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gem-squad_v2-train-13200 | 56e780f800c9c71400d771d1 | Nanjing | Nanjing ( listen; Chinese: 南京, "Southern Capital") is the city situated in the heartland of lower Yangtze River region in China, which has long been a major centre of culture, education, research, politics, economy, transport networks and tourism. It is the capital city of Jiangsu province of People's Republic of China and the second largest city in East China, with a total population of 8,216,100, and legally the capital of Republic of China which lost the mainland during the civil war. The city whose name means "Southern Capital" has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having served as the capitals of various Chinese dynasties, kingdoms and republican governments dating from the 3rd century AD to 1949. Prior to the advent of pinyin romanization, Nanjing's city name was spelled as Nanking or Nankin. Nanjing has a number of other names, and some historical names are now used as names of districts of the city, and among them there is the name Jiangning (江寧), whose former character Jiang (江, River) is the former part of the name Jiangsu and latter character Ning (寧, simplified form 宁, Peace) is the short name of Nanjing. When being the capital of a state, for instance, ROC, Jing (京) is adopted as the abbreviation of Nanjing. Although as a city located in southern part of China becoming Chinese national capital as early as in Jin dynasty, the name Nanjing was designated to the city in Ming dynasty, about a thousand years later. Nanjing is particularly known as Jinling (金陵, literally meaning Gold Mountain) and the old name has been used since the Warring States Period in Zhou Dynasty. | What is the legal capital of the Republic of China? | What is the legal capital of the Republic of China? | [
"What is the legal capital of the Republic of China?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nanjing"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13201 | 56e780f800c9c71400d771d2 | Nanjing | Nanjing ( listen; Chinese: 南京, "Southern Capital") is the city situated in the heartland of lower Yangtze River region in China, which has long been a major centre of culture, education, research, politics, economy, transport networks and tourism. It is the capital city of Jiangsu province of People's Republic of China and the second largest city in East China, with a total population of 8,216,100, and legally the capital of Republic of China which lost the mainland during the civil war. The city whose name means "Southern Capital" has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having served as the capitals of various Chinese dynasties, kingdoms and republican governments dating from the 3rd century AD to 1949. Prior to the advent of pinyin romanization, Nanjing's city name was spelled as Nanking or Nankin. Nanjing has a number of other names, and some historical names are now used as names of districts of the city, and among them there is the name Jiangning (江寧), whose former character Jiang (江, River) is the former part of the name Jiangsu and latter character Ning (寧, simplified form 宁, Peace) is the short name of Nanjing. When being the capital of a state, for instance, ROC, Jing (京) is adopted as the abbreviation of Nanjing. Although as a city located in southern part of China becoming Chinese national capital as early as in Jin dynasty, the name Nanjing was designated to the city in Ming dynasty, about a thousand years later. Nanjing is particularly known as Jinling (金陵, literally meaning Gold Mountain) and the old name has been used since the Warring States Period in Zhou Dynasty. | What region is Nanjing in? | What region is Nanjing in? | [
"What region is Nanjing in?"
] | {
"text": [
"lower Yangtze River region"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13202 | 56e780f800c9c71400d771d3 | Nanjing | Nanjing ( listen; Chinese: 南京, "Southern Capital") is the city situated in the heartland of lower Yangtze River region in China, which has long been a major centre of culture, education, research, politics, economy, transport networks and tourism. It is the capital city of Jiangsu province of People's Republic of China and the second largest city in East China, with a total population of 8,216,100, and legally the capital of Republic of China which lost the mainland during the civil war. The city whose name means "Southern Capital" has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having served as the capitals of various Chinese dynasties, kingdoms and republican governments dating from the 3rd century AD to 1949. Prior to the advent of pinyin romanization, Nanjing's city name was spelled as Nanking or Nankin. Nanjing has a number of other names, and some historical names are now used as names of districts of the city, and among them there is the name Jiangning (江寧), whose former character Jiang (江, River) is the former part of the name Jiangsu and latter character Ning (寧, simplified form 宁, Peace) is the short name of Nanjing. When being the capital of a state, for instance, ROC, Jing (京) is adopted as the abbreviation of Nanjing. Although as a city located in southern part of China becoming Chinese national capital as early as in Jin dynasty, the name Nanjing was designated to the city in Ming dynasty, about a thousand years later. Nanjing is particularly known as Jinling (金陵, literally meaning Gold Mountain) and the old name has been used since the Warring States Period in Zhou Dynasty. | When was the city given the name Nanjing? | When was the city given the name Nanjing? | [
"When was the city given the name Nanjing?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ming dynasty"
],
"answer_start": [
1419
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13203 | 56e780f800c9c71400d771d4 | Nanjing | Nanjing ( listen; Chinese: 南京, "Southern Capital") is the city situated in the heartland of lower Yangtze River region in China, which has long been a major centre of culture, education, research, politics, economy, transport networks and tourism. It is the capital city of Jiangsu province of People's Republic of China and the second largest city in East China, with a total population of 8,216,100, and legally the capital of Republic of China which lost the mainland during the civil war. The city whose name means "Southern Capital" has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having served as the capitals of various Chinese dynasties, kingdoms and republican governments dating from the 3rd century AD to 1949. Prior to the advent of pinyin romanization, Nanjing's city name was spelled as Nanking or Nankin. Nanjing has a number of other names, and some historical names are now used as names of districts of the city, and among them there is the name Jiangning (江寧), whose former character Jiang (江, River) is the former part of the name Jiangsu and latter character Ning (寧, simplified form 宁, Peace) is the short name of Nanjing. When being the capital of a state, for instance, ROC, Jing (京) is adopted as the abbreviation of Nanjing. Although as a city located in southern part of China becoming Chinese national capital as early as in Jin dynasty, the name Nanjing was designated to the city in Ming dynasty, about a thousand years later. Nanjing is particularly known as Jinling (金陵, literally meaning Gold Mountain) and the old name has been used since the Warring States Period in Zhou Dynasty. | When did Nanjing become the Chinese national capital? | When did Nanjing become the Chinese national capital? | [
"When did Nanjing become the Chinese national capital?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jin dynasty"
],
"answer_start": [
1359
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13204 | 56e780f800c9c71400d771d5 | Nanjing | Nanjing ( listen; Chinese: 南京, "Southern Capital") is the city situated in the heartland of lower Yangtze River region in China, which has long been a major centre of culture, education, research, politics, economy, transport networks and tourism. It is the capital city of Jiangsu province of People's Republic of China and the second largest city in East China, with a total population of 8,216,100, and legally the capital of Republic of China which lost the mainland during the civil war. The city whose name means "Southern Capital" has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having served as the capitals of various Chinese dynasties, kingdoms and republican governments dating from the 3rd century AD to 1949. Prior to the advent of pinyin romanization, Nanjing's city name was spelled as Nanking or Nankin. Nanjing has a number of other names, and some historical names are now used as names of districts of the city, and among them there is the name Jiangning (江寧), whose former character Jiang (江, River) is the former part of the name Jiangsu and latter character Ning (寧, simplified form 宁, Peace) is the short name of Nanjing. When being the capital of a state, for instance, ROC, Jing (京) is adopted as the abbreviation of Nanjing. Although as a city located in southern part of China becoming Chinese national capital as early as in Jin dynasty, the name Nanjing was designated to the city in Ming dynasty, about a thousand years later. Nanjing is particularly known as Jinling (金陵, literally meaning Gold Mountain) and the old name has been used since the Warring States Period in Zhou Dynasty. | What does Nanjing mean? | What does Nanjing mean? | [
"What does Nanjing mean?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"Southern Capital\""
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13205 | 56e781ea37bdd419002c4058 | Nanjing | Located in Yangtze River Delta area and the center of East China, Nanjing is home to one of the world's largest inland ports. Nanjing is also one of the fifteen sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China's administrative structure, enjoying jurisdictional and economic autonomy only slightly less than that of a province. Nanjing has been ranked seventh in the evaluation of "Cities with Strongest Comprehensive Strength" issued by the National Statistics Bureau, and second in the evaluation of cities with most sustainable development potential in the Yangtze River Delta. It has also been awarded the title of 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honour of China, Special UN Habitat Scroll of Honour Award and National Civilized City. Nanjing boasts many high-quality universities and research institutes, with the number of universities listed in 100 National Key Universities ranking third, including Nanjing University. The ratio of college students to total population ranks No.1 among large cities nationwide. Nanjing is one of the three Chinese top research centres according to Nature Index. | What part of China (North, East, South, West) is Nanjing located? | What part of China (North, East, South, West) is Nanjing located? | [
"What part of China (North, East, South, West) is Nanjing located?"
] | {
"text": [
"East"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13206 | 56e781ea37bdd419002c4059 | Nanjing | Located in Yangtze River Delta area and the center of East China, Nanjing is home to one of the world's largest inland ports. Nanjing is also one of the fifteen sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China's administrative structure, enjoying jurisdictional and economic autonomy only slightly less than that of a province. Nanjing has been ranked seventh in the evaluation of "Cities with Strongest Comprehensive Strength" issued by the National Statistics Bureau, and second in the evaluation of cities with most sustainable development potential in the Yangtze River Delta. It has also been awarded the title of 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honour of China, Special UN Habitat Scroll of Honour Award and National Civilized City. Nanjing boasts many high-quality universities and research institutes, with the number of universities listed in 100 National Key Universities ranking third, including Nanjing University. The ratio of college students to total population ranks No.1 among large cities nationwide. Nanjing is one of the three Chinese top research centres according to Nature Index. | What does Nanjing have that is considered one of the world's biggest? | What does Nanjing have that is considered one of the world's biggest? | [
"What does Nanjing have that is considered one of the world's biggest?"
