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<|system|>
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The U.S.-EU trade and investment relationship, what many call the "transatlantic economy," is a mut ually beneficial and globally significant relationship. It is not only the... |
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Over the course of 2014, the U.S. government rolled out targeted economic sanctions on Russian individuals and entities in critical commercial sectors in response to that cou... |
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U.S. elections are highly decentralized, with much of the responsibility for election administration residing with local election officials (LEOs). There are thousands of suc... |
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Since 2009, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has proposed, promulgated, and is developing a number of regulations affecting the operation of the nation's steam elect... |
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On April 29, 2004, the Department of State released its Patterns of Global Terrorism report(hereafter referred to as Patterns 2003 ). (1) Shortly thereafter it was observed t... |
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The Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) is a voluntary program that provides technical and financial assistance to eligible agricultural producers who wish to imp... |
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Belarusian President Aleksandr Lukashenko snuffed out Belarus's modest progress toward democracy and a free market economy and created an authoritarian regime shortly after b... |
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The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) administers a number of agricultural conservation programs that assist private landowners with natural resource concerns. These incl... |
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Over the past 20 years, a number of commissions and task forces have examined the process by which the President makes appointments to certain positions with the advice and c... |
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Prior to the enactment of the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 (BAPCPA), the amount that a debtor in bankruptcy could exempt as equity in a hom... |
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Since 1966, the federal government has provided guarantees and subsidies to approved private lenders or state government entities that make student loans. The aim: making hig... |
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This report discusses the FY2017 budget request, related congressional actions, and appropriations (discretionary budget authority) for the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) ... |
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The Organic Foods Production Act of 1990 (OFPA) regulates the marketing of organic products by setting national standards for production and processing (handling). To be labe... |
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The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution prohibits the government from establishing religion (the Establishment Clause), which the U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted to i... |
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Since the mid-1980s, Congress has passed legislation that is intended to support older youth in foster care who are expected to leave care without being reunited with their p... |
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This report provides background information and oversight issues for Congress on what were referred to as the Coast Guard's Deepwater acquisition programs. The Coast Guard's ... |
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Postage stamps were introduced in 1847, but for a half century the designs were limited to images of Presidents and founding fathers. The first commemorative postage stamps w... |
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A stable, democratic, prosperous Pakistan actively working to counter Islamist militancy is considered vital to U.S. interests. The history of democracy in Pakistan is a trou... |
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Figure 1. Map of Haiti Source: Map Resources. Adapted by CRS. Haiti shares the island of Hispaniola with the Dominican Republic; Haiti occupies the western third of the islan... |
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Each year, the House and Senate Armed Services Committees take up their respective versions of the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA). These bills contain numerous pro... |
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U.S. relations with Malaysia have been generally positive over the last few years. Both countries share interests in maintaining regional stability, dealing with militant Isl... |
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In the relatively short period of time since the United States resumed "normal trade relations" (NTR) with Vietnam in 2001, there have been several controversies regarding th... |
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In recent years, state and federal laws have facilitated law enforcement's expanded use of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) for investigating and prosecuting crimes. Such laws aut... |
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In November 2011, President Obama and leaders of the European Union (EU) named a High Level Working Group on Jobs and Growth to recommend steps to broaden transatlantic econo... |
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Habeas corpus is the procedure under which an individual held in custody may petition a federal court for his release on the grounds that his detention is contrary to the Con... |
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The existence of the dual banking system and the relative insulation of federally chartered national banks from state law form the backdrop of Cuomo v. The Cle aring House As... |
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The National Park System is perhaps the federal land best known to the public. The National Park Service (NPS) in the Department of the Interior (DOI) manages 391 units, incl... |
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The U.S. Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is the "lead national laboratory for providing the measurements, calibrations, and qua... |
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The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA) is the most recently enacted federal law regulating money in the political sphere. One of the first such federal campaign fi... |
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Congress has granted many federal agencies the authority to issue regulations that carry the force of law. This grant of authority raises the issue of how those agencies shou... |
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Setting National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) is an action that is at the core of the Clean Air Act. NAAQS apply to "criteria" pollutants—pollutants that "endanger p... |
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When a Senator introduces a bill or joint resolution, the measure is usually referred to committee, pursuant to provisions of Senate Rules XIV, XVII, and XXV. When the House ... |
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Illegal logging is a pervasive problem affecting countries that produce, export, and import wood and wood products. Some have estimated that between 2% and 4% of softwood lum... |
