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cochrane-simplification-train-1100 | cochrane-simplification-train-1100 | The current review included the eight trials from the initial review and six new trials which randomised 595 participants (< 21 years of age) with leukaemias or solid tumours undergoing chemotherapy. The trials were all of low quality with the exception of two of the trials looking at glutamine supplementation. One sma... | We found evidence from one small trial to suggest that parenteral nutrition may result in an increase in weight, serum albumin levels and calorie and protein intake when compared to enteral nutrition (usual food intake). However, the effect of other methods of delivery of nutritional support remains unclear. Results fr... | 10.1002/14651858.CD003298.pub3 | [
"We found evidence from one small trial to suggest that parenteral nutrition may result in an increase in weight, serum albumin levels and calorie and protein intake when compared to enteral nutrition (usual food intake). However, the effect of other methods of delivery of nutritional support remains unclear. Resul... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1101 | cochrane-simplification-train-1101 | We identified 2292 unique records.We included 129 records reporting on 121 studies, including 12 ongoing studies and two studies awaiting classification. We judged the overall risk of bias of two studies as low. Selection bias was the most relevant risk of bias domain across the included studies, with 78 studies not cl... | The evidence is current to August 2017. We included 106 studies with a total of 15,027 critically ill participants of any age and any gender. Relevant effects were found for the following drugs: H2 receptor antagonists, antacids, sucralfate, and proton pump inhibitors. H2 receptor antagonists inhibit gastric acid secre... | 10.1002/14651858.CD008687.pub2 | [
"The evidence is current to August 2017. We included 106 studies with a total of 15,027 critically ill participants of any age and any gender. Relevant effects were found for the following drugs: H2 receptor antagonists, antacids, sucralfate, and proton pump inhibitors. H2 receptor antagonists inhibit gastric acid ... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1102 | cochrane-simplification-train-1102 | This review includes 11 published studies (172 participants); only one examined long-term oxygen therapy (28 participants). There was no statistically significant improvement in survival, lung, or cardiac health. There was an improvement in regular attendance at school or work in those receiving oxygen therapy at 6 and... | We found eleven studies with 172 participants to include in the review. All studies compared low-flow oxygen to room air. Ten of the studies were short-term. Four of the studies looked at giving additional oxygen at night. At night, oxygen levels rose during both rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM sleep in thos... | 10.1002/14651858.CD003884.pub4 | [
"We found eleven studies with 172 participants to include in the review. All studies compared low-flow oxygen to room air. Ten of the studies were short-term. Four of the studies looked at giving additional oxygen at night. At night, oxygen levels rose during both rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM sleep in... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1103 | cochrane-simplification-train-1103 | We identified 10 trials that fulfilled the inclusion criteria, randomising 2751 participants; 1388 participants were randomised to receive insulin analogues and 1363 participants to receive regular human insulin. The duration of the intervention ranged from 24 to 104 weeks, with a mean of about 41 weeks. The trial popu... | We found 10 randomised controlled trials (clinical studies where people are randomly put into one of two or more treatment groups) comparing the short-acting insulin analogues insulin lispro, insulin aspart, or insulin glulisine to regular human insulin in 2751 participants. The people in the included trials were monit... | 10.1002/14651858.CD013228 | [
"We found 10 randomised controlled trials (clinical studies where people are randomly put into one of two or more treatment groups) comparing the short-acting insulin analogues insulin lispro, insulin aspart, or insulin glulisine to regular human insulin in 2751 participants. The people in the included trials were ... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1104 | cochrane-simplification-train-1104 | A total of four trials including 4265 participants were included in this review. Two of the included trials were of high quality, while two were of relatively low quality with limitations and biases in design and conduct. Analysis showed that administration of a single dose of antihelminthic in the second trimester of ... | We found four studies including 4265 pregnant women. Two of the included studies were of high quality, while the other two were of relatively low quality with limitations and biases in design and conduct. The studies were conducted in Sierra Leone, Peru and Uganda. In two studies, the women were also given a daily iron... | 10.1002/14651858.CD005547.pub3 | [
"We found four studies including 4265 pregnant women. Two of the included studies were of high quality, while the other two were of relatively low quality with limitations and biases in design and conduct. The studies were conducted in Sierra Leone, Peru and Uganda. In two studies, the women were also given a daily... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1105 | cochrane-simplification-train-1105 | We identified seven RCTs that enrolled 372 women. We could not pool results of trials as the treatment comparisons differed. Six RCTs (n = 340) conducted over 15 years ago, evaluated adjuvant therapy (chemotherapy, pelvic external irradiation or intra-peritoneal radioactive isotope therapy) after radical surgery; over ... | In this review, we found six trials which enrolled 340 patients who had undergone surgery for borderline ovarian tumours. These trials compared the number of deaths among women who had various forms of treatment or no additional treatment after surgery. In five of the trials, the women had tumours confined to the ovari... | 10.1002/14651858.CD007696.pub2 | [
"In this review, we found six trials which enrolled 340 patients who had undergone surgery for borderline ovarian tumours. These trials compared the number of deaths among women who had various forms of treatment or no additional treatment after surgery. In five of the trials, the women had tumours confined to the ... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1106 | cochrane-simplification-train-1106 | The update search did not identify any additional studies. We identified one RCT that included people with high-risk neuroblastoma who received HDCT followed by autologous HSCT (N = 98) after a first random allocation and who received retinoic acid (13-cis-retinoic acid; N = 50) or no further therapy (N = 48) after a s... | The evidence is current to 24 November 2016. We included a single randomised trial with 50 people allocated to the addition of retinoic acid after high-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and 48 people allocated to the same treatment but without the addition of retinoic ac... | 10.1002/14651858.CD010685.pub3 | [
"The evidence is current to 24 November 2016. We included a single randomised trial with 50 people allocated to the addition of retinoic acid after high-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and 48 people allocated to the same treatment but without the addition of retino... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1107 | cochrane-simplification-train-1107 | Three small studies have been included in this review. Prophylactic antibiotics in neonates with central venous catheters had no effect on overall mortality (typical RR 0.68, 95% confidence interval 0.31, 1.51). Prophylactic antibiotics in neonates with central venous catheters decreased the rate of proven bacterial se... | Three small trials of 271 babies were included in this review. The results of these studies show that it is possible to reduce the chance of serious blood infection occurring, but that almost 10 babies need to be given preventive antibiotics to avoid one case of infection. There was no difference in the likelihood of d... | 10.1002/14651858.CD006179.pub2 | [
"Three small trials of 271 babies were included in this review. The results of these studies show that it is possible to reduce the chance of serious blood infection occurring, but that almost 10 babies need to be given preventive antibiotics to avoid one case of infection. There was no difference in the likelihood... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1108 | cochrane-simplification-train-1108 | We identified one new trial for inclusion in this update. In total, the evidence for this review rests on three studies with a total of 207 participants. We found no evidence for an effect of dance/movement therapy on depression (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.28 to 0.32, P =... | We identified one new study for this update. The three studies included a a total of 207 participants, which were women with breast cancer. The studies were small in size. We found no evidence of an effect for depression, stress, anxiety, fatigue, and body image. The findings of individual studies suggest that dance/mo... | 10.1002/14651858.CD007103.pub3 | [
"We identified one new study for this update. The three studies included a a total of 207 participants, which were women with breast cancer. The studies were small in size. We found no evidence of an effect for depression, stress, anxiety, fatigue, and body image. The findings of individual studies suggest that dan... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1109 | cochrane-simplification-train-1109 | We identified nine randomised controlled trials in which 1106 infants participated. Few participants were extremely preterm (less 28 weeks' gestation) or extremely low birth weight (less than 1000 g). The trials defined delayed introduction of progressive enteral feeds as later than four to seven days after birth and e... | We search scientific databases for clinical trials assessing the effect of delayed (more than four days after birth) versus earlier introduction of progressive enteral feeds (where breast or formula milk is fed directly by a tube into the stomach) on the incidence of necrotising enterocolitis, death and general health ... | 10.1002/14651858.CD001970.pub5 | [
"We search scientific databases for clinical trials assessing the effect of delayed (more than four days after birth) versus earlier introduction of progressive enteral feeds (where breast or formula milk is fed directly by a tube into the stomach) on the incidence of necrotising enterocolitis, death and general he... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1110 | cochrane-simplification-train-1110 | Seven randomised trials were included. Four trials with 403 patients compared an antibiotic with placebo or no intervention. Three trials compared at least one antibiotic regimen with another antibiotic regimen. The trials all had high risk of bias. The trials varied in the severity of leptospirosis among trial patien... | This review identified and assessed seven clinical trials that tested antibiotics in patients sick with leptospirosis. Four of these trials compared intravenous penicillin to a placebo. Three of the trials looked at differences between different antibiotics. All trials had high risk of systematic errors (bias) and of r... | 10.1002/14651858.CD008264.pub2 | [
"This review identified and assessed seven clinical trials that tested antibiotics in patients sick with leptospirosis. Four of these trials compared intravenous penicillin to a placebo. Three of the trials looked at differences between different antibiotics. All trials had high risk of systematic errors (bias) and... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1111 | cochrane-simplification-train-1111 | All identified studies were performed before and in the early 1990s and used various terms and criteria for cognitive decline and dementia. The three studies included in the review involved a total of 583 people with dementia treated with vinpocetine or placebo. The reports of these studies did not make possible any di... | Clinical trials to test these hypotheses were performed before currently used criteria for dementia had become generally accepted. The results show improvement after the treatment with vinpocetine versus placebo, but the number of demented patients treated for at least six months was small. The available data does not ... | 10.1002/14651858.CD003119 | [
