text stringlengths 36 9.43k | author stringlengths 0 2.87k | title stringlengths 12 265 | source stringlengths 0 152 | IRI stringlengths 4 92 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
TS.C.10.1 Without limiting warming to 1.5℃ global warming level, many key risks are projected to intensify rapidly in almost all regions of the world, causing damage to assets and infrastructure and losses to economic sectors and entailing high recovery and adaptation costs . Severe risks are more likely in developing ... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
increased relative to the range reported in AR5, though there is low agreement and significant spread within and across methodology types , resulting in an inability to identify a best estimate or robust range . Under high warming and limited adaptation, the magnitude of decline in annual global GDP in 2100 relative t... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.C.10.4 Potential socioeconomic futures, in terms of population, economic development and orientation towards growth, vary widely and these drivers have a large influence on the economic costs of climate change . Higher growth scenarios along higher warming levels increase exposure to hazards and assets at risk, such... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.C. 10.5 Large non-market and non-economic losses are projected, especially at higher warming levels . This wide range of effects underscore the impact of climate change on welfare and the adverse effects on vulnerable populations . Including as many of these impacts in decision-making as possible, and as part of the... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.C.11.2 Climate hazards cause multiple impacts, interacting to compound risks to food security, nutrition and human health . Compound risks to health and food systems are projected from simultaneous reductions in food production across crops, livestock and fisheries , heat-related loss of labour productivity in agri... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.C.11.3 Compound hazards increasing with global warming include increased frequency of concurrent heatwaves and droughts , dangerous fire weather and floods , resulting in increased and more complex risks to agriculture, water resources, human health, mortality, livelihoods, settlements and infrastructure. Extreme w... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.C. 11.4 Interacting climatic and non-climatic drivers when coupled with coastal development and urbanisation are projected to lead to losses for coastal ecosystems and their services under all scenarios in the near to mid-term . The compound impacts of warming, acidification and sea level rise are projected to lead ... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.C. 11.5 Observed human and economic losses have increased since AR5 for urban areas and human settlements arising from compound, cascading and systemic events . Urban areas and their infrastructure are susceptible to both compounding and cascading risks arising from interactions between severe weather from climate c... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.C. 11.6 Interconnectedness and globalisation establish pathways for the transmission of climate-related risks across sectors and borders, through trade, finance, food and ecosystems . Flows of commodities and goods, as well as people, finance and innovation, can be driven or disrupted by distant climate change impac... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.C.11.8 Indigenous Peoples, traditional communities, small- holder farmers, urban poor, children and elderly in Amazonia are burdened by cascading impacts and risks from the compound effects of climate and land use change on forest fires in the region . Deforestation, fires and urbanisation have increased the exposur... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.C.12.1 Compared to AR5 and SR15, risks increase to high and very high levels at lower global warming levels for all five RFCs , and transition ranges are assigned with greater confidence. Transitions from high to very high risk emerge in all five RFCs, compared to just two RFCs in AR5 . As in previous assessments, l... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
confidence), but risk for RFC2 would have transitioned to a high risk at 1.5°C and RFC1 would be well into the transition to very high risk . Remaining below 2ºC warming would imply that risk for RFC3 through RFC5 would be transitioning to high, and risk for RFC1 and RFC2 would be transitioning to very high . By 2.5℃ ... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.C.12.3 While the RFCs represent global risk levels for aggregated concerns about 'dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system', they represent a great diversity of risks, and in reality, there is not one single dangerous climate threshold across sectors and regions. RFC1, RFC2 and RFC5 include risks... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
confidence). These phenomena exacerbate self-reinforcing feedbacks between emissions from high-carbon ecosystems and increasing global temperatures. Complex interactions of climate change, land use change, carbon dioxide fluxes and vegetation changes, combined with insect outbreaks and other disturbances, will regulat... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.C.13.3 Extinction of species is an irreversible impact of climate change whose risk increases sharply with rises in global temperature . Even the lowest estimates of species extinctions are 1000 times the natural background rates . Projected species extinctions at future global warming levels are consistent with pr... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.C.13.4 Solar radiation modification approaches have the potential to offset warming and ameliorate other climate hazards, but their potential to reduce risk or introduce novel risks to people and ecosystems is not well understood . SRM effects on climate hazards are highly dependent on deployment scenarios, and sub... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
