gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-25800 | 57096cd6ed30961900e840eb | Copper | Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas fluorescens can both mobilize solid copper, as a cyanide compound. The ericoid mycorrhizal fungi associated with Calluna, Erica and Vaccinium can grow in copper metalliferous soils. The ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus protects young pine trees from copper toxicity. A samp... | What fungus grows from gold mining solution? | What fungus grows from gold mining solution? | [
"What fungus grows from gold mining solution?"
] | {
"text": [
"Aspergillus niger"
],
"answer_start": [
337
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25801 | 57096cd6ed30961900e840ec | Copper | Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas fluorescens can both mobilize solid copper, as a cyanide compound. The ericoid mycorrhizal fungi associated with Calluna, Erica and Vaccinium can grow in copper metalliferous soils. The ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus protects young pine trees from copper toxicity. A samp... | What fungus helps to soften heavy metal sulfides? | What fungus helps to soften heavy metal sulfides? | [
"What fungus helps to soften heavy metal sulfides?"
] | {
"text": [
"fungus Aspergillus"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25802 | 5a8370d7e60761001a2eb707 | Copper | Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas fluorescens can both mobilize solid copper, as a cyanide compound. The ericoid mycorrhizal fungi associated with Calluna, Erica and Vaccinium can grow in copper metalliferous soils. The ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus protects young pine trees from copper toxicity. A samp... | What is the only compound that can mobilize solid copper? | What is the only compound that can mobilize solid copper? | [
"What is the only compound that can mobilize solid copper?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25803 | 5a8370d7e60761001a2eb708 | Copper | Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas fluorescens can both mobilize solid copper, as a cyanide compound. The ericoid mycorrhizal fungi associated with Calluna, Erica and Vaccinium can grow in copper metalliferous soils. The ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus protects young pine trees from copper toxicity. A samp... | What fungi can speak in copper metalliferous soils? | What fungi can speak in copper metalliferous soils? | [
"What fungi can speak in copper metalliferous soils?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25804 | 5a8370d7e60761001a2eb709 | Copper | Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas fluorescens can both mobilize solid copper, as a cyanide compound. The ericoid mycorrhizal fungi associated with Calluna, Erica and Vaccinium can grow in copper metalliferous soils. The ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus protects young pine trees from copper toxicity. A samp... | What fungus makes pine trees vulnerable to copper toxicity? | What fungus makes pine trees vulnerable to copper toxicity? | [
"What fungus makes pine trees vulnerable to copper toxicity?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25805 | 5a8370d7e60761001a2eb70a | Copper | Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas fluorescens can both mobilize solid copper, as a cyanide compound. The ericoid mycorrhizal fungi associated with Calluna, Erica and Vaccinium can grow in copper metalliferous soils. The ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus protects young pine trees from copper toxicity. A samp... | What fungus grows from diamond mining solution? | What fungus grows from diamond mining solution? | [
"What fungus grows from diamond mining solution?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25806 | 5a8370d7e60761001a2eb70b | Copper | Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas fluorescens can both mobilize solid copper, as a cyanide compound. The ericoid mycorrhizal fungi associated with Calluna, Erica and Vaccinium can grow in copper metalliferous soils. The ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus protects young pine trees from copper toxicity. A samp... | What fungus helps to toxify heavy metal sulfides? | What fungus helps to toxify heavy metal sulfides? | [
"What fungus helps to toxify heavy metal sulfides?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25807 | 57096ee9ed30961900e8410c | Copper | Copper-alloy touch surfaces have natural intrinsic properties to destroy a wide range of microorganisms (e.g., E. coli O157:H7, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus, Clostridium difficile, influenza A virus, adenovirus, and fungi). Some 355 copper alloys were proven to kill more than 99.9%... | What is an intrinsic property of copper-alloy touch surfaces? | What is an intrinsic property of copper-alloy touch surfaces? | [
"What is an intrinsic property of copper-alloy touch surfaces?"
] | {
"text": [
"antimicrobial"
],
"answer_start": [
509
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25808 | 57096ee9ed30961900e8410d | Copper | Copper-alloy touch surfaces have natural intrinsic properties to destroy a wide range of microorganisms (e.g., E. coli O157:H7, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus, Clostridium difficile, influenza A virus, adenovirus, and fungi). Some 355 copper alloys were proven to kill more than 99.9%... | 355 copper alloys have been proven to kill what percentage of bacteria? | 355 copper alloys have been proven to kill what percentage of bacteria? | [
"355 copper alloys have been proven to kill what percentage of bacteria?"
] | {
"text": [
"99.9%"
],
"answer_start": [
315
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25809 | 57096ee9ed30961900e8410e | Copper | Copper-alloy touch surfaces have natural intrinsic properties to destroy a wide range of microorganisms (e.g., E. coli O157:H7, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus, Clostridium difficile, influenza A virus, adenovirus, and fungi). Some 355 copper alloys were proven to kill more than 99.9%... | What does the acronym EPA stand for? | What does the acronym EPA stand for? | [
"What does the acronym EPA stand for?"
] | {
"text": [
"Environmental Protection Agency"
],
"answer_start": [
413
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25810 | 57096ee9ed30961900e8410f | Copper | Copper-alloy touch surfaces have natural intrinsic properties to destroy a wide range of microorganisms (e.g., E. coli O157:H7, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus, Clostridium difficile, influenza A virus, adenovirus, and fungi). Some 355 copper alloys were proven to kill more than 99.9%... | How many copper alloys has the EPA approved as antimicrobial materials? | How many copper alloys has the EPA approved as antimicrobial materials? | [
"How many copper alloys has the EPA approved as antimicrobial materials?"
