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cochrane-simplification-train-2600 | cochrane-simplification-train-2600 | We included seven studies involving 2492 participants. Peer support telephone calls were associated with an increase in mammography screening, with 49% of women in the intervention group and 34% of women in the control group receiving a mammogram since the start of the intervention (P </ = 0.001). In another study, pee... | Seven randomised controlled trials conducted in the USA, UK, Canada and Australia related to a range of conditions and target populations. They provided some evidence of efficacy. Peer support telephone calls may increase mammography screening in women over 40 years, may help patients change their diet and cease smokin... | 10.1002/14651858.CD006903.pub2 | [
"Seven randomised controlled trials conducted in the USA, UK, Canada and Australia related to a range of conditions and target populations. They provided some evidence of efficacy. Peer support telephone calls may increase mammography screening in women over 40 years, may help patients change their diet and cease s... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2601 | cochrane-simplification-train-2601 | We found no randomised controlled trials on this topic. We included six non-randomised studies (five retrospective) that compared laparoscopic versus open transhiatal oesophagectomy (334 patients: laparoscopic = 154 patients; open = 180 patients); five studies (326 patients: laparoscopic = 151 patients; open = 175 pati... | Randomised controlled trials are the best types of studies to find out whether one treatment is better than another since it ensures that similar types of people receive the new and the old treatment. But we did not find randomised controlled trials; we identified six relevant non-randomised studies with a total of 334... | 10.1002/14651858.CD011390.pub2 | [
"Randomised controlled trials are the best types of studies to find out whether one treatment is better than another since it ensures that similar types of people receive the new and the old treatment. But we did not find randomised controlled trials; we identified six relevant non-randomised studies with a total o... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2602 | cochrane-simplification-train-2602 | We included 32 studies (6597 women) in this review. Forceps were less likely than the ventouse to fail to achieve a vaginal birth with the allocated instrument (risk ratio (RR) 0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.45 to 0.94). However, with forceps there was a trend to more caesarean sections, and significantly more th... | This review of 32 studies (6597 women) looks at assisted or instrumental vaginal deliveries in women in the second stage of labour. The importance of this review is due to the fact that Instrumental delivery is a frequent intervention in childbirth and in some cases may result in harmful outcomes for either mother or b... | 10.1002/14651858.CD005455.pub2 | [
"This review of 32 studies (6597 women) looks at assisted or instrumental vaginal deliveries in women in the second stage of labour. The importance of this review is due to the fact that Instrumental delivery is a frequent intervention in childbirth and in some cases may result in harmful outcomes for either mother... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2603 | cochrane-simplification-train-2603 | Five trials recruited a total of 439 participants and between them compared different types of VNS stimulation therapy. Baseline phase ranged from 4 to 12 weeks and double-blind treatment phases from 12 to 20 weeks in the five trials. Overall, two studies were rated as having a low risk of bias and three had an unclear... | Overall the five multi-centre randomised controlled trials (RCTs) recruited a total of 439 participants and between them compared different types of VNS therapy. Overall there were three randomised controlled trials which compared high frequency stimulation to low frequency stimulation in participants aged 12-60 years ... | 10.1002/14651858.CD002896.pub2 | [
"Overall the five multi-centre randomised controlled trials (RCTs) recruited a total of 439 participants and between them compared different types of VNS therapy. Overall there were three randomised controlled trials which compared high frequency stimulation to low frequency stimulation in participants aged 12-60 y... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2604 | cochrane-simplification-train-2604 | Four studies enrolling 450 participants met our inclusion criteria. Overall risk of bias was judged to be low in one study, unclear in two, and high in one. There was no significant differences in the number of fistulas that were successfully created (4 studies, 433 patients: RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.28; I² = 76%); th... | For this review, we searched the literature published up to April 2015 and found four studies that involved 450 participants which met our inclusion criteria. The included studies compared the proportions of fistulas that matured when evaluation was carried out before surgery using medical imaging techniques with stand... | 10.1002/14651858.CD007013.pub2 | [
"For this review, we searched the literature published up to April 2015 and found four studies that involved 450 participants which met our inclusion criteria. The included studies compared the proportions of fistulas that matured when evaluation was carried out before surgery using medical imaging techniques with ... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2605 | cochrane-simplification-train-2605 | Twelve studies were eligible for inclusion. Allergic disease and / or food hypersensitivity outcomes were assessed by 6 studies enrolling 2080 infants, but outcomes for only 1549 infants were reported. Studies generally had adequate randomisation, allocation concealment and blinding of treatment. However, the findings ... | This review found that probiotics added to infant feeds may help prevent infant eczema, with one study suggesting the benefit may persist to four years of age. However, concerns regarding the quality of studies, inconsistency of findings between studies, and the fact that the benefits did not persist if restricted to i... | 10.1002/14651858.CD006475.pub2 | [
"This review found that probiotics added to infant feeds may help prevent infant eczema, with one study suggesting the benefit may persist to four years of age. However, concerns regarding the quality of studies, inconsistency of findings between studies, and the fact that the benefits did not persist if restricted... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2606 | cochrane-simplification-train-2606 | We included five trials in this analysis, all of which were performed in the prehospital setting. The risk of bias was low in four of these studies (n = 1186). The trials accumulated 1254 participants. Aminophylline was found to have no effect on survival to hospital discharge (risk ratio (RR) 0.58, 95% confidence inte... | We found five studies that included 1254 patients who had this type of cardiac arrest in the prehospital setting. Four of the five studies (1186 patients) were well-designed studies with low risk of bias. Although no adverse events were reported, aminophylline showed no advantage when it was added to the standard resus... | 10.1002/14651858.CD006781.pub3 | [
"We found five studies that included 1254 patients who had this type of cardiac arrest in the prehospital setting. Four of the five studies (1186 patients) were well-designed studies with low risk of bias. Although no adverse events were reported, aminophylline showed no advantage when it was added to the standard ... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2607 | cochrane-simplification-train-2607 | We included 14 randomised trials involving 4596 operations, of which 3526 were from the single largest trial (GALA). In general, reporting of methodology in the included studies was poor. All studies were unable to blind patients and surgical teams to randomised treatment allocation and for most studies the blinding of... | This review includes 14 randomised trials, involving 4596 operations, comparing the use of local anaesthetic to general anaesthetic for carotid endarterectomy. There was no statistically significant difference between the anaesthetic techniques in the percentage of patients who had a stroke or died within 30 days of su... | 10.1002/14651858.CD000126.pub4 | [
"This review includes 14 randomised trials, involving 4596 operations, comparing the use of local anaesthetic to general anaesthetic for carotid endarterectomy. There was no statistically significant difference between the anaesthetic techniques in the percentage of patients who had a stroke or died within 30 days ... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2608 | cochrane-simplification-train-2608 | Five studies were included. No new eligible studies have been found since the review was initially conducted. Method discontinuation was similar between groups in all trials. Bleeding patterns and side effects were similar in trials that compared immediate with conventional start. In a study of depot medroxyprogesteron... | In August 2012, did computer searches for randomized controlled trials of the quick-start method for pills and other hormonal birth control. We contacted researchers to find other studies. We included trials that compared quick start to the usual start of birth control. Also included were studies that compared quick st... | 10.1002/14651858.CD006260.pub3 | [
"In August 2012, did computer searches for randomized controlled trials of the quick-start method for pills and other hormonal birth control. We contacted researchers to find other studies. We included trials that compared quick start to the usual start of birth control. Also included were studies that compared qui... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2609 | cochrane-simplification-train-2609 | We identified three RCTs for inclusion. One of these studies had serious problems with allocation of the study drug and placebo, so we could not analyse data for intervention effect from it. The remaining two RCTs recruited 104 participants. One randomized 65 participants to receive linezolid or not, in addition to a b... | We searched for evidence up to 13 July 2018. We analysed data from two trials, one of which randomly allocated 65 people with drug-resistant tuberculosis to either a linezolid-containing or linezolid-free drug combination, and another that randomly allocated 39 participants to receive linezolid as part of their treatme... | 10.1002/14651858.CD012836.pub2 | [
"We searched for evidence up to 13 July 2018. We analysed data from two trials, one of which randomly allocated 65 people with drug-resistant tuberculosis to either a linezolid-containing or linezolid-free drug combination, and another that randomly allocated 39 participants to receive linezolid as part of their tr... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2610 | cochrane-simplification-train-2610 | We included 13 trials with 567,476 participants randomised to pre- or post-exposure prophylaxis. The trials had high risk of bias. The trials were heterogeneous in terms of study setting, participants, interventions, and outcome measures. Our meta-analysis with six randomised trials showed that immunoglobulins, when us... | This review concludes that immunoglobulins seem effective for preventing hepatitis A in both children and adults. However, the evidence, on which the conclusion is based, is not strong as the included trials appear to have risk of bias and their number is insufficient. Because there is a potential risk of blood-borne d... | 10.1002/14651858.CD004181.pub2 | [
"This review concludes that immunoglobulins seem effective for preventing hepatitis A in both children and adults. However, the evidence, on which the conclusion is based, is not strong as the included trials appear to have risk of bias and their number is insufficient. Because there is a potential risk of blood-bo... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2611 | cochrane-simplification-train-2611 | We identified six high quality, up to date Cochrane reviews. Four of these related to the safety of regular formoterol or salmeterol (as monotherapy or combination therapy) and these included 19 studies in children. We added data from two recent studies on salmeterol combination therapy in 689 children which were publi... | We looked at previous Cochrane reviews on long-acting beta2-agonists and also searched for additional trials on long-acting beta2-agonists in children. We found a total of 21 trials involving 7318 children that provided information on the safety of formoterol or salmeterol given alone or combined with corticosteroids. ... | 10.1002/14651858.CD010005.pub2 | [
"We looked at previous Cochrane reviews on long-acting beta2-agonists and also searched for additional trials on long-acting beta2-agonists in children. We found a total of 21 trials involving 7318 children that provided information on the safety of formoterol or salmeterol given alone or combined with corticostero... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2612 | cochrane-simplification-train-2612 | Thirty-two controlled clinical trials met the selection criteria; two were duplicate articles. The treatment drugs were intravenous lidocaine (16 trials), mexiletine (12 trials), lidocaine plus mexiletine sequentially (one trial), and tocainide (one trial). Twenty-one trials were crossover studies, and nine were parall... | The authors reviewed all randomized studies comparing these drugs with placebo or with other analgesics and found that: local anesthetics were superior to placebo in decreasing intensity of neuropathic pain; limited data showed no difference in efficacy or adverse effects between local anesthetics and carbamazepine, am... | 10.1002/14651858.CD003345.pub2 | [