"Clinical trials to test these hypotheses were performed before currently used criteria for dementia had become generally accepted. The results show improvement after the treatment with vinpocetine versus placebo, but the number of demented patients treated for at least six months was small. The available data does... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1112 | cochrane-simplification-train-1112 | We identified 11 eligible RCTs which randomised a total of 3673 participants. One further trial, which was published in abstract form in 1990 but has yet to be reported fully, is currently 'awaiting assessment'. Six of the 11 included studies have been included for the first time in this latest (2012) update. The trial... | We found 11 randomised controlled trial (RCTs) from different parts of the world which recruited a total of 3673 participants overall. We judged two of the trials to be of high quality, and we graded the remainder as poor quality. This updated review provides clearer evidence that use of antibiotic eye drops can speed ... | 10.1002/14651858.CD001211.pub3 | [
"We found 11 randomised controlled trial (RCTs) from different parts of the world which recruited a total of 3673 participants overall. We judged two of the trials to be of high quality, and we graded the remainder as poor quality. This updated review provides clearer evidence that use of antibiotic eye drops can s... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1113 | cochrane-simplification-train-1113 | We included 83 randomised trials with 12,707 patients. Most trials had unclear or high risk of bias. We did not find any significant influence of bias on our results but cannot exclude outcome measure reporting bias as many trials did not report on the primary outcomes of this review. Compared with interferon, ribaviri... | It is known that treatment with the drug interferon clears hepatitis C virus from the blood in about 15% of patients. This review identified studies comparing ribavirin plus interferon with interferon alone in patients with chronic hepatitis C. This review shows, by combining the results from all trials, that adding ri... | 10.1002/14651858.CD005445.pub2 | [
"It is known that treatment with the drug interferon clears hepatitis C virus from the blood in about 15% of patients. This review identified studies comparing ribavirin plus interferon with interferon alone in patients with chronic hepatitis C. This review shows, by combining the results from all trials, that addi... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1114 | cochrane-simplification-train-1114 | We included 13 case-control and 24 cohort studies (an additional nine new cohort and two case-control studies), which included a total of 4,684,724 women. Two cohort studies reported an increased incidence of invasive ovarian cancer in exposed subfertile women compared with unexposed women. One reported a standardised ... | Overall, based on 37 studies, which included a total of 4,684,724 women, we did not find enough strong evidence suggesting a potentially higher risk of ovarian cancer in women treated with fertility drugs. A cumulative analysis of 12 case-control studies from the USA revealed increased risk of ovarian cancer in women u... | 10.1002/14651858.CD008215.pub3 | [
"Overall, based on 37 studies, which included a total of 4,684,724 women, we did not find enough strong evidence suggesting a potentially higher risk of ovarian cancer in women treated with fertility drugs. A cumulative analysis of 12 case-control studies from the USA revealed increased risk of ovarian cancer in wo... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1115 | cochrane-simplification-train-1115 | This review included 19 randomised trials with a total of 823 participants. Almost all included trials had several methodological weaknesses. Meta-analysis showed that oral stimulation reduced the time to transition to oral feeding compared with standard care (mean difference (MD) -4.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) -5... | This review included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that explored oral stimulation by finger stimulation only in preterm infants. Review authors identified studies to be included by searching electronic databases, clinical trials registers, peer-reviewed journals and published conference proceedings. We included 1... | 10.1002/14651858.CD009720.pub2 | [
"This review included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that explored oral stimulation by finger stimulation only in preterm infants. Review authors identified studies to be included by searching electronic databases, clinical trials registers, peer-reviewed journals and published conference proceedings. We inclu... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1116 | cochrane-simplification-train-1116 | In this update in 2017, we did not identify any new randomised controlled trials (RCT) for inclusion. We identified one ongoing trial that we are likely to include in a future update. Accordingly, our results are unchanged. The only included trial is a multicentre RCT conducted at 24 locations in North America and Indi... | We searched several important medical databases in April 2016, as well as trial registers, conference proceedings and reference lists. We found only one relevant medical study in which the children participating were allocated randomly to different treatments. The study compared treatments in which the simple bone cyst... | 10.1002/14651858.CD010847.pub3 | [
"We searched several important medical databases in April 2016, as well as trial registers, conference proceedings and reference lists. We found only one relevant medical study in which the children participating were allocated randomly to different treatments. The study compared treatments in which the simple bone... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1117 | cochrane-simplification-train-1117 | This review includes 13 trials (10 RCTs and three quasi-randomised trials), as well as two economic evaluations based on two of the trials. Overall, there were 1078 participants (646 in the intervention group; 432 in the control group). The results indicate that parent training produced a statistically significant redu... | This review provides evidence that group-based parenting programmes improve childhood behaviour problems and the development of positive parenting skills in the short-term, whilst also reducing parental anxiety, stress and depression. Evidence for the longer-term effects of these programmes is unavailable. These group-... | 10.1002/14651858.CD008225.pub2 | [
"This review provides evidence that group-based parenting programmes improve childhood behaviour problems and the development of positive parenting skills in the short-term, whilst also reducing parental anxiety, stress and depression. Evidence for the longer-term effects of these programmes is unavailable. These g... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1118 | cochrane-simplification-train-1118 | Two RCTs and one controlled before-and-after study were included (735 participants). All were conducted in the USA and had several potential sources of bias. Few outcomes for residents were assessed. One study reported higher satisfaction with care and the other found lower observed discomfort in residents with end-sta... | The aim of this review was to see how effective palliative care interventions in care homes are, and to describe the outcome measures used in the studies. We found only three suitable studies (735 participants), all from the USA. There was little evidence that interventions to improve palliative care for older people i... | 10.1002/14651858.CD007132.pub2 | [
"The aim of this review was to see how effective palliative care interventions in care homes are, and to describe the outcome measures used in the studies. We found only three suitable studies (735 participants), all from the USA. There was little evidence that interventions to improve palliative care for older peo... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1119 | cochrane-simplification-train-1119 | We included ten trials in which 652 patients were randomised. The risk of bias was considered high in most trials. There was no significant effect of prostaglandins on all-cause mortality (37/298[12.4%] in prostaglandin group versus 47/312[15.1%] in control group; OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.37; I2 = 0%), on primary non-... | This review summarised and meta-analysed the evidence from randomised clinical trials on the effect of prostaglandins for adult liver transplanted patients. We found ten trials randomising 652 patients. Evidence from these trials is inconclusive on the role of prostaglandins regarding outcomes such as death or liver re... | 10.1002/14651858.CD006006.pub2 | [
"This review summarised and meta-analysed the evidence from randomised clinical trials on the effect of prostaglandins for adult liver transplanted patients. We found ten trials randomising 652 patients. Evidence from these trials is inconclusive on the role of prostaglandins regarding outcomes such as death or liv... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1120 | cochrane-simplification-train-1120 | We included eight studies with a total of 2227 women undergoing elective caesarean section. Of these, 1097 underwent intraoperative cervical dilatation with a double-gloved index finger or Hegar dilator inserted into the cervical canal to dilate, and 1130 did not undergo intraoperative cervical dilatation. Six of the e... | We searched for evidence from randomised controlled trials in September 2017. We identified eight studies with a total of 2227 women undergoing elective (planned) caesarean section before the onset of labour. Of these women, 1097 underwent cervical dilatation with a double-gloved index finger, or in one study with a He... | 10.1002/14651858.CD008019.pub3 | [
"We searched for evidence from randomised controlled trials in September 2017. We identified eight studies with a total of 2227 women undergoing elective (planned) caesarean section before the onset of labour. Of these women, 1097 underwent cervical dilatation with a double-gloved index finger, or in one study with... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1121 | cochrane-simplification-train-1121 | We included 16 studies with 1750 participants. The studies were 2 to 26 weeks long and compared an oromucosal spray with a plant-derived combination of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) (10 studies), a synthetic cannabinoid mimicking THC (nabilone) (two studies), inhaled herbal cannabis (two studies) and... | Study characteristics In November 2017 we searched for clinical trials that used cannabis products to treat conditions with chronic neuropathic pain in adults. We found 16 studies involving 1750 people. Studies lasted 2 to 26 weeks. Studies compared different cannabis-based medicines. Ten studies compared an oromucosal... | 10.1002/14651858.CD012182.pub2 | [
"Study characteristics In November 2017 we searched for clinical trials that used cannabis products to treat conditions with chronic neuropathic pain in adults. We found 16 studies involving 1750 people. Studies lasted 2 to 26 weeks. Studies compared different cannabis-based medicines. Ten studies compared an oromu... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1122 | cochrane-simplification-train-1122 | Three studies (one cluster-RCT and two CBAs) comprising a total of 13,885 participants (9640 children and 4245 adults) as well as 1200 households in two LMICs (Nicaragua and Niger) met the inclusion criteria. They examined five UCTs between USD 145 and USD 250 (or more, depending on household characteristics) that were... | We included three studies on a total of 13,885 participants (9640 children and 4245 adults) and 1200 households in Nicaragua and Niger. They examined five programmes by governmental, non-governmental or research organisations that gave recipients cash handouts worth USD 145 to USD 250 (or more, depending on household c... | 10.1002/14651858.CD011247.pub2 | [
"We included three studies on a total of 13,885 participants (9640 children and 4245 adults) and 1200 households in Nicaragua and Niger. They examined five programmes by governmental, non-governmental or research organisations that gave recipients cash handouts worth USD 145 to USD 250 (or more, depending on househ... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1123 | cochrane-simplification-train-1123 | We included 14 articles describing 13 studies, comprising 11 single-centre studies and two multi-centre studies. These studies involved 944 hands of 940 participants; of these, 93 participants were reported twice in separate articles describing early and late outcomes of one trial. Three papers reported the outcomes of... | After searching for all relevant studies up to May 2015, we found 13 studies (14 articles) that met our inclusion criteria. However, only three compared different operation types. The others compared aspects of one operation type. One study presented early and late outcomes. What happens to people with Dupuytren’s dise... | 10.1002/14651858.CD010143.pub2 | [