] | {
"text": [
"355"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25811 | 57096ee9ed30961900e84110 | Copper | Copper-alloy touch surfaces have natural intrinsic properties to destroy a wide range of microorganisms (e.g., E. coli O157:H7, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus, Clostridium difficile, influenza A virus, adenovirus, and fungi). Some 355 copper alloys were proven to kill more than 99.9%... | What disease do hospitals hope to prevent by installing copper doornobs? | What disease do hospitals hope to prevent by installing copper doornobs? | [
"What disease do hospitals hope to prevent by installing copper doornobs?"
] | {
"text": [
"Legionnaires' disease"
],
"answer_start": [
1166
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25812 | 5a836fe6e60761001a2eb6e9 | Copper | Copper-alloy touch surfaces have natural intrinsic properties to destroy a wide range of microorganisms (e.g., E. coli O157:H7, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus, Clostridium difficile, influenza A virus, adenovirus, and fungi). Some 355 copper alloys were proven to kill more than 99.9%... | What is an intrinsic property of gold-alloy touch surfaces? | What is an intrinsic property of gold-alloy touch surfaces? | [
"What is an intrinsic property of gold-alloy touch surfaces?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25813 | 5a836fe6e60761001a2eb6ea | Copper | Copper-alloy touch surfaces have natural intrinsic properties to destroy a wide range of microorganisms (e.g., E. coli O157:H7, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus, Clostridium difficile, influenza A virus, adenovirus, and fungi). Some 355 copper alloys were proven to kill more than 99.9%... | What does the acronym EPA oppose? | What does the acronym EPA oppose? | [
"What does the acronym EPA oppose?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25814 | 5a836fe6e60761001a2eb6eb | Copper | Copper-alloy touch surfaces have natural intrinsic properties to destroy a wide range of microorganisms (e.g., E. coli O157:H7, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus, Clostridium difficile, influenza A virus, adenovirus, and fungi). Some 355 copper alloys were proven to kill more than 99.9%... | How many copper alloys has the EPA banned as antimicrobial materials? | How many copper alloys has the EPA banned as antimicrobial materials? | [
"How many copper alloys has the EPA banned as antimicrobial materials?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25815 | 5a836fe6e60761001a2eb6ec | Copper | Copper-alloy touch surfaces have natural intrinsic properties to destroy a wide range of microorganisms (e.g., E. coli O157:H7, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus, Clostridium difficile, influenza A virus, adenovirus, and fungi). Some 355 copper alloys were proven to kill more than 99.9%... | What disease do hospitals hope to prevent by installing golden doorknobs? | What disease do hospitals hope to prevent by installing golden doorknobs? | [
"What disease do hospitals hope to prevent by installing golden doorknobs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25816 | 5a836fe6e60761001a2eb6ed | Copper | Copper-alloy touch surfaces have natural intrinsic properties to destroy a wide range of microorganisms (e.g., E. coli O157:H7, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus, Clostridium difficile, influenza A virus, adenovirus, and fungi). Some 355 copper alloys were proven to kill more than 99.9%... | What has no ability to kill bacteria? | What has no ability to kill bacteria? | [
"What has no ability to kill bacteria?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25817 | 570970afed30961900e8413c | Copper | Copper compounds in liquid form are used as a wood preservative, particularly in treating original portion of structures during restoration of damage due to dry rot. Together with zinc, copper wires may be placed over non-conductive roofing materials to discourage the growth of moss.[citation needed] Textile fibers use... | What are copper compounds in liquid form used for? | What are copper compounds in liquid form used for? | [
"What are copper compounds in liquid form used for?"
] | {
"text": [
"wood preservative"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25818 | 570970afed30961900e8413d | Copper | Copper compounds in liquid form are used as a wood preservative, particularly in treating original portion of structures during restoration of damage due to dry rot. Together with zinc, copper wires may be placed over non-conductive roofing materials to discourage the growth of moss.[citation needed] Textile fibers use... | What does copper wires along with zinc on roofs help to prevent? | What does copper wires along with zinc on roofs help to prevent? | [
"What does copper wires along with zinc on roofs help to prevent?"
] | {
"text": [
"moss"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25819 | 570970afed30961900e8413e | Copper | Copper compounds in liquid form are used as a wood preservative, particularly in treating original portion of structures during restoration of damage due to dry rot. Together with zinc, copper wires may be placed over non-conductive roofing materials to discourage the growth of moss.[citation needed] Textile fibers use... | What function does copper serve when used in textile fibers? | What function does copper serve when used in textile fibers? | [
"What function does copper serve when used in textile fibers?"
] | {
"text": [
"antimicrobial protective fabrics"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25820 | 570970afed30961900e8413f | Copper | Copper compounds in liquid form are used as a wood preservative, particularly in treating original portion of structures during restoration of damage due to dry rot. Together with zinc, copper wires may be placed over non-conductive roofing materials to discourage the growth of moss.[citation needed] Textile fibers use... | How is copper used with nickel? | How is copper used with nickel? | [
"How is copper used with nickel?"
] | {
"text": [
"as a base"
],
"answer_start": [
469
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25821 | 570970afed30961900e84140 | Copper | Copper compounds in liquid form are used as a wood preservative, particularly in treating original portion of structures during restoration of damage due to dry rot. Together with zinc, copper wires may be placed over non-conductive roofing materials to discourage the growth of moss.[citation needed] Textile fibers use... | What is used to treat structures for dry rot? | What is used to treat structures for dry rot? | [
"What is used to treat structures for dry rot?"