] | {
"text": [
"inland ports"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13207 | 56e781ea37bdd419002c405a | Nanjing | Located in Yangtze River Delta area and the center of East China, Nanjing is home to one of the world's largest inland ports. Nanjing is also one of the fifteen sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China's administrative structure, enjoying jurisdictional and economic autonomy only slightly less than that of a province. Nanjing has been ranked seventh in the evaluation of "Cities with Strongest Comprehensive Strength" issued by the National Statistics Bureau, and second in the evaluation of cities with most sustainable development potential in the Yangtze River Delta. It has also been awarded the title of 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honour of China, Special UN Habitat Scroll of Honour Award and National Civilized City. Nanjing boasts many high-quality universities and research institutes, with the number of universities listed in 100 National Key Universities ranking third, including Nanjing University. The ratio of college students to total population ranks No.1 among large cities nationwide. Nanjing is one of the three Chinese top research centres according to Nature Index. | What river is Nanjing associated with? | What river is Nanjing associated with? | [
"What river is Nanjing associated with?"
] | {
"text": [
"Yangtze River"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13208 | 56e781ea37bdd419002c405b | Nanjing | Located in Yangtze River Delta area and the center of East China, Nanjing is home to one of the world's largest inland ports. Nanjing is also one of the fifteen sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China's administrative structure, enjoying jurisdictional and economic autonomy only slightly less than that of a province. Nanjing has been ranked seventh in the evaluation of "Cities with Strongest Comprehensive Strength" issued by the National Statistics Bureau, and second in the evaluation of cities with most sustainable development potential in the Yangtze River Delta. It has also been awarded the title of 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honour of China, Special UN Habitat Scroll of Honour Award and National Civilized City. Nanjing boasts many high-quality universities and research institutes, with the number of universities listed in 100 National Key Universities ranking third, including Nanjing University. The ratio of college students to total population ranks No.1 among large cities nationwide. Nanjing is one of the three Chinese top research centres according to Nature Index. | What city was awarded the 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honour of China? | What city was awarded the 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honour of China? | [
"What city was awarded the 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honour of China?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nanjing"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13209 | 56e782c737bdd419002c4069 | Nanjing | Nanjing, one of the nation's most important cities for over a thousand years, is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, and had been the world's largest city aggregately for hundreds of years, enjoyed peace and prosperity and beared wars and disasters. Nanjing served as the capital of Eastern Wu, one of the three major states in the Three Kingdoms period (211-280); the Eastern Jin and each of the Southern Dynasties (Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang and Chen), which successively ruled southern China from 317-589; the Southern Tang, one of the Ten Kingdoms (937-76); the Ming dynasty when, for the first time, all of China was ruled from the city (1368-1421); and the Republic of China (1927–37, 1945–49) prior to its flight to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War. The city also served as the seat of the rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851–64) and the Japanese puppet regime of Wang Jingwei (1940–45) during the Second Sino-Japanese War, and suffered appalling atrocities in both conflicts, including the Nanjing Massacre. It has been serving as the capital city of Jiangsu province after the China was established, and is still the nominal capital of Republic of China that accommodates many of its important heritage sites, including the Presidential Palace and Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. Nanjing is famous for human historical landscapes, mountains and waters such as Fuzimiao, Ming Palace, Chaotian Palace, Porcelain Tower, Drum Tower, Stone City, City Wall, Qinhuai River, Xuanwu Lake and Purple Mountain. Key cultural facilities include Nanjing Library, Nanjing Museum and Art Museum. | How long has Nanjing been important? | How long has Nanjing been important? | [
"How long has Nanjing been important?"
] | {
"text": [
"over a thousand years"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13210 | 56e782c737bdd419002c406a | Nanjing | Nanjing, one of the nation's most important cities for over a thousand years, is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, and had been the world's largest city aggregately for hundreds of years, enjoyed peace and prosperity and beared wars and disasters. Nanjing served as the capital of Eastern Wu, one of the three major states in the Three Kingdoms period (211-280); the Eastern Jin and each of the Southern Dynasties (Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang and Chen), which successively ruled southern China from 317-589; the Southern Tang, one of the Ten Kingdoms (937-76); the Ming dynasty when, for the first time, all of China was ruled from the city (1368-1421); and the Republic of China (1927–37, 1945–49) prior to its flight to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War. The city also served as the seat of the rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851–64) and the Japanese puppet regime of Wang Jingwei (1940–45) during the Second Sino-Japanese War, and suffered appalling atrocities in both conflicts, including the Nanjing Massacre. It has been serving as the capital city of Jiangsu province after the China was established, and is still the nominal capital of Republic of China that accommodates many of its important heritage sites, including the Presidential Palace and Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. Nanjing is famous for human historical landscapes, mountains and waters such as Fuzimiao, Ming Palace, Chaotian Palace, Porcelain Tower, Drum Tower, Stone City, City Wall, Qinhuai River, Xuanwu Lake and Purple Mountain. Key cultural facilities include Nanjing Library, Nanjing Museum and Art Museum. | How many Great Ancient Capitals does China have? | How many Great Ancient Capitals does China have? | [
"How many Great Ancient Capitals does China have?"
] | {
"text": [
"Four"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13211 | 56e782c737bdd419002c406b | Nanjing | Nanjing, one of the nation's most important cities for over a thousand years, is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, and had been the world's largest city aggregately for hundreds of years, enjoyed peace and prosperity and beared wars and disasters. Nanjing served as the capital of Eastern Wu, one of the three major states in the Three Kingdoms period (211-280); the Eastern Jin and each of the Southern Dynasties (Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang and Chen), which successively ruled southern China from 317-589; the Southern Tang, one of the Ten Kingdoms (937-76); the Ming dynasty when, for the first time, all of China was ruled from the city (1368-1421); and the Republic of China (1927–37, 1945–49) prior to its flight to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War. The city also served as the seat of the rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851–64) and the Japanese puppet regime of Wang Jingwei (1940–45) during the Second Sino-Japanese War, and suffered appalling atrocities in both conflicts, including the Nanjing Massacre. It has been serving as the capital city of Jiangsu province after the China was established, and is still the nominal capital of Republic of China that accommodates many of its important heritage sites, including the Presidential Palace and Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. Nanjing is famous for human historical landscapes, mountains and waters such as Fuzimiao, Ming Palace, Chaotian Palace, Porcelain Tower, Drum Tower, Stone City, City Wall, Qinhuai River, Xuanwu Lake and Purple Mountain. Key cultural facilities include Nanjing Library, Nanjing Museum and Art Museum. | What city is considered to be the nominal capital of the Republic of China? | What city is considered to be the nominal capital of the Republic of China? | [
"What city is considered to be the nominal capital of the Republic of China?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nanjing"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13212 | 56e782c737bdd419002c406c | Nanjing | Nanjing, one of the nation's most important cities for over a thousand years, is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, and had been the world's largest city aggregately for hundreds of years, enjoyed peace and prosperity and beared wars and disasters. Nanjing served as the capital of Eastern Wu, one of the three major states in the Three Kingdoms period (211-280); the Eastern Jin and each of the Southern Dynasties (Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang and Chen), which successively ruled southern China from 317-589; the Southern Tang, one of the Ten Kingdoms (937-76); the Ming dynasty when, for the first time, all of China was ruled from the city (1368-1421); and the Republic of China (1927–37, 1945–49) prior to its flight to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War. The city also served as the seat of the rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851–64) and the Japanese puppet regime of Wang Jingwei (1940–45) during the Second Sino-Japanese War, and suffered appalling atrocities in both conflicts, including the Nanjing Massacre. It has been serving as the capital city of Jiangsu province after the China was established, and is still the nominal capital of Republic of China that accommodates many of its important heritage sites, including the Presidential Palace and Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. Nanjing is famous for human historical landscapes, mountains and waters such as Fuzimiao, Ming Palace, Chaotian Palace, Porcelain Tower, Drum Tower, Stone City, City Wall, Qinhuai River, Xuanwu Lake and Purple Mountain. Key cultural facilities include Nanjing Library, Nanjing Museum and Art Museum. | What mausoleum is in Nanjing? | What mausoleum is in Nanjing? | [
"What mausoleum is in Nanjing?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum"
],
"answer_start": [
1290
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13213 | 56e782c737bdd419002c406d | Nanjing | Nanjing, one of the nation's most important cities for over a thousand years, is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, and had been the world's largest city aggregately for hundreds of years, enjoyed peace and prosperity and beared wars and disasters. Nanjing served as the capital of Eastern Wu, one of the three major states in the Three Kingdoms period (211-280); the Eastern Jin and each of the Southern Dynasties (Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang and Chen), which successively ruled southern China from 317-589; the Southern Tang, one of the Ten Kingdoms (937-76); the Ming dynasty when, for the first time, all of China was ruled from the city (1368-1421); and the Republic of China (1927–37, 1945–49) prior to its flight to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War. The city also served as the seat of the rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851–64) and the Japanese puppet regime of Wang Jingwei (1940–45) during the Second Sino-Japanese War, and suffered appalling atrocities in both conflicts, including the Nanjing Massacre. It has been serving as the capital city of Jiangsu province after the China was established, and is still the nominal capital of Republic of China that accommodates many of its important heritage sites, including the Presidential Palace and Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. Nanjing is famous for human historical landscapes, mountains and waters such as Fuzimiao, Ming Palace, Chaotian Palace, Porcelain Tower, Drum Tower, Stone City, City Wall, Qinhuai River, Xuanwu Lake and Purple Mountain. Key cultural facilities include Nanjing Library, Nanjing Museum and Art Museum. | What city was the capital of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms era? | What city was the capital of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms era? | [
"What city was the capital of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms era?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nanjing"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13214 | 56e7839137bdd419002c4073 | Nanjing | Archaeological discovery shows that "Nanjing Man" lived in more than 500 thousand years ago. Zun, a kind of wine vessel, was found to exist in Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing in about 5000 years ago. In the late period of Shang dynasty, Taibo of Zhou came to Jiangnan and established Wu state, and the first stop is in Nanjing area according to some historians based on discoveries in Taowu and Hushu culture. According to legend,[which?] Fuchai, King of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng (冶城) in today's Nanjing area in 495 BC. Later in 473 BC, the State of Yue conquered Wu and constructed the fort of Yuecheng (越城) on the outskirts of the present-day Zhonghua Gate. In 333 BC, after eliminating the State of Yue, the State of Chu built Jinling Yi (金陵邑) in the western part of present-day Nanjing. It was renamed Moling (秣陵) during reign of Qin Shi Huang. Since then, the city experienced destruction and renewal many times.[citation needed] The area was successively part of Kuaiji, Zhang and Danyang prefectures in Qin and Han dynasty, and part of Yangzhou region which was established as the nation's 13 supervisory and administrative regions in the 5th year of Yuanfeng in Han dynasty (106 BC). Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang. | How long ago did "Nanjing Man" live? | How long ago did "Nanjing Man" live? | [
"How long ago did \"Nanjing Man\" live?"