"The authors reviewed all randomized studies comparing these drugs with placebo or with other analgesics and found that: local anesthetics were superior to placebo in decreasing intensity of neuropathic pain; limited data showed no difference in efficacy or adverse effects between local anesthetics and carbamazepin... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2613 | cochrane-simplification-train-2613 | Seventy-seven studies met the entry criteria and randomised 21,248 participants (4625 children and 16,623 adults). Participants were generally symptomatic at baseline with moderate airway obstruction despite their current ICS regimen. Formoterol or salmeterol were most frequently added to low-dose ICS (200 to 400 µg/da... | The purpose of this review was to assess the efficacy and safety of adding long-acting ß2-agonists to inhaled corticosteroids in asthmatic children and adults. Based on the identified randomised trials, in people who remain symptomatic while on inhaled corticosteroids, the addition of long-acting ß2-agonists improves l... | 10.1002/14651858.CD005535.pub2 | [
"The purpose of this review was to assess the efficacy and safety of adding long-acting ß2-agonists to inhaled corticosteroids in asthmatic children and adults. Based on the identified randomised trials, in people who remain symptomatic while on inhaled corticosteroids, the addition of long-acting ß2-agonists impro... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2614 | cochrane-simplification-train-2614 | We included 35 trials (13,872 adult participants). Seven included studies were at low risk of bias. We identified eight studies as awaiting classification since we could not obtain the full texts, and had insufficient information to include or exclude them. We included data from 24 trials for quantitative synthesis. Th... | We examined the evidence available up to 17 October 2014. We included 35 trials involving 13,872 adult participants, all of whom were randomized to either receive nitrous oxide or no nitrous oxide. The trials covered a variety of situations during general anaesthesia. We found that general anaesthesia with nitrous oxid... | 10.1002/14651858.CD008984.pub2 | [
"We examined the evidence available up to 17 October 2014. We included 35 trials involving 13,872 adult participants, all of whom were randomized to either receive nitrous oxide or no nitrous oxide. The trials covered a variety of situations during general anaesthesia. We found that general anaesthesia with nitrous... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2615 | cochrane-simplification-train-2615 | We identified seven trials that met the inclusion criteria. Out of these, six trials provided data for the meta-analyses. A total of 488 participants with acute cholecystitis and fit to undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomised to early laparoscopic cholecystectomy (ELC) (244 people) and delayed laparoscopic... | Six trials providing information on the review question were identified. A total of 488 people with acute cholecystitis were included. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed early (within seven days of people presenting to the doctor with symptoms) in 244 people while it was performed after at least six weeks in th... | 10.1002/14651858.CD005440.pub3 | [
"Six trials providing information on the review question were identified. A total of 488 people with acute cholecystitis were included. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed early (within seven days of people presenting to the doctor with symptoms) in 244 people while it was performed after at least six weeks ... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2616 | cochrane-simplification-train-2616 | Of the three included studies (101 participants), one evaluated continuous arteriovenous haemodialysis and two investigated continuous venovenous haemofiltration; all included conventional therapy as control. We found significant decreases in myoglobin in patients among whom CRRT therapy was initiated on days four, eig... | We searched the literature published before 6 January 2014, and after assessment, included three small studies that involved 101 participants. Our analysis found that although CRRT showed limited advantages over conventional treatment to improve some aspects of kidney function and muscle tissue loss, we found no signif... | 10.1002/14651858.CD008566.pub2 | [
"We searched the literature published before 6 January 2014, and after assessment, included three small studies that involved 101 participants. Our analysis found that although CRRT showed limited advantages over conventional treatment to improve some aspects of kidney function and muscle tissue loss, we found no s... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2617 | cochrane-simplification-train-2617 | We included seven trials reported in 30 references in the review (354 participants). In all trials, G-CSF was compared with placebo preparations. Dosage of G-CSF varied among studies, ranging from 2.5 to 10 microgram/kg/day. Regarding overall risk of bias, data regarding the generation of randomization sequence and inc... | In this review, analysis of seven included studies with low risk of bias using G-CSF to improve the function of damaged heart of patient with heart attack failed to show any beneficial effects of this treatment. The rate of mortality was not different between the two groups (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.15 to 2.80, P = 0.55). Als... | 10.1002/14651858.CD008844.pub2 | [
"In this review, analysis of seven included studies with low risk of bias using G-CSF to improve the function of damaged heart of patient with heart attack failed to show any beneficial effects of this treatment. The rate of mortality was not different between the two groups (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.15 to 2.80, P = 0.55)... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2618 | cochrane-simplification-train-2618 | A total of 29 trials were included in this review and 21 trials (17,276 women) provided data that could be included in an analysis. The quality of the trials was variable. 1. Non-closure of visceral and parietal peritoneum versus closure of both parietal layers Sixteen trials involving 15,480 women, were included and a... | There are many ways of performing a caesarean section and the techniques used depend on a number factors including the clinical situation and the preference of the operator. The peritoneum is a thin membrane of cells supported by a thin layer of connective tissue, and during caesarean section these peritoneal surfaces ... | 10.1002/14651858.CD000163.pub2 | [
"There are many ways of performing a caesarean section and the techniques used depend on a number factors including the clinical situation and the preference of the operator. The peritoneum is a thin membrane of cells supported by a thin layer of connective tissue, and during caesarean section these peritoneal surf... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2619 | cochrane-simplification-train-2619 | 20 double-blind RCTs evaluated the BP lowering efficacy of beta-blockers as second-line drug in 3744 hypertensive patients (baseline BP of 158/102 mmHg; mean duration of 7 weeks). The BP reduction from adding a beta-blocker as the second drug was estimated by comparing the difference in BP reduction between the combina... | In this review, we asked how much do beta-blockers reduce BP when used as the second drug to treat hypertension. Twenty trials lasting an average of 7 weeks were found in the world scientific literature to answer this question. The data showed that the addition of a beta-blocker to thiazide diuretics or calcium channel... | 10.1002/14651858.CD007185.pub2 | [
"In this review, we asked how much do beta-blockers reduce BP when used as the second drug to treat hypertension. Twenty trials lasting an average of 7 weeks were found in the world scientific literature to answer this question. The data showed that the addition of a beta-blocker to thiazide diuretics or calcium ch... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2620 | cochrane-simplification-train-2620 | We included 3684 patients from 53 studies. SEMS insertion was safer and more effective than plastic tube insertion. Thermal and chemical ablative therapy provided comparable dysphagia palliation but had an increased requirement for re-interventions and for adverse effects. Anti-reflux stents provided comparable dysphag... | The review included randomised controlled studies comparing the use of different interventions to improve dysphagia among patients with inoperable or unresectable primary oesophageal cancer. To find new studies for this updated review, in January 2014 we searched, according to the Cochrane Upper Gastrointestinal and Pa... | 10.1002/14651858.CD005048.pub4 | [
"The review included randomised controlled studies comparing the use of different interventions to improve dysphagia among patients with inoperable or unresectable primary oesophageal cancer. To find new studies for this updated review, in January 2014 we searched, according to the Cochrane Upper Gastrointestinal a... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2621 | cochrane-simplification-train-2621 | Seven trials met the inclusion criteria and had a total of 4526 women. Five were multi-site studies. Four trials were conducted in the USA, while Nigeria and Zambia were represented by one study each, and one trial was done in both Jamaica and India. Two trials provided multiple sessions for participants. In one study ... | Through February 2013, we did computer searches for randomized trials of ways to inform people about how well family planning methods prevent pregnancy. We wrote to researchers to find other trials. The new program could be compared to the usual practice or to another program or means of informing people. We found seve... | 10.1002/14651858.CD006964.pub3 | [
"Through February 2013, we did computer searches for randomized trials of ways to inform people about how well family planning methods prevent pregnancy. We wrote to researchers to find other trials. The new program could be compared to the usual practice or to another program or means of informing people. We found... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2622 | cochrane-simplification-train-2622 | We included 24 observational cluster studies (359 hospitals) in this review. We did not find any randomised controlled trials or formal economic evaluations. In 22 studies, the people who used the intervention (CSTD plus safe handling) and control (safe handling alone) were pharmacists or pharmacy technicians; in the o... | Short or long-term health outcomes were not reported in any studies. We found very low quality evidence (the best evidence available currently) that there is no considerable difference in exposure between CSTD plus safe handling versus safe handling alone. We also found very low quality evidence (the best evidence avai... | 10.1002/14651858.CD012860.pub2 | [
"Short or long-term health outcomes were not reported in any studies. We found very low quality evidence (the best evidence available currently) that there is no considerable difference in exposure between CSTD plus safe handling versus safe handling alone. We also found very low quality evidence (the best evidence... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2623 | cochrane-simplification-train-2623 | Four trials (1646 women) were included. The method of randomisation was unclear in all four trials and allocation concealment was reported in only one trial. Two trials used blinding of participants and outcomes. Vitamin B6 as oral capsules or lozenges resulted in decreased risk of dental decay in pregnant women (capsu... | This review could not provide evidence from randomised controlled trials that routine supplementation with vitamin B6 during pregnancy is of any benefit, other than one trial suggesting protection against dental decay. It may cause harm if too much is taken, as amounts well above the recommended daily allowance are ass... | 10.1002/14651858.CD000179.pub3 | [
"This review could not provide evidence from randomised controlled trials that routine supplementation with vitamin B6 during pregnancy is of any benefit, other than one trial suggesting protection against dental decay. It may cause harm if too much is taken, as amounts well above the recommended daily allowance ar... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2624 | cochrane-simplification-train-2624 | We included five RCTs (733 women) comparing exercise with no active treatment, exercise with yoga and exercise with HT. The evidence was of low quality: Limitations in study design were noted, along with inconsistency and imprecision. In the comparison of exercise versus no active treatment (three studies, n = 454 wome... | Five studies randomly assigned 762 women experiencing hot flushes/night sweats. Three trials and two trials, respectively, were included in pooled comparisons of exercise versus control (n = 454 women) and exercise versus yoga (n = 279 women). One small study (14 women) compared exercise versus hormone therapy. When ex... | 10.1002/14651858.CD006108.pub4 | [
