gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-20400 | 5a67151af038b7001ab0c1c9 | Glass | In the past, small batches of amorphous metals with high surface area configurations (ribbons, wires, films, etc.) have been produced through the implementation of extremely rapid rates of cooling. This was initially termed "splat cooling" by doctoral student W. Klement at Caltech, who showed that cooling rates on the order of millions of degrees per second is sufficient to impede the formation of crystals, and the metallic atoms become "locked into" a glassy state. Amorphous metal wires have been produced by sputtering molten metal onto a spinning metal disk. More recently a number of alloys have been produced in layers with thickness exceeding 1 millimeter. These are known as bulk metallic glasses (BMG). Liquidmetal Technologies sell a number of zirconium-based BMGs. Batches of amorphous steel have also been produced that demonstrate mechanical properties far exceeding those found in conventional steel alloys. | What type of metal makes better alloys than Caltech? | What type of metal makes better alloys than Caltech? | [
"What type of metal makes better alloys than Caltech?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20401 | 5a67151af038b7001ab0c1ca | Glass | In the past, small batches of amorphous metals with high surface area configurations (ribbons, wires, films, etc.) have been produced through the implementation of extremely rapid rates of cooling. This was initially termed "splat cooling" by doctoral student W. Klement at Caltech, who showed that cooling rates on the order of millions of degrees per second is sufficient to impede the formation of crystals, and the metallic atoms become "locked into" a glassy state. Amorphous metal wires have been produced by sputtering molten metal onto a spinning metal disk. More recently a number of alloys have been produced in layers with thickness exceeding 1 millimeter. These are known as bulk metallic glasses (BMG). Liquidmetal Technologies sell a number of zirconium-based BMGs. Batches of amorphous steel have also been produced that demonstrate mechanical properties far exceeding those found in conventional steel alloys. | At what university did Klement produce BMGs? | At what university did Klement produce BMGs? | [
"At what university did Klement produce BMGs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20402 | 57296d396aef051400154e6a | Glass | In 2004, NIST researchers presented evidence that an isotropic non-crystalline metallic phase (dubbed "q-glass") could be grown from the melt. This phase is the first phase, or "primary phase," to form in the Al-Fe-Si system during rapid cooling. Interestingly, experimental evidence indicates that this phase forms by a first-order transition. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that the q-glass nucleates from the melt as discrete particles, which grow spherically with a uniform growth rate in all directions. The diffraction pattern shows it to be an isotropic glassy phase. Yet there is a nucleation barrier, which implies an interfacial discontinuity (or internal surface) between the glass and the melt. | Who showed that q-glass could be produced from a melt? | Who showed that q-glass could be produced from a melt? | [
"Who showed that q-glass could be produced from a melt?"
] | {
"text": [
"NIST researchers"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20403 | 57296d396aef051400154e6b | Glass | In 2004, NIST researchers presented evidence that an isotropic non-crystalline metallic phase (dubbed "q-glass") could be grown from the melt. This phase is the first phase, or "primary phase," to form in the Al-Fe-Si system during rapid cooling. Interestingly, experimental evidence indicates that this phase forms by a first-order transition. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that the q-glass nucleates from the melt as discrete particles, which grow spherically with a uniform growth rate in all directions. The diffraction pattern shows it to be an isotropic glassy phase. Yet there is a nucleation barrier, which implies an interfacial discontinuity (or internal surface) between the glass and the melt. | What shows that there is an inner surface between glass and melt? | What shows that there is an inner surface between glass and melt? | [
"What shows that there is an inner surface between glass and melt?"
] | {
"text": [
"nucleation barrier"
],
"answer_start": [
610
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20404 | 57296d396aef051400154e6c | Glass | In 2004, NIST researchers presented evidence that an isotropic non-crystalline metallic phase (dubbed "q-glass") could be grown from the melt. This phase is the first phase, or "primary phase," to form in the Al-Fe-Si system during rapid cooling. Interestingly, experimental evidence indicates that this phase forms by a first-order transition. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that the q-glass nucleates from the melt as discrete particles, which grow spherically with a uniform growth rate in all directions. The diffraction pattern shows it to be an isotropic glassy phase. Yet there is a nucleation barrier, which implies an interfacial discontinuity (or internal surface) between the glass and the melt. | What is q-glass? | What is q-glass? | [
"What is q-glass?"
] | {
"text": [
"an isotropic non-crystalline metallic phase"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20405 | 57296d396aef051400154e6d | Glass | In 2004, NIST researchers presented evidence that an isotropic non-crystalline metallic phase (dubbed "q-glass") could be grown from the melt. This phase is the first phase, or "primary phase," to form in the Al-Fe-Si system during rapid cooling. Interestingly, experimental evidence indicates that this phase forms by a first-order transition. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that the q-glass nucleates from the melt as discrete particles, which grow spherically with a uniform growth rate in all directions. The diffraction pattern shows it to be an isotropic glassy phase. Yet there is a nucleation barrier, which implies an interfacial discontinuity (or internal surface) between the glass and the melt. | What kind of microscope shows that q-glass grows as separate particles? | What kind of microscope shows that q-glass grows as separate particles? | [
"What kind of microscope shows that q-glass grows as separate particles?"
] | {
"text": [
"Transmission electron"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20406 | 5a671646f038b7001ab0c1d0 | Glass | In 2004, NIST researchers presented evidence that an isotropic non-crystalline metallic phase (dubbed "q-glass") could be grown from the melt. This phase is the first phase, or "primary phase," to form in the Al-Fe-Si system during rapid cooling. Interestingly, experimental evidence indicates that this phase forms by a first-order transition. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that the q-glass nucleates from the melt as discrete particles, which grow spherically with a uniform growth rate in all directions. The diffraction pattern shows it to be an isotropic glassy phase. Yet there is a nucleation barrier, which implies an interfacial discontinuity (or internal surface) between the glass and the melt. | Who showed that q-glass could be produced from a nucleation barrier? | Who showed that q-glass could be produced from a nucleation barrier? | [
"Who showed that q-glass could be produced from a nucleation barrier?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20407 | 5a671646f038b7001ab0c1d1 | Glass | In 2004, NIST researchers presented evidence that an isotropic non-crystalline metallic phase (dubbed "q-glass") could be grown from the melt. This phase is the first phase, or "primary phase," to form in the Al-Fe-Si system during rapid cooling. Interestingly, experimental evidence indicates that this phase forms by a first-order transition. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that the q-glass nucleates from the melt as discrete particles, which grow spherically with a uniform growth rate in all directions. The diffraction pattern shows it to be an isotropic glassy phase. Yet there is a nucleation barrier, which implies an interfacial discontinuity (or internal surface) between the glass and the melt. | What shows that there is an inner surface between glass and metal? | What shows that there is an inner surface between glass and metal? | [
"What shows that there is an inner surface between glass and metal?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20408 | 5a671646f038b7001ab0c1d2 | Glass | In 2004, NIST researchers presented evidence that an isotropic non-crystalline metallic phase (dubbed "q-glass") could be grown from the melt. This phase is the first phase, or "primary phase," to form in the Al-Fe-Si system during rapid cooling. Interestingly, experimental evidence indicates that this phase forms by a first-order transition. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that the q-glass nucleates from the melt as discrete particles, which grow spherically with a uniform growth rate in all directions. The diffraction pattern shows it to be an isotropic glassy phase. Yet there is a nucleation barrier, which implies an interfacial discontinuity (or internal surface) between the glass and the melt. | What is diffraction? | What is diffraction? | [
"What is diffraction?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20409 | 5a671646f038b7001ab0c1d3 | Glass | In 2004, NIST researchers presented evidence that an isotropic non-crystalline metallic phase (dubbed "q-glass") could be grown from the melt. This phase is the first phase, or "primary phase," to form in the Al-Fe-Si system during rapid cooling. Interestingly, experimental evidence indicates that this phase forms by a first-order transition. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that the q-glass nucleates from the melt as discrete particles, which grow spherically with a uniform growth rate in all directions. The diffraction pattern shows it to be an isotropic glassy phase. Yet there is a nucleation barrier, which implies an interfacial discontinuity (or internal surface) between the glass and the melt. | What kind of microscope shows that q-glass grows as first-order transition? | What kind of microscope shows that q-glass grows as first-order transition? | [
"What kind of microscope shows that q-glass grows as first-order transition?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20410 | 5a671646f038b7001ab0c1d4 | Glass | In 2004, NIST researchers presented evidence that an isotropic non-crystalline metallic phase (dubbed "q-glass") could be grown from the melt. This phase is the first phase, or "primary phase," to form in the Al-Fe-Si system during rapid cooling. Interestingly, experimental evidence indicates that this phase forms by a first-order transition. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that the q-glass nucleates from the melt as discrete particles, which grow spherically with a uniform growth rate in all directions. The diffraction pattern shows it to be an isotropic glassy phase. Yet there is a nucleation barrier, which implies an interfacial discontinuity (or internal surface) between the glass and the melt. | What forms in the AL-Fe-Si system during an isotropic glassy phase? | What forms in the AL-Fe-Si system during an isotropic glassy phase? | [
"What forms in the AL-Fe-Si system during an isotropic glassy phase?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20411 | 5729747d3f37b31900478405 | Glass | Glass-ceramic materials share many properties with both non-crystalline glass and crystalline ceramics. They are formed as a glass, and then partially crystallized by heat treatment. For example, the microstructure of whiteware ceramics frequently contains both amorphous and crystalline phases. Crystalline grains are often embedded within a non-crystalline intergranular phase of grain boundaries. When applied to whiteware ceramics, vitreous means the material has an extremely low permeability to liquids, often but not always water, when determined by a specified test regime. | What word means that ceramics don't absorb liquids? | What word means that ceramics don't absorb liquids? | [
"What word means that ceramics don't absorb liquids?"
