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The 2005 edition of the International ISBN Agency's official manual describes how the 13-digit ISBN check digit is calculated. The ISBN-13 check digit, which is the last digit of the ISBN, must range from 0 to 9 and must be such that the sum of all the thirteen digits, each multiplied by its (integer) weight, alternating between 1 and 3, is a multiple of 10.
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where Earth's equatorial radius formula_21 equals "6,378,137 m" and formula_22; for the GRS80 and WGS84 spheroids, b/a calculates to be 0.99664719. (formula_23 is known as the reduced (or parametric) latitude). Aside from rounding, this is the exact distance along a parallel of latitude; getting the distance along the shortest route will be more work, but those two distances are always within 0.6 meter of each other if the two points are one degree of longitude apart.
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Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were among the mid-1950s pioneers of rock and roll. In the 1960s, Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of America's most celebrated songwriters and James Brown led the development of funk. More recent American creations include hip hop and house music. American pop stars such as Presley, Michael Jackson, and Madonna have become global celebrities, as have contemporary musical artists such as Taylor Swift, Britney Spears, Katy Perry, and Beyoncé as well as hip hop artists Jay Z, Eminem and Kanye West. Rock bands such as Metallica, the Eagles, and Aerosmith are among the highest grossing in worldwide sales.
ley and Chuck ry - 0 rock . In , rev most writ James . More include music. Pres , , Madonna have , as artists , ney ars, aty , well hip artists Z, K e West. Rock ica, , and are the in .
vis ley uck Ber 50s rock . the 9 , an emer the folk America and James fun . recent cre hip . American stars as , Jackson, and Madonna become , musical artists such , Britney , Katy Perry, and well hip artists , min and any . Rock ica, ag , eros ing in wide .
Elvis Ch were the - 0 pione and . 9 s, Bob an rev to of most celebrated ers James the . creations hip . pop stars Pres , Michael , become brities, as artists such , ney Spe , Katy , and cé as hip hop artists , . , the E , eros the gross wide .
the mid 1 5 s . the 1 6 s, ged the rev become America' most . ations hip house . stars as , , and brit , have artists , Spears, K , Bey cé as well artists Jay Z, . , E , Aeros ith are ing world .
vis and uck ry were the mid 50s pione roll. 6 s, an from become one of America writers . hop and . , Michael , become global , contemporary such Taylor , , aty Perry, and oncé hip Z, E K West. Rock as Metall , les, A ith highest world .
El Pres and were 5 pione . 9 , the rev songwrit and k. recent American include . pop as Pres , , ies, , Britney Spe , , and as well hip hop artists , em West. bands ica, les, A m are the sales.
uck Ber the 1 0s rock and . 60s, ival become s most celebrated ers the of . cre and . Presley, , and global , as contemporary such as Swift, Brit , , and as artists Z, E anye . as Met , , are highest ing in .
ry 50s ers roll. 60s, Bob an from ival to become of ' song and led of . recent hip hop . American pop such , , and global , Swift, ney Spe , aty , oncé as hip Z, em K . Rock bands such all , the , eros among in wide .
vis Pres uck ry among 1 5 ers of rock . 9 0 , emer from rev to become America s most celebrated of fun . house . such Pres , , have cele , as have , ney ars, , and Beyon well Jay , min any West. bands as , agles, and sales.
vis Pres Ch ry the mid- 5 s and . In the 19 , ged rev become songwriters . More music. pop Pres , Jackson, global , musical artists , Brit Spe , K , as artists , em . such as Metall , ag , among the in wide sales.
Thus the check digit is 2, and the complete sequence is <nowiki>ISBN 0-306-40615-2</nowiki>. The value formula_6 required to satisfy this condition might be 10; if so, an 'X' should be used.
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The most widely taught foreign languages at all levels in the United States (in terms of enrollment numbers) are: Spanish (around 7.2 million students), French (1.5 million), and German (500,000). Other commonly taught languages (with 100,000 to 250,000 learners) include Latin, Japanese, American Sign Language, Italian, and Chinese. 18% of all Americans claim to speak at least one language in addition to English.
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Italy: The privately held company "EDISER srl", owned by "Associazione Italiana Editori" (Italian Publishers Association) is responsible for issuing ISBNs. The original national prefix 978-88 is reserved for publishing companies, starting at €49 for a ten-codes block while a new prefix 979-12 is dedicated to self-publishing authors, at a fixed price of €25 for a single code.
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The 2008–2012 global recession significantly affected the United States, with output still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Office. It brought high unemployment (which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recession levels), along with low consumer confidence, the continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies, an escalating federal debt crisis, inflation, and rising petroleum and food prices. There remains a record proportion of long-term unemployed, continued decreasing household income, and tax and federal budget increases.
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With the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln, the first president from the largely anti-slavery Republican Party, conventions in thirteen slave states ultimately declared secession and formed the Confederate States of America, while the federal government maintained that secession was illegal. The ensuing war was at first for Union, then after 1863 as casualties mounted and Lincoln delivered his Emancipation Proclamation, a second war aim became abolition of slavery. The war remains the deadliest military conflict in American history, resulting in the deaths of approximately 618,000 soldiers as well as many civilians.
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The United States is a highly developed country, with the world's largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of socioeconomic performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP, and productivity per person. While the U.S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the manufacturing sector remains the second-largest in the world. Though its population is only 4.4% of the world total, the United States accounts for nearly a quarter of world GDP and almost a third of global military spending, making it the world's foremost military and economic power. The United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations.

