Gaoj124/energy_evaluation_1 · Datasets at Hugging Face

Question stringlengths 27 148	Answer stringlengths 3 269
What is China's primary source of supply for LPG?	China's primary source of supply for LPG is its refineries, along with some traditional imports.
Why is the demand for LPG stagnating in China?	The demand for LPG is stagnating because natural gas is replacing LPG in the residential sector.
How significant is China's coal-fired power plant fleet compared to the rest of the world?	China has the largest coal-fired power plant fleet installed in a single country.
How much of the installed global coal-fired power plant fleet is covered by available databases?	Databases typically claim nearly complete coverage of extant plants at 95%, but for China, over 75% of facilities are claimed to be covered.
What percentage of attractive coal plants for CCS retrofitting are located in China?	72% of the population of attractive coal plants for CCS retrofitting is located in China.
How does China's coal power fleet compare in age to those of other countries?	China has the youngest coal-fired power fleet among the ten countries with the largest coal power generation capacity.
What is the expected net newly installed coal-fired power plant capacity in China by 2035?	The expected net newly installed coal-fired power plant capacity in China by 2035 is 488 GW.
What percentage increase does the projected capacity represent compared to the current fleet?	The projected capacity represents a 73% increase compared to the current fleet.
In terms of CCS retrofitting, what characteristics make China's coal fleet attractive?	China's coal fleet is attractive for CCS retrofitting due to its large capacity, high number of younger units, and modern steam parameters.
How much did an average Chinese household spend on electricity in contrast?	An average Chinese household spent almost $170 a year on electricity.
What challenges does the global economy face regarding energy usage by 2050?	The global economy faces a four-fold growth in energy usage by 2050, especially in developing countries like China and India.
How much could CO2 emissions projections for 2050 rise due to economic growth?	CO2 emissions projections for 2050 have risen by 7% due to higher economic growth forecasts for China and India.
Which countries are among the top six non-OECD countries in total energy consumption?	China, India, Brazil, Russia, Indonesia, and Mexico are among the top six non-OECD countries in total energy consumption.
How can we assess the impact of energy efficiency on electricity intensity in South Africa by 2030?	South African energy intensity is expected to reduce by 13% in 2030 due to energy efficiency improvements.
What implications does the growth in coal-fired power plants have for CO2 emissions management in China?	The growth suggests that managing related CO2 emissions will be crucial for meeting climate targets.
Why should policymakers focus on designing CCS-ready power plants in China?	To avoid the future lock-in of CO2 emissions and accommodate rapid capacity additions.
Which country has a higher share of super- or ultra-supercritical power plants?	Japan has one of the highest shares of super- or ultra-supercritical power plants among large coal power generation countries.
How important is it to understand CCS potential in China compared to other CO2 emitting countries?	It is extremely important due to China's significant population of suitable coal power plants for retrofitting.
Which regions are expected to construct new coal-fired power plants until 2035?	China, India, Brazil, Russia, Indonesia, and Mexico are expected to construct new coal-fired power plants until 2035.
In the context of energy consumption, what is a primary concern for developing economies?	The primary concern is balancing economic growth with increased energy usage and managing emissions.
How does the average household electricity spend in China compare to European households?	The average Chinese household spends significantly less, only about one-sixth of what an average European household spends on electricity.
What is the estimated investment needs of China and India between 2005 and 2030?	Estimates range from $90 billion to $100 billion.
In 2020, what percentage of the total emissions savings from global deployments will be in China and India?	About 20 percent.
What new technologies are included in gas separation and capture technologies?	Next-generation processes such as membranes, solid adsorbents, and new thermal treatment processes.
In which regions are new gas separation and capture technologies being deployed for the first time, primarily?	Primarily in the U.S. and Europe.
Based on projections, which country is expected to have the largest share of deployments of new power generation technologies?	The United States.
Where is the most installed capacity of onshore wind technologies expected by 2020?	Projected to be in Western Europe.
Which country currently has the world's largest share of photovoltaic (PV) capacity?	Japan, with 2.8 GW of capacity, or about 47% of global capacity.
Which country is expected to have the world's largest PV capacity by 2045?	The United States, which will have 50% of the expected global capacity by then.
According to the ACT Map scenario, when will carbon capture and storage (CCS) start?	It is expected to start in 2020.
What are the main technologies on which China and India are basing their investments in nuclear power?	It will be based on older, proven technologies, mainly Generation III & IV.
For what reasons does coal account for a relatively high share of global electricity production?	Due to factors such as resource availability and domestic fuel prices in each country.