"After searching for all relevant studies up to May 2015, we found 13 studies (14 articles) that met our inclusion criteria. However, only three compared different operation types. The others compared aspects of one operation type. One study presented early and late outcomes. What happens to people with Dupuytren’s... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1124 | cochrane-simplification-train-1124 | Overall, we included 15 reviews published in the Cochrane Library, comprising 164 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and four controlled clinical trials, with a total of 10,396 participants. The included reviews evaluated a wide range of rehabilitation interventions, including: physical activity and exercise therapy, ... | We searched for all published Cochrane Reviews of MS clinical trials that evaluated the effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions compared with various control groups (no intervention or different type of intervention). We evaluated all relevant reviews, and summarised the findings. We included a total of 15 Cochra... | 10.1002/14651858.CD012732.pub2 | [
"We searched for all published Cochrane Reviews of MS clinical trials that evaluated the effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions compared with various control groups (no intervention or different type of intervention). We evaluated all relevant reviews, and summarised the findings. We included a total of 15 C... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1125 | cochrane-simplification-train-1125 | Due to the small numbers of trials in each category, the limited quantitative data available and the marked differences between trials in terms of participants, interventions and outcome measurement, we felt that pooling of the results was inappropriate. We included 29 trials (19 in adults, 10 in children) involving 48... | We identified a broad range of studies of different types of preparations used at different dosages in both adults and children. The evidence is current up to March 2014. We found no good evidence for or against the effectiveness of OTC medications in acute cough. Nineteen studies reported adverse effects of these medi... | 10.1002/14651858.CD001831.pub5 | [
"We identified a broad range of studies of different types of preparations used at different dosages in both adults and children. The evidence is current up to March 2014. We found no good evidence for or against the effectiveness of OTC medications in acute cough. Nineteen studies reported adverse effects of these... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1126 | cochrane-simplification-train-1126 | Only one study (DiSessa 1981) was eligible. This study compared low dose dopamine at 2.5 mcg/kg/min with placebo (dextrose in water). This study enrolled 14 term infants with a 5 minute Apgar <6 and a systolic BP >=50 mmHg at a mean of 10 hours age. Seven infants only were randomised to treatment with dopamine and seve... | The review authors searched the medical literature and were able to find only one small randomised controlled trial. The 14 infants included in the trial had a birthweight over 2000 g and were enrolled at a mean age of 10 hours. They had received ventilatory support and fluid expansion after birth. Infants treated with... | 10.1002/14651858.CD003484 | [
"The review authors searched the medical literature and were able to find only one small randomised controlled trial. The 14 infants included in the trial had a birthweight over 2000 g and were enrolled at a mean age of 10 hours. They had received ventilatory support and fluid expansion after birth. Infants treated... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1127 | cochrane-simplification-train-1127 | No new trials were identified. This review includes two RCTs with low risk of bias that compared urinary human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) versus no treatment in anovulatory women receiving clomiphene citrate. Urinary hCG did not result in an increase in live birth rate over no hCG (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.83; two ... | The two studies included in this review randomly assigned 305 women being treated with clomiphene citrate to help eggs to develop to additionally receive a medicine (urinary hCG) to trigger their release or to receive no additional treatment. We found no trials comparing other ovulation triggers given with other medici... | 10.1002/14651858.CD006900.pub3 | [
"The two studies included in this review randomly assigned 305 women being treated with clomiphene citrate to help eggs to develop to additionally receive a medicine (urinary hCG) to trigger their release or to receive no additional treatment. We found no trials comparing other ovulation triggers given with other m... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1128 | cochrane-simplification-train-1128 | Twelve studies conducted in China, including 762 children with nephrotic syndrome were identified. No studies were identified in adults. All studies compared one kind of prophylactic pharmacotherapy (intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), thymosin, oral transfer factor, mannan peptide tablet, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)... | No studies on antibiotics, pneumococcal vaccination and any other non-drug prophylaxis were identified. This review found that intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), thymosin, oral transfer factor, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine injection and two kinds of Chinese medicinal herbs (Huangqi granules and TIAOJINING) ma... | 10.1002/14651858.CD003964.pub3 | [
"No studies on antibiotics, pneumococcal vaccination and any other non-drug prophylaxis were identified. This review found that intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), thymosin, oral transfer factor, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine injection and two kinds of Chinese medicinal herbs (Huangqi granules and TIAOJININ... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1129 | cochrane-simplification-train-1129 | We included 7 RCTs, with a total of 249 participants, covering 6 treatments. Six of these RCTs tested the efficacy of one active intervention against placebo or another active intervention, while the other trial tested three active interventions against placebo. When compared to placebo in one trial, clobetasol propion... | We included 7 trials, with a total of 249 participants, covering 6 treatments in this review. Topical clobetasol propionate and mometasone furoate were effective in treating genital lichen sclerosus. There was no substantial difference in the efficacy of relieving symptoms (e.g. itching and pain) between pimecrolimus c... | 10.1002/14651858.CD008240.pub2 | [
"We included 7 trials, with a total of 249 participants, covering 6 treatments in this review. Topical clobetasol propionate and mometasone furoate were effective in treating genital lichen sclerosus. There was no substantial difference in the efficacy of relieving symptoms (e.g. itching and pain) between pimecroli... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1130 | cochrane-simplification-train-1130 | We identified 28 RCTs (3497 participants) with 1773 mortality outcomes. Six different vasopressors, given alone or in combination, were studied in 12 different comparisons. All 28 studies reported mortality outcomes; 12 studies reported length of stay. Investigators reported other morbidity outcomes in a variable and h... | Review authors identified 28 randomized controlled trials involving 3497 critically ill patients with circulatory failure, among whom 1773 died. Patients were followed up to one year. The following drugs, given alone or in combination, were studied in 12 different comparisons: dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, phe... | 10.1002/14651858.CD003709.pub4 | [
"Review authors identified 28 randomized controlled trials involving 3497 critically ill patients with circulatory failure, among whom 1773 died. Patients were followed up to one year. The following drugs, given alone or in combination, were studied in 12 different comparisons: dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1131 | cochrane-simplification-train-1131 | Nine trials were included in the review but only 3 trials could be included in the meta-analysis. Sufficient data to include the other trials in the meta-analysis could not be obtained. From this limited analysis it appears that TENS produced a statistically significant improvement directly after treatment in: delayed ... | Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is rarely used for the treatment of dementia but has been studied in a number of randomized controlled trials. Although the available data suggests TENS may be beneficial for some neuropsychological and/or behavioural aspects of dementia insufficient data was available... | 10.1002/14651858.CD004032 | [
"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is rarely used for the treatment of dementia but has been studied in a number of randomized controlled trials. Although the available data suggests TENS may be beneficial for some neuropsychological and/or behavioural aspects of dementia insufficient data was avai... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1132 | cochrane-simplification-train-1132 | Forty-one trials involving over 5000 patients were included. Variation in study design and quality made synthesis of the data problematic. Allocation concealment was adequate in only two trials. Most data were from areas of multidrug resistant falciparum malaria in South-East Asia. Compared with standard antimalarial t... | The review shows that artemisinin drugs clear malaria parasites from the blood more effectively than standard treatment drugs. In areas where malaria parasites are more resistant to existing drugs, such as South-East Asia, artemisinin drugs are not better at sustained parasite clearance than standard treatment with qui... | 10.1002/14651858.CD000256 | [
"The review shows that artemisinin drugs clear malaria parasites from the blood more effectively than standard treatment drugs. In areas where malaria parasites are more resistant to existing drugs, such as South-East Asia, artemisinin drugs are not better at sustained parasite clearance than standard treatment wit... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1133 | cochrane-simplification-train-1133 | We included 23 RCTs (1513 participants randomised) examining the effect of dietary fibre. The risk of bias was unclear for most studies and studies had small sample sizes. Few studies had an intervention duration of longer than 12 weeks. There was a wide variety of fibre sources used, with little similarity between gro... | We searched scientific databases for randomised controlled trials (clinical trials where people are allocated at random to one of two or more treatments) looking at the effects of dietary fibre intake in healthy adults or those at high risk of developing CVD. We did not include people who already had CVD (e.g. heart at... | 10.1002/14651858.CD011472.pub2 | [
"We searched scientific databases for randomised controlled trials (clinical trials where people are allocated at random to one of two or more treatments) looking at the effects of dietary fibre intake in healthy adults or those at high risk of developing CVD. We did not include people who already had CVD (e.g. hea... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1134 | cochrane-simplification-train-1134 | Of 56 trials identified, none reported data on violent injuries. Aggressive behaviour was significantly reduced in intervention groups compared to no intervention groups immediately post intervention in 34 trials with data, (Standardised Mean Difference (SMD) = -0.41; 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.56 to -0.26). This ... | The authors found 56 studies; the overall findings show that school-based secondary prevention programmes aimed at reducing aggressive behaviour do appear to produce improvements in behaviour. The improvements can be achieved in both primary and secondary school age groups and in both mixed sex groups and boy-only grou... | 10.1002/14651858.CD004606.pub2 | [
"The authors found 56 studies; the overall findings show that school-based secondary prevention programmes aimed at reducing aggressive behaviour do appear to produce improvements in behaviour. The improvements can be achieved in both primary and secondary school age groups and in both mixed sex groups and boy-only... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1135 | cochrane-simplification-train-1135 | We included one Canadian trial of 180 women, recruited between 20 to 32 weeks' gestation, who had been diagnosed with GDM. Data from 171 of the 180 women were published as a conference abstract and no full report has been identified. The overall risk of bias of the single included study was judged to be unclear. The in... | We searched for evidence on 31 January 2016 and found one small randomised controlled trial (abstract only) that was of poor quality and involved 180 women from Canada.The trial compared two blood sugar ranges, one strict the other more liberal, and reported a very few health outcomes for the pregnant woman and her bab... | 10.1002/14651858.CD011624.pub2 | [