"Five studies randomly assigned 762 women experiencing hot flushes/night sweats. Three trials and two trials, respectively, were included in pooled comparisons of exercise versus control (n = 454 women) and exercise versus yoga (n = 279 women). One small study (14 women) compared exercise versus hormone therapy. Wh... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2625 | cochrane-simplification-train-2625 | Four trials, in which a total of 1800 infants participated, compared oral/topical non-absorbed antifungal prophylaxis (nystatin or miconazole) with placebo or no drug. These trials had various methodological weaknesses including quasi-randomisation, lack of allocation concealment, and lack of blinding of intervention a... | Study characteristics: Four trials, in which a total of 1800 infants participated, examined whether giving VLBW infants a drug to prevent fungi growing on the skin or in the gut reduced the risk of bloodstream or other severe infection. The trials used one of two commonly available drugs (nystatin or miconazole) and co... | 10.1002/14651858.CD003478.pub5 | [
"Study characteristics: Four trials, in which a total of 1800 infants participated, examined whether giving VLBW infants a drug to prevent fungi growing on the skin or in the gut reduced the risk of bloodstream or other severe infection. The trials used one of two commonly available drugs (nystatin or miconazole) a... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2626 | cochrane-simplification-train-2626 | We included four trials with 271 patients undergoing open liver resections. The patients were randomised to ischaemic preconditioning (n = 135) and no ischaemic preconditioning (n = 136) prior to continuous vascular occlusion (portal triad clamping in three trials and hepatic vascular exclusion in one trial). All the t... | The aim of this review was to assess the role of ischaemic preconditioning in liver resections performed utilising vascular occlusion. Four randomised clinical trials including 271 patients undergoing open liver resections fulfilled the inclusion criteria of this review. The patients were randomised to ischaemic precon... | 10.1002/14651858.CD007629 | [
"The aim of this review was to assess the role of ischaemic preconditioning in liver resections performed utilising vascular occlusion. Four randomised clinical trials including 271 patients undergoing open liver resections fulfilled the inclusion criteria of this review. The patients were randomised to ischaemic p... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2627 | cochrane-simplification-train-2627 | The review includes a total of 42 trials, and 40 of these trials contributed data on 4240 participants. Twenty studies, involving 1918 women, compared clindamycin plus an aminoglycoside (gentamicin for all studies except for one that used tobramycin) with another regimen. When assessing the individual subgroups of othe... | There were more treatment failures in women treated with an penicillin plus gentamicin (one study) compared with those treated with clindamycin plus gentamicin. Seven trials showed that an antibiotic treatment that had poor activity against bacteria resistant to penicillin had a higher failure rate and more wound infec... | 10.1002/14651858.CD001067.pub3 | [
"There were more treatment failures in women treated with an penicillin plus gentamicin (one study) compared with those treated with clindamycin plus gentamicin. Seven trials showed that an antibiotic treatment that had poor activity against bacteria resistant to penicillin had a higher failure rate and more wound ... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2628 | cochrane-simplification-train-2628 | We included two studies, with a total of 64 randomised participants (50 and 14 participants) aged 18 years or over, with a perianal abscess. In both studies, participants were enrolled on the first post-operative day and randomised to continued packing by community district nursing teams or to no packing. Participants ... | After extensive searching to find relevant studies, we found only two randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that were eligible for this review (RCTs provide more robust results than other trial types). The studies were small with a total of 64 participants randomised, all over 18 years of age, with a perianal abscess. In... | 10.1002/14651858.CD011193.pub2 | [
"After extensive searching to find relevant studies, we found only two randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that were eligible for this review (RCTs provide more robust results than other trial types). The studies were small with a total of 64 participants randomised, all over 18 years of age, with a perianal absces... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2629 | cochrane-simplification-train-2629 | Three small studies evaluating 154 infants were included in this review. One study reported a significant reduction in the risk of hyperbilirubinaemia and rate of treatment with phototherapy associated with enteral supplementation with prebiotics (risk ratio (RR) 0.75, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.58 to 0.97; one... | We included three small studies (with a total of 154 infants) that compared the effects of feeding supplementation with prebiotics on neonatal jaundice to a placebo (such as distilled water). The evidence is up to date as of 14 June 2018. There is inadequate evidence to assess the effectiveness of prebiotics on neonata... | 10.1002/14651858.CD012731.pub2 | [
"We included three small studies (with a total of 154 infants) that compared the effects of feeding supplementation with prebiotics on neonatal jaundice to a placebo (such as distilled water). The evidence is up to date as of 14 June 2018. There is inadequate evidence to assess the effectiveness of prebiotics on ne... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2630 | cochrane-simplification-train-2630 | Two trials with a total of 78 participants met the inclusion criteria. Both the populations and the 'standard' treatments differed in the two studies. Oral steroids as an adjunct to intranasal corticosteroids One trial in adults with nasal polyps included 30 participants. All participants used intranasal corticosteroid... | This review includes evidence up to 11 August 2015. We included two randomised controlled trials with a total of 78 participants. One trial involved 30 adults with nasal polyps. Participants received either intranasal corticosteroids and oral corticosteroids or only intranasal corticosteroids. The only result reported ... | 10.1002/14651858.CD011992.pub2 | [
"This review includes evidence up to 11 August 2015. We included two randomised controlled trials with a total of 78 participants. One trial involved 30 adults with nasal polyps. Participants received either intranasal corticosteroids and oral corticosteroids or only intranasal corticosteroids. The only result repo... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2631 | cochrane-simplification-train-2631 | We included three trials involving a total of 209 participants. The studies were at moderate to high risk of bias. All included studies had differences in participant selection criteria, length of follow-up and outcome measurement, precluding a meta-analysis. The participants were all adults over 18 years with subjecti... | We included a total of three trials involving 209 participants who were treated with oral zinc pills or placebo. All patients were adults over 18 years who had subjective tinnitus. All three studies investigated improvement in tinnitus as their primary outcome. One study assessed adverse effects and our secondary outco... | 10.1002/14651858.CD009832.pub2 | [
"We included a total of three trials involving 209 participants who were treated with oral zinc pills or placebo. All patients were adults over 18 years who had subjective tinnitus. All three studies investigated improvement in tinnitus as their primary outcome. One study assessed adverse effects and our secondary ... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2632 | cochrane-simplification-train-2632 | A total of 75 trials were included. Overall, the use of cell salvage reduced the rate of exposure to allogeneic RBC transfusion by a relative 38% (RR 0.62; 95% CI 0.55 to 0.70). The absolute reduction in risk (ARR) of receiving an allogeneic RBC transfusion was 21% (95% CI 15% to 26%). In orthopaedic procedures the RR ... | The authors found 75 studies investigating the effectiveness of cell salvage in orthopaedic (36 studies), cardiac (33 studies), and vascular (6 studies) surgery. Overall, the findings show that cell salvage reduces the need for transfusions of donated blood. The authors conclude that there appears to be sufficient evid... | 10.1002/14651858.CD001888.pub4 | [
"The authors found 75 studies investigating the effectiveness of cell salvage in orthopaedic (36 studies), cardiac (33 studies), and vascular (6 studies) surgery. Overall, the findings show that cell salvage reduces the need for transfusions of donated blood. The authors conclude that there appears to be sufficient... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2633 | cochrane-simplification-train-2633 | Fifty-one studies met our inclusion criteria, involving approximately 800,000 participants. The studies included were diverse, including observational studies, between- and within-participant experimental studies, cohort and cross-sectional studies, and time-series analyses. Few studies assessed behavioural outcomes in... | We searched nine databases for articles evaluating standardised packaging that had been already reviewed by academics and published before January 2016. We also checked references in those papers to other studies and contacted the authors where necessary. We found 51 studies involving approximately 800,000 participants... | 10.1002/14651858.CD011244.pub2 | [
"We searched nine databases for articles evaluating standardised packaging that had been already reviewed by academics and published before January 2016. We also checked references in those papers to other studies and contacted the authors where necessary. We found 51 studies involving approximately 800,000 partici... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2634 | cochrane-simplification-train-2634 | Four studies involving 971 participants were included. All results were reported using a zero to 10 pain scale. Three studies (four treatment arms) involving 498 participants compared subcutaneous lignocaine with control with no significant difference between pain scores; MD 0.12 (95% confidence interval (CI) -0.46 to ... | In this systematic review of randomised controlled trials four studies were reviewed. Three studies involving 498 participants compared subcutaneous lignocaine, a short-acting local anaesthetic, with a control group (participants received either no pain relief or an inactive substance known as a placebo). Two studies i... | 10.1002/14651858.CD006043.pub2 | [
"In this systematic review of randomised controlled trials four studies were reviewed. Three studies involving 498 participants compared subcutaneous lignocaine, a short-acting local anaesthetic, with a control group (participants received either no pain relief or an inactive substance known as a placebo). Two stud... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2635 | cochrane-simplification-train-2635 | Only one quasi-randomized controlled study with 121 study participants comparing two types of IPC devices met the inclusion criteria. The authors found no cases of symptomatic DVT or PE in either the calf-thigh compression group or the plantar compression group during the first three weeks after the THR. The calf-thigh... | We looked for randomized controlled trials which compared different types of IPC devices for preventing venous thromboembolism in patients after THR. We found one study with 121 participants comparing a calf-thigh compression device with a foot (plantar) compression device. There were no cases of symptomatic DVT or PE ... | 10.1002/14651858.CD009543.pub3 | [
"We looked for randomized controlled trials which compared different types of IPC devices for preventing venous thromboembolism in patients after THR. We found one study with 121 participants comparing a calf-thigh compression device with a foot (plantar) compression device. There were no cases of symptomatic DVT o... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2636 | cochrane-simplification-train-2636 | No additional studies were included or excluded in the updated review. Twenty papers detailing 18 trials were considered. Only three trials were randomised controlled trials and were included in the review. The remaining fifteen studies were excluded for various reasons. All three included trials had a small sample siz... | This review found that the amount of blood loss was clearly reduced when a tourniquet was used during surgery for varicose veins, with no overall increase in operative time, reported adverse events or change in patient reported pain and activity after surgery. Three trials were included in the review, in which a total ... | 10.1002/14651858.CD001486.pub2 | [
"This review found that the amount of blood loss was clearly reduced when a tourniquet was used during surgery for varicose veins, with no overall increase in operative time, reported adverse events or change in patient reported pain and activity after surgery. Three trials were included in the review, in which a t... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2637 | cochrane-simplification-train-2637 | One hundred and twenty one trials with 6700 participants were included. In most trials, PRT was performed two to three times per week and at a high intensity. PRT resulted in a small but significant improvement in physical ability (33 trials, 2172 participants; SMD 0.14, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.22). Functional limitation meas... | Evidence from 121 randomised controlled trials (6,700 participants) shows that older people who exercise their muscles against a force or resistance become stronger. They also improve their performance of simple activities such as walking, climbing steps, or standing up from a chair more quickly. The improvement in act... | 10.1002/14651858.CD002759.pub2 | [