In 2006, what percentage of China's electricity supply was obtained from coal plants?	78% of its electricity supply came from coal power plants.
If China's power plants were as efficient as Japan's average power plant, how much would coal demand be reduced?	It would be reduced by 21 percent.
In 2012, how much did the average efficiency of hard-coal power plants differ between China and Japan?	33% in China and 42% in Japan.
How is IGCC related to CCS?	IGCC is compatible with CCS and there are several national programs related projects.
In terms of combined heat and power (CHP) penetration, which country has the most prevalent penetration?	Denmark, Finland and the Netherlands have higher penetration rates.
What is the total planned increase in nuclear power capacity in China, India, Russia, Japan, South Korea, and Ukraine through 2020?	116 GW.
At which site was the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project established?	Cadarache, France.
Where are the main markets for wind energy growth since the 1990s?	Mainly in the European and U.S. markets.
What kind of trends are China and India considered to be in wind power generation?	Wind power generation is expected to lead in 2050.
How many wind turbine manufacturers account for 90% of the global market based on 2006 data?	There are six major manufacturers.
What are the most active segments of the photovoltaic (PV) market?	Grid-connected, building-integrated systems.
According to the ACT map and blueprint scenarios, where is the growth in solar power through 2030 concentrated?	Primarily in sun-rich OECD countries in North America and emerging economies such as China and India.
What limits the future expansion of concentrated solar power (CSP)?	Limited by regional availability of quality sunlight.
According to forecasts, what is the expected annual generation of hydropower by 2050?	It is expected to reach 5,000 to 5,500 TWh.
What are the main challenges of geothermal potential?	Geothermal potential has not been fully assessed in most parts of the world.
How much of the world's electricity is currently transmitted over high-voltage direct current lines (HVDC)?	About 2% of all electricity is transmitted over high-voltage direct current (HVDC) lines.
What voltages can be achieved with ultra-high voltage direct current (UHVDC) systems?	Ultra-high voltage direct current (UHVDC) systems can reach voltages of up to 800 kV.
What is the average estimate of global power transmission and distribution losses?	The average global loss in electricity transmission and distribution is estimated to be 18%.
To what level can power losses be reduced in developing countries?	In developing countries, electricity losses have the potential to be reduced to 10%.
What industries are primarily affected by the trend in methane emissions growth?	Trends in the growth of methane emissions are primarily influenced by the energy and waste management industries.
What is coal mining's share of global anthropogenic methane emissions?	Coal mines contribute 8% of global anthropogenic methane emissions.
Which country is a major contributor to solid waste management methane emissions?	The United States, China, Russia, Canada, and Southeast Asia are major methane emitters.
What will global methane emissions be by 2050?	By 2050, global methane emissions are projected to exceed 7420 Mt CO2eq.
How will methane emissions from landfills be projected to change in developed countries?	Landfill methane emissions are projected to decrease in developed countries.
In what areas does China have the largest share of industrial production and energy demand?	China accounts for about 80% of the energy demand for industrial production and materials production.
What is the impact of China's iron and steel industry in terms of CO2 emissions?	China's steel industry accounts for the largest share of industrial CO2 emissions, with a correspondingly high energy consumption.
How much emission reduction can be achieved globally by applying best technology?	A reduction of 340 Mt CO2 emissions can be realized globally by applying the best technology.
What alternative raw materials will be added to the concrete production stage?	Other clinker substitutes are usually added directly at the concrete production stage.
Which country has a lower percentage of approximately young coal plants in its electricity production?	The United States has a lower percentage of young coal power plants in its electricity production.
What are the current characteristics of coal power plants in China?	Chinese coal power plants are large and most are relatively young, making them well suited for CCS retrofits.
Which countries are the main contributors to global cement overproduction?	China has the lion's share of global cement production growth.
What are the differences in energy efficiency in China and India compared to South Africa?	China and India are expected to show stronger improvements in energy efficiency than South Africa.
How much of the global growth in industrial production has been in China over the past 25 years?	China's growth in industrial production has accounted for about 80% of the global total over the past 25 years.
How different is electricity consumption in terms of household expenditure in South Africa and China?	The average annual household expenditure on electricity consumption in South Africa is $281 compared to $170 for Chinese households.
Which non-OECD countries have the highest overall energy consumption?	China, India, Brazil, Russia, Indonesia and Mexico are the non-OECD countries with the highest overall energy consumption.
How much is the global economy expected to grow by 2050?	The global economy is expected to quadruple by 2050.
What are the main influences on the baseline outlook for 2030 and 2050?	Key influencing factors include rising economic growth projections, particularly in China and India, which are major coal consumers, and higher oil and gas price projections.