"We searched for evidence on 31 January 2016 and found one small randomised controlled trial (abstract only) that was of poor quality and involved 180 women from Canada.The trial compared two blood sugar ranges, one strict the other more liberal, and reported a very few health outcomes for the pregnant woman and he... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1136 | cochrane-simplification-train-1136 | The 32 eligible studies included one randomized controlled trial, eight controlled before-after studies, 14 controlled ITS studies, six ITS studies, and three studies with both ITS and controlled before-after analyses. Most interventions targeted only alcohol-impaired driving (69%) and included additional interventions... | We found 32 studies that tested the effects of increased police patrols on traffic deaths, injuries, and crashes. There was one randomized controlled trial and no quasi-randomized controlled trials. Almost all of the programs included additional interventions like community information programs, media campaigns, and sp... | 10.1002/14651858.CD005242.pub2 | [
"We found 32 studies that tested the effects of increased police patrols on traffic deaths, injuries, and crashes. There was one randomized controlled trial and no quasi-randomized controlled trials. Almost all of the programs included additional interventions like community information programs, media campaigns, a... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1137 | cochrane-simplification-train-1137 | Six trials involving 610 patients were included. Trial quality was generally low. Four of the trials looked at the effect of tricyclic antidepressants on tinnitus, investigating 405 patients. One trial investigated the effect of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) in a group of 120 patients. One study inves... | Six studies involving a total of 610 patients matched the inclusion criteria for this review. Four evaluated three tricyclic antidepressant agents (amitriptyline, nortriptyline and trimipramine) for the treatment of tinnitus. These studies did not find enough evidence to prove the efficacy of these agents in the manage... | 10.1002/14651858.CD003853.pub3 | [
"Six studies involving a total of 610 patients matched the inclusion criteria for this review. Four evaluated three tricyclic antidepressant agents (amitriptyline, nortriptyline and trimipramine) for the treatment of tinnitus. These studies did not find enough evidence to prove the efficacy of these agents in the m... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1138 | cochrane-simplification-train-1138 | We included five studies (535 participants) in the review: these compared hydrocolloids with basic wound contact dressings, foam dressings, alginate dressings and a topical treatment. Meta-analysis of two studies indicated no statistically significant difference in ulcer healing between fibrous-hydrocolloids and basic ... | There are many types of dressings that can be used, which also vary considerably in cost.This review (four studies involving a total of 511 participants) identified no research evidence to suggest that any type of hydrocolloid wound dressing is more effective in healing diabetic foot ulcers than other types of dressing... | 10.1002/14651858.CD009099.pub3 | [
"There are many types of dressings that can be used, which also vary considerably in cost.This review (four studies involving a total of 511 participants) identified no research evidence to suggest that any type of hydrocolloid wound dressing is more effective in healing diabetic foot ulcers than other types of dre... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1139 | cochrane-simplification-train-1139 | We included three randomised trials (N = 366) in this review. Two of these studies were at high risk of bias. All studies reported on prevention of ROP and compared oral propranolol with placebo or no treatment. We found no trials assessing beta-blockers in infants with established stage 2 or higher ROP with plus disea... | We examined the research published to 7 August 2017. We found three clinical trials recruiting 366 preterm babies. All three studies reported on preventing severe stages of retinopathy. We found that orally administered beta-blockers may offer short-term benefits such as lower risk of progression to a more severe stage... | 10.1002/14651858.CD011893.pub2 | [
"We examined the research published to 7 August 2017. We found three clinical trials recruiting 366 preterm babies. All three studies reported on preventing severe stages of retinopathy. We found that orally administered beta-blockers may offer short-term benefits such as lower risk of progression to a more severe ... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1140 | cochrane-simplification-train-1140 | We studied 8228 women in nine studies. Eight out of nine studies were at low or unclear risk of bias. Altered fraction size (delivering radiation therapy in larger amounts each day but over fewer days than with conventional fractionation) did not have a clinically meaningful effect on: local recurrence-free survival (H... | Nine studies, involving 8228 women, were included in this review. Most of the women in the studies (91%) had tumours 3 cm or less in size, all had complete removal of the tumour on pathology and 68% had no evidence of cancer in their lymph nodes. Where the breast size was known, 83% had small or medium breasts. The evi... | 10.1002/14651858.CD003860.pub4 | [
"Nine studies, involving 8228 women, were included in this review. Most of the women in the studies (91%) had tumours 3 cm or less in size, all had complete removal of the tumour on pathology and 68% had no evidence of cancer in their lymph nodes. Where the breast size was known, 83% had small or medium breasts. Th... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1141 | cochrane-simplification-train-1141 | We included nine trials about CME, of which six trials with 333 patient-caregiver couples were included in the meta-analysis. The small number of studies, participants, and a variety of outcome measures rendered summarising and combining of data in meta-analysis difficult. In addition, in some studies, CME was the only... | We identified nine clinical trials to October 2015, which all investigated some form of caregiver-mediated exercises compared with usual care, no treatment (intervention), or another intervention that was not caregiver-mediated. We included 333 patient-caregiver couples in the review. We found trials in which caregiver... | 10.1002/14651858.CD011058.pub2 | [
"We identified nine clinical trials to October 2015, which all investigated some form of caregiver-mediated exercises compared with usual care, no treatment (intervention), or another intervention that was not caregiver-mediated. We included 333 patient-caregiver couples in the review. We found trials in which care... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1142 | cochrane-simplification-train-1142 | We identified three randomized controlled trials (855 children enrolled) in this review. These trials were all conducted in the UK with follow-up periods ranging from one to 3.5 years. We judged the included studies to be at high risk of bias, due to use of quasi-random methods for assigning children to treatment, no m... | We identified results from three randomized controlled trials (RCTs; clinical studies where people are randomly put into one of two or more treatment groups) to determine whether glasses were successful in reducing the occurrence of strabismus in far-sighted infants. The trials enrolled infants ages 12 months or younge... | 10.1002/14651858.CD007738.pub2 | [
"We identified results from three randomized controlled trials (RCTs; clinical studies where people are randomly put into one of two or more treatment groups) to determine whether glasses were successful in reducing the occurrence of strabismus in far-sighted infants. The trials enrolled infants ages 12 months or y... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1143 | cochrane-simplification-train-1143 | Three double-blind, parallel group, randomised, controlled trials have been conducted on 263 patients. The two phase II studies were relatively small, were conducted over the short term (12 weeks), and used relatively low doses of ropinirole (mean administered doses 3.3 and 3.5 mg/d) in a twice daily regime. In view of... | Three trials have compared ropinirole with an inactive placebo in 263 patients in the later stages of Parkinson's disease. Two studies were relatively small, were conducted over the short term (12 weeks), and used relatively low doses of ropinirole (maximum allowed 8 and 10 mg/d) in a twice daily administration regime.... | 10.1002/14651858.CD001516 | [
"Three trials have compared ropinirole with an inactive placebo in 263 patients in the later stages of Parkinson's disease. Two studies were relatively small, were conducted over the short term (12 weeks), and used relatively low doses of ropinirole (maximum allowed 8 and 10 mg/d) in a twice daily administration re... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1144 | cochrane-simplification-train-1144 | Six randomised controlled trials including 446 participants. Two trials compared three types of instruments (MES vs UCS vs EBVS). One trial compared MES and UCS. One trial compared UCS and EBVS. One trial compared 5 mm versus 10 mm EBVS. One trial compared the technique of laparoscopic staplers and clips versus EBVS in... | This review aims to examine the effectiveness and safety of these three instruments. The findings showed that UCS results in less blood loss when compared to MES. Operating time was shorter when EBVS was used compared to MES. No marked difference was observed between UCS and EBVS. No difference in complications between... | 10.1002/14651858.CD007886.pub2 | [
"This review aims to examine the effectiveness and safety of these three instruments. The findings showed that UCS results in less blood loss when compared to MES. Operating time was shorter when EBVS was used compared to MES. No marked difference was observed between UCS and EBVS. No difference in complications be... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1145 | cochrane-simplification-train-1145 | Seven trials involving a total of 266 participants were included. Four trials studied the effects of NSAIDs in chronic CMO while the other three examined the effect of NSAIDs in acute CMO. Of the studies examining chronic CMO, one study enrolled 120 participants, but the remainder had 34 or fewer participants. Four dif... | This review included seven randomised controlled trials with a total of 266 participants. Four trials studied the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) in chronic CMO while the other three examined the effect of NSAIDs in acute CMO. This review found two trials which showed that topical NSAID (0.5%... | 10.1002/14651858.CD004239.pub3 | [
"This review included seven randomised controlled trials with a total of 266 participants. Four trials studied the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) in chronic CMO while the other three examined the effect of NSAIDs in acute CMO. This review found two trials which showed that topical NSAID ... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1146 | cochrane-simplification-train-1146 | We include 41 studies of either structured telephone support or non-invasive home telemonitoring for people with heart failure, of which 17 were new and 24 had been included in the previous Cochrane review. In the current review, 25 studies evaluated structured telephone support (eight new studies, plus one study previ... | We include 41 full-text peer-reviewed studies of either structured telephone support or home telemonitoring in this review. Twenty-five studies evaluate structured telephone support (eight new studies, plus one previously included study now classified as telemonitoring; total of 9332 participants), 18 evaluated telemon... | 10.1002/14651858.CD007228.pub3 | [
"We include 41 full-text peer-reviewed studies of either structured telephone support or home telemonitoring in this review. Twenty-five studies evaluate structured telephone support (eight new studies, plus one previously included study now classified as telemonitoring; total of 9332 participants), 18 evaluated te... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1147 | cochrane-simplification-train-1147 | Six studies were selected for inclusion (106 participants). No results were combined as the studies were all of a crossover design. EFFECTS OF NEGATIVE ION GENERATORS (five studies) No study reported a significant difference in lung function between ionised and control air (morning Peak expiratory flow (PEF) - three st... | Although complex laboratory studies show that ion generators alter airways function, the few studies which have been conducted in the homes of people with asthma, demonstrate no significant benefit in improving lung function or symptoms. | 10.1002/14651858.CD002986.pub2 | [
"Although complex laboratory studies show that ion generators alter airways function, the few studies which have been conducted in the homes of people with asthma, demonstrate no significant benefit in improving lung function or symptoms."
