met",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "2000 the austrian election of october 1999 a shift to the right west european politics vol 23 no 3 pp 191 200",
+    "paper_a_title": "principles for human gene therapy studies",
+    "paper_b_title": "the austrian election of october 1999 a shift to the right"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2111331278",
+    "paper_b_id": "2166722256",
+    "paper_a_count": 22,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "2000",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "this study argues that the eighteenth century political philosophy of federalism found its roots in the covenant theology of early reformed protestantism in zurich it contends that there was a progression in covenant orfederal thought from the first published articulation of the theological covenant by heinrich bullinger in 1534 through the use of the covenant notion in defense of tyrannicide by philippe duplessismornay to johannes althusius s political philosophy of federalism as well as the political theories of thomas hobbes andjohn locke to the declaration of independence and the constitution of the united states these different faces or variations offederalism shared several common elements over the 250year span",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "this study applies the theory of conditional party government to the interaction between the republican party and the appropriations committee in the 104th house seen in the context of developments since the 96th congress as expected by the theory we find that the relatively homogenous preferences of the republican contingent in the house led them to adopt new institutional arrangements to enhance the powers of their leaders which in turn were used to advance the party s policy goals given that the leadership decided to use appropriations as one of the vehicles of major policy change they and the conference sought to monitor the committee s actions and to influence it to behave as they wanted the leaders used their enhanced powers over incentives and with regard to the agenda to advance the party cause both leaders and the conference sought to block policy shifts away from what they wanted but facilitated changes in the desired direction finally we expected to see evidence of the increasing",
+    "paper_a_title": "faces of federalism from bullinger to jefferson",
+    "paper_b_title": "the republican revolution and the house appropriations committee"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2111331278",
+    "paper_b_id": "2115470711",
+    "paper_a_count": 22,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "2000",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "this study argues that the eighteenth century political philosophy of federalism found its roots in the covenant theology of early reformed protestantism in zurich it contends that there was a progression in covenant orfederal thought from the first published articulation of the theological covenant by heinrich bullinger in 1534 through the use of the covenant notion in defense of tyrannicide by philippe duplessismornay to johannes althusius s political philosophy of federalism as well as the political theories of thomas hobbes andjohn locke to the declaration of independence and the constitution of the united states these different faces or variations offederalism shared several common elements over the 250year span",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "2000 the austrian election of october 1999 a shift to the right west european politics vol 23 no 3 pp 191 200",
+    "paper_a_title": "faces of federalism from bullinger to jefferson",
+    "paper_b_title": "the austrian election of october 1999 a shift to the right"
+  },
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "1989787051",
+    "paper_b_id": "2115470711",
+    "paper_a_count": 14,
+    "paper_b_count": 6,
+    "time_period": "2000",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "t he pursuit and production of knowledge through scientific research offer enormous intellectual rewards while also performing an important social function human stem cell research holds great promise of falling into this category as reflected in the papers appearing in this special issue but as several authors point out certain types of stem cell research engender controversy it seems sensible therefore to consider how best to balance the promise of such research with the genuine concerns about proceeding with it that are held by some sectors of society during the past year policy proposals have been issued by three bodies in the united states the national bioethics advisory commission bioethics gov stemcell pdf 1 the national institutes of health www nih gov news stemcell draftguidelines htm 2 and the american association for the advancement of science aaas www aaas org spp dspp sfrl projects stem report pdf 3 these constitute a basis for informed and broad based public discourse and policy deliberations at the national level outside the united states many countries are revisiting their policies on embryo research in light of the recent advances related to primordial human stem cells see the viewpoint by lenoir p 1425 4 we must accept the fact that public policy in a pluralistic society cannot resolve all differences that arise regarding sensitive social issues tension is inevitable between what we can do and what we should do nevertheless to forego efforts to construct policy where important social values are at stake would be to abdicate a critical public responsibility what criteria then should be used for assessing these various policy proposals regarding stem cells surely we want a policy that promises to advance knowledge that contributes to improved patient welfare to achieve this will undoubtedly require a large and sustained infusion of public funds justifying such a public investment however calls for a policy that embodies broad social values such as assurances that people in need will have access to the benefits derived from the research and that personal autonomy will be respected public policy should provide a basis for developing uniform ethical guidelines a task as critically important as it is inevitably difficult but one that can draw on the reservoir of values deeply rooted in religious and secular traditions it should balance the promotion of scientific inquiry with public accountability providing scientists with clear expectations and requirements for conducting stem cell research while also establishing the transparency of the research for public review and oversight such oversight should be in proportion to the seriousness of the concerns raised and not create unwarranted barriers to realizing potential benefits public policy should also recognize an appropriate role for public private partnerships thereby acknowledging the crucial role that industry has and can continue to play in supporting stem cell research finally but by no means least policy should be informed by and continue to support civic discourse so that the values of all stakeholders can be carefully considered and weighed as part of that national conversation scientists should be prepared to communicate the results of their research in ways that are understandable to a diverse audience and to temper their enthusiasm about the promises of stem cell research with realistic appraisals of the hard work that remains to be done in our search for common ground on a subject that so stirs emotions all parties must tone down the rhetoric if we are to craft a workable and acceptable policy for human stem cell research we must not let this policy moment pass without action neither scientific inquiry nor all those challenged daily by serious diseases who might benefit from medical applications derived from stem cell research whatever the source of the stem cells should have to endure an extended period of uncertainty about what is permitted and what is not 1 http bioethics gov stemcell pdf 2 http www nih gov news stemcell draftguidelines htm 3 http www aaas org spp dspp sfrl projects stem report pdf 4 lookup doi 10 1126 science 287 5457 1425",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "2000 the austrian election of october 1999 a shift to the right west european politics vol 23 no 3 pp 191 200",
+    "paper_a_title": "in search of stem cell policy",
+    "paper_b_title": "the austrian election of october 1999 a shift to the right"
+  }
+]

sciscinet/patents_pair/sociology_val_pairs.json

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+[
+  {
+    "paper_a_id": "2096484523",
+    "paper_b_id": "2126686976",
+    "paper_a_count": 19,
+    "paper_b_count": 5,
+    "time_period": "1990",
+    "paper_a_abstract": "throughout the past two decades state governments have assumed a more expansive aggressive and prescriptive role in many domains of education policy mitchell 1988 since the mid 1980s state governments have become especially active in two domains curriculum and accountability elmore et al 1990 mcdonnell and fuhrman 1986 in this fairly brief time period nearly all states enacted policies to inspire or require more rigor in the academic component of the school program and nearly all states adopted policies to generate and disseminate more detailed assessments of student performance blank this volume",
+    "paper_b_abstract": "this paper addresses two questions what is involved in bringing about significant and worthwhile change in teaching practices how can or should research aid in this process in order to do so two related literatures will be explored teacher change and learning to teach these literatures will be used to develop a third perspective which will be grounded in examples from a teacher change research project which is funded by the office of educational research and improvement oeri u s department of education this perspective suggests that empirical premises derived from research fenstermacher 1986 be considered as warranted practice which in combination with teachers s practical knowledge become the content of reflective teacher change it also suggests that practice should be viewed as activity embedded in theory the paper concludes with suggestions for ways of approaching the introduction of research into teachers ways of thinking",
+    "paper_a_title": "the politics of curriculum and testing introduction and overview",
+    "paper_b_title": "significant and worthwhile change in teaching practice"
+  }
+]