"Evidence from 121 randomised controlled trials (6,700 participants) shows that older people who exercise their muscles against a force or resistance become stronger. They also improve their performance of simple activities such as walking, climbing steps, or standing up from a chair more quickly. The improvement i... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2638 | cochrane-simplification-train-2638 | Twenty-three trials with a total of 1821 children and young people were included. Generally, the trials were small, and only one was assessed to have a low risk of bias. Thirteen trials compared exercise alone with no intervention. Eight were included in the meta-analysis, and overall the results were heteregeneous. On... | This review of trials suggests that exercise has positive short-term effects on self-esteem in children and young people, and concludes that exercise may be an important measure in improving children's self-esteem. However, the reviewers note that the trials included in the review were small-scale, and recognise the ne... | 10.1002/14651858.CD003683.pub2 | [
"This review of trials suggests that exercise has positive short-term effects on self-esteem in children and young people, and concludes that exercise may be an important measure in improving children's self-esteem. However, the reviewers note that the trials included in the review were small-scale, and recognise t... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2639 | cochrane-simplification-train-2639 | We found no RCTs comparing pre-admission antibiotics versus no pre-admission antibiotics or placebo. We included one open-label, non-inferiority RCT with 510 participants, conducted during an epidemic in Niger, evaluating a single dose of intramuscular ceftriaxone versus a single dose of intramuscular long-acting (oily... | We searched for studies comparing giving versus not giving empiric antibiotics or comparing different antibiotics in those with suspected meningococcal disease. We found one randomised trial comparing single intramuscular doses of two different long-acting antibiotics. The evidence is current to January 2017. The inclu... | 10.1002/14651858.CD005437.pub4 | [
"We searched for studies comparing giving versus not giving empiric antibiotics or comparing different antibiotics in those with suspected meningococcal disease. We found one randomised trial comparing single intramuscular doses of two different long-acting antibiotics. The evidence is current to January 2017. The ... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2640 | cochrane-simplification-train-2640 | We included seven studies, which involved 723 participants. We assessed four of the seven studies as being at high risk of bias and three had an unclear risk of bias; the quality of the evidence was difficult to assess as there was often insufficient detail reported to enable any conclusions to be drawn about the metho... | The purpose of this review was to look at whether home-based parenting programmes, which aim to improve child development by showing parents how to provide a better quality home environment for their child, are effective in doing so. Seven randomised controlled trials (RCTs) met the inclusion criteria for this review. ... | 10.1002/14651858.CD008131.pub2 | [
"The purpose of this review was to look at whether home-based parenting programmes, which aim to improve child development by showing parents how to provide a better quality home environment for their child, are effective in doing so. Seven randomised controlled trials (RCTs) met the inclusion criteria for this rev... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2641 | cochrane-simplification-train-2641 | Nine studies, including data of 1228 women, were included in the review evaluating the effect of either LMWH (enoxaparin or nadroparin in varying doses) or aspirin or a combination of both, on the chance of live birth in women with recurrent miscarriage, with or without inherited thrombophilia. Studies were heterogeneo... | Irrespective of the type or combination of anticoagulant, no benefit of anticoagulant treatment was found for live births. Obstetric complications were not clearly affected by any treatment regimen. Injection of low molecular weight heparin caused local skin reactions (pain, itching, swelling) in one study (side effect... | 10.1002/14651858.CD004734.pub4 | [
"Irrespective of the type or combination of anticoagulant, no benefit of anticoagulant treatment was found for live births. Obstetric complications were not clearly affected by any treatment regimen. Injection of low molecular weight heparin caused local skin reactions (pain, itching, swelling) in one study (side e... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2642 | cochrane-simplification-train-2642 | Twenty-six trials fulfilled the inclusion criteria of the review. All the 26 trials except one trial of 30 participants were at high risk of bias. Nineteen of the trials with 1263 randomised participants provided data for this review. Ten of the 19 trials compared local anaesthetic wound infiltration versus inactive co... | We identified 19 randomised clinical trials in this review. Most participants in the trials were low anaesthetic risk people undergoing planned laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A total of 1095 participants were randomised to local anaesthetic wound infiltration (587 participants) or no local anaesthetic wound infiltration... | 10.1002/14651858.CD007049.pub2 | [
"We identified 19 randomised clinical trials in this review. Most participants in the trials were low anaesthetic risk people undergoing planned laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A total of 1095 participants were randomised to local anaesthetic wound infiltration (587 participants) or no local anaesthetic wound infiltr... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2643 | cochrane-simplification-train-2643 | Eight studies (225 participants) were included. In general, children included in the studies were young (average age less than two years in the majority of included studies). Severity of croup was described as moderate to severe in all included studies. Six studies took place in the inpatient setting, one in the ED and... | This review looked at trials of inhaled epinephrine for the treatment of children with croup and is comprised of only eight studies with 225 participants. Of the eight included studies, six were assessed as having low risk of bias and two as unclear risk of bias (based upon assessment of adequate random sequence genera... | 10.1002/14651858.CD006619.pub3 | [
"This review looked at trials of inhaled epinephrine for the treatment of children with croup and is comprised of only eight studies with 225 participants. Of the eight included studies, six were assessed as having low risk of bias and two as unclear risk of bias (based upon assessment of adequate random sequence g... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2644 | cochrane-simplification-train-2644 | This review included five studies (with a total of 303 to 305 participants) comparing the effects of betahistine with placebo in adults with subjective idiopathic tinnitus. Four studies were parallel-group RCTs and one had a cross-over design. The risk of bias was unclear in all of the included studies. Due to heteroge... | Our review identified five randomised controlled trials with a total of 303 to 305 participants who suffered from tinnitus. These studies compared participants receiving betahistine to those receiving a placebo. Four study designs allocated participants into parallel groups. In one study, participants consented to take... | 10.1002/14651858.CD013093.pub2 | [
"Our review identified five randomised controlled trials with a total of 303 to 305 participants who suffered from tinnitus. These studies compared participants receiving betahistine to those receiving a placebo. Four study designs allocated participants into parallel groups. In one study, participants consented to... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2645 | cochrane-simplification-train-2645 | Eighteen RCTs enrolling a total of 10,499 participants were eligible for the review. The results from 17 of 18 of these RCTs, published between 1995 and 2011, were suitable for meta-analysis and allowed us to quantify the therapeutic efficacy of interferon in terms of disease-free survival (17 trials) and overall survi... | Whereas not all single studies demonstrated a survival benefit for patients treated with interferon, combining the available evidence, we found that the use of postoperative interferon improves the survival of those with high-risk melanoma. On average, the toxicity associated with interferon administration (such as fev... | 10.1002/14651858.CD008955.pub2 | [
"Whereas not all single studies demonstrated a survival benefit for patients treated with interferon, combining the available evidence, we found that the use of postoperative interferon improves the survival of those with high-risk melanoma. On average, the toxicity associated with interferon administration (such a... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2646 | cochrane-simplification-train-2646 | We included 73 RCTs, with 12,212 participants, comparing GnRH antagonist to long-course GnRH agonist protocols. The quality of the evidence was moderate: limitations were poor reporting of study methods. Live birth There was no evidence of a difference in live birth rate between GnRH antagonist and long course GnRH ago... | We found 73 randomised controlled trials comparing GnRH antagonist with GnRH agonist in a total of 12,212 women undergoing ART. The evidence is current to May 2015 There was no evidence of a difference between the groups in live birth rates (i.e. rates at conclusion of a course of treatment). The evidence suggested tha... | 10.1002/14651858.CD001750.pub4 | [
"We found 73 randomised controlled trials comparing GnRH antagonist with GnRH agonist in a total of 12,212 women undergoing ART. The evidence is current to May 2015 There was no evidence of a difference between the groups in live birth rates (i.e. rates at conclusion of a course of treatment). The evidence suggeste... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2647 | cochrane-simplification-train-2647 | We included 15 studies with 498 participants. Ten studies compared physical activity to minimal dietary and behavioural intervention or no intervention. Five studies compared combined dietary, exercise and behavioural intervention to minimal intervention. One study compared behavioural intervention to minimal intervent... | We found 15 studies that included 498 participants. Ten studies compared physical activity to minimal dietary and behavioural intervention or no intervention. Five studies compared combined dietary, exercise and behavioural intervention to minimal intervention. One study compared behavioural intervention to minimal int... | 10.1002/14651858.CD007506.pub4 | [
"We found 15 studies that included 498 participants. Ten studies compared physical activity to minimal dietary and behavioural intervention or no intervention. Five studies compared combined dietary, exercise and behavioural intervention to minimal intervention. One study compared behavioural intervention to minima... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2648 | cochrane-simplification-train-2648 | We included 10 trials, with a total of 422 participants, that addressed two of the outcomes of interest to this review: swelling (oedema) and bruising (ecchymosis). Nine studies on rhinoplasty used a variety of different types, and doses, of corticosteroids. Overall, the results of the included studies showed that ther... | The review authors searched the medical literature up to January 2014, and identified 10 relevant medical trials, with a total of 422 participants. Nine of these studies were on people having rhinoplasty (surgery to reshape the nose) and one was on people having a facelift.The trials investigated a variety of corticost... | 10.1002/14651858.CD009697.pub2 | [
"The review authors searched the medical literature up to January 2014, and identified 10 relevant medical trials, with a total of 422 participants. Nine of these studies were on people having rhinoplasty (surgery to reshape the nose) and one was on people having a facelift.The trials investigated a variety of cort... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2649 | cochrane-simplification-train-2649 | We found17 studies involving 3212 patients. The methods of 15 studies were at high risk of bias. In only two studies was the risk of bias low. Trials used "positive drugs", of which the efficacy was not known, as controls. Different Chinese herbal preparations were tested in nearly all trials. In only one trial was a C... | Although we included 17 trials, involving 3212 patients, in this review, the risk of bias was so high that the evidence did not support using any Chinese herbal preparation(s) for the common cold. Well-designed clinical trials are required. | 10.1002/14651858.CD004782.pub2 | [
"Although we included 17 trials, involving 3212 patients, in this review, the risk of bias was so high that the evidence did not support using any Chinese herbal preparation(s) for the common cold. Well-designed clinical trials are required."