This section covers climate change adaptation and explains how our knowledge of it has progressed since AR5. The section begins with an explanation of overall progress on adaptation and the adaptation gaps and then discusses limits to adaptation. Maladaptation and the underlying evidence base are explained together wit... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.1.1 Responses have accelerated in both developed and developing regions since AR5, with some examples of regression . Growing adaptation knowledge in public and private sectors, increasing numbers of policy and legal frameworks and dedicated spending on adaptation are all clear indications that the availability of... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.1.2 Current adaptation in natural and managed ecosystems includes earlier planting and changes in crop varieties, soil improvement and water management for livestock and crops, aquaculture, restoration of coastal and hydrological processes, introduction of heat- and drought-adapted genotypes into high- risk popula... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.1.3 The ambition, scope and progress on adaptation have risen among governments at the local, national and international levels, along with businesses, communities and civil society, but many funding, knowledge and practice gaps remain for effective implementation, monitoring and evaluation . There are large gaps ... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.1.4 Many cities and settlements have developed adaptation plans since AR5, but a limited number of these have been implemented so that urban adaptation gaps exist in all world regions and for all hazard types . Many plans focus on climate risk reduction, missing opportunities to advance co- benefits of climate mit... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
i. Networks of Protected Areas combined with zoning increase resilience. ii. Assisted migration and evolution might reduce extirpation and extinction. iii. Adaptation and mitigation increase space for nature and benefit society. iv. Ecosystem-based Adaptation and Nature-based Solutions . | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
The size of the circle represents the number of people at risk per IPCC region and the colours show the timing of risk based on projected population change and sea level rise under SSP2-4.5. Darker colours indicate earlier in setting risks. The left side of the circles shows absolute projected population at risk and t... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
Climate and land use change result in cumulative impacts on traditional, semi-nomadic Sámi reindeer herding. Impacts cascade due to a lack of access to key ecosystems, lakes and rivers, thereby increasing costs and threatening traditional livelihoods, food security, cultural heritage, and mental health. | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.1.5 Systemic barriers constrain the implementation of adaptation options in vulnerable sectors, regions and social groups . Key barriers are limited resources, lack of private-sector and citizen engagement, insufficient mobilisation of finance , lack of political leadership, limited research and/or slow and low up... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.1.6 Insufficient financing is a key driver of adaptation gaps . Annual finance flows targeting adaptation for Africa, for example, are billions of US dollars less than the lowest adaptation cost estimates for near-term climate change . Finance has not targeted more vulnerable countries and communities. From 2014 t... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.1.7 Closing the adaptation gap requires moving beyond short-term planning to develop long-term, concerted pathways and enabling conditions for ongoing adaptation to ensure timely and effective implementation . Inclusive, equitable and just adaptation pathways are critical for climate resilient development. Such pa... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.2 There is increasing evidence on limits to adaptation which result from the interaction of adaptation constraints and the speed of change . In some natural systems, hard limits have been reached and more will be reached beyond 1.5℃ . Surpassing such hard, evolutionary limits causes local species extinctions and ... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.2.1 Adaptation limits can be differentiated into hard and soft limits. Soft limits are those for which no further adaptation options are feasible currently but might become available in the future. Hard limits are those for which existing adaptation options will cease to be effective and additional options are not... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.2.2 Limits to adaptation have been observed for terrestrial and aquatic species and ecosystems and for some human and managed systems in specific geographies such as small island states and mountain regions . Beginning at below 1.5ºC, autonomous and evolutionary adaptation responses by more terrestrial and aquatic... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.2.3 Limits to adaptation will be reached in more systems, including, for example, coastal communities, water security, agricultural production and human health, as global warming increases . Hard limits beginning at 1.5°C are also projected for coastal communities reliant on nature-based coastal protection . Adapt... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.2.4 Across regions and sectors, the most significant determinants of soft limits are financial, governance, institutional and policy constraints . The ability of actors to address these socioeconomic constraints largely influences whether additional adaptation can be implemented and prevent soft limits from becomi... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
change reduces capacity for adaptive responses and limits choices and opportunities for sustainable development. The ability of actors to overcome socioeconomic constraints determines whether additional adaptation can be implemented and prevent soft limits from becoming hard limits . Above 1.5ºC of warming, limits to a... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.3.1 Maladaptation has been observed across many regions and systems and occurs for many reasons, including inade- quate knowledge and short-term, fragmented, single-sector and/or non-inclusive governance planning and implementa- tion . Policy decisions that ignore the risks of adverse effects can be maladaptive by... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