] |
cochrane-simplification-train-1148 | cochrane-simplification-train-1148 | We included in the review data from one quasi-randomised trial with 88 infants from 75 families. Infants in the early discharge programme with home gavage feeding had a mean hospital stay that was 9.3 days shorter (mean difference (MD) -9.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) -18.49 to -0.11) than that of infants in the cont... | Data from one quasi-randomised trial with 88 infants from 75 families were included in the review. Infants in the early discharge programme with home gavage feeds had a mean hospital stay that was approximately nine days shorter than that of infants in the control group. Infants in the early discharge programme also ha... | 10.1002/14651858.CD003743.pub2 | [
"Data from one quasi-randomised trial with 88 infants from 75 families were included in the review. Infants in the early discharge programme with home gavage feeds had a mean hospital stay that was approximately nine days shorter than that of infants in the control group. Infants in the early discharge programme al... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1149 | cochrane-simplification-train-1149 | Of 11 RCTs identified 4 were included in this review, with 8,912 participants. Treatment for 4 to 5 years with antihypertensive drugs as compared to placebo did not reduce total mortality (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.63, 1.15). In 7,080 participants treatment with antihypertensive drugs as compared to placebo did not reduce coro... | In this review, existing evidence comparing the health outcomes between treated and untreated individuals are summarized. Available data from the limited number of available trials and participants showed no difference between treated and untreated individuals in heart attack, stroke, and death. About 9% of patients tr... | 10.1002/14651858.CD006742.pub2 | [
"In this review, existing evidence comparing the health outcomes between treated and untreated individuals are summarized. Available data from the limited number of available trials and participants showed no difference between treated and untreated individuals in heart attack, stroke, and death. About 9% of patien... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1150 | cochrane-simplification-train-1150 | Of 23 trials included, 19 examined contraceptive effectiveness. The triphasic and monophasic preparations did not differ significantly. About half of the included trials reported favorable bleeding patterns, that is less spotting, breakthrough bleeding or amenorrhea, in triphasic versus monophasic OC users. However, me... | We did a computer search for studies of pills with three phases versus pills with one phase in May 2011. We also wrote to researchers and manufacturers to find other trials. We included randomized trials in any language. The studies had to follow women for at least three treatment cycles. We found 23 trials that looked... | 10.1002/14651858.CD003553.pub3 | [
"We did a computer search for studies of pills with three phases versus pills with one phase in May 2011. We also wrote to researchers and manufacturers to find other trials. We included randomized trials in any language. The studies had to follow women for at least three treatment cycles. We found 23 trials that l... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1151 | cochrane-simplification-train-1151 | We included 28 studies, with a total of 2306 participants. We assessed most of the studies at high 'risk of bias', particularly in blinding of participants and personnel, and there was substantial inconsistency between studies, so any positive effect of CHM must be treated with caution. We did not include the four stud... | A former Cochrane review published in 2004 found some evidence of a possible benefit of using oral Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) for eczema; however, the results from only 4 included studies were inconclusive and need to be updated (those four studies have not been included in this update as they investigated a product... | 10.1002/14651858.CD008642.pub2 | [
"A former Cochrane review published in 2004 found some evidence of a possible benefit of using oral Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) for eczema; however, the results from only 4 included studies were inconclusive and need to be updated (those four studies have not been included in this update as they investigated a pr... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1152 | cochrane-simplification-train-1152 | We included one randomised and one quasi-randomised controlled trial involving a total of 94 participants and reporting results for a maximum of 84 participants. One trial included patients with spinal cord injuries and the other included patients without spinal cord injuries. Both trials compared anterior versus poste... | We searched the medical literature until May 2014 and found two relevant studies that included a total of 94 adults with cervical spine facet dislocations. One trial included individuals with spinal cord injuries and the other included individuals without spinal cord injuries. Both studies compared the anterior versus ... | 10.1002/14651858.CD008129.pub2 | [
"We searched the medical literature until May 2014 and found two relevant studies that included a total of 94 adults with cervical spine facet dislocations. One trial included individuals with spinal cord injuries and the other included individuals without spinal cord injuries. Both studies compared the anterior ve... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1153 | cochrane-simplification-train-1153 | No new studies met the inclusion criteria for this update. We included one randomised controlled trial in the review. A subgroup of 227 participants with AAA received either metoprolol (N = 111) or placebo (N = 116). There was no clear evidence that metoprolol reduced all-cause mortality (odds ratio (OR) 0.17, 95% conf... | After searching for all relevant studies (until 14 April 2016), we found one study in which a subgroup of 227 people with AAA received either the beta-blocker metoprolol (medication that reduces blood pressure) or a placebo (dummy treatment). This study's results were imprecise for all causes of death and death from ca... | 10.1002/14651858.CD010447.pub3 | [
"After searching for all relevant studies (until 14 April 2016), we found one study in which a subgroup of 227 people with AAA received either the beta-blocker metoprolol (medication that reduces blood pressure) or a placebo (dummy treatment). This study's results were imprecise for all causes of death and death fr... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1154 | cochrane-simplification-train-1154 | Four studies, comprising 104 participants, met the inclusion criteria. One study did not report data within the appropriate follow-up timeframe and data from two studies were insufficient for analysis. The single study from which we extracted data had 47 participants and was a randomised, controlled, parallel-group tri... | Four trials met the inclusion criteria. They included a total of 104 people; however, three trials did not provide results that we could include in the review. (One trial studied different kinds of foot orthoses, which are in-shoe devices that redistribute force and change gait), and two investigated the effects of add... | 10.1002/14651858.CD012363.pub2 | [
"Four trials met the inclusion criteria. They included a total of 104 people; however, three trials did not provide results that we could include in the review. (One trial studied different kinds of foot orthoses, which are in-shoe devices that redistribute force and change gait), and two investigated the effects o... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1155 | cochrane-simplification-train-1155 | We included 15 RCTs, conducted primarily in North America and Europe, that had enrolled 4157 type 1 and 9512 type 2 diabetic participants, ranging from 16 to 2130 participants in individual trials. In 10 of the 15 RCTs, one group of participants was assigned to one or more anti-hypertensive agents and the control group... | We found 15 randomized controlled trials, conducted primarily in North America and Europe, to investigate the effects of methods to lower blood pressure (drug-based in 14 trials; lifestyle change in 1 trial) in 4157 type 1 and 9512 type 2 diabetics, ranging from 16 to 2130 participants in individual trials. The follow-... | 10.1002/14651858.CD006127.pub2 | [
"We found 15 randomized controlled trials, conducted primarily in North America and Europe, to investigate the effects of methods to lower blood pressure (drug-based in 14 trials; lifestyle change in 1 trial) in 4157 type 1 and 9512 type 2 diabetics, ranging from 16 to 2130 participants in individual trials. The fo... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1156 | cochrane-simplification-train-1156 | No studies of vitamin A or other retinoid supplementation were eligible for inclusion. However, one randomised study of beta (β)-carotene supplementation involving 24 people with CF who were receiving pancreatic enzyme substitution was included. The study compared successive β-carotene supplementation periods (high dos... | No studies comparing vitamin A or other retinoid supplements to placebo (dummy drug containing no vitamin A) were included, but we did find one study comparing beta-carotene supplementation (a precursor of vitamin A) to placebo. A total of 24 people with cystic fibrosis (aged 6.7 to 27.7 years) were put into groups at ... | 10.1002/14651858.CD006751.pub5 | [
"No studies comparing vitamin A or other retinoid supplements to placebo (dummy drug containing no vitamin A) were included, but we did find one study comparing beta-carotene supplementation (a precursor of vitamin A) to placebo. A total of 24 people with cystic fibrosis (aged 6.7 to 27.7 years) were put into group... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1157 | cochrane-simplification-train-1157 | Nine trials that included 1337 participants (with 469 deaths) met the inclusion criteria. At follow-up from three to 18 months, steroids reduce deaths by almost one quarter (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.87; nine trials, 1337 participants, high quality evidence). Disabling neurological deficit is not common in survivors, a... | We examined the evidence published up to 18 March 2016 and included nine trials with 1337 people that evaluated either dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, or prednisolone given in addition to antituberculous drugs; one trial was of high quality, while the other trials had uncertainties over study quality due to incomple... | 10.1002/14651858.CD002244.pub4 | [
"We examined the evidence published up to 18 March 2016 and included nine trials with 1337 people that evaluated either dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, or prednisolone given in addition to antituberculous drugs; one trial was of high quality, while the other trials had uncertainties over study quality due to inc... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1158 | cochrane-simplification-train-1158 | Eight RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Six of the trials provided data for this review and all of these were at high risk of bias. Six trials randomised a total of 815 participants to subcutaneous closure (410 participants) or no subcutaneous closure (405 participants). Overall, 7.7% of participants (63/815 of particip... | We identified six randomised controlled trials that reported one or more of the outcomes we thought were important. There may have been flaws in trial conduct that could produce incorrect results. The six trials that provided data for this review included 815 participants (410 participants had subcutaneous closure of i... | 10.1002/14651858.CD010425.pub2 | [
"We identified six randomised controlled trials that reported one or more of the outcomes we thought were important. There may have been flaws in trial conduct that could produce incorrect results. The six trials that provided data for this review included 815 participants (410 participants had subcutaneous closure... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1159 | cochrane-simplification-train-1159 | Four studies were identified that met pre-determined eligibility criteria, evaluating a total of 342 adults. From the four studies, all assessed as at high risk of bias, three broad interventions were identified that may potentially reduce the risk of ORN development: one study showed no reduction in ORN when using pla... | This review is up-to-date as of 5 November 2019. The review includes four studies involving 342 adults who had received radiotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer. The review looks at three different ways to prevent ORN: - the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in bone after removal of healthy teeth prior to... | 10.1002/14651858.CD011559.pub2 | [
"This review is up-to-date as of 5 November 2019. The review includes four studies involving 342 adults who had received radiotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer. The review looks at three different ways to prevent ORN: - the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in bone after removal of healthy teeth pri... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1160 | cochrane-simplification-train-1160 | From the three small (total n=250) short included studies, we were unable to extract any data on many broad clinically important outcomes such as global state, use of services, and satisfaction with treatment. When Ayurvedic herbs were compared with placebo, about 20% of people left the studies early (n=120, 2 RCTs, RR... | This review examines randomised controlled trials which compare aspects of ayurvedic medicine with the use of antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia. All trials took place in India and were for 12 weeks or less. When the ayurvedic herbs brahmyadiyoga and tagara were compared to placebo (2 trials) there was no sig... | 10.1002/14651858.CD006867 | [