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Executive orders requiring agencies to impose certain conditions on federal contractors as terms of their contracts have raised questions about presidential authority to issu... |
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Droughts raise several issues for Congress, including how to measure and predict drought, how to prepare, and how to coordinate federal agency actions responding to drought. ... |
<|system|>
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C ongress has generally broad authority to impose requirements upon the federal procurement process (i.e., the process whereby agencies acquire supplies and services from oth... |
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Since 1989, the federal government has spent over $96.1 billion for disaster assistance provided by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Because of the unforeseeab... |
<|system|>
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On December 18, 2007, the Federal Communications Commission ("FCC" or "Commission") concluded a review of its broadcast ownership rules by relaxing the ban on cross-ownership... |
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Since the mid-1980s, many decision makers and others have demonstrated serious interest in deploying ballistic missile defense (BMD) systems capable of defending the United S... |
<|system|>
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T he Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) programs were first authorized by Congress in the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, as amended, to help workers and firms adjust to import c... |
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Current U.S. space policy is based on a set of fundamental factors which, according to an Eisenhower presidential committee, "give importance, urgency, and inevitability to t... |
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In March 2011, AT&T, the largest telecommunications company in the United States by market capitalization, announced an agreement to acquire T-Mobile USA (T-Mobile) from Deut... |
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Natural disasters can have varying effects on the landscape. For agricultural producers, natural disasters are part of the inherent risk of doing business. The federal role f... |
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The General Services Administration (GSA), through its Public Buildings Service (PBS), is the primary federal real property and asset management agency, with a portfolio cons... |
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Because concerns about possible identity theft resulting from data breaches are widespread, Congress spent a considerable amount of time in the 109 th Congress assessing data... |
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Article I of the U.S. Constitution grants all legislative powers to a bicameral Congress: a House of Representatives and a Senate that are the result of a "Great Compromise" ... |
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I n the spring of 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court considered a set of challenges alleging that the contraceptive coverage regulations under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) violate... |
<|system|>
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This CRS Report analyzes the security implications of Taiwan's presidential election of March 22, 2008, including the implications for U.S. assessments, security interests, a... |
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The November 2000 elections caused the Senate to be tied with 50 Republicans and 50 Democrats. The issue was further complicated by the election of Richard B. Cheney as Vice ... |
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C ontroversies have arisen in several states over establishment of ambient water quality standards. At issue is whether states are setting standards at levels that adequately... |
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Although Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Unemployment Insurance (UI) both provide income support to eligible individuals, the two programs serve largely separ... |
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The V-22 Osprey is a tilt-rotor aircraft that takes off and lands vertically like a helicopter and flies forward like an airplane. Department of Defense (DOD) plans call for ... |
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Since the breakdown of the Six-Party Talks over verification issues in December 2008, North Korea has carried out a series of increasingly provocative acts that have challeng... |
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Mentor-protégé programs are designed to assist small business development, focusing on enhancing the protégé's capacity to serve as either a prime contractor or a subcontract... |
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Policymaking at the federal level reflects a growing awareness that improving educational outcomes depends greatly upon increasing the quality of classroom instruction. In es... |
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Members of Congress hold diverse views about the value of international cooperation to address climate change. While some Members are convinced that human-induced climate cha... |
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F ederal campaign finance law is composed of a complex set of limits, restrictions, and requirements on money and other things of value that are spent or contributed in the c... |
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The U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) published an updated rulemaking for the overtime exemptions for executive, administrative, and professional (EAP) employees on May 23, 2016... |
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Politics in Haiti have been generally violent and authoritarian, ever since Haiti became anindependent republic in 1804, when African-descended slaves revolted against their ... |
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Title XVII of the Carl Levin and Howard P. "Buck" McKeon National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015 ( P.L. 113-291 ) established the National Commission on the F... |
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Article 1, Section 8 of the United States Constitution provides Congress with the explicit power to collect taxes. Implicit in that power to collect revenue is also the power... |
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The President's FY2016 budget seeks new authority under the federal foster care, adoption assistance, and kinship guardianship assistance program (authorized in Title IV-E of... |
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In recent years Congress has shown considerable interest in promoting the strength and international competitiveness of U.S. industry. Several recent legislative proposals ha... |
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Recent high oil and gas prices and concerns about global climate change have heightened interest in ethanol and other biofuels as alternatives to petroleum products. The West... |
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On February 24, 2011, the Department of Defense (DOD) announced the Boeing Company as the winner of a competition to build 179 new KC-46A aerial refueling tankers for the Air... |
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Leaders in both chambers of Congress have indicated that immigration reform is a legislative priority in the 113 th Congress. The main elements of "comprehensive immigration ... |