] | {
"text": [
"Copper compounds"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25822 | 5a83705de60761001a2eb6fd | Copper | Copper compounds in liquid form are used as a wood preservative, particularly in treating original portion of structures during restoration of damage due to dry rot. Together with zinc, copper wires may be placed over non-conductive roofing materials to discourage the growth of moss.[citation needed] Textile fibers use... | What are copper compounds in dragon form used for? | What are copper compounds in dragon form used for? | [
"What are copper compounds in dragon form used for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25823 | 5a83705de60761001a2eb6fe | Copper | Copper compounds in liquid form are used as a wood preservative, particularly in treating original portion of structures during restoration of damage due to dry rot. Together with zinc, copper wires may be placed over non-conductive roofing materials to discourage the growth of moss.[citation needed] Textile fibers use... | What does copper wires along with mud on roofs help to prevent? | What does copper wires along with mud on roofs help to prevent? | [
"What does copper wires along with mud on roofs help to prevent?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25824 | 5a83705de60761001a2eb6ff | Copper | Copper compounds in liquid form are used as a wood preservative, particularly in treating original portion of structures during restoration of damage due to dry rot. Together with zinc, copper wires may be placed over non-conductive roofing materials to discourage the growth of moss.[citation needed] Textile fibers use... | What function does copper eliminate when used in textile fibers? | What function does copper eliminate when used in textile fibers? | [
"What function does copper eliminate when used in textile fibers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25825 | 5a83705de60761001a2eb700 | Copper | Copper compounds in liquid form are used as a wood preservative, particularly in treating original portion of structures during restoration of damage due to dry rot. Together with zinc, copper wires may be placed over non-conductive roofing materials to discourage the growth of moss.[citation needed] Textile fibers use... | How is copper used with vodka? | How is copper used with vodka? | [
"How is copper used with vodka?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25826 | 5a83705de60761001a2eb701 | Copper | Copper compounds in liquid form are used as a wood preservative, particularly in treating original portion of structures during restoration of damage due to dry rot. Together with zinc, copper wires may be placed over non-conductive roofing materials to discourage the growth of moss.[citation needed] Textile fibers use... | What is used to implode structures for dry rot? | What is used to implode structures for dry rot? | [
"What is used to implode structures for dry rot?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25827 | 570971cb200fba1400368003 | Copper | Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900, and more than half was extracted in only the last 24 years. As with many natural resources, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast (around 1014 tons just in the top kilometer of Earth... | How long has copper been in use? | How long has copper been in use? | [
"How long has copper been in use?"
] | {
"text": [
"at least 10,000 years"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25828 | 570971cb200fba1400368004 | Copper | Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900, and more than half was extracted in only the last 24 years. As with many natural resources, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast (around 1014 tons just in the top kilometer of Earth... | What percentage of copper has been extracted since 1900? | What percentage of copper has been extracted since 1900? | [
"What percentage of copper has been extracted since 1900?"
] | {
"text": [
"95%"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25829 | 570971cb200fba1400368005 | Copper | Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900, and more than half was extracted in only the last 24 years. As with many natural resources, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast (around 1014 tons just in the top kilometer of Earth... | How much of mined cooper has been extracted in the last 24 years? | How much of mined cooper has been extracted in the last 24 years? | [
"How much of mined cooper has been extracted in the last 24 years?"
] | {
"text": [
"more than half"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25830 | 570971cb200fba1400368006 | Copper | Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900, and more than half was extracted in only the last 24 years. As with many natural resources, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast (around 1014 tons just in the top kilometer of Earth... | How much copper is estimated to exsist on earth? | How much copper is estimated to exsist on earth? | [
"How much copper is estimated to exsist on earth?"
] | {
"text": [
"1014 tons"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25831 | 570971cb200fba1400368007 | Copper | Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900, and more than half was extracted in only the last 24 years. As with many natural resources, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast (around 1014 tons just in the top kilometer of Earth... | What is a major source of cooper in modern times? | What is a major source of cooper in modern times? | [
"What is a major source of cooper in modern times?"
] | {
"text": [
"Recycling"
],
"answer_start": [
667
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25832 | 5a8357dde60761001a2eb5e3 | Copper | Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900, and more than half was extracted in only the last 24 years. As with many natural resources, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast (around 1014 tons just in the top kilometer of Earth... | How long has copper been forbidden? | How long has copper been forbidden? | [
"How long has copper been forbidden?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25833 | 5a8357dde60761001a2eb5e4 | Copper | Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900, and more than half was extracted in only the last 24 years. As with many natural resources, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast (around 1014 tons just in the top kilometer of Earth... | What percentage of copper has been stolen since 1900? | What percentage of copper has been stolen since 1900? | [
"What percentage of copper has been stolen since 1900?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25834 | 5a8357dde60761001a2eb5e5 | Copper | Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900, and more than half was extracted in only the last 24 years. As with many natural resources, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast (around 1014 tons just in the top kilometer of Earth... | How much of mined cooper has been extracted in the last 24 hours? | How much of mined cooper has been extracted in the last 24 hours? | [
"How much of mined cooper has been extracted in the last 24 hours?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25835 | 5a8357dde60761001a2eb5e6 | Copper | Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900, and more than half was extracted in only the last 24 years. As with many natural resources, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast (around 1014 tons just in the top kilometer of Earth... | How much copper is estimated to be missing on earth? | How much copper is estimated to be missing on earth? | [
"How much copper is estimated to be missing on earth?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25836 | 5a8357dde60761001a2eb5e7 | Copper | Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900, and more than half was extracted in only the last 24 years. As with many natural resources, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast (around 1014 tons just in the top kilometer of Earth... | What is a minor source of cooper in modern times? | What is a minor source of cooper in modern times? | [
" What is a minor source of cooper in modern times?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25837 | 57097382ed30961900e8417e | Copper | The cultural role of copper has been important, particularly in currency. Romans in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC used copper lumps as money. At first, the copper itself was valued, but gradually the shape and look of the copper became more important. Julius Caesar had his own coins made from brass, while Octavianus... | What did Romans use as money in the 6th through 3rd centuriesBC? | What did Romans use as money in the 6th through 3rd centuriesBC? | [
"What did Romans use as money in the 6th through 3rd centuriesBC?"
] | {
"text": [
"copper lumps"
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25838 | 57097382ed30961900e8417f | Copper | The cultural role of copper has been important, particularly in currency. Romans in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC used copper lumps as money. At first, the copper itself was valued, but gradually the shape and look of the copper became more important. Julius Caesar had his own coins made from brass, while Octavianus... | Who had his own coins produced out of brass? | Who had his own coins produced out of brass? | [
"Who had his own coins produced out of brass?"
