id stringlengths 24 24 | contexts_ids listlengths 1 157 | split stringclasses 1
value | question stringlengths 13 215 | type stringclasses 4
values | answer stringlengths 2 3.15k | exact_answer stringlengths 1 3.15k | contexts listlengths 1 157 | concepts stringlengths 3 7.42k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5a99566e1d1251d03b00000f | [
17417058,
10943908,
19194374,
16436187,
28851912,
15652876,
12554604,
21554924,
25497297,
29073746,
20810002,
15870836,
26851573,
25794322,
17347351,
25698585,
26494873,
14697883
] | train | With which personality traits has the human monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene been associated? | list | Association studies suggest that the low activity variant of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA)-uVNTR polymorphism confers risk for emotional disturbances associated with antisocial traits, particularly in males. These include antisocial and borderline personality disorders and antisocial aggression. | ['antisocial personality disorder', 'borderline personality disorder', 'antisocial aggression'] | [
"OBJECTIVE: Monoamine oxidase A is a mitochondrial enzyme involved in the \ndegradation of certain neurotransmitter amines: serotonin and norepinephrine. As \nfor its role in aggression, impulsivity, suicide and mood liability, monoamine \noxidase A can be considered a functional candidate in borderline personality... | nan |
52d7b45e98d0239505000002 | [
19463607,
19006851,
16259335,
23559085,
23369134,
20807695,
17636722,
21823062,
23252247,
16026106,
22529180,
16542047
] | train | is pharmacological treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism effective in reducing cardiovascular events? | yesno | whether SH confers a high risk for cardiovascular disease, and whether LT4 therapy has a long-term benefit that clearly outweighs the risks of overzealous treatment in these individuals, remain topics of controversy. | no | [
"BACKGROUND: Some studies have proposed that subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) has \nadverse effects on the cardiovascular system, but little is known about the \neffect on patients undergoing cardiovascular operations. We examined the \ninfluence of preoperative SCH on postoperative outcome in patients undergoing \... | ['http://www.disease-ontology.org/api/metadata/DOID:114', 'http://www.disease-ontology.org/api/metadata/DOID:1459', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D013812', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D016896', 'http://www.nlm.nih.... |
531c380db166e2b80600003f | [
23453728,
21766015,
19997032,
23871437,
16581487,
9372688,
21535186,
15135701,
18926391,
16500505,
21873499,
20972574,
20188217
] | train | is there an increase in ultrasound comets after intense exercise? | yesno | Strenuous exercise and exercise perfomed in extreme conditions provoke increase in interstitial pulmonary water content as shown by the increased number of ultrasuond comets | yes | [
"High altitude pulmonary edema is a life-threatening condition that remains a \nconcern for climbers and clinicians alike. Within the last decade, studies have \nshown ultrasonography to be valuable in the accurate diagnosis of a variety of \nlung pathologies, including cardiogenic pulmonary edema, pleural effusion... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D020552', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D014463', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D016477', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cg... |
604cda2f94d57fd879000004 | [
29874946,
32777607,
12387626,
27177772,
17622711,
12767684,
27641926,
33049673,
33049674,
12573901,
17689037,
22470480,
24171222,
25619032,
27089241,
32891999,
12505450,
28774890,
19890158,
21705716,
30359670,
30257398,
32861950,
26821503
] | train | what is the effect of Bisphenol A in the body? | summary | Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disruptor compound that exhibits estrogenic activit | Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disruptor compound that exhibits estrogenic activit | [
"Inflammatory bowel disease is a complex collection of disorders. Microbial \ndysbiosis as well as exposure to toxins including xenoestrogens are thought to \nbe risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease development and relapse. \nBisphenol-A has been shown to exert estrogenic activity in the colon and alter \nin... | nan |
52f3a9ef2059c6d71c000012 | [
12091808,
21422919,
22146760,
12580776,
17693930,
16581974