] | {
"text": [
"vitreous"
],
"answer_start": [
436
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20412 | 5729747d3f37b31900478406 | Glass | Glass-ceramic materials share many properties with both non-crystalline glass and crystalline ceramics. They are formed as a glass, and then partially crystallized by heat treatment. For example, the microstructure of whiteware ceramics frequently contains both amorphous and crystalline phases. Crystalline grains are often embedded within a non-crystalline intergranular phase of grain boundaries. When applied to whiteware ceramics, vitreous means the material has an extremely low permeability to liquids, often but not always water, when determined by a specified test regime. | What hardens glass-ceramics? | What hardens glass-ceramics? | [
"What hardens glass-ceramics?"
] | {
"text": [
"heat treatment"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20413 | 5729747d3f37b31900478407 | Glass | Glass-ceramic materials share many properties with both non-crystalline glass and crystalline ceramics. They are formed as a glass, and then partially crystallized by heat treatment. For example, the microstructure of whiteware ceramics frequently contains both amorphous and crystalline phases. Crystalline grains are often embedded within a non-crystalline intergranular phase of grain boundaries. When applied to whiteware ceramics, vitreous means the material has an extremely low permeability to liquids, often but not always water, when determined by a specified test regime. | What materials do glass ceramics have a lot in common with? | What materials do glass ceramics have a lot in common with? | [
"What materials do glass ceramics have a lot in common with?"
] | {
"text": [
"non-crystalline glass and crystalline ceramics"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20414 | 5a671775f038b7001ab0c1da | Glass | Glass-ceramic materials share many properties with both non-crystalline glass and crystalline ceramics. They are formed as a glass, and then partially crystallized by heat treatment. For example, the microstructure of whiteware ceramics frequently contains both amorphous and crystalline phases. Crystalline grains are often embedded within a non-crystalline intergranular phase of grain boundaries. When applied to whiteware ceramics, vitreous means the material has an extremely low permeability to liquids, often but not always water, when determined by a specified test regime. | What word means that ceramics don't absorb crystalline? | What word means that ceramics don't absorb crystalline? | [
"What word means that ceramics don't absorb crystalline?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20415 | 5a671775f038b7001ab0c1db | Glass | Glass-ceramic materials share many properties with both non-crystalline glass and crystalline ceramics. They are formed as a glass, and then partially crystallized by heat treatment. For example, the microstructure of whiteware ceramics frequently contains both amorphous and crystalline phases. Crystalline grains are often embedded within a non-crystalline intergranular phase of grain boundaries. When applied to whiteware ceramics, vitreous means the material has an extremely low permeability to liquids, often but not always water, when determined by a specified test regime. | What hardens liquids? | What hardens liquids? | [
"What hardens liquids?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20416 | 5a671775f038b7001ab0c1dc | Glass | Glass-ceramic materials share many properties with both non-crystalline glass and crystalline ceramics. They are formed as a glass, and then partially crystallized by heat treatment. For example, the microstructure of whiteware ceramics frequently contains both amorphous and crystalline phases. Crystalline grains are often embedded within a non-crystalline intergranular phase of grain boundaries. When applied to whiteware ceramics, vitreous means the material has an extremely low permeability to liquids, often but not always water, when determined by a specified test regime. | What materials do test regimes have a lot in common with? | What materials do test regimes have a lot in common with? | [
"What materials do test regimes have a lot in common with?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20417 | 5a671775f038b7001ab0c1dd | Glass | Glass-ceramic materials share many properties with both non-crystalline glass and crystalline ceramics. They are formed as a glass, and then partially crystallized by heat treatment. For example, the microstructure of whiteware ceramics frequently contains both amorphous and crystalline phases. Crystalline grains are often embedded within a non-crystalline intergranular phase of grain boundaries. When applied to whiteware ceramics, vitreous means the material has an extremely low permeability to liquids, often but not always water, when determined by a specified test regime. | What is water often embedded within? | What is water often embedded within? | [
"What is water often embedded within?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20418 | 5a671775f038b7001ab0c1de | Glass | Glass-ceramic materials share many properties with both non-crystalline glass and crystalline ceramics. They are formed as a glass, and then partially crystallized by heat treatment. For example, the microstructure of whiteware ceramics frequently contains both amorphous and crystalline phases. Crystalline grains are often embedded within a non-crystalline intergranular phase of grain boundaries. When applied to whiteware ceramics, vitreous means the material has an extremely low permeability to liquids, often but not always water, when determined by a specified test regime. | What are permeability materials formed as? | What are permeability materials formed as? | [
"What are permeability materials formed as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20419 | 5729765a6aef051400154f48 | Glass | The term mainly refers to a mix of lithium and aluminosilicates that yields an array of materials with interesting thermomechanical properties. The most commercially important of these have the distinction of being impervious to thermal shock. Thus, glass-ceramics have become extremely useful for countertop cooking. The negative thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of the crystalline ceramic phase can be balanced with the positive CTE of the glassy phase. At a certain point (~70% crystalline) the glass-ceramic has a net CTE near zero. This type of glass-ceramic exhibits excellent mechanical properties and can sustain repeated and quick temperature changes up to 1000 °C. | How high of a temperature change can glass-ceramics handle? | How high of a temperature change can glass-ceramics handle? | [
"How high of a temperature change can glass-ceramics handle?"
] | {
"text": [
"1000 °C"
],
"answer_start": [
669
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20420 | 5729765a6aef051400154f49 | Glass | The term mainly refers to a mix of lithium and aluminosilicates that yields an array of materials with interesting thermomechanical properties. The most commercially important of these have the distinction of being impervious to thermal shock. Thus, glass-ceramics have become extremely useful for countertop cooking. The negative thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of the crystalline ceramic phase can be balanced with the positive CTE of the glassy phase. At a certain point (~70% crystalline) the glass-ceramic has a net CTE near zero. This type of glass-ceramic exhibits excellent mechanical properties and can sustain repeated and quick temperature changes up to 1000 °C. | Because of their heat resistance, glass-ceramics are especially suitable for what? | Because of their heat resistance, glass-ceramics are especially suitable for what? | [
"Because of their heat resistance, glass-ceramics are especially suitable for what?"
] | {
"text": [
"countertop cooking"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20421 | 5729765a6aef051400154f4a | Glass | The term mainly refers to a mix of lithium and aluminosilicates that yields an array of materials with interesting thermomechanical properties. The most commercially important of these have the distinction of being impervious to thermal shock. Thus, glass-ceramics have become extremely useful for countertop cooking. The negative thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of the crystalline ceramic phase can be balanced with the positive CTE of the glassy phase. At a certain point (~70% crystalline) the glass-ceramic has a net CTE near zero. This type of glass-ceramic exhibits excellent mechanical properties and can sustain repeated and quick temperature changes up to 1000 °C. | What is the most economically significant property of glass-ceramics? | What is the most economically significant property of glass-ceramics? | [
"What is the most economically significant property of glass-ceramics?"
] | {
"text": [
"impervious to thermal shock"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20422 | 5729765a6aef051400154f4b | Glass | The term mainly refers to a mix of lithium and aluminosilicates that yields an array of materials with interesting thermomechanical properties. The most commercially important of these have the distinction of being impervious to thermal shock. Thus, glass-ceramics have become extremely useful for countertop cooking. The negative thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of the crystalline ceramic phase can be balanced with the positive CTE of the glassy phase. At a certain point (~70% crystalline) the glass-ceramic has a net CTE near zero. This type of glass-ceramic exhibits excellent mechanical properties and can sustain repeated and quick temperature changes up to 1000 °C. | What ingredients give glass-ceramics its useful heat tolerance? | What ingredients give glass-ceramics its useful heat tolerance? | [
"What ingredients give glass-ceramics its useful heat tolerance?"