] | {
"text": [
"Julius Caesar"
],
"answer_start": [
255
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25839 | 57097382ed30961900e84180 | Copper | The cultural role of copper has been important, particularly in currency. Romans in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC used copper lumps as money. At first, the copper itself was valued, but gradually the shape and look of the copper became more important. Julius Caesar had his own coins made from brass, while Octavianus... | During the 6th through 3rd centuries BC how much copper was mined in Rome? | During the 6th through 3rd centuries BC how much copper was mined in Rome? | [
"During the 6th through 3rd centuries BC how much copper was mined in Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"15,000 t"
],
"answer_start": [
419
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25840 | 57097382ed30961900e84181 | Copper | The cultural role of copper has been important, particularly in currency. Romans in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC used copper lumps as money. At first, the copper itself was valued, but gradually the shape and look of the copper became more important. Julius Caesar had his own coins made from brass, while Octavianus... | Cctavianus Augustus Caesar had his coins made out of what alloys? | Cctavianus Augustus Caesar had his coins made out of what alloys? | [
"Cctavianus Augustus Caesar had his coins made out of what alloys?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cu-Pb-Sn alloys"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25841 | 57097382ed30961900e84182 | Copper | The cultural role of copper has been important, particularly in currency. Romans in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC used copper lumps as money. At first, the copper itself was valued, but gradually the shape and look of the copper became more important. Julius Caesar had his own coins made from brass, while Octavianus... | What became more important than the copper value for Roman coins? | What became more important than the copper value for Roman coins? | [
"What became more important than the copper value for Roman coins?"
] | {
"text": [
"the shape and look"
],
"answer_start": [
199
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25842 | 5a836b58e60761001a2eb695 | Copper | The cultural role of copper has been important, particularly in currency. Romans in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC used copper lumps as money. At first, the copper itself was valued, but gradually the shape and look of the copper became more important. Julius Caesar had his own coins made from brass, while Octavianus... | What did aliens use as money in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC? | What did aliens use as money in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC? | [
"What did aliens use as money in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25843 | 5a836b58e60761001a2eb696 | Copper | The cultural role of copper has been important, particularly in currency. Romans in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC used copper lumps as money. At first, the copper itself was valued, but gradually the shape and look of the copper became more important. Julius Caesar had his own coins made from brass, while Octavianus... | Who had his own trees produced out of brass? | Who had his own trees produced out of brass? | [
"Who had his own trees produced out of brass?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25844 | 5a836b58e60761001a2eb697 | Copper | The cultural role of copper has been important, particularly in currency. Romans in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC used copper lumps as money. At first, the copper itself was valued, but gradually the shape and look of the copper became more important. Julius Caesar had his own coins made from brass, while Octavianus... | How much copper was stolen in Rome during the 6th through 3rd centuries BC? | How much copper was stolen in Rome during the 6th through 3rd centuries BC? | [
"How much copper was stolen in Rome during the 6th through 3rd centuries BC?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25845 | 5a836b58e60761001a2eb698 | Copper | The cultural role of copper has been important, particularly in currency. Romans in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC used copper lumps as money. At first, the copper itself was valued, but gradually the shape and look of the copper became more important. Julius Caesar had his own coins made from brass, while Octavianus... | What became less important than the copper value for Roman coins? | What became less important than the copper value for Roman coins? | [
"What became less important than the copper value for Roman coins?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25846 | 570974d8200fba140036801f | Copper | The major applications of copper are in electrical wires (60%), roofing and plumbing (20%) and industrial machinery (15%). Copper is mostly used as a pure metal, but when a higher hardness is required it is combined with other elements to make an alloy (5% of total use) such as brass and bronze. A small part of copper ... | What percentage of copper is used in electrical wires? | What percentage of copper is used in electrical wires? | [
"What percentage of copper is used in electrical wires?"
] | {
"text": [
"60%"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25847 | 570974d8200fba1400368020 | Copper | The major applications of copper are in electrical wires (60%), roofing and plumbing (20%) and industrial machinery (15%). Copper is mostly used as a pure metal, but when a higher hardness is required it is combined with other elements to make an alloy (5% of total use) such as brass and bronze. A small part of copper ... | What percentage of copper is used in roofing and plumbing? | What percentage of copper is used in roofing and plumbing? | [
"What percentage of copper is used in roofing and plumbing?"
] | {
"text": [
"20%"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25848 | 570974d8200fba1400368021 | Copper | The major applications of copper are in electrical wires (60%), roofing and plumbing (20%) and industrial machinery (15%). Copper is mostly used as a pure metal, but when a higher hardness is required it is combined with other elements to make an alloy (5% of total use) such as brass and bronze. A small part of copper ... | What percentage of copper is used in industrial machinery? | What percentage of copper is used in industrial machinery? | [
"What percentage of copper is used in industrial machinery?"
] | {
"text": [
"15%"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25849 | 570974d8200fba1400368022 | Copper | The major applications of copper are in electrical wires (60%), roofing and plumbing (20%) and industrial machinery (15%). Copper is mostly used as a pure metal, but when a higher hardness is required it is combined with other elements to make an alloy (5% of total use) such as brass and bronze. A small part of copper ... | What property does combining copper with brass or bronze create? | What property does combining copper with brass or bronze create? | [
"What property does combining copper with brass or bronze create?"
] | {
"text": [
"hardness"
],
"answer_start": [
180
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25850 | 570974d8200fba1400368023 | Copper | The major applications of copper are in electrical wires (60%), roofing and plumbing (20%) and industrial machinery (15%). Copper is mostly used as a pure metal, but when a higher hardness is required it is combined with other elements to make an alloy (5% of total use) such as brass and bronze. A small part of copper ... | What is a metal that copper is combined with to create a greater hardness? | What is a metal that copper is combined with to create a greater hardness? | [
"What is a metal that copper is combined with to create a greater hardness?"