"This review examines randomised controlled trials which compare aspects of ayurvedic medicine with the use of antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia. All trials took place in India and were for 12 weeks or less. When the ayurvedic herbs brahmyadiyoga and tagara were compared to placebo (2 trials) there was n... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1161 | cochrane-simplification-train-1161 | We identified six RCTs (1501 participants) that met the inclusion criteria. We evaluated risk of bias and judged it to be unclear for generation of allocation sequence in four studies and low in two studies; unclear for allocation concealment in five studies and low in one study; high for incomplete outcome data (attri... | This review included six RCTs with a total of 1501 participants that compared cerebrolysin with placebo (inactive medication) added to standard treatment of acute stroke, including thrombolysis. Three of them were large multicentre studies, two were small in size and were judged to be of unclear quality, and one did no... | 10.1002/14651858.CD007026.pub5 | [
"This review included six RCTs with a total of 1501 participants that compared cerebrolysin with placebo (inactive medication) added to standard treatment of acute stroke, including thrombolysis. Three of them were large multicentre studies, two were small in size and were judged to be of unclear quality, and one d... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1162 | cochrane-simplification-train-1162 | We included 19 studies involving 1940 participants in this updated review. Of those 1940 participants, 952 received topical or systemic lidocaine therapy and 795 were allocated to the control groups. Topical and systemic lidocaine therapy appeared to reduce the risk of postoperative sore throat (16 studies, 1774 partic... | The evidence is current to October 2013. We included 19 randomized controlled trials (1940 participants) in this updated review. (We reran the search in February 2015 and found four studies of interest. We will deal with those studies when we next update the review.) Lidocaine was either put into the cuff (the cuff mak... | 10.1002/14651858.CD004081.pub3 | [
"The evidence is current to October 2013. We included 19 randomized controlled trials (1940 participants) in this updated review. (We reran the search in February 2015 and found four studies of interest. We will deal with those studies when we next update the review.) Lidocaine was either put into the cuff (the cuf... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1163 | cochrane-simplification-train-1163 | No new studies were found for this update. Thirteen studies (4222 participants) compared aspirin 900 mg or 1000 mg, alone or in combination with metoclopramide 10 mg, with placebo or other active comparators, mainly sumatriptan 50 mg or 100 mg. For all efficacy outcomes, all active treatments were superior to placebo, ... | This is an updated version of the original Cochrane review published in Issue 4, 2010 (Kirthi 2010); no new studies were found. A single oral dose of 1000 mg of aspirin reduced pain from moderate or severe to none by two hours in approximately 1 in 4 people (24%) taking aspirin, compared with about 1 in 10 (11%) taking... | 10.1002/14651858.CD008041.pub3 | [
"This is an updated version of the original Cochrane review published in Issue 4, 2010 (Kirthi 2010); no new studies were found. A single oral dose of 1000 mg of aspirin reduced pain from moderate or severe to none by two hours in approximately 1 in 4 people (24%) taking aspirin, compared with about 1 in 10 (11%) t... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1164 | cochrane-simplification-train-1164 | Seven studies met the inclusion criteria of the review (2652 participants). Monotherapy comparison (six studies): There was a significantly greater change in favour of salmeterol in morning PEF and FEV1. There were no significant differences in quality of life, exacerbations, or symptoms. Formoterol appeared to confer ... | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a condition associated with high morbidity, mortality and cost to the community. Patients often report symptomatic improvement with long acting beta-2 agonists (LABAs) and anticholinergic bronchodilator medications (ipratropium). These medications have different mechanism... | 10.1002/14651858.CD006101 | [
"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a condition associated with high morbidity, mortality and cost to the community. Patients often report symptomatic improvement with long acting beta-2 agonists (LABAs) and anticholinergic bronchodilator medications (ipratropium). These medications have different mech... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1165 | cochrane-simplification-train-1165 | Ten heterogenous trials involving 874 adults with generally unstable fractures were grouped into six comparisons. No trial had proven allocation concealment. Four trials (239 participants) found implantation of bone scaffolding (autogenous bone graft (one trial); Norian SRS - a bone substitute (two trials); methylmetha... | Ten very different trials involving 874 adults with generally unstable fractures were grouped into six comparisons. No trial used a best-practice method for preventing selection bias. Four trials (239 participants) found implantation of bone scaffolding (autogenous - from the patient - bone graft (one trial); Norian SR... | 10.1002/14651858.CD006836.pub2 | [
"Ten very different trials involving 874 adults with generally unstable fractures were grouped into six comparisons. No trial used a best-practice method for preventing selection bias. Four trials (239 participants) found implantation of bone scaffolding (autogenous - from the patient - bone graft (one trial); Nori... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1166 | cochrane-simplification-train-1166 | We included 14 studies in this review. Thirteen were before-and-after studies and one was a cost-effectiveness analysis. Three studies each took place in Switzerland and the USA, while two studies each were from the UK, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia respectively. The majority of studies (10/14) assessed jumping me... | We searched several databases (the Cochrane Library, Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science) to find studies that assessed the impact of restricting access to means of suicide by jumping. We searched the databases up until May 2019. We included studies that assessed jumping means restriction interventions delive... | 10.1002/14651858.CD013543 | [
"We searched several databases (the Cochrane Library, Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science) to find studies that assessed the impact of restricting access to means of suicide by jumping. We searched the databases up until May 2019. We included studies that assessed jumping means restriction interventions d... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1167 | cochrane-simplification-train-1167 | We included a total of 20 studies with 2068 participants. We studied the anticonvulsant drugs carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, phenytoin, tiagabine, topiramate and vigabatrin. All studies compared anticonvulsants versus placebo. Only one study had one arm by which the anticonvulsant was compared with the antidep... | The review authors searched scientific databases and Internet resources to identify randomised controlled trials (in which participants were allocated at random to any anticonvulsant drug or placebo or another type of drug or non-pharmacological intervention intended to reduce,the use of cocaine). We assessed also drop... | 10.1002/14651858.CD006754.pub4 | [
"The review authors searched scientific databases and Internet resources to identify randomised controlled trials (in which participants were allocated at random to any anticonvulsant drug or placebo or another type of drug or non-pharmacological intervention intended to reduce,the use of cocaine). We assessed also... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1168 | cochrane-simplification-train-1168 | We identified nine trials for inclusion with all nine contributing outcome data. Two trials reported on people with thalassaemia (n = 152) and seven on sickle cell anaemia (n = 307). In people with thalassaemia, in one trial, the serum zinc level value showed no difference between the zinc supplemented group and the co... | The review authors searched the medical literature for randomised controlled studies in which people with sickle cell disease or thalassaemia received either zinc supplements or no supplements. We included nine trials in the review (459 participants). In people with thalassaemia, there is no evidence to indicate any be... | 10.1002/14651858.CD009415.pub2 | [
"The review authors searched the medical literature for randomised controlled studies in which people with sickle cell disease or thalassaemia received either zinc supplements or no supplements. We included nine trials in the review (459 participants). In people with thalassaemia, there is no evidence to indicate a... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1169 | cochrane-simplification-train-1169 | There were six eligible studies but only four had sufficient data at the time of this review. The four RCTs included in this review reported on a total of 262 participants. One study, a placebo-controlled trial with a low risk of bias, found that individuals on sulthiame were significantly more likely to remain in seiz... | There were few studies found (searches conducted on 30th April 2013) with few antiepileptic drugs compared. One of the four studies included showed evidence that the antiepileptic drug, sulthiame, may have a positive effect in reducing seizure frequency in BECTS in the short term. There were no significant differences ... | 10.1002/14651858.CD006779.pub2 | [
"There were few studies found (searches conducted on 30th April 2013) with few antiepileptic drugs compared. One of the four studies included showed evidence that the antiepileptic drug, sulthiame, may have a positive effect in reducing seizure frequency in BECTS in the short term. There were no significant differe... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1170 | cochrane-simplification-train-1170 | We included one study involving 883 women. Comparison of sonographic assessment of amniotic fluid index (AFI) on admission versus no sonographic assessment of AFI on admission. The incidence of cesarean section for fetal distress in the intervention group (29 of 447) was significantly higher than those of controls (14 ... | This review identified one randomised controlled study (involving 883 women) at 26 to 42 weeks' gestation and in early labour who were admitted to a tertiary hospital in USA (between July 1992 and January 1993). Measuring the amount of amniotic fluid when women were admitted did not improve infant outcomes but increase... | 10.1002/14651858.CD008410.pub2 | [
"This review identified one randomised controlled study (involving 883 women) at 26 to 42 weeks' gestation and in early labour who were admitted to a tertiary hospital in USA (between July 1992 and January 1993). Measuring the amount of amniotic fluid when women were admitted did not improve infant outcomes but inc... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1171 | cochrane-simplification-train-1171 | We included 10 RCTs (1611 participants) in this review with a majority of women (72%), mostly parturients (women in labour) (913), after a lumbar puncture for regional anaesthesia. Drugs assessed were epidural and spinal morphine, spinal fentanyl, oral caffeine, rectal indomethacin, intravenous cosyntropin, intravenous... | We included 10 randomised clinical trials (RCTs), with a total of 1611 participants, that assessed seven medications (epidural and spinal morphine, spinal fentanyl, oral caffeine, rectal indomethacin, intravenous cosyntropin, intravenous aminophylline and intravenous dexamethasone). Epidural morphine and intravenous co... | 10.1002/14651858.CD001792.pub3 | [
"We included 10 randomised clinical trials (RCTs), with a total of 1611 participants, that assessed seven medications (epidural and spinal morphine, spinal fentanyl, oral caffeine, rectal indomethacin, intravenous cosyntropin, intravenous aminophylline and intravenous dexamethasone). Epidural morphine and intraveno... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1172 | cochrane-simplification-train-1172 | Forty-nine studies with 1725 participants receiving PCA and 1687 participants assigned to a control group met the inclusion criteria. The original review included 55 studies with 2023 patients receiving PCA and 1838 patients assigned to a control group. There were fewer included studies in our updated review due to the... | Previous studies have shown that often patients prefer PCA to traditional methods of pain management, such as a nurse administering an analgesic upon a patient's request. This review demonstrated moderate to low quality evidence that PCA provided slightly better pain control and increased patient satisfaction when comp... | 10.1002/14651858.CD003348.pub3 | [
"Previous studies have shown that often patients prefer PCA to traditional methods of pain management, such as a nurse administering an analgesic upon a patient's request. This review demonstrated moderate to low quality evidence that PCA provided slightly better pain control and increased patient satisfaction when... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1173 | cochrane-simplification-train-1173 | Only one study with 45 participants met the inclusion criteria. Men were divided in two sub-groups (minimal or total incontinence) and each group was randomised to artificial urethral sphincter (AUS) implantation or Macroplastique injection. Follow-up ranged from six to 120 months. In the trial as a whole, the men trea... | We searched scientific databases for trials that had considered the effectiveness of the surgical treatments of urinary incontinence after prostate surgery in men. The trials had to compare surgical treatment versus no treatment, non-surgical treatment, or another surgical treatment. The evidence is current to April 20... | 10.1002/14651858.CD008306.pub3 | [