If China and India were able to convert 50% of their fly ash from landfills into usable resources, what would be the CO2 reduction?	About 75 megatons of CO2 reduction.
What are the main regions of the world where ammonia production is concentrated?	It is concentrated in West and East Asia, which account for nearly 40% of global production.
What percentage of world ammonia production is natural gas steam reforming?	About 77%.
What are the potential contributions of paper recycling to energy savings?	Paper recycling can result in significant energy savings, and recycling rates are already high in many countries, but further increases are feasible.
Which country has a 64% recovery rate for paper recycling compared to the Russian Federation?	China has a 64% recycling rate compared to 30% in the Russian Federation.
What is the share of non-OECD countries in building energy consumption?	About 55%.
What impact will countries with faster rates of population and economic growth have on global energy demand by 2050?	These countries (especially China and India) will account for a third of the global population and will dominate space heating demand outside the OECD.
In China, what changes are being triggered by rising incomes and urbanization?	are driving a significant shift from solid fuels (e.g., biomass and coal) to commercial fuels (e.g., kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and electricity).
What is the projected urban population of China by 2030?	The percentage of urban population is expected to grow from 40% to 60%.
What is the status of compliance with building energy efficiency standards in China?	Compliance with standards for new buildings is generally low: about 60% in the north, 20% in the center, and only 8% in the south.
What has been the impact of rapid income growth and falling appliance prices in China and India?	Appliance ownership rates have soared, especially in urban areas.
In the building sector, how is the share of energy consumption in the service sector expected to change?	The share of energy consumption in the service sector is expected to continue to increase through 2050.
What are the challenges to energy efficient building design in China?	Challenges of low compliance with building standards and high capital costs.
What is the global growth of solar water heating systems?	The annual installed capacity of solar water heating systems globally has grown significantly from 1999 to 2005, with more than 15 GWth of net new capacity added in 2006.
Why has the full potential of solar thermal systems not been realized in most IEA countries?	Mainly due to relatively high capital costs and long payback periods.
Which country has a large number of solar thermal systems widely used for hot water supply?	China, but also widely used in countries such as Cyprus, Germany, Austria, Turkey and Israel.
Which are the G8 countries and the five major emerging economies?	The G8 countries include Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States, and the emerging economies include Brazil, China, India, Mexico and South Africa.
What are the main factors driving the recent growth in energy investment in the Asia-Pacific region?	China's investment has driven the largest growth in absolute investment in the Asia-Pacific region.
In terms of world oil and gas demand growth, which countries and economies have seen a significant pickup in demand?	Non-OECD countries, especially China, have seen a significant rebound in demand.
What happened to world crude oil demand in the second half of 2022?	Experienced a significant slowdown and also contracted year-on-year in the fourth quarter.
What percentage of global crude oil demand growth is accounted for by China?	China accounts for almost 50% of the expected growth (i.e., 2 mb/d).
What factors are impacting global oil exports as a result of the conflict in Ukraine?	Impacts include the EU ban and price caps, as well as China's refining activities and export policies.
What changes in Chinese economic sentiment occurred in January?	The sudden improvement in economic sentiment reflects the boost to the world economy from China's reopening.
Has the number of global flights returned to pre-epidemic levels?	Yes, the number of global commercial flights recently surpassed 2019 levels for the first time.
How did Europe's economic outlook improve over the winter?	Economic sentiment improved as warm weather led to a significant drop in gas prices and a rise in Eurozone GDP.
How did urban activity change in January following the relaxation of China's public health policies?	There was a significant rise in urban activity, reflecting the impact of the relaxation and the Chinese New Year travel peak.
What are the main reasons why fuel use has failed to keep up?	The primary reason for the failure of fuel use to keep up is due to efficiency gains.
Is China's economic recovery affected by the construction sector?	Yes, there is significant uncertainty about the outlook for the construction sector with respect to China's economic recovery.
What are the reasons for the increase in diesel prices in Europe?	Mainly due to ample supply in the European market, especially as there was a large inflow of imports before the Russian embargo started.
What measures has the Chinese government taken against the downstream oil industry?	The Chinese government is stepping up regulation of the downstream oil sector, including a review of refineries, marketers and storage operators.
What is the impact on oil demand of China's easing of public health restrictions late last year?	This policy easing has raised expectations of a consumer-driven economic recovery, driving a rebound in oil demand.