] |
cochrane-simplification-train-2650 | cochrane-simplification-train-2650 | Five studies provided results from adequate parallel-group data. Barnhart 1999 and Dayal 2006 enrolled perimenopausal women with complaints of decreased well being and, using three cognitive measures, found no significant effect of DHEA compared with placebo at 3 months. Wolf 1998b enrolled 75 healthy volunteers (37 wo... | In the USA there is growing public enthusiasm for DHEA supplementation as a means of retarding ageing and age-associated cognitive impairment but there is very little evidence from controlled trials. In two trials DHEA was associated with a deleterious effect on visual memory after a psychosocial stressor and quality o... | 10.1002/14651858.CD006221 | [
"In the USA there is growing public enthusiasm for DHEA supplementation as a means of retarding ageing and age-associated cognitive impairment but there is very little evidence from controlled trials. In two trials DHEA was associated with a deleterious effect on visual memory after a psychosocial stressor and qual... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2651 | cochrane-simplification-train-2651 | Four trials involving 888 participants with previously untreated OAG were included. Surgery was Scheie's procedure in one trial and trabeculectomy in three trials. In three trials, primary medication was usually pilocarpine, in one trial it was a beta-blocker. The most recent trial included participants with on average... | It is not clear whether medication or surgery is the better treatment for OAG. The purpose of this review was to review and assess evidence from randomised studies to compare treatment with medications with surgical treatments in terms of how well they work, their relative safety and cost-effectiveness. Four relevant t... | 10.1002/14651858.CD004399.pub3 | [
"It is not clear whether medication or surgery is the better treatment for OAG. The purpose of this review was to review and assess evidence from randomised studies to compare treatment with medications with surgical treatments in terms of how well they work, their relative safety and cost-effectiveness. Four relev... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2652 | cochrane-simplification-train-2652 | Thirteen trials met the inclusion criteria and are included in the review. All studies had at least one domain with unclear risk of bias. Some studies were at high risk of bias for random sequence generation (two trials), allocation concealment (two trials), blinding of outcome assessors (one trial) and incomplete outc... | We performed a thorough search of the medical literature up to June 2014. We identified 13 trials that recruited 7310 participants. Two trials recruited healthy participants and the other 11 trials recruited people at varying risk of CVD, such as participants with known hypertension("high blood pressure") and type 2 di... | 10.1002/14651858.CD011163.pub2 | [
"We performed a thorough search of the medical literature up to June 2014. We identified 13 trials that recruited 7310 participants. Two trials recruited healthy participants and the other 11 trials recruited people at varying risk of CVD, such as participants with known hypertension(\"high blood pressure\") and ty... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2653 | cochrane-simplification-train-2653 | Data on 2281 participants from eight RCTs were available from reports of single-agent doxorubicin versus doxorubicin-based combination chemotherapy. Meta-analysis using the fixed effect model detected a higher tumour response rate with combination chemotherapy compared with single-agent chemotherapy (odds ratio [OR= 1.... | This review was conducted to find out if combining doxorubicin with other drugs is more effective than doxorubicin alone. Eight studies were considered together, which showed if combination chemotherapy is given: (1) tumour shrinkage was marginally better than in patients treated with doxorubicin alone; (2) survival wa... | 10.1002/14651858.CD003293 | [
"This review was conducted to find out if combining doxorubicin with other drugs is more effective than doxorubicin alone. Eight studies were considered together, which showed if combination chemotherapy is given: (1) tumour shrinkage was marginally better than in patients treated with doxorubicin alone; (2) surviv... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2654 | cochrane-simplification-train-2654 | Twenty-one trials met the inclusion criteria. A total of 2048 patients were initially enrolled in the trials (1148 received paracetamol, and 892 the placebo) and of these 1968 (96%) were included in the meta-analysis (1133 received paracetamol, and 835 the placebo). Paracetamol provided a statistically significant bene... | Twenty-one trials (with over 2000 participants) were included. Paracetamol provided a statistically significant benefit when compared with placebo for pain relief at both 4 and 6 hours after taking the drug. It is most effective at 1000 mg dose, and can be taken at six hourly intervals without compromising safety. Ther... | 10.1002/14651858.CD004487.pub2 | [
"Twenty-one trials (with over 2000 participants) were included. Paracetamol provided a statistically significant benefit when compared with placebo for pain relief at both 4 and 6 hours after taking the drug. It is most effective at 1000 mg dose, and can be taken at six hourly intervals without compromising safety.... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2655 | cochrane-simplification-train-2655 | We included 12 studies (784 participants) in this review; sample sizes ranged from 10 to 187 participants (median 56.5). One study had three arms that were all relevant to this review and all the other studies had two arms. One study was a within-participant comparison. All studies were industry funded. Two studies pro... | In September 2016 we searched for as many relevant studies as we could find that had a reliable design (randomised controlled trials) and had compared PMM treatments with other treatments for venous leg ulcers. We found 12 studies involving a total of 784 people. Ten studies gave results we could use and all treatments... | 10.1002/14651858.CD011918.pub2 | [
"In September 2016 we searched for as many relevant studies as we could find that had a reliable design (randomised controlled trials) and had compared PMM treatments with other treatments for venous leg ulcers. We found 12 studies involving a total of 784 people. Ten studies gave results we could use and all treat... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2656 | cochrane-simplification-train-2656 | Massage interventions improved daily weight gain by 5.1g (95% CI 3.5, 6.7g). There is no evidence that gentle, still touch is of benefit (increase in daily weight gain 0.2g; 95% CI -1.2, 1.6g). Massage interventions also appeared to reduce length of stay by 4.5 days (95% CI 2.4, 6.5) though there are methodological con... | The review only included randomized controlled trials, studies in which a group of babies received massage and was compared with a similar group which did not. The authors searched the medical literature and contacted experts and found 14 studies. In most of these studies babies were rubbed or stroked for about 15 minu... | 10.1002/14651858.CD000390.pub2 | [
"The review only included randomized controlled trials, studies in which a group of babies received massage and was compared with a similar group which did not. The authors searched the medical literature and contacted experts and found 14 studies. In most of these studies babies were rubbed or stroked for about 15... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2657 | cochrane-simplification-train-2657 | We included 53 trials consisting of 1139 participants. Forty-eight studies used a cross-over design, and five were performed in accordance with a parallel-group design. Forty-five studies addressed the effect of a single beta2-agonist administration, and eight focused on long-term treatment. We addressed these two diff... | We found 53 trials consisting of 1139 participants. Forty-eight studies used a cross-over design, which meant that each person in the trial received two or more treatments－one or more active treatments, the beta-agonist and a placebo in random order. The rest were parallel-group trials, meaning that people received eit... | 10.1002/14651858.CD003564.pub3 | [
"We found 53 trials consisting of 1139 participants. Forty-eight studies used a cross-over design, which meant that each person in the trial received two or more treatments－one or more active treatments, the beta-agonist and a placebo in random order. The rest were parallel-group trials, meaning that people receive... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2658 | cochrane-simplification-train-2658 | We identified five randomised clinical trials involving 398 participants. All trials included only participants with cirrhosis as the underlying cause of hepatic encephalopathy. Trials included participants with covert or overt hepatic encephalopathy. All trials were conducted in Italy by a single team and assessed ace... | Review authors searched the medical literature up to 10 September 2018, and identified five relevant randomised clinical trials, including a total of 398 participants. All trials were performed in Italy by only one team of investigators. All were considered at high risk of bias and included small numbers of participant... | 10.1002/14651858.CD011451.pub2 | [
"Review authors searched the medical literature up to 10 September 2018, and identified five relevant randomised clinical trials, including a total of 398 participants. All trials were performed in Italy by only one team of investigators. All were considered at high risk of bias and included small numbers of partic... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2659 | cochrane-simplification-train-2659 | We included nine randomised controlled trials involving a total of 816 women with PCOS. When metformin was compared with placebo there was no clear evidence of a difference between the groups in live birth rates (OR 1.39, 95% CI 0.81 to 2.40, five RCTs, 551 women, I2 = 52%, low-quality evidence). Our findings suggest t... | The review included nine randomised controlled trials involving a total of 816 women who were randomised to receive metformin (411) versus placebo or no treatment (405). The trials were conducted in the Czech Republic, Italy, Jordan, Norway, Turkey and the United Kingdom. The evidence is current to October 2014. When m... | 10.1002/14651858.CD006105.pub3 | [
"The review included nine randomised controlled trials involving a total of 816 women who were randomised to receive metformin (411) versus placebo or no treatment (405). The trials were conducted in the Czech Republic, Italy, Jordan, Norway, Turkey and the United Kingdom. The evidence is current to October 2014. W... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2660 | cochrane-simplification-train-2660 | We included two trials. One study was conducted in the USA in 1981 (250 people randomised and completed trial) and one study conducted in Spain in 2001 (1034 randomised, 935 completed trial). Both trials used extracapsular cataract extraction techniques that are not commonly used in higher income countries now. Most of... | The review included two trials (up to August 2015) conducted in Spain and the USA, involving 1284 people with cataract. A total of 68 people were treated as day care surgery, while 598 stayed overnight in the hospital. The mean age of the participants was about 70 years and there were slightly more women than men. The ... | 10.1002/14651858.CD004242.pub5 | [
"The review included two trials (up to August 2015) conducted in Spain and the USA, involving 1284 people with cataract. A total of 68 people were treated as day care surgery, while 598 stayed overnight in the hospital. The mean age of the participants was about 70 years and there were slightly more women than men.... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2661 | cochrane-simplification-train-2661 | We identified three new studies in this update of the review. In total seven studies were eligible for inclusion, three were ongoing RCTs and four were completed studies. The four completed studies were included in the original review and the three ongoing studies were included in this update. We did not identify any R... | The evidence is current to March 2016. In this update, seven randomised controlled trials were identified. Three trials are either not yet recruiting or still recruiting participants and and have not been completed. Four randomised controlled trials with a total of 95 participants were reviewed. These trials were condu... | 10.1002/14651858.CD009733.pub3 | [
"The evidence is current to March 2016. In this update, seven randomised controlled trials were identified. Three trials are either not yet recruiting or still recruiting participants and and have not been completed. Four randomised controlled trials with a total of 95 participants were reviewed. These trials were ... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2662 | cochrane-simplification-train-2662 | We included 22 randomised controlled trials (2858 women), most of which had high risk of bias in several domains. We performed 13 comparisons. Many comparisons are based on a small number of studies with small sample sizes. No analysis of our primary outcomes contained more than two studies. Intravenous iron was compar... | We included 22 randomised controlled studies with 2858 women and performed 13 comparisons, many of which were based on few studies involving small numbers of women. The overall quality of evidence was low. Most trials were conducted in high-income countries. Ten studies, including 1553 women, compared intravenous iron ... | 10.1002/14651858.CD010861.pub2 | [