] | {
"text": [
"more than 500 thousand years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13215 | 56e7839137bdd419002c4074 | Nanjing | Archaeological discovery shows that "Nanjing Man" lived in more than 500 thousand years ago. Zun, a kind of wine vessel, was found to exist in Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing in about 5000 years ago. In the late period of Shang dynasty, Taibo of Zhou came to Jiangnan and established Wu state, and the first stop is in Nanjing area according to some historians based on discoveries in Taowu and Hushu culture. According to legend,[which?] Fuchai, King of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng (冶城) in today's Nanjing area in 495 BC. Later in 473 BC, the State of Yue conquered Wu and constructed the fort of Yuecheng (越城) on the outskirts of the present-day Zhonghua Gate. In 333 BC, after eliminating the State of Yue, the State of Chu built Jinling Yi (金陵邑) in the western part of present-day Nanjing. It was renamed Moling (秣陵) during reign of Qin Shi Huang. Since then, the city experienced destruction and renewal many times.[citation needed] The area was successively part of Kuaiji, Zhang and Danyang prefectures in Qin and Han dynasty, and part of Yangzhou region which was established as the nation's 13 supervisory and administrative regions in the 5th year of Yuanfeng in Han dynasty (106 BC). Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang. | What vessel was found 5000 years ago? | What vessel was found 5000 years ago? | [
"What vessel was found 5000 years ago?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zun, a kind of wine vessel"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13216 | 56e7839137bdd419002c4075 | Nanjing | Archaeological discovery shows that "Nanjing Man" lived in more than 500 thousand years ago. Zun, a kind of wine vessel, was found to exist in Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing in about 5000 years ago. In the late period of Shang dynasty, Taibo of Zhou came to Jiangnan and established Wu state, and the first stop is in Nanjing area according to some historians based on discoveries in Taowu and Hushu culture. According to legend,[which?] Fuchai, King of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng (冶城) in today's Nanjing area in 495 BC. Later in 473 BC, the State of Yue conquered Wu and constructed the fort of Yuecheng (越城) on the outskirts of the present-day Zhonghua Gate. In 333 BC, after eliminating the State of Yue, the State of Chu built Jinling Yi (金陵邑) in the western part of present-day Nanjing. It was renamed Moling (秣陵) during reign of Qin Shi Huang. Since then, the city experienced destruction and renewal many times.[citation needed] The area was successively part of Kuaiji, Zhang and Danyang prefectures in Qin and Han dynasty, and part of Yangzhou region which was established as the nation's 13 supervisory and administrative regions in the 5th year of Yuanfeng in Han dynasty (106 BC). Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang. | When was the the fort of Yuecheng built? | When was the the fort of Yuecheng built? | [
"When was the the fort of Yuecheng built?"
] | {
"text": [
"473 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
552
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13217 | 56e7839137bdd419002c4076 | Nanjing | Archaeological discovery shows that "Nanjing Man" lived in more than 500 thousand years ago. Zun, a kind of wine vessel, was found to exist in Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing in about 5000 years ago. In the late period of Shang dynasty, Taibo of Zhou came to Jiangnan and established Wu state, and the first stop is in Nanjing area according to some historians based on discoveries in Taowu and Hushu culture. According to legend,[which?] Fuchai, King of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng (冶城) in today's Nanjing area in 495 BC. Later in 473 BC, the State of Yue conquered Wu and constructed the fort of Yuecheng (越城) on the outskirts of the present-day Zhonghua Gate. In 333 BC, after eliminating the State of Yue, the State of Chu built Jinling Yi (金陵邑) in the western part of present-day Nanjing. It was renamed Moling (秣陵) during reign of Qin Shi Huang. Since then, the city experienced destruction and renewal many times.[citation needed] The area was successively part of Kuaiji, Zhang and Danyang prefectures in Qin and Han dynasty, and part of Yangzhou region which was established as the nation's 13 supervisory and administrative regions in the 5th year of Yuanfeng in Han dynasty (106 BC). Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang. | How long had Nanjing been the capital city of Yangzhou? | How long had Nanjing been the capital city of Yangzhou? | [
"How long had Nanjing been the capital city of Yangzhou?"
] | {
"text": [
"about 400 years"
],
"answer_start": [
1319
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13218 | 56e7839137bdd419002c4077 | Nanjing | Archaeological discovery shows that "Nanjing Man" lived in more than 500 thousand years ago. Zun, a kind of wine vessel, was found to exist in Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing in about 5000 years ago. In the late period of Shang dynasty, Taibo of Zhou came to Jiangnan and established Wu state, and the first stop is in Nanjing area according to some historians based on discoveries in Taowu and Hushu culture. According to legend,[which?] Fuchai, King of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng (冶城) in today's Nanjing area in 495 BC. Later in 473 BC, the State of Yue conquered Wu and constructed the fort of Yuecheng (越城) on the outskirts of the present-day Zhonghua Gate. In 333 BC, after eliminating the State of Yue, the State of Chu built Jinling Yi (金陵邑) in the western part of present-day Nanjing. It was renamed Moling (秣陵) during reign of Qin Shi Huang. Since then, the city experienced destruction and renewal many times.[citation needed] The area was successively part of Kuaiji, Zhang and Danyang prefectures in Qin and Han dynasty, and part of Yangzhou region which was established as the nation's 13 supervisory and administrative regions in the 5th year of Yuanfeng in Han dynasty (106 BC). Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang. | When was the Wu state created? | When was the Wu state created? | [
"When was the Wu state created?"
] | {
"text": [
"the late period of Shang dynasty"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13219 | 56e7845837bdd419002c407d | Nanjing | Nanjing first became a state capital in 229 AD, when the state of Eastern Wu founded by Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms period relocated its capital to Jianye (建業), the city extended on the basis of Jinling Yi in 211 AD. Although conquered by the Western Jin dynasty in 280, Nanjing and its neighbouring areas had been well cultivated and developed into one of the commercial, cultural and political centers of China during the rule of East Wu. This city would soon play a vital role in the following centuries. | When did Nanjing become a state capital? | When did Nanjing become a state capital? | [
"When did Nanjing become a state capital?"
] | {
"text": [
"229 AD"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13220 | 56e7845837bdd419002c407e | Nanjing | Nanjing first became a state capital in 229 AD, when the state of Eastern Wu founded by Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms period relocated its capital to Jianye (建業), the city extended on the basis of Jinling Yi in 211 AD. Although conquered by the Western Jin dynasty in 280, Nanjing and its neighbouring areas had been well cultivated and developed into one of the commercial, cultural and political centers of China during the rule of East Wu. This city would soon play a vital role in the following centuries. | Who founded Eastern Wu? | Who founded Eastern Wu? | [
"Who founded Eastern Wu?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sun Quan"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13221 | 56e7845837bdd419002c407f | Nanjing | Nanjing first became a state capital in 229 AD, when the state of Eastern Wu founded by Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms period relocated its capital to Jianye (建業), the city extended on the basis of Jinling Yi in 211 AD. Although conquered by the Western Jin dynasty in 280, Nanjing and its neighbouring areas had been well cultivated and developed into one of the commercial, cultural and political centers of China during the rule of East Wu. This city would soon play a vital role in the following centuries. | When was Eastern Wu founded? | When was Eastern Wu founded? | [
"When was Eastern Wu founded?"
] | {
"text": [
"during the Three Kingdoms period"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13222 | 56e7845837bdd419002c4080 | Nanjing | Nanjing first became a state capital in 229 AD, when the state of Eastern Wu founded by Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms period relocated its capital to Jianye (建業), the city extended on the basis of Jinling Yi in 211 AD. Although conquered by the Western Jin dynasty in 280, Nanjing and its neighbouring areas had been well cultivated and developed into one of the commercial, cultural and political centers of China during the rule of East Wu. This city would soon play a vital role in the following centuries. | Who defeated Nanjing and took over in 280? | Who defeated Nanjing and took over in 280? | [
"Who defeated Nanjing and took over in 280?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Western Jin dynasty"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13223 | 56e7845837bdd419002c4081 | Nanjing | Nanjing first became a state capital in 229 AD, when the state of Eastern Wu founded by Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms period relocated its capital to Jianye (建業), the city extended on the basis of Jinling Yi in 211 AD. Although conquered by the Western Jin dynasty in 280, Nanjing and its neighbouring areas had been well cultivated and developed into one of the commercial, cultural and political centers of China during the rule of East Wu. This city would soon play a vital role in the following centuries. | When was Nanjing extended? | When was Nanjing extended? | [
"When was Nanjing extended?"
] | {
"text": [
"211 AD"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13224 | 56e7853a37bdd419002c4087 | Nanjing | Shortly after the unification of the region, the Western Jin dynasty collapsed. First the rebellions by eight Jin princes for the throne and later rebellions and invasion from Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples that destroyed the rule of the Jin dynasty in the north. In 317, remnants of the Jin court, as well as nobles and wealthy families, fled from the north to the south and reestablished the Jin court in Nanjing, which was then called Jiankang (建康), replacing Luoyang. It's the first time that the capital of the nation moved to southern part. | What happened prior to the collapse of the Western Jin dynasty? | What happened prior to the collapse of the Western Jin dynasty? | [
"What happened prior to the collapse of the Western Jin dynasty?"