"We searched scientific databases for trials that had considered the effectiveness of the surgical treatments of urinary incontinence after prostate surgery in men. The trials had to compare surgical treatment versus no treatment, non-surgical treatment, or another surgical treatment. The evidence is current to Apr... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1174 | cochrane-simplification-train-1174 | In the original version of this review, we identified three RCTs that assessed different intervention and control diets in 192 participants (97 randomised to intervention diet; 95 to control diet) with different types of malignancies. For the update, we identified no eligible new studies. Co-interventions (e.g. protect... | Review authors identified three randomised studies comparing different diets in 192 children and adults with different types of cancer. Other interventions, such as antimicrobial prophylaxis (i.e. prevention of infection via antimicrobial therapy such as antibiotics) and hygiene practices, and definitions of study outc... | 10.1002/14651858.CD006247.pub3 | [
"Review authors identified three randomised studies comparing different diets in 192 children and adults with different types of cancer. Other interventions, such as antimicrobial prophylaxis (i.e. prevention of infection via antimicrobial therapy such as antibiotics) and hygiene practices, and definitions of study... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1175 | cochrane-simplification-train-1175 | We identified eight randomized trials with a total of 300 adult participants for our analysis. We did not identify any trials in children. Four trials assessed thermal biofeedback. One trial assessed rectosigmoidal biofeedback. Two trials assessed heart rate variability biofeedback. Two trials assessed electrocutaneous... | We searched for studies that compared biofeedback to either no treatment, sham treatment, or to other active treatments for IBS. We reviewed eight trials that included 300 total participants and assessed the effect of biofeedback on IBS. Each of these studies only included adults, and was carried out in an outpatient s... | 10.1002/14651858.CD012530.pub2 | [
"We searched for studies that compared biofeedback to either no treatment, sham treatment, or to other active treatments for IBS. We reviewed eight trials that included 300 total participants and assessed the effect of biofeedback on IBS. Each of these studies only included adults, and was carried out in an outpati... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1176 | cochrane-simplification-train-1176 | Seventeen trials with 1466 women contribute data to the review. Thirteen examined TENS applied to the back, two to acupuncture points, and two to the cranium. Overall, there was little difference in pain ratings between TENS and control groups, although women receiving TENS to acupuncture points were less likely to rep... | The purpose of the review was to see whether TENS is effective in relieving pain in labour. The review includes results from 17 studies with a total of 1466 women. Thirteen studies examined TENS applied to the back, two to acupuncture points and two to the cranium (head). Results show that pain scores were similar in w... | 10.1002/14651858.CD007214.pub2 | [
"The purpose of the review was to see whether TENS is effective in relieving pain in labour. The review includes results from 17 studies with a total of 1466 women. Thirteen studies examined TENS applied to the back, two to acupuncture points and two to the cranium (head). Results show that pain scores were similar... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1177 | cochrane-simplification-train-1177 | Five studies were eligible for inclusion (329 patients). Three studies (270 patients) compared low molecular weight heparin to placebo, one study (34 patients) compared LMWH in addition to standard therapy, and one study (25 patients) compared UFH to corticosteroids. The study comparing UFH to corticosteroids was rated... | The researchers identified five studies that included a total of 329 patients. Three studies (270 patients) compared low molecular weight heparin to placebo (e.g. a sugar pill), one study (34 patients) compared low molecular weight heparin in addition to standard therapy, and one study (25 patients) compared unfraction... | 10.1002/14651858.CD006774.pub4 | [
"The researchers identified five studies that included a total of 329 patients. Three studies (270 patients) compared low molecular weight heparin to placebo (e.g. a sugar pill), one study (34 patients) compared low molecular weight heparin in addition to standard therapy, and one study (25 patients) compared unfra... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1178 | cochrane-simplification-train-1178 | We included 27 RCTs (4349 couples) in this systematic review and 24 RCTs (3983 couples) in a subsequent network meta-analysis. Overall, the certainty of evidence was low to moderate: the main limitations were imprecision and/or heterogeneity. Ten RCTs including 2725 couples reported on live birth. Evidence of differenc... | We found 27 randomised controlled trials comparing these treatments with each other in a total of 4349 couples with unexplained infertility. The evidence is current to September 2018. Evidence of differences in live birth between expectant management and the other four treatments (OS, IUI, OS-IUI, and IVF/ICSI) was ins... | 10.1002/14651858.CD012692.pub2 | [
"We found 27 randomised controlled trials comparing these treatments with each other in a total of 4349 couples with unexplained infertility. The evidence is current to September 2018. Evidence of differences in live birth between expectant management and the other four treatments (OS, IUI, OS-IUI, and IVF/ICSI) wa... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1179 | cochrane-simplification-train-1179 | Six randomised trials involving 206 patients with acute hepatitis C met the inclusion criteria. Four trials assessing interferon alfa-2b in 141 patients, all with transfusion-acquired acute hepatitis C, were included. They demonstrated no significant heterogeneity in the outcomes assessed. When compared with no treatme... | In this review, treatment with interferon alfa in the acute stage of transfusion-acquired hepatitis C infection improved liver biochemistry and enhanced viral clearance compared to the natural history of the disease. We cannot ascertain, however, the effect of interferon on clinical outcomes due to a lack of data. Beca... | 10.1002/14651858.CD000369 | [
"In this review, treatment with interferon alfa in the acute stage of transfusion-acquired hepatitis C infection improved liver biochemistry and enhanced viral clearance compared to the natural history of the disease. We cannot ascertain, however, the effect of interferon on clinical outcomes due to a lack of data.... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1180 | cochrane-simplification-train-1180 | We included 23 studies (from 35 reports) with a total of 11,170 caregiver-infant pairs who were randomly assigned to receive an educational intervention delivered to the caregiver or usual care. Nineteen of the included studies were community-based studies while four were facility-based studies. In addition, 13 of the ... | We searched for randomised controlled trials (a type of experiment in which people are randomly allocated to one or more treatment groups) up until November 2017. The search identified 23 studies involving a total of 11,170 caregivers and their children. The ages of the children ranged from birth to 24 months. The care... | 10.1002/14651858.CD011768.pub2 | [
"We searched for randomised controlled trials (a type of experiment in which people are randomly allocated to one or more treatment groups) up until November 2017. The search identified 23 studies involving a total of 11,170 caregivers and their children. The ages of the children ranged from birth to 24 months. The... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1181 | cochrane-simplification-train-1181 | Our search led to 5518 potentially relevant references. From these, we included seven RCTs in the analyses involving 2564 patients. In contrast to the first version of this review including five trials, we excluded trials randomising children. As a result, we excluded one trial from the former analyses and we identifie... | We searched important medical databases such as the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and MEDLINE. Two review authors independently screened, summarised and analysed the results. This led to the inclusion of seven randomised controlled trials involving with 2564 patients. The evidence provided is current t... | 10.1002/14651858.CD007110.pub3 | [
"We searched important medical databases such as the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and MEDLINE. Two review authors independently screened, summarised and analysed the results. This led to the inclusion of seven randomised controlled trials involving with 2564 patients. The evidence provided is curr... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1182 | cochrane-simplification-train-1182 | We added 10 RCTs to this updated review. The review now includes 54 published trials (45 fully published reports, four abstracts, and five subsets of data from previously published RCTs) involving 11,898 participants. Lower biological WBRT doses versus control The hazard ratio (HR) for overall survival (OS) with lower... | This review includes 54 published trials involving 11,898 participants. Data show no apparent additional benefit of altered WBRT dose schedules compared with standard dose schedules. Use of other treatments such as chemotherapy, radiosensitisers, and molecular targeted agents in conjunction with WBRT has not yet been s... | 10.1002/14651858.CD003869.pub4 | [
"This review includes 54 published trials involving 11,898 participants. Data show no apparent additional benefit of altered WBRT dose schedules compared with standard dose schedules. Use of other treatments such as chemotherapy, radiosensitisers, and molecular targeted agents in conjunction with WBRT has not yet b... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1183 | cochrane-simplification-train-1183 | We identified 14 trials evaluating surgery versus surgery plus radiotherapy. Individual participant data were available for 11 of these trials, and our analyses are based on 2343 participants (1511 deaths). Results show a significant adverse effect of PORT on survival, with a hazard ratio of 1.18, or an 18% relative in... | We searched for relevant trials up to 8 July 2016. These studies brought together available trial data from all over the world, with 11 trials and 2343 patients. Trials were carried out between 1966 and 1998. Results showed that fewer people given PORT treatment lived for two years after the operation (53 out of every ... | 10.1002/14651858.CD002142.pub4 | [
"We searched for relevant trials up to 8 July 2016. These studies brought together available trial data from all over the world, with 11 trials and 2343 patients. Trials were carried out between 1966 and 1998. Results showed that fewer people given PORT treatment lived for two years after the operation (53 out of e... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1184 | cochrane-simplification-train-1184 | The risk of bias was high in many of the included studies. Random sequence generation and allocation concealment was reported in three (12%) and four studies (16%), respectively. Participants and personnel were blinded in 13 studies (52%), and outcome assessors were blinded in five studies (20%). Complete outcome repor... | In 2009 we identified 14 studies, enrolling 2086 patients, and found that while statins were generally safe and reduced cholesterol levels, they did not prevent death or clinical cardiac events in people treated with dialysis. This latest update analysed a total or 25 studies (8289 patients), and included the results f... | 10.1002/14651858.CD004289.pub5 | [
"In 2009 we identified 14 studies, enrolling 2086 patients, and found that while statins were generally safe and reduced cholesterol levels, they did not prevent death or clinical cardiac events in people treated with dialysis. This latest update analysed a total or 25 studies (8289 patients), and included the resu... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1185 | cochrane-simplification-train-1185 | We included six RCTs with a total of 421 patients with various types of atrial fibrillation. All trials were conducted between 2006 and 2016, and had short follow-up (eight weeks to six months). Risks of bias ranged from high risk to low risk.The exercise-based programmes in four trials consisted of both aerobic exerci... | We included six randomised trials with a total of 421 participants. The evidence is current to July 2016. There were two deaths and eight serious adverse events (harmful side effects) reported in the six trials, therefore, we had insufficient data to conclude whether exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation improved outco... | 10.1002/14651858.CD011197.pub2 | [
"We included six randomised trials with a total of 421 participants. The evidence is current to July 2016. There were two deaths and eight serious adverse events (harmful side effects) reported in the six trials, therefore, we had insufficient data to conclude whether exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation improved ... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1186 | cochrane-simplification-train-1186 | This review included two studies of good methodological quality that enrolled 1073 participants with COPD. The studies used a similar design and inclusion criteria and were of at least 12 weeks duration; the participants had a mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of 40% predicted value at baseline. One st... | We found two studies including 1073 participants that compared the long-term effectiveness and side effects of tiotropium compared to ipratropium bromide. One trial was 12 weeks long and one was a year long. The people included in the studies had moderate to severe COPD (average forced expiratory volume in one second (... | 10.1002/14651858.CD009552.pub3 | [