"We included 22 randomised controlled studies with 2858 women and performed 13 comparisons, many of which were based on few studies involving small numbers of women. The overall quality of evidence was low. Most trials were conducted in high-income countries. Ten studies, including 1553 women, compared intravenous ... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2663 | cochrane-simplification-train-2663 | From 6168 studies identified in the searches, 41 RCTs with a total of 6858 participants were included. Methodological quality ratings ranged from 1 to 9 out 12, and 13 of the 41 included studies were assessed as low risk of bias. Pooled estimates from 16 RCTs provided moderate to low quality evidence that MBR is more e... | We collected all the published studies up to February 2014; there were 41 studies (with 6858 participants) that compared multidisciplinary treatment to other treatments. Most studies compared a multidisciplinary treatment to usual care (such as care by a general practitioner) or to treatments that only addressed physic... | 10.1002/14651858.CD000963.pub3 | [
"We collected all the published studies up to February 2014; there were 41 studies (with 6858 participants) that compared multidisciplinary treatment to other treatments. Most studies compared a multidisciplinary treatment to usual care (such as care by a general practitioner) or to treatments that only addressed p... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2664 | cochrane-simplification-train-2664 | We included in this review 19 trials involving 516 participants. Seven of the included studies (N = 222) had not been evaluated in the previous review. Investigators compared several positions: prone versus supine, prone alternant versus supine, prone versus lateral right, lateral right versus supine, lateral left vers... | We included in this review 19 trials involving 516 participants. Comparisons included supine position versus prone and different lateral positions (right, left, alternant or quarter for prone). The outcome most often reported in these studies was change in oxygenation. We found no clear evidence that particular body po... | 10.1002/14651858.CD003668.pub4 | [
"We included in this review 19 trials involving 516 participants. Comparisons included supine position versus prone and different lateral positions (right, left, alternant or quarter for prone). The outcome most often reported in these studies was change in oxygenation. We found no clear evidence that particular bo... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2665 | cochrane-simplification-train-2665 | We included 20 trials with 3791 participants. Studies were heterogenous in study design, population, antibiotic regimens, and outcomes. We grouped the sixteen different antibiotic agents studied into six categories: 1) anti-pseudomonal penicillins (three trials); 2) broad-spectrum penicillins (one trial); 3) cephalospo... | We identified 20 relevant randomised controlled trials, with a total of 3791 participants. Eighteen of the 20 studies were funded by pharmaceutical companies. All trials compared systemic antibiotics with other systemic antibiotics. It is unclear whether any particular antibiotic is better than any another for curing i... | 10.1002/14651858.CD009061.pub2 | [
"We identified 20 relevant randomised controlled trials, with a total of 3791 participants. Eighteen of the 20 studies were funded by pharmaceutical companies. All trials compared systemic antibiotics with other systemic antibiotics. It is unclear whether any particular antibiotic is better than any another for cur... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2666 | cochrane-simplification-train-2666 | Six studies met our inclusion criteria and included a total of 5143 women. Of three studies with self-reported pregnancy data, two showed pregnancy to be less likely in the experimental group than in the comparison group (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.87) (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.87). The interventions included a clinic-... | Until 3 November 2014, we ran computer searches for studies of programs to improve family planning among postpartum women. We wrote to researchers for missing data. Programs had to have contact within six weeks postpartum. The special program was compared with a different program, usual care, or no service. Our main ou... | 10.1002/14651858.CD011298.pub2 | [
"Until 3 November 2014, we ran computer searches for studies of programs to improve family planning among postpartum women. We wrote to researchers for missing data. Programs had to have contact within six weeks postpartum. The special program was compared with a different program, usual care, or no service. Our ma... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2667 | cochrane-simplification-train-2667 | We included five studies conducted in Europe and North America. Four separate trials compared grid laser to no treatment, sham treatment, intravitreal bevacizumab and intravitreal triamcinolone. One further trial compared subthreshold to threshold laser. Two of these trials were judged to be at high risk of bias in one... | We include five studies with a total of 715 participants. Three studies were from Italy and two were from the USA. Key results We looked primarily at the proportion of participants gaining or losing significant vision. The trial comparing grid laser to no laser showed a clear benefit for grid laser. The result of the ... | 10.1002/14651858.CD008732.pub2 | [
"We include five studies with a total of 715 participants. Three studies were from Italy and two were from the USA. Key results We looked primarily at the proportion of participants gaining or losing significant vision. The trial comparing grid laser to no laser showed a clear benefit for grid laser. The result of... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2668 | cochrane-simplification-train-2668 | Tiotropium plus LABA/ICS versus tiotropium We included six studies (1902 participants) with low risk of bias that compared tiotropium in addition to inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta2-agonist combination therapy versus tiotropium alone. We found no statistically significant differences in mortality between tr... | This review found six studies, involving 1902 participants, comparing the long-term efficacy and side effects of tiotropium combined with combination inhalers for treatment of patients with COPD. Not all of the people included in these studies had COPD that was severe enough to be recommended for combined therapy accor... | 10.1002/14651858.CD008532.pub3 | [
"This review found six studies, involving 1902 participants, comparing the long-term efficacy and side effects of tiotropium combined with combination inhalers for treatment of patients with COPD. Not all of the people included in these studies had COPD that was severe enough to be recommended for combined therapy ... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2669 | cochrane-simplification-train-2669 | We included 29 trials (n = 2431) in this review. The study sample sizes ranged from 20 to 323 participants. We considered a total of 76.6% of the included trials to have a low risk of bias, representing 86% of all participants. There is low to high quality evidence that MCE is not clinically more effective than other e... | In total, 2431 participants were enrolled in 29 trials. The study sample sizes ranged from 20 to 323 participants, and most of them were middle-aged people recruited from primary or tertiary care. The duration of the treatment programmes ranged from 20 days to 12 weeks, and the number of treatment sessions ranged from ... | 10.1002/14651858.CD012004 | [
"In total, 2431 participants were enrolled in 29 trials. The study sample sizes ranged from 20 to 323 participants, and most of them were middle-aged people recruited from primary or tertiary care. The duration of the treatment programmes ranged from 20 days to 12 weeks, and the number of treatment sessions ranged ... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2670 | cochrane-simplification-train-2670 | Ten prospective, parallel-group design, randomised controlled trials, involving a total of 577 participants with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, were identified. Risk of bias was high or unclear in all but two trials, which were assessed as having moderate risk of bias. Risk of bias in some domains was high in 50%... | Cinnamon bark has been shown in a number of animal studies to improve blood sugar levels, though its effect in humans is not too clear. Hence, the review authors set out to determine the effect of oral cinnamon extract on blood sugar and other outcomes. The authors identified 10 randomised controlled trials, which invo... | 10.1002/14651858.CD007170.pub2 | [
"Cinnamon bark has been shown in a number of animal studies to improve blood sugar levels, though its effect in humans is not too clear. Hence, the review authors set out to determine the effect of oral cinnamon extract on blood sugar and other outcomes. The authors identified 10 randomised controlled trials, which... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2671 | cochrane-simplification-train-2671 | Thirty studies (2047 participants) were included. We categorised studies by intervention type: supportive interventions during follow-up, educational interventions and behavioural therapy. Across all three intervention classes, most studies incorporated elements of more than one intervention. For the purposes of this s... | We looked at evidence from randomised, parallel-group studies. Following a comprehensive literature search and assessment of existing trials, we have included 30 studies with a total of 2047 participants. A vast majority of the participants suffered from excessive daytime sleepiness and severe OSA. Duration of studies ... | 10.1002/14651858.CD007736.pub2 | [
"We looked at evidence from randomised, parallel-group studies. Following a comprehensive literature search and assessment of existing trials, we have included 30 studies with a total of 2047 participants. A vast majority of the participants suffered from excessive daytime sleepiness and severe OSA. Duration of stu... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2672 | cochrane-simplification-train-2672 | We included 12 studies involving 1954 participants. We identified ten studies as being of methodologically poor quality and two studies as being of medium quality. We did not perform a meta-analysis but reported the results separately. Six formulations were shown to be superior to the control in improving recovery: Ert... | In this updated review, we included a total of 12 studies (including five new studies), involving 1954 participants. Six Chinese herbal medicines may facilitate the improvement of symptoms and increase the rate of recovery. Two studies separately reported one case of diarrhoea and one case of mild nausea; two trials re... | 10.1002/14651858.CD004877.pub3 | [
"In this updated review, we included a total of 12 studies (including five new studies), involving 1954 participants. Six Chinese herbal medicines may facilitate the improvement of symptoms and increase the rate of recovery. Two studies separately reported one case of diarrhoea and one case of mild nausea; two tria... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2673 | cochrane-simplification-train-2673 | We included three trials with 330 participants. We judged the quality of the evidence as very low for all the outcomes. The quality of the data was limited by the lack of complete outcome reporting, unclear risk of bias in the methods in which the studies were conducted, and the age of the studies (> 20 years). The met... | We searched for clinical trials up to 11 January 2017, and we included three studies with 330 people who had been diagnosed with small-cell lung cancer which had not spread outside the chest. Some were given surgery only, and some were not. Also, some were given chemotherapy and radiotherapy along with their surgery, a... | 10.1002/14651858.CD011917.pub2 | [
"We searched for clinical trials up to 11 January 2017, and we included three studies with 330 people who had been diagnosed with small-cell lung cancer which had not spread outside the chest. Some were given surgery only, and some were not. Also, some were given chemotherapy and radiotherapy along with their surge... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2674 | cochrane-simplification-train-2674 | Thirty six trials were included in the review, reporting on 5908 participants randomly allocated to azapirones and/or placebo, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, psychotherapy or kava kava. Azapirones, including buspirone, were superior to placebo in treating GAD. The calculated number needed to treat for azapirones usi... | This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of azapirones compared to other treatments. From the results of 36 randomized controlled trials, azapirones appear to be superior to placebo in short-term studies (four to nine weeks) but may not be superior to benzodiazepines. We were unable to conclude if azapirones ... | 10.1002/14651858.CD006115 | [