What is China's primary source of supply for LPG?

China's primary source of supply for LPG is its refineries, along with some traditional imports.

Why is the demand for LPG stagnating in China?

The demand for LPG is stagnating because natural gas is replacing LPG in the residential sector.

How significant is China's coal-fired power plant fleet compared to the rest of the world?

China has the largest coal-fired power plant fleet installed in a single country.

How much of the installed global coal-fired power plant fleet is covered by available databases?

Databases typically claim nearly complete coverage of extant plants at 95%, but for China, over 75% of facilities are claimed to be covered.

What percentage of attractive coal plants for CCS retrofitting are located in China?

72% of the population of attractive coal plants for CCS retrofitting is located in China.

How does China's coal power fleet compare in age to those of other countries?

China has the youngest coal-fired power fleet among the ten countries with the largest coal power generation capacity.

What is the expected net newly installed coal-fired power plant capacity in China by 2035?

The expected net newly installed coal-fired power plant capacity in China by 2035 is 488 GW.

What percentage increase does the projected capacity represent compared to the current fleet?

The projected capacity represents a 73% increase compared to the current fleet.

In terms of CCS retrofitting, what characteristics make China's coal fleet attractive?

China's coal fleet is attractive for CCS retrofitting due to its large capacity, high number of younger units, and modern steam parameters.

How much did an average Chinese household spend on electricity in contrast?

An average Chinese household spent almost $170 a year on electricity.

What challenges does the global economy face regarding energy usage by 2050?

The global economy faces a four-fold growth in energy usage by 2050, especially in developing countries like China and India.

How much could CO2 emissions projections for 2050 rise due to economic growth?

CO2 emissions projections for 2050 have risen by 7% due to higher economic growth forecasts for China and India.

Which countries are among the top six non-OECD countries in total energy consumption?

China, India, Brazil, Russia, Indonesia, and Mexico are among the top six non-OECD countries in total energy consumption.

How can we assess the impact of energy efficiency on electricity intensity in South Africa by 2030?

South African energy intensity is expected to reduce by 13% in 2030 due to energy efficiency improvements.

What implications does the growth in coal-fired power plants have for CO2 emissions management in China?

The growth suggests that managing related CO2 emissions will be crucial for meeting climate targets.

Why should policymakers focus on designing CCS-ready power plants in China?

To avoid the future lock-in of CO2 emissions and accommodate rapid capacity additions.

Which country has a higher share of super- or ultra-supercritical power plants?

Japan has one of the highest shares of super- or ultra-supercritical power plants among large coal power generation countries.

How important is it to understand CCS potential in China compared to other CO2 emitting countries?

It is extremely important due to China's significant population of suitable coal power plants for retrofitting.

Which regions are expected to construct new coal-fired power plants until 2035?

China, India, Brazil, Russia, Indonesia, and Mexico are expected to construct new coal-fired power plants until 2035.

In the context of energy consumption, what is a primary concern for developing economies?

The primary concern is balancing economic growth with increased energy usage and managing emissions.

How does the average household electricity spend in China compare to European households?

The average Chinese household spends significantly less, only about one-sixth of what an average European household spends on electricity.

What is the estimated investment needs of China and India between 2005 and 2030?

Estimates range from $90 billion to $100 billion.

In 2020, what percentage of the total emissions savings from global deployments will be in China and India?

About 20 percent.

What new technologies are included in gas separation and capture technologies?

Next-generation processes such as membranes, solid adsorbents, and new thermal treatment processes.

In which regions are new gas separation and capture technologies being deployed for the first time, primarily?

Primarily in the U.S. and Europe.

Based on projections, which country is expected to have the largest share of deployments of new power generation technologies?

The United States.

Where is the most installed capacity of onshore wind technologies expected by 2020?

Projected to be in Western Europe.

Which country currently has the world's largest share of photovoltaic (PV) capacity?

Japan, with 2.8 GW of capacity, or about 47% of global capacity.

Which country is expected to have the world's largest PV capacity by 2045?

The United States, which will have 50% of the expected global capacity by then.

According to the ACT Map scenario, when will carbon capture and storage (CCS) start?

It is expected to start in 2020.

What are the main technologies on which China and India are basing their investments in nuclear power?

It will be based on older, proven technologies, mainly Generation III & IV.

For what reasons does coal account for a relatively high share of global electricity production?

Due to factors such as resource availability and domestic fuel prices in each country.