] | train | what is the role of FGF-2 in cardiac regeneration after myocardial infarction? | summary | Exogenous FGF-2 was shown to increase angiogenesis and myocardial perfusion, promote myocardial regeneration by activating the SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis, and thereby improve the cardiac function after myocardial infarction. Furthermore, prevascularization with basic FGF-incorporated microspheres enhances the benefits of cardio... | Exogenous FGF-2 was shown to increase angiogenesis and myocardial perfusion, promote myocardial regeneration by activating the SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis, and thereby improve the cardiac function after myocardial infarction. Furthermore, prevascularization with basic FGF-incorporated microspheres enhances the benefits of cardio... | [
"OBJECTIVE: The effects of cell transplantation on the ischemic failing heart \nhave already been documented. However, the area in and around infarct regions is \nnot a good environment for cells to survive in because they are exposed to poor \nconditions in which certain requirements cannot be adequately supplied.... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D009203', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D016222', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D012038'] |
532f03e6d6d3ac6a34000022 | [
16304579,
21344679,
20200331,
18290252,
22748493,
15883211,
19591228,
20870802,
20971132,
22898045
] | train | what is the role of GATA-4 in regeneration of the heart after myocardial infarction? | summary | GATA-4 is implicated in cardiogenic differentiation of cardiac c-kit+AT2+ cells that represent approximately 0.19% of total cardiac cells in infarcted heart. GATA-4 overexpression in mesenchymal stem cells increases both survival and angiogenic potential in ischemic myocardium and may therefore represent a novel and ef... | GATA-4 is implicated in cardiogenic differentiation of cardiac c-kit+AT2+ cells that represent approximately 0.19% of total cardiac cells in infarcted heart. GATA-4 overexpression in mesenchymal stem cells increases both survival and angiogenic potential in ischemic myocardium and may therefore represent a novel and ef... | [
"Chronic heart failure remains a leading cause of mortality. Although granulocyte \ncolony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is reported to have a beneficial affect on \npostinfarction cardiac remodeling and dysfunction when administered before the \nonset of or at the acute stage of myocardial infarction (MI), its effect... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D006321', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D050980', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D009203', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cg... |
52f385052059c6d71c000011 | [
18556576,
16698918,
17805990,
16141414,
18948617,
9329962,
22403243,
20607468,
21621517,
21546606,
15951423,
20889201,
17045939,
22590612,
21723061,
17525368,
19704095
] | train | what is the role of IGF-1 in cardiac regeneration after myocardial infarction? | summary | Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a strong stimulus for both global and focal cardiomyocyte progenitor cell marker up-regulations, correlating to the endogenous up-regulation of IGF-1. Furthermore, in an animal model of myocardial infarction, intracoronary administration of IGF-1 is shown to reduce pathological cardiac re... | Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a strong stimulus for both global and focal cardiomyocyte progenitor cell marker up-regulations, correlating to the endogenous up-regulation of IGF-1. Furthermore, in an animal model of myocardial infarction, intracoronary administration of IGF-1 is shown to reduce pathological cardiac re... | [
"Ischemic heart disease is characterized chronically by a healed infarct, foci of \nmyocardial scarring, cavitary dilation, and impaired ventricular performance. \nThese alterations can only be reversed by replacement of scarred tissue with \nfunctionally competent myocardium. We tested whether cardiac progenitor c... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D009203', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D012038', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D007334'] |
532f043ed6d3ac6a34000023 | [
19498465,
10790371,
23261540,
12663654,
22850285,
17158926,
8366095,
24091702,
22199256,
9857019
] | train | what is the role of MEF-2 in cardiomyocyte differentiation? | summary | The myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) proteins are MADS-box transcription factors that are essential for differentiation of all muscle lineages but their mechanisms of action remain largely undefined. MEF2C expression initiates cardiomyogenesis, resulting in the up-regulation of Brachyury T, bone morphogenetic protein-4... | The myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) proteins are MADS-box transcription factors that are essential for differentiation of all muscle lineages but their mechanisms of action remain largely undefined. MEF2C expression initiates cardiomyogenesis, resulting in the up-regulation of Brachyury T, bone morphogenetic protein-4... | [
"Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are promising new epi-drugs, but the \npresence of both class I and class II enzymes in HDAC complexes precludes a \ndetailed elucidation of the individual HDAC functions. By using the class \nII-specific HDAC inhibitor MC1568, we separated class I- and class II-dependent \nef... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D032383', 'http://amigo.geneontology.org/cgi-bin/amigo/term_details?term=GO:0035051', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D064326'] |
530b7ae4970c65fa6b00000b | [
18832581,
21611174,
22982064,
23293297,
22765842,
18620057,
23270300,
23166366
] | train | what is the role of TGFbeta in cardiac regeneration after myocardial injury? | summary | TGFβ is activated in the myocardium in response to injury and plays a crucial role in cardiac repair by suppressing inflammation while promoting myofibroblast phenotypic modulation and extracellular matrix deposition. In fact, upregulation of TGF-beta signaling promotes the formation of a myofibroblast-like phenotype. ... | TGFβ is activated in the myocardium in response to injury and plays a crucial role in cardiac repair by suppressing inflammation while promoting myofibroblast phenotypic modulation and extracellular matrix deposition. In fact, upregulation of TGF-beta signaling promotes the formation of a myofibroblast-like phenotype. ... | [
"The regulation of valve interstitial cell (VIC) function in response to tissue \ninjury and valve disease is not well understood. Because transforming growth \nfactor-beta (TGF-beta) has been implicated in tissue repair, we tested the \nhypothesis that TGF-beta is a regulator of VIC activation and associated cell ... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D016212', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D006321', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D006335', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cg... |
52f4f2082059c6d71c00001d | [
15992646,
20849606,
21258568,
16814664,
22649318,
22595018,
19092364,
18397963,
18827024,
17239026,
22318706,
17106196,
17576662,
16717399,
19449462,
18510486,
23137502
] | train | what is the role of erythropoietin in cardiac regeneration after myocardial infarction? | summary | In preclinical studies, erythropoietin improved cardiac function and perfusion by angiomyogenesis and protection of cardiomyocytes in myocardial infarction indicating that erythropoietin may play a role in the stimulation of cell regeneration under normal physiologic conditions and in patients with myocardial injury. ... | In preclinical studies, erythropoietin improved cardiac function and perfusion by angiomyogenesis and protection of cardiomyocytes in myocardial infarction indicating that erythropoietin may play a role in the stimulation of cell regeneration under normal physiologic conditions and in patients with myocardial injury. ... | [
"OBJECTIVES: We assessed the effects of erythropoietin (EPO) treatment in a rat \nmodel of post-myocardial infarction (MI) heart failure.\nBACKGROUND: Erythropoietin, traditionally known as a hematopoietic hormone, has \nbeen linked to neovascularization. Whereas administration of EPO acutely after \nMI reduces inf... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D009203', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D012038', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D004921'] |
5314a7a4dae131f847000003 | [
24260207,
18285522,
19506933,
19439414,
22489623,
22815480,
20566645,
21262074,
23425245,
16302972,
18572189,
20459070
] | train | which mutations of troponin C gene have been found to cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? | list | The following mutations of troponin C gene have been found to cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: L29Q; A8V; A31S; E134D; c.363dupG; A23Q; D145E and C84Y | ['L29Q', 'A8V', 'A31S', 'E134D', 'c.363dupG', 'A23Q', 'D145E', 'C84Y'] | [
"The Ca(2+) binding properties of the FHC-associated cardiac troponin C (cTnC) \nmutation L29Q were examined in isolated cTnC, troponin complexes, reconstituted \nthin filament preparations, and skinned cardiomyocytes. While higher Ca(2+) \nbinding affinity was apparent for the L29Q mutant in isolated cTnC, this \n... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D002312', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D019209', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D009154'] |
60292dc61cb411341a000110 | [
1501489,
15302523,
23172095,
2179633
] | train | Αre plants from the genus Strychnos the original source of curare? | yesno | Species of plants from the genus Strychnos are the source of curare. | yes | [
"The history to about 1850 of the muscle-relaxant poison curare is discussed, \nespecially the developments leading to the botanical identification of the \nplants that yield the alkaloidal active principles: Loganiaceae (Strychnos \nspecies) and Menispermaceae (Abuta, Chondrodendron, and Curarea species). One of \... | nan |
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