] | {
"text": [
"lithium and aluminosilicates"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20423 | 5729765a6aef051400154f4c | Glass | The term mainly refers to a mix of lithium and aluminosilicates that yields an array of materials with interesting thermomechanical properties. The most commercially important of these have the distinction of being impervious to thermal shock. Thus, glass-ceramics have become extremely useful for countertop cooking. The negative thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of the crystalline ceramic phase can be balanced with the positive CTE of the glassy phase. At a certain point (~70% crystalline) the glass-ceramic has a net CTE near zero. This type of glass-ceramic exhibits excellent mechanical properties and can sustain repeated and quick temperature changes up to 1000 °C. | What proportion of crystalline ceramics yields a product with a CTE of around 0? | What proportion of crystalline ceramics yields a product with a CTE of around 0? | [
"What proportion of crystalline ceramics yields a product with a CTE of around 0?"
] | {
"text": [
"~70%"
],
"answer_start": [
479
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20424 | 5a6719f1f038b7001ab0c1e4 | Glass | The term mainly refers to a mix of lithium and aluminosilicates that yields an array of materials with interesting thermomechanical properties. The most commercially important of these have the distinction of being impervious to thermal shock. Thus, glass-ceramics have become extremely useful for countertop cooking. The negative thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of the crystalline ceramic phase can be balanced with the positive CTE of the glassy phase. At a certain point (~70% crystalline) the glass-ceramic has a net CTE near zero. This type of glass-ceramic exhibits excellent mechanical properties and can sustain repeated and quick temperature changes up to 1000 °C. | How high of a temperature change can CTEs handle? | How high of a temperature change can CTEs handle? | [
"How high of a temperature change can CTEs handle?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20425 | 5a6719f1f038b7001ab0c1e5 | Glass | The term mainly refers to a mix of lithium and aluminosilicates that yields an array of materials with interesting thermomechanical properties. The most commercially important of these have the distinction of being impervious to thermal shock. Thus, glass-ceramics have become extremely useful for countertop cooking. The negative thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of the crystalline ceramic phase can be balanced with the positive CTE of the glassy phase. At a certain point (~70% crystalline) the glass-ceramic has a net CTE near zero. This type of glass-ceramic exhibits excellent mechanical properties and can sustain repeated and quick temperature changes up to 1000 °C. | Because of their heat resistance, arrays are especially suitable for what? | Because of their heat resistance, arrays are especially suitable for what? | [
"Because of their heat resistance, arrays are especially suitable for what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20426 | 5a6719f1f038b7001ab0c1e6 | Glass | The term mainly refers to a mix of lithium and aluminosilicates that yields an array of materials with interesting thermomechanical properties. The most commercially important of these have the distinction of being impervious to thermal shock. Thus, glass-ceramics have become extremely useful for countertop cooking. The negative thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of the crystalline ceramic phase can be balanced with the positive CTE of the glassy phase. At a certain point (~70% crystalline) the glass-ceramic has a net CTE near zero. This type of glass-ceramic exhibits excellent mechanical properties and can sustain repeated and quick temperature changes up to 1000 °C. | What is the most economically significant property of countertops? | What is the most economically significant property of countertops? | [
"What is the most economically significant property of countertops?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20427 | 5a6719f1f038b7001ab0c1e7 | Glass | The term mainly refers to a mix of lithium and aluminosilicates that yields an array of materials with interesting thermomechanical properties. The most commercially important of these have the distinction of being impervious to thermal shock. Thus, glass-ceramics have become extremely useful for countertop cooking. The negative thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of the crystalline ceramic phase can be balanced with the positive CTE of the glassy phase. At a certain point (~70% crystalline) the glass-ceramic has a net CTE near zero. This type of glass-ceramic exhibits excellent mechanical properties and can sustain repeated and quick temperature changes up to 1000 °C. | What ingredients give glass-ceramics its useful thermal expansion? | What ingredients give glass-ceramics its useful thermal expansion? | [
"What ingredients give glass-ceramics its useful thermal expansion?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20428 | 5a6719f1f038b7001ab0c1e8 | Glass | The term mainly refers to a mix of lithium and aluminosilicates that yields an array of materials with interesting thermomechanical properties. The most commercially important of these have the distinction of being impervious to thermal shock. Thus, glass-ceramics have become extremely useful for countertop cooking. The negative thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of the crystalline ceramic phase can be balanced with the positive CTE of the glassy phase. At a certain point (~70% crystalline) the glass-ceramic has a net CTE near zero. This type of glass-ceramic exhibits excellent mechanical properties and can sustain repeated and quick temperature changes up to 1000 °C. | What proportion of crystalline ceramics yields a product with a CTE of around 1000? | What proportion of crystalline ceramics yields a product with a CTE of around 1000? | [
"What proportion of crystalline ceramics yields a product with a CTE of around 1000?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20429 | 572977e11d046914007794c1 | Glass | Mass production of glass window panes in the early twentieth century caused a similar effect. In glass factories, molten glass was poured onto a large cooling table and allowed to spread. The resulting glass is thicker at the location of the pour, located at the center of the large sheet. These sheets were cut into smaller window panes with nonuniform thickness, typically with the location of the pour centered in one of the panes (known as "bull's-eyes") for decorative effect. Modern glass intended for windows is produced as float glass and is very uniform in thickness. | What were the areas at the center of an old sheet of glass called? | What were the areas at the center of an old sheet of glass called? | [
"What were the areas at the center of an old sheet of glass called?"
] | {
"text": [
"bull's-eyes"
],
"answer_start": [
445
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20430 | 572977e11d046914007794c2 | Glass | Mass production of glass window panes in the early twentieth century caused a similar effect. In glass factories, molten glass was poured onto a large cooling table and allowed to spread. The resulting glass is thicker at the location of the pour, located at the center of the large sheet. These sheets were cut into smaller window panes with nonuniform thickness, typically with the location of the pour centered in one of the panes (known as "bull's-eyes") for decorative effect. Modern glass intended for windows is produced as float glass and is very uniform in thickness. | In early 20th century glass production, the glass was thickest at what part of the sheet? | In early 20th century glass production, the glass was thickest at what part of the sheet? | [
"In early 20th century glass production, the glass was thickest at what part of the sheet?"
] | {
"text": [
"the center"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20431 | 572977e11d046914007794c3 | Glass | Mass production of glass window panes in the early twentieth century caused a similar effect. In glass factories, molten glass was poured onto a large cooling table and allowed to spread. The resulting glass is thicker at the location of the pour, located at the center of the large sheet. These sheets were cut into smaller window panes with nonuniform thickness, typically with the location of the pour centered in one of the panes (known as "bull's-eyes") for decorative effect. Modern glass intended for windows is produced as float glass and is very uniform in thickness. | Currently window glass is made as what? | Currently window glass is made as what? | [
"Currently window glass is made as what?"
] | {
"text": [
"float glass"
],
"answer_start": [
531
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20432 | 572977e11d046914007794c4 | Glass | Mass production of glass window panes in the early twentieth century caused a similar effect. In glass factories, molten glass was poured onto a large cooling table and allowed to spread. The resulting glass is thicker at the location of the pour, located at the center of the large sheet. These sheets were cut into smaller window panes with nonuniform thickness, typically with the location of the pour centered in one of the panes (known as "bull's-eyes") for decorative effect. Modern glass intended for windows is produced as float glass and is very uniform in thickness. | How was the bull's-eye used? | How was the bull's-eye used? | [
"How was the bull's-eye used?"
] | {
"text": [
"for decorative effect"
],
"answer_start": [
459
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20433 | 5a67209ff038b7001ab0c220 | Glass | Mass production of glass window panes in the early twentieth century caused a similar effect. In glass factories, molten glass was poured onto a large cooling table and allowed to spread. The resulting glass is thicker at the location of the pour, located at the center of the large sheet. These sheets were cut into smaller window panes with nonuniform thickness, typically with the location of the pour centered in one of the panes (known as "bull's-eyes") for decorative effect. Modern glass intended for windows is produced as float glass and is very uniform in thickness. | What were the areas at the center of window panes called? | What were the areas at the center of window panes called? | [
"What were the areas at the center of window panes called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20434 | 5a67209ff038b7001ab0c221 | Glass | Mass production of glass window panes in the early twentieth century caused a similar effect. In glass factories, molten glass was poured onto a large cooling table and allowed to spread. The resulting glass is thicker at the location of the pour, located at the center of the large sheet. These sheets were cut into smaller window panes with nonuniform thickness, typically with the location of the pour centered in one of the panes (known as "bull's-eyes") for decorative effect. Modern glass intended for windows is produced as float glass and is very uniform in thickness. | In early 20th century glass production, the glass was poured at what part of the sheet? | In early 20th century glass production, the glass was poured at what part of the sheet? | [
"In early 20th century glass production, the glass was poured at what part of the sheet?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20435 | 5a67209ff038b7001ab0c222 | Glass | Mass production of glass window panes in the early twentieth century caused a similar effect. In glass factories, molten glass was poured onto a large cooling table and allowed to spread. The resulting glass is thicker at the location of the pour, located at the center of the large sheet. These sheets were cut into smaller window panes with nonuniform thickness, typically with the location of the pour centered in one of the panes (known as "bull's-eyes") for decorative effect. Modern glass intended for windows is produced as float glass and is very uniform in thickness. | Currently large sheets are made as what? | Currently large sheets are made as what? | [
"Currently large sheets are made as what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20436 | 5a67209ff038b7001ab0c223 | Glass | Mass production of glass window panes in the early twentieth century caused a similar effect. In glass factories, molten glass was poured onto a large cooling table and allowed to spread. The resulting glass is thicker at the location of the pour, located at the center of the large sheet. These sheets were cut into smaller window panes with nonuniform thickness, typically with the location of the pour centered in one of the panes (known as "bull's-eyes") for decorative effect. Modern glass intended for windows is produced as float glass and is very uniform in thickness. | How was the table used? | How was the table used? | [
"How was the table used?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20437 | 5a67209ff038b7001ab0c224 | Glass | Mass production of glass window panes in the early twentieth century caused a similar effect. In glass factories, molten glass was poured onto a large cooling table and allowed to spread. The resulting glass is thicker at the location of the pour, located at the center of the large sheet. These sheets were cut into smaller window panes with nonuniform thickness, typically with the location of the pour centered in one of the panes (known as "bull's-eyes") for decorative effect. Modern glass intended for windows is produced as float glass and is very uniform in thickness. | What was poured onto a large window pane? | What was poured onto a large window pane? | [
"What was poured onto a large window pane?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20438 | 572979896aef051400154f7e | Glass | The observation that old windows are sometimes found to be thicker at the bottom than at the top is often offered as supporting evidence for the view that glass flows over a timescale of centuries, the assumption being that the glass has exhibited the liquid property of flowing from one shape to another. This assumption is incorrect, as once solidified, glass stops flowing. The reason for the observation is that in the past, when panes of glass were commonly made by glassblowers, the technique used was to spin molten glass so as to create a round, mostly flat and even plate (the crown glass process, described above). This plate was then cut to fit a window. The pieces were not absolutely flat; the edges of the disk became a different thickness as the glass spun. When installed in a window frame, the glass would be placed with the thicker side down both for the sake of stability and to prevent water accumulating in the lead cames at the bottom of the window. Occasionally such glass has been found installed with the thicker side at the top, left or right. | What was the benefit of installing glass with the thick side at the bottom, in addition to avoiding water accumulation? | What was the benefit of installing glass with the thick side at the bottom, in addition to avoiding water accumulation? | [
"What was the benefit of installing glass with the thick side at the bottom, in addition to avoiding water accumulation?"
] | {
"text": [
"stability"
],
"answer_start": [
881
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20439 | 572979896aef051400154f7f | Glass | The observation that old windows are sometimes found to be thicker at the bottom than at the top is often offered as supporting evidence for the view that glass flows over a timescale of centuries, the assumption being that the glass has exhibited the liquid property of flowing from one shape to another. This assumption is incorrect, as once solidified, glass stops flowing. The reason for the observation is that in the past, when panes of glass were commonly made by glassblowers, the technique used was to spin molten glass so as to create a round, mostly flat and even plate (the crown glass process, described above). This plate was then cut to fit a window. The pieces were not absolutely flat; the edges of the disk became a different thickness as the glass spun. When installed in a window frame, the glass would be placed with the thicker side down both for the sake of stability and to prevent water accumulating in the lead cames at the bottom of the window. Occasionally such glass has been found installed with the thicker side at the top, left or right. | Who used to make window panes? | Who used to make window panes? | [
"Who used to make window panes?"
] | {
"text": [
"glassblowers"
],
"answer_start": [
471
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20440 | 572979896aef051400154f80 | Glass | The observation that old windows are sometimes found to be thicker at the bottom than at the top is often offered as supporting evidence for the view that glass flows over a timescale of centuries, the assumption being that the glass has exhibited the liquid property of flowing from one shape to another. This assumption is incorrect, as once solidified, glass stops flowing. The reason for the observation is that in the past, when panes of glass were commonly made by glassblowers, the technique used was to spin molten glass so as to create a round, mostly flat and even plate (the crown glass process, described above). This plate was then cut to fit a window. The pieces were not absolutely flat; the edges of the disk became a different thickness as the glass spun. When installed in a window frame, the glass would be placed with the thicker side down both for the sake of stability and to prevent water accumulating in the lead cames at the bottom of the window. Occasionally such glass has been found installed with the thicker side at the top, left or right. | What is the name for the glassmaking method that involved spinning it into sheets? | What is the name for the glassmaking method that involved spinning it into sheets? | [
"What is the name for the glassmaking method that involved spinning it into sheets?"
] | {
"text": [
"crown glass process"
],
"answer_start": [
586
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20441 | 572979896aef051400154f81 | Glass | The observation that old windows are sometimes found to be thicker at the bottom than at the top is often offered as supporting evidence for the view that glass flows over a timescale of centuries, the assumption being that the glass has exhibited the liquid property of flowing from one shape to another. This assumption is incorrect, as once solidified, glass stops flowing. The reason for the observation is that in the past, when panes of glass were commonly made by glassblowers, the technique used was to spin molten glass so as to create a round, mostly flat and even plate (the crown glass process, described above). This plate was then cut to fit a window. The pieces were not absolutely flat; the edges of the disk became a different thickness as the glass spun. When installed in a window frame, the glass would be placed with the thicker side down both for the sake of stability and to prevent water accumulating in the lead cames at the bottom of the window. Occasionally such glass has been found installed with the thicker side at the top, left or right. | The thickness at the bottom of glass panes was once taken as evidence that glass had features of what state of matter? | The thickness at the bottom of glass panes was once taken as evidence that glass had features of what state of matter? | [
"The thickness at the bottom of glass panes was once taken as evidence that glass had features of what state of matter?"
] | {
"text": [
"liquid"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20442 | 572979896aef051400154f82 | Glass | The observation that old windows are sometimes found to be thicker at the bottom than at the top is often offered as supporting evidence for the view that glass flows over a timescale of centuries, the assumption being that the glass has exhibited the liquid property of flowing from one shape to another. This assumption is incorrect, as once solidified, glass stops flowing. The reason for the observation is that in the past, when panes of glass were commonly made by glassblowers, the technique used was to spin molten glass so as to create a round, mostly flat and even plate (the crown glass process, described above). This plate was then cut to fit a window. The pieces were not absolutely flat; the edges of the disk became a different thickness as the glass spun. When installed in a window frame, the glass would be placed with the thicker side down both for the sake of stability and to prevent water accumulating in the lead cames at the bottom of the window. Occasionally such glass has been found installed with the thicker side at the top, left or right. | When does glass stop moving like a liquid? | When does glass stop moving like a liquid? | [
"When does glass stop moving like a liquid?"
] | {
"text": [
"once solidified"
],
"answer_start": [
339
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20443 | 5a671f70f038b7001ab0c216 | Glass | The observation that old windows are sometimes found to be thicker at the bottom than at the top is often offered as supporting evidence for the view that glass flows over a timescale of centuries, the assumption being that the glass has exhibited the liquid property of flowing from one shape to another. This assumption is incorrect, as once solidified, glass stops flowing. The reason for the observation is that in the past, when panes of glass were commonly made by glassblowers, the technique used was to spin molten glass so as to create a round, mostly flat and even plate (the crown glass process, described above). This plate was then cut to fit a window. The pieces were not absolutely flat; the edges of the disk became a different thickness as the glass spun. When installed in a window frame, the glass would be placed with the thicker side down both for the sake of stability and to prevent water accumulating in the lead cames at the bottom of the window. Occasionally such glass has been found installed with the thicker side at the top, left or right. | What was the benefit of installing glass with the thick side at the top? | What was the benefit of installing glass with the thick side at the top? | [
"What was the benefit of installing glass with the thick side at the top?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20444 | 5a671f70f038b7001ab0c217 | Glass | The observation that old windows are sometimes found to be thicker at the bottom than at the top is often offered as supporting evidence for the view that glass flows over a timescale of centuries, the assumption being that the glass has exhibited the liquid property of flowing from one shape to another. This assumption is incorrect, as once solidified, glass stops flowing. The reason for the observation is that in the past, when panes of glass were commonly made by glassblowers, the technique used was to spin molten glass so as to create a round, mostly flat and even plate (the crown glass process, described above). This plate was then cut to fit a window. The pieces were not absolutely flat; the edges of the disk became a different thickness as the glass spun. When installed in a window frame, the glass would be placed with the thicker side down both for the sake of stability and to prevent water accumulating in the lead cames at the bottom of the window. Occasionally such glass has been found installed with the thicker side at the top, left or right. | Who used to make water? | Who used to make water? | [
"Who used to make water?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20445 | 5a671f70f038b7001ab0c218 | Glass | The observation that old windows are sometimes found to be thicker at the bottom than at the top is often offered as supporting evidence for the view that glass flows over a timescale of centuries, the assumption being that the glass has exhibited the liquid property of flowing from one shape to another. This assumption is incorrect, as once solidified, glass stops flowing. The reason for the observation is that in the past, when panes of glass were commonly made by glassblowers, the technique used was to spin molten glass so as to create a round, mostly flat and even plate (the crown glass process, described above). This plate was then cut to fit a window. The pieces were not absolutely flat; the edges of the disk became a different thickness as the glass spun. When installed in a window frame, the glass would be placed with the thicker side down both for the sake of stability and to prevent water accumulating in the lead cames at the bottom of the window. Occasionally such glass has been found installed with the thicker side at the top, left or right. | What is the name for the glassmaking method that involved centuries? | What is the name for the glassmaking method that involved centuries? | [
"What is the name for the glassmaking method that involved centuries?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20446 | 5a671f70f038b7001ab0c219 | Glass | The observation that old windows are sometimes found to be thicker at the bottom than at the top is often offered as supporting evidence for the view that glass flows over a timescale of centuries, the assumption being that the glass has exhibited the liquid property of flowing from one shape to another. This assumption is incorrect, as once solidified, glass stops flowing. The reason for the observation is that in the past, when panes of glass were commonly made by glassblowers, the technique used was to spin molten glass so as to create a round, mostly flat and even plate (the crown glass process, described above). This plate was then cut to fit a window. The pieces were not absolutely flat; the edges of the disk became a different thickness as the glass spun. When installed in a window frame, the glass would be placed with the thicker side down both for the sake of stability and to prevent water accumulating in the lead cames at the bottom of the window. Occasionally such glass has been found installed with the thicker side at the top, left or right. | The crown glass process was once taken as evidence that glass had features of what state of matter? | The crown glass process was once taken as evidence that glass had features of what state of matter? | [
"The crown glass process was once taken as evidence that glass had features of what state of matter?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20447 | 5a671f70f038b7001ab0c21a | Glass | The observation that old windows are sometimes found to be thicker at the bottom than at the top is often offered as supporting evidence for the view that glass flows over a timescale of centuries, the assumption being that the glass has exhibited the liquid property of flowing from one shape to another. This assumption is incorrect, as once solidified, glass stops flowing. The reason for the observation is that in the past, when panes of glass were commonly made by glassblowers, the technique used was to spin molten glass so as to create a round, mostly flat and even plate (the crown glass process, described above). This plate was then cut to fit a window. The pieces were not absolutely flat; the edges of the disk became a different thickness as the glass spun. When installed in a window frame, the glass would be placed with the thicker side down both for the sake of stability and to prevent water accumulating in the lead cames at the bottom of the window. Occasionally such glass has been found installed with the thicker side at the top, left or right. | When does glass stop moving like the bottom of the window? | When does glass stop moving like the bottom of the window? | [
"When does glass stop moving like the bottom of the window?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20448 | 572982021d046914007794ef | Glass | In physics, the standard definition of a glass (or vitreous solid) is a solid formed by rapid melt quenching. The term glass is often used to describe any amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition temperature Tg. If the cooling is sufficiently rapid (relative to the characteristic crystallization time) then crystallization is prevented and instead the disordered atomic configuration of the supercooled liquid is frozen into the solid state at Tg. The tendency for a material to form a glass while quenched is called glass-forming ability. This ability can be predicted by the rigidity theory. Generally, the structure of a glass exists in a metastable state with respect to its crystalline form, although in certain circumstances, for example in atactic polymers, there is no crystalline analogue of the amorphous phase. | How is "glass" defined in physics? | How is "glass" defined in physics? | [
"How is \"glass\" defined in physics?"
] | {
"text": [
"a solid formed by rapid melt quenching"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20449 | 572982021d046914007794f0 | Glass | In physics, the standard definition of a glass (or vitreous solid) is a solid formed by rapid melt quenching. The term glass is often used to describe any amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition temperature Tg. If the cooling is sufficiently rapid (relative to the characteristic crystallization time) then crystallization is prevented and instead the disordered atomic configuration of the supercooled liquid is frozen into the solid state at Tg. The tendency for a material to form a glass while quenched is called glass-forming ability. This ability can be predicted by the rigidity theory. Generally, the structure of a glass exists in a metastable state with respect to its crystalline form, although in certain circumstances, for example in atactic polymers, there is no crystalline analogue of the amorphous phase. | What is the tendency to make a glass when cooled called? | What is the tendency to make a glass when cooled called? | [
"What is the tendency to make a glass when cooled called?"
] | {
"text": [
"glass-forming ability"
],
"answer_start": [
526
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20450 | 572982021d046914007794f1 | Glass | In physics, the standard definition of a glass (or vitreous solid) is a solid formed by rapid melt quenching. The term glass is often used to describe any amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition temperature Tg. If the cooling is sufficiently rapid (relative to the characteristic crystallization time) then crystallization is prevented and instead the disordered atomic configuration of the supercooled liquid is frozen into the solid state at Tg. The tendency for a material to form a glass while quenched is called glass-forming ability. This ability can be predicted by the rigidity theory. Generally, the structure of a glass exists in a metastable state with respect to its crystalline form, although in certain circumstances, for example in atactic polymers, there is no crystalline analogue of the amorphous phase. | What must happen quickly for glass to form? | What must happen quickly for glass to form? | [
"What must happen quickly for glass to form?"
] | {
"text": [
"cooling"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20451 | 572982021d046914007794f2 | Glass | In physics, the standard definition of a glass (or vitreous solid) is a solid formed by rapid melt quenching. The term glass is often used to describe any amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition temperature Tg. If the cooling is sufficiently rapid (relative to the characteristic crystallization time) then crystallization is prevented and instead the disordered atomic configuration of the supercooled liquid is frozen into the solid state at Tg. The tendency for a material to form a glass while quenched is called glass-forming ability. This ability can be predicted by the rigidity theory. Generally, the structure of a glass exists in a metastable state with respect to its crystalline form, although in certain circumstances, for example in atactic polymers, there is no crystalline analogue of the amorphous phase. | What predicts glass-forming ability? | What predicts glass-forming ability? | [
"What predicts glass-forming ability?"
] | {
"text": [
"rigidity theory"
],
"answer_start": [
586
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20452 | 5a671b11f038b7001ab0c1ee | Glass | In physics, the standard definition of a glass (or vitreous solid) is a solid formed by rapid melt quenching. The term glass is often used to describe any amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition temperature Tg. If the cooling is sufficiently rapid (relative to the characteristic crystallization time) then crystallization is prevented and instead the disordered atomic configuration of the supercooled liquid is frozen into the solid state at Tg. The tendency for a material to form a glass while quenched is called glass-forming ability. This ability can be predicted by the rigidity theory. Generally, the structure of a glass exists in a metastable state with respect to its crystalline form, although in certain circumstances, for example in atactic polymers, there is no crystalline analogue of the amorphous phase. | How is "glass" defines in the amorphous phase? | How is "glass" defines in the amorphous phase? | [
"How is \"glass\" defines in the amorphous phase?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20453 | 5a671b11f038b7001ab0c1ef | Glass | In physics, the standard definition of a glass (or vitreous solid) is a solid formed by rapid melt quenching. The term glass is often used to describe any amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition temperature Tg. If the cooling is sufficiently rapid (relative to the characteristic crystallization time) then crystallization is prevented and instead the disordered atomic configuration of the supercooled liquid is frozen into the solid state at Tg. The tendency for a material to form a glass while quenched is called glass-forming ability. This ability can be predicted by the rigidity theory. Generally, the structure of a glass exists in a metastable state with respect to its crystalline form, although in certain circumstances, for example in atactic polymers, there is no crystalline analogue of the amorphous phase. | What is the tendency to make a glass from atactic polymers called? | What is the tendency to make a glass from atactic polymers called? | [
"What is the tendency to make a glass from atactic polymers called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20454 | 5a671b11f038b7001ab0c1f0 | Glass | In physics, the standard definition of a glass (or vitreous solid) is a solid formed by rapid melt quenching. The term glass is often used to describe any amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition temperature Tg. If the cooling is sufficiently rapid (relative to the characteristic crystallization time) then crystallization is prevented and instead the disordered atomic configuration of the supercooled liquid is frozen into the solid state at Tg. The tendency for a material to form a glass while quenched is called glass-forming ability. This ability can be predicted by the rigidity theory. Generally, the structure of a glass exists in a metastable state with respect to its crystalline form, although in certain circumstances, for example in atactic polymers, there is no crystalline analogue of the amorphous phase. | What must happen quickly for polymers to form? | What must happen quickly for polymers to form? | [
"What must happen quickly for polymers to form?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20455 | 5a671b11f038b7001ab0c1f1 | Glass | In physics, the standard definition of a glass (or vitreous solid) is a solid formed by rapid melt quenching. The term glass is often used to describe any amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition temperature Tg. If the cooling is sufficiently rapid (relative to the characteristic crystallization time) then crystallization is prevented and instead the disordered atomic configuration of the supercooled liquid is frozen into the solid state at Tg. The tendency for a material to form a glass while quenched is called glass-forming ability. This ability can be predicted by the rigidity theory. Generally, the structure of a glass exists in a metastable state with respect to its crystalline form, although in certain circumstances, for example in atactic polymers, there is no crystalline analogue of the amorphous phase. | What predicts amorphous phases? | What predicts amorphous phases? | [
"What predicts amorphous phases?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20456 | 5a671b11f038b7001ab0c1f2 | Glass | In physics, the standard definition of a glass (or vitreous solid) is a solid formed by rapid melt quenching. The term glass is often used to describe any amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition temperature Tg. If the cooling is sufficiently rapid (relative to the characteristic crystallization time) then crystallization is prevented and instead the disordered atomic configuration of the supercooled liquid is frozen into the solid state at Tg. The tendency for a material to form a glass while quenched is called glass-forming ability. This ability can be predicted by the rigidity theory. Generally, the structure of a glass exists in a metastable state with respect to its crystalline form, although in certain circumstances, for example in atactic polymers, there is no crystalline analogue of the amorphous phase. | What happens when metastable states are prevented? | What happens when metastable states are prevented? | [
"What happens when metastable states are prevented?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20457 | 572984596aef051400154f9c | Glass | Some people consider glass to be a liquid due to its lack of a first-order phase transition where certain thermodynamic variables such as volume, entropy and enthalpy are discontinuous through the glass transition range. The glass transition may be described as analogous to a second-order phase transition where the intensive thermodynamic variables such as the thermal expansivity and heat capacity are discontinuous. Nonetheless, the equilibrium theory of phase transformations does not entirely hold for glass, and hence the glass transition cannot be classed as one of the classical equilibrium phase transformations in solids. | What does glass not have, leading some to think it is a liquid? | What does glass not have, leading some to think it is a liquid? | [
"What does glass not have, leading some to think it is a liquid?"
] | {
"text": [
"first-order phase transition"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20458 | 572984596aef051400154f9d | Glass | Some people consider glass to be a liquid due to its lack of a first-order phase transition where certain thermodynamic variables such as volume, entropy and enthalpy are discontinuous through the glass transition range. The glass transition may be described as analogous to a second-order phase transition where the intensive thermodynamic variables such as the thermal expansivity and heat capacity are discontinuous. Nonetheless, the equilibrium theory of phase transformations does not entirely hold for glass, and hence the glass transition cannot be classed as one of the classical equilibrium phase transformations in solids. | What theory isn't completely valid for glass? | What theory isn't completely valid for glass? | [
"What theory isn't completely valid for glass?"
] | {
"text": [
"equilibrium theory of phase transformations"
],
"answer_start": [
437
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20459 | 572984596aef051400154f9e | Glass | Some people consider glass to be a liquid due to its lack of a first-order phase transition where certain thermodynamic variables such as volume, entropy and enthalpy are discontinuous through the glass transition range. The glass transition may be described as analogous to a second-order phase transition where the intensive thermodynamic variables such as the thermal expansivity and heat capacity are discontinuous. Nonetheless, the equilibrium theory of phase transformations does not entirely hold for glass, and hence the glass transition cannot be classed as one of the classical equilibrium phase transformations in solids. | Transition in glass is comparable to what? | Transition in glass is comparable to what? | [
"Transition in glass is comparable to what?"
] | {
"text": [
"a second-order phase transition"
],
"answer_start": [
275
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20460 | 5a671c44f038b7001ab0c1f8 | Glass | Some people consider glass to be a liquid due to its lack of a first-order phase transition where certain thermodynamic variables such as volume, entropy and enthalpy are discontinuous through the glass transition range. The glass transition may be described as analogous to a second-order phase transition where the intensive thermodynamic variables such as the thermal expansivity and heat capacity are discontinuous. Nonetheless, the equilibrium theory of phase transformations does not entirely hold for glass, and hence the glass transition cannot be classed as one of the classical equilibrium phase transformations in solids. | What does glass not have, leading some to think it is a classic equilibrium? | What does glass not have, leading some to think it is a classic equilibrium? | [
"What does glass not have, leading some to think it is a classic equilibrium?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20461 | 5a671c44f038b7001ab0c1f9 | Glass | Some people consider glass to be a liquid due to its lack of a first-order phase transition where certain thermodynamic variables such as volume, entropy and enthalpy are discontinuous through the glass transition range. The glass transition may be described as analogous to a second-order phase transition where the intensive thermodynamic variables such as the thermal expansivity and heat capacity are discontinuous. Nonetheless, the equilibrium theory of phase transformations does not entirely hold for glass, and hence the glass transition cannot be classed as one of the classical equilibrium phase transformations in solids. | What theory isn't completely valid for thermodynamic variables? | What theory isn't completely valid for thermodynamic variables? | [
"What theory isn't completely valid for thermodynamic variables?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20462 | 5a671c44f038b7001ab0c1fa | Glass | Some people consider glass to be a liquid due to its lack of a first-order phase transition where certain thermodynamic variables such as volume, entropy and enthalpy are discontinuous through the glass transition range. The glass transition may be described as analogous to a second-order phase transition where the intensive thermodynamic variables such as the thermal expansivity and heat capacity are discontinuous. Nonetheless, the equilibrium theory of phase transformations does not entirely hold for glass, and hence the glass transition cannot be classed as one of the classical equilibrium phase transformations in solids. | Transition in heat is comparable to what? | Transition in heat is comparable to what? | [
"Transition in heat is comparable to what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20463 | 5a671c44f038b7001ab0c1fb | Glass | Some people consider glass to be a liquid due to its lack of a first-order phase transition where certain thermodynamic variables such as volume, entropy and enthalpy are discontinuous through the glass transition range. The glass transition may be described as analogous to a second-order phase transition where the intensive thermodynamic variables such as the thermal expansivity and heat capacity are discontinuous. Nonetheless, the equilibrium theory of phase transformations does not entirely hold for glass, and hence the glass transition cannot be classed as one of the classical equilibrium phase transformations in solids. | What variables are intensive through the glass transition range? | What variables are intensive through the glass transition range? | [
"What variables are intensive through the glass transition range?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20464 | 5a671c44f038b7001ab0c1fc | Glass | Some people consider glass to be a liquid due to its lack of a first-order phase transition where certain thermodynamic variables such as volume, entropy and enthalpy are discontinuous through the glass transition range. The glass transition may be described as analogous to a second-order phase transition where the intensive thermodynamic variables such as the thermal expansivity and heat capacity are discontinuous. Nonetheless, the equilibrium theory of phase transformations does not entirely hold for glass, and hence the glass transition cannot be classed as one of the classical equilibrium phase transformations in solids. | What do some consider to be a transformation? | What do some consider to be a transformation? | [
"What do some consider to be a transformation?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20465 | 572988531d04691400779513 | Glass | Although the atomic structure of glass shares characteristics of the structure in a supercooled liquid, glass tends to behave as a solid below its glass transition temperature. A supercooled liquid behaves as a liquid, but it is below the freezing point of the material, and in some cases will crystallize almost instantly if a crystal is added as a core. The change in heat capacity at a glass transition and a melting transition of comparable materials are typically of the same order of magnitude, indicating that the change in active degrees of freedom is comparable as well. Both in a glass and in a crystal it is mostly only the vibrational degrees of freedom that remain active, whereas rotational and translational motion is arrested. This helps to explain why both crystalline and non-crystalline solids exhibit rigidity on most experimental time scales. | Atomically, glass is similar to what? | Atomically, glass is similar to what? | [
"Atomically, glass is similar to what?"
] | {
"text": [
"a supercooled liquid"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20466 | 572988531d04691400779514 | Glass | Although the atomic structure of glass shares characteristics of the structure in a supercooled liquid, glass tends to behave as a solid below its glass transition temperature. A supercooled liquid behaves as a liquid, but it is below the freezing point of the material, and in some cases will crystallize almost instantly if a crystal is added as a core. The change in heat capacity at a glass transition and a melting transition of comparable materials are typically of the same order of magnitude, indicating that the change in active degrees of freedom is comparable as well. Both in a glass and in a crystal it is mostly only the vibrational degrees of freedom that remain active, whereas rotational and translational motion is arrested. This helps to explain why both crystalline and non-crystalline solids exhibit rigidity on most experimental time scales. | What acts like a liquid but is under the freezing temperature? | What acts like a liquid but is under the freezing temperature? | [
"What acts like a liquid but is under the freezing temperature?"
] | {
"text": [
"A supercooled liquid"
],
"answer_start": [
177
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20467 | 572988531d04691400779515 | Glass | Although the atomic structure of glass shares characteristics of the structure in a supercooled liquid, glass tends to behave as a solid below its glass transition temperature. A supercooled liquid behaves as a liquid, but it is below the freezing point of the material, and in some cases will crystallize almost instantly if a crystal is added as a core. The change in heat capacity at a glass transition and a melting transition of comparable materials are typically of the same order of magnitude, indicating that the change in active degrees of freedom is comparable as well. Both in a glass and in a crystal it is mostly only the vibrational degrees of freedom that remain active, whereas rotational and translational motion is arrested. This helps to explain why both crystalline and non-crystalline solids exhibit rigidity on most experimental time scales. | Despite its atomic structure, cooled glass acts like what? | Despite its atomic structure, cooled glass acts like what? | [
"Despite its atomic structure, cooled glass acts like what?"
] | {
"text": [
"a solid"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20468 | 572988531d04691400779516 | Glass | Although the atomic structure of glass shares characteristics of the structure in a supercooled liquid, glass tends to behave as a solid below its glass transition temperature. A supercooled liquid behaves as a liquid, but it is below the freezing point of the material, and in some cases will crystallize almost instantly if a crystal is added as a core. The change in heat capacity at a glass transition and a melting transition of comparable materials are typically of the same order of magnitude, indicating that the change in active degrees of freedom is comparable as well. Both in a glass and in a crystal it is mostly only the vibrational degrees of freedom that remain active, whereas rotational and translational motion is arrested. This helps to explain why both crystalline and non-crystalline solids exhibit rigidity on most experimental time scales. | In cooled glass, what types of movement stop? | In cooled glass, what types of movement stop? | [
"In cooled glass, what types of movement stop?"
] | {
"text": [
"rotational and translational"
],
"answer_start": [
694
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20469 | 5a671d3df038b7001ab0c202 | Glass | Although the atomic structure of glass shares characteristics of the structure in a supercooled liquid, glass tends to behave as a solid below its glass transition temperature. A supercooled liquid behaves as a liquid, but it is below the freezing point of the material, and in some cases will crystallize almost instantly if a crystal is added as a core. The change in heat capacity at a glass transition and a melting transition of comparable materials are typically of the same order of magnitude, indicating that the change in active degrees of freedom is comparable as well. Both in a glass and in a crystal it is mostly only the vibrational degrees of freedom that remain active, whereas rotational and translational motion is arrested. This helps to explain why both crystalline and non-crystalline solids exhibit rigidity on most experimental time scales. | Atomically, crystal is similar to what? | Atomically, crystal is similar to what? | [
"Atomically, crystal is similar to what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20470 | 5a671d3df038b7001ab0c203 | Glass | Although the atomic structure of glass shares characteristics of the structure in a supercooled liquid, glass tends to behave as a solid below its glass transition temperature. A supercooled liquid behaves as a liquid, but it is below the freezing point of the material, and in some cases will crystallize almost instantly if a crystal is added as a core. The change in heat capacity at a glass transition and a melting transition of comparable materials are typically of the same order of magnitude, indicating that the change in active degrees of freedom is comparable as well. Both in a glass and in a crystal it is mostly only the vibrational degrees of freedom that remain active, whereas rotational and translational motion is arrested. This helps to explain why both crystalline and non-crystalline solids exhibit rigidity on most experimental time scales. | What acts like a liquid but is under the experimental scales? | What acts like a liquid but is under the experimental scales? | [
"What acts like a liquid but is under the experimental scales?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20471 | 5a671d3df038b7001ab0c204 | Glass | Although the atomic structure of glass shares characteristics of the structure in a supercooled liquid, glass tends to behave as a solid below its glass transition temperature. A supercooled liquid behaves as a liquid, but it is below the freezing point of the material, and in some cases will crystallize almost instantly if a crystal is added as a core. The change in heat capacity at a glass transition and a melting transition of comparable materials are typically of the same order of magnitude, indicating that the change in active degrees of freedom is comparable as well. Both in a glass and in a crystal it is mostly only the vibrational degrees of freedom that remain active, whereas rotational and translational motion is arrested. This helps to explain why both crystalline and non-crystalline solids exhibit rigidity on most experimental time scales. | Despite its atomic structure, crystals act like what? | Despite its atomic structure, crystals act like what? | [
"Despite its atomic structure, crystals act like what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20472 | 5a671d3df038b7001ab0c205 | Glass | Although the atomic structure of glass shares characteristics of the structure in a supercooled liquid, glass tends to behave as a solid below its glass transition temperature. A supercooled liquid behaves as a liquid, but it is below the freezing point of the material, and in some cases will crystallize almost instantly if a crystal is added as a core. The change in heat capacity at a glass transition and a melting transition of comparable materials are typically of the same order of magnitude, indicating that the change in active degrees of freedom is comparable as well. Both in a glass and in a crystal it is mostly only the vibrational degrees of freedom that remain active, whereas rotational and translational motion is arrested. This helps to explain why both crystalline and non-crystalline solids exhibit rigidity on most experimental time scales. | In traditional motion, what types of movement stop? | In traditional motion, what types of movement stop? | [
"In traditional motion, what types of movement stop?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20473 | 5a671d3df038b7001ab0c206 | Glass | Although the atomic structure of glass shares characteristics of the structure in a supercooled liquid, glass tends to behave as a solid below its glass transition temperature. A supercooled liquid behaves as a liquid, but it is below the freezing point of the material, and in some cases will crystallize almost instantly if a crystal is added as a core. The change in heat capacity at a glass transition and a melting transition of comparable materials are typically of the same order of magnitude, indicating that the change in active degrees of freedom is comparable as well. Both in a glass and in a crystal it is mostly only the vibrational degrees of freedom that remain active, whereas rotational and translational motion is arrested. This helps to explain why both crystalline and non-crystalline solids exhibit rigidity on most experimental time scales. | What behaves as a solid? | What behaves as a solid? | [
"What behaves as a solid?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20474 | 56cc55856d243a140015ef0a | IPod | The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first line was released on October 23, 2001, about 8½ months after iTunes (Macintosh version) was released. The most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15, 2015. There are three current versions of the iPod: the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle, the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch. | Which company produces the iPod? | Which company produces the iPod? | [
"Which company produces the iPod?"
] | {
"text": [
"Apple"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20475 | 56cc55856d243a140015ef0b | IPod | The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first line was released on October 23, 2001, about 8½ months after iTunes (Macintosh version) was released. The most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15, 2015. There are three current versions of the iPod: the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle, the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch. | When was the original iPod released? | When was the original iPod released? | [
"When was the original iPod released?"
] | {
"text": [
"October 23, 2001"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20476 | 56cc55856d243a140015ef0c | IPod | The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first line was released on October 23, 2001, about 8½ months after iTunes (Macintosh version) was released. The most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15, 2015. There are three current versions of the iPod: the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle, the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch. | How many different types of iPod are currently available? | How many different types of iPod are currently available? | [
"How many different types of iPod are currently available?"
] | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20477 | 56cc55856d243a140015ef0d | IPod | The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first line was released on October 23, 2001, about 8½ months after iTunes (Macintosh version) was released. The most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15, 2015. There are three current versions of the iPod: the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle, the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch. | What kind of device is the iPod? | What kind of device is the iPod? | [
"What kind of device is the iPod?"
] | {
"text": [
"portable media players"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20478 | 56cc55856d243a140015ef0e | IPod | The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first line was released on October 23, 2001, about 8½ months after iTunes (Macintosh version) was released. The most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15, 2015. There are three current versions of the iPod: the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle, the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch. | The iPod Touch uses what kind of interface? | The iPod Touch uses what kind of interface? | [
"The iPod Touch uses what kind of interface?"
] | {
"text": [
"touchscreen"
],
"answer_start": [
400
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20479 | 56ce726faab44d1400b88791 | IPod | The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first line was released on October 23, 2001, about 8½ months after iTunes (Macintosh version) was released. The most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15, 2015. There are three current versions of the iPod: the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle, the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch. | In what year was the first iPod released? | In what year was the first iPod released? | [
"In what year was the first iPod released?"
] | {
"text": [
"2001"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20480 | 56ce726faab44d1400b88792 | IPod | The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first line was released on October 23, 2001, about 8½ months after iTunes (Macintosh version) was released. The most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15, 2015. There are three current versions of the iPod: the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle, the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch. | What company manufactures the iPod? | What company manufactures the iPod? | [
"What company manufactures the iPod?"
] | {
"text": [
"Apple"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20481 | 56ce726faab44d1400b88793 | IPod | The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first line was released on October 23, 2001, about 8½ months after iTunes (Macintosh version) was released. The most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15, 2015. There are three current versions of the iPod: the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle, the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch. | How many versions of the iPod currently exist? | How many versions of the iPod currently exist? | [
"How many versions of the iPod currently exist?"
] | {
"text": [
"3"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20482 | 56ce726faab44d1400b88794 | IPod | The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first line was released on October 23, 2001, about 8½ months after iTunes (Macintosh version) was released. The most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15, 2015. There are three current versions of the iPod: the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle, the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch. | Which is the smallest version of the iPod? | Which is the smallest version of the iPod? | [
"Which is the smallest version of the iPod?"