In 2006, what percentage of China's electricity supply was obtained from coal plants?

78% of its electricity supply came from coal power plants.

If China's power plants were as efficient as Japan's average power plant, how much would coal demand be reduced?

It would be reduced by 21 percent.

In 2012, how much did the average efficiency of hard-coal power plants differ between China and Japan?

33% in China and 42% in Japan.

How is IGCC related to CCS?

IGCC is compatible with CCS and there are several national programs related projects.

In terms of combined heat and power (CHP) penetration, which country has the most prevalent penetration?

Denmark, Finland and the Netherlands have higher penetration rates.

What is the total planned increase in nuclear power capacity in China, India, Russia, Japan, South Korea, and Ukraine through 2020?

116 GW.

At which site was the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project established?

Cadarache, France.

Where are the main markets for wind energy growth since the 1990s?

Mainly in the European and U.S. markets.

What kind of trends are China and India considered to be in wind power generation?

Wind power generation is expected to lead in 2050.

How many wind turbine manufacturers account for 90% of the global market based on 2006 data?

There are six major manufacturers.

What are the most active segments of the photovoltaic (PV) market?

Grid-connected, building-integrated systems.

According to the ACT map and blueprint scenarios, where is the growth in solar power through 2030 concentrated?

Primarily in sun-rich OECD countries in North America and emerging economies such as China and India.

What limits the future expansion of concentrated solar power (CSP)?

Limited by regional availability of quality sunlight.

According to forecasts, what is the expected annual generation of hydropower by 2050?

It is expected to reach 5,000 to 5,500 TWh.

What are the main challenges of geothermal potential?

Geothermal potential has not been fully assessed in most parts of the world.

How much of the world's electricity is currently transmitted over high-voltage direct current lines (HVDC)?

About 2% of all electricity is transmitted over high-voltage direct current (HVDC) lines.

What voltages can be achieved with ultra-high voltage direct current (UHVDC) systems?

Ultra-high voltage direct current (UHVDC) systems can reach voltages of up to 800 kV.

What is the average estimate of global power transmission and distribution losses?

The average global loss in electricity transmission and distribution is estimated to be 18%.

To what level can power losses be reduced in developing countries?

In developing countries, electricity losses have the potential to be reduced to 10%.

What industries are primarily affected by the trend in methane emissions growth?

Trends in the growth of methane emissions are primarily influenced by the energy and waste management industries.

What is coal mining's share of global anthropogenic methane emissions?

Coal mines contribute 8% of global anthropogenic methane emissions.

Which country is a major contributor to solid waste management methane emissions?

The United States, China, Russia, Canada, and Southeast Asia are major methane emitters.

What will global methane emissions be by 2050?

By 2050, global methane emissions are projected to exceed 7420 Mt CO2eq.

How will methane emissions from landfills be projected to change in developed countries?

Landfill methane emissions are projected to decrease in developed countries.

In what areas does China have the largest share of industrial production and energy demand?

China accounts for about 80% of the energy demand for industrial production and materials production.

What is the impact of China's iron and steel industry in terms of CO2 emissions?

China's steel industry accounts for the largest share of industrial CO2 emissions, with a correspondingly high energy consumption.

How much emission reduction can be achieved globally by applying best technology?

A reduction of 340 Mt CO2 emissions can be realized globally by applying the best technology.

What alternative raw materials will be added to the concrete production stage?

Other clinker substitutes are usually added directly at the concrete production stage.

Which country has a lower percentage of approximately young coal plants in its electricity production?

The United States has a lower percentage of young coal power plants in its electricity production.

What are the current characteristics of coal power plants in China?

Chinese coal power plants are large and most are relatively young, making them well suited for CCS retrofits.

Which countries are the main contributors to global cement overproduction?

China has the lion's share of global cement production growth.

What are the differences in energy efficiency in China and India compared to South Africa?

China and India are expected to show stronger improvements in energy efficiency than South Africa.

How much of the global growth in industrial production has been in China over the past 25 years?

China's growth in industrial production has accounted for about 80% of the global total over the past 25 years.

How different is electricity consumption in terms of household expenditure in South Africa and China?

The average annual household expenditure on electricity consumption in South Africa is $281 compared to $170 for Chinese households.

Which non-OECD countries have the highest overall energy consumption?

China, India, Brazil, Russia, Indonesia and Mexico are the non-OECD countries with the highest overall energy consumption.

How much is the global economy expected to grow by 2050?

The global economy is expected to quadruple by 2050.

What are the main influences on the baseline outlook for 2030 and 2050?