] | {
"text": [
"the unification of the region"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13225 | 56e7853a37bdd419002c4088 | Nanjing | Shortly after the unification of the region, the Western Jin dynasty collapsed. First the rebellions by eight Jin princes for the throne and later rebellions and invasion from Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples that destroyed the rule of the Jin dynasty in the north. In 317, remnants of the Jin court, as well as nobles and wealthy families, fled from the north to the south and reestablished the Jin court in Nanjing, which was then called Jiankang (建康), replacing Luoyang. It's the first time that the capital of the nation moved to southern part. | When did the Jin court head South? | When did the Jin court head South? | [
"When did the Jin court head South?"
] | {
"text": [
"317"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13226 | 56e7853a37bdd419002c4089 | Nanjing | Shortly after the unification of the region, the Western Jin dynasty collapsed. First the rebellions by eight Jin princes for the throne and later rebellions and invasion from Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples that destroyed the rule of the Jin dynasty in the north. In 317, remnants of the Jin court, as well as nobles and wealthy families, fled from the north to the south and reestablished the Jin court in Nanjing, which was then called Jiankang (建康), replacing Luoyang. It's the first time that the capital of the nation moved to southern part. | Where did the Jin court re-establish itself, after fleeing? | Where did the Jin court re-establish itself, after fleeing? | [
"Where did the Jin court re-establish itself, after fleeing?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nanjing"
],
"answer_start": [
410
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13227 | 56e7853a37bdd419002c408b | Nanjing | Shortly after the unification of the region, the Western Jin dynasty collapsed. First the rebellions by eight Jin princes for the throne and later rebellions and invasion from Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples that destroyed the rule of the Jin dynasty in the north. In 317, remnants of the Jin court, as well as nobles and wealthy families, fled from the north to the south and reestablished the Jin court in Nanjing, which was then called Jiankang (建康), replacing Luoyang. It's the first time that the capital of the nation moved to southern part. | Who fled with the Jin court to the South? | Who fled with the Jin court to the South? | [
"Who fled with the Jin court to the South?"
] | {
"text": [
"nobles and wealthy families"
],
"answer_start": [
313
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13228 | 56e7860900c9c71400d77231 | Nanjing | During the period of North–South division, Nanjing remained the capital of the Southern dynasties for more than two and a half centuries. During this time, Nanjing was the international hub of East Asia. Based on historical documents, the city had 280,000 registered households. Assuming an average Nanjing household had about 5.1 people at that time, the city had more than 1.4 million residents. | How long was Nanjing the capital of the Southern dynasties? | How long was Nanjing the capital of the Southern dynasties? | [
"How long was Nanjing the capital of the Southern dynasties?"
] | {
"text": [
"more than two and a half centuries"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13229 | 56e7860900c9c71400d77232 | Nanjing | During the period of North–South division, Nanjing remained the capital of the Southern dynasties for more than two and a half centuries. During this time, Nanjing was the international hub of East Asia. Based on historical documents, the city had 280,000 registered households. Assuming an average Nanjing household had about 5.1 people at that time, the city had more than 1.4 million residents. | During the time of the North–South division, what city was the center of East Asia? | During the time of the North–South division, what city was the center of East Asia? | [
"During the time of the North–South division, what city was the center of East Asia?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nanjing"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13230 | 56e7860900c9c71400d77233 | Nanjing | During the period of North–South division, Nanjing remained the capital of the Southern dynasties for more than two and a half centuries. During this time, Nanjing was the international hub of East Asia. Based on historical documents, the city had 280,000 registered households. Assuming an average Nanjing household had about 5.1 people at that time, the city had more than 1.4 million residents. | During the time of the North–South division, how many households were in Nanjing? | During the time of the North–South division, how many households were in Nanjing? | [
"During the time of the North–South division, how many households were in Nanjing?"
] | {
"text": [
"280,000 registered households"
],
"answer_start": [
248
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13231 | 56e7860900c9c71400d77234 | Nanjing | During the period of North–South division, Nanjing remained the capital of the Southern dynasties for more than two and a half centuries. During this time, Nanjing was the international hub of East Asia. Based on historical documents, the city had 280,000 registered households. Assuming an average Nanjing household had about 5.1 people at that time, the city had more than 1.4 million residents. | What is the estimated population of Nanjing during that time? | What is the estimated population of Nanjing during that time? | [
"What is the estimated population of Nanjing during that time?"
] | {
"text": [
"more than 1.4 million residents"
],
"answer_start": [
365
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13232 | 56e7860900c9c71400d77235 | Nanjing | During the period of North–South division, Nanjing remained the capital of the Southern dynasties for more than two and a half centuries. During this time, Nanjing was the international hub of East Asia. Based on historical documents, the city had 280,000 registered households. Assuming an average Nanjing household had about 5.1 people at that time, the city had more than 1.4 million residents. | Where did the information on registered households during that period originate? | Where did the information on registered households during that period originate? | [
"Where did the information on registered households during that period originate?"
] | {
"text": [
"historical documents"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13233 | 56e786c937bdd419002c40ab | Nanjing | A number of sculptural ensembles of that era, erected at the tombs of royals and other dignitaries, have survived (in various degrees of preservation) in Nanjing's northeastern and eastern suburbs, primarily in Qixia and Jiangning District. Possibly the best preserved of them is the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu (475–518), a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang. The period of division ended when the Sui Dynasty reunified China and almost destroyed the entire city, turning it into a small town. | What has survived in Nanjing's suburbs? | What has survived in Nanjing's suburbs? | [
"What has survived in Nanjing's suburbs?"
] | {
"text": [
"A number of sculptural ensembles"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13234 | 56e786c937bdd419002c40ac | Nanjing | A number of sculptural ensembles of that era, erected at the tombs of royals and other dignitaries, have survived (in various degrees of preservation) in Nanjing's northeastern and eastern suburbs, primarily in Qixia and Jiangning District. Possibly the best preserved of them is the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu (475–518), a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang. The period of division ended when the Sui Dynasty reunified China and almost destroyed the entire city, turning it into a small town. | In what district are these sculptural pieces located? | In what district are these sculptural pieces located? | [
"In what district are these sculptural pieces located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Qixia and Jiangning District"
],
"answer_start": [
211
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13235 | 56e786c937bdd419002c40ad | Nanjing | A number of sculptural ensembles of that era, erected at the tombs of royals and other dignitaries, have survived (in various degrees of preservation) in Nanjing's northeastern and eastern suburbs, primarily in Qixia and Jiangning District. Possibly the best preserved of them is the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu (475–518), a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang. The period of division ended when the Sui Dynasty reunified China and almost destroyed the entire city, turning it into a small town. | Which piece is the best, in terms of preservation condition? | Which piece is the best, in terms of preservation condition? | [
"Which piece is the best, in terms of preservation condition?"
] | {
"text": [
"the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13236 | 56e786c937bdd419002c40ae | Nanjing | A number of sculptural ensembles of that era, erected at the tombs of royals and other dignitaries, have survived (in various degrees of preservation) in Nanjing's northeastern and eastern suburbs, primarily in Qixia and Jiangning District. Possibly the best preserved of them is the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu (475–518), a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang. The period of division ended when the Sui Dynasty reunified China and almost destroyed the entire city, turning it into a small town. | Who was Xiao Xiu? | Who was Xiao Xiu? | [
"Who was Xiao Xiu?"
] | {
"text": [
"a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang"
],
"answer_start": [
328
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13237 | 56e786c937bdd419002c40af | Nanjing | A number of sculptural ensembles of that era, erected at the tombs of royals and other dignitaries, have survived (in various degrees of preservation) in Nanjing's northeastern and eastern suburbs, primarily in Qixia and Jiangning District. Possibly the best preserved of them is the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu (475–518), a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang. The period of division ended when the Sui Dynasty reunified China and almost destroyed the entire city, turning it into a small town. | When did Xiao Xiu live? | When did Xiao Xiu live? | [
"When did Xiao Xiu live?"
] | {
"text": [
"475–518"
],
"answer_start": [
318
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13238 | 56e787d900c9c71400d77252 | Nanjing | The city of Nanjing was razed after the Sui dynasty took over it. It renamed Shengzhou (昇州) in Tang dynasty and resuscitated during the late Tang. It was chosen as the capital and called Jinling (金陵) during the Southern Tang (937–976), a state that succeeded Wu state. It renamed Jiangning (江寧) in Northern Song dynasty and renamed Jiankang in Southern Song dynasty. Jiankang's textile industry burgeoned and thrived during the Song dynasty despite the constant threat of foreign invasions from the north by the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty. The court of Da Chu, a short-lived puppet state established by the Jurchens, and the court of Song were once in the city. Song was eventually exterminated by the Mongol empire under the name Yuan and in Yuan dynasty the city's status as a hub of the textile industry was further consolidated. | When was Nanjing made a capital again? | When was Nanjing made a capital again? | [
"When was Nanjing made a capital again?"
] | {
"text": [
"during the Southern Tang (937–976)"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13239 | 56e787d900c9c71400d77253 | Nanjing | The city of Nanjing was razed after the Sui dynasty took over it. It renamed Shengzhou (昇州) in Tang dynasty and resuscitated during the late Tang. It was chosen as the capital and called Jinling (金陵) during the Southern Tang (937–976), a state that succeeded Wu state. It renamed Jiangning (江寧) in Northern Song dynasty and renamed Jiankang in Southern Song dynasty. Jiankang's textile industry burgeoned and thrived during the Song dynasty despite the constant threat of foreign invasions from the north by the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty. The court of Da Chu, a short-lived puppet state established by the Jurchens, and the court of Song were once in the city. Song was eventually exterminated by the Mongol empire under the name Yuan and in Yuan dynasty the city's status as a hub of the textile industry was further consolidated. | During what dynasty did Nanjing become a thriving textile city? | During what dynasty did Nanjing become a thriving textile city? | [
"During what dynasty did Nanjing become a thriving textile city?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Song dynasty"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13240 | 56e787d900c9c71400d77254 | Nanjing | The city of Nanjing was razed after the Sui dynasty took over it. It renamed Shengzhou (昇州) in Tang dynasty and resuscitated during the late Tang. It was chosen as the capital and called Jinling (金陵) during the Southern Tang (937–976), a state that succeeded Wu state. It renamed Jiangning (江寧) in Northern Song dynasty and renamed Jiankang in Southern Song dynasty. Jiankang's textile industry burgeoned and thrived during the Song dynasty despite the constant threat of foreign invasions from the north by the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty. The court of Da Chu, a short-lived puppet state established by the Jurchens, and the court of Song were once in the city. Song was eventually exterminated by the Mongol empire under the name Yuan and in Yuan dynasty the city's status as a hub of the textile industry was further consolidated. | What was the name of the short-lived puppet court created by the Jurchens? | What was the name of the short-lived puppet court created by the Jurchens? | [
"What was the name of the short-lived puppet court created by the Jurchens?"
] | {
"text": [
"The court of Da Chu"
],
"answer_start": [
537
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13241 | 56e787d900c9c71400d77255 | Nanjing | The city of Nanjing was razed after the Sui dynasty took over it. It renamed Shengzhou (昇州) in Tang dynasty and resuscitated during the late Tang. It was chosen as the capital and called Jinling (金陵) during the Southern Tang (937–976), a state that succeeded Wu state. It renamed Jiangning (江寧) in Northern Song dynasty and renamed Jiankang in Southern Song dynasty. Jiankang's textile industry burgeoned and thrived during the Song dynasty despite the constant threat of foreign invasions from the north by the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty. The court of Da Chu, a short-lived puppet state established by the Jurchens, and the court of Song were once in the city. Song was eventually exterminated by the Mongol empire under the name Yuan and in Yuan dynasty the city's status as a hub of the textile industry was further consolidated. | Who defeated the court of Song? | Who defeated the court of Song? | [
"Who defeated the court of Song?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Mongol empire"
],
"answer_start": [
695
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13242 | 56e788b100c9c71400d7725b | Nanjing | The first emperor of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang (the Hongwu Emperor), who overthrew the Yuan dynasty, renamed the city Yingtian, rebuilt it, and made it the dynastic capital in 1368. He constructed a 48 km (30 mi) long city wall around Yingtian, as well as a new Ming Palace complex, and government halls. It took 200,000 laborers 21 years to finish the project. The present-day City Wall of Nanjing was mainly built during that time and today it remains in good condition and has been well preserved. It is among the longest surviving city walls in China. The Jianwen Emperor ruled from 1398 to 1402. | Who was the first emperor of the Ming dynasty? | Who was the first emperor of the Ming dynasty? | [
"Who was the first emperor of the Ming dynasty?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zhu Yuanzhang"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13243 | 56e788b100c9c71400d7725c | Nanjing | The first emperor of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang (the Hongwu Emperor), who overthrew the Yuan dynasty, renamed the city Yingtian, rebuilt it, and made it the dynastic capital in 1368. He constructed a 48 km (30 mi) long city wall around Yingtian, as well as a new Ming Palace complex, and government halls. It took 200,000 laborers 21 years to finish the project. The present-day City Wall of Nanjing was mainly built during that time and today it remains in good condition and has been well preserved. It is among the longest surviving city walls in China. The Jianwen Emperor ruled from 1398 to 1402. | Who did Zhu Yuanzhang defeat? | Who did Zhu Yuanzhang defeat? | [
"Who did Zhu Yuanzhang defeat?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Yuan dynasty"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13244 | 56e788b100c9c71400d7725d | Nanjing | The first emperor of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang (the Hongwu Emperor), who overthrew the Yuan dynasty, renamed the city Yingtian, rebuilt it, and made it the dynastic capital in 1368. He constructed a 48 km (30 mi) long city wall around Yingtian, as well as a new Ming Palace complex, and government halls. It took 200,000 laborers 21 years to finish the project. The present-day City Wall of Nanjing was mainly built during that time and today it remains in good condition and has been well preserved. It is among the longest surviving city walls in China. The Jianwen Emperor ruled from 1398 to 1402. | What did Zhu Yuanzhang build around the city of Nanjing? | What did Zhu Yuanzhang build around the city of Nanjing? | [
"What did Zhu Yuanzhang build around the city of Nanjing?"
] | {
"text": [
"long city wall"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13245 | 56e788b200c9c71400d7725e | Nanjing | The first emperor of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang (the Hongwu Emperor), who overthrew the Yuan dynasty, renamed the city Yingtian, rebuilt it, and made it the dynastic capital in 1368. He constructed a 48 km (30 mi) long city wall around Yingtian, as well as a new Ming Palace complex, and government halls. It took 200,000 laborers 21 years to finish the project. The present-day City Wall of Nanjing was mainly built during that time and today it remains in good condition and has been well preserved. It is among the longest surviving city walls in China. The Jianwen Emperor ruled from 1398 to 1402. | How long did it take to finish the wall? | How long did it take to finish the wall? | [
"How long did it take to finish the wall?"
] | {
"text": [
"21 years"
],
"answer_start": [
336
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13246 | 56e788b200c9c71400d7725f | Nanjing | The first emperor of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang (the Hongwu Emperor), who overthrew the Yuan dynasty, renamed the city Yingtian, rebuilt it, and made it the dynastic capital in 1368. He constructed a 48 km (30 mi) long city wall around Yingtian, as well as a new Ming Palace complex, and government halls. It took 200,000 laborers 21 years to finish the project. The present-day City Wall of Nanjing was mainly built during that time and today it remains in good condition and has been well preserved. It is among the longest surviving city walls in China. The Jianwen Emperor ruled from 1398 to 1402. | How many workers worked on the wall? | How many workers worked on the wall? | [
"How many workers worked on the wall?"
] | {
"text": [
"200,000"
],
"answer_start": [
319
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13247 | 56e7894300c9c71400d77265 | Nanjing | It is believed that Nanjing was the largest city in the world from 1358 to 1425 with a population of 487,000 in 1400. Nanjing remained the capital of the Ming Empire until 1421, when the third emperor of the Ming dynasty, the Yongle Emperor, relocated the capital to Beijing. | When was Nanjing considered to be the biggest city in the world? | When was Nanjing considered to be the biggest city in the world? | [
"When was Nanjing considered to be the biggest city in the world?"
] | {
"text": [
"from 1358 to 1425"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13248 | 56e7894300c9c71400d77266 | Nanjing | It is believed that Nanjing was the largest city in the world from 1358 to 1425 with a population of 487,000 in 1400. Nanjing remained the capital of the Ming Empire until 1421, when the third emperor of the Ming dynasty, the Yongle Emperor, relocated the capital to Beijing. | What was the number of people in Nanjing in 1400? | What was the number of people in Nanjing in 1400? | [
"What was the number of people in Nanjing in 1400?"
] | {
"text": [
"487,000"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13249 | 56e7894300c9c71400d77267 | Nanjing | It is believed that Nanjing was the largest city in the world from 1358 to 1425 with a population of 487,000 in 1400. Nanjing remained the capital of the Ming Empire until 1421, when the third emperor of the Ming dynasty, the Yongle Emperor, relocated the capital to Beijing. | When did Nanjing cease to be the capital? | When did Nanjing cease to be the capital? | [
"When did Nanjing cease to be the capital?"
] | {
"text": [
"1421"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13250 | 56e7894300c9c71400d77268 | Nanjing | It is believed that Nanjing was the largest city in the world from 1358 to 1425 with a population of 487,000 in 1400. Nanjing remained the capital of the Ming Empire until 1421, when the third emperor of the Ming dynasty, the Yongle Emperor, relocated the capital to Beijing. | Where was the capital moved to? | Where was the capital moved to? | [
"Where was the capital moved to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Beijing"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13251 | 56e7894300c9c71400d77269 | Nanjing | It is believed that Nanjing was the largest city in the world from 1358 to 1425 with a population of 487,000 in 1400. Nanjing remained the capital of the Ming Empire until 1421, when the third emperor of the Ming dynasty, the Yongle Emperor, relocated the capital to Beijing. | Who was the third emperor of the Ming dynasty? | Who was the third emperor of the Ming dynasty? | [
"Who was the third emperor of the Ming dynasty?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Yongle Emperor"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13252 | 56e78a5637bdd419002c40e5 | Nanjing | Besides the city wall, other famous Ming-era structures in the city included the famous Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and Porcelain Tower, although the latter was destroyed by the Taipings in the 19th century either in order to prevent a hostile faction from using it to observe and shell the city or from superstitious fear of its geomantic properties. | What is the name of the famous mausoleum in Nanjing? | What is the name of the famous mausoleum in Nanjing? | [
"What is the name of the famous mausoleum in Nanjing?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13253 | 56e78a5637bdd419002c40e6 | Nanjing | Besides the city wall, other famous Ming-era structures in the city included the famous Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and Porcelain Tower, although the latter was destroyed by the Taipings in the 19th century either in order to prevent a hostile faction from using it to observe and shell the city or from superstitious fear of its geomantic properties. | Who decimated the Porcelain Tower? | Who decimated the Porcelain Tower? | [
"Who decimated the Porcelain Tower?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Taipings"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13254 | 56e78a5637bdd419002c40e7 | Nanjing | Besides the city wall, other famous Ming-era structures in the city included the famous Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and Porcelain Tower, although the latter was destroyed by the Taipings in the 19th century either in order to prevent a hostile faction from using it to observe and shell the city or from superstitious fear of its geomantic properties. | When was the Porcelain Tower destroyed? | When was the Porcelain Tower destroyed? | [
"When was the Porcelain Tower destroyed?"