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Historically, Germany's experience with terrorism has been predominantly with domesticgroups. Since the 1970s, Germany has demonstrated both the willingness and capability to... |
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The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has helped over 3.69 million Afghan refugees return to Afghanistan since March of 2002, marking the largest assisted... |
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Shooting incidents such as the one at Sandy Hook Elementary School in December 2012 and the one at an Aurora, CO, movie theater in July 2012 have focused attention on federal... |
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In April 2003, the Department of Defense (DOD) sent a proposal entitled "The DefenseTransformation for the 21st Century Act" to Congress. (1) Changes in the uniformed militar... |
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Since 1971, the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) has been a self-supporting, wholly governmental entity. Prior to that time, the federal government provided postal services via the... |
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The term "conflict minerals" is used to describe metal ores that, when mined, sold, or traded, are widely reported to play key roles in fueling armed conflict and human right... |
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On April 24, 2013, Rana Plaza, an eight-story building, in Dhaka, Bangladesh, collapsed, killing more than 1,100 garment workers. It brought international focus on portions o... |
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The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act (MMA) established a prescription drug benefit for Medicare beneficiaries under Part D, which began on Janua... |
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Hyperlinking, in-line linking, caching, framing, thumbnails. Terms that describe Internet functionality pose interpretative challenges for the courts as they determine how th... |
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Table 1. Estimates of Children in Economic Activity, Child Labor, and Hazardous Work, 2000 (in thousands) Source: ILO, Every Child Counts: New Global Estimates on Child Labo... |
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Four major principles underlie U.S. policy on legal permanent immigration: the reunification of families, the admission of immigrants with needed skills, the protection of re... |
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Each year, the Senate and House Armed Services Committees report their respective versions of the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA). These bills contain numerous prov... |
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The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation is the federal agency primarily responsible for promoting and regulating the safety of the ... |
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On November 3, 2010, the Federal Reserve (Fed) announced that it would purchase an additional $600 billion of Treasury securities, an action that has popularly been dubbed qu... |
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Under the State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) statute, FY2017 is the last year federal CHIP funding is provided, even though the Patient Protection and Affordabl... |
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The role of natural gas in the U.S. economy has been a major part of the energy policy debate in the 114 th Congress. Both the House and the Senate have held multiple hearing... |
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Inflation—the general rise in the prices of goods and services—is one of the differentiating characteristics of the U.S. economy in the post-World War II era. Except for 1949... |
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A commercial or depository bank is typically a corporation that obtains either a federal or state charter to accept federally insured deposits and pay interest to depositors.... |
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R ecently, several states have enacted legislation intended to capture use taxes on sales made by out-of-state sellers to in-state customers. These laws are commonly referred... |
<|system|>
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During the 110 th Congress, several House and Senate committees have engaged in oversight activities, including hearings and requests for expeditious production of documents ... |
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Social Security is financed primarily by payroll and self-employment taxes, as well as by a portion of the proceeds from the income taxation of Social Security benefits. The ... |
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The Paris Club is the major forum where creditor countries renegotiate official sector debts. Official sector debts are those that have been issued, insured, or guaranteed by... |
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The President submitted his budget for FY2000 on February 1, 1999. In it was $22.0 billion for energyand water development programs. The request was $800million larger than t... |
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According to the Business Cycle Dating Committee of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), the U.S. economy was in recession from December 2007 to June 2009. Congre... |
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Title V of the Housing Act of 1949 authorized the Department of Agriculture (USDA) to make loans to farmers to enable them to construct, improve, repair, or replace dwellings... |
<|system|>
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Debate about the appropriate relationship between the branches in the federal budget process seems inevitable, given the constitutional necessity of shared power in this sphe... |
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Nepal has undergone a radical transformation in recent years as the nation ended its civil war, abolished the monarchy, and established a multi-party democratic republic. The... |
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Unemployment Compensation (UC) is a joint federal-state program and is financed by federal taxes under the Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA) and by state payroll taxes. The... |
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Nearly all state and local governments sell bonds to finance public projects and certain qualified private activities. The federal government subsidizes state and local bond ... |
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Members of Congress and Administrations have periodically considered reorganizing the federal government's trade and development functions to advance various U.S. policy obje... |
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The 10-year statutory ban on the manufacture, transfer or possession of "semiautomatic assault weapons" (SAWs) and "large capacity ammunition feeding devices" (LCAFDs) that a... |
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The individual states have been the primary regulators of insurance in this country for the past 150 years. The 1945 McCarran-Ferguson Act specifically authorized the states'... |
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Many diplomatic and military practitioners as well as theorists have argued that successful execution of a military operation depends on how well specific actions are matched... |
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Inflation, the general rise in the prices of goods and services, is important to policymakers for several reasons. First, rising inflation is unpopular with the public, in pa... |
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