The 2005 edition of the International ISBN Agency's official manual describes how the 13-digit ISBN check digit is calculated. The ISBN-13 check digit, which is the last digit of the ISBN, must range from 0 to 9 and must be such that the sum of all the thirteen digits, each multiplied by its (integer) weight, alternating between 1 and 3, is a multiple of 10.

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2 the ISBN Agency official manual describes how the ISBN digit . 1 , the the , 0 that all thir , each by its , altern , is 1 .

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where Earth's equatorial radius formula_21 equals "6,378,137 m" and formula_22; for the GRS80 and WGS84 spheroids, b/a calculates to be 0.99664719. (formula_23 is known as the reduced (or parametric) latitude). Aside from rounding, this is the exact distance along a parallel of latitude; getting the distance along the shortest route will be more work, but those two distances are always within 0.6 meter of each other if the two points are one degree of longitude apart.

where s formula_ 1 , , 3 2 G 0 GS phero , calcul to . 96 4 . formula 2 as from rounding, along getting the along be , those two distances . meter of the of longitude .

where Earth' 1 6,378, m and 2 RS8 4 phero , b ates .9 19. (form _ 3 the ( ) from ing, distance parallel of getting distance along the will be work, those two always . two are of longitude apart.

where ' equ , , and formula 22 GRS ph ids, a calcul . . known ric ). As , is a distance along est more , always 0. if apart.

Earth' radius 1 equals , 7 , m the G , b . 7 . _ (or ) ). ide rounding, distance along a latitude; getting short be , but always .6 two points one longitude apart.

atorial radius _ , , formula 8 and GS84 ero , a calculates be .9 4 . form 23 is rounding, is distance latitude getting will , but distances are . one of .

atorial _ equals ,3 , 3 " formula_ the GS ero , b/ calculates . 96 71 . formula 3 ide from , exact ; along the be more , distances are always within . other .

equatorial formula equals , 7 , m 2 GRS ph ids, / be . 6 4 1 . 2 reduced ric ). As , the along of distance along be , are . if points degree of .

where Earth formula 2 equals ,37 , " _2 G 0 W 4 s ero , / 0. . ( 23 the reduced ) , short , but within .6 other the one of longitude .

Earth s _ equals " ,3 ,1 for the 0 s ids, a calcul be 0. 6 . _2 ) Aside rounding, this the parallel along short , distances are always 0.6 of other two points degree .

where radius " , ,1 " formula 2 the RS8 and W eroids, ates 0. 6 9. form 3 the reduced or paramet ) latitude , ; est , are .6 meter each if longitude apart.

Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were among the mid-1950s pioneers of rock and roll. In the 1960s, Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of America's most celebrated songwriters and James Brown led the development of funk. More recent American creations include hip hop and house music. American pop stars such as Presley, Michael Jackson, and Madonna have become global celebrities, as have contemporary musical artists such as Taylor Swift, Britney Spears, Katy Perry, and Beyoncé as well as hip hop artists Jay Z, Eminem and Kanye West. Rock bands such as Metallica, the Eagles, and Aerosmith are among the highest grossing in worldwide sales.

ley and Chuck ry - 0 rock . In , rev most writ James . More include music. Pres , , Madonna have , as artists , ney ars, aty , well hip artists Z, K e West. Rock ica, , and are the in .

vis ley uck Ber 50s rock . the 9 , an emer the folk America and James fun . recent cre hip . American stars as , Jackson, and Madonna become , musical artists such , Britney , Katy Perry, and well hip artists , min and any . Rock ica, ag , eros ing in wide .

Elvis Ch were the - 0 pione and . 9 s, Bob an rev to of most celebrated ers James the . creations hip . pop stars Pres , Michael , become brities, as artists such , ney Spe , Katy , and cé as hip hop artists , . , the E , eros the gross wide .

the mid 1 5 s . the 1 6 s, ged the rev become America' most . ations hip house . stars as , , and brit , have artists , Spears, K , Bey cé as well artists Jay Z, . , E , Aeros ith are ing world .

vis and uck ry were the mid 50s pione roll. 6 s, an from become one of America writers . hop and . , Michael , become global , contemporary such Taylor , , aty Perry, and oncé hip Z, E K West. Rock as Metall , les, A ith highest world .

El Pres and were 5 pione . 9 , the rev songwrit and k. recent American include . pop as Pres , , ies, , Britney Spe , , and as well hip hop artists , em West. bands ica, les, A m are the sales.

uck Ber the 1 0s rock and . 60s, ival become s most celebrated ers the of . cre and . Presley, , and global , as contemporary such as Swift, Brit , , and as artists Z, E anye . as Met , , are highest ing in .

ry 50s ers roll. 60s, Bob an from ival to become of ' song and led of . recent hip hop . American pop such , , and global , Swift, ney Spe , aty , oncé as hip Z, em K . Rock bands such all , the , eros among in wide .

vis Pres uck ry among 1 5 ers of rock . 9 0 , emer from rev to become America s most celebrated of fun . house . such Pres , , have cele , as have , ney ars, , and Beyon well Jay , min any West. bands as , agles, and sales.

vis Pres Ch ry the mid- 5 s and . In the 19 , ged rev become songwriters . More music. pop Pres , Jackson, global , musical artists , Brit Spe , K , as artists , em . such as Metall , ag , among the in wide sales.

Thus the check digit is 2, and the complete sequence is <nowiki>ISBN 0-306-40615-2</nowiki>. The value formula_6 required to satisfy this condition might be 10; if so, an 'X' should be used.

the , and ISBN 0-3 40 1 -2 iki satisfy be 10; if , X be .

check is , is now ISBN 3 now , ' be .

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, is now -406 2 The value _ condition be , an X .

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check digit is , > 0 615 6 satisfy this , an 'X .

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The most widely taught foreign languages at all levels in the United States (in terms of enrollment numbers) are: Spanish (around 7.2 million students), French (1.5 million), and German (500,000). Other commonly taught languages (with 100,000 to 250,000 learners) include Latin, Japanese, American Sign Language, Italian, and Chinese. 18% of all Americans claim to speak at least one language in addition to English.

foreign levels United in of roll around . students . ( 0, 0 ). (with 1 , to , 0 , Japanese, Sign Language, , . 1 % .

most levels the States ( of ment ) are: Spanish 7. million ), .5 ), ( 0 , ). Other commonly languages 1 ,000 to 50, 00 learners include , , , Italian, Chinese. 8 all addition English.

taught United States ( of en numbers 7. ( . ( , languages with , 2 , 0 include , , American , , and Chinese. to at one .