"We found two studies including 1073 participants that compared the long-term effectiveness and side effects of tiotropium compared to ipratropium bromide. One trial was 12 weeks long and one was a year long. The people included in the studies had moderate to severe COPD (average forced expiratory volume in one sec... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1187 | cochrane-simplification-train-1187 | This review includes eight studies conducted in 22,604 participants (mostly adults). Six studies compared formoterol as-needed to terbutaline whilst two studies compared formoterol with salbutamol as-needed. Background maintenance therapy varied across the trials. Asthma exacerbations and serious adverse events showed ... | We found eight trials involving a total of 22,604 patients. We found that taking formoterol reduced the risk of having an exacerbation that was treated with oral corticosteroids, but none of the other benefits from taking formoterol were statistically significant. Guidelines suggest that long-acting beta-agonists shoul... | 10.1002/14651858.CD008418.pub2 | [
"We found eight trials involving a total of 22,604 patients. We found that taking formoterol reduced the risk of having an exacerbation that was treated with oral corticosteroids, but none of the other benefits from taking formoterol were statistically significant. Guidelines suggest that long-acting beta-agonists ... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1188 | cochrane-simplification-train-1188 | These results include data from one extra trial and so update those in the original publication ABC 2003. Platinum based combination chemotherapy showed a significant benefit on overall survival with a combined hazard ratio (HR) 0.86 (95% CI 0.77 to 0.95, P = 0.003); 14% reduction in the risk of death; 5% absolute bene... | This review suggests that 50 out of 100 patients will be alive at five years, when they are given chemotherapy using a platinum drug in combination with other drugs, before having surgery and/or radiotherapy. This is compared to 45 out of every 100 patients who were given surgery and/or radiotherapy without chemotherap... | 10.1002/14651858.CD005246 | [
"This review suggests that 50 out of 100 patients will be alive at five years, when they are given chemotherapy using a platinum drug in combination with other drugs, before having surgery and/or radiotherapy. This is compared to 45 out of every 100 patients who were given surgery and/or radiotherapy without chemot... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1189 | cochrane-simplification-train-1189 | We included eight studies (334 participants, 9 references) in this review. Twelve studies are ongoing and will be considered in future versions of this review as appropriate. We have been unable to obtain full-text versions of a further 12 studies and have designated them as 'awaiting classification'. Four studies were... | The evidence is current to May 2017. We included eight studies and 334 participants related to five different classes of medicines sometimes recommended for HAI prevention. These medicines included those that mimic the action of serotonin at selected sites (selective 5-hydroxytryptamine(1) receptor agonists), medicines... | 10.1002/14651858.CD012983 | [
"The evidence is current to May 2017. We included eight studies and 334 participants related to five different classes of medicines sometimes recommended for HAI prevention. These medicines included those that mimic the action of serotonin at selected sites (selective 5-hydroxytryptamine(1) receptor agonists), medi... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1190 | cochrane-simplification-train-1190 | We included 21 trials in this review. The 21 included studies investigated a range of technologies aiming to support the provision of care from a distance. These included: telephone (n = 9); video-conferencing (n = 2); Internet (n = 2); other networked communications (n = 6); text Short Messaging Service (n = 1); or a ... | Our searches identified a large body of trial evidence and also a substantial body of work in progress. This revealed that telehealthcare initiatives are unlikely to be of benefit in improving quality of life for the majority of people with relatively mild asthma, but that these interventions may prove useful in preven... | 10.1002/14651858.CD007717.pub2 | [
"Our searches identified a large body of trial evidence and also a substantial body of work in progress. This revealed that telehealthcare initiatives are unlikely to be of benefit in improving quality of life for the majority of people with relatively mild asthma, but that these interventions may prove useful in p... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1191 | cochrane-simplification-train-1191 | Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria (3615 randomly assigned participants). Only 12 of these studies were randomised controlled trials with appropriate allocation concealment. Variability was evident with regard to focus and intensity of the intervention, participant characteristics and length of follow-up. M... | Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria (3615 randomly assigned participants). Only 12 of these studies were randomised controlled trials with appropriate allocation concealment. Variability was noted with regard to focus and intensity of the intervention, participant characteristics and length of follow-up. Evi... | 10.1002/14651858.CD005495.pub4 | [
"Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria (3615 randomly assigned participants). Only 12 of these studies were randomised controlled trials with appropriate allocation concealment. Variability was noted with regard to focus and intensity of the intervention, participant characteristics and length of follow-up... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1192 | cochrane-simplification-train-1192 | We included five randomised clinical trials with 517 participants (257 underwent a laparoscopic-endoscopic rendezvous technique versus 260 underwent a sequential approach), which fulfilled our inclusion criteria and provided data for analysis. Trial participants were scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy because o... | This review compared the benefits and harms of laparoscopic-endoscopic rendezvous versus preoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy (cutting the muscle between the bile and pancreatic ducts) procedures followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy to remove stones from the gallbladder and bile duct. By searching scientific data... | 10.1002/14651858.CD010507.pub2 | [
"This review compared the benefits and harms of laparoscopic-endoscopic rendezvous versus preoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy (cutting the muscle between the bile and pancreatic ducts) procedures followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy to remove stones from the gallbladder and bile duct. By searching scientific... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1193 | cochrane-simplification-train-1193 | We included nine RCTs with 1208 patients; 622 patients were randomized to a PS spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) and 586 to a T-tube SBT. The studies were classified into three categories of weaning: simple, difficult, and prolonged. Four studies placed patients in two categories of weaning. Pressure support ventilatio... | Previous studies and systematic reviews suggest that a weaning protocol should be implemented in order to make daily assessments of patients who may be ready for weaning from mechanical ventilation. The ability to breathe spontaneously can be assessed with a spontaneous breathing trial using a T-tube (T-piece) or by re... | 10.1002/14651858.CD006056.pub2 | [
"Previous studies and systematic reviews suggest that a weaning protocol should be implemented in order to make daily assessments of patients who may be ready for weaning from mechanical ventilation. The ability to breathe spontaneously can be assessed with a spontaneous breathing trial using a T-tube (T-piece) or ... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1194 | cochrane-simplification-train-1194 | Although eight trials involving 1301 participants were included in this review, only 919 (71%) contributed to the results concerning exacerbations and progression of the disease at two years. Specifically interferon significantly reduced the occurrence of exacerbations (Relative risk [RR] 0.80, 95% confidence interval ... | The review of trials found that interferons administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously can lead to a moderate reduction in recurrences and disability in people who have MS with remissions. Interferon-1a administered by the oral route was not effective for prevention of relapses. Side effects were usually influenza-... | 10.1002/14651858.CD002002 | [
"The review of trials found that interferons administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously can lead to a moderate reduction in recurrences and disability in people who have MS with remissions. Interferon-1a administered by the oral route was not effective for prevention of relapses. Side effects were usually influ... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1195 | cochrane-simplification-train-1195 | Twenty-three studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall methodological quality was poor. Five studies used an injury outcome measure; one of these studies was randomised, the remaining four where CBA studies. The RCT targeting the alcohol server setting environment with an injury outcome compared the introduction of t... | The authors found 23 studies; only five of these measured the effect on injury, the remaining 18 measured the effect on behaviour (by the patrons and/or the servers of the alcohol within the premises). The studies investigated a range of interventions involving server training, health promotion initiatives, a drink dri... | 10.1002/14651858.CD005244.pub3 | [
"The authors found 23 studies; only five of these measured the effect on injury, the remaining 18 measured the effect on behaviour (by the patrons and/or the servers of the alcohol within the premises). The studies investigated a range of interventions involving server training, health promotion initiatives, a drin... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1196 | cochrane-simplification-train-1196 | We retrieved 11 studies. We included one trial that evaluated screening hysteroscopy versus no hysteroscopy, in women with unexplained subfertility, who were trying to conceive spontaneously. We are uncertain whether ongoing pregnancy rate improves following a screening hysteroscopy in women with at least two years of ... | For women wishing to become pregnant spontaneously, we found one trial (200 women). For women undergoing IVF, we included ten trials (3750 women). All trials evaluated the effects of screening hysteroscopy compared to no hysteroscopy. The evidence is current to September 2018. In women wishing to become pregnant sponta... | 10.1002/14651858.CD012856.pub2 | [
"For women wishing to become pregnant spontaneously, we found one trial (200 women). For women undergoing IVF, we included ten trials (3750 women). All trials evaluated the effects of screening hysteroscopy compared to no hysteroscopy. The evidence is current to September 2018. In women wishing to become pregnant s... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1197 | cochrane-simplification-train-1197 | We included one study that analysed 185 participants. The study compared the effects of a clinical examination every 12 months with a clinical examination every 24 months on the outcomes of caries (decayed, missing, filled surfaces (dmfs/DMFS) increment) and economic cost outcomes (total time used per person). As the s... | The Cochrane Oral Health Group carried out this review of existing studies, which includes evidence current up to 27 September 2013. This review includes one published study in which a total of 185 children and young adults were randomly chosen to have a clinical examination every 12 months or every 24 months. The stud... | 10.1002/14651858.CD004346.pub4 | [
"The Cochrane Oral Health Group carried out this review of existing studies, which includes evidence current up to 27 September 2013. This review includes one published study in which a total of 185 children and young adults were randomly chosen to have a clinical examination every 12 months or every 24 months. The... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1198 | cochrane-simplification-train-1198 | The search identified 77 trials. We included 34 trials in the review involving 69,338 babies, five studies are awaiting classification and there are two ongoing community trials. Included studies were conducted in both developed and developing countries. Among the 34 included trials, three were large, cluster-randomize... | The umbilical cord connects the baby and mother during pregnancy. The cord is cut after birth. The cord stump then dries and falls off, generally within five to 15 days. Infection of the umbilical cord stump (omphalitis), caused by skin bacteria, is a significant cause of illness and death in newborn babies in developi... | 10.1002/14651858.CD008635.pub2 | [
"The umbilical cord connects the baby and mother during pregnancy. The cord is cut after birth. The cord stump then dries and falls off, generally within five to 15 days. Infection of the umbilical cord stump (omphalitis), caused by skin bacteria, is a significant cause of illness and death in newborn babies in dev... |
cochrane-simplification-train-1199 | cochrane-simplification-train-1199 | Twenty trials comparing open mesh with open non-mesh repair were identified. Open mesh methods, on average, took 7-10 minutes less to perform than Shouldice procedures, but took 1-4 minutes longer than other non-mesh methods. There were no clear differences between mesh and non-mesh groups for haematomas, seromas or wo... | This review examines the evidence from studies comparing different types of open surgery for people with groin hernia. We included only randomised studies comparing either 1) methods using synthetic mesh versus methods without mesh or 2) flat mesh methods versus plug and mesh methods. We divided mesh methods into flat ... | 10.1002/14651858.CD002197 | [
"This review examines the evidence from studies comparing different types of open surgery for people with groin hernia. We included only randomised studies comparing either 1) methods using synthetic mesh versus methods without mesh or 2) flat mesh methods versus plug and mesh methods. We divided mesh methods into ... |
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