Key influencing factors include rising economic growth projections, particularly in China and India, which are major coal consumers, and higher oil and gas price projections.

If China and India were able to convert 50% of their fly ash from landfills into usable resources, what would be the CO2 reduction?

About 75 megatons of CO2 reduction.

What are the main regions of the world where ammonia production is concentrated?

It is concentrated in West and East Asia, which account for nearly 40% of global production.

What percentage of world ammonia production is natural gas steam reforming?

About 77%.

What are the potential contributions of paper recycling to energy savings?

Paper recycling can result in significant energy savings, and recycling rates are already high in many countries, but further increases are feasible.

Which country has a 64% recovery rate for paper recycling compared to the Russian Federation?

China has a 64% recycling rate compared to 30% in the Russian Federation.

What is the share of non-OECD countries in building energy consumption?

About 55%.

What impact will countries with faster rates of population and economic growth have on global energy demand by 2050?

These countries (especially China and India) will account for a third of the global population and will dominate space heating demand outside the OECD.

In China, what changes are being triggered by rising incomes and urbanization?

are driving a significant shift from solid fuels (e.g., biomass and coal) to commercial fuels (e.g., kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and electricity).

What is the projected urban population of China by 2030?

The percentage of urban population is expected to grow from 40% to 60%.

What is the status of compliance with building energy efficiency standards in China?

Compliance with standards for new buildings is generally low: about 60% in the north, 20% in the center, and only 8% in the south.

What has been the impact of rapid income growth and falling appliance prices in China and India?

Appliance ownership rates have soared, especially in urban areas.

In the building sector, how is the share of energy consumption in the service sector expected to change?

The share of energy consumption in the service sector is expected to continue to increase through 2050.

What are the challenges to energy efficient building design in China?

Challenges of low compliance with building standards and high capital costs.

What is the global growth of solar water heating systems?

The annual installed capacity of solar water heating systems globally has grown significantly from 1999 to 2005, with more than 15 GWth of net new capacity added in 2006.

Why has the full potential of solar thermal systems not been realized in most IEA countries?

Mainly due to relatively high capital costs and long payback periods.

Which country has a large number of solar thermal systems widely used for hot water supply?

China, but also widely used in countries such as Cyprus, Germany, Austria, Turkey and Israel.

Which are the G8 countries and the five major emerging economies?

The G8 countries include Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States, and the emerging economies include Brazil, China, India, Mexico and South Africa.

What are the main factors driving the recent growth in energy investment in the Asia-Pacific region?

China's investment has driven the largest growth in absolute investment in the Asia-Pacific region.

In terms of world oil and gas demand growth, which countries and economies have seen a significant pickup in demand?

Non-OECD countries, especially China, have seen a significant rebound in demand.

What happened to world crude oil demand in the second half of 2022?

Experienced a significant slowdown and also contracted year-on-year in the fourth quarter.

What percentage of global crude oil demand growth is accounted for by China?

China accounts for almost 50% of the expected growth (i.e., 2 mb/d).

What factors are impacting global oil exports as a result of the conflict in Ukraine?

Impacts include the EU ban and price caps, as well as China's refining activities and export policies.

What changes in Chinese economic sentiment occurred in January?

The sudden improvement in economic sentiment reflects the boost to the world economy from China's reopening.

Has the number of global flights returned to pre-epidemic levels?

Yes, the number of global commercial flights recently surpassed 2019 levels for the first time.

How did Europe's economic outlook improve over the winter?

Economic sentiment improved as warm weather led to a significant drop in gas prices and a rise in Eurozone GDP.

How did urban activity change in January following the relaxation of China's public health policies?

There was a significant rise in urban activity, reflecting the impact of the relaxation and the Chinese New Year travel peak.

What are the main reasons why fuel use has failed to keep up?

The primary reason for the failure of fuel use to keep up is due to efficiency gains.

Is China's economic recovery affected by the construction sector?

Yes, there is significant uncertainty about the outlook for the construction sector with respect to China's economic recovery.

What are the reasons for the increase in diesel prices in Europe?

Mainly due to ample supply in the European market, especially as there was a large inflow of imports before the Russian embargo started.

What measures has the Chinese government taken against the downstream oil industry?

The Chinese government is stepping up regulation of the downstream oil sector, including a review of refineries, marketers and storage operators.

What is the impact on oil demand of China's easing of public health restrictions late last year?

This policy easing has raised expectations of a consumer-driven economic recovery, driving a rebound in oil demand.