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The foreign States terms of numbers) are around . .5 million and (5 0, 0). Other commonly with 10 ,0 , include , , , , and . 1 of at language addition .

The widely foreign languages at all roll : Spanish ( .2 ), (1. million and 00, 0 ). taught ( 00, to 0,0 0 , Japanese, , , . 1 % language addition to English.

most languages in United rollment ) ( 7. students), French . ), ( 0 ,000 Other taught languages with ,000 to , 0 include , , , Italian, and . of speak at least English.

languages at ment are (around . (1.5 million), and German ( , commonly ( ,0 250, 0 , , American , Italian, . 8 all at least one language addition English.

Pakistan: The National Library of Pakistan is responsible for ISBN registrations for Pakistani publishers, authors, universities, institutions, and government departments that are responsible for publishing books.

: of responsible ISBN publish , , , , and that for .

National for ations for ani publish , , univers , , ments responsible .

: The National Pakistan ations Pakistani publish , authors, , , depart that for .

Pakistan registr for Pakist ers, authors, univers , , depart that .

Pakistan The National Library ist , , , , and responsible .

Pakistan ISBN ations for Pak ani , , , institutions, ments for publishing .

: for ISBN registrations istani , , ities, , and depart publishing books.

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Pakistan The National Pakistan ISBN ani publish , , ities, , and depart for .

Italy: The privately held company "EDISER srl", owned by "Associazione Italiana Editori" (Italian Publishers Association) is responsible for issuing ISBNs. The original national prefix 978-88 is reserved for publishing companies, starting at €49 for a ten-codes block while a new prefix 979-12 is dedicated to self-publishing authors, at a fixed price of €25 for a single code.

: The held company rl owned " ( ian Publishers is for . The national 8 8 is , starting at 4 -codes new prefix 2 authors, a price 2 a code.

: ately "ED ER Italiana i ( . prefix 8 reserved companies, -codes while -1 is dedicated to self- authors, at fixed single .

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Italy: priv held Ass i" Association is responsible for ing . national prefix 97 8 is companies, starting 9 a ten block prefix 1 to -publish , 2 a .

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: priv held ", ocia Italiana Association) responsible for issu . 9 - for , prefix 9 - dedicated - , price a .

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priv "ED " zione Editor ian Publish ) for . reserved publishing , €4 a prefix 9 12 - , € 5 code.

The ately held IS by " Italiana (Ital Publishers Association) s. The 97 - reserved for , a block prefix 7 -12 is to self ing authors, of a code.

priv company ED ", Ass Editori ( is for ing ISBNs. original prefix reserved publishing , for codes 2 is self publishing , at fixed of € for a code.

The 2008–2012 global recession significantly affected the United States, with output still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Office. It brought high unemployment (which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recession levels), along with low consumer confidence, the continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies, an escalating federal debt crisis, inflation, and rising petroleum and food prices. There remains a record proportion of long-term unemployed, continued decreasing household income, and tax and federal budget increases.

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With the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln, the first president from the largely anti-slavery Republican Party, conventions in thirteen slave states ultimately declared secession and formed the Confederate States of America, while the federal government maintained that secession was illegal. The ensuing war was at first for Union, then after 1863 as casualties mounted and Lincoln delivered his Emancipation Proclamation, a second war aim became abolition of slavery. The war remains the deadliest military conflict in American history, resulting in the deaths of approximately 618,000 soldiers as well as many civilians.

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The United States is a highly developed country, with the world's largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of socioeconomic performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP, and productivity per person. While the U.S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the manufacturing sector remains the second-largest in the world. Though its population is only 4.4% of the world total, the United States accounts for nearly a quarter of world GDP and almost a third of global military spending, making it the world's foremost military and economic power. The United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations.