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<|system|>
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The Corporation for National and Community Service (CNCS) was established by the National and Community Service Trust Act of 1993 ( P.L. 103-82 ). Operating as an independent... |
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RS20522 -- Army Aviation: The RAH-66 Comanche Helicopter Issue Updated July 2, 2003 The RAH-66 Comanche is a next generation armed reconnaissance helicopter. It is the first ... |
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Federal regulations generally result from an act of Congress and are one significant means by which statutes are implemented. Congress delegates rulemaking authority to agenc... |
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Small business owners in general have long been praised within the United States for their contributions to the economy, especially their impact on job growth and innovation.... |
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Congress has expressed significant, ongoing interest in increasing the availability of broadband services throughout the nation, both in expanding the geographic availability... |
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The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has designated eight of its 11 operating divisions (agencies) as components of the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS). The PHS... |
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Debate over the creation of a federal Chief Information Officer (CIO) position has ebbed and flowed over thepast five years as Congress has sought to addressgovernment inform... |
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A variety of proposals were made in the 110 th Congress regarding granting the Delegate of the District of Columbia voting rights in the House. On January 19, 2007, Represent... |
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The average spot market price for West Texas Intermediate (WTI), a reference grade of U.S. crude oil, was up 9.5% in 2007 compared to 2006, while the New York Mercantile Exch... |
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In early 2005, the United States began advertizing in mass-circulation Urdu-languagenewspapers and on radio and television stations in Pakistan's Northwest Frontier Province ... |
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On February 20, 2003, the President signed into law the FY2003 omnibusappropriations act ( P.L. 108-7 , H.J.Res. 2 ), which includes $74.25billion in regular FY2003 funding f... |
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Federal law punishes convicted sex offenders for failure to register as the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA) demands. The offense consists of three elem... |
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In his State of the Union address on January 28, 2008, President Bush called upon Congress to approve this year pending free trade agreements (FTAs) negotiated with Colombia,... |
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This report discusses mortgage markets in selected nations and identifies aspects of housing finance that may suggest interesting policy options as Congress debates housing f... |
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During the latter years of the Clinton presidency, the United States began to focus on the possible deploymentof defenses against long-range ballistic missiles. The Administr... |
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C hild welfare services are intended to prevent the abuse or neglect of children; ensure that children have safe, permanent homes; and promote the well-being of children and ... |
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On August 24, 2016, Colombian government negotiators and the negotiating team for the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) signed a final peace agreement in Havana, ... |
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The FY2013 budget deficit is projected to be $845 billion, or 5.3% of gross domestic product (GDP). From 2009 through 2012, the federal budget has exceeded $1 trillion annual... |
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This report describes the individual mandate as established under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA; P.L. 111-148 , as amended). It also discusses the ACA r... |
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A health insurance exchange has been established in every state, as required by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). Each exchange has two parts, a marketpla... |
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Congress has long recognized the need to protect the legal interests of servicemembers whose service to the nation may compromise their ability to meet certain commercial and... |
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On March 23, 2010, President Obama signed into law a comprehensive health reform law, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). The following week, on March 30, 2... |
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The Andean Counterdrug Initiative was designed to provide assistance to seven countries inthe broadly defined Andean region: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru,... |
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On June 27, ICC judges issued arrest warrants for Libyan leader Muammar al Qadhafi, his son Sayf al Islam al Qadhafi, and intelligence chief Abdullah al Senussi, having found... |
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RS20553 -- Air Quality and Electricity: Initiatives to Increase Pollution Controls Updated October 25, 2002 Since the mid-1990s, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA... |
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The Missing and Exploited Children's (MEC) program—administered by the Department of Justice's (DOJ's) Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) in the Of... |
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Some observers asserted that leading up to the financial crisis of 2007-2009 banks did not have sufficient credit loss reserves or capital to absorb the losses and as a conse... |
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Both the President and Congress play a role in forming federal spending and revenue policy: the President submits an annual budget proposal, and Congress typically adopts an ... |
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The distribution of income in the United States features heavily in congressional discussions about the middle class, program funding and effectiveness, new and existing targ... |
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The first version of the Energy Savings and Industrial Competitiveness Act was introduced as S. 1000 in the 112 th Congress. It had three energy efficiency titles, which addr... |
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The annual Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies appropriations bill includes funding for agencies and programs in three separate federal departments, as well as numero... |
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In the first session of the 110 th Congress, the House and the Senate passed two markedly different versions of omnibus energy efficiency and renewable energy legislation. Th... |
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Comprehensive immigration reform was debated in the 109 th and 110 th Congresses, but no comprehensive legislation was enacted. The Speaker of the House and the Senate majori... |
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This report provides an overview of the current debate over whether a holder of a patent essential to an industry standard, who has promised to license such patented technolo... |
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On October 1, 2002, the Bush Administration notified Congress of the intention to enter intonegotiations leading to a free trade agreement with five Central American countrie... |
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I n the years since President Obama took office, Congress has included provisions in annual defense authorization bills addressing issues related to detainees at the U.S. Nav... |
<|system|>
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Conflict of interest regulations and restrictions on certain private employment opportunities for a federal officer or employee do not necessarily end with the termination of... |
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The Inspector General Act, as amended, will reach its 30 th anniversary in 2008, and today there are more than 60 offices of inspectors general (OIGs). This longevity and gro... |
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The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA; P.L. 111-5 ) provides funding for various education programs. Among these programs, ARRA includes the State Fiscal S... |
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The General Services Administration (GSA) manages the federal government's charge card program, known as SmartPay. Through SmartPay, agencies are able to select charge card p... |
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This report answers several common questions regarding the London Interbank Offer Rate (LIBOR), an index representing prevailing interest rates in London money markets. Recen... |
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This report describes and analyzes annual appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) for FY2018. It compares the enacted FY2017 appropriations for DHS, the ... |
<|system|>
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Since 1995, Congress has on three occasions approved legislation to regulate lobbyists' contacts with executive branch officials. Prior to 1995, lobbying laws only required t... |
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Today, Indian gaming is big business. In 2010, 237 of the 565 federally recognized tribes operated 422 tribal gaming enterprises which generated $25.6 billion in revenues. Tw... |
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Recent high-profile incidents of sexual violence on campus have heightened congressional and administrative scrutiny of the policies and procedures that institutions of highe... |
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There has been a great deal of concern over the effect of the current economic downturn on retirement plans. One company recently reported that at the end of 2008, the "chaos... |
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Late on September 30, 2013, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) gave notice to federal agencies that an emergency shutdown furlough would be put in place as a result of... |
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Each year, the Senate and House Armed Services Committees report their respective versions of the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA). These bills contain numerous prov... |
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On March 23, 2010, the President signed into law H.R. 3590 , the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA; P.L. 111-148 ), as passed by the Senate on December 24, 20... |
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International medical graduates (IMGs) are foreign nationals or U.S. citizens who graduate froma medical school outside of the United States. In 2002, the most recent year fo... |
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As its name might suggest, t he S upplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) was developed to supplement , but not replace , the official poverty measure by addre ssin g some of its m... |
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The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act is both a grants statute and a civil rights statute. It provides federal funding for the education of children with disabiliti... |
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For nearly a decade, Congress and successive Administrations have worked to improve emergency communications across the nation. Although the issue of interoperable communicat... |
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The Appalachian Regional Commission, created in 1965, is the oldest of the four regional commissions and authorities chartered by Congress to address development and related ... |
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Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Congress has appropriated more than a trillion dollars for military operations in Afghanistan, Iraq, and elsewhere around t... |
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F ederal budget decisions express the priorities of Congress and reinforce its influence on federal policies. Making budgetary decisions for the federal government is a compl... |
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In the years following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, considerable concern has been raised because the 19 terrorists were aliens (i.e., foreign nationals) who app... |
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In recent Congresses, renewed attention has been paid to the rules and practices of the Senate that allow committed Senate minorities (or individuals) to delay or prevent a v... |
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This report provides background information and identifies issues for Congress on Department of Defense (DOD) energy initiatives. DOD spends billions of dollars per year on f... |
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As Congress perform oversight in the 110 th Congress, biodefense research, biosecurity, and the activities of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in this area may becom... |
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Countervailing duty laws attempt to provide relief to domestic industries that have been, or are threatened with, material injury as a result of imported goods sold in the U.... |
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In 2008, an unknown computer programmer or group of programmers using the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto created a computer platform that would allow users to make valid transfer... |
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The interactions of three variables underlie debates on the issue of climate change and what responses might be justified: the magnitude and rates of change of (1) population... |
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T he Pesticide Registration Improvement Extension Act of 2012 (PRIA 3), which amended certain provisions of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), r... |
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Medicare is a federal insurance program that pays for covered health care services of qualified beneficiaries. It was established in 1965 under Title XVIII of the Social Secu... |
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In response to concerns over competition from foreign firms, the U.S. Congress has increasingly looked for ways the federal government can stimulate technological innovation ... |
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Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code is used by financially troubled business debtors that want to reorganize their financial affairs so that they may remain in business ra... |
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On June 28, 2007, the United States and Panama signed a free trade agreement (FTA) after two and a half years and 10 rounds of negotiations. The U.S.-Panama FTA is a reciproc... |
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A number of federal laws prohibit discrimination in employment decisions, including hiring and firing of employees. Generally, these laws also include statutory exceptions fo... |
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Information about contracts and other award types related to Hurricanes Katrina and Rita is available from several sources, including: Federal Procurement Data System (FPDS),... |
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The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), is the lead federal agency for increasing ac... |
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On March 8, 2006, then U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) Rob Portman announced and notified Congress of the Administration's intent to negotiate a free trade agreement (FTA) w... |
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President George W. Bush unveiled the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) in Krakow, Poland, on May 31, 2003. PSI appeared to be a new channel for interdiction cooperatio... |
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The rules of both the House and the Senate provide power to committees and subcommittees to subpoena witnesses and documents. Committees' subpoena power is defined thus: "The... |
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Allegations of North Korean (Democratic People's Republic of Korea, or DPRK) drug production, drug trafficking, and other crime-for-profit activities have been an issue of co... |
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The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA, P.L. 111-148 , as amended) created the Independent Payment Advisory Board (IPAB, or the Board) to "reduce the per capit... |
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This report is part of a suite of reports tha t discuss appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) for FY2016. It specifically discusses appropriations for ... |
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The public disclosure of the details of one's personal finances, ownerships, investments, and income is required from high-level elected and appointed officials in all three ... |
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U.S. attention has focused on Russia's fitful democratization since it emerged in 1991 from the collapse of the Soviet Union. Many observers have argued that a democratic Rus... |
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For nearly a decade, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia managed to escape the kindof brutal ethnic conflict in Croatia, Bosnia, and Kosovo that accompanied the breakup... |
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The Fair Housing Act (FHA) was enacted "to provide, within constitutional limitations, for fair housing throughout the United States." The original 1968 act prohibited discri... |
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According to USDA, FY2012 agricultural exports are forecast to reach $131 billion, slightly below the fiscal 2011 record level of $137 billion. U.S. agricultural imports are ... |
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To address the turmoil in financial markets, Congress passed and the President signed the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act (EESA; H.R. 1424 , P.L. 110-343 ) on October 3,... |
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Article I, Section 8, clause 7 of the Constitution grants Congress power to establish post offices and post roads. Pursuant to this power, Congress enacted the Postal Reorgan... |
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Challenges to Russia's democratic development have long been of concern to Congress as it has considered the course of U.S.-Russia cooperation. The Obama Administration has b... |
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RS21341 -- Credit Scores: Credit-Based Insurance Scores Updated January 19, 2005 An insurance score, a type of credit score, is a number produced by a proprietary computer sc... |
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The House of Representatives has several different parliamentary procedures through which it can bring legislation to the chamber floor. Which will be used in a given situati... |
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Much attention has been focused on the use of water to grow certain agricultural crops in California, given current drought conditions in the state and mandatory cutbacks for... |
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Is the death penalty consistent with the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against theimposition of cruel and unusual punishments? The Supreme Court considered various applicati... |
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In 2008 and 2009, collapsing world credit markets and a slowing global economy combined to create the weakest market in decades for production, financing, and sale of motor v... |
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The Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act (FDAAA; P.L. 110-85 ) was signed into law on September 27, 2007. The law reauthorizes four expiring Food and Drug Administrati... |
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Are oil speculators the messengers bearing bad news, or are they themselves the bad news? The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), which regulates speculative trading... |
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The federal government is a creature of the Constitution. It enjoys no authority that cannot be traced back to the Constitution. This is as true of Congress as of the other b... |
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The reason that Congress has sometimes declared private organizations or individuals federal employees for FTCA purposes is generally that it has concluded that potential lia... |
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The United States exports agricultural products to nearly every country in the world. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reports that U.S. agricultural exports reached... |
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Since the creation of the modern U.S. intelligence community after World War II, neither Congress nor the executive branch has made public the total extent of intelligence sp... |
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Attention to environmental issues in the 110 th Congress focused early and heavily on climate change. The shift of control from Republicans to Democrats in the new Congress a... |
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The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released two recent documents that renewed public and congressional interest in animal biotechnology in general and animal cloning... |
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On July 30, 2002, President Bush signed into law the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, P.L. 107-204 . This law has been described by some as the most important and far-reaching sec... |
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The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution governs all searches and seizures conducted by government agents. The Amendment contains two separate clauses: a prohibition aga... |
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