] | {
"text": [
"in the 19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13255 | 56e78a5637bdd419002c40e8 | Nanjing | Besides the city wall, other famous Ming-era structures in the city included the famous Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and Porcelain Tower, although the latter was destroyed by the Taipings in the 19th century either in order to prevent a hostile faction from using it to observe and shell the city or from superstitious fear of its geomantic properties. | One possibility the Tower was destroyed was to prevent it's use by a hostile enemy. What is the other possibility? | One possibility the Tower was destroyed was to prevent it's use by a hostile enemy. What is the other possibility? | [
"One possibility the Tower was destroyed was to prevent it's use by a hostile enemy. What is the other possibility?"
] | {
"text": [
"superstitious fear of its geomantic properties"
],
"answer_start": [
300
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13256 | 56e78af900c9c71400d77279 | Nanjing | A monument to the huge human cost of some of the gigantic construction projects of the early Ming dynasty is the Yangshan Quarry (located some 15–20 km (9–12 mi) east of the walled city and Ming Xiaoling mausoleum), where a gigantic stele, cut on the orders of the Yongle Emperor, lies abandoned, just as it was left 600 years ago when it was understood it was impossible to move or complete it. | How far from Nanjing is the Yangshan Quarry? | How far from Nanjing is the Yangshan Quarry? | [
"How far from Nanjing is the Yangshan Quarry?"
] | {
"text": [
"15–20 km (9–12 mi) east of the walled city"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13257 | 56e78af900c9c71400d7727a | Nanjing | A monument to the huge human cost of some of the gigantic construction projects of the early Ming dynasty is the Yangshan Quarry (located some 15–20 km (9–12 mi) east of the walled city and Ming Xiaoling mausoleum), where a gigantic stele, cut on the orders of the Yongle Emperor, lies abandoned, just as it was left 600 years ago when it was understood it was impossible to move or complete it. | What large item is abandoned at the Quarry? | What large item is abandoned at the Quarry? | [
"What large item is abandoned at the Quarry?"
] | {
"text": [
"a gigantic stele"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13258 | 56e78af900c9c71400d7727b | Nanjing | A monument to the huge human cost of some of the gigantic construction projects of the early Ming dynasty is the Yangshan Quarry (located some 15–20 km (9–12 mi) east of the walled city and Ming Xiaoling mausoleum), where a gigantic stele, cut on the orders of the Yongle Emperor, lies abandoned, just as it was left 600 years ago when it was understood it was impossible to move or complete it. | How long ago was the stele abandoned? | How long ago was the stele abandoned? | [
"How long ago was the stele abandoned?"
] | {
"text": [
"600 years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
317
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13259 | 56e78af900c9c71400d7727c | Nanjing | A monument to the huge human cost of some of the gigantic construction projects of the early Ming dynasty is the Yangshan Quarry (located some 15–20 km (9–12 mi) east of the walled city and Ming Xiaoling mausoleum), where a gigantic stele, cut on the orders of the Yongle Emperor, lies abandoned, just as it was left 600 years ago when it was understood it was impossible to move or complete it. | Why was the stele abandoned? | Why was the stele abandoned? | [
"Why was the stele abandoned?"
] | {
"text": [
"it was impossible to move or complete it"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13260 | 56e78af900c9c71400d7727d | Nanjing | A monument to the huge human cost of some of the gigantic construction projects of the early Ming dynasty is the Yangshan Quarry (located some 15–20 km (9–12 mi) east of the walled city and Ming Xiaoling mausoleum), where a gigantic stele, cut on the orders of the Yongle Emperor, lies abandoned, just as it was left 600 years ago when it was understood it was impossible to move or complete it. | Who ordered the creation of the stele? | Who ordered the creation of the stele? | [
"Who ordered the creation of the stele?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Yongle Emperor"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13261 | 56e78bb537bdd419002c4108 | Nanjing | As the center of the empire, early-Ming Nanjing had worldwide connections. It was home of the admiral Zheng He, who went to sail the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and it was visited by foreign dignitaries, such as a king from Borneo (Boni 渤泥), who died during his visit to China in 1408. The Tomb of the King of Boni, with a spirit way and a tortoise stele, was discovered in Yuhuatai District (south of the walled city) in 1958, and has been restored. | What Admiral called Nanjing his home? | What Admiral called Nanjing his home? | [
"What Admiral called Nanjing his home?"
] | {
"text": [
"admiral Zheng He"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13262 | 56e78bb537bdd419002c4109 | Nanjing | As the center of the empire, early-Ming Nanjing had worldwide connections. It was home of the admiral Zheng He, who went to sail the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and it was visited by foreign dignitaries, such as a king from Borneo (Boni 渤泥), who died during his visit to China in 1408. The Tomb of the King of Boni, with a spirit way and a tortoise stele, was discovered in Yuhuatai District (south of the walled city) in 1958, and has been restored. | What visiting king died in China in 1408? | What visiting king died in China in 1408? | [
"What visiting king died in China in 1408?"
] | {
"text": [
"(Boni 渤泥)"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13263 | 56e78bb537bdd419002c410a | Nanjing | As the center of the empire, early-Ming Nanjing had worldwide connections. It was home of the admiral Zheng He, who went to sail the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and it was visited by foreign dignitaries, such as a king from Borneo (Boni 渤泥), who died during his visit to China in 1408. The Tomb of the King of Boni, with a spirit way and a tortoise stele, was discovered in Yuhuatai District (south of the walled city) in 1958, and has been restored. | What country did this visiting king come from? | What country did this visiting king come from? | [
"What country did this visiting king come from?"
] | {
"text": [
"Borneo"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13264 | 56e78bb537bdd419002c410b | Nanjing | As the center of the empire, early-Ming Nanjing had worldwide connections. It was home of the admiral Zheng He, who went to sail the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and it was visited by foreign dignitaries, such as a king from Borneo (Boni 渤泥), who died during his visit to China in 1408. The Tomb of the King of Boni, with a spirit way and a tortoise stele, was discovered in Yuhuatai District (south of the walled city) in 1958, and has been restored. | What stele is at Boni's tomb? | What stele is at Boni's tomb? | [
"What stele is at Boni's tomb?"
] | {
"text": [
"a tortoise stele"
],
"answer_start": [
337
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13265 | 56e78cab00c9c71400d77293 | Nanjing | Over two centuries after the removal of the capital to Beijing, Nanjing was destined to become the capital of a Ming emperor one more time. After the fall of Beijing to Li Zicheng's rebel forces and then to the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in the spring of 1644, the Ming prince Zhu Yousong was enthroned in Nanjing in June 1644 as the Hongguang Emperor. His short reign was described by later historians as the first reign of the so-called Southern Ming dynasty. | When did Beijing lose to Li Zicheng's rebel forces and the Manchu-led Qing dynasty? | When did Beijing lose to Li Zicheng's rebel forces and the Manchu-led Qing dynasty? | [
"When did Beijing lose to Li Zicheng's rebel forces and the Manchu-led Qing dynasty?"
] | {
"text": [
"1644"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13266 | 56e78cab00c9c71400d77294 | Nanjing | Over two centuries after the removal of the capital to Beijing, Nanjing was destined to become the capital of a Ming emperor one more time. After the fall of Beijing to Li Zicheng's rebel forces and then to the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in the spring of 1644, the Ming prince Zhu Yousong was enthroned in Nanjing in June 1644 as the Hongguang Emperor. His short reign was described by later historians as the first reign of the so-called Southern Ming dynasty. | What Ming prince was enthroned in Nanjing? | What Ming prince was enthroned in Nanjing? | [
"What Ming prince was enthroned in Nanjing?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zhu Yousong"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13267 | 56e78cab00c9c71400d77295 | Nanjing | Over two centuries after the removal of the capital to Beijing, Nanjing was destined to become the capital of a Ming emperor one more time. After the fall of Beijing to Li Zicheng's rebel forces and then to the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in the spring of 1644, the Ming prince Zhu Yousong was enthroned in Nanjing in June 1644 as the Hongguang Emperor. His short reign was described by later historians as the first reign of the so-called Southern Ming dynasty. | When was Zhu Yousong enthroned? | When was Zhu Yousong enthroned? | [
"When was Zhu Yousong enthroned?"
] | {
"text": [
"in June 1644"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13268 | 56e78cab00c9c71400d77296 | Nanjing | Over two centuries after the removal of the capital to Beijing, Nanjing was destined to become the capital of a Ming emperor one more time. After the fall of Beijing to Li Zicheng's rebel forces and then to the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in the spring of 1644, the Ming prince Zhu Yousong was enthroned in Nanjing in June 1644 as the Hongguang Emperor. His short reign was described by later historians as the first reign of the so-called Southern Ming dynasty. | What was Zhu Yousong's title? | What was Zhu Yousong's title? | [
"What was Zhu Yousong's title?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Hongguang Emperor"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13269 | 56e78cab00c9c71400d77297 | Nanjing | Over two centuries after the removal of the capital to Beijing, Nanjing was destined to become the capital of a Ming emperor one more time. After the fall of Beijing to Li Zicheng's rebel forces and then to the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in the spring of 1644, the Ming prince Zhu Yousong was enthroned in Nanjing in June 1644 as the Hongguang Emperor. His short reign was described by later historians as the first reign of the so-called Southern Ming dynasty. | The Hongguang Emperor's reign was thought of as the first reign of what dynasty? | The Hongguang Emperor's reign was thought of as the first reign of what dynasty? | [
"The Hongguang Emperor's reign was thought of as the first reign of what dynasty?"