] | {
"text": [
"brass"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25851 | 5a836cfde60761001a2eb6b1 | Copper | The major applications of copper are in electrical wires (60%), roofing and plumbing (20%) and industrial machinery (15%). Copper is mostly used as a pure metal, but when a higher hardness is required it is combined with other elements to make an alloy (5% of total use) such as brass and bronze. A small part of copper ... | What percentage of copper is used in paper wires? | What percentage of copper is used in paper wires? | [
"What percentage of copper is used in paper wires?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25852 | 5a836cfde60761001a2eb6b2 | Copper | The major applications of copper are in electrical wires (60%), roofing and plumbing (20%) and industrial machinery (15%). Copper is mostly used as a pure metal, but when a higher hardness is required it is combined with other elements to make an alloy (5% of total use) such as brass and bronze. A small part of copper ... | What percentage of copper is forbidden in roofing and plumbing? | What percentage of copper is forbidden in roofing and plumbing? | [
"What percentage of copper is forbidden in roofing and plumbing?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25853 | 5a836cfde60761001a2eb6b3 | Copper | The major applications of copper are in electrical wires (60%), roofing and plumbing (20%) and industrial machinery (15%). Copper is mostly used as a pure metal, but when a higher hardness is required it is combined with other elements to make an alloy (5% of total use) such as brass and bronze. A small part of copper ... | What percentage of copper is destroyed by industrial machinery? | What percentage of copper is destroyed by industrial machinery? | [
"What percentage of copper is destroyed by industrial machinery?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25854 | 5a836cfde60761001a2eb6b4 | Copper | The major applications of copper are in electrical wires (60%), roofing and plumbing (20%) and industrial machinery (15%). Copper is mostly used as a pure metal, but when a higher hardness is required it is combined with other elements to make an alloy (5% of total use) such as brass and bronze. A small part of copper ... | What property does combining copper with brass or bronze eliminate? | What property does combining copper with brass or bronze eliminate? | [
"What property does combining copper with brass or bronze eliminate?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25855 | 5a836cfde60761001a2eb6b5 | Copper | The major applications of copper are in electrical wires (60%), roofing and plumbing (20%) and industrial machinery (15%). Copper is mostly used as a pure metal, but when a higher hardness is required it is combined with other elements to make an alloy (5% of total use) such as brass and bronze. A small part of copper ... | What is a plant that copper is combined with to create a smoother texture? | What is a plant that copper is combined with to create a smoother texture? | [
"What is a plant that copper is combined with to create a smoother texture?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25856 | 57097747200fba1400368029 | Copper | The softness of copper partly explains its high electrical conductivity (59.6×106 S/m) and thus also high thermal conductivity, which are the second highest (to silver) among pure metals at room temperature. This is because the resistivity to electron transport in metals at room temperature mostly originates from scatt... | What is the explanation for copper's capacity for electrical conductivity? | What is the explanation for copper's capacity for electrical conductivity? | [
"What is the explanation for copper's capacity for electrical conductivity?"
] | {
"text": [
"The softness"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25857 | 57097747200fba140036802a | Copper | The softness of copper partly explains its high electrical conductivity (59.6×106 S/m) and thus also high thermal conductivity, which are the second highest (to silver) among pure metals at room temperature. This is because the resistivity to electron transport in metals at room temperature mostly originates from scatt... | What metal has a higher thermal conductivity than copper? | What metal has a higher thermal conductivity than copper? | [
"What metal has a higher thermal conductivity than copper?"
] | {
"text": [
"silver"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25858 | 57097747200fba140036802b | Copper | The softness of copper partly explains its high electrical conductivity (59.6×106 S/m) and thus also high thermal conductivity, which are the second highest (to silver) among pure metals at room temperature. This is because the resistivity to electron transport in metals at room temperature mostly originates from scatt... | What is the maximum premissible current density in open air of copper? | What is the maximum premissible current density in open air of copper? | [
"What is the maximum premissible current density in open air of copper?"
] | {
"text": [
"3.1×106 A/m2"
],
"answer_start": [
500
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25859 | 57097747200fba140036802c | Copper | The softness of copper partly explains its high electrical conductivity (59.6×106 S/m) and thus also high thermal conductivity, which are the second highest (to silver) among pure metals at room temperature. This is because the resistivity to electron transport in metals at room temperature mostly originates from scatt... | What occurs when copper is placed touching another metal? | What occurs when copper is placed touching another metal? | [
"What occurs when copper is placed touching another metal?"
] | {
"text": [
"corrosion"
],
"answer_start": [
655
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25860 | 57097747200fba140036802d | Copper | The softness of copper partly explains its high electrical conductivity (59.6×106 S/m) and thus also high thermal conductivity, which are the second highest (to silver) among pure metals at room temperature. This is because the resistivity to electron transport in metals at room temperature mostly originates from scatt... | What happens to copper if an electrical current gets too high? | What happens to copper if an electrical current gets too high? | [
"What happens to copper if an electrical current gets too high?"
] | {
"text": [
"it begins to heat excessively"
],
"answer_start": [
550
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25861 | 5a8342b6e60761001a2eb4d1 | Copper | The softness of copper partly explains its high electrical conductivity (59.6×106 S/m) and thus also high thermal conductivity, which are the second highest (to silver) among pure metals at room temperature. This is because the resistivity to electron transport in metals at room temperature mostly originates from scatt... | What is the explanation for copper's capacity for nuclear conductivity? | What is the explanation for copper's capacity for nuclear conductivity? | [
"What is the explanation for copper's capacity for nuclear conductivity?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25862 | 5a8342b6e60761001a2eb4d2 | Copper | The softness of copper partly explains its high electrical conductivity (59.6×106 S/m) and thus also high thermal conductivity, which are the second highest (to silver) among pure metals at room temperature. This is because the resistivity to electron transport in metals at room temperature mostly originates from scatt... | What metal has an equal thermal conductivity to copper? | What metal has an equal thermal conductivity to copper? | [
"What metal has an equal thermal conductivity to copper?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25863 | 5a8342b6e60761001a2eb4d3 | Copper | The softness of copper partly explains its high electrical conductivity (59.6×106 S/m) and thus also high thermal conductivity, which are the second highest (to silver) among pure metals at room temperature. This is because the resistivity to electron transport in metals at room temperature mostly originates from scatt... | What is the only permissible current density in open air of copper? | What is the only permissible current density in open air of copper? | [
"What is the only permissible current density in open air of copper?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25864 | 5a8342b6e60761001a2eb4d4 | Copper | The softness of copper partly explains its high electrical conductivity (59.6×106 S/m) and thus also high thermal conductivity, which are the second highest (to silver) among pure metals at room temperature. This is because the resistivity to electron transport in metals at room temperature mostly originates from scatt... | What occurs when copper is placed apart from another metal? | What occurs when copper is placed apart from another metal? | [
"What occurs when copper is placed apart from another metal?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25865 | 570978be200fba1400368039 | Copper | Most copper is mined or extracted as copper sulfides from large open pit mines in porphyry copper deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0% copper. Examples include Chuquicamata in Chile, Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah, United States and El Chino Mine in New Mexico, United States. According to the British Geological Survey, in 20... | In what form is copper extracted? | In what form is copper extracted? | [
"In what form is copper extracted?"
] | {
"text": [
"copper sulfides"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25866 | 570978be200fba140036803a | Copper | Most copper is mined or extracted as copper sulfides from large open pit mines in porphyry copper deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0% copper. Examples include Chuquicamata in Chile, Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah, United States and El Chino Mine in New Mexico, United States. According to the British Geological Survey, in 20... | From what types of mines is copper extracted? | From what types of mines is copper extracted? | [
"From what types of mines is copper extracted?"
] | {
"text": [
"open pit mines"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25867 | 570978be200fba140036803b | Copper | Most copper is mined or extracted as copper sulfides from large open pit mines in porphyry copper deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0% copper. Examples include Chuquicamata in Chile, Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah, United States and El Chino Mine in New Mexico, United States. According to the British Geological Survey, in 20... | What percentage of copper do the deposits have that are extracted? | What percentage of copper do the deposits have that are extracted? | [
"What percentage of copper do the deposits have that are extracted?"
] | {
"text": [
"0.4 to 1.0% copper"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25868 | 570978be200fba140036803c | Copper | Most copper is mined or extracted as copper sulfides from large open pit mines in porphyry copper deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0% copper. Examples include Chuquicamata in Chile, Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah, United States and El Chino Mine in New Mexico, United States. According to the British Geological Survey, in 20... | What country was the top producer of copper in 2005? | What country was the top producer of copper in 2005? | [
"What country was the top producer of copper in 2005?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chile"
],
"answer_start": [
324
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25869 | 570978be200fba140036803d | Copper | Most copper is mined or extracted as copper sulfides from large open pit mines in porphyry copper deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0% copper. Examples include Chuquicamata in Chile, Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah, United States and El Chino Mine in New Mexico, United States. According to the British Geological Survey, in 20... | What is the name of the process being considered in Arizona that allows copper to be recovered? | What is the name of the process being considered in Arizona that allows copper to be recovered? | [
"What is the name of the process being considered in Arizona that allows copper to be recovered?"
] | {
"text": [
"in-situ leach process"
],
"answer_start": [
494
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25870 | 5a8356aae60761001a2eb5c9 | Copper | Most copper is mined or extracted as copper sulfides from large open pit mines in porphyry copper deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0% copper. Examples include Chuquicamata in Chile, Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah, United States and El Chino Mine in New Mexico, United States. According to the British Geological Survey, in 20... | What form is copper hidden? | What form is copper hidden? | [
"What form is copper hidden?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25871 | 5a8356aae60761001a2eb5ca | Copper | Most copper is mined or extracted as copper sulfides from large open pit mines in porphyry copper deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0% copper. Examples include Chuquicamata in Chile, Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah, United States and El Chino Mine in New Mexico, United States. According to the British Geological Survey, in 20... | What types of mines is copper invisible? | What types of mines is copper invisible? | [
"What types of mines is copper invisible?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25872 | 5a8356aae60761001a2eb5cb | Copper | Most copper is mined or extracted as copper sulfides from large open pit mines in porphyry copper deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0% copper. Examples include Chuquicamata in Chile, Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah, United States and El Chino Mine in New Mexico, United States. According to the British Geological Survey, in 20... | What percentage of mercury do the deposits have that are extracted? | What percentage of mercury do the deposits have that are extracted? | [
"What percentage of mercury do the deposits have that are extracted?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25873 | 5a8356aae60761001a2eb5cc | Copper | Most copper is mined or extracted as copper sulfides from large open pit mines in porphyry copper deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0% copper. Examples include Chuquicamata in Chile, Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah, United States and El Chino Mine in New Mexico, United States. According to the British Geological Survey, in 20... | What village was the top producer of copper in 2005? | What village was the top producer of copper in 2005? | [
"What village was the top producer of copper in 2005?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25874 | 5a8356aae60761001a2eb5cd | Copper | Most copper is mined or extracted as copper sulfides from large open pit mines in porphyry copper deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0% copper. Examples include Chuquicamata in Chile, Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah, United States and El Chino Mine in New Mexico, United States. According to the British Geological Survey, in 20... | What is the name of the process being considered in Australia that allows copper to be recovered? | What is the name of the process being considered in Australia that allows copper to be recovered? | [
"What is the name of the process being considered in Australia that allows copper to be recovered?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25875 | 57097a0bed30961900e841ca | Copper | Like aluminium, copper is 100% recyclable without any loss of quality, regardless of whether it is in a raw state or contained in a manufactured product. In volume, copper is the third most recycled metal after iron and aluminium. It is estimated that 80% of the copper ever mined is still in use today. According to the... | What percent of copper is recyclable? | What percent of copper is recyclable? | [
"What percent of copper is recyclable?"
] | {
"text": [
"100%"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25876 | 57097a0bed30961900e841cb | Copper | Like aluminium, copper is 100% recyclable without any loss of quality, regardless of whether it is in a raw state or contained in a manufactured product. In volume, copper is the third most recycled metal after iron and aluminium. It is estimated that 80% of the copper ever mined is still in use today. According to the... | What percentage of copper that has been mined is still being used today? | What percentage of copper that has been mined is still being used today? | [
"What percentage of copper that has been mined is still being used today?"
] | {
"text": [
"80%"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25877 | 57097a0bed30961900e841cc | Copper | Like aluminium, copper is 100% recyclable without any loss of quality, regardless of whether it is in a raw state or contained in a manufactured product. In volume, copper is the third most recycled metal after iron and aluminium. It is estimated that 80% of the copper ever mined is still in use today. According to the... | What other metal besides copper is 100% recyclable? | What other metal besides copper is 100% recyclable? | [
"What other metal besides copper is 100% recyclable?"
] | {
"text": [
"aluminium"
],
"answer_start": [
5
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25878 | 57097a0bed30961900e841cd | Copper | Like aluminium, copper is 100% recyclable without any loss of quality, regardless of whether it is in a raw state or contained in a manufactured product. In volume, copper is the third most recycled metal after iron and aluminium. It is estimated that 80% of the copper ever mined is still in use today. According to the... | Name a metal that is recycled more often than copper? | Name a metal that is recycled more often than copper? | [
"Name a metal that is recycled more often than copper?"
] | {
"text": [
"aluminium"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25879 | 57097a0bed30961900e841ce | Copper | Like aluminium, copper is 100% recyclable without any loss of quality, regardless of whether it is in a raw state or contained in a manufactured product. In volume, copper is the third most recycled metal after iron and aluminium. It is estimated that 80% of the copper ever mined is still in use today. According to the... | What is the amount of copper in use, per capita, globally? | What is the amount of copper in use, per capita, globally? | [
"What is the amount of copper in use, per capita, globally?"
] | {
"text": [
"35–55 kg"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25880 | 5a836015e60761001a2eb61d | Copper | Like aluminium, copper is 100% recyclable without any loss of quality, regardless of whether it is in a raw state or contained in a manufactured product. In volume, copper is the third most recycled metal after iron and aluminium. It is estimated that 80% of the copper ever mined is still in use today. According to the... | What percent of copper is indestructible? | What percent of copper is indestructible? | [
"What percent of copper is indestructible?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25881 | 5a836015e60761001a2eb61e | Copper | Like aluminium, copper is 100% recyclable without any loss of quality, regardless of whether it is in a raw state or contained in a manufactured product. In volume, copper is the third most recycled metal after iron and aluminium. It is estimated that 80% of the copper ever mined is still in use today. According to the... | What percentage of copper that has been mined is still in the air today? | What percentage of copper that has been mined is still in the air today? | [
"What percentage of copper that has been mined is still in the air today?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25882 | 5a836015e60761001a2eb61f | Copper | Like aluminium, copper is 100% recyclable without any loss of quality, regardless of whether it is in a raw state or contained in a manufactured product. In volume, copper is the third most recycled metal after iron and aluminium. It is estimated that 80% of the copper ever mined is still in use today. According to the... | What other wood besides copper is 100% recyclable? | What other wood besides copper is 100% recyclable? | [
"What other wood besides copper is 100% recyclable?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25883 | 5a836015e60761001a2eb620 | Copper | Like aluminium, copper is 100% recyclable without any loss of quality, regardless of whether it is in a raw state or contained in a manufactured product. In volume, copper is the third most recycled metal after iron and aluminium. It is estimated that 80% of the copper ever mined is still in use today. According to the... | What metal is never recycled? | What metal is never recycled? | [
"What metal is never recycled?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25884 | 5a836015e60761001a2eb621 | Copper | Like aluminium, copper is 100% recyclable without any loss of quality, regardless of whether it is in a raw state or contained in a manufactured product. In volume, copper is the third most recycled metal after iron and aluminium. It is estimated that 80% of the copper ever mined is still in use today. According to the... | What is the amount of copper stolen, per capita, globally? | What is the amount of copper stolen, per capita, globally? | [
"What is the amount of copper stolen, per capita, globally?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25885 | 57097f5e200fba1400368091 | Copper | The metal's distinctive natural green patina has long been coveted by architects and designers. The final patina is a particularly durable layer that is highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion, thereby protecting the underlying metal against further weathering. It can be a mixture of carbonate and sulfate compounds i... | What pigment color is natural to copper? | What pigment color is natural to copper? | [
"What pigment color is natural to copper?"
] | {
"text": [
"green"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25886 | 57097f5e200fba1400368092 | Copper | The metal's distinctive natural green patina has long been coveted by architects and designers. The final patina is a particularly durable layer that is highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion, thereby protecting the underlying metal against further weathering. It can be a mixture of carbonate and sulfate compounds i... | What property does the final patina on cooper have? | What property does the final patina on cooper have? | [
"What property does the final patina on cooper have?"
] | {
"text": [
"highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25887 | 57097f5e200fba1400368093 | Copper | The metal's distinctive natural green patina has long been coveted by architects and designers. The final patina is a particularly durable layer that is highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion, thereby protecting the underlying metal against further weathering. It can be a mixture of carbonate and sulfate compounds i... | What mixture of compounds is the final patina? | What mixture of compounds is the final patina? | [
"What mixture of compounds is the final patina?"