"This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of azapirones compared to other treatments. From the results of 36 randomized controlled trials, azapirones appear to be superior to placebo in short-term studies (four to nine weeks) but may not be superior to benzodiazepines. We were unable to conclude if azapir... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2675 | cochrane-simplification-train-2675 | This update includes 15 new eligible treatment-comparisons from 12 studies. In total, 28 treatment-comparisons, involving 4418 women, from 24 studies are now included in one or more meta-analyses. Of the 28 treatment-comparisons, 19 and 16 had published or provided extractable time-to-event data on overall survival (OS... | 24 studies involving 4418 women. The evidence is current to May 2015. Five of the 24 studies specifically assessed women with mTNBC while the other 19 studies assessed women with metastatic breast cancer in general (mainly women without mTNBC). This review found that, compared to chemotherapy without platinum, chemothe... | 10.1002/14651858.CD003374.pub4 | [
"24 studies involving 4418 women. The evidence is current to May 2015. Five of the 24 studies specifically assessed women with mTNBC while the other 19 studies assessed women with metastatic breast cancer in general (mainly women without mTNBC). This review found that, compared to chemotherapy without platinum, che... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2676 | cochrane-simplification-train-2676 | A total of 12 studies with a combined total of 12,168 patients were included in this review. Antiplatelet agents reduced all cause (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.98) and cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.93) in patients with IC compared with placebo. A reduction in total cardiovascular events was not stat... | Twelve studies with a total of 12,168 patients were included in this review. The analyses show that, in patients with IC, antiplatelet agents reduced the risk of death from all causes, and from heart attack and stroke combined when compared with placebo. When aspirin was compared with other antiplatelet agents, there w... | 10.1002/14651858.CD001272.pub2 | [
"Twelve studies with a total of 12,168 patients were included in this review. The analyses show that, in patients with IC, antiplatelet agents reduced the risk of death from all causes, and from heart attack and stroke combined when compared with placebo. When aspirin was compared with other antiplatelet agents, th... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2677 | cochrane-simplification-train-2677 | This review included 10 RCTs (reported in 12 articles) consisting of 2326 participants The methodological quality of the studies varied. The type of intervention was separated into three categories; AED versus placebo or standard care, alternative neuroprotective agent versus placebo or standard care and AED versus oth... | We searched for studies evaluating the effect of early administration of antiepileptic drugs or other potentially neuroprotective agents (which act by protecting the structure or function of nerves) on post-traumatic epilepsy. The primary outcomes of interest were early post-traumatic seizures (within one week of traum... | 10.1002/14651858.CD009900.pub2 | [
"We searched for studies evaluating the effect of early administration of antiepileptic drugs or other potentially neuroprotective agents (which act by protecting the structure or function of nerves) on post-traumatic epilepsy. The primary outcomes of interest were early post-traumatic seizures (within one week of ... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2678 | cochrane-simplification-train-2678 | Four studies enrolled approximately 1700 participants. Trials lasted between nine months to two years. Three studies were randomised controlled trials, two of which showed a cluster randomised design; one trial probably was a controlled trial with researcher controlled group assignment. In children up to three years of... | Four trials enrolled approximately 1700 participants and lasted between nine months and two years. Study participants were aged from one month to 15 years. There were different results on the occurrence of nutritional rickets in different settings. Adverse effects were investigated in one study only. Considering the p... | 10.1002/14651858.CD006164.pub2 | [
"Four trials enrolled approximately 1700 participants and lasted between nine months and two years. Study participants were aged from one month to 15 years. There were different results on the occurrence of nutritional rickets in different settings. Adverse effects were investigated in one study only. Considering ... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2679 | cochrane-simplification-train-2679 | Twenty studies comprising 667 participants were included in the 2006 review. In that review, there was insufficient evidence of treatment effects on major clinical outcomes to draw clinically meaningful conclusions. Searching to February 2015 identified 40 eligible studies comprising 3483 participants overall. In total... | We identified 40 studies enrolling 4137 adult participants. Of these, 35 studies in 4039 adults compared convective dialysis with standard haemodialysis. Overall the evidence in the studies was low or very low quality due to limitations in the methods used in the research leading to low confidence in the results. Overa... | 10.1002/14651858.CD006258.pub2 | [
"We identified 40 studies enrolling 4137 adult participants. Of these, 35 studies in 4039 adults compared convective dialysis with standard haemodialysis. Overall the evidence in the studies was low or very low quality due to limitations in the methods used in the research leading to low confidence in the results. ... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2680 | cochrane-simplification-train-2680 | We included eight studies (seven RCTs, one quasi-RCT, 315 adults (299 women), aged 18 to 75 years): six used a parallel-group design and two used a cross-over design. Sample sizes of intervention arms were five to 43 participants. Two studies, one of which was a cross-over design, compared TENS with placebo TENS (82 pa... | In January 2017, we found eight clinical studies that examined 315 people. We included TENS administered to produce a non-painful 'tingling' sensation at the site of pain either as a treatment alone or combined with exercise treatment. All studies used TENS in comparison with 'fake' (called placebo or sham) TENS, no tr... | 10.1002/14651858.CD012172.pub2 | [
"In January 2017, we found eight clinical studies that examined 315 people. We included TENS administered to produce a non-painful 'tingling' sensation at the site of pain either as a treatment alone or combined with exercise treatment. All studies used TENS in comparison with 'fake' (called placebo or sham) TENS, ... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2681 | cochrane-simplification-train-2681 | Our systematic review included seven studies with a total of 492 participants. We included 422 participants in our analysis. Thirteen studies are awaiting classification. For the comparison dexmedetomidine versus placebo (six studies, 402 participants), most studies found a reduction in 'rescue' opioid consumption in t... | Evidence is current to May 2014. We included seven studies with 492 participants from five different countries and included 422 participants in our analysis. Most participants were middle-aged. Participants had almost no diseases other than their reason for having surgery. The type of surgery was planned abdominal surg... | 10.1002/14651858.CD010358.pub2 | [
"Evidence is current to May 2014. We included seven studies with 492 participants from five different countries and included 422 participants in our analysis. Most participants were middle-aged. Participants had almost no diseases other than their reason for having surgery. The type of surgery was planned abdominal... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2682 | cochrane-simplification-train-2682 | The review included eight randomised controlled trials. Approximately 4300 women were recruited to detect the effect of prophylactic antibiotic administration on pregnancy outcomes. Primary outcomes Antibiotic prophylaxis did not reduce the risk of preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (risk ratio (RR) 0.31; 95% confi... | Antibiotics are administered to pregnant women during the second and third trimester of pregnancy (before labour) to prevent bacteria in the vagina and cervix affecting the pregnancy. Infection by some infectious organisms in a woman’s genital tract can cause health problems for the mother and her baby, and has been as... | 10.1002/14651858.CD002250.pub3 | [
"Antibiotics are administered to pregnant women during the second and third trimester of pregnancy (before labour) to prevent bacteria in the vagina and cervix affecting the pregnancy. Infection by some infectious organisms in a woman’s genital tract can cause health problems for the mother and her baby, and has be... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2683 | cochrane-simplification-train-2683 | Six RCTs compared the effect of oral ascorbic acid (1 to 4 grams) and placebo treatment in CMT1A. In five trials involving adults with CMT1A, a total of 622 participants received ascorbic acid or placebo. Trials were largely at low risk of bias. There is high-quality evidence that ascorbic acid does not improve the cou... | We searched the medical literature for trials of vitamin C in CMT disease and found six trials - five in adults and one in children - on the treatment of CMT type 1A (CMT1A) with vitamin C. All compared vitamin C doses of 1 to 4 grams per day with a placebo (a dummy or sugar pill disguised as vitamin C), and lasted for... | 10.1002/14651858.CD011952 | [
"We searched the medical literature for trials of vitamin C in CMT disease and found six trials - five in adults and one in children - on the treatment of CMT type 1A (CMT1A) with vitamin C. All compared vitamin C doses of 1 to 4 grams per day with a placebo (a dummy or sugar pill disguised as vitamin C), and laste... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2684 | cochrane-simplification-train-2684 | Eleven studies with 1053 patients (550 on dipyrone) met the inclusion criteria. Unfortunately, few data were available for analysis; most analyses were based on the results of single, small trials and statistical pooling of the results was inappropriate. Efficacy estimates were calculated as the weighted mean percent o... | This review aimed to assess the effectiveness and safety of single dose dipyrone in adults with moderate/severe renal colic pain but there were too few data to obtain clear results. The data available indicated that intravenous dipyrone was more effective than intramuscular dipyrone, and combining dipyrone with antispa... | 10.1002/14651858.CD003867 | [
"This review aimed to assess the effectiveness and safety of single dose dipyrone in adults with moderate/severe renal colic pain but there were too few data to obtain clear results. The data available indicated that intravenous dipyrone was more effective than intramuscular dipyrone, and combining dipyrone with an... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2685 | cochrane-simplification-train-2685 | We found three trials (involving 1915 babies) for inclusion in the review, but have included only two trials (involving 1302 healthy full-term breastfeeding infants) in the analysis. Meta-analysis of the two combined studies showed that pacifier use in healthy breastfeeding infants had no significant effect on the prop... | We updated the search on 30 June 2016. We identified three studies, with a total of 1915 babies. One study could not be included in the analysis and so findings are based on two studies involving 1302 infants. The mothers in the studies were motivated to breastfeed recruited immediately after birth and at two weeks of ... | 10.1002/14651858.CD007202.pub4 | [
"We updated the search on 30 June 2016. We identified three studies, with a total of 1915 babies. One study could not be included in the analysis and so findings are based on two studies involving 1302 infants. The mothers in the studies were motivated to breastfeed recruited immediately after birth and at two week... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2686 | cochrane-simplification-train-2686 | Five studies met the inclusion criteria. Three included studies compared extended-field RT versus pelvic RT, one included study compared extended-field RT with pelvic CRT, and one study compared extended-field CRT versus pelvic CRT. Extended-field radiotherapy versus pelvic radiotherapy alone Compared to pelvic RT, ext... | We searched databases from their inception to August 2018 and found five studies that met the inclusion criteria. Three studies compared extended-field RT versus pelvic RT. None of these three studies compared against the current gold-standard of pelvic CRT. One study compared extended-field RT versus pelvic CRT and on... | 10.1002/14651858.CD012301.pub2 | [
"We searched databases from their inception to August 2018 and found five studies that met the inclusion criteria. Three studies compared extended-field RT versus pelvic RT. None of these three studies compared against the current gold-standard of pelvic CRT. One study compared extended-field RT versus pelvic CRT a... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2687 | cochrane-simplification-train-2687 | Eleven trials met the inclusion criteria. Ten trials (1460 infants) compared vitamin A supplementation with a control and one (120 infants) compared different regimens of vitamin A supplementation. Compared to the control group, vitamin A appeared to have a small benefit in reducing the risk of death or oxygen requirem... | Eleven trials were included in this review, ten comparing vitamin A with a control (placebo or no supplementation) and one comparing different vitamin A regimens. The search for eligible trials was updated in May 2016. Compared to the control group, supplementing very low birth weight infants with vitamin A appears to ... | 10.1002/14651858.CD000501.pub4 | [
"Eleven trials were included in this review, ten comparing vitamin A with a control (placebo or no supplementation) and one comparing different vitamin A regimens. The search for eligible trials was updated in May 2016. Compared to the control group, supplementing very low birth weight infants with vitamin A appear... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2688 | cochrane-simplification-train-2688 | We identified 23 studies (16 RCTs, 6 of high quality), including 37,561 participants and 4042 family caregivers, largely with advanced cancer but also congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), HIV/AIDS and multiple sclerosis (MS), among other conditions. Meta-analysis showed increase... | We reviewed all known studies that evaluated home palliative care services, i.e. experienced home care teams of health professionals specialised in the control of a wide range of problems associated with advanced illness – physical, psychological, social, spiritual. We wanted to see how much of a difference these servi... | 10.1002/14651858.CD007760.pub2 | [
"We reviewed all known studies that evaluated home palliative care services, i.e. experienced home care teams of health professionals specialised in the control of a wide range of problems associated with advanced illness – physical, psychological, social, spiritual. We wanted to see how much of a difference these ... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2689 | cochrane-simplification-train-2689 | We identified two eligible studies with small numbers of infants enrolled (64 infants). Prophylaxis with cromolyn sodium did not result in a statistically significant effect on the combined outcome of mortality and CLD at 28 days (typical RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.52; typical RD 0.03, 95% CI -0.20 to 0.27; 2 trials, 64... | We found only two studies enrolling 64 infants. In one of the two studies, there was a low risk of bias whereas in the second study there were concerns about how the infants had been put into treatment groups, and whether parents and doctors were aware of which treatment was given (random sequence generation, allocatio... | 10.1002/14651858.CD003059.pub3 | [
"We found only two studies enrolling 64 infants. In one of the two studies, there was a low risk of bias whereas in the second study there were concerns about how the infants had been put into treatment groups, and whether parents and doctors were aware of which treatment was given (random sequence generation, allo... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2690 | cochrane-simplification-train-2690 | We obtained data from 18 trials and 2074 patients for the first comparison. Considering these trials together there was a high level of statistical heterogeneity, a substantial amount of which was explained by analyses of trial groups. Trials using chemotherapy cycle lengths shorter than 14 days (HR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.... | Our first comparison was based on 18 trials and 2074 women. The women who were given chemotherapy either more than a fortnight apart or with a less intense dose of cisplatin before their radiotherapy, did not live as long as those who were only given radiotherapy. However, women given chemotherapy either less than a fo... | 10.1002/14651858.CD001774.pub2 | [
"Our first comparison was based on 18 trials and 2074 women. The women who were given chemotherapy either more than a fortnight apart or with a less intense dose of cisplatin before their radiotherapy, did not live as long as those who were only given radiotherapy. However, women given chemotherapy either less than... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2691 | cochrane-simplification-train-2691 | Our review included 12,545 AF participants with CKD from five studies. All participants were randomised to either DOAC (apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban) or dose-adjusted warfarin. Four studies used a central, interactive, automated response system for allocation concealment while the other did not speci... | DOAC probably reduced the incidence of stroke and systemic embolic events as a primary efficacy outcome, compared to warfarin. Further, DOAC might slightly reduce the incidence of major bleeding events as a primary safety outcome, compared to warfarin. This review demonstrated that DOAC are as likely as warfarin to pre... | 10.1002/14651858.CD011373.pub2 | [
"DOAC probably reduced the incidence of stroke and systemic embolic events as a primary efficacy outcome, compared to warfarin. Further, DOAC might slightly reduce the incidence of major bleeding events as a primary safety outcome, compared to warfarin. This review demonstrated that DOAC are as likely as warfarin t... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2692 | cochrane-simplification-train-2692 | Eight studies were identified but only seven trials enrolling 1410 preterm infants were located. There was no significant difference detected in neonatal mortality or neurodevelopmental outcome at two years between infants treated with ethamsylate and controls. Infants treated with ethamsylate had significantly less in... | A total of seven studies with 1410 preterm infants were included in this review. Most of these initial studies were conducted between 1980 and 1990. Preterm infants treated with ethamsylate had similar outcomes with respect to death and disability at the age of two years when compared to infants who were treated with a... | 10.1002/14651858.CD004343.pub2 | [
"A total of seven studies with 1410 preterm infants were included in this review. Most of these initial studies were conducted between 1980 and 1990. Preterm infants treated with ethamsylate had similar outcomes with respect to death and disability at the age of two years when compared to infants who were treated w... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2693 | cochrane-simplification-train-2693 | We included 22 RCTs (2902 women). Participants were from different ethnic backgrounds with the majority of Chinese origin. When CHM was compared with placebo (eight RCTs), there was little or no evidence of a difference between the groups for the following pooled outcomes: hot flushes per day (MD 0.00, 95% CI -0.88 to ... | This review examined 22 randomised clinical trials where 2902 women took part in the studies; 1499 in the CHM group and 1403 in the control group which might include a placebo (non-active compound made to look, taste and smell the same as the study compound) or a drug or HT or another CHM formula (different from the on... | 10.1002/14651858.CD009023.pub2 | [
"This review examined 22 randomised clinical trials where 2902 women took part in the studies; 1499 in the CHM group and 1403 in the control group which might include a placebo (non-active compound made to look, taste and smell the same as the study compound) or a drug or HT or another CHM formula (different from t... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2694 | cochrane-simplification-train-2694 | This updated review includes 30 studies (one RCT with two arms and 29 observational studies) with a total of 99,224 participants. We included 19 studies in the original review (n = 3459), all of which were observational, with 13 studies included in the meta-analysis for mortality. We included 12 new studies in this upd... | We searched for studies comparing additional steroid treatment with no additional steroid treatment in individuals with influenza. The evidence is current to 3 October 2018. We identified a total of 30 studies with 99,224 individuals; one of these studies was a clinical trial. The majority of studies investigated adult... | 10.1002/14651858.CD010406.pub3 | [
"We searched for studies comparing additional steroid treatment with no additional steroid treatment in individuals with influenza. The evidence is current to 3 October 2018. We identified a total of 30 studies with 99,224 individuals; one of these studies was a clinical trial. The majority of studies investigated ... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2695 | cochrane-simplification-train-2695 | Thirty one studies (contributing 33 data sets), randomising 534 participants met the inclusion criteria of the review. Oxygen improved all pooled outcomes relating to endurance exercise capacity (distance, time, number of steps) and maximal exercise capacity (exercise time and work rate). Data relating to VO2 max could... | Short-term studies indicate that people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease respond to the administration of oxygen when they do exercise tests. Ambulatory oxygen is the use of supplemental oxygen during exercise and activities of daily living. One way to assess if ambulatory oxygen is beneficial for a patient w... | 10.1002/14651858.CD004356.pub3 | [
"Short-term studies indicate that people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease respond to the administration of oxygen when they do exercise tests. Ambulatory oxygen is the use of supplemental oxygen during exercise and activities of daily living. One way to assess if ambulatory oxygen is beneficial for a pati... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2696 | cochrane-simplification-train-2696 | We found two studies that met our inclusion criteria but they were of unclear quality. One study, involving 307 women, compared vaginal examinations with rectal examinations, and the other study, involving 150 women, compared two-hourly with four-hourly vaginal examinations. Both studies were of unclear quality in term... | We found two studies, undertaken in the 1990s in high-income countries, but their quality was unclear. One study, involving 307 women, compared routine vaginal and rectal examinations in labour. Here, fewer women reported that vaginal examinations were very uncomfortable compared with rectal examinations. The other stu... | 10.1002/14651858.CD010088.pub2 | [
"We found two studies, undertaken in the 1990s in high-income countries, but their quality was unclear. One study, involving 307 women, compared routine vaginal and rectal examinations in labour. Here, fewer women reported that vaginal examinations were very uncomfortable compared with rectal examinations. The othe... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2697 | cochrane-simplification-train-2697 | Eight trials comprising 468 participants were included. For the primary outcome of subjective tinnitus loudness we found no evidence of a difference between CBT and no treatment or another intervention (yoga, education and 'minimal contact - education'). In the secondary outcomes we found evidence that quality of life ... | Eight trials (468 participants) are included in this review. Data analysis did not demonstrate any significant effect in the subjective loudness of tinnitus. We found, however, a significant improvement in the depression associated with tinnitus and quality of life (decrease of global tinnitus severity), suggesting tha... | 10.1002/14651858.CD005233.pub3 | [
"Eight trials (468 participants) are included in this review. Data analysis did not demonstrate any significant effect in the subjective loudness of tinnitus. We found, however, a significant improvement in the depression associated with tinnitus and quality of life (decrease of global tinnitus severity), suggestin... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2698 | cochrane-simplification-train-2698 | We included four cross-over RCTs with a total of 209 participants, ranging in age from 23 to 85 and with a preponderance of men. All the studies allowed the use of hearing aids for a total period of at least eight weeks before questions on preference were asked. All studies recruited patients with bilateral hearing los... | We included four studies with a total of 209 patients, ranging in age from 23 to 85 and with more men than women. All the studies allowed the use of hearing aids for a total period of at least eight weeks before questions were asked about their preference for one or two aids. In all the studies the patients had bilater... | 10.1002/14651858.CD012665.pub2 | [
"We included four studies with a total of 209 patients, ranging in age from 23 to 85 and with more men than women. All the studies allowed the use of hearing aids for a total period of at least eight weeks before questions were asked about their preference for one or two aids. In all the studies the patients had bi... |
cochrane-simplification-train-2699 | cochrane-simplification-train-2699 | We included 17 relevant trials (with 556 review-relevant participants) which we categorised into three types of interventions: (1) various exposures to bright light (n = 10); (2) various opportunities for napping (n = 4); and (3) other interventions, such as physical exercise or sleep education (n = 3). In most instanc... | We found 17 randomised controlled trials (with 556 participants) to include in this review. We rated the quality of evidence provided by most of the included studies to be between low and very low. The studies could be divided into three different types of interventions: (1) exposure to bright light; (2) a napping oppo... | 10.1002/14651858.CD010641.pub2 | [
"We found 17 randomised controlled trials (with 556 participants) to include in this review. We rated the quality of evidence provided by most of the included studies to be between low and very low. The studies could be divided into three different types of interventions: (1) exposure to bright light; (2) a napping... |
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