] | {
"text": [
"the so-called Southern Ming dynasty"
],
"answer_start": [
422
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13270 | 56e78da500c9c71400d772a5 | Nanjing | Zhu Yousong, however, fared a lot worse than his ancestor Zhu Yuanzhang three centuries earlier. Beset by factional conflicts, his regime could not offer effective resistance to Qing forces, when the Qing army, led by the Manchu prince Dodo approached Jiangnan the next spring. Days after Yangzhou fell to the Manchus in late May 1645, the Hongguang Emperor fled Nanjing, and the imperial Ming Palace was looted by local residents. On June 6, Dodo's troops approached Nanjing, and the commander of the city's garrison, Zhao the Earl of Xincheng, promptly surrendered the city to them. The Manchus soon ordered all male residents of the city to shave their heads in the Manchu queue way. They requisitioned a large section of the city for the bannermen's cantonment, and destroyed the former imperial Ming Palace, but otherwise the city was spared the mass murders and destruction that befell Yangzhou. | When did the Hongguang Emperor leave Nanjing, having been defeated? | When did the Hongguang Emperor leave Nanjing, having been defeated? | [
"When did the Hongguang Emperor leave Nanjing, having been defeated?"
] | {
"text": [
"late May 1645"
],
"answer_start": [
321
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13271 | 56e78da500c9c71400d772a7 | Nanjing | Zhu Yousong, however, fared a lot worse than his ancestor Zhu Yuanzhang three centuries earlier. Beset by factional conflicts, his regime could not offer effective resistance to Qing forces, when the Qing army, led by the Manchu prince Dodo approached Jiangnan the next spring. Days after Yangzhou fell to the Manchus in late May 1645, the Hongguang Emperor fled Nanjing, and the imperial Ming Palace was looted by local residents. On June 6, Dodo's troops approached Nanjing, and the commander of the city's garrison, Zhao the Earl of Xincheng, promptly surrendered the city to them. The Manchus soon ordered all male residents of the city to shave their heads in the Manchu queue way. They requisitioned a large section of the city for the bannermen's cantonment, and destroyed the former imperial Ming Palace, but otherwise the city was spared the mass murders and destruction that befell Yangzhou. | Who surrendered Nanjing to invaders on June 6? | Who surrendered Nanjing to invaders on June 6? | [
"Who surrendered Nanjing to invaders on June 6?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zhao the Earl of Xincheng"
],
"answer_start": [
519
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13272 | 56e78da500c9c71400d772a8 | Nanjing | Zhu Yousong, however, fared a lot worse than his ancestor Zhu Yuanzhang three centuries earlier. Beset by factional conflicts, his regime could not offer effective resistance to Qing forces, when the Qing army, led by the Manchu prince Dodo approached Jiangnan the next spring. Days after Yangzhou fell to the Manchus in late May 1645, the Hongguang Emperor fled Nanjing, and the imperial Ming Palace was looted by local residents. On June 6, Dodo's troops approached Nanjing, and the commander of the city's garrison, Zhao the Earl of Xincheng, promptly surrendered the city to them. The Manchus soon ordered all male residents of the city to shave their heads in the Manchu queue way. They requisitioned a large section of the city for the bannermen's cantonment, and destroyed the former imperial Ming Palace, but otherwise the city was spared the mass murders and destruction that befell Yangzhou. | What did the Manchu's make all the men in the city do? | What did the Manchu's make all the men in the city do? | [
"What did the Manchu's make all the men in the city do?"
] | {
"text": [
"shave their heads"
],
"answer_start": [
644
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13273 | 56e78ed237bdd419002c412f | Nanjing | Under the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), the Nanjing area was known as Jiangning (江寧) and served as the seat of government for the Viceroy of Liangjiang. It had been visited by the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors a number of times on their tours of the southern provinces. Nanjing was invaded by British troops during the close of the First Opium War, which was ended by the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842. As the capital of the brief-lived rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (founded by the Taiping rebels in the mid-19th century, Nanjing was known as Tianjing (天京, "Heavenly Capital" or "Capital of Heaven"). | When was the Qing dynasty in power? | When was the Qing dynasty in power? | [
"When was the Qing dynasty in power?"
] | {
"text": [
"1644–1911"
],
"answer_start": [
24
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13274 | 56e78ed237bdd419002c4130 | Nanjing | Under the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), the Nanjing area was known as Jiangning (江寧) and served as the seat of government for the Viceroy of Liangjiang. It had been visited by the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors a number of times on their tours of the southern provinces. Nanjing was invaded by British troops during the close of the First Opium War, which was ended by the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842. As the capital of the brief-lived rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (founded by the Taiping rebels in the mid-19th century, Nanjing was known as Tianjing (天京, "Heavenly Capital" or "Capital of Heaven"). | What was Nanjing called during the Qing dynasty? | What was Nanjing called during the Qing dynasty? | [
"What was Nanjing called during the Qing dynasty?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jiangning"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13275 | 56e78ed237bdd419002c4132 | Nanjing | Under the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), the Nanjing area was known as Jiangning (江寧) and served as the seat of government for the Viceroy of Liangjiang. It had been visited by the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors a number of times on their tours of the southern provinces. Nanjing was invaded by British troops during the close of the First Opium War, which was ended by the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842. As the capital of the brief-lived rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (founded by the Taiping rebels in the mid-19th century, Nanjing was known as Tianjing (天京, "Heavenly Capital" or "Capital of Heaven"). | What emperors visited Nanjing more than once? | What emperors visited Nanjing more than once? | [
"What emperors visited Nanjing more than once?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13276 | 56e78ed237bdd419002c4133 | Nanjing | Under the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), the Nanjing area was known as Jiangning (江寧) and served as the seat of government for the Viceroy of Liangjiang. It had been visited by the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors a number of times on their tours of the southern provinces. Nanjing was invaded by British troops during the close of the First Opium War, which was ended by the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842. As the capital of the brief-lived rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (founded by the Taiping rebels in the mid-19th century, Nanjing was known as Tianjing (天京, "Heavenly Capital" or "Capital of Heaven"). | What year did the First Opium War end? | What year did the First Opium War end? | [
"What year did the First Opium War end?"
] | {
"text": [
"1842"
],
"answer_start": [
388
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13277 | 56e78fe637bdd419002c4143 | Nanjing | Both the Qing viceroy and the Taiping king resided in buildings that would later be known as the Presidential Palace. When Qing forces led by Zeng Guofan retook the city in 1864, a massive slaughter occurred in the city with over 100,000 estimated to have committed suicide or fought to the death. Since the Taiping Rebellion began, Qing forces allowed no rebels speaking its dialect to surrender. This policy of mass murder of civilians occurred in Nanjing. | Who lived in buildings that would later come to be known as the Presidential Palace? | Who lived in buildings that would later come to be known as the Presidential Palace? | [
"Who lived in buildings that would later come to be known as the Presidential Palace?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Qing viceroy and the Taiping king"
],
"answer_start": [
5
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13278 | 56e78fe637bdd419002c4144 | Nanjing | Both the Qing viceroy and the Taiping king resided in buildings that would later be known as the Presidential Palace. When Qing forces led by Zeng Guofan retook the city in 1864, a massive slaughter occurred in the city with over 100,000 estimated to have committed suicide or fought to the death. Since the Taiping Rebellion began, Qing forces allowed no rebels speaking its dialect to surrender. This policy of mass murder of civilians occurred in Nanjing. | When did Qing troops regain Nanjing? | When did Qing troops regain Nanjing? | [
"When did Qing troops regain Nanjing?"
] | {
"text": [
"1864"
],
"answer_start": [
173
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13279 | 56e78fe637bdd419002c4145 | Nanjing | Both the Qing viceroy and the Taiping king resided in buildings that would later be known as the Presidential Palace. When Qing forces led by Zeng Guofan retook the city in 1864, a massive slaughter occurred in the city with over 100,000 estimated to have committed suicide or fought to the death. Since the Taiping Rebellion began, Qing forces allowed no rebels speaking its dialect to surrender. This policy of mass murder of civilians occurred in Nanjing. | How many people died during the Qing troops retaking of Nanjing? | How many people died during the Qing troops retaking of Nanjing? | [
"How many people died during the Qing troops retaking of Nanjing?"
] | {
"text": [
"over 100,000"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13280 | 56e78fe637bdd419002c4146 | Nanjing | Both the Qing viceroy and the Taiping king resided in buildings that would later be known as the Presidential Palace. When Qing forces led by Zeng Guofan retook the city in 1864, a massive slaughter occurred in the city with over 100,000 estimated to have committed suicide or fought to the death. Since the Taiping Rebellion began, Qing forces allowed no rebels speaking its dialect to surrender. This policy of mass murder of civilians occurred in Nanjing. | Qing troops allowed no rebels who spoke what dialect to surrender? | Qing troops allowed no rebels who spoke what dialect to surrender? | [
"Qing troops allowed no rebels who spoke what dialect to surrender?"
] | {
"text": [
"Taiping"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13281 | 56e78fe637bdd419002c4147 | Nanjing | Both the Qing viceroy and the Taiping king resided in buildings that would later be known as the Presidential Palace. When Qing forces led by Zeng Guofan retook the city in 1864, a massive slaughter occurred in the city with over 100,000 estimated to have committed suicide or fought to the death. Since the Taiping Rebellion began, Qing forces allowed no rebels speaking its dialect to surrender. This policy of mass murder of civilians occurred in Nanjing. | Who was the leader of the Qing troops? | Who was the leader of the Qing troops? | [
"Who was the leader of the Qing troops?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zeng Guofan"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13282 | 56e7909700c9c71400d772e1 | Nanjing | The Xinhai Revolution led to the founding of the Republic of China in January 1912 with Sun Yat-sen as the first provisional president and Nanking was selected as its new capital. However, the Qing Empire controlled large regions to the north, so revolutionaries asked Yuan Shikai to replace Sun as president in exchange for the abdication of Puyi, the Last Emperor. Yuan demanded the capital be Beijing (closer to his power base). | When was the Republic of China founded? | When was the Republic of China founded? | [
"When was the Republic of China founded?"
] | {
"text": [
"January 1912"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13283 | 56e7909700c9c71400d772e2 | Nanjing | The Xinhai Revolution led to the founding of the Republic of China in January 1912 with Sun Yat-sen as the first provisional president and Nanking was selected as its new capital. However, the Qing Empire controlled large regions to the north, so revolutionaries asked Yuan Shikai to replace Sun as president in exchange for the abdication of Puyi, the Last Emperor. Yuan demanded the capital be Beijing (closer to his power base). | Who was the first president of the Republic of China? | Who was the first president of the Republic of China? | [
"Who was the first president of the Republic of China?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sun Yat-sen"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13284 | 56e7909700c9c71400d772e4 | Nanjing | The Xinhai Revolution led to the founding of the Republic of China in January 1912 with Sun Yat-sen as the first provisional president and Nanking was selected as its new capital. However, the Qing Empire controlled large regions to the north, so revolutionaries asked Yuan Shikai to replace Sun as president in exchange for the abdication of Puyi, the Last Emperor. Yuan demanded the capital be Beijing (closer to his power base). | Who moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing? | Who moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing? | [
"Who moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing?"
] | {
"text": [
"Yuan Shikai"
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13285 | 56e791fe37bdd419002c4167 | Nanjing | In 1927, the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party) under Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek again established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China, and this became internationally recognized once KMT forces took Beijing in 1928. The following decade is known as the Nanking decade. | When was Nanjing re-established as the capital of the Republic of China? | When was Nanjing re-established as the capital of the Republic of China? | [
"When was Nanjing re-established as the capital of the Republic of China?"
] | {
"text": [
"1927"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13286 | 56e791fe37bdd419002c4168 | Nanjing | In 1927, the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party) under Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek again established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China, and this became internationally recognized once KMT forces took Beijing in 1928. The following decade is known as the Nanking decade. | What party established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China? | What party established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China? | [
"What party established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party)"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13287 | 56e791fe37bdd419002c4169 | Nanjing | In 1927, the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party) under Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek again established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China, and this became internationally recognized once KMT forces took Beijing in 1928. The following decade is known as the Nanking decade. | Who was the leader of the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party)? | Who was the leader of the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party)? | [
"Who was the leader of the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party)?"
] | {
"text": [
"Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13288 | 56e791fe37bdd419002c416a | Nanjing | In 1927, the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party) under Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek again established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China, and this became internationally recognized once KMT forces took Beijing in 1928. The following decade is known as the Nanking decade. | What are the 1930's known as, in China? | What are the 1930's known as, in China? | [
"What are the 1930's known as, in China?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Nanking decade"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13289 | 56e791fe37bdd419002c416b | Nanjing | In 1927, the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party) under Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek again established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China, and this became internationally recognized once KMT forces took Beijing in 1928. The following decade is known as the Nanking decade. | When did the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party) defeat and take over Beijing? | When did the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party) defeat and take over Beijing? | [
"When did the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party) defeat and take over Beijing?"
] | {
"text": [
"1928"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13290 | 56e792e237bdd419002c417f | Nanjing | In 1937, the Empire of Japan started a full-scale invasion of China after invading Manchuria in 1931, beginning the Second Sino-Japanese War (often considered a theatre of World War II). Their troops occupied Nanjing in December and carried out the systematic and brutal Nanking Massacre (the "Rape of Nanking"). Even children, the elderly, and nuns are reported to have suffered at the hands of the Imperial Japanese Army. The total death toll, including estimates made by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal, was between 300,000 and 350,000. The city itself was also severely damaged during the massacre. The Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall was built in 1985 to commemorate this event. | When did Japan invade Manchuria? | When did Japan invade Manchuria? | [
"When did Japan invade Manchuria?"
] | {
"text": [
"1931"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13291 | 56e792e237bdd419002c4180 | Nanjing | In 1937, the Empire of Japan started a full-scale invasion of China after invading Manchuria in 1931, beginning the Second Sino-Japanese War (often considered a theatre of World War II). Their troops occupied Nanjing in December and carried out the systematic and brutal Nanking Massacre (the "Rape of Nanking"). Even children, the elderly, and nuns are reported to have suffered at the hands of the Imperial Japanese Army. The total death toll, including estimates made by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal, was between 300,000 and 350,000. The city itself was also severely damaged during the massacre. The Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall was built in 1985 to commemorate this event. | When did Japan invade all of China? | When did Japan invade all of China? | [
"When did Japan invade all of China?"
] | {
"text": [
"1937"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13292 | 56e792e237bdd419002c4181 | Nanjing | In 1937, the Empire of Japan started a full-scale invasion of China after invading Manchuria in 1931, beginning the Second Sino-Japanese War (often considered a theatre of World War II). Their troops occupied Nanjing in December and carried out the systematic and brutal Nanking Massacre (the "Rape of Nanking"). Even children, the elderly, and nuns are reported to have suffered at the hands of the Imperial Japanese Army. The total death toll, including estimates made by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal, was between 300,000 and 350,000. The city itself was also severely damaged during the massacre. The Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall was built in 1985 to commemorate this event. | Who killed innocent civilians in the Nanking Massacre? | Who killed innocent civilians in the Nanking Massacre? | [
"Who killed innocent civilians in the Nanking Massacre?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Imperial Japanese Army"
],
"answer_start": [
396
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13293 | 56e792e237bdd419002c4182 | Nanjing | In 1937, the Empire of Japan started a full-scale invasion of China after invading Manchuria in 1931, beginning the Second Sino-Japanese War (often considered a theatre of World War II). Their troops occupied Nanjing in December and carried out the systematic and brutal Nanking Massacre (the "Rape of Nanking"). Even children, the elderly, and nuns are reported to have suffered at the hands of the Imperial Japanese Army. The total death toll, including estimates made by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal, was between 300,000 and 350,000. The city itself was also severely damaged during the massacre. The Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall was built in 1985 to commemorate this event. | How many died in the Nanking Massacre? | How many died in the Nanking Massacre? | [
"How many died in the Nanking Massacre?"
] | {
"text": [
"between 300,000 and 350,000"
],
"answer_start": [
568
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13294 | 56e792e237bdd419002c4183 | Nanjing | In 1937, the Empire of Japan started a full-scale invasion of China after invading Manchuria in 1931, beginning the Second Sino-Japanese War (often considered a theatre of World War II). Their troops occupied Nanjing in December and carried out the systematic and brutal Nanking Massacre (the "Rape of Nanking"). Even children, the elderly, and nuns are reported to have suffered at the hands of the Imperial Japanese Army. The total death toll, including estimates made by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal, was between 300,000 and 350,000. The city itself was also severely damaged during the massacre. The Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall was built in 1985 to commemorate this event. | When was the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall built? | When was the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall built? | [
"When was the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall built?"
] | {
"text": [
"1985"
],
"answer_start": [
708
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13295 | 56e797ad00c9c71400d77329 | Nanjing | A few days before the fall of the city, the National Government of China was relocated to the southwestern city Chungking (Chongqing) and resumed Chinese resistance. In 1940, a Japanese-collaborationist government known as the "Nanjing Regime" or "Reorganized National Government of China" led by Wang Jingwei was established in Nanjing as a rival to Chiang Kai-shek's government in Chongqing. In 1946, after the Surrender of Japan, the KMT relocated its central government back to Nanjing. | When was the National Government of China moved to Chungking? | When was the National Government of China moved to Chungking? | [
"When was the National Government of China moved to Chungking?"
] | {
"text": [
"A few days before the fall of the city"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13296 | 56e797ad00c9c71400d7732a | Nanjing | A few days before the fall of the city, the National Government of China was relocated to the southwestern city Chungking (Chongqing) and resumed Chinese resistance. In 1940, a Japanese-collaborationist government known as the "Nanjing Regime" or "Reorganized National Government of China" led by Wang Jingwei was established in Nanjing as a rival to Chiang Kai-shek's government in Chongqing. In 1946, after the Surrender of Japan, the KMT relocated its central government back to Nanjing. | When was the Nanjing Regime established? | When was the Nanjing Regime established? | [
"When was the Nanjing Regime established?"
] | {
"text": [
"1940"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13297 | 56e797ad00c9c71400d7732b | Nanjing | A few days before the fall of the city, the National Government of China was relocated to the southwestern city Chungking (Chongqing) and resumed Chinese resistance. In 1940, a Japanese-collaborationist government known as the "Nanjing Regime" or "Reorganized National Government of China" led by Wang Jingwei was established in Nanjing as a rival to Chiang Kai-shek's government in Chongqing. In 1946, after the Surrender of Japan, the KMT relocated its central government back to Nanjing. | Who was the leader of the Nanjing Regime? | Who was the leader of the Nanjing Regime? | [
"Who was the leader of the Nanjing Regime?"
] | {
"text": [
"Wang Jingwei"
],
"answer_start": [
297
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13298 | 56e797ad00c9c71400d7732c | Nanjing | A few days before the fall of the city, the National Government of China was relocated to the southwestern city Chungking (Chongqing) and resumed Chinese resistance. In 1940, a Japanese-collaborationist government known as the "Nanjing Regime" or "Reorganized National Government of China" led by Wang Jingwei was established in Nanjing as a rival to Chiang Kai-shek's government in Chongqing. In 1946, after the Surrender of Japan, the KMT relocated its central government back to Nanjing. | When did the KMT move back to Nanjing? | When did the KMT move back to Nanjing? | [
"When did the KMT move back to Nanjing?"
] | {
"text": [
"1946"
],
"answer_start": [
397
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13299 | 56e797ad00c9c71400d7732d | Nanjing | A few days before the fall of the city, the National Government of China was relocated to the southwestern city Chungking (Chongqing) and resumed Chinese resistance. In 1940, a Japanese-collaborationist government known as the "Nanjing Regime" or "Reorganized National Government of China" led by Wang Jingwei was established in Nanjing as a rival to Chiang Kai-shek's government in Chongqing. In 1946, after the Surrender of Japan, the KMT relocated its central government back to Nanjing. | What was another name for the Nanjing Regime? | What was another name for the Nanjing Regime? | [
"What was another name for the Nanjing Regime?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"Reorganized National Government of China\""
],
"answer_start": [
247
]
} |
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