] | {
"text": [
"carbonate and sulfate"
],
"answer_start": [
287
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25888 | 57097f5e200fba1400368094 | Copper | The metal's distinctive natural green patina has long been coveted by architects and designers. The final patina is a particularly durable layer that is highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion, thereby protecting the underlying metal against further weathering. It can be a mixture of carbonate and sulfate compounds i... | What conditions effect the mixture of carbonate and sulfate in copper? | What conditions effect the mixture of carbonate and sulfate in copper? | [
"What conditions effect the mixture of carbonate and sulfate in copper?"
] | {
"text": [
"environmental"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25889 | 57097f5e200fba1400368095 | Copper | The metal's distinctive natural green patina has long been coveted by architects and designers. The final patina is a particularly durable layer that is highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion, thereby protecting the underlying metal against further weathering. It can be a mixture of carbonate and sulfate compounds i... | What can be done to copper to give it a certain look? | What can be done to copper to give it a certain look? | [
"What can be done to copper to give it a certain look?"
] | {
"text": [
"finished"
],
"answer_start": [
465
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25890 | 5a836eeee60761001a2eb6d7 | Copper | The metal's distinctive natural green patina has long been coveted by architects and designers. The final patina is a particularly durable layer that is highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion, thereby protecting the underlying metal against further weathering. It can be a mixture of carbonate and sulfate compounds i... | What pigment color is fake copper? | What pigment color is fake copper? | [
"What pigment color is fake copper?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25891 | 5a836eeee60761001a2eb6d8 | Copper | The metal's distinctive natural green patina has long been coveted by architects and designers. The final patina is a particularly durable layer that is highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion, thereby protecting the underlying metal against further weathering. It can be a mixture of carbonate and sulfate compounds i... | What property does the final patina on copper avoid? | What property does the final patina on copper avoid? | [
"What property does the final patina on copper avoid?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25892 | 5a836eeee60761001a2eb6d9 | Copper | The metal's distinctive natural green patina has long been coveted by architects and designers. The final patina is a particularly durable layer that is highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion, thereby protecting the underlying metal against further weathering. It can be a mixture of carbonate and sulfate compounds i... | What separation of compounds is the final patina? | What separation of compounds is the final patina? | [
"What separation of compounds is the final patina?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25893 | 5a836eeee60761001a2eb6da | Copper | The metal's distinctive natural green patina has long been coveted by architects and designers. The final patina is a particularly durable layer that is highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion, thereby protecting the underlying metal against further weathering. It can be a mixture of carbonate and sulfate compounds i... | What conditions have no influence on the mixture of carbonate and sulfate in copper? | What conditions have no influence on the mixture of carbonate and sulfate in copper? | [
"What conditions have no influence on the mixture of carbonate and sulfate in copper?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25894 | 5a836eeee60761001a2eb6db | Copper | The metal's distinctive natural green patina has long been coveted by architects and designers. The final patina is a particularly durable layer that is highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion, thereby protecting the underlying metal against further weathering. It can be a mixture of carbonate and sulfate compounds i... | What can be done to sugar to give it a certain look? | What can be done to sugar to give it a certain look? | [
"What can be done to sugar to give it a certain look?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25895 | 57098140200fba14003680cb | Copper | Gram quantities of various copper salts have been taken in suicide attempts and produced acute copper toxicity in humans, possibly due to redox cycling and the generation of reactive oxygen species that damage DNA. Corresponding amounts of copper salts (30 mg/kg) are toxic in animals. A minimum dietary value for health... | What are copper salts sometimes used for? | What are copper salts sometimes used for? | [
"What are copper salts sometimes used for?"
] | {
"text": [
"suicide attempts"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25896 | 57098140200fba14003680cc | Copper | Gram quantities of various copper salts have been taken in suicide attempts and produced acute copper toxicity in humans, possibly due to redox cycling and the generation of reactive oxygen species that damage DNA. Corresponding amounts of copper salts (30 mg/kg) are toxic in animals. A minimum dietary value for health... | When ingested in large amounts what does copper salts produce in humans? | When ingested in large amounts what does copper salts produce in humans? | [
"When ingested in large amounts what does copper salts produce in humans?"
] | {
"text": [
"copper toxicity"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25897 | 57098140200fba14003680cd | Copper | Gram quantities of various copper salts have been taken in suicide attempts and produced acute copper toxicity in humans, possibly due to redox cycling and the generation of reactive oxygen species that damage DNA. Corresponding amounts of copper salts (30 mg/kg) are toxic in animals. A minimum dietary value for health... | What is the minimum amount of copper rabbits should have in their diet? | What is the minimum amount of copper rabbits should have in their diet? | [
"What is the minimum amount of copper rabbits should have in their diet?"
] | {
"text": [
"3 ppm"
],
"answer_start": [
373
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25898 | 57098140200fba14003680ce | Copper | Gram quantities of various copper salts have been taken in suicide attempts and produced acute copper toxicity in humans, possibly due to redox cycling and the generation of reactive oxygen species that damage DNA. Corresponding amounts of copper salts (30 mg/kg) are toxic in animals. A minimum dietary value for health... | What is a major benefit to rabbits having a higher concentration of copper in their diet? | What is a major benefit to rabbits having a higher concentration of copper in their diet? | [
"What is a major benefit to rabbits having a higher concentration of copper in their diet?"
] | {
"text": [
"growth rates"
],
"answer_start": [
539
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25899 | 57098140200fba14003680cf | Copper | Gram quantities of various copper salts have been taken in suicide attempts and produced acute copper toxicity in humans, possibly due to redox cycling and the generation of reactive oxygen species that damage DNA. Corresponding amounts of copper salts (30 mg/kg) are toxic in animals. A minimum dietary value for health... | What amount of copper salt is toxic in animals? | What amount of copper salt is toxic in animals? | [
"What amount of copper salt is toxic in animals?"
] | {
"text": [
"30 mg/kg"
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
} |
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