] | {
"text": [
"Shuffle"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20483 | 56ce726faab44d1400b88795 | IPod | The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first line was released on October 23, 2001, about 8½ months after iTunes (Macintosh version) was released. The most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15, 2015. There are three current versions of the iPod: the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle, the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch. | In what year was the iPod most recently redesigned? | In what year was the iPod most recently redesigned? | [
"In what year was the iPod most recently redesigned?"
] | {
"text": [
"2015"
],
"answer_start": [
286
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20484 | 56cc55fa6d243a140015ef14 | IPod | Like other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices. Storage capacity varies by model, ranging from 2 GB for the iPod Shuffle to 128 GB for the iPod Touch (previously 160 GB for the iPod Classic, which is now discontinued). | In addition to playing music, what other function can the iPod perform? | In addition to playing music, what other function can the iPod perform? | [
"In addition to playing music, what other function can the iPod perform?"
] | {
"text": [
"data storage"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20485 | 56cc55fa6d243a140015ef15 | IPod | Like other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices. Storage capacity varies by model, ranging from 2 GB for the iPod Shuffle to 128 GB for the iPod Touch (previously 160 GB for the iPod Classic, which is now discontinued). | What is the smallest data capacity for an iPod product? | What is the smallest data capacity for an iPod product? | [
"What is the smallest data capacity for an iPod product?"
] | {
"text": [
"2 GB"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20486 | 56cc55fa6d243a140015ef16 | IPod | Like other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices. Storage capacity varies by model, ranging from 2 GB for the iPod Shuffle to 128 GB for the iPod Touch (previously 160 GB for the iPod Classic, which is now discontinued). | What is the largest data capacity for an iPod product? | What is the largest data capacity for an iPod product? | [
"What is the largest data capacity for an iPod product?"
] | {
"text": [
"128 GB"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20487 | 56cc55fa6d243a140015ef17 | IPod | Like other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices. Storage capacity varies by model, ranging from 2 GB for the iPod Shuffle to 128 GB for the iPod Touch (previously 160 GB for the iPod Classic, which is now discontinued). | Which iPod product features the smallest data storage capacity? | Which iPod product features the smallest data storage capacity? | [
"Which iPod product features the smallest data storage capacity?"
] | {
"text": [
"iPod Shuffle"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20488 | 56cc55fa6d243a140015ef18 | IPod | Like other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices. Storage capacity varies by model, ranging from 2 GB for the iPod Shuffle to 128 GB for the iPod Touch (previously 160 GB for the iPod Classic, which is now discontinued). | Which current iPod product features the largest data storage capacity? | Which current iPod product features the largest data storage capacity? | [
"Which current iPod product features the largest data storage capacity?"
] | {
"text": [
"iPod Touch"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20489 | 56ce72ecaab44d1400b8879b | IPod | Like other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices. Storage capacity varies by model, ranging from 2 GB for the iPod Shuffle to 128 GB for the iPod Touch (previously 160 GB for the iPod Classic, which is now discontinued). | What's the storage capacity of the iPod Shuffle? | What's the storage capacity of the iPod Shuffle? | [
"What's the storage capacity of the iPod Shuffle?"
] | {
"text": [
"2 GB"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20490 | 56ce72ecaab44d1400b8879c | IPod | Like other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices. Storage capacity varies by model, ranging from 2 GB for the iPod Shuffle to 128 GB for the iPod Touch (previously 160 GB for the iPod Classic, which is now discontinued). | What's the storage capacity for the iPod Touch? | What's the storage capacity for the iPod Touch? | [
"What's the storage capacity for the iPod Touch?"
] | {
"text": [
"128 GB"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20491 | 56cc56856d243a140015ef1e | IPod | Apple's iTunes software (and other alternative software) can be used to transfer music, photos, videos, games, contact information, e-mail settings, Web bookmarks, and calendars, to the devices supporting these features from computers using certain versions of Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows operating systems. | What Apple program is used to communicate between computers and portable devices? | What Apple program is used to communicate between computers and portable devices? | [
"What Apple program is used to communicate between computers and portable devices?"
] | {
"text": [
"iTunes"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20492 | 56cc56856d243a140015ef1f | IPod | Apple's iTunes software (and other alternative software) can be used to transfer music, photos, videos, games, contact information, e-mail settings, Web bookmarks, and calendars, to the devices supporting these features from computers using certain versions of Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows operating systems. | Which operating systems are compatible with iTunes? | Which operating systems are compatible with iTunes? | [
"Which operating systems are compatible with iTunes?"
] | {
"text": [
"Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20493 | 56ce732faab44d1400b8879f | IPod | Apple's iTunes software (and other alternative software) can be used to transfer music, photos, videos, games, contact information, e-mail settings, Web bookmarks, and calendars, to the devices supporting these features from computers using certain versions of Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows operating systems. | What's the name of the software used to manage music and other media on Apple devices? | What's the name of the software used to manage music and other media on Apple devices? | [
"What's the name of the software used to manage music and other media on Apple devices?"
] | {
"text": [
"iTunes"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20494 | 56cc57466d243a140015ef24 | IPod | Before the release of iOS 5, the iPod branding was used for the media player included with the iPhone and iPad, a combination of the Music and Videos apps on the iPod Touch. As of iOS 5, separate apps named "Music" and "Videos" are standardized across all iOS-powered products. While the iPhone and iPad have essentially the same media player capabilities as the iPod line, they are generally treated as separate products. During the middle of 2010, iPhone sales overtook those of the iPod. | Prior to iOS 5, how many apps were required to play music and videos on iPhone and iPad? | Prior to iOS 5, how many apps were required to play music and videos on iPhone and iPad? | [
"Prior to iOS 5, how many apps were required to play music and videos on iPhone and iPad?"
] | {
"text": [
"one"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20495 | 56cc57466d243a140015ef26 | IPod | Before the release of iOS 5, the iPod branding was used for the media player included with the iPhone and iPad, a combination of the Music and Videos apps on the iPod Touch. As of iOS 5, separate apps named "Music" and "Videos" are standardized across all iOS-powered products. While the iPhone and iPad have essentially the same media player capabilities as the iPod line, they are generally treated as separate products. During the middle of 2010, iPhone sales overtook those of the iPod. | In mid-2010, which Apple device had higher sales than iPod? | In mid-2010, which Apple device had higher sales than iPod? | [
"In mid-2010, which Apple device had higher sales than iPod?"
] | {
"text": [
"iPhone"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20496 | 56ce73d1aab44d1400b887ab | IPod | Before the release of iOS 5, the iPod branding was used for the media player included with the iPhone and iPad, a combination of the Music and Videos apps on the iPod Touch. As of iOS 5, separate apps named "Music" and "Videos" are standardized across all iOS-powered products. While the iPhone and iPad have essentially the same media player capabilities as the iPod line, they are generally treated as separate products. During the middle of 2010, iPhone sales overtook those of the iPod. | With what iOS release did Apple standardize media apps on all their products? | With what iOS release did Apple standardize media apps on all their products? | [
"With what iOS release did Apple standardize media apps on all their products?"
] | {
"text": [
"iOS 5"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20497 | 56ce73d1aab44d1400b887ac | IPod | Before the release of iOS 5, the iPod branding was used for the media player included with the iPhone and iPad, a combination of the Music and Videos apps on the iPod Touch. As of iOS 5, separate apps named "Music" and "Videos" are standardized across all iOS-powered products. While the iPhone and iPad have essentially the same media player capabilities as the iPod line, they are generally treated as separate products. During the middle of 2010, iPhone sales overtook those of the iPod. | In what year did iPhone sales surpass those of iPods? | In what year did iPhone sales surpass those of iPods? | [
"In what year did iPhone sales surpass those of iPods?"
] | {
"text": [
"2010"
],
"answer_start": [
444
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20498 | 56ce73d1aab44d1400b887ad | IPod | Before the release of iOS 5, the iPod branding was used for the media player included with the iPhone and iPad, a combination of the Music and Videos apps on the iPod Touch. As of iOS 5, separate apps named "Music" and "Videos" are standardized across all iOS-powered products. While the iPhone and iPad have essentially the same media player capabilities as the iPod line, they are generally treated as separate products. During the middle of 2010, iPhone sales overtook those of the iPod. | What are the titles of the standard media apps on current Apple devices? | What are the titles of the standard media apps on current Apple devices? | [
"What are the titles of the standard media apps on current Apple devices?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"Music\" and \"Videos\""
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20499 | 56cc58436d243a140015ef2a | IPod | In mid-2015, a new model of the iPod Touch was announced by Apple, and was officially released on the Apple store on July 15, 2015. The sixth generation iPod Touch includes a wide variety of spec improvements such as the upgraded A8 processor and higher-quality screen. The core is over 5 times faster than previous models and is built to be roughly on par with the iPhone 5S. It is available in 5 different colors: Space grey, pink, gold, silver and Product (red). | What processor model is used in the iPod Touch? | What processor model is used in the iPod Touch? | [
"What processor model is used in the iPod Touch?"
] | {
"text": [
"A8"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
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