them of food and livelihoods and reinforces and entrenches existing inequalities . Rights-based approaches to adaptation, participatory methodologies and inclusion of local and Indigenous knowledge, combined with informed consent, deliver mechanisms to avoid these pitfalls . Adaptation solutions benefit from engagement... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.3.3 Reliance on hard protection against sea level rise can lead to development intensification, which compounds risk and locks in exposure of people and assets as socioeconomic and governance barriers and technical limits are reached. Avoiding maladaptive responses to sea level rise depends on immediate mitigation... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.4 Diverse, self-sustaining ecosystems with healthy bio- diversity provide multiple contributions to people that are essential for climate change adaptation and mitigation, thereby reducing risk and increasing societal resilience to future climate change . Better ecosystem protection and management is key to reduce... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.4.1 Ecosystem protection and restoration can build resil- ience of ecosystems and generate opportunities to restore eco- system services with substantial co-benefits and provision of ecosystem-based adaptation.7 Ecosystem-based adaptation includes protection and restoration of forests, grasslands, peatlands and o... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.4.2 Increasing the resilience of biodiversity and ecosystem services to climate change includes minimising additional stresses or disturbances, reducing fragmentation, increasing natural habitat extent, connectivity and heterogeneity, maintaining taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity and redundancy and ... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.4.4 Available adaptation options can reduce risks to ecosystems and the services they provide, but they cannot prevent all changes and should not be regarded as a substitute for reductions in greenhouse gas emissions . Ambitious and swift global mitigation offers more adaptation options and pathways to sustain eco... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.4.5 Ecosystem-based adaptation measures can reduce climatic risks to people, including from flood, drought, fire and overheating . Ecosystem-based adaptation approaches are increasingly being used as part of strategies to manage flood risk, at the coast in the face of rising sea levels and inland in the context of... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
water regimes that overcome social inequalities, provide disaster risk reduction and sustainable development . Restoring natural vegetation cover and wildfire regimes can reduce risks to people from catastrophic fires. Restoration of wetlands could support livelihoods and help sequester carbon , provided they are allow... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.4.6 Ecosystem-based adaptation and other nature-based solutions8 are themselves vulnerable to climate change impacts . Under higher emissions scenarios they will increasingly be under threat. Nature-based solutions cannot deliver the full range of benefits, unless they are based on functioning, resilient ecosystem... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.4.7 Potential benefits and avoidance of harm are maximised when nature-based solutions are deployed in the right places and with the right approaches for those areas, with inclusive governance . Taking account of interdisciplinary scientific information, Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge and practical exper... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.5 Various adaptation options in the water, agriculture and food sectors are feasible with several co-benefits , some of which are effective at reducing climate impacts . Adaptation responses reduce future climate risks at 1.5℃ warming, but effectiveness decreases above 2ºC . Resilience is strengthened by eco- syst... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
Footnotes: 1 The term response is used here instead of adaptation because some responses, such as retreat, may or may not be considered to be adaptation. 2 Including sustainable forest management, forest conservation and restoration, reforestation and afforestation. 3 Migration, when voluntary, safe and orderly, allows... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
benefits but with trade-offs and negative socioeconomic and environmental effects . Competition, trade-offs and conflict between mitigation and adaptation priorities will in- crease with climate change impacts . Integrated, multi-sectoral, inclusive and systems-oriented solutions reinforce long-term resilience , along ... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.5.1 There are a range of options for water- and food-related adaptation in different sociocultural, economic and geographical contexts, with benefits across several dimensions across regions , including climate risk reduction . Frequently documented options include rainwater harvesting, soil moisture conservation,... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.5.2 The projected future effectiveness of available adaptation for agriculture and food systems decreases with increasing warming . Currently known adaptation responses generally perform more effectively at 1.5℃ than at 2ºC or more, with increasing risks remaining after adaptation at higher warming levels . Irriga... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
multiple co-benefits ; trade-offs and benefits vary with socioecological context. Options such as ecosystem approaches to fisheries, agricultural diversification, agroforestry and other ecological practices support long-term productivity and ecosystem services such as pest control, soil health, pollination and bufferin... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.5.4 Sustainable resource management in response to distribution shifts of terrestrial and aquatic species under climate change is an effective adaptation option to reduce food and nutritional risk, conflict and loss of livelihood . Adaptation options exist to reduce the vulnerability of fisheries through better ma... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.5.5 Adaptation options that promote intensification of production have been widely adopted in agriculture for climate change adaptation, but with potential negative effects . Agricultural intensification addresses short-term food security and livelihood goals but has trade-offs in equity, biodiversity and ecosyste... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.5.6 Integrated and systems-oriented solutions to alleviate competition and trade-offs between mitigation and adaptation will reinforce long-term resilience and equity in water and food systems . Large-scale land deals for climate mitigation have trade-offs with livelihoods, water and food security . Afforestation ... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.5.7 Integrated multi-sectoral strategies that address social inequities and social protection of low- income groups will increase the effectiveness of adaptation responses for water and food security . Multiple interacting factors help to ensure that adaptive communities have water and food security, including ad... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.6 Cities and settlements are crucial for delivering urgent climate action. The concentration and interconnection of people, infrastructure and assets within and across cities and into rural areas drives the creation of risks and solutions at a global scale . Concentrated inequalities in risk are broken through pri... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.6.1 Continuing rapid growth in urban populations and unmet needs for healthy, decent, affordable and sustainable housing and infrastructure represent a global opportunity to integrate inclusive adaptation strategies into development . The urban adaptation gap shows that for all world regions, current adaptation is... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.6.3 Globally, urban adaptation gaps exist for all climate change-driven risks, although the limits to adaptation are unevenly distributed . Governance capacity, financial support and the legacy of past urban infrastructure investment constrain how cities and settlements can adapt to key climate risks . The gap bet... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.6.4 The greatest gaps between policy and action are in projects to integrate justice concerns into adaptation action, address complex interconnected risks where solutions lie outside as well as within a city, for example in the food-energy- water-health nexus, and resolve compound risks such as the relationships b... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.6.5 Key innovations in adaptation in social policy and nature-based solutions have not been matched by innovation in adaptation finance, which tends to favour established mechanisms, often led by grey/physical infrastructure at the national scale. Social policy innovations include social safety nets, inclusive app... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.6.6 Many urban adaptation plans focus narrowly on climate risk reduction and specific climate-associated risks, missing opportunities to advance co-benefits with climate mitigation and sustainable development . This narrow approach limits opportunity for urban and infrastructure adaptation to tackle the root cause... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
SDGs. City and local action can complement-and at times go further than-national and international interventions . Adaptation policy that focuses on informality and sub-serviced or inadequately serviced neighbourhoods and supports inclusive urbanisation by considering the social and economic root causes of unequal vuln... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.7 The ability of societies and ecosystems to adapt to current coastal impacts to address present and future coastal risks under further acceleration of sea level rise depends on immediate and effective mitigation and adaptation actions that keep options open to further adapt . Adaptation pathways break adaptation ... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.7.1 As the scale and pace of sea level rise accelerates beyond 2050, long-term adjustments may in some locations be beyond the limits of current adaptation options and for some species and some locations could be an existential risk in the 21st century . Nature-based interventions, for example wetlands and salt ma... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.7.2 Adaptation for coastal ecosystems requires space, networks and sediment to keep up with sea level rise . With higher warming, faster sea level rise and increasing human pressures due to coastal development, the ability to adapt decreases . Adaptation options, such as providing sufficient space for a coastal sy... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.7.3 A wide range of adaptation options exists for reducing the ongoing multi-faceted coastal risks in cities and settlements . A mix of infrastructure, nature-based, institutional and sociocultural interventions can best address the risks. The options include vulnerability-reducing measures, avoidance , hard and s... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.7.5 Adaptation is costly, but the benefit-to-cost ratio is high for urbanised coastal areas with high concentrations of assets . Protection has a high benefit-cost ratio during the 21st century but can become unaffordable and insufficient to reduce coastal risk , reaching technical limits . Hard protection sets up... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
vulnerability of those most at risk is more likely . Drawing on multiple knowledge systems helps in co-designing and co-producing more acceptable, effective and enduring responses. Reconciling divergent worldviews, values and interests can unlock the productive potential of conflict for transitioning towards pathways t... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.7.7 Experience in coastal cities and settlements highlights critical enablers for addressing coastal hazard risk compounded by sea level rise . These enablers include building and strengthening governance capacity and capabilities to tackle complex problems; taking a long-term perspective in making short- term dec... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.8 With proactive, timely and effective adaptation, many risks for human health and well-being could be reduced and some potentially avoided . Building adaptive capacity through sustainable development and encouraging safe and orderly movements of people within and between states represent key adaptation responses ... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
A significant adaptation gap exists for human health and well-being and for responses to disaster risks . Most Nation- ally Determined Contributions to the Paris Agreement from low- and middle-income countries identify health as a priority concern . Effective governance institutions, arrangements, funding and mandates ... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.8.2 Continued investment in general health systems and in systems enhancing health protection is an effective adaptation strategy in the short to medium term . Although some mortality and morbidity from climate change are already unavoidable, targeted adaptation and mitigation actions can reduce risks and vulnerab... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.8.3 Many adaptation measures that benefit health and well-being are found in other sectors . Such cross-sectoral solutions include improved air quality through renewable energy sources , active transport and sustainable food systems that lead to healthier diets . Heat Action Plans have strong potential to preve... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
health systems are poorly resourced in general, and their capacity to respond to climate change is weak, with mental health support being particularly inadequate . The health sectors in some countries have focused on implementing incremental changes to policies and measures to respond to impacts . As the likelihood of ... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.8.5 Financial constraints are the most referenced barrier to health adaptation, and therefore scaling up financial investments remains a key international priority . Financial support for health adaptation is currently less than 0.5% of overall dispersed multilateral climate finance projects . This level of invest... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.8.6 Reducing future risks of involuntary migration and displacement due to climate change is possible by improving outcomes of existing migration patterns, addressing vulner- abilities that pose barriers to in situ adaptation and livelihood strategies and meeting existing migration agreements and development objec... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.8.7 Improving the feasibility of planned relocation and resettlement is a high priority for managing climate risks . Residents of small island states do not view relocation as an appropriate or desirable means of adapting to the impacts of climate change . Previous disaster- and development- related relocation has... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.8.8 Meeting SDGs supports adaptive capacity that in turn supports individuals, households and community manage climate risks and supports peace . By addressing vulner- ability, improving livelihoods and strengthening institutions, meeting the SDGs reduces the risks of armed conflict and violence . Formal instituti... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.9 Adaptation actions consistent with climate justice address near- and long-term risks through decision-making processes that attend to moral and legal principles of fairness, equity and responsibility including to historically marginalised communities and that distribute benefits, burdens and risks equitably . Co... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.9.2 Under an inequality scenario , the number of people living in extreme poverty could increase by more than 100 million . There is medium evidence and low agreement about the adaptation impacts of derivative- based insurance products. Insurance solutions are difficult for low- income groups to access . Formal in... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
physical abilities . Therefore, participation of historically excluded groups, such as women, youth and marginalised communities , contributes to more equitable and socially just adaptation actions. Adaptation actions do not automatically have positive outcomes for gender equality. Understanding the positive and negati... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.9.4 Empowering marginalised communities in the co-pro- duction of policy at all scales of decision-making advances equi- table adaptation efforts and reduces the risks of maladaptation . Recognising Indigenous rights and local knowledge in the design and implementation of climate change responses contrib- utes to ... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.9.5 Proactive partnerships of government with the community, private sector and national agencies to minimise negative social, environmental or economic impacts of economy- wide transitions are emerging, but their implementation is uneven . The greatest gains are achieved by prioritising investment to reduce clima... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.10. Various tools, measures and processes are available that can enable, accelerate and sustain adaptation implementation , in particular when anticipating climate change impacts, and empower inclusive decision-making and action when they are supported by adaptation finance and leadership across all sectors and gr... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.10.1 Institutional frameworks, policies and plans that set out adaptation goals, define responsibilities and commitment devices, coordinate among actors and build adaptive capacity will facilitate sustained adaptation actions . Adaptation is considered in the climate policies of at least 170 countries. Opportuniti... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D. 10.2 Access to and mobilising adequate financial resources for vulnerable regions is an important catalysing factor for timely climate resilient development and climate risk management . Total tracked climate finance has increased from USD364 billion yr1 in 2010/2011 to USD579 billion in 2017/2018, with only 4-8%... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.10.3 Decision-support tools and decision-analytic methods are available and being applied for climate adaptation and climate risk management in different contexts . Integrated adaptation frameworks and decision-support tools that anticipate multi-dimensional risks and accommodate community values are more effectiv... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
Many forms of climate adaptation are likely to be more effective, efficient and equitable when organised collectively and with multiple objectives. Using different assessment, modelling, monitoring and evaluation approaches can facilitate understanding of the societal implications of trade-offs. | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.10.5 Forward-looking adaptive planning and iterative risk management can avoid path dependencies and maladaptation and ensure timely action . Approaches that break down adaptation into manageable steps over time and use pathway analyses to determine low-regret actions for the near-term and long- term options are a... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.10.6 Enhancing climate change literacy on impacts and possible solutions is necessary to ensure widespread, sustained implementation of adaptation by state and non-state actors . Ways to enhance climate literacy and foster behavioural change include access to education and information, programmes involving the per... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.10.7 Political commitment and follow-through across all levels of government are important to accelerate the implementation of adequate and timely adaptation actions . Implementing actions often requires large upfront investments of human and financial resources and political capital by public, private and societa... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.11 Deep-rooted transformational adaptation opens new options for adapting to the impacts and risks of climate change by changing the fundamental attributes of a system, including altered goals or values and addressing the root causes of vulnerability. AR6 focuses on five system transitions to a just and climate r... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.11.1 A sub-set of adaptation options has been implemented that cuts across sectors to enable sector-specific adaptation responses. These options, such as disaster risk management, climate services and risk sharing, increase the feasibility and effectiveness of other options by expanding the solution space availabl... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.11.2 Transformations for energy include the options of efficient water use and water management, infrastructure resilience and reliable power systems, including the use of intermittent renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind energy, with the use of storage . These options are not sufficient for the far-re... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.11.3 Adaptation options that are feasible and effective to the 3.4 billion people living in rural areas around the world and who are especially vulnerable to climate change, include the provision of basic services, livelihood diversification and strengthening of food systems . The vulnerability of rural areas to c... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.11.4 Adaptation can require system-wide transformation of ways of knowing, acting and lesson-drawing to rebalance the relation between human and nature . Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge, ecosystem-based adaptation and community-based adaptation are often found together in effective adaptation strategies a... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.D.11.5 Factors motivating transformative adaptation actions include risk perception, perceived efficacy, sociocultural norms and beliefs, previous experiences of impacts, levels of education and awareness . Risk responsibilities across the globe are unclear and unevenly defined . In the face of climate change, assig... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.E.1 Climate resilient development implements greenhouse gas mitigation and adaptation options to support sustainable development. With accelerated warming and the intensification of cascading impacts and compounded risks above 1.5℃ warming, there is a sharply increasing demand for adaptation and climate resilient de... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.E.1.1 Prevailing development pathways do not advance climate resilient development . Societal choices in the near term will determine future pathways. There is no single pathway or climate that represents climate resilient development for all nations, actors or scales, as well as globally, and many solutions will em... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.E.1.2 System transitions can enable climate resilient devel- opment when accompanied by appropriate enabling conditions and inclusive arenas of engagement . Five system transitions are considered: energy, industry, urban and infra- structure, land and ecosystems, and society. Advancing climate resilient development ... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
TS.E. 1.3 System transitions are highly feasible. For energy system transitions, there is medium confidence in the high feasibility of resilient infrastructure and efficient water use for power plants and high confidence in the synergies of this option with mitigation. For coastal ecosystem transitions, there is medium... | IPCC | Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability | IPCC Report | https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.